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list and describe three reasons why revolutions broke out in 1830 and 1848

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_1830&oldid=800372470

Revolutions of 1830 - wikipedia Revolutions of 1830 Jump to : navigation , search Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution . The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830 . It included two `` romantic nationalist '' revolutions , the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland . It was followed eighteen years later , by another and possibly even stronger wave of revolutions known as the Revolutions of 1848 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Romantic revolutions 1.1 In France 1.2 In Belgium 2 Other revolutions and uprisings 2.1 In Brazil and Portugal 2.2 In Poland 2.3 In Switzerland 2.4 In Italy 3 References 4 Bibliography Romantic revolutions ( edit ) The romantic nationalist revolutions of 1830 , both of which occurred in Western Europe , led to the establishment of similar constitutional monarchies , called popular monarchies . Louis - Philippe I became `` King of the French '' on 31 July 1830 , Leopold I became `` King of the Belgians '' , on 21 July 1831 . In France ( edit ) Depiction of the fighting in Paris during the French Revolution of 1830 Main article : July Revolution In France , the July Revolution saw the overthrow of the Bourbon King , Charles X , who had been reinstated after the fall of the French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte . In his place , Charles ' cousin Louis - Philippe , Duke of Orléans was crowned as the first `` King of the French '' . It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy , the Bourbon Restoration , to another , the July Monarchy ; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch , the House of Orléans ; and the substitution of the principle of popular sovereignty for hereditary right . Supporters of the Bourbons would be called Legitimists , and supporters of Louis Philippe Orléanists . The French July Monarchy would last until the revolution of 1848 . In Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgian Revolution Episodes from September Days of 1830 by the Gustaf Wappers ( 1834 ) is the most celebrated depiction of the Belgian Revolution The Belgian Revolution broke out on 25 August 1830 , after the performance of a nationalistic opera ( La muette de Portici ) in Brussels led to a minor insurrection among the capital 's bourgeoisie , who sang patriotic songs and captured some public buildings in the city , protesting against Dutch rule imposed in 1815 . This early revolutionary group was swelled by a large number of urban workers . The following day , the revolutionaries began flying their own flag , clearly influenced by that of the Brabant Revolution of 1789 . To maintain order , several bourgeois militia groups were formed . The situation in Brussels led to widespread unrest across the country . King William I rejected his son 's advice to negotiate with the rebels , forcing them towards a more radical , pro-independence stance , and sent a large military force to Brussels to suppress the insurrection . Belgian rebels at the barricades during the street fighting in Brussels in September 1830 Between 23 and 28 September 1830 , heavy fighting took place between Dutch forces and Brussels revolutionaries , who were reinforced by small contingents from across the country . The Dutch were eventually forced to retreat . In the aftermath of the failed attack and concurrent mass desertions of Belgian soldiers from the Dutch army , the revolution spread around Belgium . Dutch garrisons were pushed out of the area , until only Antwerp and Luxembourg remained occupied . The Provisional Government of Belgium , led by Charles Rogier , was formed on 24 September and Belgian independence was officially proclaimed on 4 October while work began on creating a constitution . In December , international governments at the Conference of London recognized the independence of Belgium and guaranteed its neutrality . The Dutch , however , only recognized Belgium 's independence and the terms of the Conference in 1839 . The Constitution , finally adopted in 1831 , protected individual freedoms and was considered as a template for future liberal constitutionalists around the world . It also created a popular monarchy ( `` King of the Belgians '' , rather than `` King of Belgium '' ) to ward off fears of mob rule associated with republicanism in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789 . The first King of the Belgians , Leopold I , was crowned in July 1831 . Other revolutions and uprisings ( edit ) In brazil and portugal ( edit ) The outbreak of the revolutions in Europe provided the opportunity for Brazilian liberals to expel Emperor Pedro I from the country , where he had played an authoritarian role since the struggle for independence . Given his commitment to Portuguese liberals , he took their side in the Portuguese Civil War . In Poland ( edit ) Russian forces clashing with Polish revolutionaries in Warsaw 's Łazienki Park Main article : November Uprising Simultaneously in Congress Poland , the unsuccessful November Uprising against the Czar of Russia occurred . The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress Poland 's military academy revolted , led by lieutenant Piotr Wysocki . They were soon joined by large segments of Polish society , and the insurrection spread to the territories of Lithuania , western Belarus , and the right - bank of Ukraine . Despite some local successes , the uprising was eventually crushed by a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich . Czar Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Poland was an integral part of Russia , with Warsaw little more than a military garrison , its university closed . In Switzerland ( edit ) Main article : Ustertag In Switzerland , the rural population was poor and uneducated while politically and economically under the control of the nearby cities . During the French controlled Helvetic Republic in 1798 the ideas of freedom and equality spread . The medieval idea of different laws for city citizens and countryside peasants was overthrown . However , in 1803 the Helvetic Republic collapsed and was replaced by the Act of Mediation which struck a compromise between the Ancien Regime and a Republic . In the following years , even the limited freedoms under the Act were undermined and following Napoleon 's defeat in 1813 the Act was overturned . In the Restoration , which started in 1814 , the new constitution reduced the representation of rural areas in the cantonal councils . The Ustertag meets near Zurich on 22 November 1830 . Following the French July Revolution in 1830 , a number of large assemblies were held calling for new cantonal constitutions . As each canton had its own constitution , the assemblies in each canton addressed different specifics , but they all had two main issues . First , they called for peacefully adjusting the constitutions by adjusting the way seats in local legislatures and the Tagsatzung were allocated . In particular they objected to what they saw as the over-representation of the cantonal capital in the government . Secondly , they sought a way to amend the constitution . Very few cantons even had a way to amend or modify the constitutions , and none of them allowed citizen 's initiatives to be added . The first assembly was held near Weinfelden in Thurgau in October and November 1830 . Followed in November by meetings in Wohlenschwil , Aargau then Sursee , Lucerne and finally the Ustertag near Uster in Zurich . In December there were three assemblies in the Canton of St. Gallen in Wattwil , Altstätten and St. Gallenkappel as well as in Balsthal in Solothurn . The final assembly was held in Münsingen in Bern in January 1831 . The speeches and articles reporting on the assemblies were widely distributed and became very popular . The crowds were generally well behaved and orderly . For example , in Wohlenschwil it was reported that they met `` in unexpectedly quiet attitude with decency and perfect order '' . Even in Aargau and St. Gallen , where the crowd marched through the streets of Aarau ( known as the Freiämtersturm ) and St. Gallen , the protest march was peaceful . Following the assemblies and marches , cantonal governments quickly gave into the demands of the assemblies and amended their constitutions . In Italy ( edit ) By 1830 , revolutionary sentiment in favour of a unified Italy began to experience a resurgence , and a series of insurrections laid the groundwork for the creation of one nation along the Italian peninsula . The Duke of Modena , Francis IV , was an ambitious noble , and he hoped to become king of Northern Italy by increasing his territory . In 1826 , Francis made it clear that he would not act against those who subverted opposition toward the unification of Italy . Encouraged by the declaration , revolutionaries in the region began to organize . Ciro Menotti . New French king Louis - Philippe had promised revolutionaries such as Ciro Menotti that he would intervene if Austria tried to interfere in Italy with troops . Fearing he would lose his throne , Louis - Philippe did not , however , intervene in Menotti 's planned uprising . The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters , arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831 , and once again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops . Menotti was executed , and the idea of a revolution centered in Modena faded . At the same time , other insurrections arose in the Papal Legations of Bologna , Forlì , Ravenna , Imola , Ferrara , Pesaro and Urbino . These successful revolutions , which adopted the tricolore in favour of the Papal flag , quickly spread to cover all the Papal Legations , and their newly installed local governments proclaimed the creation of a united Italian nation . The revolts in Modena and the Papal Legations inspired similar activity in the Duchy of Parma , where the tricolore flag was adopted . The Parmese duchess Marie Louise left the city during the political upheaval . Insurrected provinces planned to unite as the Province Italiane Unite ( United Italian Provinces ) , which prompted Pope Gregory XVI to ask for Austrian help against the rebels . Metternich warned Louis - Philippe that Austria had no intention of letting Italian matters be , and that French intervention would not be tolerated . Louis - Philippe withheld any military help and even arrested Italian patriots living in France . In the spring of 1831 , the Austrian army began its march across the Italian peninsula , slowly crushing resistance in each province that had revolted . This military action suppressed much of the fledgling revolutionary movement , and resulted in the arrest of many radical leaders . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Galloy & Hayt 2006 , pp. 91 -- 2 . Jump up ^ The lands of partitioned Poland , 1795 -- 1918 . By Piotr Stefan Wandycz . Page 106 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Uprising of 1830 -- 31 . '' The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 -- 1979 ) . Gale Group , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Revolution of 1830 . '' By Amy Linch. 2009 . The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8464 - 9 Jump up ^ Tucker , S.C. , editor , 201 , A Global Chronology of Conflict , Volume Three : 1775 - 1860 , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , LLC , ISBN 9781851096671 , p. 1157 Jump up ^ City of Uster - Ustertag ( in German ) accessed 6 January 2010 ^ Jump up to : Volkstage in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland . Jump up ^ `` Auf nach Aarau , Freiämter ! '' ( PDF ) . Bremgarter Bezirks - Anzeigers ( in German ) . 2 December 2005 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Italian_unification_-_Early_revolutionary_activity_1820_to_1830/id/1517955 Bibliography ( edit ) Galloy , Denise ; Hayt , Franz ( 2006 ) . La Belgique : des Tribus Gauloises à l'Etat Fédéral ( in French ) ( 5th ed . ) . Brussels : De Boeck . ISBN 2 - 8041 - 5098 - 4 . Revolutionary waves 19th century Atlantic Revolutions Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 20th century Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 Protests of 1968 Central American crisis Revolutions of 1989 21st century Colour revolutions Arab Spring Arab Winter Occupy movement Italian unification -- Risorgimento Wars and revolts Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 First Italian War of Independence Crimean War Second Italian War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third Italian War of Independence Capture of Rome Main leaders Bettino Ricasoli Camillo Benso , Count of Cavour Carlo Cattaneo Daniele Manin Francesco Crispi Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Ruggero Settimo Victor Emmanuel II Opponents Pope Pius IX Franz Joseph I of Austria Francis II of the Two Sicilies Klemens von Metternich Joseph Radetzky von Radetz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_1830&oldid=800372470 '' Categories : Revolutionary waves European political history 1830 in Europe 1830 riots Belgian Revolution Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links HDS not on Wikidata CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Euskara Italiano Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 03 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1594887608634738480

new york times manhattan center for science and mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Manhattan_Center_for_Science_and_Mathematics&oldid=836799981

Manhattan Center for Science and mathematics - wikipedia Manhattan Center for Science and mathematics Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 40 ° 47 ′ 39 '' N 73 ° 55 ′ 59 '' W  /  40.79417 ° N 73.93306 ° W  / 40.79417 ; - 73.93306 Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics Eastern side Address 280 Pleasant Avenue New York , NY 10029 United States Information Type Public , Secondary Established 1982 School district Oversight NYC DOE Principal David Jimenez ( 2007 ) Grades 9 - 12 Number of students 1656 Color ( s ) Blue and White Mascot Ram Website http://www.mcsm.net Wartime first aid class , when this was Benjamin Franklin High Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics ( abbreviated as MCSM ) is a public high school in New York City , at East 116th Street between Pleasant Avenue and FDR Drive in the East Harlem neighborhood in the northeastern part of the borough of Manhattan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 3 Notable alumni 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The precursor of MCSM in the same building , Benjamin Franklin High School opened in 1943 and was sited at 200 Pleasant Avenue , between 114th Street and 116th Street . A long - time principal there was pioneering educational theorist Leonard Covello , the city 's first Italian - American principal . Frank Sinatra sang `` Are n't You Glad You 're You , '' to quell racial tensions after a riot between African - American and Italian - American students . Future jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins said that the concert changed his life . The New York City Board of Education shuttered the school in June 1982 for performance issues and converted the building into a four - year high school , the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics , and a grade 6 - 8 middle school , the Isaac Newton Middle School for Math and Science , effective September 1982 . It later was renamed Manhattan Center is a four - year high school which provides students with a rigorous curriculum that emphasizes mathematics and science . Description ( edit ) Like all New York City high schools , admission is by application . Admission priority for Manhattan Center is given first to students attending the Isaac Newton Junior High School , which shares the campus with Manhattan Center ; second to students residing in District 4 ; and then to other residents citywide . The academic performance of this school is extremely high , as measured by New York State Regents Examinations scores , scholarship rates and a 95 % graduation rate . MCSM is consistently one of the highest performing schools in the State of New York . In 2007 , David Jimenez became the Principal . In 2009 , MCSM graduated 97 % of its students . Students graduating from Manhattan Center have attended top - notch colleges , including Ivy League colleges . The curriculum includes Advanced Placement courses and special programs , and research and internship opportunities . The school offers AP World History , AP US History , AP English Language and Composition , AP English Language and Literature , AP Calculus AB , AP Calculus BC , AP Physics B , AP Physics C , AP Biology , AP Chemistry , AP Statistics , AP Computer Science and AP Spanish Language and Literature . There are several honors and accelerated courses . Manhattan Center partners with institutions of higher education , such as New York University , Columbia University , Cornell and CUNY , to offer courses in science , mathematics and humanities . Through these partnerships and Mount Sinai Hospital , Metropolitan Hospital Center , General Electric , Sponsors for Educational Opportunity , American Globe Theatre , and Manhattan Theatre Club there is a wide range of opportunities for one - on - one mentoring , internship experiences , academic enrichment and summer programs . They also provide support services , and a variety of sports , clubs and leadership activities for students . Notable alumni ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Franklin High : Richie Adams ( 1981 ) Walter Berry ( 1982 ) Pedro Espada , Jr. ( 1971 ) Elmo Hope ( late 1930s ) Floyd Layne Daniel Patrick Moynihan ( 1944 ) Sonny Rollins ( 1947 ) Gary Springer ( 1980 ) Isaac Walthour ( 1949 ) Richie Parker MCSM : Sanaa Lathan Cam'ron Damon Dash Mase Mekhi Phifer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Megan Abott , `` Where Lupo the Wolf Goes for Dinner '' , The New York Times February 1 , 2012 , Jump up ^ `` Place Matters : A Joint Project of City Lore and the Municipal Arts Society '' Jump up ^ `` A failed high school preparing for renewal '' , The New York Times , July 11 , 1982 Jump up ^ NYC DOE school statistics and description . East Harlem school in first graduation - sees dream come alive External links ( edit ) Official website Inside Schools -- H.S. 435 Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manhattan_Center_for_Science_and_Mathematics&oldid=836799981 '' Categories : Public high schools in Manhattan Science and technology in New York ( state ) 1934 establishments in New York ( state ) 1982 establishments in New York ( state ) Educational institutions established in 1934 Educational institutions disestablished in 1982 Educational institutions established in 1982 East Harlem Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 22 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

6468825203646688143

1st 4th battalion king's own royal lancaster regiment

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)&oldid=789192062

King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) - wikipedia King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) Jump to : navigation , search Earl of Plymouth 's Regiment of Foot 4th ( King 's Own ) Regiment of Foot King 's Own ( Royal Lancaster Regiment ) King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) Cap badge of the King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) . Active 1680 -- 1959 Country Kingdom of England ( 1680 -- 1707 ) Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1800 ) United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1959 ) Branch British Army Type Infantry Role Line infantry Garrison / HQ Bowerham Barracks , Lancaster Nickname ( s ) Barrell 's Blues , The Lions Colours Blue Facings , Gold Braided Lace March Quick : Corn Riggs are Bonnie Slow : And Shall Trelawny Die ? Engagements Nine Years ' War War of the Spanish Succession Jacobite rising of 1745 Seven Years ' War French Revolutionary Wars Peninsular War War of 1812 Napoleonic Wars Crimean War Indian Rebellion of 1857 British Expedition to Abyssinia Anglo - Zulu War Second Boer War World War I World War II The King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army . It served under various titles and fought in many wars and conflicts , including both World War I and World War II , from 1680 to 1959 . In 1959 , the regiment was amalgamated with the Border Regiment to form the King 's Own Royal Border Regiment . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Napoleonic Wars 1.3 The Victorian era 1.4 First World War 1.4. 1 Regular Army battalions 1.4. 2 Special Reserve ( formerly Militia ) battalion 1.4. 3 Territorial battalions 1.4. 4 Kitchener 's Army battalions 1.5 Inter-War 1.6 Second World War 1.6. 1 Regular Army battalions 1.6. 2 Territorial Army battalions 1.6. 3 Hostilities - only battalions 1.7 Post-war 2 Battle honours 3 Victoria Crosses 4 King 's Own Royal Regiment Museum 5 Colonels - in - Chief 6 Colonels 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Early Years ( edit ) Charles FitzCharles , 1st Earl of Plymouth , founder of the regiment The regiment was raised on 13 July 1680 by Charles FitzCharles , 1st Earl of Plymouth as the 2nd Tangier Regiment or Earl of Plymouth 's Regiment of Foot . It saw action at the Battle of Sedgemoor in July 1685 during the Monmouth Rebellion . In April 1690 , the regiment embarked for Ireland , where it took part in the Williamite War , fighting at the Battle of the Boyne in July and in the sieges of Cork and Limerick in September , before returning to England in 1691 . The regiment embarked for the Netherlands in March 1692 for service in the Nine Years ' War . It saw action at the Battle of Steenkerque in August 1692 , the Battle of Landen in July 1693 and at the Siege of Namur in summer 1695 . Soon after , it was reformed as a regiment of marines and fought at the Battle of Vigo Bay in October 1702 and the capture of Gibraltar in August 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession . It ceased to be a regiment of marines in 1711 . The regiment fought at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746 and received most of the government casualties at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 during the Jacobite rising . In 1751 , after various name changes , the regiment was titled the 4th ( King 's Own ) Regiment of Foot . It embarked for the West Indies in autumn 1758 for service in the Seven Years ' War and took part in the capture of Guadeloupe in January 1759 , the capture of Martinique in January 1762 and the capture of Saint Lucia in February 1762 before returning home in July 1764 . The Battle of Culloden , at which the regiment received most of the government casualties , in April 1746 The regiment embarked for North America in April 1774 for service in the American Revolutionary War . It fought at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 and the Battle of Long Island in August 1776 . It also saw action at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 , the Battle of Germantown in October 1777 and the Battle of White Marsh in December 1777 . The regiment was then transferred to the West Indies , where it fought at the Battle of St. Lucia in December 1778 during the Anglo - French War . Napoleonic wars ( edit ) The regiment was sent to Nova Scotia in May 1787 and took part in the capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in May 1793 . After returning to England , it embarked for the Netherlands in September 1799 and fought at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 during the Anglo - Russian invasion of Holland . The regiment was sent to Portugal in August 1808 for service in the Napoleonic Wars and fought under General Sir John Moore at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 , before being evacuated to England later that month . It returned to the Peninsula in October 1810 where it fought at the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812 , the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813 as well as the Siege of San Sebastián in September 1813 . It then pursued the French Army into France and saw action at the Battle of the Nivelle in November 1813 and at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813 . It embarked for North America in June 1814 for service in the War of 1812 and saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg in August 1814 , the Burning of Washington later in August 1814 and the Battle of Baltimore in September 1814 as well as the capture of Fort Bowyer in February 1815 . It briefly returned to England in May 1815 , before embarking for Flanders a few weeks later to fight at the Battle of Waterloo in June . The victorian era ( edit ) During the Crimean War , the regiment fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and took part in the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854 . It also saw action in Abyssinia in 1868 , and in South Africa in 1879 . The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s , which gave it a depot at Bowerham Barracks in Lancaster from 1873 , or by the Childers reforms of 1881 -- as it already possessed two battalions , there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment . Under the reforms the regiment became the King 's Own ( Royal Lancaster Regiment ) on 1 July 1881 . The 2nd Battalion embarked for South Africa in December 1899 , to serve in the Second Boer War , and saw action at the Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900 . A 3rd , Militia Battalion , was embodied in January 1900 , and embarked for South Africa the following month . In 1908 , the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally , with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve ; the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions . First World War ( edit ) Memorial to Private James Miller VC who died during the First World War The regiment raised 14 Territorial and New Army battalions during the First World War . Regular Army battalions ( edit ) The 1st Battalion landed at Boulogne in August 1914 as part of the 12th Brigade in the 4th Division of the British Expeditionary Force . It was nearly destroyed as a fighting unit at the Battle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914 , when it suffered some 400 casualties in a single two minute burst of machine gun fire . It served on the Western Front for the rest of the war . The 2nd Battalion returned from India in December 1914 and landed at Le Havre in January 1915 as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division . It took heavy casualties at the Battle of Frezenberg in May 1915 before moving to Egypt in October 1915 and then to Salonika . Special Reserve ( formerly Militia ) Battalion ( edit ) The 3rd ( Reserve ) Battalion remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen as replacements to the regular battalions that were serving overseas . Territorial battalions ( edit ) The 1 / 4th Battalion was mobilised in the 164th ( North Lancashire ) Brigade of the 55th ( West Lancashire ) Division ; it was temporarily attached to 154th ( 3rd Highland ) Brigade in 51st ( Highland ) Division and landed in France in May 1915 ; it returned to 164 Brigade in January 1916 . The 1 / 5th Battalion was mobilised in the 164th ( North Lancashire ) Brigade of the 55th ( West Lancashire ) Division ; it landed in France in February 1915 and was temporarily attached to 28th Division and 1st Division ; it returned to 166th ( South Lancashire ) Brigade in the 55th Division in January 1916 . The 2 / 4th Battalion was formed September 1914 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 1 / 4th Battalion ; it became the 4th ( Reserve ) Battalion and absorbed 5th ( Reserve ) Battalion 1916 ; it was stationed in Dublin from June 1918 . The 2 / 5th Battalion was formed September 1914 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 1 / 5th Battalion ; it was attached to the 164th ( North Lancashire ) Brigade of the 55th ( West Lancashire ) Division February 1915 , then to 170th ( 2 / 1st North Lancashire ) Brigade of 57th ( 2nd West Lancashire ) Division ; it landed in France February 1917 . The 3 / 4th Battalion was formed June 1915 as a reserve battalion ; it amalgamated with 2 / 4th Battalion in January 1916 . The 3 / 5th Battalion was formed June 1915 as a reserve battalion ; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen to the 1 / 5th and 2 / 5th battalions ; it 5th ( Reserve ) Battalion . The 12th Battalion was formed on 1 January 1917 from 41st Provisional Battalion ( TF ) in 218th Brigade of 73rd Division , a Home Defence formation ; it was disbanded March 1918 . Kitchener 's Army battalions ( edit ) The 6th ( Service ) Battalion was formed in August 1914 ; it was attached to 38th Brigade in 13th ( Western ) Division ; it landed at Gallipoli July 1915 and later served in Mesopotamia . The 7th ( Service ) Battalion was formed in September 1914 ; it was attached to 56th Brigade in 19th ( Western ) Division ; it landed in France in July 1915 and was disbanded February 1918 due to an Army - wide reorganisation . The 8th ( Service ) Battalion was formed in October 1914 ; it was attached to 76th Brigade in 25th Division ; it landed in France in September 1915 and served on the Western Front for the war : it helped to slow the German Advance at the Battle of St. Quentin on 21 March 1918 . The 9th ( Service ) Battalion was formed in October 1914 ; it was attached to 65th Brigade in 22nd Division and served in Salonika . The 10th ( Reserve ) Battalion was formed in October 1914 ; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts to the Service battalions overseas ; it converted into 43rd Training Reserve Battalion in September 1916 . The 11th ( Service ) Battalion was formed in August 1915 as a Bantam battalion ; it was attached to 120th Brigade in 40th Division ; it landed in France in June 1916 and was disbanded in February 1918 . The 12th ( Reserve ) Battalion was formed in January 1916 ; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts to the Service battalions overseas ; it converted into 76th Training Reserve Battalion in September 1916 . Inter-war ( edit ) In 1921 , the regiment was re-designated the King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) . Second World War ( edit ) The following battalions served during the Second World War : Regular Army battalions ( edit ) Infantrymen of the 1st Battalion , King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) start to dig trenches in an orchard near Vedrano , Italy , 21 April 1945 . The 1st Battalion , King 's Own was stationed in Malta on the outbreak of war , moving to Karachi in British India at the end of 1939 . It later served with the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade . It subsequently served in Iraq and Syria with 25th Indian Infantry Brigade , with which it served until October 1943 , of 10th Indian Infantry Division . In August 1942 , the battalion embarked from Egypt for Cyprus , but the transport was torpedoed and the troops had to return and re-embark later . In May 1943 , the battalion returned to Syria , and then it joined 234th Infantry Brigade in the Aegean Islands in October 1943 . Here , the bulk of the battalion was captured by the Germans on 16 November , after the Battle of Leros , with only 57 officers and men managing to escape the island . The 1st Battalion was reformed in 25th Indian Infantry Brigade , on 30 January 1944 , by amalgamating with the 8th Battalion , King 's Own . The reformed battalion , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Neville Anderson , later served in the Italian Campaign with 25th Indian Brigade for the rest of the war . The 2nd Battalion formed part of the British garrison of Jerusalem when war broke out . It joined 14th Infantry Brigade in Palestine in March 1940 and moved with it to Egypt in July . The battalion served with 16th Infantry Brigade of 6th Infantry Division ( later redesignated 70th Infantry Division ) in the defence of Tobruk and later formed part of the garrison of Ceylon . In September 1943 , the battalion was stationed with 70th Division at Bangalore in India when it was selected for attachment to the second Long Range Penetration or Chindits brigade ( 111th Indian Infantry Brigade ) for the Burma Campaign . It formed 41 and 46 Columns in the Second Chindit Campaign , crossing into Burma in March 1944 and being flown out to India in July 1944 . From November 1944 to February 1945 , the battalion was assigned to 14th Airlanding Brigade in 44th Indian Airborne Division . Territorial Army battalions ( edit ) Troops of the King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) laying a minefield , Egypt , 30 October 1940 The 4th Battalion , King 's Own Royal Regiment was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted to artillery in November 1938 , forming the 56th ( King 's Own ) Anti-Tank Regiment , Royal Artillery . On the outbreak of war , the 56th Anti-Tank Regiment mobilised in the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division , with which it served in the Battle of France in May 1940 and was evacuated at Dunkirk . In 1942 , it was sent to join 70th Infantry Division in India , where it was converted into a Light Anti-Aircraft / Anti-Tank Regiment in 1943 . In this guise , it served in the Burma Campaign , mainly with 5th Indian Infantry Division . It reconverted to the anti-tank role in late 1944 and in June 1945 it returned to India as a Royal Artillery training unit . In June 1939 , the 56th Anti-Tank Regiment spun off a duplicate unit , the 66th Anti-Tank Regiment , which served in Home Forces throughout the war , mainly with the 55th ( West Lancashire ) Infantry Division . In September 1941 , the 56th and 66th Anti-Tank Regiments each provided a battery to help form a new regiment for overseas service , 83rd Anti-Tank Regiment . This regiment served in Iraq , Palestine and Egypt . Before the war , the 5th Battalion , King 's Own transferred from 164th ( North Lancashire ) Infantry Brigade , 55th ( West Lancashire ) Infantry Division to 126th ( East Lancashire ) Infantry Brigade , 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Infantry Division . The battalion , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hayman Hayman - Joyce , mobilised with the rest of the 42nd Division and served with the British Expeditionary Force in the battles of France and Belgium in 1940 . When the division was converted to armour , becoming the 42nd Armoured Division , in October 1941 , 5th Battalion was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps and became the 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps . The regiment continued to wear the King 's Own cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps , as did all infantry units converted in this way . However , the regiment was disbanded in December 1943 and a few of its officers and men were sent to 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps , which had been converted from the 10th Battalion , King 's Own . Hostilities - only battalions ( edit ) The 6th , 7th , 8th and 9th Battalions were all formed in 1940 as pioneer battalions and raised specifically for hostilities - only . All four units served with the British Expeditionary Force as GHQ ( General Headquarters ) troops during the 1940 campaign in both France and Belgium . After being evacuated at Dunkirk , the 6th Battalion later served in a succession of Home Forces formations : 218th Independent Infantry Brigade ( Home ) , 48th Division , 54th Division , 76th Division . The battalion never again served overseas and was disbanded in July 1944 . The 7th Battalion served with the 71st Independent Infantry Brigade before being sent to form part of the Gibraltar garrison , with the 2nd Gibraltar Brigade , in June 1942 . In March 1943 , the battalion was sent to India where it joined 150th Indian Training Brigade but it did not see action against the Japanese . The battalion was disbanded after the war in 1947 . The 8th Battalion joined the Malta garrison in August 1941 and served through the Siege . It was assigned to the 232nd Infantry Brigade and briefly joined the 233rd Infantry Brigade . In November 1943 , the battalion was moved to Palestine and then Italy with the 25th Indian Infantry Brigade , part of the 10th Indian Infantry Division . In Italy , on 30 January 1944 , the 8th Battalion was disbanded and its personnel merged with the few surviving remnants of the 1st Battalion , King 's Own , which had been virtually lost during the fighting at Leros . The 9th Battalion served in the 47th ( Reserve ) Infantry Division in the United Kingdom until December 1941 . The battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery and was converted into the 90th Anti-Tank Regiment , Royal Artillery , serving with the 45th Division from February 1942 until November 1943 when it was disbanded . The 50th ( Holding ) Battalion was formed in the United Kingdom on 28 May 1940 . On 9 October 1940 , it was renumbered as the 10th Battalion . 10th Battalion was assigned to 225th Independent Infantry Brigade ( Home ) , formed for service in the United Kingdom . When the brigade was converted into a tank brigade in December 1941 , the battalion became the 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps . When 107th RAC was disbanded in December 1943 , a cadre transferred to 151st RAC , which adopted the number of 107th to perpetuate the 5th Battalion , King 's Own , a 1st Line Territorial Army battalion . The new 107th Regiment went on to serve in the North - west Europe from 1944 - 1945 . Post-war ( edit ) After the war , all the units created during the war were disbanded ; also , following Indian independence , there was no longer a need to maintain such a large overseas garrison and thus the 2nd Battalion was disbanded in 1948 . The regiment received the freedom of Lancaster in 1953 , before being amalgamated with the Border Regiment into the King 's Own Royal Border Regiment on 31 October 1959 . In 1953 and 1954 , the 1st Battalion of the regiment was stationed in South Korea following the Korean War . Battle honours ( edit ) Colours of Barrell 's Regiment , carried at Culloden The regiment 's battle honours were as follows : Namur 1695 , Gibraltar 1704 - 05 , Guadeloupe 1759 , St. Lucia 1778 , Corunna , Badajoz , Salamanca , Vittoria , San Sebastian , Nive , Peninsula , Bladensburg , Waterloo , Alma , Inkerman , Sevastopol , Abyssinia , South Africa 1879 , Relief of Ladysmith , South Africa 1899 - 1902 The Great War ( 16 battalions ) : Le Cateau , Retreat from Mons , Marne 1914 , Aisne 1914 , Armentières 1914 , Ypres 1915 ' 17 , Gravenstafel , St Julien , Frezenberg , Bellewaarde , Festubert 1915 , Loos , Somme 1916 ' 18 , Albert 1916 ' 18 , Bazentin , Delville Wood , Pozières , Guillemont , Ginchy , Flers - Courcelette , Morval , Le Transloy , Ancre Heights , Ancre 1916 , Arras 1917 ' 18 , Scarpe 1917 ' 18 , Arleux , Messines 1917 , Pilckem , Menin Road , Polygon Wood , Broodseinde , Poelcappelle , Passchendaele , Cambrai 1917 ' 18 , St. Quentin , Lys , Estaires , Hazebrouck , Béthune , Bapaume 1918 , Drocourt - Quéant , Hindenburg Line , Canal du Nord , Selle , Valenciennes , Sambre , France and Flanders 1914 - 18 , Struma , Doiran 1917 ' 18 , Macedonia 1915 - 18 , Suvla , Sari Bair , Gallipoli 1915 , Egypt 1916 , Tigris 1916 , Kut al Amara 1917 , Baghdad , Mesopotamia 1916 - 18 The Second World War : St Omer - La Bassée , Dunkirk 1940 , North - West Europe 1940 , Defence of Habbaniya , Falluja , Iraq 1941 , Merjayun , Jebel Mazar , Syria 1941 , Tobruk 1941 , Tobruk Sortie , North Africa 1940 - 42 , Montone , Citta di Castello , San Martino Sogliano , Lamone Bridgehead , Italy 1944 - 45 , Malta 1941 - 42 , Chindits 1944 , Burma 1944 Victoria crosses ( edit ) The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross : Private ( later Sergeant ) Thomas Grady , Crimean War Private Albert Halton , 1st Battalion , Great War Private Harry Christian , 2nd Battalion , Great War Lance - Sergeant Tom Fletcher Mayson , 1 / 4th Battalion , Great War Second Lieutenant Joseph Henry Collin , 1 / 4th Battalion , Great War Lance - Corporal ( later Corporal ) James Hewitson , 1 / 4th Battalion , Great War Lance - Corporal Jack White , 6th ( Service ) Battalion , Great War Private James Miller , 7th ( Service ) Battalion , Great War Corporal Thomas Neely , 8th ( Service ) Battalion , Great War King 's Own Royal Regiment Museum ( edit ) The King 's Own Royal Regiment Museum is part of the Lancaster City Museum in Lancaster , Lancashire . The museum , which opened in 1929 , exhibits regimental uniforms , medals , regalia , silver , paintings , medals , weapons and other memorabilia reflecting the regiment 's history . Colonels - in - chief ( edit ) The colonels - in - chief were as follows : 1903 F.M. HM King Edward VII 1913 F.M. HM King George V Colonels ( edit ) The colonels of the regiment were as follows : 1680 Col. Charles FitzCharles , 1st Earl of Plymouth ( bastard son of Charles II , d . 1680 ) 1680 Lt - Gen. Hon Percy Kirke ( senior ) 1682 Col. Charles Trelawny The Queen Consort 's Regiment of Foot - ( 1688 ) 1688 Col. Sir Charles Orby , 2nd Bt . 1688 Maj - Gen. Charles Trelawny ( reappointed ) 1692 Brig - Gen. Henry Trelawny 1702 Lt - Gen. William Seymour The King 's Own Regiment of Foot - ( 1715 ) 1717 Brig - Gen. The Hon . Henry Berkeley 1719 Gen. Charles Cadogan , 2nd Baron Cadogan 1734 Lt - Gen. William Barrell 1749 Lt - Gen. Sir Robert Rich , 5th Baronet 4th ( The King 's Own ) Regiment of Foot - ( 1751 ) 1756 Lt - Gen. Alexander Duroure 1765 Col . The Hon . Robert Brudenell 4th ( The King 's Own Royal ) Regiment of Foot - ( 1767 ) 1768 F.M. Studholme Hodgson 1782 Lt - Gen. Sir John Burgoyne 1792 Gen. George Morrison 1799 Gen. John Pitt , 2nd Earl of Chatham , KG 1835 Gen. John Hodgson 1846 Gen. Sir Thomas Bradford , GCB , GCH 1853 Gen. Sir John Bell , GCB 1876 Gen. Studholme John Hodson The King 's Own ( Royal Lancaster Regiment ) - ( 1881 ) 1890 Gen. William Sankey , CB 1892 Lt - Gen. William Wilby , CB 1894 Gen. Sir William Gordon Cameron , GCB , VD 1913 Gen. Sir Archibald Hunter , GCB , GCVO , DSO , LLD , TD The King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) - ( 1921 ) 1926 Lt - Gen. Sir Oswald Cuthbert Borrett , KCB , CMG , CBE , DSO 1945 Maj - Gen. Russell Mortimer Luckock , CB , CMG , DSO 1947 Brig . John Herbert Hardy , CBE , MC 1957 Maj - Gen. Richard Neville Anderson , CB , CBE , DSO ( continued 1961 in King 's Own Royal Border Regiment ; also 10th Gurkha Rifles ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 1 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 9 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 15 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Cannon , p. 19 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 21 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 23 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 28 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 33 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 38 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 45 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : `` King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) '' . National Army Museum . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 53 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 54 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 58 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Cannon , p. 60 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 62 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 64 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 65 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 67 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 70 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 71 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 73 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 75 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 78 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 92 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 93 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 96 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 99 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 105 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 108 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 109 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 113 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 116 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 118 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 121 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 128 Jump up ^ Cannon , p. 129 Jump up ^ `` Training Depots 1873 -- 1881 '' . Regiments.org . Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) The depot was the 11th Brigade Depot from 1873 to 1881 , and the 4th Regimental District depot thereafter Jump up ^ `` No. 24992 '' . The London Gazette. 1 July 1881 . pp. 3300 -- 3301 . Jump up ^ `` The War - Embarcation of Troops '' . The Times ( 36064 ) . London . 13 February 1900 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 '' . Hansard. 31 March 1908 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ These were the 3rd Battalion ( Special Reserve ) , with the 4th Battalion at Victoria Road in Ulverston and the 5th Battalion at Phoenix Street in Lancaster ( both Territorial Force ) ^ Jump up to : `` The King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) at regiments.org by T.F. Mills '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Chris . `` The King 's Own ( Royal Lancaster Regiment ) '' . The Long , Long Trail . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Own ( Royal Lancaster Regiment ) on The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918 by PB Chappell '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lancaster and The King 's Own go to War '' . King 's Own Royal Regiment Museum Lancaster . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) '' . British Armed Forces . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 396 , 535 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 470 , 473 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 253 , 257 , 475 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 257 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Joslen , p. 536 . Jump up ^ Joslen , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Barton , Derek . `` 56 ( Kings Own ) Anti-Tank Regiment RA ( TA ) '' . The Royal Artillery 1939 - 45 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 49 , 514 , 527 . Jump up ^ Barton , Derek . `` 66 Anti-Tank Regiment RA ( TA ) '' . The Royal Artillery 1939 - 45 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Joslen , p. 90 . Jump up ^ 83 A / T at RA 39 -- 45 . Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 165 , 311 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Armoured Corps at regiments.org by T.F. Mills '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Forty , pp. 50 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Joslen , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 330 , 351 , 381 , 383 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 302 , 448 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 392 , 394 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 535 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Joslen , p. 272 . Jump up ^ `` British Army Forces in Northern Ireland 1939 - 1945 '' . The War Room . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 ( Holding ) Battalion The King 's Own Royal Regiment '' . Orders of Battle.com . Jump up ^ Joslen , pp. 208 , 388 . Jump up ^ 107 RAC War Diary February 1945 , The National Archives , file WO 171 / 4717 . Jump up ^ Actions , Movements & Quarters : 1914 -- 1959 ; and see : Korea 1953 -- 1954 for photographs of the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan . Jump up ^ `` Introduction and History '' . King 's Own Royal Regiment Museum . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Beckett , Ian ( 2003 ) . Discovering English County Regiments . Shire . ISBN 978 0747 805069 . Cannon , Richard ( 1839 ) . Historical record of The Fourth , or , The King 's Own Regiment of Foot . Longman , Orme & Company and William Clowes & Sons . Forty , George ( 1998 ) . British Army Handbook 1939 -- 1945 . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing Limited . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1403 - 3 . Joslen , Lt - Col H.F. ( 2003 ) ( 1960 ) . Orders of Battle : Second World War , 1939 -- 1945 . Uckfield : Naval and Military Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84342 - 474 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Cowper , Colonel Julia ( 1957 ) . The King 's Own : The Story of a Royal Regiment , Volume III : 1914 -- 1950 . Aldershot : Gale & Polden . External links ( edit ) King 's Own Royal Regiment Museum The Long , Long Trail Land Forces of Britain , The Empire and Commonwealth The Regimental Warpath 1914 -- 1918 The Royal Artillery 1939 -- 45 Duke of Lancaster 's Regiment Predecessors 1st generation King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) ( 1680 -- 1959 ) 34th ( Cumberland ) Regiment of Foot ( 1702 -- 1881 ) 55th ( Westmorland ) Regiment of Foot ( 1755 -- 1881 ) King 's Regiment ( Liverpool ) ( 1685 -- 1958 ) 63rd ( West Suffolk ) Regiment of Foot ( 1744 -- 1881 ) 96th Regiment of Foot ( 1798 -- 1881 ) 30th ( Cambridgeshire ) Regiment of Foot ( 1702 -- 1881 ) 59th ( 2nd Nottinghamshire ) Regiment of Foot ( 1755 -- 1881 ) 40th ( the 2nd Somersetshire ) Regiment of Foot ( 1717 -- 1881 ) 82nd Regiment of Foot ( Prince of Wales 's Volunteers ) ( 1793 -- 1881 ) 47th ( Lancashire ) Regiment of Foot ( 1741 -- 1881 ) 81st Regiment of Foot ( Loyal Lincoln Volunteers ) ( 1793 -- 1881 ) 2nd generation Border Regiment ( 1881 -- 1959 ) Manchester Regiment ( 1881 -- 1958 ) Loyal Regiment ( North Lancashire ) ( 1881 -- 1970 ) East Lancashire Regiment ( 1881 -- 1958 ) South Lancashire Regiment ( 1881 -- 1958 ) 3rd generation King 's Own Royal Border Regiment ( 1959 -- 2006 ) King 's Regiment ( 1958 -- 2006 ) Lancashire Regiment ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Queen 's Lancashire Regiment ( 1970 -- 2006 ) Victoria Cross Thomas Grady Harry Christian James Miller Jack White Tom Fletcher Mayson Albert Halton Joseph Henry Collin James Hewitson Thomas Neely William Robert Fontaine Addison Harry Hampton Henry James Knight William Edward Heaton Joseph Harcourt Tombs Edward Felix Baxter Arthur Herbert Procter David Jones Oswald Reid Jack Thomas Counter James Pitts Robert Scott James Leach John Hogan Issy Smith William Forshaw George Stringer George Evans Charles Harry Coverdale Walter Mills Wilfrith Elstob Alfred Robert Wilkinson James Kirk George Stuart Henderson John McDermond Mark Walker John Lucas Euston Sartorius Spencer Bent Henry Edward Kenny William Young Alfred Victor Smith Richard Basil Brandram Jones Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson Gabriel Coury John Readitt William Ratcliffe John Thomas Davies Basil Horsfall Marcus Ervine - Andrews Willward Alexander Sandys - Clarke See also King 's Division King 's and Cheshire Regiment Lancastrian and Cumbrian Volunteers Lancashire Militia Regiments of Foot 1740 -- 1881 1st or The Royal Scots 2nd ( Queen 's Royal ) 3rd ( East Kent -- The Buffs ) 4th ( The King 's Own Royal ) 5th ( Northumberland ) ( Fusiliers ) 6th ( Royal 1st Warwickshire ) 7th ( Royal Fusiliers ) 8th ( The King 's ) 9th ( East Norfolk ) 10th ( North Lincoln ) 11th ( North Devonshire ) 12th ( East Suffolk ) 13th ( 1st Somersetshire ) ( Prince Albert 's Light Infantry ) 14th ( Buckinghamshire -- The Prince of Wales 's Own ) 15th ( York , East Riding ) 16th ( Bedfordshire ) 17th ( Leicestershire ) 18th ( The Royal Irish ) 19th ( 1st Yorkshire , North Riding -- Princess of Wales 's Own ) 20th ( East Devonshire ) 21st ( Royal Scots Fusiliers ) 22nd ( Cheshire ) 23rd ( Royal Welch Fusiliers ) 24th ( 2nd Warwickshire ) 25th ( King 's Own Borderers ) 26th ( Cameronian ) 27th ( Inniskilling ) 28th ( North Gloucestershire ) 29th ( Worcestershire ) 30th ( Cambridgeshire ) 31st ( Huntingdonshire ) 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry 33rd ( The Duke of Wellington 's ) 34th ( Cumberland ) 35th ( Royal Sussex ) 36th ( Herefordshire ) 37th ( North Hampshire ) 38th ( 1st Staffordshire ) 39th ( Dorsetshire ) 40th ( 2nd Somersetshire ) 41st ( The Welsh ) 42nd ( Oglethorpe 's ) 42nd ( The Royal Highland ) ( The Black Watch ) 43rd ( Spotswood 's ) 43rd ( Monmouthshire Light Infantry ) 44th ( 1st Marines ) 44th ( East Essex ) 45th ( 2nd Marines ) 45th ( Nottinghamshire Sherwood Foresters ) 46th ( 3rd Marines ) 46th ( South Devonshire ) 47th Regiment ( 4th Marines ) 47th ( Lancashire ) 48th ( 5th Marines ) 48th ( Northamptonshire ) 49th ( 6th Marines ) 49th ( Hertfordshire - Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ) 50th ( 7th Marines ) 50th ( American Provincials ) 50th ( The Queen 's Own ) 51st ( 8th Marines ) 51st Regiment of Foot ( Cape Breton Regiment ) 51st ( 2nd York , West Riding , The King 's Own Light Infantry ) 52nd ( 9th Marines ) 52nd ( Oxfordshire Light Infantry ) 53rd ( 10th Marines ) 53rd ( Shropshire ) 54th ( West Norfolk ) 55th ( Westmorland ) 56th ( West Essex ) 57th ( West Middlesex ) 58th ( Rutlandshire ) 59th ( 2nd Nottinghamshire ) 60th ( De Grangues 's ) 60th ( The King 's Royal Rifle Corps ) 61st ( Gooch 's ) 61st ( South Gloucestershire ) Regiment of Foot 62nd ( Baterau 's ) 62nd ( Royal American ) 62nd ( 1st Highland Battalion ) 62nd ( Wiltshire ) 63rd ( American ) 63rd ( 2nd Highland Battalion ) 63rd ( West Suffolk ) 64th ( Loudon 's Highlanders ) 64th ( Draper 's ) 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) 65th ( Shirley 's ) 65th ( 2nd Yorkshire , North Riding ) 66th ( Pepperrell 's ) 66th ( Berkshire ) Regiment of Foot 67th ( Bolton 's ) 67th ( South Hampshire ) Regiment of Foot 68th ( Bedford 's ) 68th ( Durham ) ( Light Infantry ) 69th ( South Lincolnshire ) 70th ( Surrey ) 71st ( 1758 - 1763 ) 71st ( Fraser 's Highlanders ) 71st ( Invalids ) 71st ( Highland Light Infantry ) 72nd ( 1758 -- 1763 ) 72nd ( Invalids ) 72nd ( Royal Manchester Volunteers ) 72nd ( Duke of Albany 's Own Highlanders ) 73rd ( 1758 -- 1763 ) 73rd ( Invalids ) 73rd ( Highland ) 73rd ( Perthshire ) 74th ( 1758 -- 1763 ) 74th ( Invalids ) 74th ( Argyleshire Highlanders ) 74th ( Highland ) 75th ( 1758 -- 1763 ) 75th ( Invalids ) 75th ( Prince of Wales 's Regiment ) 75th ( Stirlingshire ) 76th ( 1758 -- 1763 ) 76th ( McDonnell 's Highlanders ) 76th Regiment of Foot 77th ( Montgomery 's Highlanders ) 77th ( Atholl Highlanders ) 77th ( East Middlesex ) ( Duke of Cambridge 's Own ) 78th ( Fraser 's Highlanders ) 78th ( Highland ) 78th ( Highland ) ( The Ross - shire Buffs ) 79th ( 1758 - 1763 ) 79th ( Royal Liverpool Volunteers ) 79th ( Queen 's Own Cameron Highlanders ) 80th ( Light Armed ) 80th ( Royal Edinburgh Volunteers ) 80th ( Staffordshire Volunteers ) 81st ( Invalids ) 81st ( Aberdeenshire Highland ) 81st ( 1793 ) 81st ( Loyal Lincoln Volunteers ) 82nd ( invalids ) 82nd ( 1777 ) 82nd ( 1793 ) 82nd ( Prince of Wales 's Volunteers ) 83rd ( 1757 - 1763 ) 83rd ( Royal Glasgow Volunteers ) 83rd ( Loyal Lincoln Volunteers ) 83rd ( County of Dublin ) 84th ( 1758 - 1764 ) 84th ( Royal Highland Emigrants ) 84th ( York and Lancaster ) 85th ( Royal Volontiers Light Infantry ) 85th ( 1779 - 1783 ) 85th ( Bucks Volunteers ) ( The King 's Light Infantry ) 86th ( 1759 - 1763 ) 86th ( 1779 - 1783 ) 86th ( Royal County Down ) 87th ( Keith 's Highlanders ) 87th ( 1779 - 1783 ) 87th ( Royal Irish Fusiliers ) 88th ( Highland Volunteers ) 88th ( 1779 - 1783 ) 88th ( Connaught Rangers ) 89th ( Highland ) 89th ( 1779 - 1783 ) 89th ( Princess Victoria 's ) 90th ( Irish Light Infantry ) 90th ( Yorkshire Volunteers ) 90th ( Perthshire Light Infantry ) 91st ( 1759 - 1763 ) 91st ( Shropshire Volunteers ) 91st ( 1793 - 1795 ) 91st ( Princess Louise 's Argyllshire Highlanders ) 92nd ( Donegal Light Infantry ) 92nd ( 1779 - 1783 ) 92nd ( 1793 - 1795 ) 92nd ( Gordon Highlanders ) 93rd ( 1760 - 1763 ) 93rd ( 1779 - 1783 ) 93rd ( Highland ) ( 1794 - 1995 ) 93rd ( Sutherland Highlanders ) 94th ( Royal Welsh Volunteers ) 94th ( 1780 - 1783 ) 94th ( Irish ) 94th ( Scots Brigade ) 94th 95th ( 1759 - 1763 ) 95th ( 1780 - 1783 ) 95th ( 1794 - 1796 ) 95th ( Riflemen ) 95th ( 1816 - 1818 ) 95th ( Derbyshire ) Regiment of Foot 96th ( 1760 - 1763 ) 96th ( British Musketeers ) 96th ( 1803 - 1816 ) 96th ( Queen 's Own Germans ) 96th Regiment of Foot 97th ( 1760 - 1763 ) 97th ( 1780 - 1784 ) 97th ( Inverness - shire Highlanders ) 97th ( Queen 's Own Germans ) 97th ( 1816 - 1818 ) 97th ( The Earl of Ulster 's ) Regiment of Foot 98th ( 1760 - 1763 ) 98th ( 1780 - 1784 ) 98th ( Argyllshire Highlanders ) 98th ( 1805 - 1816 ) 98th ( Prince of Wales 's Tipperary ) 98th ( Prince of Wales 's ) Regiment of Foot 99th ( 1760 - 1763 ) 99th ( Jamaica Regiment ) 99th ( 1794 - 1797 ) 99th ( Prince of Wales 's Tipperary ) 99th ( Prince Regent 's County of Dublin ) 99th ( Duke of Edinburgh 's ) 100th ( Highland ) 100th ( 1780 - 1784 ) 100th ( Gordon Highlanders ) 100th ( Prince Regent 's County of Dublin ) 100th ( New South Wales Corps ) 100th ( Prince of Wales 's Royal Canadian ) 101st ( Highland ) 101st ( 1780 - 1783 ) 101st ( Irish ) 101st ( Duke of York 's Irish ) 101st ( Royal Bengal Fusiliers ) 102nd ( Queen 's Royal Volunteers ) 102nd ( 1780 - 1783 ) 102nd ( Irish ) 102nd ( New South Wales Corps ) 102nd ( Royal Madras Fusiliers ) 103rd Regiment of Foot ( Volunteer Hunters ) 103rd Regiment of Foot ( King 's Irish Infantry ) 103rd ( Loyal Bristol Volunteers ) 103rd ( 1809 - 1816 ) 103rd ( Royal Bombay Fusiliers ) 104th ( King 's Volunteers ) 104th ( 1780 - 1783 ) 104th ( Royal Manchester Volunteers ) 104th ( New Brunswick Regiment ) 104th ( Bengal Fusiliers ) 105th ( Queen 's Own Royal Highlanders ) 105th ( Volunteers of Ireland ) 105th ( 1794 - 1796 ) 105th ( Madras Light Infantry ) 106th ( Black Musqueteers ) 106th ( 1794 - 1796 ) 106th ( Bombay Light Infantry ) 107th ( Queen 's Own Royal Regiment of British Volunteers ) 107th 1794 - 1795 107th ( Bengal Light Infantry ) 108th ( 1760 - 1763 ) 108th ( 1794 - 1795 ) 108th ( Madras Infantry ) 109th ( 1761 - 1763 ) 109th ( Aberdeenshire ) 109th ( Bombay Infantry ) 110th ( Queen 's Royal Musqueteers ) 110th ( 1794 - 1795 ) 111th ( 1761 - 1763 ) 111th ( Loyal Birmingham Volunteers ) 112th ( King 's Royal Musqueteers ) 112th ( 1794 - 1795 ) 113th ( Royal Highlanders ) 113th ( 1794 - 1795 ) 114th ( Royal Highlander Volunteers ) 114th ( 1794 - 1795 ) 115th ( Royal Scotch Lowlanders ) 115th ( Prince William 's ) 116th ( Invalids ) 116th ( Perthshire Highlanders ) 117th ( Invalids ) 117th ( 1793 - 1795 ) 118th ( Invalids ) 118th ( 1794 - 1795 ) 119th ( The Prince 's Own ) 119th ( 1794 - 1796 ) 120th ( 1762 - 1763 ) 120th ( 1794 - 1795 ) 121st ( 1761 - 1763 ) 121st ( 1794 - 1795 ) 122nd ( 1762 - 1764 ) 122nd ( 1794 - 1796 ) 123rd ( 1762 - 1764 ) 123rd ( 1794 - 1796 ) 124th ( 1762 - 1763 ) 124th ( Waterford ) 125th 126th 127th 128th 129th 130th 131st 132nd ( Highland ) 133rd ( Highland ) 134th ( Loyal Limerick ) 135th ( Limerick ) Regimental titles in italics indicate they were disbanded or renumbered before 1881 . British infantry regiments World War I Foot Guards Grenadier Guards Coldstream Guards Scots Guards Irish Guards Welsh Guards Guards Machine Gun Regiment Household Battalion Line regiments Royal Scots ( Lothian Regiment ) Queen 's ( Royal West Surrey Regiment ) Buffs ( East Kent Regiment ) King 's Own ( Royal Lancaster Regiment ) Northumberland Fusiliers Royal Warwickshire Regiment Royal Fusiliers ( City of London Regiment ) King 's ( Liverpool Regiment ) Norfolk Regiment Lincolnshire Regiment Devonshire Regiment Suffolk Regiment Prince Albert 's ( Somerset Light Infantry ) Prince of Wales 's Own ( West Yorkshire Regiment ) East Yorkshire Regiment Bedfordshire Regiment Leicestershire Regiment Royal Irish Regiment Alexandra , Princess of Wales 's Own ( Yorkshire Regiment ) Lancashire Fusiliers Royal Scots Fusiliers Cheshire Regiment Royal Welsh Fusiliers South Wales Borderers King 's Own Scottish Borderers Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Gloucestershire Regiment Worcestershire Regiment East Lancashire Regiment East Surrey Regiment Duke of Cornwall 's Light Infantry Duke of Wellington 's ( West Riding Regiment ) Border Regiment Royal Sussex Regiment Hampshire Regiment South Staffordshire Regiment Dorsetshire Regiment Prince of Wales 's Volunteers ( South Lancashire Regiment ) Welsh Regiment Black Watch ( Royal Highlanders ) Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Essex Regiment Sherwood Foresters ( Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment ) Loyal North Lancashire Regiment Northamptonshire Regiment Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ( Royal Berkshire Regiment ) Queen 's Own ( Royal West Kent Regiment ) King 's Own ( Yorkshire Light Infantry ) King 's ( Shropshire Light Infantry ) Duke of Cambridge 's Own ( Middlesex Regiment ) King 's Royal Rifle Corps Duke of Edinburgh 's ( Wiltshire Regiment ) Manchester Regiment Prince of Wales 's ( North Staffordshire Regiment ) York and Lancaster Regiment Durham Light Infantry Highland Light Infantry Seaforth Highlanders ( Ross - shire Buffs , The Duke of Albany 's ) Gordon Highlanders Queen 's Own Cameron Highlanders Royal Irish Rifles Princess Victoria 's ( Royal Irish Fusiliers ) Connaught Rangers Princess Louise 's ( Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders ) Prince of Wales 's Leinster Regiment ( Royal Canadians ) Royal Dublin Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers Rifle Brigade ( The Prince Consort 's Own ) Territorial Force Honourable Artillery Company Monmouthshire Regiment Cambridgeshire Regiment London Regiment Inns of Court Regiment Hertfordshire Regiment Herefordshire Regiment Northern Cyclist Battalion Highland Cyclist Battalion Kent Cyclist Battalion Huntingdonshire Cyclist Battalion Territorial Battalions of Regular Infantry Regiments Liverpool Rifles , King 's ( Liverpool Regiment ) Liverpool Scottish , King 's ( Liverpool Regiment ) Leeds Rifles , Prince of Wales 's Own ( West Yorkshire Regiment ) Cinque Ports Battalion , Royal Sussex Regiment Robin Hood Rifles Hallamshire Battalion , York and Lancaster Regiment Glasgow Highlanders Channel Islands Militia Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey Royal Guernsey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)&oldid=789192062 '' Categories : Infantry regiments of the British Army 1680 establishments in England Military units and formations established in 1680 Regiments of the British Army in World War I Regiments of the British Army in World War II Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War Military units and formations disestablished in 1959 Military units and formations in Lancashire Military units and formations in Liverpool Military units and formations in Burma in World War II Musical instrument museums Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2017 , at 22 : 41 . 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how layers of sound occur in a piece of music

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Elements_of_music&oldid=809188626

Elements of music - wikipedia Elements of music Jump to : navigation , search This notation indicates differing pitch , dynamics , articulation , instrumentation , timbre , and rhythm ( duration and onset / order ) . Music can be analysed by considering a variety of its elements , or parts ( aspects , characteristics , features ) , individually or together . A commonly used list of the main elements includes pitch , timbre , texture , volume , duration and form . The elements of music may be compared to the elements of art or design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection of elements 2 Definition of music 3 Universal aspect 4 Other terms 5 See also 6 Sources 7 Further reading Selection of elements ( edit ) According to Howard Gardner ( 1983 , 104 ) , there is little dispute about the principal constituent elements of music , though experts differ on their precise definitions . Harold Owen bases his list on the qualities of sound : pitch , timbre , intensity , and duration ( Owen 2000 , 6 ) . Most definitions of music include a reference to sound ( Google.com.au 2015 ; Dictionary.com 2015 ; Merriam-webster.com 2015 ; Anon. & 1991 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 ) and sound perception can be divided into six cognitive processes . They are : pitch , duration , loudness , timbre , sonic texture and spatial location ( Burton 2015 , 22 -- 28 ) . A parameter is any element that can be manipulated ( composed ) separately from other elements or focused on separately in an educational context . Leonard B. Meyer compares distinguishing parameters within a culture by their different constraints to distinguishing independent parameters within music , such as melody , harmony , timbre , `` etc . '' ( Meyer 1989 , 21n44 ) . The first person to apply the term parameter to music may have been Joseph Schillinger , though its relative popularity may be due to Werner Meyer - Eppler ( Grant 2005 , 62n85 ) . Gradation is gradual change within one parameter , or an overlapping of two blocks of sound . Meyer gives melody , rhythm , timbre , harmony , `` and the like '' ( Meyer 1973 , 9 ) , while Narmour lists , melody , harmony , rhythm , dynamics , tessitura , timbre , tempo , meter , texture , `` and perhaps others '' ( Narmour 1988 , 326 ) . According to McClellan , two things should be considered , the quality or state of an element and its change over time ( McClellan 2000 , 142 ) . Alan P. Merriam ( 1964 , 32 -- 33 ) proposed a theoretical research model that assumes three aspects are always present in musical activity : concept , behaviour , and sound . Virgil Thomson ( 1957 , vii ) lists the `` raw materials '' of music in order of their supposed discovery : rhythm , melody , and harmony ; including counterpoint and orchestration . Near the end of the twentieth century music scholarship began to give more attention to social and physical elements of music ( Moran 2013 , 59 ) . For example : performance , social , gender , dance , and theater . Definition of music ( edit ) Circular definition of `` musicality '' Main article : Definition of music Does the definition of music determine its aspects , or does the combination of certain aspects determine the definition of music ? For example , intensional definitions list aspects or elements that make up their subject . Some definitions refer to music as a score , or a composition ( Dictionary.com 2015 ; Merriam-webster.com 2015 ; Oxforddictionaries.com ) : music can be read as well as heard , and a piece of music written but never played is a piece of music notwithstanding . The process of reading music , at least for trained musicians , involves a process , called `` inner hearing '' or `` audiation '' by Gordon , where the music is heard in the mind as if it were being played ( Gordon 1999 ) . This suggests that while sound is often considered a required aspect of music , it may not be . Jean Molino ( 1975 , 43 ) points out that `` any element belonging to the total musical fact can be isolated , or taken as a strategic variable of musical production . '' Nattiez gives as examples Mauricio Kagel 's Con Voce ( with voice ) , where a masked trio silently mimes playing instruments . In this example sound , a common element , is excluded , while gesture , a less common element , is given primacy . However Nattiez goes on to say that despite special cases where sound is not immediately obvious ( because it is heard in the mind ) : `` sound is a minimal condition of the musical fact '' ( Nattiez 1990 , 43 ) . Universal aspect ( edit ) There is disagreement about whether some aspects of music are universal , as well as whether the concept of music is universal . This debate often hinges on definitions . For instance , the fairly common assertion that `` tonality '' is a universal of all music may necessarily require an expansive definition of tonality . A pulse is sometimes taken as a universal , yet there exist solo vocal and instrumental genres with free and improvisational rhythms no regular pulse ( Johnson 2002 , 62 ) , one example being the alap section of an Indian classical music performance . Harwood questions whether a `` cross-cultural musical universal '' may be found in the music or in the making of music , including performance , hearing , conception , and education ( Harwood 1976 , 522 ) . One aspect that is important to bear in mind when examining multi-cultural associations , is that an English - language word , not a universal concept , is the object of scrutiny . For this reason it is important to approach apparently equivalent words in other languages with caution . Based on the many disparate definitions that can be found just in English language dictionaries ( Google.com.au 2015 ; Dictionary.com 2015 ; Merriam-webster.com 2015 ; Music & 1991 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 ) , it seems there is no agreement on what the word `` Music '' means in English , let alone determining a potentially equivalent word from another culture . Kenneth Gourlay describes how , since different cultures include different elements in their definitions of music , dance , and related concepts , translation of the words for these activities may split or combine them , citing Nigerian musicologist Chinyere Nwachukwu 's definition of the Igbo term `` nkwa '' ( Nwachukwu 1981 , 59 ) as an activity combining and / or requiring singing , playing musical instruments , and dancing ( Gourlay 1984 , 35 ) . He then concludes that there exists `` nonuniversality of music and the universality of nonmusic . '' Other terms ( edit ) Other terms used to discuss particular pieces include : Note -- an abstraction that refers to either a specific pitch or rhythm , or the written symbol Chord -- a simultaneity of notes heard as some sort of unit Chord progression -- a succession of chords ( simultaneity succession ) For a more comprehensive list of terms see : List of musical topics See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Elements of music Combinatoriality New musicology Noise in music Permutation ( music ) Philosophy of music Process music Serialism Set ( music ) Sound art Sources ( edit ) American National Standards Institute , `` American National Psychoacoustical Terminology '' . ( N.p. ) : American Standards Association Anon. ( 1991 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 ) `` Music '' . Collins English Dictionary -- Complete and Unabridged . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/music Burton , Russell L. ( 2015 ) . `` The Elements of Music : What Are They , and Who Cares ? '' In ASME XXth National Conference Proceedings , edited by Jennifer Rosevear and Susan Harding , 22 -- 28 . Parkville , Victoria : The Australian Society for Music Education Inc . ( Paper presented at : Music : Educating for life : ASME XXth National Conference ) . Clayton , Martin , Byron Dueck , and Laura Leante ( eds . ) . ( 2013 ) . Experience and Meaning in Music Performance . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 981131 - 1 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 981132 - 8 ( ebook ) . Dictionary.com ( 2015 ) . the definition of music . Retrieved 1 December 2015 , from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/music Dictionary.com ( 2015 ) . the definition of sound . Retrieved 2 December 2015 , from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sound Gardner , Howard ( 1983 ) . Frames of Mind : The Theory of Multiple Intelligences . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 9780465025084 ; ISBN 9780465025091 . Quoted in Gary Spruce , Aspects of Teaching Secondary Music : Perspectives on Practice . Routledge , 2003 . ISBN 9781134508655 . Google.com.au ( 2015 ) . Google . Retrieved 1 December 2015 , from https://www.google.com.au/?gws_rd=ssl#safe=strict&q=music+definition . Gordon , E.E. ( 1999 ) . `` All About Audiation and Music Aptitudes '' . Music Educators Journal ( September ) : 41 -- 44 . Gourlay , Kenneth ( 1984 ) . `` The Non-Universality of Music and the Universality of Non-Music '' . The World of Music 26 , no . 2 ( 1984 ) : 25 -- 39 . Cited in Nattiez ( 1990 ) and Nattiez ( 2012 ) , p. 78 . Grant , M ( orag ) J ( osephine ) ( 2005 ) . Serial Music , Serial Aesthetics : Compositional Theory in Post-War Europe . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61992 - 9 . Harwood , Dane ( 1976 ) . `` Universals in Music : A Perspective from Cognitive Psychology '' . Ethnomusicology 20 , no . 3 : 521 - 33 . Cited in Nattiez ( 1990 ) . Johnson , Julian ( 2002 ) . Who Needs Classical Music ? : Cultural Choice and Musical Value . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514681 - 6 . McClellan , Randall ( 2000 ) . The Healing Forces of Music : History , Theory , and Practice . iUniverse . ISBN 9780595006656 . Merriam , Alan P. 1964 . The Anthropology of Music . Evanston : Northwestern University Press . Merriam-webster.com ( 2015 ) . music Meyer , Leonard ( 1973 ) . Explaining Music : Essays and Explorations . University of California . ISBN 9780520022164 . Meyer , Leonard B. ( 1989 ) . Style and Music : Theory , History , and Ideology . Studies in the Criticism and Theory of Music . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Reprinted , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52152 - 7 . Molino , J. ( 1975 ) . `` Fait musical et sémiologue de la musique '' . Musique en Jeu , no . 17 : 37 -- 62 . Cited in Nattiez ( 1990 ) . Moran , Nikki ( 2013 ) . `` Social Co-Regulation and Communication in North Indian Duo Performances '' . In Experience and Meaning in Music Performance , edited by Martin Clayton , Byron Dueck , and Laura Leante , 40 -- 61 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 981131 - 1 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 981132 - 8 ( ebook ) . Music . 1991 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 . Narmour , Eugene ( 1988 ) . Explorations in Music , the Arts , and Ideas : Essays in Honor of Leonard B. Meyer . Pendragon . ISBN 9780918728944 . Nattiez , Jean - Jacques ( 1990 ) . Music and Discourse : Toward a Semiology of Music , translated by Carolyn Abbate from Musicologie générale et sémiologue ( 1987 ) . New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02714 - 5 . Nattiez , Jean - Jacques ( 2012 ) . `` Is the Search for Universals Incompatible with the Study of Cultural Specificity ? '' Humanities and Social Sciences 1 , no . 1 : 67 -- 94 . Nwachukwu , C. ( 1981 ) . Taxonomy of Musical Instruments in Mbaise , Nigeria . Unpublished M.A. Thesis . The Queen 's University of Belfast , 1981 . Owen , Harold ( 2000 ) . Music Theory Resource Book . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511539 - 2 . Oxforddictionaries.com ( 2015 ) `` ( ... ) The written or printed signs representing vocal or instrumental sound ; The score or scores of a musical composition or compositions '' . Retrieved 1 December 2015 , from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/music Thomson , Virgil ( 1957 ) . `` Introduction '' to Robert Erickson . The Structure of Music : A Listener 's Guide : A Study of Music in Terms of Melody and Counterpoint . New York : Noonday Press . White , John D. ( 1976 ) . The Analysis of Music . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 033233 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Agricola , Martin ( 1991 ) . The Rudiments of Music , new edition , translated from the Latin edition of 1539 by John Trowell . Aberystwyth : Boethius Press . ISBN 0 - 86314 - 034 - 3 Macpherson , Stewart , and Anthony Payne ( 1970 ) . The Rudiments of Music , revised edition , with a new chapter by Anthony Payne . London : Stainer & Bell ; New York : Galliard . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85249 - 010 - 5 . Ottman , Robert W. , and Frank D. Mainous ( 2000 ) . Rudiments of Music , second edition . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 783671 - 0 . ( hide ) Music theory Aesthetics Analysis Aspects Composition Definition Mathematics Musicology Philosophy Psychology Set theory Tuning List of music theorists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elements_of_music&oldid=809188626 '' Categories : Elements of music Musical analysis Musical composition Philosophy of music Serialism Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from June 2016 Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Eesti Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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this religion emerged in the late 15th century and was a combination of islam and hinduism

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Relationship_between_religion_and_science&oldid=822032175

Relationship between religion and science - wikipedia Relationship between religion and science Jump to : navigation , search The relationship between religion and science has been a subject of study since classical antiquity , addressed by philosophers , theologians , scientists , and others . Perspectives from different geographical regions , cultures and historical epochs are diverse , with some characterizing the relationship as one of conflict , others describing it as one of harmony , and others proposing little interaction . Both science and religion are complex social and cultural endeavors that vary across cultures and have changed over time . Most scientific and technical innovations prior to the scientific revolution were achieved by societies organized by religious traditions . Elements of the scientific method were pioneered by ancient pagan , Islamic , and Christian scholars . During the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the scientific method were laid by Ibn al - Haytham . Roger Bacon , who is often credited with formalizing the scientific method , was a Franciscan friar . Hinduism has historically embraced reason and empiricism , holding that science brings legitimate , but incomplete knowledge of the world . Confucian thought has held different views of science over time . Most Buddhists today view science as complementary to their beliefs . While the classification of the material world by the ancient Indians and Greeks into air , earth , fire and water was more philosophical , medieval Middle Easterns used practical and experimental observation to classify materials . Events in Europe such as the Galileo affair , associated with the scientific revolution and the Age of Enlightenment , led scholars such as John William Draper to postulate a conflict thesis , holding that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically , factually and politically throughout history . This thesis is held by some contemporary scientists such as Richard Dawkins , Steven Weinberg and Carl Sagan , and some creationists . The conflict thesis has lost favor among most contemporary historians of science . Many scientists , philosophers , and theologians throughout history , such as Francisco Ayala , Kenneth R. Miller and Francis Collins , have seen compatibility or independence between religion and science . Biologist Stephen Jay Gould , other scientists , and some contemporary theologians hold that religion and science are non-overlapping magisteria , addressing fundamentally separate forms of knowledge and aspects of life . Some theologians or historians of science , including John Lennox , Thomas Berry , Brian Swimme and Ken Wilber propose an interconnection between science and religion , while others such as Ian Barbour believe there are even parallels . Public acceptance of scientific facts may be influenced by religion ; many in the United States reject evolution by natural selection , especially regarding human beings . Nevertheless , the American National Academy of Sciences has written that `` the evidence for evolution can be fully compatible with religious faith '' , a view officially endorsed by many religious denominations globally . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the concepts of `` religion '' and `` science '' 1.1 Middle ages and Renaissance 2 Perspectives 2.1 Incompatibility 2.1. 1 Conflict thesis 2.2 Independence 2.2. 1 Parallels in method 2.3 Dialogue 2.4 Integration 3 Bahá'í 4 Buddhism 5 Christianity 5.1 Perspectives on evolution 5.2 Reconciliation in Britain in the early 20th century 5.3 Roman Catholicism 5.4 Influence of a biblical world view on early modern science 6 Confucianism and traditional Chinese religion 7 Hinduism 8 Islam 8.1 Ahmadiyya 9 Jainism 10 Perspectives from the scientific community 10.1 History 10.2 Studies on scientists ' beliefs 10.3 Overall summary 11 Public perceptions of science 12 See also 13 References 14 Notes 15 Further reading 16 External links History of the concepts of `` religion '' and `` science '' ( edit ) This section cites its sources but its page references ranges are too broad . Page ranges should be limited to one or two pages when possible . You can help improve this article by introducing citations that are more precise . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The concepts of `` science '' and `` religion '' are a recent invention : `` religion '' emerged in the 17th century in the midst of colonization and globalization and the Protestant Reformation , `` science '' emerged in the 19th century in the midst of attempts to narrowly define those who studied nature , and the phrase `` religion and science '' emerged in the 19th century due to the reification of both concepts . It was in the 19th century that the terms `` Buddhism '' , `` Hinduism '' , `` Taoism '' , and `` Confucianism '' first emerged . In the ancient and medieval world , the etymological Latin roots of both science ( scientia ) and religion ( religio ) were understood as inner qualities of the individual or virtues , never as doctrines , practices , or actual sources of knowledge . It was in the 19th century that the concept of `` science '' received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as `` biology '' and `` biologist '' , `` physics '' and `` physicist '' among other technical fields and titles ; institutions and communities were founded , and unprecedented applications to and interactions with other aspects of society and culture occurred . The term scientist was first coined by the naturalist - theologian William Whewell in 1834 and it was applied to those who sought knowledge and understanding of nature . From the ancient world , starting with Aristotle , to the 19th century , the term `` natural philosophy '' was the common term used to describe the practice of studying nature . Isaac Newton 's book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) , whose title translates to `` Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy '' , reflects the then - current use of the words `` natural philosophy '' , akin to `` systematic study of nature '' . Even in the 19th century , a treatise by Lord Kelvin and Peter Guthrie Tait 's , which helped define much of modern physics , was titled Treatise on Natural Philosophy ( 1867 ) . It was in the 17th century that the concept of `` religion '' received its modern shape despite the fact that ancient texts like the Bible , the Quran , and other sacred texts did not have a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written . In the 19th century , Max Müller noted that what is called ancient religion today , would have been called `` law '' in antiquity . For example , there is no precise equivalent of `` religion '' in Hebrew , and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious , national , racial , or ethnic identities . The Sanskrit word `` dharma '' , sometimes translated as `` religion '' , also means law or duty . Throughout classical South Asia , the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions . Medieval Japan at first had a similar union between `` imperial law '' and universal or `` Buddha law '' , but these later became independent sources of power . Throughout its long history , Japan had no concept of `` religion '' since there was no corresponding Japanese word , nor anything close to its meaning , but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding , among other things , freedom of religion , the country had to contend with this Western idea . Middle Ages and Renaissance ( edit ) The development of sciences ( especially natural philosophy ) in Western Europe during the Middle Ages , has considerable foundation in the works of the Arabs who translated Greek and Latin compositons . The works of Aristotle played a major role in the institutionalization , systematization , and expansion of reason . Christianity accepted reason within the ambit of faith . In Christendom , reason was considered subordinate to revelation , which contained the ultimate truth and this truth could not be challenged . Even though the medieval Christian had the urge to use their reason , they had little on which to exercise it . In medieval universities , the faculty for natural philosophy and theology were separate , and discussions pertaining to theological issues were often not allowed to be undertaken by the faculty of philosophy . Natural philosophy , as taught in the arts faculties of the universities , was seen as an essential area of study in its own right and was considered necessary for almost every area of study . It was an independent field , separated from theology , which enjoyed a good deal of intellectual freedom as long as it was restricted to the natural world . In general , there was religious support for natural science by the late Middle Ages and a recognition that it was an important element of learning . The extent to which medieval science led directly to the new philosophy of the scientific revolution remains a subject for debate , but it certainly had a significant influence . The Middle Ages laid ground for the developments that took place in science , during the Renaissance which immediately succeeded it . With significant developments taking place in science , mathematics , medicine and philosophy , the relationship between science and religion became one of curiosity and questioning . As humanism became more and more popular , people tried to understand the nature around them better , rather than turn to religious aspirations . Renaissance humanism looked to classical Greek and Roman texts to change contemporary thought , allowing for a new mindset after the Middle Ages . Renaissance readers understood these classical texts as focusing on human decisions , actions and creations , rather than blindly following the rules set forth by the Catholic Church as `` God 's plan . '' Though many Renaissance humanists remained religious , they believed God gave humans opportunities and it was humanity 's duty to do the `` best and most moral thing '' . Renaissance humanism was an `` ethical theory and practice that emphasized reason , scientific inquiry and human fulfillment in the natural world , '' said Abernethy . By 1630 , ancient authority from classical literature and philosophy , as well as their necessity , started eroding , although scientists were still expected to be fluent in Latin , the international language of Europe 's intellectuals . With the sheer success of science and the steady advance of rationalism , the individual scientist gained prestige . Along with the inventions of this period , especially the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg , allowed for the dissemination of the Bible in languages of the common people ( languages other than Latin ) . This allowed more people to read and learn from the scripture , leading to the Evangelical movement . The people who spread this message , concentrated more on individual agency rather than the structures of the Church . Perspectives ( edit ) Medieval artistic illustration of the spherical Earth in a 13th - century copy of L'Image du monde ( c. 1246 ) According to Richard Dawkins , `` not only is science corrosive to religion ; religion is corrosive to science . It teaches people to be satisfied with trivial , supernatural non-explanations and blinds them to the wonderful real explanations that we have within our grasp . It teaches them to accept authority , revelation and faith instead of always insisting on evidence . '' The kinds of interactions that might arise between science and religion have been categorized , according to theologian , Anglican priest and physicist John Polkinghorne are : ( 1 ) conflict between the disciplines , ( 2 ) independence of the disciplines , ( 3 ) dialogue between the disciplines where they overlap and ( 4 ) integration of both into one field . This typology is similar to ones used by theologians Ian Barbour and John Haught . More typologies that categorize this relationship can be found among the works of other science and religion scholars such as theologian and biochemist Arthur Peacocke . Incompatibility ( edit ) According to Guillermo Paz - y - Miño - C and Avelina Espinosa , the historical conflict between evolution and religion is intrinsic to the incompatibility between scientific rationalism / empiricism and the belief in supernatural causation ; these authors have formally proposed the incompatibility hypothesis ( IH ) to explain the `` everlasting - conflict - science - and - faith '' . According to Jerry Coyne , views on evolution and levels of religiosity in some countries , along with the existence of books explaining reconciliation between evolution and religion , indicate that people have trouble in believing both at the same time , thus implying incompatibility . According to Lawrence Krauss , compatibility or incompatibility is a theological concern , not a scientific concern . In Lisa Randall 's view , questions of incompatibility or otherwise are not answerable , since by accepting revelations one is abandoning rules of logic which are needed to identify if there are indeed contradictions between holding certain beliefs . Daniel Dennett holds that incompatibility exists because religion is not problematic to a certain point before it collapses into a number of excuses for keeping certain beliefs , in light of evolutionary implications . According to Neil deGrasse Tyson , the central difference between the nature of science and religion is that the claims of science rely on experimental verification , while the claims of religions rely on faith , and these are irreconcilable approaches to knowing . Because of this both are incompatible as currently practiced and the debate of compatibility or incompatibility will be eternal . Philosopher and physicist Victor J. Stenger 's view is that science and religion are incompatible due to conflicts between approaches of knowing and the availability of alternative plausible natural explanations for phenomena that is usually explained in religious contexts . Richard Dawkins is hostile to fundamentalist religion because it actively debauches the scientific enterprise . According to Dawkins , religion `` subverts science and saps the intellect '' . He believes that when science teachers attempt to expound on evolution , there is hostility aimed towards them by parents who are skeptical because they believe it conflicts with their religious beliefs , that even some textbooks have had the word ' evolution ' systematically removed . According to Sean M. Carroll , since religion makes claims that are not compatible with science , such as supernatural events , and therefore both are incompatible . Others such as Francis Collins , Kenneth R. Miller , George Coyne and Francisco J. Ayala argue for compatibility since they do not agree that science is incompatible with religion and vice versa . They argue that science provides many opportunities to look for and find God in nature and to reflect on their beliefs . According to Kenneth Miller , he disagrees with Jerry Coyne 's assessment and argues that since significant portions of scientists are religious and the proportion of Americans believing in evolution is much higher , it implies that both are indeed compatible . Elsewhere , Miller has argued that when scientists make claims on science and theism or atheism , they are not arguing scientifically at all and are stepping beyond the scope of science into discourses of meaning and purpose . What he finds particularly odd and unjustified is in how atheists often come to invoke scientific authority on their non-scientific philosophical conclusions like there being no point or no meaning to the universe as the only viable option when the scientific method and science never have had any way of addressing questions of meaning or God in the first place . Furthermore , he notes that since evolution made the brain and since the brain can handle both religion and science , there is no natural incompatibility between the concepts at the biological level . Karl Giberson argues that when discussing compatibility , some scientific intellectuals often ignore the viewpoints of intellectual leaders in theology and instead argue against less informed masses , thereby , defining religion by non intellectuals and slanting the debate unjustly . He argues that leaders in science sometimes trump older scientific baggage and that leaders in theology do the same , so once theological intellectuals are taken into account , people who represent extreme positions like Ken Ham and Eugenie Scott will become irrelevant . Cynthia Tolman notes that religion does not have a method per se partly because religions emerge through time from diverse cultures , but when it comes to Christian theology and ultimate truths , she notes that people often rely on scripture , tradition , reason , and experience to test and gauge what they experience and what they should believe . Conflict thesis ( edit ) Main article : Conflict thesis The conflict thesis , which holds that religion and science have been in conflict continuously throughout history , was popularized in the 19th century by John William Draper 's and Andrew Dickson White 's accounts . It was in the 19th century that relationship between science and religion became an actual formal topic of discourse , while before this no one had pitted science against religion or vice versa , though occasional complex interactions had been expressed before the 19th century . Most contemporary historians of science now reject the conflict thesis in its original form and no longer support it . Instead , it has been superseded by subsequent historical research which has resulted in a more nuanced understanding : Historian of science , Gary Ferngren , has stated `` Although popular images of controversy continue to exemplify the supposed hostility of Christianity to new scientific theories , studies have shown that Christianity has often nurtured and encouraged scientific endeavour , while at other times the two have co-existed without either tension or attempts at harmonization . If Galileo and the Scopes trial come to mind as examples of conflict , they were the exceptions rather than the rule . '' Most historians today have moved away from a conflict model , which is based mainly on two historical episodes ( Galileo and Darwin ) for a `` complexity '' model , because religious figures were on both sides of each dispute and there was no overall aim by any party involved to discredit religion . An often cited example of conflict , that has been clarified by historical research in the 20th century , was the Galileo affair , whereby interpretations of the Bible were used to attack ideas by Copernicus on Heliocentrism . By 1616 Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade Catholic Church authorities not to ban Copernicus ' ideas . In the end , a decree of the Congregation of the Index was issued , declaring that the ideas that the Sun stood still and that the Earth moved were `` false '' and `` altogether contrary to Holy Scripture '' , and suspending Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus until it could be corrected . Galileo was found `` vehemently suspect of heresy '' , namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the center of the universe , that the Earth is not at its centre and moves . He was required to `` abjure , curse and detest '' those opinions . However , before all this , Pope Urban VIII had personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in a book , and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism as physically proven since the scientific consensus at the time was that the evidence for heliocentrism was very weak . The Church had merely sided with the scientific consensus of the time . Pope Urban VIII asked that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo 's book . Only the latter was fulfilled by Galileo . Whether unknowingly or deliberately , Simplicio , the defender of the Aristotelian / Ptolemaic geocentric view in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , was often portrayed as an unlearned fool who lacked mathematical training . Although the preface of his book claims that the character is named after a famous Aristotelian philosopher ( Simplicius in Latin , Simplicio in Italian ) , the name `` Simplicio '' in Italian also has the connotation of `` simpleton '' . Unfortunately for his relationship with the Pope , Galileo put the words of Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio . Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book . However , the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly , nor the physical Copernican advocacy . Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters , the Pope , and was called to Rome to defend his writings . The actual evidences that finally proved heliocentrism came centuries after Galileo : the stellar aberration of light by James Bradley in the 18th century , the orbital motions of binary stars by William Herschel in the 19th century , the accurate measurement of the stellar parallax in the 19th century , and Newtonian mechanics in the 17th century . According to physicist Christopher Graney , Galileo 's own observations did not actually support the Copernican view , but were more consistent with Tycho Brahe 's hybrid model where that Earth did n't move , and everything else circled around it and the Sun . Independence ( edit ) A modern view , described by Stephen Jay Gould as `` non-overlapping magisteria '' ( NOMA ) , is that science and religion deal with fundamentally separate aspects of human experience and so , when each stays within its own domain , they co-exist peacefully . While Gould spoke of independence from the perspective of science , W.T. Stace viewed independence from the perspective of the philosophy of religion . Stace felt that science and religion , when each is viewed in its own domain , are both consistent and complete . The USA 's National Academy of Science supports the view that science and religion are independent . Science and religion are based on different aspects of human experience . In science , explanations must be based on evidence drawn from examining the natural world . Scientifically based observations or experiments that conflict with an explanation eventually must lead to modification or even abandonment of that explanation . Religious faith , in contrast , does not depend on empirical evidence , is not necessarily modified in the face of conflicting evidence , and typically involves supernatural forces or entities . Because they are not a part of nature , supernatural entities can not be investigated by science . In this sense , science and religion are separate and address aspects of human understanding in different ways . Attempts to put science and religion against each other create controversy where none needs to exist . According to Archbishop John Habgood , both science and religion represent distinct ways of approaching experience and these differences are sources of debate . He views science as descriptive and religion as prescriptive . He stated that if science and mathematics concentrate on what the world ought to be , in the way that religion does , it may lead to improperly ascribing properties to the natural world as happened among the followers of Pythagoras in the sixth century B.C. In contrast , proponents of a normative moral science take issue with the idea that science has no way of guiding `` oughts '' . Habgood also stated that he believed that the reverse situation , where religion attempts to be descriptive , can also lead to inappropriately assigning properties to the natural world . A notable example is the now defunct belief in the Ptolemaic ( geocentric ) planetary model that held sway until changes in scientific and religious thinking were brought about by Galileo and proponents of his views . Parallels in method ( edit ) According to Ian Barbour , Thomas S. Kuhn asserted that science is made up of paradigms that arise from cultural traditions , which is similar to the secular perspective on religion . Michael Polanyi asserted that it is merely a commitment to universality that protects against subjectivity and has nothing at all to do with personal detachment as found in many conceptions of the scientific method . Polanyi further asserted that all knowledge is personal and therefore the scientist must be performing a very personal if not necessarily subjective role when doing science . Polanyi added that the scientist often merely follows intuitions of `` intellectual beauty , symmetry , and ' empirical agreement ' '' . Polanyi held that science requires moral commitments similar to those found in religion . Two physicists , Charles A. Coulson and Harold K. Schilling , both claimed that `` the methods of science and religion have much in common . '' Schilling asserted that both fields -- science and religion -- have `` a threefold structure -- of experience , theoretical interpretation , and practical application . '' Coulson asserted that science , like religion , `` advances by creative imagination '' and not by `` mere collecting of facts , '' while stating that religion should and does `` involve critical reflection on experience not unlike that which goes on in science . '' Religious language and scientific language also show parallels ( cf . rhetoric of science ) . Dialogue ( edit ) Clerks studying astronomy and geometry ( France , early 15th century ) . The religion and science community consists of those scholars who involve themselves with what has been called the `` religion - and - science dialogue '' or the `` religion - and - science field . '' The community belongs to neither the scientific nor the religious community , but is said to be a third overlapping community of interested and involved scientists , priests , clergymen , theologians , and engaged non-professionals . Institutions interested in the intersection between science and religion include the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences , the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science , the Ian Ramsey Centre , and the Faraday Institute . Journals addressing the relationship between science and religion include Theology and Science and Zygon : Journal of Religion & Science . Eugenie Scott has written that the `` science and religion '' movement is , overall , composed mainly of theists who have a healthy respect for science and may be beneficial to the public understanding of science . She contends that the `` Christian scholarship '' movement is not a problem for science , but that the `` Theistic science '' movement , which proposes abandoning methodological materialism , does cause problems in understanding of the nature of science . The modern dialogue between religion and science is rooted in Ian Barbour 's 1966 book Issues in Science and Religion . Since that time it has grown into a serious academic field , with academic chairs in the subject area , and two dedicated academic journals , Zygon : Journal of Religion & Science and Theology and Science . Articles are also sometimes found in mainstream science journals such as American Journal of Physics and Science . Philosopher Alvin Plantinga has argued that there is superficial conflict but deep concord between science and religion , and that there is deep conflict between science and naturalism . Plantinga , in his book Where the Conflict Really Lies : Science , Religion , and Naturalism , heavily contests the linkage of naturalism with science , as conceived by Richard Dawkins , Daniel Dennett and like - minded thinkers ; while Daniel Dennett thinks that Plantinga stretches science to an unacceptable extent . Philosopher Maarten Boudry , in reviewing the book , has commented that he resorts to creationism and fails to `` stave off the conflict between theism and evolution . '' Cognitive scientist Justin L. Barrett , by contrast , reviews the same book and writes that `` those most needing to hear Plantinga 's message may fail to give it a fair hearing for rhetorical rather than analytical reasons . '' Integration ( edit ) As a general view , this holds that while interactions are complex between influences of science , theology , politics , social , and economic concerns , the productive engagements between science and religion throughout history should be duly stressed as the norm . Scientific and theological perspectives often coexist peacefully . Christians and some non-Christian religions have historically integrated well with scientific ideas , as in the ancient Egyptian technological mastery applied to monotheistic ends , the flourishing of logic and mathematics under Hinduism and Buddhism , and the scientific advances made by Muslim scholars during the Ottoman empire . Even many 19th - century Christian communities welcomed scientists who claimed that science was not at all concerned with discovering the ultimate nature of reality . According to Lawrence M. Principe , the Johns Hopkins University Drew Professor of the Humanities , from a historical perspective this points out that much of the current - day clashes occur between limited extremists -- both religious and scientistic fundamentalists -- over a very few topics , and that the movement of ideas back and forth between scientific and theological thought has been more usual . To Principe , this perspective would point to the fundamentally common respect for written learning in religious traditions of rabbinical literature , Christian theology , and the Islamic Golden Age , including a Transmission of the Classics from Greek to Islamic to Christian traditions which helped spark the Renaissance . Religions have also given key participation in development of modern universities and libraries ; centers of learning & scholarship were coincident with religious institutions -- whether pagan , Muslim , or Christian . Bahá'í ( edit ) Main article : Bahá'í Faith and science A fundamental principle of the Bahá'í Faith is the harmony of religion and science . Bahá'í scripture asserts that true science and true religion can never be in conflict . ` Abdu'l - Bahá , the son of the founder of the religion , stated that religion without science is superstition and that science without religion is materialism . He also admonished that true religion must conform to the conclusions of science . Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Buddhism and science Buddhism and science have been regarded as compatible by numerous authors . Some philosophic and psychological teachings found in Buddhism share points in common with modern Western scientific and philosophic thought . For example , Buddhism encourages the impartial investigation of nature ( an activity referred to as Dhamma - Vicaya in the Pali Canon ) -- the principal object of study being oneself . Buddhism and science both show a strong emphasis on causality . However , Buddhism does n't focus on materialism . Tenzin Gyatso , the 14th Dalai Lama , maintains that empirical scientific evidence supersedes the traditional teachings of Buddhism when the two are in conflict . In his book The Universe in a Single Atom he wrote , `` My confidence in venturing into science lies in my basic belief that as in science , so in Buddhism , understanding the nature of reality is pursued by means of critical investigation . '' and `` If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false , '' he says , `` then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims . '' Christianity ( edit ) Science and Religion are portrayed to be in harmony in the Tiffany window Education ( 1890 ) . Most sources of knowledge available to early Christians were connected to pagan world - views . There were various opinions on how Christianity should regard pagan learning , which included its ideas about nature . For instance , among early Christian teachers , Tertullian ( c. 160 -- 220 ) held a generally negative opinion of Greek philosophy , while Origen ( c. 185 -- 254 ) regarded it much more favorably and required his students to read nearly every work available to them . Earlier attempts at reconciliation of Christianity with Newtonian mechanics appear quite different from later attempts at reconciliation with the newer scientific ideas of evolution or relativity . Many early interpretations of evolution polarized themselves around a struggle for existence . These ideas were significantly countered by later findings of universal patterns of biological cooperation . According to John Habgood , all man really knows here is that the universe seems to be a mix of good and evil , beauty and pain , and that suffering may somehow be part of the process of creation . Habgood holds that Christians should not be surprised that suffering may be used creatively by God , given their faith in the symbol of the Cross . Robert John Russell has examined consonance and dissonance between modern physics , evolutionary biology , and Christian theology . Christian philosophers Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 30 ) and Thomas Aquinas held that scriptures can have multiple interpretations on certain areas where the matters were far beyond their reach , therefore one should leave room for future findings to shed light on the meanings . The `` Handmaiden '' tradition , which saw secular studies of the universe as a very important and helpful part of arriving at a better understanding of scripture , was adopted throughout Christian history from early on . Also the sense that God created the world as a self operating system is what motivated many Christians throughout the Middle Ages to investigate nature . Modern historians of science such as J.L. Heilbron , Alistair Cameron Crombie , David Lindberg , Edward Grant , Thomas Goldstein , and Ted Davis have reviewed the popular notion that medieval Christianity was a negative influence in the development of civilization and science . In their views , not only did the monks save and cultivate the remnants of ancient civilization during the barbarian invasions , but the medieval church promoted learning and science through its sponsorship of many universities which , under its leadership , grew rapidly in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries , St. Thomas Aquinas , the Church 's `` model theologian '' , not only argued that reason is in harmony with faith , he even recognized that reason can contribute to understanding revelation , and so encouraged intellectual development . He was not unlike other medieval theologians who sought out reason in the effort to defend his faith . Some of today 's scholars , such as Stanley Jaki , have claimed that Christianity with its particular worldview , was a crucial factor for the emergence of modern science . David C. Lindberg states that the widespread popular belief that the Middle Ages was a time of ignorance and superstition due to the Christian church is a `` caricature '' . According to Lindberg , while there are some portions of the classical tradition which suggest this view , these were exceptional cases . It was common to tolerate and encourage critical thinking about the nature of the world . The relation between Christianity and science is complex and can not be simplified to either harmony or conflict , according to Lindberg . Lindberg reports that `` the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free ( particularly in the natural sciences ) to follow reason and observation wherever they led . There was no warfare between science and the church . '' Ted Peters in Encyclopedia of Religion writes that although there is some truth in the `` Galileo 's condemnation '' story but through exaggerations , it has now become `` a modern myth perpetuated by those wishing to see warfare between science and religion who were allegedly persecuted by an atavistic and dogma - bound ecclesiastical authority '' . In 1992 , the Catholic Church 's seeming vindication of Galileo attracted much comment in the media . A degree of concord between science and religion can be seen in religious belief and empirical science . The belief that God created the world and therefore humans , can lead to the view that he arranged for humans to know the world . This is underwritten by the doctrine of imago dei . In the words of Thomas Aquinas , `` Since human beings are said to be in the image of God in virtue of their having a nature that includes an intellect , such a nature is most in the image of God in virtue of being most able to imitate God '' . During the Enlightenment , a period `` characterized by dramatic revolutions in science '' and the rise of Protestant challenges to the authority of the Catholic Church via individual liberty , the authority of Christian scriptures became strongly challenged . As science advanced , acceptance of a literal version of the Bible became `` increasingly untenable '' and some in that period presented ways of interpreting scripture according to its spirit on its authority and truth . Perspectives on evolution ( edit ) In recent history , the theory of evolution has been at the center of some controversy between Christianity and science . Christians who accept a literal interpretation of the biblical account of creation find incompatibility between Darwinian evolution and their interpretation of the Christian faith . Creation science or scientific creationism is a branch of creationism that attempts to provide scientific support for the Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis and attempts to disprove generally accepted scientific facts , theories and scientific paradigms about the history of the Earth , cosmology and biological evolution . It began in the 1960s as a fundamentalist Christian effort in the United States to prove Biblical inerrancy and falsify the scientific evidence for evolution . It has since developed a sizable religious following in the United States , with creation science ministries branching worldwide . In 1925 , The State of Tennessee passed the Butler Act , which prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution in all schools in the state . Later that year , a similar law was passed in Mississippi , and likewise , Arkansas in 1927 . In 1968 , these `` anti-monkey '' laws were struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States as unconstitutional , `` because they established a religious doctrine violating both the First and Fourth Amendments to the Constitution . Most scientists have rejected creation science for several reasons , including that its claims do not refer to natural causes and can not be tested . In 1987 , the United States Supreme Court ruled that creationism is religion , not science , and can not be advocated in public school classrooms . Theistic evolution attempts to reconcile Christian beliefs and science by accepting the scientific understanding of the age of the Earth and the process of evolution . It includes a range of beliefs , including views described as evolutionary creationism , which accepts some findings of modern science but also upholds classical religious teachings about God and creation in Christian context . Reconciliation in Britain in the early 20th century ( edit ) In Reconciling Science and Religion : The Debate in Early - twentieth - century Britain , historian of biology Peter J. Bowler argues that in contrast to the conflicts between science and religion in the U.S. in the 1920s ( most famously the Scopes Trial ) , during this period Great Britain experienced a concerted effort at reconciliation , championed by intellectually conservative scientists , supported by liberal theologians but opposed by younger scientists and secularists and conservative Christians . These attempts at reconciliation fell apart in the 1930s due to increased social tensions , moves towards neo-orthodox theology and the acceptance of the modern evolutionary synthesis . In the 20th century , several ecumenical organizations promoting a harmony between science and Christianity were founded , most notably the American Scientific Affiliation , The Biologos Foundation , Christians in Science , The Society of Ordained Scientists , and The Veritas Forum . Roman Catholicism ( edit ) See also : Catholic Church and evolution and Catholic Church and science While refined and clarified over the centuries , the Roman Catholic position on the relationship between science and religion is one of harmony , and has maintained the teaching of natural law as set forth by Thomas Aquinas . For example , regarding scientific study such as that of evolution , the church 's unofficial position is an example of theistic evolution , stating that faith and scientific findings regarding human evolution are not in conflict , though humans are regarded as a special creation , and that the existence of God is required to explain both monogenism and the spiritual component of human origins . Catholic schools have included all manners of scientific study in their curriculum for many centuries . Galileo once stated `` The intention of the Holy Spirit is to teach us how to go to heaven , not how the heavens go . '' In 1981 John Paul II , then pope of the Roman Catholic Church , spoke of the relationship this way : `` The Bible itself speaks to us of the origin of the universe and its make - up , not in order to provide us with a scientific treatise , but in order to state the correct relationships of man with God and with the universe . Sacred Scripture wishes simply to declare that the world was created by God , and in order to teach this truth it expresses itself in the terms of the cosmology in use at the time of the writer '' . Influence of a biblical world view on early modern science ( edit ) According to Andrew Dickson White 's A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom from the 19th century , a biblical world view affected negatively the progress of science through time . Dickinson also argues that immediately following the Reformation matters were even worse . The interpretations of Scripture by Luther and Calvin became as sacred to their followers as the Scripture itself . For instance , when Georg Calixtus ventured , in interpreting the Psalms , to question the accepted belief that `` the waters above the heavens '' were contained in a vast receptacle upheld by a solid vault , he was bitterly denounced as heretical . Today , much of the scholarship in which the conflict thesis was originally based is considered to be inaccurate . For instance , the claim that early Christians rejected scientific findings by the Greco - Romans is false , since the `` handmaiden '' view of secular studies was seen to shed light on theology . This view was widely adapted throughout the early medieval period and afterwards by theologians ( such as Augustine ) and ultimately resulted in fostering interest in knowledge about nature through time . Also , the claim that people of the Middle Ages widely believed that the Earth was flat was first propagated in the same period that originated the conflict thesis and is still very common in popular culture . Modern scholars regard this claim as mistaken , as the contemporary historians of science David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers write : `` there was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge ( earth 's ) sphericity and even know its approximate circumference . '' From the fall of Rome to the time of Columbus , all major scholars and many vernacular writers interested in the physical shape of the earth held a spherical view with the exception of Lactantius and Cosmas . H. Floris Cohen argued for a biblical Protestant , but not excluding Catholicism , influence on the early development of modern science . He presented Dutch historian R. Hooykaas ' argument that a biblical world - view holds all the necessary antidotes for the hubris of Greek rationalism : a respect for manual labour , leading to more experimentation and empiricism , and a supreme God that left nature open to emulation and manipulation . It supports the idea early modern science rose due to a combination of Greek and biblical thought . Oxford historian Peter Harrison is another who has argued that a biblical worldview was significant for the development of modern science . Harrison contends that Protestant approaches to the book of scripture had significant , if largely unintended , consequences for the interpretation of the book of nature . Harrison has also suggested that literal readings of the Genesis narratives of the Creation and Fall motivated and legitimated scientific activity in seventeenth - century England . For many of its seventeenth - century practitioners , science was imagined to be a means of restoring a human dominion over nature that had been lost as a consequence of the Fall . Historian and professor of religion Eugene M. Klaaren holds that `` a belief in divine creation '' was central to an emergence of science in seventeenth - century England . The philosopher Michael Foster has published analytical philosophy connecting Christian doctrines of creation with empiricism . Historian William B. Ashworth has argued against the historical notion of distinctive mind - sets and the idea of Catholic and Protestant sciences . Historians James R. Jacob and Margaret C. Jacob have argued for a linkage between seventeenth century Anglican intellectual transformations and influential English scientists ( e.g. , Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton ) . John Dillenberger and Christopher B. Kaiser have written theological surveys , which also cover additional interactions occurring in the 18th , 19th , and 20th centuries . Philosopher of Religion , Richard Jones , has written a philosophical critique of the `` dependency thesis '' which assumes that modern science emerged from Christian sources and doctrines . Though he acknowledges that modern science emerged in a religious framework , that Christianity greatly elevated the importance of science by sanctioning and religiously legitimizing it in the medieval period , and that Christianity created a favorable social context for it to grow ; he argues that direct Christian beliefs or doctrines were not primary sources of scientific pursuits by natural philosophers , nor was Christianity , in and of itself , exclusively or directly necessary in developing or practicing modern science . Oxford University historian and theologian John Hedley Brooke wrote that `` when natural philosophers referred to laws of nature , they were not glibly choosing that metaphor . Laws were the result of legislation by an intelligent deity . Thus the philosopher René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) insisted that he was discovering the `` laws that God has put into nature . '' Later Newton would declare that the regulation of the solar system presupposed the `` counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being . '' Historian Ronald L. Numbers stated that this thesis `` received a boost '' from mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead 's Science and the Modern World ( 1925 ) . Numbers has also argued , `` Despite the manifest shortcomings of the claim that Christianity gave birth to science -- most glaringly , it ignores or minimizes the contributions of ancient Greeks and medieval Muslims -- it too , refuses to succumb to the death it deserves . '' The sociologist Rodney Stark of Baylor University , argued in contrast that `` Christian theology was essential for the rise of science . '' Protestantism had an important influence on science . According to the Merton Thesis there was a positive correlation between the rise of Puritanism and Protestant Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other . The Merton Thesis has two separate parts : Firstly , it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental techniques and methodology ; secondly , it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th - century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society ( English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants ) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values . In his theory , Robert K. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries . Merton explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science . Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to study God 's influence on the world and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research . Confucianism and traditional chinese religion ( edit ) The historical process of Confucianism has largely been antipathic towards scientific discovery . However the religio - philosophical system itself is more neutral on the subject than such an analysis might suggest . In his writings On Heaven , Xunzi espoused a proto - scientific world view . However , during the Han Synthesis the more anti-empirical Mencius was favored and combined with Daoist skepticism regarding the nature of reality . Likewise , during the Medieval period , Zhu Xi argued against technical investigation and specialization proposed by Chen Liang . After contact with the West , scholars such as Wang Fuzhi would rely on Buddhist / Daoist skepticism to denounce all science as a subjective pursuit limited by humanity 's fundamental ignorance of the true nature of the world . After the May Fourth Movement , attempts to modernize Confucianism and reconcile it with scientific understanding were attempted by many scholars including Feng Youlan and Xiong Shili . Given the close relationship that Confucianism shares with Buddhism , many of the same arguments used to reconcile Buddhism with science also readily translate to Confucianism . However , modern scholars have also attempted to define the relationship between science and Confucianism on Confucianism 's own terms and the results have usually led to the conclusion that Confucianism and science are fundamentally compatible . Hinduism ( edit ) See also : Hindu views on evolution , List of numbers in Hindu scriptures , Hindu cosmology , Hindu units of time , Indian astronomy , Hindu calendar , Indian mathematics , and List of Indian inventions and discoveries Saraswati is regarded as goddess of knowledge , music , arts and science . In Hinduism , the dividing line between objective sciences and spiritual knowledge ( adhyatma vidya ) is a linguistic paradox . Hindu scholastic activities and ancient Indian scientific advancements were so interconnected that many Hindu scriptures are also ancient scientific manuals and vice versa . In 1835 , English was made the primary language for teaching in higher education in India , exposing Hindu scholars to Western secular ideas ; this started a renaissance regarding religious and philosophical thought . Hindu sages maintained that logical argument and rational proof using Nyaya is the way to obtain correct knowledge . The scientific level of understanding focuses on how things work and from where they originate , while Hinduism strives to understand the ultimate purposes for the existence of living things . To obtain and broaden the knowledge of the world for spiritual perfection , many refer to the Bhāgavata for guidance because it draws upon a scientific and theological dialogue . Hinduism offers methods to correct and transform itself in course of time . For instance , Hindu views on the development of life include a range of viewpoints in regards to evolution , creationism , and the origin of life within the traditions of Hinduism . For instance , it has been suggested that Wallace - Darwininan evolutionary thought was a part of Hindu thought centuries before modern times . The Shankara and the Sāmkhya did not have a problem with the theory of evolution , but instead , argued about the existence of God and what happened after death . These two distinct groups argued among each other 's philosophies because of their sacred texts , not the idea of evolution . With the publication of Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , many Hindus were eager to connect their scriptures to Darwinism , finding similarities between Brahma 's creation , Vishnu 's incarnations , and evolution theories . Samkhya , the oldest school of Hindu philosophy prescribes a particular method to analyze knowledge . According to Samkhya , all knowledge is possible through three means of valid knowledge -- Pratyakṣa or Dṛṣṭam -- direct sense perception , Anumāna -- logical inference and Śabda or Āptavacana -- verbal testimony . Nyaya , the Hindu school of logic , accepts all these 3 means and in addition accepts one more -- Upamāna ( comparison ) . The accounts of the emergence of life within the universe vary in description , but classically the deity called Brahma , from a Trimurti of three deities also including Vishnu and Shiva , is described as performing the act of ' creation ' , or more specifically of ' propagating life within the universe ' with the other two deities being responsible for ' preservation ' and ' destruction ' ( of the universe ) respectively . In this respect some Hindu schools do not treat the scriptural creation myth literally and often the creation stories themselves do not go into specific detail , thus leaving open the possibility of incorporating at least some theories in support of evolution . Some Hindus find support for , or foreshadowing of evolutionary ideas in scriptures , namely the Vedas . The incarnations of Vishnu ( Dashavatara ) is almost identical to the scientific explanation of the sequence of biological evolution of man and animals . The sequence of avatars starts from an aquatic organism ( Matsya ) , to an amphibian ( Kurma ) , to a land - animal ( Varaha ) , to a humanoid ( Narasimha ) , to a dwarf human ( Vamana ) , to 5 forms of well developed human beings ( Parashurama , Rama , Balarama / Buddha , Krishna , Kalki ) who showcase an increasing form of complexity ( Axe - man , King , Plougher / Sage , wise Statesman , mighty Warrior ) . In fact , many Hindu gods are represented with features of animals as well as those of humans , leading many Hindus to easily accept evolutionary links between animals and humans . In India , the home country of Hindus , educated Hindus widely accept the theory of biological evolution . In a survey of 909 people , 77 % of respondents in India agreed with Charles Darwin 's Theory of Evolution , and 85 per cent of God - believing people said they believe in evolution as well . As per Vedas , another explanation for the creation is based on the five elements : earth , water , fire , air and aether . The Hindu religion traces its beginnings to the sacred Vedas . Everything that is established in the Hindu faith such as the gods and goddesses , doctrines , chants , spiritual insights , etc. flow from the poetry of Vedic hymns . The Vedas offer an honor to the sun and moon , water and wind , and to the order in Nature that is universal . This naturalism is the beginning of what further becomes the connection between Hinduism and science . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam and science See also : Science in the medieval Islamic world From an Islamic standpoint , science , the study of nature , is considered to be linked to the concept of Tawhid ( the Oneness of God ) , as are all other branches of knowledge . In Islam , nature is not seen as a separate entity , but rather as an integral part of Islam 's holistic outlook on God , humanity , and the world . The Islamic view of science and nature is continuous with that of religion and God . This link implies a sacred aspect to the pursuit of scientific knowledge by Muslims , as nature itself is viewed in the Qur'an as a compilation of signs pointing to the Divine . It was with this understanding that science was studied and understood in Islamic civilizations , specifically during the eighth to sixteenth centuries , prior to the colonization of the Muslim world . Robert Briffault , in The Making of Humanity , asserts that the very existence of science , as it is understood in the modern sense , is rooted in the scientific thought and knowledge that emerged in Islamic civilizations during this time . Ibn al - Haytham , an Arab Muslim , was an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be proved by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical evidence -- hence understanding the scientific method 200 years before Renaissance scientists . Ibn al - Haytham described his theology : I constantly sought knowledge and truth , and it became my belief that for gaining access to the effulgence and closeness to God , there is no better way than that of searching for truth and knowledge . With the decline of Islamic Civilizations in the late Middle Ages and the rise of Europe , the Islamic scientific tradition shifted into a new period . Institutions that had existed for centuries in the Muslim world looked to the new scientific institutions of European powers . This changed the practice of science in the Muslim world , as Islamic scientists had to confront the western approach to scientific learning , which was based on a different philosophy of nature . From the time of this initial upheaval of the Islamic scientific tradition to the present day , Muslim scientists and scholars have developed a spectrum of viewpoints on the place of scientific learning within the context of Islam , none of which are universally accepted or practiced . However , most maintain the view that the acquisition of knowledge and scientific pursuit in general is not in disaccord with Islamic thought and religious belief . Ahmadiyya ( edit ) Further information : Ahmadiyya views on evolution The Ahmadiyya movement emphasize that there is no contradiction between Islam and science . For example , Ahmadi Muslims universally accept in principle the process of evolution , albeit divinely guided , and actively promote it . Over the course of several decades the movement has issued various publications in support of the scientific concepts behind the process of evolution , and frequently engages in promoting how religious scriptures , such as the Qur'an , supports the concept . For general purposes , the second Khalifa of the community , Mirza Basheer - ud - Din Mahmood Ahmad says : The Holy Quran directs attention towards science , time and again , rather than evoking prejudice against it . The Quran has never advised against studying science , lest the reader should become a non-believer ; because it has no such fear or concern . The Holy Quran is not worried that if people will learn the laws of nature its spell will break . The Quran has not prevented people from science , rather it states , `` Say , ' Reflect on what is happening in the heavens and the earth . ' '' ( Al Younus ) Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism and non-creationism Jainism does not support belief in a creator deity . According to Jain doctrine , the universe and its constituents -- soul , matter , space , time , and principles of motion have always existed ( a static universe similar to that of Epicureanism and steady state cosmological model ) . All the constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws . It is not possible to create matter out of nothing and hence the sum total of matter in the universe remains the same ( similar to law of conservation of mass ) . Similarly , the soul of each living being is unique and uncreated and has existed since beginningless time . The Jain theory of causation holds that a cause and its effect are always identical in nature and hence a conscious and immaterial entity like God can not create a material entity like the universe . Furthermore , according to the Jain concept of divinity , any soul who destroys its karmas and desires , achieves liberation . A soul who destroys all its passions and desires has no desire to interfere in the working of the universe . Moral rewards and sufferings are not the work of a divine being , but a result of an innate moral order in the cosmos ; a self - regulating mechanism whereby the individual reaps the fruits of his own actions through the workings of the karmas . Through the ages , Jain philosophers have adamantly rejected and opposed the concept of creator and omnipotent God and this has resulted in Jainism being labeled as nastika darsana or atheist philosophy by the rival religious philosophies . The theme of non-creationism and absence of omnipotent God and divine grace runs strongly in all the philosophical dimensions of Jainism , including its cosmology , karma , moksa and its moral code of conduct . Jainism asserts a religious and virtuous life is possible without the idea of a creator god . Perspectives from the scientific community ( edit ) History ( edit ) Further information : List of Jewish scientists and philosophers , List of Christian thinkers in science , List of Muslim scientists , and List of atheists ( science and technology ) In the 17th century , founders of the Royal Society largely held conventional and orthodox religious views , and a number of them were prominent Churchmen . While theological issues that had the potential to be divisive were typically excluded from formal discussions of the early Society , many of its fellows nonetheless believed that their scientific activities provided support for traditional religious belief . Clerical involvement in the Royal Society remained high until the mid-nineteenth century , when science became more professionalised . Albert Einstein supported the compatibility of some interpretations of religion with science . In `` Science , Philosophy and Religion , A Symposium '' published by the Conference on Science , Philosophy and Religion in Their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life , Inc. , New York in 1941 , Einstein stated : Accordingly , a religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt of the significance and loftiness of those superpersonal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation . They exist with the same necessity and matter - of - factness as he himself . In this sense religion is the age - old endeavor of mankind to become clearly and completely conscious of these values and goals and constantly to strengthen and extend their effect . If one conceives of religion and science according to these definitions then a conflict between them appears impossible . For science can only ascertain what is , but not what should be , and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary . Religion , on the other hand , deals only with evaluations of human thought and action : it can not justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts . According to this interpretation the well - known conflicts between religion and science in the past must all be ascribed to a misapprehension of the situation which has been described . Einstein thus expresses views of ethical non-naturalism ( contrasted to ethical naturalism ) . Prominent modern scientists who are atheists include evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins and Nobel Prize -- winning physicist Stephen Weinberg . Prominent scientists advocating religious belief include Nobel Prize -- winning physicist and United Church of Christ member Charles Townes , evangelical Christian and past head of the Human Genome Project Francis Collins , and climatologist John T. Houghton . Studies on scientists ' beliefs ( edit ) Distribution of Nobel Prizes by religion between 1901 -- 2000 . In 1916 , 1,000 leading American scientists were randomly chosen from American Men of Science and 42 % believed God existed , 42 % disbelieved , and 17 % had doubts / did not know ; however when the study was replicated 80 years later using American Men and Women of Science in 1996 , results were very much the same with 39 % believing God exists , 45 % disbelieved , and 15 % had doubts / did not know . In the same 1996 survey , scientists in the fields of biology , mathematics , and physics / astronomy , belief in a god that is `` in intellectual and affective communication with humankind '' was most popular among mathematicians ( about 45 % ) and least popular among physicists ( about 22 % ) . In total , in terms of belief toward a personal god and personal immortality , about 60 % of United States scientists in these fields expressed either disbelief or agnosticism and about 40 % expressed belief . This compared with 62.9 % in 1914 and 33 % in 1933 . A survey conducted between 2005 and 2007 by Elaine Howard Ecklund of University at Buffalo , The State University of New York of 1,646 natural and social science professors at 21 US research universities found that , in terms of belief in God or a higher power , more than 60 % expressed either disbelief or agnosticism and more than 30 % expressed belief . More specifically , nearly 34 % answered `` I do not believe in God '' and about 30 % answered `` I do not know if there is a God and there is no way to find out . '' In the same study , 28 % said they believed in God and 8 % believed in a higher power that was not God . Ecklund stated that scientists were often able to consider themselves spiritual without religion or belief in god . Ecklund and Scheitle concluded , from their study , that the individuals from non-religious backgrounds disproportionately had self - selected into scientific professions and that the assumption that becoming a scientist necessarily leads to loss of religion is untenable since the study did not strongly support the idea that scientists had dropped religious identities due to their scientific training . Instead , factors such as upbringing , age , and family size were significant influences on religious identification since those who had religious upbringing were more likely to be religious and those who had a non-religious upbringing were more likely to not be religious . The authors also found little difference in religiosity between social and natural scientists . Since 1901 -- 2013 , 22 % of all Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews despite them being less than 1 % of the world population . Between 1901 and 2000 , 654 Laureates belonged to 28 different religions . Most ( 65 % ) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference . Specifically on the science related prizes , Christians have won a total of 73 % of all the Chemistry , 65 % in Physics , 62 % in Medicine , and 54 % in all Economics awards . Jews have won 17 % of the prizes in Chemistry , 26 % in Medicine , and 23 % in Physics . Atheists , Agnostics , and Freethinkers have won 7 % of the prizes in Chemistry , 9 % in Medicine , and 5 % in Physics . Muslims have won 13 prizes ( three were in scientific category ) . Many studies have been conducted in the United States and have generally found that scientists are less likely to believe in God than are the rest of the population . Precise definitions and statistics vary , with some studies concluding that about ​ ⁄ of scientists in the U.S. ​ ⁄ are atheists , ​ ⁄ agnostic , and ​ ⁄ have some belief in God ( although some might be deistic , for example ) . This is in contrast to the more than roughly ​ ⁄ of the general population that believe in some God in the United States . Other studies on scientific organizations like the AAAS show that 51 % of their scientists believe in either God or a higher power and 48 % having no religion . Belief also varies slightly by field . Two surveys on physicists , geoscientists , biologists , mathematicians , and chemists have noted that , from those specializing in these fields , physicists had lowest percentage of belief in God ( 29 % ) while chemists had highest ( 41 % ) . Other studies show that among members of the National Academy of Sciences , concerning the existence of a personal god who answers prayer , 7 % expressed belief , 72 % expressed disbelief , and 21 % were agnostic , however Eugenie Scott argued that there are methodological issues in the study , including ambiguity in the questions . A study with simplified wording to include impersonal or non-interventionist ideas of God concluded that 40 % of leading scientists in the US scientists believe in a god . In terms of perceptions , most social and natural scientists from 21 American universities did not perceive conflict between science and religion , while 37 % did . However , in the study , scientists who had experienced limited exposure to religion tended to perceive conflict . In the same study they found that nearly one in five atheist scientists who are parents ( 17 % ) are part of religious congregations and have attended a religious service more than once in the past year . Some of the reasons for doing so are their scientific identity ( wishing to expose their children to all sources of knowledge so they can make up their own minds ) , spousal influence , and desire for community . A 2009 report by the Pew Research Center found that members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) were `` much less religious than the general public , '' with 51 % believing in some form of deity or higher power . Specifically , 33 % of those polled believe in God , 18 % believe in a universal spirit or higher power , and 41 % did not believe in either God or a higher power . 48 % say they have a religious affiliation , equal to the number who say they are not affiliated with any religious tradition . 17 % were atheists , 11 % were agnostics , 20 % were nothing in particular , 8 % were Jewish , 10 % were Catholic , 16 % were Protestant , 4 % were Evangelical , 10 % were other religion . The survey also found younger scientists to be `` substantially more likely than their older counterparts to say they believe in God '' . Among the surveyed fields , chemists were the most likely to say they believe in God . Elaine Ecklund conducted a study from 2011 to 2014 involving the general US population , including rank and file scientists , in collaboration with the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) . The study noted that 76 % of the scientists identified with a religious tradition . 85 % of evangelical scientists had no doubts about the existence of God , compared to 35 % of the whole scientific population . In terms of religion and science , 85 % of evangelical scientists saw no conflict ( 73 % collaboration , 12 % independence ) , while 75 % of the whole scientific population saw no conflict ( 40 % collaboration , 35 % independence ) . Religious beliefs of US professors were examined using a nationally representative sample of more than 1,400 professors . They found that in the social sciences : 23 % did not believe in God , 16 % did not know if God existed , 43 % believed God existed , and 16 % believed in a higher power . Out of the natural sciences : 20 % did not believe in God , 33 % did not know if God existed , 44 % believed God existed , and 4 % believed in a higher power . Overall , out of the whole study : 10 % were atheists , 13 % were agnostic , 19 % believe in a higher power , 4 % believe in God some of the time , 17 % had doubts but believed in God , 35 % believed in God and had no doubts . Farr Curlin , a University of Chicago Instructor in Medicine and a member of the MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics , noted in a study that doctors tend to be science - minded religious people . He helped author a study that `` found that 76 percent of doctors believe in God and 59 percent believe in some sort of afterlife . '' and `` 90 percent of doctors in the United States attend religious services at least occasionally , compared to 81 percent of all adults . '' He reasoned , `` The responsibility to care for those who are suffering and the rewards of helping those in need resonate throughout most religious traditions . '' Physicians in the United States , by contrast , are much more religious than scientists , with 76 % stating a belief in God . According to the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture 's report on 1,100 scientists in India : 66 % are Hindu , 14 % did not report a religion , 10 % are atheist / no religion , 3 % are Muslim , 3 % are Christian , 4 % are Buddhist , Sikh or other . 39 % have a belief in a god , 6 % have belief in a god sometimes , 30 % do not believe in a god but believe in a higher power , 13 % do not know if there is a god , and 12 % do not believe in a god . 49 % believe in the efficacy of prayer , 90 % strongly agree or somewhat agree with approving degrees in Ayurvedic medicine . Furthermore , the term `` secularism '' is understood to have diverse and simultaneous meanings among Indian scientists : 93 % believe it to be tolerance of religions and philosophies , 83 % see it as involving separation of church and state , 53 % see it as not identifying with religious traditions , 40 % see it as absence of religious beliefs , and 20 % see it as atheism . Accordingly , 75 % of Indian scientists had a `` secular '' outlook in terms of being tolerant of other religions . According to the Religion Among Scientists in International Context ( RASIC ) study on 1,581 scientists from the United Kingdom and 1,763 scientists from India , along with 200 interviews : 65 % of U.K. scientists identified as nonreligious and only 6 % of Indian scientists identify as nonreligious , 12 % of scientists in the U.K. attend religious services on a regular basis and 32 % of scientists in India do . In terms of the Indian scientists , 73 % of scientists responded that there are basic truths in many religions , 27 % said they believe in God and 38 % expressed belief in a higher power of some kind . In terms of perceptions of conflict between science and religion , less than half of both U.K. scientists ( 38 % ) and Indian scientists ( 18 % ) perceived conflict between religion and science . According to Renny Thomas ' study on Indian scientists , atheistic scientists in India called themselves atheists even while accepting that their lifestyle is very much a part of tradition and religion . Thus , they differ from Western atheists in that for them following the lifestyle of a religion is not antithetical to atheism . Overall summary ( edit ) Further information : Conflict thesis § Modern views Over time , scientists and historians have moved away from the conflict thesis and toward compatibility theses ( either the integration thesis or non-overlapping magisteria ) . Many experts have now adopted a `` complexity thesis '' that combines several other models , further at the expense of the conflict thesis . Public perceptions of science ( edit ) See also : Religiosity and education Global studies which have pooled data on religion and science from 1981 -- 2001 , have noted that countries with high religiosity also have stronger faith in science , while less religious countries have more skepticism of the impact of science and technology . The United States is noted there as distinctive because of greater faith in both God and scientific progress . Other research cites the National Science Foundation 's finding that America has more favorable public attitudes towards science than Europe , Russia , and Japan despite differences in levels of religiosity in these cultures . A study conducted on adolescents from Christian schools in Northern Ireland , noted a positive relationship between attitudes towards Christianity and science once attitudes towards scientism and creationism were accounted for . A study on people from Sweden concludes that though the Swedes are among the most non-religious , paranormal beliefs are prevalent among both the young and adult populations . This is likely due to a loss of confidence in institutions such as the Church and Science . Concerning specific topics like creationism , it is not an exclusively American phenomenon . A poll on adult Europeans revealed that 40 % believed in naturalistic evolution , 21 % in theistic evolution , 20 % in special creation , and 19 % are undecided ; with the highest concentrations of young earth creationists in Switzerland ( 21 % ) , Austria ( 20 % ) , Germany ( 18 % ) . Other countries such as Netherlands , Britain , and Australia have experienced growth in such views as well . According to a 2015 Pew Research Center Study on the public perceptions on science , people 's perceptions on conflict with science have more to do with their perceptions of other people 's beliefs than their own personal beliefs . For instance , the majority of people with a religious affiliation ( 68 % ) saw no conflict between their own personal religious beliefs and science while the majority of those without a religious affiliation ( 76 % ) perceived science and religion to be in conflict . The study noted that people who are not affiliated with any religion , also known as `` religiously unaffiliated '' , often have supernatural beliefs and spiritual practices despite them not being affiliated with any religion and also that that `` just one - in - six religiously unaffiliated adults ( 16 % ) say their own religious beliefs conflict with science . '' Furthermore , the study observed , `` The share of all adults who perceive a conflict between science and their own religious beliefs has declined somewhat in recent years , from 36 % in 2009 to 30 % in 2014 . Among those who are affiliated with a religion , the share of people who say there is a conflict between science and their personal religious beliefs dropped from 41 % to 34 % during this period . '' The 2013 MIT Survey on Science , Religion and Origins examined the views of religious people in America on origins science topics like evolution , the Big Bang , and perceptions of conflicts between science and religion . It found that a large majority of religious people see no conflict between science and religion and only 11 % of religious people belong to religions openly rejecting evolution . The fact that the gap between personal and official beliefs of their religions is so large suggests that part of the problem , might be defused by people learning more about their own religious doctrine and the science it endorses , thereby bridging this belief gap . The study concluded that `` mainstream religion and mainstream science are neither attacking one another nor perceiving a conflict . '' Furthermore , they note that this conciliatory view is shared by most leading science organizations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) . A study collecting data from 2011 to 2014 on the general public , with focus on evangelicals and evangelical scientists was done in collaboration with the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) . Even though evangelicals only make up 26 % of the US population , the found that nearly 70 percent of all evangelical Christians do not view science and religion as being in conflict with each other ( 48 % saw them a complementary and 21 % saw them as independent ) while 73 % of the general US population saw no conflict as well . Other lines of research on perceptions of science among the American public conclude that most religious groups see no general epistemological conflict with science and they have no differences with nonreligious groups in the propensity of seeking out scientific knowledge , although there may be subtle epistemic or moral conflicts when scientists make counterclaims to religious tenets . Findings from the Pew Center note similar findings and also note that the majority of Americans ( 80 -- 90 % ) show strong support for scientific research , agree that science makes society and individual 's lives better , and 8 in 10 Americans would be happy if their children were to become scientists . Even strict creationists tend to have very favorable views on science . According to a 2007 poll by the Pew Forum , `` while large majorities of Americans respect science and scientists , they are not always willing to accept scientific findings that squarely contradict their religious beliefs . '' The Pew Forum states that specific factual disagreements are `` not common today '' , though 40 % to 50 % of Americans do not accept the evolution of humans and other living things , with the `` strongest opposition '' coming from evangelical Christians at 65 % saying life did not evolve. 51 % of the population believes humans and other living things evolved : 26 % through natural selection only , 21 % somehow guided , 4 % do n't know . In the U.S. , biological evolution is the only concrete example of conflict where a significant portion of the American public denies scientific consensus for religious reasons . In terms of advanced industrialized nations , the United States is the most religious . A 2009 study from the Pew Research Center on Americans perceptions of science , showed a broad consensus that most Americans , including most religious Americans , hold scientific research and scientists themselves in high regard . The study showed that 84 % Americans say they view science as having a mostly positive impact on society . Among those who attend religious services at least once a week , the number is roughly the same at 80 % . Furthermore , 70 % of U.S. adults think scientists contribute `` a lot '' to society . A 2011 study on a national sample of US college students examined whether these students viewed the science / religion relationship as reflecting primarily conflict , collaboration , or independence . The study concluded that the majority of undergraduates in both the natural and social sciences do not see conflict between science and religion . Another finding in the study was that it is more likely for students to move away from a conflict perspective to an independence or collaboration perspective than towards a conflict view . In the US , people who had no religious affiliation were no more likely than the religious population to have New Age beliefs and practices . See also ( edit ) Conflict thesis Continuity thesis Deep ecology Demarcation problem Faith and rationality Issues in Science and Religion List of scholars on the relationship between religion and science Merton thesis Natural theology Philosophy of science Politicization of science Religious skepticism Psychology of religion Scientific method and religion Theistic evolution By tradition : Bahá'í Faith and science Buddhism and science Catholic Church and science & Catholic Church and evolution Islam and science List of Catholic scientists List of Christians in science and technology Parson - naturalist Quakers in science In the US : American Scientific Affiliation Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences Creation -- evolution controversy Intelligent design John Templeton Foundation Science portal Religion portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stenmark , Mikael ( 2004 ) . How to Relate Science and Religion : A Multidimensional Model . Grand Rapids , Mich. : W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2823 - X . Recognizing that science and religion are essentially social practices always performed by people living in certain cultural and historical situations should alert us to the fact that religion and science change over time . ^ Jump up to : Haq , Syed ( 2009 ) . `` Science in Islam '' . Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages . ISSN 1703 - 7603 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ G.J. Toomer . Review on JSTOR , Toomer 's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm ( 1963 ) Ibn Al - Haythams Weg Zur Physik Toomer p. 464 : `` Schramm sums up ( Ibn Al - Haytham 's ) achievement in the development of scientific method . '' Jump up ^ Clegg , Brian . `` The First Scientist : A Life of Roger Bacon '' . Carroll and Graf Publishers , NY , 2003 Jump up ^ Science and Islam , Jim Al - Khalili . BBC , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Russel , C.A. ( 2002 ) . Ferngren , G.B. , ed . Science & Religion : A Historical Introduction . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7038 - 0 . The conflict thesis , at least in its simple form , is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science ^ Jump up to : Shapin , S. ( 1996 ) . The Scientific Revolution . University of Chicago Press . p. 195 . In the late Victorian period it was common to write about the ' warfare between science and religion ' and to presume that the two bodies of culture must always have been in conflict . However , it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science . ^ Jump up to : Brooke , J.H. ( 1991 ) . Science and Religion : Some Historical Perspectives . Cambridge University Press . p. 42 . In its traditional forms , the conflict thesis has been largely discredited . Jump up ^ Committee on Revising Science and Creationism : A View from the National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies ( 2008 ) . Science , Evolution and Creationism . National Academy of Sciences . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Peter ( 2015 ) . The Territories of Science and Religion . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 18448 - X . ^ Jump up to : Nongbri , Brent ( 2013 ) . Before Religion : A History of a Modern Concept . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 15416 - X . ^ Jump up to : Josephson , Jason Ananda ( 2012 ) . The Invention of Religion in Japan . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 41234 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Cahan , David , ed. ( 2003 ) . From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences : Writing the History of Nineteenth - Century Science . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 08928 - 2 . Jump up ^ Numbers , Ronald ; Lindberg , David , eds. ( 2003 ) . When Science and Christianity Meet . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 48214 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Oxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word `` scientist '' to 1834 . Jump up ^ Grant , Edward ( 2007 ) . A History of Natural Philosophy : From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 68957 - 0 . Jump up ^ Max Müller . Introduction to the science of religion . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hershel Edelheit , Abraham J. Edelheit , History of Zionism : A Handbook and Dictionary , p. 3 , citing Solomon Zeitlin , The Jews . Race , Nation , or Religion ? ( Philadelphia : Dropsie College Press , 1936 ) . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Toshio and Jacqueline I. Stone , translator . `` '' The Imperial Law and the Buddhist Law `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 23 , 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 ... Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23.3 -- 4 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Neil McMullin . Buddhism and the State in Sixteenth - Century Japan . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , E. ( 1990 , December 12 ) . Science and Religion in the Middle Ages . Speech presented at `` Science and Religion in the Middle Ages , '' in Harvard University , Cambridge Jump up ^ Grant , Edward ( 2001 ) . God and Reason in the Middle Ages . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 511 - 03262 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Marie Boas ( 1994 ) ( 1962 ) . The Scientific Renaissance , 1450 - 1630 . New York : Dover publications . ^ Jump up to : Szalay , Jessie ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Renaissance : The ' Rebirth ' of Science & Culture '' . www.livescience.com . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Dawkins on militant atheism ( transcript ) , TED talk , 2007 ( page visited on 21 January 2015 ) . Jump up ^ John Polkinghorne Science and Theology SPCK / Fortress Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 3153 - 6 pp. 20 -- 22 , following Ian Barbour Jump up ^ Nature , Human Nature , and God , Ian G. Barbour , Fortress Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8006 - 3477 - 2 Jump up ^ Haught , John F. ( 1995 ) . Science and Religion : From Conflict to Conversation . Paulist Prees . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3606 - 6 . Throughout these pages we shall observe that there are at least four distinct ways in which science and religion can be related to each other : 1 ) Conflict -- the conviction that science and religion are fundamentally irreconcilable ; 2 ) Contrast -- the claim that there can be no genuine conflict since religion and science are each responding to radically different questions ; 3 ) Contact -- an approach that looks for both dialogue and interaction , and possible `` consonance '' between science and religion , and especially for ways in which science shapes religious and theological understanding . 4 ) Confirmation -- a somewhat quieter but extremely important perspective that highlights the ways in which , at a very deep level , religion supports and nourishes the entire scientific enterprise . Jump up ^ The Sciences and theology in the twentieth century , Arthur R. Peacocke ( ed ) , University of Notre Dame press , 1981 ISBN 0 - 268 - 01704 - 2 , pp. xiii -- xv Jump up ^ Paz - y - Miño - C G. & Espinosa A. ( 2014 ) . `` The Incompatibility Hypothesis : Evolution versus Supernatural Causation '' ( PDF ) . In Why Does Evolution Matter ? The Importance of Understanding Evolution , edited by Gabriel Trueba . Newcastle UK : Cambridge Scholars Publishing . pp. 3 -- 16 . The Incompatibility Hypothesis ( IH ) is an ultimate - level hypothesis . IH explains the cause of the controversy science - versus - religion , its fundamental reason . IH addresses directly the inquiry : what elicits the controversy science versus religion ? And it offers an educated answer : their intrinsic and opposing approaches to assess reality , i.e. science by means of testing hypotheses , falsifying and / or testing predictions and replication of experiments ; religion , in contrast , via belief in supernatural causality . Belief disrupts , distorts , delays or stops ( 3Ds + S ) the comprehension and acceptance of scientific evidence . The authors consider the 3Ds + S to be cognitive effects of illusory thinking . Jump up ^ Paz - y - Miño - C G. & Espinosa A. ( 2013. pages = 73 -- 98 ) . `` The Everlasting Conflict Evolution - and - science versus Religiosity '' ( PDF ) . In Religion and Ethics , edited by Gloria Simpson and Spencer Payne , New York , NY : NOVA Publishers . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Jerry Coyne . `` Does The Empirical Nature Of Science Contradict The Revelatory Nature Of Faith ? '' . Edge . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Neil deGrasse Tyson . `` Holy Wars '' . Haydenplanetarium.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Neil deGrasse Tyson From Natural History Magazine , October 1999 Jump up ^ Stenger , Victor J. God and the folly of faith : the incompatibility of science and religion . Amherst , N.Y. : Prometheus Books . pp. 290 -- 96 . ISBN 1 - 61614 - 599 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Dawkins , The God Delusion , Bantam Press , 2006 , pp. 282 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Richard Dawkins , The Greatest Show on Earth : The Evidence for Evolution , Free Press , 2010 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Sean ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Science and Religion are Not Compatible '' . Sean Carroll Blog . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts of Statements by Scientists Who See No Conflict Between Their Faith and Science '' . National Academy of Sciences . Jump up ^ Miller , Kenneth R. ( 1999 ) . Finding Darwin 's God : A Scientist 's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 284 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093049 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tolman , Cynthia . `` Methods in Religion '' . Malboro College . Jump up ^ Ronald Numbers , ed. ( 2009 ) . Galileo Goes To Jail and Other Myths About Science and Religion . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05741 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ferngren , G.B. ( 2002 ) . Ferngren , G.B. , ed . Science & Religion : A Historical Introduction . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. x . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7038 - 0 ... while ( John ) Brooke 's view ( of a complexity thesis rather than an historical conflict thesis ) has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science , the traditional view remains strong elsewhere , not least in the popular mind . ^ Jump up to : Ecklund , Elaine Howard ; Park , Jerry Z. ( 2009 ) . `` Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists ? '' . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 48 ( 2 ) : 276 -- 92 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 5906.2009. 01447. x . Jump up ^ Harrison , Peter ( 2015 ) , `` That religion has typically impeded the progress of science '' , in Numbers , Ronald L. ; Kampourakis , Kostas , Newton 's Apple and Other Myths about Science , Harvard University Press , pp. 195 -- 201 Jump up ^ Ferngren , G.B. ( 2002 ) . Ferngren , G.B. , ed . Science & Religion : A Historical Introduction . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. ix , x . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7038 - 0 . While some historians had always regarded the Draper - White thesis as oversimplifying and distorting a complex relationship , in the late twentieth century it underwent a more systematic reevaluation . The result is the growing recognition among historians of science that the relationship of religion and science has been much more positive than is sometimes thought . `` ; `` ... while ( John Hedley ) Brooke 's view ( of a complexity thesis rather than an historical conflict thesis ) has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science , the traditional view remains strong elsewhere , not least in the popular mind . Jump up ^ Quotation from Ferngren 's introduction at `` Gary Ferngren ( editor ) . Science & Religion : A Historical Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7038 - 0 . '' `` ... while ( John Hedley ) Brooke 's view ( of a complexity thesis rather than conflict thesis ) has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science , the traditional view remains strong elsewhere , not least in the popular mind . '' ( p. x ) Jump up ^ Quotation from Colin A. Russell in `` The Conflict Thesis '' the first essay of `` Gary Ferngren ( editor ) . Science & Religion : A Historical Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7038 - 0 . '' `` The conflict thesis , at least in its simple form , is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science . '' ( p. 7 , followed by a list of the basic reasons why the conflict thesis is wrong ) . Jump up ^ Gary Ferngren ( editor ) . Science & Religion : A Historical Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7038 - 0 . ( Introduction , p. ix ) ^ Jump up to : Jones , Richard H. ( 2011 ) . For the Glory of God : The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science Volume 1 . University Press of America . pp. 19 -- 22 , 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 5566 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fantoli ( 2005 , p. 139 ) , Finocchiaro ( 1989 , pp. 288 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1997 ) , p. 82 ; Moss & Wallace ( 2003 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ See Langford ( 1966 , pp. 133 -- 34 ) , and Seeger ( 1966 , p. 30 ) , for example . Drake ( 1978 , p. 355 ) asserts that Simplicio 's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers , Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini , rather than Urban . He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope 's argument in the Dialogue left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio ( Drake , 1953 , p. 491 ) . Even Arthur Koestler , who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in The Sleepwalkers ( 1959 ) , after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him , says `` this of course is untrue '' ( 1959 , p. 483 ) . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David . `` Beyond War and Peace : A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science '' . Jump up ^ Biékowska , Barbara , ed. ( 2013 ) . Scientific World of Copernicus : On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of his Birth 1473 -- 1973 . Springer . pp. 63 -- 65 . ISBN 9401026181 . Jump up ^ `` Did Galileo have Proof of the Earth 's Movement ? '' . Tel - Aviv University . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Katharine ( 5 March 2010 ) . `` Galileo backed Copernicus despite data : Stars viewed through early telescopes suggested that Earth stood still '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2010.105 . Jump up ^ Stephen Jay Gould . Rocks of Ages : Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life . Ballantine Books , 1999 . Jump up ^ W.T. Stace , Time and Eternity : an Essay in the Philosophy of Religion , Princeton University Press , Princeton , NJ , 1952 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution Resources : Compatibility of Science and Religion '' . Science , Evolution , and Creationism . National Academies of the United States . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Religion and Science , John Habgood , Mills & Brown , 1964 , pp. 11 , 14 -- 16 , 48 -- 55 , 68 -- 69 , 87 , 90 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Barbour , Ian G. ( 1968 ) . `` Science and Religion Today '' . In Ian G. Barbour ( ed . ) . Science and Religion : New Perspectives on the Dialogue ( 1st ed . ) . New York , Evanston and London : Harper & Row . pp. 3 -- 29 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Religion - and - Science Philip Hefner , pp. 562 -- 76 in The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science Philip Clayton ( ed . ) , Zachary Simpson ( associate - ed . ) . Hardcover 2006 , paperback July 2008 . Oxford University Press , 1023 pages ^ Jump up to : Hefner , Philip ( 2008 ) . `` Editorial : Religion - and - Science , the Third Community '' . Zygon. 43 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9744.2008. 00893. x . Jump up ^ `` Ian Ramsey Centre '' . Users.ox.ac.uk. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Scott , Eugenie ( 1998 ) . `` '' Science and Religion `` , `` Christian Scholarship '' , and `` Theistic Science '' `` . Reports of the National Center for Science Education . National Center for Science Education . 18 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smedes , Taede A. ( 2008 ) . `` Beyond Barbour or Back to Basics ? The Future of Science - and - Religion and the Quest for Unity '' . Zygon. 43 ( 1 ) : 235 -- 58 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9744.2008. 00910. x . Jump up ^ Theerman , Paul `` James Clerk Maxwell and religion '' , American Journal of Physics , 54 ( 4 ) , April 1986 , pp. 312 -- 17 doi : 10.1119 / 1.14636 What is truth ? 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Phys. 62 , 296 ( 1994 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.17567 Does religion contradict science ? Mehmet Pakdemirli , Am. J. Phys. 61 , 201 ( 1993 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.17287 Religion versus science ? Thomas E. Phipps , Jr. , Am. J. Phys. 60 , 871 ( 1992 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.17004 A response to Religion vs. Science ? , by Jay Orear Allen C. Dotson , Am. J. Phys. 60 , 778 ( 1992 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.17057 Religion vs. science ? Jay Orear , Am. J. Phys. 60 , 394 ( 1992 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.16889 Religion in an Age of Science Ian G. Barbour and Eugene E. Selk , Am. J. Phys. 59 , 1152 ( 1991 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.16630 Making sense of experience : Common ground in science and religion Harry D. Powell , Am. J. Phys. 59 , 679 ( 1991 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.16767 Guest Comment : Preserving and cherishing the Earth -- An appeal for joint commitment in science and religion Carl Sagan , Am. J. Phys. 58 , 615 ( 1990 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.16418 James Clerk Maxwell and religion . Paul Theerman , Am. J. Phys. 54 , 312 ( 1986 ) , doi : 10.1119 / 1.14636 ^ Jump up to : Science 15 August 1997 : Vol. 277 . no . 5328 , pp. 890 -- 93 ; `` Scientific Community : Science and God : A Warming Trend ? '' Gregg Easterbrook doi : 10.1126 / science. 277.5328. 890 Jump up ^ Science 12 September 1997 : Vol. 277 . no . 5332 , pp. 1589 -- 1591 ; `` Letters : Science and Religion '' doi : 10.1126 / science. 277.5332. 1589a Science 13 December 1957 : Vol. 126 . no . 3285 , pp. 1225 -- 29 ; `` Science and the Citizen '' Warren Weaver doi : 10.1126 / science. 126.3285. 1225 Science 25 April 1958 : Vol. 127 . no . 3304 , pp. 1004 , 1006 ; `` Letters : Science and Religion '' Science , 6 June 1958 , 127 ( 3310 ) , pp. 1324 -- 27 ; `` A Human Enterprise : Science as lived by its practitioners bears but little resemblance to science as described in print . '' doi : 10.1126 / science. 127.3310. 1324 Science 23 February 2001 : Vol. 291 . no . 5508 , pp. 1472 -- 74 ; `` PAPAL SCIENCE : Science and Religion Advance Together at Pontifical Academy '' Charles Seife doi : 10.1126 / science. 291.5508. 1472 Jump up ^ Science and Religion , by Alvin Plantinga , 2007 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 13 December 2011 ) . `` Philosopher sticks up for God '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Boudry , Maarten ( September 2012 ) . `` Review of Alvin Plantinga ( 2011 ) , Where the Conflict Really Lies : Science , Religion and Naturalism '' . International History , Philosophy and Science Teaching Group . Plantinga 's effort to stave off the conflict between theism and evolution is a failure ... if the bar for rational belief is lowered to mere logical possibility , and the demand for positive evidence dropped , then no holds are barred . Jump up ^ `` Themelios Review : Where The Conflict Really Lies Science Religion And Naturalism '' . The Gospel Coalition . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Principe ( 2006 ) . Science and Religion . The Teaching Company . Jump up ^ Principe . History of Science from Antiquity to 1700 . The Teaching Company . Jump up ^ Hatcher , William ( September 1979 ) . `` Science and the Bahá'í Faith '' . Zygon : Journal of Religion & Science . 14 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 53 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9744.1979. tb00359. x . Jump up ^ Smith , P. ( 1999 ) . A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith . Oxford , UK : Oneworld Publications . pp. 306 -- 07 . ISBN 1 - 85168 - 184 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mehanian , Courosh ; Friberg , Stephen R. ( 2003 ) . `` Religion and Evolution Reconciled : ' Abdu'l - Bahá 's Comments on Evolution '' . The Journal of Bahá'í studies . 13 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 55 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Yong , Amos. ( 2005 ) Buddhism and Science : Breaking New Ground ( review ) Buddhist - Christian Studies -- Volume 25 , 2005 , pp. 176 -- 80 Jump up ^ Wallace , B. Alan . ( 2003 ) . Buddhism & science : breaking new ground . Columbia University Press , p. 328 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Jon . ( 2005 ) `` The Links Between the Dalai Lama and Neuroscience '' www.NPR.org , November 11 , 2005 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dalai Lama. ( 2005 ) `` The Universe in a Single Atom : The Convergence of Science and Spirituality '' Broadway . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward B. ( 2003 ) . `` Christianity , History Of Science And Religion '' . In Van Huyssteen , Wentzel . Encyclopedia of Science and Religion . Macmillan Reference . pp. 123 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865704 - 2 Jump up ^ Russell , Robert John ( 2008 ) . Cosmology : From Alpha to Omega . Minneapolis , MN : Fortress Press . p. 344 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 6273 - 8 . Jump up ^ Knight , Christopher C. ( 2008 ) . `` God 's Action in Nature 's World : Essays in Honour of Robert John Russell '' . Science & Christian Belief. 20 ( 2 ) : 214 -- 15 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Grant , Edward ( 2006 ) . Science and Religion , 400 BC to AD 1550 : from Aristotle to Copernicus ( Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8401 - 2 . Jump up ^ Grant 2006 , pp. 111 -- 14 Jump up ^ Grant 2006 , pp. 105 -- 06 Jump up ^ `` What Time Is It in the Transept ? '' . D. Graham Burnett book review of J.L. Heilbron 's work , The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories . The New York Times . October 24 , 1999 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David ; Numbers , Ronald L ( October 2003 ) . When Science and Christianity Meet . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 48214 - 6 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Thomas ( April 1995 ) . Dawn of Modern Science : From the Ancient Greeks to the Renaissance . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80637 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II ( September 1998 ) . `` Fides et Ratio ( Faith and Reason ) , IV '' . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jaki , Stanley L. The Savior of Science , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company ( July 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4772 - 2 . Jump up ^ David C. Lindberg , `` The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition : Saint Augustine , Roger Bacon , and the Handmaiden Metaphor '' , in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers , ed . When Science & Christianity Meet , ( Chicago : University of Chicago Pr. , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ quoted in : Peters , Ted . `` Science and Religion '' . Encyclopedia of Religion p. 8182 Jump up ^ quoted in Ted Peters , Science and Religion , Encyclopedia of Religion , p. 8182 Jump up ^ `` Religion and Science ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) '' . Plato.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Enlightenement '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Schloss , Jeffrey P. ( 2006 ) , `` Evolutionary theory and religious belief '' , in Clayton , Philip ; Simpson , Zachary , The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 187 -- 206 Jump up ^ `` Religion and Science '' . stanford.edu . Jump up ^ Numbers 2006 , pp. 268 -- 285 Jump up ^ Plavcan , J. Michael ( 2007 ) . `` The Invisible Bible : The Logic of Creation Science '' . In Petto , Andrew J. ; Godfrey , Laurie R. Scientists Confront Creationism . New York , London : Norton . p. 361 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33073 - 1 . Most creationists are simply people who choose to believe that God created the world - either as described in Scripture or through evolution . Creation scientists , by contrast , strive to use legitimate scientific means both to argue against evolutionary theory and to prove the creation account as described in Scripture . Jump up ^ Numbers 2006 , pp. 271 -- 274 Jump up ^ Larson , Edward J. ( 2004 ) . Evolution : The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory . Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64288 - 6 . Jump up ^ Numbers 2006 , pp. 399 -- 431 Jump up ^ The Origin of Rights , Roger E. Salhany , Toronto , Calgary , Vancouver : Carswell pp. 32 -- 34 Jump up ^ `` The legislative history demonstrates that the term `` creation science , '' as contemplated by the state legislature , embraces this religious teaching . `` Edwards v. Aguillard Jump up ^ Collins , Francis S. ( 2007 ) . The Language of God : A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief . New York : Free Press . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 4274 - 4 . Jump up ^ Reconciling Science and Religion : The Debate in Early - twentieth - century Britain , Peter J. Bowler , 2001 , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 0 - 226 - 06858 - 7 . Front dustcover flap material Jump up ^ James C. Peterson ( 2001 ) . Genetic Turning Points : The Ethics of Human Genetic Intervention . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . As to specifically Christian theists , an example of continue presence would be the American Scientific Affiliation . It currently has about two thousand members , all of whom affirm the Apostles ' Creed as part of joining the association , and most of whom hold Ph. D.s in the natural sciences . Their active journal is Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith . Across the Atlantic , the Society of Ordained Scientists and Christians in Science are similar affiliation in Great Britain . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia '' . New Advent . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Machamer , Peter ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Galileo . Cambridge University Press . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58841 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II , 3 October 1981 to the Pontifical Academy of Science , `` Cosmology and Fundamental Physics '' Jump up ^ Andrew Dickson White . A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom ( Kindle Locations 1970 -- 2132 ) Jump up ^ Lindberg , David ( 2009 ) . `` Myth 1 : That the Rise of Christianity was Responsible for the Demise of Ancient Science '' . In Ronald Numbers . Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths About Science and Religion . Harvard University Press . pp. 15 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05741 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Russell . Inventing the Flat Earth : Columbus and Modern Historians . Praeger Paperback ; New Edition ( January 30 , 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95904 - X ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95904 - 3 . Jump up ^ Quotation from David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers in `` Beyond War and Peace : A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science '' . Studies in the History of Science and Christianity . Jump up ^ Cormack , Leslie ( 2009 ) . `` Myth 3 : That Medieval Christians Taught that the Earth was Flat '' . In Ronald Numbers . Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths About Science and Religion . Harvard University Press . pp. 28 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05741 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Scientific Revolution : A Historiographical Inquiry , H. Floris Cohen , University of Chicago Press 1994 , 680 pages , ISBN 0 - 226 - 11280 - 2 , pp. 308 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Finally , and most importantly , Hooykaas does not of course claim that the Scientific Revolution was exclusively the work of Protestant scholars . '' Cohen ( 1994 ) p. 313 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1994 ) p. 313 . Hooykaas puts it more poetically : `` Metaphorically speaking , whereas the bodily ingredients of science may have been Greek , its vitamins and hormones were biblical . '' Jump up ^ Peter Harrison , The Bible , Protestantism , and the Rise of Natural Science ( Cambridge , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Harrison , The Fall of Man and the Foundations of Science ( Cambridge , 2007 ) ; see also Charles Webster , The Great Instauration ( London : Duckworth , 1975 ) Jump up ^ `` God and Nature '' . google.com . Jump up ^ The Anglican Origins of Modern Science , Isis , Volume 71 , Issue 2 , June 1980 , 251 -- 67 ; this is also noted on p. 366 of Science and Religion , John Hedley Brooke , 1991 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ John Dillenberger , Protestant Thought and Natural Science ( Doubleday , 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Christopher B. Kaiser , Creation and the History of Science ( Eerdmans , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ John Hedley Brooke , Science and Religion : Some Historical Perspectives , 1991 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 23961 - 3 , p. 19 . See also Peter Harrison , `` Newtonian Science , Miracles , and the Laws of Nature '' , Journal of the History of Ideas 56 ( 1995 ) , 531 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Science and Christianity in pulpit and pew , Oxford University Press , 2007 , Ronald L. Numbers , pp. 4 , 138 n . 3 where Numbers specifically raises his concerns with regards to the works of Michael B. Foster , Reijer Hooykaas , Eugene M. Klaaren , and Stanley L. Jaki Jump up ^ Rodney Stark , For the glory of God : how monotheism led to reformations , science , witch - hunts and the end of slavery , 2003 , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11436 - 6 , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Sztompka , Piotr ( 2003 ) , `` Robert King Merton '' , in Ritzer , George , The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists . Malden , Massachusetts ; Oxford : Blackwell , p. 13 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Andrew ( 1998 ) , Handout for course ' The Scientific Revolution ' at The Scientific Revolution Jump up ^ Becker , George ( 1992 ) , The Merton Thesis : Oetinger and German Pietism , a significant negative case , Sociological Forum ( Springer ) 7 ( 4 ) , pp. 642 -- 60 Jump up ^ Cua , Antonio S . `` The Quasi-Empirical Aspect of Hsün - tzu 's Philosophy of Human Nature . '' PEW 28 ( 1978 ) , 3 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Tillman , Hoyt Cleveland . `` Utilitarian Confucianism : Chʻen Liang challenge to Chu Hsi '' Cambridge , Mass. : Council on East Asian Studies , Harvard University : Distributed by Harvard University Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ Black , Alison Harley . `` Man and Nature in the Philosophical Thought of Wang Fu - Chih . '' Publications on Asia of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies , University of Washington , no . 41 . Seattle : University of Washington Press , 1989 Jump up ^ Mary Evelyn Tucker `` Confucianism and Ecology : The Interrelation of Heaven , Earth , and Humans ( Religions of the World and Ecology ) '' Center for the Study of World Religions ( August 15 , 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Carl Mitcham ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Ethics . Macmillan Reference . p. 917 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 865831 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Gosling , David L. ( 2011 ) . `` Darwin and the Hindu Tradition : `` Does What Goes Around Come Around ? '' `` . Zygon. 46 ( 2 ) : 345 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9744.2010. 01177. x . Jump up ^ Gosling , David ( September 2012 ) . `` Science and the Hindu Tradition : Compatibility or Conflict ? '' . Hinduism and Science : Contemporary Considerations. 47 ( 3 ) : 576 -- 77 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sehgal , Sunil ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism ( Volume 3 ) . Sarup & Sons . p. 688 . The Hindus were Spinozaites more than two thousand years before the existence of Spinoza ; and Darwinians many centuries before our time , and before any word like ' evolution ' existed in any language of the world . Jump up ^ Gosling , David ( September 2012 ) . `` Science and the Hindu Tradition : Compatibility or Conflict ? '' . Hinduism and Science : Contemporary Considerations. 47 ( 3 ) : 577 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sarma , Deepak ( 2011 ) `` Classical Indian Philosophy : A Reader '' p. 167 Columbia University Press Jump up ^ Samkhya Karika , śloka4 Jump up ^ `` Religion & Ethics - Hinduism '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Moorty , J.S.R.L. Narayana ( May 18 -- 21 , 1995 ) . `` Science and spirituality : Any Points of Contact ? The Teachings of U.G. Krishnamurti : A Case Study '' . Krishnamurti Centennial Conference . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rastogi , V.B. ( 1988 ) . Organic Evolution . Kedar Nath Ram Nath , New Delhi . Jump up ^ Cvancara , A.M. ( 1995 ) . A field manual for the amateur geologist . John Wiley & sons , Inc . New York . Jump up ^ Similarities in concept of evolution of life on earth in Dashavatar and modern Geology . Dr. Nitish Priyadarshi , American Chronicle ^ Jump up to : Kutty ( 2009 ) . Adam 's Gene and the Mitochondrial Eve . Xlibris Corporation . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4415 - 0729 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions on evolution from ten countries '' . NCSE. 2009 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona . `` One in seven Britons believe in creationism over evolution '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Raman , Varadaraja ( 2012 ) . `` Hinduism and science : some reflections '' . ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials . ^ Jump up to : Muzaffar Iqbal ( 2007 ) . Science & Islam . Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ 2 . Toshihiko Izutsu ( 1964 ) . God and Man in the Koran . Weltansckauung . Tokyo . Jump up ^ 3 . Situating Arabic Science : Locality versus Essence ( A.I. Sabra ) Jump up ^ Robert Briffault ( 1928 ) . The Making of Humanity , pp. 190 -- 202 . G. Allen & Unwin Ltd . Jump up ^ Vernet 1996 , p. 788 : `` IBN AL - HAYXHAM , B. AL - HAYTHAM AL - BASRI , AL - MisRl , was identified towards the end of the 19th century with the ALHAZEN , AVENNATHAN and AVENETAN of mediaeval Latin texts . He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and , without any doubt , the best physicist . '' Jump up ^ Sardar 1998 . Jump up ^ Topdemir 2007b , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Rashed 2007 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ackerman 1991 . Jump up ^ `` International Year of Light - Ibn Al - Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics '' . Jump up ^ Al - Khalili , Jim ( 4 January 2009 ) . `` The ' first true scientist ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorini , Rosanna ( October 2003 ) . `` Al - Haytham the man of experience . First steps in the science of vision '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine . 2 ( 4 ) : 53 -- 55 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Plott 2000 , Pt. II , p. 465 ^ Jump up to : Seyyid Hossein Nasr . `` Islam and Modern Science '' Jump up ^ `` Jesus and the Indian Messiah -- 13 . Every Wind of Doctrine '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Islam in Science '' . Al Islam . Jump up ^ Nayanar ( 2005b ) , p. 190 , Gāthā 10.310 Jump up ^ Soni , Jayandra ( 1998 ) . E. Craig , ed . `` Jain Philosophy '' . Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . London : Routledge . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Peter Harrison , ' Religion , the Royal Society , and the Rise of Science ' , Theology and Science , 6 ( 2008 ) , 255 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Thomas Sprat , The History of the Royal Society ( London , 1667 ) Jump up ^ Frank Turner , ' The Victorian Conflict between Science and Religion : A Professional Dimension ' , Isis , 49 ( 1978 ) 356 -- 76 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Einstein : Religion and Science '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Shalev , Baruch ( 2005 ) . 100 Years of Nobel Prizes . p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Larson , E.J. ; Witham , L. ( 1997 ) . `` Scientists are still keeping the faith '' . Nature . 386 ( 6624 ) : 435 -- 36 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 386 ... 435L . doi : 10.1038 / 386435a0 . Jump up ^ Larson , Edward J. ; Witham , Larry ( 23 July 1998 ) . `` Leading scientists still reject God '' . Nature . pp. 313 -- 313 . doi : 10.1038 / 28478 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ecklund , Elaine . `` Religion and Spirituality among University Scientists '' ( PDF ) . Social Science Research Council . Jump up ^ Ecklund , Elaine Howard ( 2010 ) . Science vs. Religion : What Scientists Really Think . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539298 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Natural scientists are less likely to believe in God than are social scientists '' ( PDF ) . Physorg.com . `` Many scientists see themselves as having a spirituality not attached to a particular religious tradition . Some scientists who do n't believe in God see themselves as very spiritual people . They have a way outside of themselves that they use to understand the meaning of life . '' ^ Jump up to : Donovan , Patricia . `` Scientists May Not Be Very Religious , but Science May Not Be to Blame '' . University at Buffalo New York . ^ Jump up to : Ecklund , Elaine Howard ; Scheitle , Christopher P. ( May 2007 ) . `` Religion among Academic Scientists : Distinctions , Disciplines , and Demographics '' . Social Problems . 54 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 307 . doi : 10.1525 / sp. 2007.54. 2.289 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Biographies : Nobel Prize Laureates '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Wuthnow , Robert ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Essay Forum on the Religious Engagements of American Undergraduates '' . Religion.ssrc.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists and Belief '' . Pew Research Center . November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pew Research Center : `` Public Praises Science ; Scientists Fault Public , Media '' , Section 4 : Scientists , Politics and Religion . July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Larson and Witham , 1998 `` Leading Scientists Still Reject God '' Archived 2014 - 03 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Scott , Eugenie . `` Do Scientists Really Reject God ? : New Poll Contradicts Earlier Ones '' . Reports of the National Center for Science Education . National Center for Science Education . Jump up ^ Ecklund , Elaine Howard . `` Some Atheist Scientists With Children Embrace Religious Traditions '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Scientists and Belief '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . A survey of scientists who are members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press in May and June 2009 , finds that members of this group are , on the whole , much less religious than the general public. 1 Indeed , the survey shows that scientists are roughly half as likely as the general public to believe in God or a higher power . According to the poll , just over half of scientists ( 51 % ) believe in some form of deity or higher power ; specifically , 33 % of scientists say they believe in God , while 18 % believe in a universal spirit or higher power . ^ Jump up to : Ecklund , Elaine ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Religious Communities , Science , Scientists , and Perceptions : A Comprehensive Survey '' ( PDF ) . Elaine Ecklund Blog . Rice University . Jump up ^ Neil Gross and Solon Simmons ( 2009 ) . The religiosity of American college and university professors . Sociology of Religion , 70 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 29 . doi : 10.1093 / socrel / srp026 ^ Jump up to : Easton , John . Survey on physicians ' religious beliefs shows majority faithful Medical Center Public Affairs , U of C Chronicle . July 14 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Keysar , Ariela ; Kosmin , Barry ( 2008 ) . Worldviews and Opinions of Scientists : India 2007 - 2008 . Trinity College : Study of Secularism in Society and Culture ( ISSSC ) . ^ Jump up to : McCaig , Amy ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Indian scientists significantly more religious than UK scientists '' . Rice University News . Rice University . Jump up ^ Thomas , Renny ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` Atheism and Unbelief among Indian Scientists : Towards an Anthropology of Atheism ( s ) '' . Society and Culture in South Asia . 3 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 67 . doi : 10.1177 / 2393861716674292 . Jump up ^ Jones , Richard H. ( 2011 ) . For the Glory of God : The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science . University Press of America . Pg. 139 . ISBN 9780761855668 . Jump up ^ Norris , Pippa ; Ronald Inglehart ( 2011 ) . Sacred and Secular : Religion and Politics Worldwide ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 64837 - 1 . Instead , as is clearly shown in Figure 3.3 , societies with greater faith in science also often have stronger religious beliefs . '' and `` Indeed , the secular postindustrial societies , exemplified by the Netherlands , Norway , Denmark , prove most skeptical toward the impact of science and technology , and this is in accordance with the countries where the strongest public disquiet has been expressed about certain contemporary scientific developments such as the use of genetically modified organisms , biotechnological cloning , and nuclear power . Interestingly , again the United States displays distinctive attitudes compared with similar European nations , showing greater faith in both God and scientific progress . ^ Jump up to : Keeter , Scott ; Smith , Gregory ; Masci , David ( 2011 ) . `` Religious Belief and Attitudes about Science in the United States '' . The Culture of Science : How the Public Relates to Science Across the Globe . New York : Routledge . pp. 336 , 345 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 87369 - 7 . The United States is perhaps the most religious out of the advanced industrial democracies . '' ; `` In fact , large majorities of the traditionally religious American nevertheless hold very positive views of science and scientists . Even people who accept a strict creationist view , regarding the origins of life are mostly favorable towards science . '' ; `` Our review of three important issues on the public policy agenda in the United States suggest that although there is a potential for broad religiously based conflict over science , the scope of this conflict is limited . Only on one issue does a significant portion of the public deny strong consensus for religious reasons : evolution . The significance of this disagreement should not be understated , but it is decidedly unrepresentative of the broader set of scientific controversies and issues . As already noted , it is difficult to find any other major policy issues on which there are strong religious objections to scientific research . Religious concerns do arise in connection with a number of areas of life sciences research , such as the effort to develop medical therapies from embryonic stem cells . But these are not rooted in disputes about the truth of scientific research , and can be found across the spectrum of religious sentiment . '' ; `` According to the National Science Foundation , public attitudes about science are more favorable in the United States than in Europe , Russia , and Japan , despite great differences across these cultures in level of religiosity ( National Science Foundation , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Francis , Leslie J. ; Greer , John E. ( 1 May 2001 ) . `` Shaping Adolescents ' Attitudes towards Science and Religion in Northern Ireland : The role of scientism , creationism and denominational schools '' . Research in Science & Technological Education . 19 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 53 . Bibcode : 2001RSTEd ... 19 ... 39J . doi : 10.1080 / 02635140120046213 . Jump up ^ Sjodin , Ulf ( 2002 ) . `` The Swedes and the Paranormal '' . Journal of Contemporary Religion . 17 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Numbers , Ronald ( 2009 ) . `` Myth 24 : That Creationism is a Uniquely American Phenomenon '' . In Ronald Numbers . Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths About Science and Religion . Harvard University Press . pp. 215 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05741 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Funk , Cary ; Alper , Becka ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Religion and Science : Highly Religious Americans are less likely than others to see Conflict between Faith and Science '' . Pew Research Center . Pew . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the Unaffiliated '' . `` Nones '' on the Rise . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most of the Religiously Unaffiliated Still Keep Belief in God '' . Pew Research Center . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tegmark , Max ; Lee , Eugena ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` The MIT Survey on Science , Religion and Origins : the Belief Gap '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ McCaig , Amy ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Nearly 70 percent of evengelicals do not view religion and science as being in conflict '' . Unconventional Wisdom . Rice University . Jump up ^ Evans , John ( 2011 ) . `` Epistemological and Moral Conflict Between Religion and Science '' . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 50 ( 4 ) : 707 -- 27 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 5906.2011. 01603. x . Jump up ^ Baker , Joseph O. ( 2012 ) . `` Public Perceptions of Incompatibility Between `` Science and Religion '' `` . Public Understanding of Science . 21 ( 3 ) : 340 -- 53 . doi : 10.1177 / 0963662511434908 . Jump up ^ Scott Keeter ; Gregory Smith ; David Masci . `` Religious Belief and Public Attitudes About Science in the US '' ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . pp. 1 -- 2 , 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Science in America : Religious Belief and Public Attitudes '' . The Pew Forum. 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Opinion on Religion and Science in the United States '' . Pew Research Center . November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher P. Scheitle ( 2011 ) . `` U.S. College students ' perception of religion and science : Conflict , collaboration , or independence ? A research note '' . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . Blackwell . 50 ( 1 ) : 175 -- 86 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 5906.2010. 01558. x . ISSN 1468 - 5906 . Jump up ^ `` Nones on the Rise '' ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . p. 24 . Notes ( edit ) Barbour , Ian . When Science Meets Religion . SanFrancisco : Harper , 2000 . Barbour , Ian . Religion and Science : Historical and Contemporary Issues . SanFrancisco : Harper , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 060938 - 9 Chu , Dominique ( 2013 ) , The Science Myth -- God , society , the self and what we will never know , ISBN 1 - 78279 - 047 - 0 Drummond , Henry . Natural Law in the Spiritual World . London : Hodder & Stoughton Ltd , 29th Edition , 1890 ( 2 ) Haught , John F. Science & Religion : From Conflict to Conversation . Paulist Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3606 - 6 Jones , Richard H. For the Glory of God : The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science . 2 Volumes . Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America , 2011 and 2012 . Larson , Edward J. and Larry Witham . `` Scientists are still keeping the faith '' Nature Vol. 386 , pp. 435 -- 36 ( 3 April 1997 ) Larson , Edward J. and Larry Witham . `` Leading scientists still reject God , '' Nature , Vol. 394 , No. 6691 ( 1998 ) , p. 313 . online version Einstein on Religion and Science from Ideas and Opinions ( 1954 ) , Crown Publishers , ISBN 0 - 517 - 00393 - 7 The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science Philip Clayton ( ed . ) , Zachary Simpson ( associate - ed . ) Hardcover 2006 , paperback July 2008 . Oxford University Press , 1023 pages Further reading ( edit ) Barr , Stephen M. The Believing Scientist : Essays on Science and Religion , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7370 - 5 Brooke , John H. , Margaret Osler , and Jitse M. van der Meer , editors . `` Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions , '' Osiris , 2nd ser. , vol. 16 ( 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 226 - 07565 - 6 . Brooke , John H. , Science And Religion : Some Historical Perspectives , New York : Cambridge University Press , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 23961 - 3 Bunge , Mario , Chasing Reality : Strife over Realism . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Cavanaugh , William T. and James K.A. Smith , editors , Evolution and the Fall , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7379 - 8 Cook , Melvin Alonzo , and Melvin Garfield Cook . Science and Mormonism : Correlations , Conflicts , and Conciliations . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) : Deseret News Press , 1967 . Crisp , Thomas . M. , Steven L. Porter , and Gregg A. Ten Elshof , eds , Neuroscience and the Soul : The Human Person in Philosophy , Science , and Theology , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7450 - 4 Haisch , Bernard . The God Theory : Universes , Zero - point Fields , and What 's Behind It All , Red Wheel / Weiser , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 57863 - 374 - 5 Harper , Sharon M.P. ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) . The Lab , the Temple , and the Market : Reflections at the Intersection of Science , Religion , and Development . International Development Research Centre . ISBN 0 - 88936 - 920 - 8 . Harrison , Peter , The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion ( Cambridge , 2010 ) . Huxley , Thomas Henry , Science and Hebrew Tradition : Essays , D. Appleton and Company , 1897 , 372 pages Johnston , Howard Agnew . Scientific Faith . ( London ) : Hodder & Stoughton ; New York : G.H. Doran Co. , 1904 . Lenaers , Roger . Nebuchadnezzar 's Dream or The End of a Medieval Catholic Church . Piscataway , NJ : Gorgias Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59333 - 583 - 0 . Nelson , Thomas L. Scientific Aspects of Mormonism : or , Religion in Terms of Life . Chicago , Ill. : Press of Hillison & Etten Co. , 1904 , t.p. 1918 . Oord , Thomas Jay , ed. , Divine Grace and Emerging Creation : Wesleyan Forays in Science and Theology of Creation , Pickwick Publications , 2009 , ISBN 1 - 60608 - 287 - 6 Oord , Thomas Jay , Science of Love : The Wisdom of Well - Being , Templeton , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 932031 - 70 - 7 Restivo , Sal , The Social Relations of Physics , Mysticism , and Mathematics . Kluwer Academic Publishers , 1983 . Richardson , Mark -- Wesley Wildman ( ed . ) , Religion & Science : History , Method , Dialogue , Routledge , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91667 - 4 Ruse , Michael . Can a Darwinian Be a Christian ? The Relationship Between Science and Religion . New York , N.Y. : Cambridge University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63716 - 3 Ruse , Michael . Science and Spirituality : Making Room for Faith in the Age of Science . New York , N.Y. : Cambridge University Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 75594 - 8 Stump , J.B. , and Alan G. Padgett ( eds . ) The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity Malden , MA : Wiley - Blackwell ( 2012 ) . Van Huyssteen , J. Wentzel ( editor ) , Encyclopedia of Science and Religion , MacMillan , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 865704 - 7 Walsh , James J. , The Popes and Science ; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time , Kessinger Publishing , 1908 , reprinted 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 3646 - 9 from WorldCat ( 3 ) Review excerpts : Waters , F.W. The Way in and the Way out : Science and Religion Reconciled . Toronto : Oxford University Press , Canadian Branch , 1967 . x , ( 2 ) , 269 p . Wilber , Ken , The Marriage of Sense and Soul : Integrating Science and Religion , Broadway ; Reprint edition , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0343 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Relationship between religion and science The BioLogos Forum : Science and Faith in Dialogue Test of Faith -- From the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion Counterbalance.org : Science and Religion Project `` Faith and Reason '' -- website about the historical relations between science and religion , PBS Religion and Science in Historical Perspective by Ted Davis Is Science Killing the Soul ? -- Discussion with atheists Richard Dawkins and Steven Pinker on Edge Foundation . Meaning of Life A collection of video interviews with prominent scientists about topics relating science and religion ( requires WMV or RealMedia software ) Clash in Cambridge : Science and religion seem as antagonistic as ever -- by John Horgan , Scientific American , September 2005 How the Public Resolves Conflicts Between Faith and Science , David Masci , Pew Research Center Robert M. Young ( 1985 ) . `` Darwin 's Metaphor : Nature 's Place in Victorian Culture '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 31 . 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who am i (whats my name)

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=What%27s_My_Name%3F_(Snoop_Doggy_Dogg_song)&oldid=837558770

What 's My Name ? ( Snoop Doggy Dogg song ) - wikipedia What 's My Name ? ( Snoop Doggy Dogg song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` What 's My Name ? '' Single by Snoop Doggy Dogg from the album Doggystyle Released October 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 30 ) Format CD single 12 '' single cassette EP Recorded Genre G - Funk , gangsta rap Length 4 : 06 Label Death Row Interscope Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Andre Young George Clinton Gary Shider Calvin Broadus David Spradley Producer ( s ) Dr. Dre Snoop Doggy Dogg singles chronology `` Let Me Ride '' ( 1993 ) `` What 's My Name ? '' ( 1993 ) `` Gin and Juice '' ( 1994 ) `` Let Me Ride '' ( 1993 ) `` Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) '' ( 1993 ) `` Gin and Juice '' ( 1994 ) Snoop Doggy Dogg albums chronology Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) EP ( 2004 ) String Module Error : Match not found2004 Let 's Get Blown ( 2004 ) Let 's Get Blown 2004 Audio sample file help Music video `` Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) '' on YouTube `` Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) '' ( commonly titled `` What 's My Name ? '' ) is the solo debut single by American hip hop recording artist Snoop Doggy Dogg . It was released on October 30 , 1993 as the first single from his debut album , Doggystyle , with the record labels Death Row Records , Interscope Records & Atlantic Records . The song , produced by Dr. Dre , features samples and interpolations from George Clinton 's `` Atomic Dog '' in its chorus and throughout , and an interpolation from Parliament 's `` Give Up the Funk ( Tear the Roof off the Sucker ) '' in its bridge . The song 's intro contains a sample from The Counts ' `` Pack of Lies . '' A vocal sample ( `` the bomb '' ) from Parliament 's `` P. Funk ( Wants to Get Funked Up ) '' can be heard throughout . The bass line may be an interpretation of the one from Funkadelic 's `` ( Not Just ) Knee Deep '' . It was ranked number 456 on NME 's 500 greatest songs of all time . The song and music video were parodied in director Rusty Cundieff 's film , Fear of a Black Hat ( 1993 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Commercial performance 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The massively acclaimed single features many of the conventional topics found in the gangsta rap genre , as Snoop Doggy Dogg , with the laconic , laid - back drawl he became famous for , raps about his involvement with gang crime , killing , drugs , parties , sex and black - on - black shootings . However , the song adopts a more ' funky ' tune , ( as seen across much of Snoop and Dr. Dre 's earlier work ) . The single quickly became a hugely successful hit , and is recognised as one of Snoop Dogg 's `` greatest pieces '' . Additional vocals were contributed by LaShana Dendy , Tony Green , and Dr. Dre . The follow - up version of it titled `` Snoop Dogg '' was released on his album , Tha Last Meal . The cover artwork is by Joe Cool . The song features the line `` Shit that I drop ' cuz ya know it do n't stop / Mr. One Eight Seven on a motherfuckin ' cop '' , a reference to Snoop and Dr. Dre 's previous single , `` Deep Cover '' . The song briefly features Dr. Dre ; although he is uncredited , he is clearly rapping towards the end of the first verse . Since then , other rappers have used the song 's lines in their own songs , most notably Jay - Z , who would borrow the lines `` Went solo on that ass / but it 's still the same '' and `` What 's my motherfuckin ' name ? '' from for his own hit `` Jigga My Nigga '' , and Ja Rule , who used the latter line as the intro to `` I 'm Real ( Murder Remix ) '' , one of his many collaborations with Jennifer Lopez . In the UK in 2014 , the song was used on an advert for MoneySupermarket , which featured Snoop Dogg . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) '' was the third top - ten of Snoop Dogg on the Billboard Hot 100 , the first as lead artist . The song reached number 8 on the chart . The song topped the US Hot Rap Songs for three weeks . It was certified gold by the RIAA in 1994 . Music video ( edit ) Fab 5 Freddy directed a CGI - driven music video for the song . Snoop and others are able to turn into dogs ( such as Doberman Pinschers and Rottweilers , and the females Cocker Spaniels and several other breeds ) to evade angry fathers and run amok . One scene shows the animals wearing sunglasses , smoking cigars and gambling on dice games ( a parody of the series of paintings titled Dogs Playing Poker ) . Throughout the video Snoop can be seen standing on the roof of V.I.P. Records , a record store and studio where Snoop Dogg recorded some of his first materials . Other associates of Snoop make cameo appearances such as Kurupt , Daz Dillinger , and Warren G . Track listing ( edit ) CD Single Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) ( Clean Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 15 Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) ( Clean Club Mix ) -- 5 : 03 Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) ( Explicit Club Mix ) -- 8 : 12 Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 15 Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) ( Instrumental ) -- 4 : 15 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 -- 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 22 France ( SNEP ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 20 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 62 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 75 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1994 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Snoop Doggy Dogg -- What 's My Name ? '' . Discogs . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time - 500 - 401 '' . NME . Jump up ^ David Stubbs . `` Snoop Dogg 's Money Supermarket advert '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Snoop Dogg -- What % 27s My Name '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Snoop Doggy Dogg - `` What 's my name ? '' `` . mvdbase.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ 8 / 4 / 2011Comments ( 3 ) ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Music : What 's My Name '' . Snoop Dogg . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Snoop Doggy Dogg -- What 's My Name ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Snoop Doggy Dogg -- What 's My Name ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Snoop Doggy Dogg -- What 's My Name ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Snoop Doggy Dogg -- Who Am I ? ( What 's My Name ? ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=3 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Snoop Doggy Dogg -- What 's My Name ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Snoop Doggy Dogg -- What 's My Name ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Snoop Doggy Dogg -- What 's My Name ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Snoop Doggy Dogg -- What 's My Name ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SNOOP DOGGY DOGG Chart History on Official Charts Company Official Charts Company UK Singles Chart for Snoop Doggy Dogg . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rap Music : Top Rap Songs Chart Billboard '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 : Year - End USA Charts ( Singles ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . ( archived by Top40-Charts.com ) Jump up ^ `` The Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Songs - Year End Charts 1994 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Snoop Dogg -- Sweat '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Sweat in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Snoop Dogg '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Snoop Dogg songs Discography Awards and nominations Tha Dogg Pound singles discography 213 singles discography Tha Eastsidaz singles discography 7 Days of Funk singles discography Doggystyle `` Gin and Juice '' `` Lodi Dodi '' `` Murder Was the Case '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Doggy Dogg World '' Tha Doggfather `` Doggfather '' `` Vapors '' `` Snoop 's Upside Ya Head '' Da Game Is to Be Sold , Not to Be Told `` Woof '' `` Still a G Thang '' No Limit Top Dogg `` Snoopafella '' `` G Bedtime Stories '' `` Down for My N 's '' `` Bitch Please '' `` Just Dippin ' '' Tha Last Meal `` Hennesey n Buddah '' `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name Pt. 2 ) '' `` Wrong Idea '' `` Lay Low '' `` Loosen ' Control '' Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' `` Beautiful '' `` Paper 'd Up '' `` Pimp Slapp 'd '' `` Mission Cleopatra '' R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' `` Ups & Downs '' `` Let 's Get Blown '' `` Signs '' `` Girl Like U '' Tha Blue Carpet Treatment `` Vato '' `` That 's That '' `` Candy ( Drippin ' Like Water ) '' `` Boss ' Life '' `` I Wanna Fuck You '' `` Imagine '' Ego Trippin ' `` Neva Have 2 Worry '' `` Sexual Eruption '' `` Life of da Party '' `` My Medicine '' `` Those Gurlz '' Malice n Wonderland `` I Wanna Rock '' `` Gangsta Luv '' More Malice : Deluxe Album & Movie `` I Wanna Rock ( G - Mix ) '' `` That Tree '' Doggumentary `` Platinum '' `` Boom '' `` Wet '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Smokin ' On '' `` Young , Wild & Free '' Reincarnated `` Rebel Way '' `` Here Comes the King '' `` Lighters Up '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` Smoke the Weed '' `` The Good Good '' `` Torn Apart '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` La La La '' 7 Days of Funk `` Hit Da Pavement '' `` Faden Away '' Bush `` California Roll '' `` Awake '' `` So Many Pros '' `` Peaches N Cream '' Coolaid `` Point Seen Money Gone '' `` Kush Ups '' Neva Left `` Lavender ( Nightfall Remix ) '' `` Vapors ( DJ Battlecat Remix ) '' As featured artist `` Deep Cover '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' `` Afro Puffs '' `` What Would You Do '' `` New York , New York '' `` All bout U '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` Come and Get with Me '' `` Cali Chronic '' `` Fuck You '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Bow Wow ( That 's My Name ) '' `` Crybaby '' `` The Next Episode '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` Welcome to Atlanta ( Coast to Coast Remix ) '' `` Holidae In '' `` P.I.M.P. ( Remix ) '' `` I Wanna Thank Ya '' `` The Wash '' `` Gangsta Zone '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Keep Bouncin ' '' `` Buttons '' `` Cali Iz Active '' `` Go to Church '' `` Gangsta Walk '' `` Hollywood Divorce '' `` My 64 '' `` 9mm '' `` What a Job '' `` Ghetto '' `` Bottle Pop '' `` Day Dreaming '' `` Hot Girl '' `` Dime Piece '' `` I Do '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` California Gurls '' `` Get ' Em Girls '' `` Kush '' `` Boyfriend '' `` Mr Endowed ( Remix ) '' `` Last Night '' `` If I Was You ( OMG ) '' `` The Mack '' `` Want U Back `` I Drink I Smoke '' `` Slow Motion '' `` Major Distribution '' `` Dynamite '' `` Wiggle '' `` Hangover '' `` You and Your Friends '' `` Stuck on a Feeling '' `` Dumb Shit '' `` My Cutie Pie '' `` Professional Rapper '' `` No Social Media '' `` Westside '' `` Way Back '' Other singles `` We Just Wanna Party with You '' `` Undercova Funk ( Give Up the Funk ) '' `` Do U Wanna Roll ( Dolittle Theme ) '' `` Just a Baby Boy '' `` Real Soon '' `` Back Up '' `` I 'm from Long Beach '' `` Late Nights '' Book Template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_My_Name%3F_(Snoop_Doggy_Dogg_song)&oldid=837558770 '' Categories : 1993 singles Shapeshifting in fiction Songs about dogs Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Snoop Dogg songs Song recordings produced by Dr. Dre Songs written by Dr. Dre Songs written by Snoop Dogg Gangsta rap songs Debut singles 1993 songs Songs written by George Clinton ( musician ) Songs written by Garry Shider Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Polski Português Русский ไทย 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 16 : 16 . 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principle of electronic transition in uv visible spectroscopy

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy&oldid=814856727

Ultraviolet -- visible spectroscopy - wikipedia Ultraviolet -- visible spectroscopy Jump to : navigation , search Beckman DU640 UV / Vis spectrophotometer . Ultraviolet -- visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry ( UV - Vis or UV / Vis ) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet - visible spectral region . This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges . The absorption or reflectance in the visible range directly affects the perceived color of the chemicals involved . In this region of the electromagnetic spectrum , atoms and molecules undergo electronic transitions . Absorption spectroscopy is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy , in that fluorescence deals with transitions from the excited state to the ground state , while absorption measures transitions from the ground state to the excited state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Principle of ultraviolet - visible absorption 2 Applications 2.1 Practical considerations 2.1. 1 Spectral bandwidth 2.1. 2 Wavelength error 2.1. 3 Stray light 2.1. 4 Deviations from the Beer -- Lambert law 2.1. 5 Measurement uncertainty sources 3 Ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometer 4 Microspectrophotometry 5 Additional applications 6 See also 7 References Principle of ultraviolet - visible absorption ( edit ) Molecules containing π - electrons or non-bonding electrons ( n - electrons ) can absorb the energy in the form of ultraviolet or visible light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals . The more easily excited the electrons ( i.e. lower energy gap between the HOMO and the LUMO ) , the longer the wavelength of light it can absorb . There are four possible types of transitions ( π - π * , n - π * , σ - σ * , and n - σ * ) , and they can be ordered as follows : σ - σ * > n - σ * > π - π * > n - π * . Applications ( edit ) An example of a UV / Vis readout UV / Vis spectroscopy is routinely used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of different analytes , such as transition metal ions , highly conjugated organic compounds , and biological macromolecules . Spectroscopic analysis is commonly carried out in solutions but solids and gases may also be studied . Solutions of transition metal ions can be colored ( i.e. , absorb visible light ) because d electrons within the metal atoms can be excited from one electronic state to another . The colour of metal ion solutions is strongly affected by the presence of other species , such as certain anions or ligands . For instance , the colour of a dilute solution of copper sulfate is a very light blue ; adding ammonia intensifies the colour and changes the wavelength of maximum absorption ( λ ) . Organic compounds , especially those with a high degree of conjugation , also absorb light in the UV or visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum . The solvents for these determinations are often water for water - soluble compounds , or ethanol for organic - soluble compounds . ( Organic solvents may have significant UV absorption ; not all solvents are suitable for use in UV spectroscopy . Ethanol absorbs very weakly at most wavelengths . ) Solvent polarity and pH can affect the absorption spectrum of an organic compound . Tyrosine , for example , increases in absorption maxima and molar extinction coefficient when pH increases from 6 to 13 or when solvent polarity decreases . While charge transfer complexes also give rise to colours , the colours are often too intense to be used for quantitative measurement . The Beer - Lambert law states that the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species in the solution and the path length . Thus , for a fixed path length , UV / Vis spectroscopy can be used to determine the concentration of the absorber in a solution . It is necessary to know how quickly the absorbance changes with concentration . This can be taken from references ( tables of molar extinction coefficients ) , or more accurately , determined from a calibration curve . A UV / Vis spectrophotometer may be used as a detector for HPLC . The presence of an analyte gives a response assumed to be proportional to the concentration . For accurate results , the instrument 's response to the analyte in the unknown should be compared with the response to a standard ; this is very similar to the use of calibration curves . The response ( e.g. , peak height ) for a particular concentration is known as the response factor . The wavelengths of absorption peaks can be correlated with the types of bonds in a given molecule and are valuable in determining the functional groups within a molecule . The Woodward - Fieser rules , for instance , are a set of empirical observations used to predict λ , the wavelength of the most intense UV / Vis absorption , for conjugated organic compounds such as dienes and ketones . The spectrum alone is not , however , a specific test for any given sample . The nature of the solvent , the pH of the solution , temperature , high electrolyte concentrations , and the presence of interfering substances can influence the absorption spectrum . Experimental variations such as the slit width ( effective bandwidth ) of the spectrophotometer will also alter the spectrum . To apply UV / Vis spectroscopy to analysis , these variables must be controlled or accounted for in order to identify the substances present . The method is most often used in a quantitative way to determine concentrations of an absorbing species in solution , using the Beer - Lambert law : A = log 10 ⁡ ( I 0 / I ) = ε c L ( \ displaystyle A = \ log _ ( 10 ) ( I_ ( 0 ) / I ) = \ varepsilon cL ) , where A is the measured absorbance ( in Absorbance Units ( AU ) ) , I 0 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( 0 ) ) is the intensity of the incident light at a given wavelength , I ( \ displaystyle I ) is the transmitted intensity , L the path length through the sample , and c the concentration of the absorbing species . For each species and wavelength , ε is a constant known as the molar absorptivity or extinction coefficient . This constant is a fundamental molecular property in a given solvent , at a particular temperature and pressure , and has units of 1 / M ∗ c m ( \ displaystyle 1 / M * cm ) . The absorbance and extinction ε are sometimes defined in terms of the natural logarithm instead of the base - 10 logarithm . The Beer - Lambert Law is useful for characterizing many compounds but does not hold as a universal relationship for the concentration and absorption of all substances . A 2nd order polynomial relationship between absorption and concentration is sometimes encountered for very large , complex molecules such as organic dyes ( Xylenol Orange or Neutral Red , for example ) . UV - Vis spectroscopy is also used in the semiconductor industry to measure the thickness and optical properties of thin films on a wafer . UV - Vis spectrometers are used to measure the reflectance of light , and can be analyzed via the Forouhi - Bloomer dispersion equations to determine the Index of Refraction ( n ) and the Extinction Coefficient ( k ) of a given film across the measured spectral range . Practical considerations ( edit ) The Beer - Lambert law has implicit assumptions that must be met experimentally for it to apply ; otherwise there is a possibility of deviations from the law . For instance , the chemical makeup and physical environment of the sample can alter its extinction coefficient . The chemical and physical conditions of a test sample therefore must match reference measurements for conclusions to be valid . Spectral bandwidth ( edit ) It is important to have a monochromatic source of radiation for the light incident on the sample cell . Monochromaticity is measured as the width of the `` triangle '' formed by the intensity spike , at one half of the peak intensity . A given spectrometer has a spectral bandwidth that characterizes how monochromatic the incident light is . If this bandwidth is comparable to ( or more than ) the width of the absorption line , then the measured extinction coefficient will be mistaken . In reference measurements , the instrument bandwidth ( bandwidth of the incident light ) is kept below the width of the spectral lines . When a test material is being measured , the bandwidth of the incident light should also be sufficiently narrow . Reducing the spectral bandwidth reduces the energy passed to the detector and will , therefore , require a longer measurement time to achieve the same signal to noise ratio . Wavelength error ( edit ) In liquids , the extinction coefficient usually changes slowly with wavelength . A peak of the absorbance curve ( a wavelength where the absorbance reaches a maximum ) is where the rate of change in absorbance with wavelength is smallest . Measurements are usually made at a peak to minimize errors produced by errors in wavelength in the instrument , that is errors due to having a different extinction coefficient than assumed . Stray light ( edit ) See also : Stray light Another important factor is the purity of the light used . The most important factor affecting this is the stray light level of the monochromator . The detector used is broadband ; it responds to all the light that reaches it . If a significant amount of the light passed through the sample contains wavelengths that have much lower extinction coefficients than the nominal one , the instrument will report an incorrectly low absorbance . Any instrument will reach a point where an increase in sample concentration will not result in an increase in the reported absorbance , because the detector is simply responding to the stray light . In practice the concentration of the sample or the optical path length must be adjusted to place the unknown absorbance within a range that is valid for the instrument . Sometimes an empirical calibration function is developed , using known concentrations of the sample , to allow measurements into the region where the instrument is becoming non-linear . As a rough guide , an instrument with a single monochromator would typically have a stray light level corresponding to about 3 Absorbance Units ( AU ) , which would make measurements above about 2 AU problematic . A more complex instrument with a double monochromator would have a stray light level corresponding to about 6 AU , which would therefore allow measuring a much wider absorbance range . Deviations from the Beer -- Lambert law ( edit ) At sufficiently high concentrations , the absorption bands will saturate and show absorption flattening . The absorption peak appears to flatten because close to 100 % of the light is already being absorbed . The concentration at which this occurs depends on the particular compound being measured . One test that can be used to test for this effect is to vary the path length of the measurement . In the Beer - Lambert law , varying concentration and path length has an equivalent effect -- diluting a solution by a factor of 10 has the same effect as shortening the path length by a factor of 10 . If cells of different path lengths are available , testing if this relationship holds true is one way to judge if absorption flattening is occurring . Solutions that are not homogeneous can show deviations from the Beer - Lambert law because of the phenomenon of absorption flattening . This can happen , for instance , where the absorbing substance is located within suspended particles ( see `` Beer 's law revisited '' , Berberan - Santos , J. Chem. Educ. 67 ( 1990 ) 757 , and `` Absorption flattening in the optical spectra of liposome - entrapped substances '' , Wittung , Kajanus , Kubista , Malmström , FEBS Lett 352 ( 1994 ) 37 ) . The deviations will be most noticeable under conditions of low concentration and high absorbance . The last reference describes a way to correct for this deviation . Some solutions , like copper ( II ) chloride in water , change colour at a certain concentration because of changed conditions around the coloured ion ( the divalent copper ion ) . For copper ( II ) chloride it means a shift from blue to green , which would mean that monochromatic measurements would deviate from the Beer - Lambert law . Measurement uncertainty sources ( edit ) The above factors contribute to the measurement uncertainty of the results obtained with UV / Vis spectrophotometry . If UV / Vis spectrophotometry is used in quantitative chemical analysis then the results are additionally affected by uncertainty sources arising from the nature of the compounds and / or solutions that are measured . These include spectral interferences caused by absorption band overlap , fading of the color of the absorbing species ( caused by decomposition or reaction ) and possible composition mismatch between the sample and the calibration solution . Ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometer ( edit ) See also : Spectrophotometry The instrument used in ultraviolet - visible spectroscopy is called a UV / Vis spectrophotometer . It measures the intensity of light passing through a sample ( I ( \ displaystyle I ) ) , and compares it to the intensity of light before it passes through the sample ( I o ( \ displaystyle I_ ( o ) ) ) . The ratio I / I o ( \ displaystyle I / I_ ( o ) ) is called the transmittance , and is usually expressed as a percentage ( % T ) . The absorbance , A ( \ displaystyle A ) , is based on the transmittance : A = − log ⁡ ( % T / 100 % ) ( \ displaystyle A = - \ log ( \ % T / 100 \ % ) ) The UV - visible spectrophotometer can also be configured to measure reflectance . In this case , the spectrophotometer measures the intensity of light reflected from a sample ( I ( \ displaystyle I ) ) , and compares it to the intensity of light reflected from a reference material ( I o ( \ displaystyle I_ ( o ) ) ) ( such as a white tile ) . The ratio I / I o ( \ displaystyle I / I_ ( o ) ) is called the reflectance , and is usually expressed as a percentage ( % R ) . The basic parts of a spectrophotometer are a light source , a holder for the sample , a diffraction grating in a monochromator or a prism to separate the different wavelengths of light , and a detector . The radiation source is often a Tungsten filament ( 300 - 2500 nm ) , a deuterium arc lamp , which is continuous over the ultraviolet region ( 190 - 400 nm ) , Xenon arc lamp , which is continuous from 160 - 2,000 nm ; or more recently , light emitting diodes ( LED ) for the visible wavelengths . The detector is typically a photomultiplier tube , a photodiode , a photodiode array or a charge - coupled device ( CCD ) . Single photodiode detectors and photomultiplier tubes are used with scanning monochromators , which filter the light so that only light of a single wavelength reaches the detector at one time . The scanning monochromator moves the diffraction grating to `` step - through '' each wavelength so that its intensity may be measured as a function of wavelength . Fixed monochromators are used with CCDs and photodiode arrays . As both of these devices consist of many detectors grouped into one or two dimensional arrays , they are able to collect light of different wavelengths on different pixels or groups of pixels simultaneously . Simplified schematic of a double beam UV - visible spectrophotometer . A spectrophotometer can be either single beam or double beam . In a single beam instrument ( such as the Spectronic 20 ) , all of the light passes through the sample cell . I o ( \ displaystyle I_ ( o ) ) must be measured by removing the sample . This was the earliest design and is still in common use in both teaching and industrial labs . In a double - beam instrument , the light is split into two beams before it reaches the sample . One beam is used as the reference ; the other beam passes through the sample . The reference beam intensity is taken as 100 % Transmission ( or 0 Absorbance ) , and the measurement displayed is the ratio of the two beam intensities . Some double - beam instruments have two detectors ( photodiodes ) , and the sample and reference beam are measured at the same time . In other instruments , the two beams pass through a beam chopper , which blocks one beam at a time . The detector alternates between measuring the sample beam and the reference beam in synchronism with the chopper . There may also be one or more dark intervals in the chopper cycle . In this case , the measured beam intensities may be corrected by subtracting the intensity measured in the dark interval before the ratio is taken . Samples for UV / Vis spectrophotometry are most often liquids , although the absorbance of gases and even of solids can also be measured . Samples are typically placed in a transparent cell , known as a cuvette . Cuvettes are typically rectangular in shape , commonly with an internal width of 1 cm . ( This width becomes the path length , L ( \ displaystyle L ) , in the Beer - Lambert law . ) Test tubes can also be used as cuvettes in some instruments . The type of sample container used must allow radiation to pass over the spectral region of interest . The most widely applicable cuvettes are made of high quality fused silica or quartz glass because these are transparent throughout the UV , visible and near infrared regions . Glass and plastic cuvettes are also common , although glass and most plastics absorb in the UV , which limits their usefulness to visible wavelengths . Specialized instruments have also been made . These include attaching spectrophotometers to telescopes to measure the spectra of astronomical features . UV - visible microspectrophotometers consist of a UV - visible microscope integrated with a UV - visible spectrophotometer . A complete spectrum of the absorption at all wavelengths of interest can often be produced directly by a more sophisticated spectrophotometer . In simpler instruments the absorption is determined one wavelength at a time and then compiled into a spectrum by the operator . By removing the concentration dependence , the extinction coefficient ( ε ) can be determined as a function of wavelength . Microspectrophotometry ( edit ) UV - visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV - visible optics , white light sources , a monochromator , and a sensitive detector such as a charge - coupled device ( CCD ) or photomultiplier tube ( PMT ) . As only a single optical path is available , these are single beam instruments . Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV - visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron - scale sampling areas . The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution . As such , they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers , microscopic paint chips and the color of glass fragments . They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the vitrinite reflectance . Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited . In the semiconductor industry , they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic . A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer . The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the interference pattern of the spectra . In addition , ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness , along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials . A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes . Additional applications ( edit ) UV / Vis can be applied to determine the kinetics or rate constant of a chemical reaction . The reaction , occurring in solution , must present color or brightness shifts from reactants to products in order to use UV / Vis for this application . For example , the molecule mercury dithizonate is a yellow - orange color in diluted solution ( 1 * 10 ^ - 5 M ) , and turns blue when subjected with particular wavelengths of visible light ( and UV ) via a conformational change , but this reaction is reversible back into the yellow `` ground state '' . The rate constant of a particular reaction can be determined by measuring the UV / Vis absorbance spectrum at specific time intervals . Using mercury dithizonate again as an example , one can shine light on the sample to turn the solution blue , then run a UV / Vis test every 10 seconds ( variable ) to see the levels of absorbed and reflected wavelengths change over time in accordance with the solution turning back to yellow from the excited blue energy state . From these measurements , the concentration of the two species can be calculated . The mercury dithizonate reaction from one conformation to another is first order and would have the integral first order rate law : ln ( A ) ( time t ) = − kt + ln ( A ) ( initial ) . Therefore , graphing the natural log ( ln ) of the concentration ( A ) versus time will graph a line with slope - k , or negative the rate constant . Different rate orders have different integrated rate laws depending on the mechanism of the reaction . An equilibrium constant can also be calculated with UV / Vis spectroscopy . After determining optimal wavelengths for all species involved in equilibria , a reaction can be run to equilibrium , and the concentration of species determined from spectroscopy at various known wavelengths . The equilibrium constant can be calculated as K ( eq ) = ( Products ) / ( Reactants ) . See also ( edit ) Isosbestic point important in kinetics measurements . A wavelength where absorption does not change as the reaction proceeds . Ultraviolet - visible spectroscopy of stereoisomers Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are other common spectroscopic techniques , usually used to obtain information about the structure of compounds or to identify compounds . Both are forms of Vibrational spectroscopy . Fourier transform spectroscopy Near - infrared spectroscopy Vibrational spectroscopy Rotational spectroscopy Applied spectroscopy Slope spectroscopy Benesi - Hildebrand method Spectrophotometry DU spectrophotometer - first UV - VIS instrument References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skoog , Douglas A. ; Holler , F. James ; Crouch , Stanley R. ( 2007 ) . Principles of Instrumental Analysis ( 6th ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Thomson Brooks / Cole . pp. 169 -- 173 . ISBN 9780495012016 . ^ Jump up to : Metha , Akul ( 13 Dec 2011 ) . `` Principle '' . PharmaXChange.info . Jump up ^ Metha , Akul ( 22 Apr 2012 ) . `` Derivation of Beer - Lambert Law '' . PharmaXChange.info . Jump up ^ Misra , Prabhakar ; Dubinskii , Mark , eds. ( 2002 ) . Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and UV Lasers . New York : Marcel Dekker . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 0668 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Metha , Akul ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Limitations and Deviations of Beer - Lambert Law '' . PharmaXChange.info . Jump up ^ Ansell , S. ; Tromp , R.H. ; Neilson , G.W. ( 1995 ) . `` The solute and aquaion structure in a concentrated aqueous solution of copper ( II ) chloride '' . J. Phys. : Condens . Matter. 7 ( 8 ) : 1513 -- 1524 . doi : 10.1088 / 0953 - 8984 / 7 / 8 / 002 . Jump up ^ Sooväli , L. ; Rõõm , E. - I. ; Kütt , A. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Uncertainty sources in UV - Vis spectrophotometric measurement '' . Accreditation and Quality Assurance . 11 : 246 -- 255 . doi : 10.1007 / s00769 - 006 - 0124 - x . Jump up ^ Forensic Fiber Examination Guidelines , Scientific Working Group - Materials , 1999 , http://www.swgmat.org/fiber.htm Jump up ^ Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry and Color Measurement in Forensic Paint Analysis , Scientific Working Group - Materials , 1999 , http://www.swgmat.org/paint.htm Jump up ^ `` Spectroscopic thin film thickness measurement system for semiconductor industries '' , Horie , M. ; Fujiwara , N. ; Kokubo , M. ; Kondo , N. , Proceedings of Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference , Hamamatsu , Japan , 1994 , ( ISBN 0 - 7803 - 1880 - 3 ) . Jump up ^ Sertova ( June 2000 ) . `` Photochromism of mercury ( II ) dithizonate in solution '' . Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A : Chemistry . 134 ( 3 ) : 163 -- 168 . doi : 10.1016 / s1010 - 6030 ( 00 ) 00267 - 7 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ UC Davis . `` The Rate Law '' . ChemWiki . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 11 . ( hide ) Spectroscopy Infrared FT - IR Raman Resonance Raman Rotational Vibrational Rotational - vibrational UV - Vis - NIR Ultraviolet - visible Fluorescence Vibronic Near - infrared Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization ( REMPI ) Laser - induced X-ray and Photoelectron Photoelectron Atomic Emission Nucleon Gamma Mössbauer Radiowave NMR Terahertz ESR / EPR Ferromagnetic resonance Others Acoustic resonance spectroscopy Auger spectroscopy Astronomical spectroscopy Cavity ring down spectroscopy Circular Dichroism spectroscopy Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Conversion electron mössbauer spectroscopy Correlation spectroscopy Deep - level transient spectroscopy Dual polarisation interferometry Electron phenomenological spectroscopy EPR spectroscopy Force spectroscopy Fourier transform spectroscopy Glow - discharge optical emission spectroscopy Hadron spectroscopy Hyperspectral imaging Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy Inelastic neutron scattering Laser - Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Mössbauer spectroscopy Neutron spin echo Photoacoustic spectroscopy Photoemission spectroscopy Photothermal spectroscopy Pump - probe spectroscopy Raman optical activity spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy Saturated spectroscopy Scanning tunneling spectroscopy Spectrophotometry Time - resolved spectroscopy Time - Stretch Thermal infrared spectroscopy Video spectroscopy Vibrational circular dichroism Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet -- visible_spectroscopy&oldid = 814856727 '' Categories : Spectroscopy Scientific techniques Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 09 : 43 . 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where was final scene of expendables 3 filmed

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The Expendables 3 - wikipedia The Expendables 3 Jump to : navigation , search The Expendables 3 Theatrical release poster Directed by Patrick Hughes Produced by Avi Lerner Kevin King - Templeton Danny Lerner Les Weldon John Thompson Screenplay by Sylvester Stallone Creighton Rothenberger Katrin Benedikt Story by Sylvester Stallone Based on Characters by David Callaham Starring Sylvester Stallone Jason Statham Antonio Banderas Jet Li Wesley Snipes Dolph Lundgren Kelsey Grammer Randy Couture Terry Crews Mel Gibson Harrison Ford Arnold Schwarzenegger Kellan Lutz Ronda Rousey Glen Powell Victor Ortiz Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Peter Menzies , Jr . Edited by Sean Albertson Paul Harb Production companies Millennium Films Nu Image Splendid Film Distributed by Lionsgate 20th Century Fox ( Germany ) Release date August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) ( London ) August 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $214.6 million The Expendables 3 is a 2014 American action film directed by Patrick Hughes and written by Creighton Rothenberger , Katrin Benedikt and Sylvester Stallone . It is the third installment in The Expendables film series and the sequel to The Expendables ( 2010 ) and The Expendables 2 ( 2012 ) . The film features an ensemble cast of stars including , Sylvester Stallone , Jason Statham , Antonio Banderas , Jet Li , Wesley Snipes , Dolph Lundgren , Kelsey Grammer , Randy Couture , Terry Crews , Kellan Lutz , Ronda Rousey , Glen Powell , Victor Ortiz , Mel Gibson , Harrison Ford and Arnold Schwarzenegger . The story follows the mercenary group known as `` The Expendables '' as they come into conflict with ruthless arms dealer Conrad Stonebanks , the Expendables ' co-founder , who is determined to destroy the team . The film premiered in London on August 4 , 2014 and was released theatrically on August 15 , 2014 by Lionsgate . Unlike the first two films in the franchise , The Expendables 3 is the only film in the series to receive a PG - 13 rating instead of an R rating , which upset many fans of the franchise . With a running time of two hours and six minutes , it is the longest film of the franchise . The film grossed $214 million worldwide on a $90 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and pre-production 3.2 Filming 3.3 Rating 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Copyright infringement and subsequent lawsuit 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The Expendables -- led by Barney Ross and formed by Lee Christmas , Gunner Jensen , and Toll Road -- extract former member Doctor Death , a knives specialist and team medic , from a military prison during his transfer on a train . They recruit Doc to assist them in intercepting a shipment of bombs meant to be delivered to a warlord in Somalia . Arriving there , they reunite with Hale Caesar , who directs them to the drop point , where Ross is surprised to find out that the arms trader providing the bombs is Conrad Stonebanks , a former co-founder of the Expendables who went rogue and was presumed dead . In the ensuing firefight , The Expendables manage to kill all but Stonebanks , who shoots Caesar twice . As the team attempts to aid him , they are forced to retreat due to Stonebanks ' advanced weaponry , and Caesar is severely injured in the process . Back at the United States , CIA operative Max Drummer , the Expendables ' new missions manager , gives Ross a mission to capture Stonebanks in order to bring him to the International Criminal Court to be tried for war crimes . Blaming himself for Caesar 's injuries , Ross disbands the Expendables , not wanting his team to get killed following him , and leaves for Las Vegas where he enlists retired mercenary - turned - recruiter Bonaparte to help him find a new team of younger mercenaries to pursue Stonebanks . The recruits include former U.S. Marine John Smilee , nightclub bouncer Luna , computer expert Thorn , and weapons expert Mars . Skilled sharpshooter Galgo asks to be included in the team , but Ross turns him down . The new team members rendezvous with Ross 's rival Trench Mauser , returning a favor for Ross . Drummer has traced Stonebanks to Romania , where he is set to make an arms deal . Ross and the new recruits infiltrate an office building Stonebanks is using as a meeting place and , having to kill a few men in the process including arms buyer Goran Vata , manage to capture Stonebanks . In transit , Stonebanks begins to taunt Ross and explains why he betrayed The Expendables in the first place . Ross nearly kills him to shut him up but , despite Stonebanks egging him on , he stands down . Stonebanks ' men catch up to them , with the aid of his GPS Tracker , and fire a missile at the team 's van . Ross is thrown into a river , while Smilee , Luna , Thorn and Mars are captured by Stonebanks ' crew . Ross kills Stonebanks ' retrieval team and escapes . Stonebanks sends Ross a video , challenging Ross to come after him and giving him his location in the country of Azmenistan . While preparing to leave and mount a rescue alone , Ross is found by Galgo , who offers his services again . Ross gives him a chance , later accompanied by the veteran Expendables . They rescue the young mercenaries , only to learn from Stonebanks that he has rigged the place with explosives . As both the young and veteran Expendables begin to fight one another , Ross convinces them to work together in order to take down Stonebanks once and for all . As the final battle begins , Thorn is able to use a jammer device to delay the countdown , giving them just under half an hour before detonation . Stonebanks then orders the armed forces of Azmenistan to attack the building with full force , including tanks and attack helicopters . Drummer and Trench arrive in a helicopter to help , alongside returning Expendables member Yin Yang . The new and veteran members of the Expendables work together to kill Stonebanks ' men . When a second wave moves in , Drummer lands on the building to evacuate the team . As everyone makes it to Drummer 's chopper however , Stonebanks personally attacks Ross after shooting him down . Having been forced to remove the armor and his weapon , Ross and Stonebanks engage in hand - to - hand combat after Stonebanks drops his gun to challenge Ross . Both are evenly matched , but Ross manages to knock down Stonebanks before they both reach for their guns , Stonebanks starts shooting but Ross gets the better of him . At his mercy , Stonebanks questions Ross `` What about the Hague ? '' Having coldly answered `` I am the Hague '' Ross shoots Stonebanks with his Colt Single Action Army revolver , finally killing him . Seconds after Stonebanks ' death , the batteries of Thorn 's device run out and the building begins to explode and collapse . The team makes it to Drummer 's helicopter and flies away to safety , with Ross clinging to it from the outside . In the aftermath , Caesar recovers from his wounds , and Ross officially accepts Galgo , Smilee , Luna , Thorn , and Mars into the team . They all celebrate at a bar together . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Expendables characters Sylvester Stallone as Barney Ross The leader of the Expendables . Mel Gibson as Conrad Stonebanks A ruthless arms dealer who was formerly the co-founder of the Expendables before becoming rogue . Jason Statham as Lee Christmas The team 's knife expert , hand - to - hand fighter , and Second - In - Command . Harrison Ford as Max Drummer A CIA field operations officer and pilot who manages the Expendables . Antonio Banderas as Galgo A former member of the Spanish Legion in the Spanish Armed Forces , Croatian war veteran , and expert sharpshooter . Wesley Snipes as Doctor Death A former medic , knife expert , and one of the original Expendables . Dolph Lundgren as Gunner Jensen The volatile member of the team . Randy Couture as Toll Road The team 's demolitions expert . Terry Crews as Hale Caesar The team 's barrel - weapons specialist . Arnold Schwarzenegger as Trench Mauser Barney 's former teammate and on and off again friend . Jet Li as Yin Yang The team 's hand - to - hand combat expert , now working for Trench . Kelsey Grammer as Bonaparte A retired mercenary and ally of the Expendables . Ronda Rousey as Luna An athletic nightclub bouncer recruited by Bonaparte . Kellan Lutz as John Smilee A former U.S. Marine , expert motorcycle rider , recruited to the Expendables . Glen Powell as Thorn A highly skilled hacker , climber and drone pilot . Victor Ortiz as Mars A sharpshooter and lethal soldier , used to work at DARPA , who is afraid of heights . Robert Davi as Goran Vata The head of the Albanian mafia . Production ( edit ) Development and pre-production ( edit ) In March 2012 , cast member Randy Couture said a third installment of The Expendables might begin production in late 2012 after the release of The Expendables 2 . In April 2012 , Steven Seagal said he was offered a role in a third film . In August 2012 , producer Avi Lerner confirmed that Nicolas Cage had been signed for the then - potential sequel . He also said that the producers intended to bring back the series ' stars ( attempting to have Mickey Rourke reprise his role ) had approached Clint Eastwood about a role and had plans to pursue Harrison Ford and approach Wesley Snipes after his release from prison . Sylvester Stallone said `` We are thinking about different concepts -- the third one is the hardest . The second is the natural progression . The third , that 's when the air gets rare . We 're thinking ambitiously about it , you now have to give audiences something they do n't expect at all , Maybe , even going into a different genre '' . Also in August , Chuck Norris said he would not return for a sequel . On August 13 , 2012 , Jean - Claude Van Damme indicated that Sylvester Stallone might include him in The Expendables 3 as Claude Vilain , brother of Jean Vilain . On October 31 , 2012 , it was confirmed that Nu Image and Millennium Films were in the process of pre-selling international distribution rights for The Expendables 3 . On December 19 , 2012 , it was reported that Jackie Chan had agreed to join the sequel on the condition that he would have more than a minor role . Jackie Chan later dropped out of the project due to scheduling conflicts . In March 2013 , Sylvester Stallone confirmed he was writing a script for the sequel and that he intended for the film to be more humorous with moments of drama . Sylvester Stallone also said that Steven Seagal would not be in the film and that he wanted to cast more young actors in their mid-20's . In April 2013 , Sylvester Stallone announced that Patrick Hughes would direct the sequel . In May 2013 , Jackie Chan , Wesley Snipes , Nicolas Cage and Milla Jovovich were announced to be in advanced negotiations to join the film . In June 2013 , Lionsgate announced that the film would be released on August 15 , 2014 . In July 2013 , it was reported that actor Mel Gibson would portray the film 's villain and later that month Sylvester Stallone confirmed Mel Gibson 's involvement . Also in July , actor Kellan Lutz and professional fighters Victor Ortiz and Ronda Rousey were added to the cast . It was revealed that the film would feature several younger and technology - oriented action heroes who clash with the veteran Expendables . In August 2013 , it was confirmed that Harrison Ford , Antonio Banderas and Glen Powell would join the cast and that Bruce Willis would not be reprising his role as Mr. Church . Bruce Willis ' lack of involvement was cited as a disagreement over money with production sources indicating that Bruce Willis was offered $3 million for four days of shooting in Bulgaria but wanted $4 million . On September 17 , 2013 , Kelsey Grammer was announced to be in negotiations to join the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on August 19 , 2013 in Bulgaria and at the Nu Boyana Film studio in Sofia and ended on October 22 . In September 2013 , Terry Crews revealed in an interview that Jason Statham survived an on - set mishap when the truck he was driving plunged into the Black Sea after its brakes had failed . In a November 2013 interview , Randy Couture confirmed that filming had finished and that discussions for a fourth Expendables film were taking place . Rating ( edit ) Unlike the first two films in the Expendables franchise , this film received a PG - 13 rating instead of an R rating which received backlash from the fans . At the 2014 Cannes Film Festival , Sylvester Stallone announced that he was aiming for a PG - 13 rating for the film . Stating that albeit it was close to being rated R , he wanted to reach a younger and broader audience with the new film . However , when Stallone first submitted the film to the MPAA , they assigned it with the usual R rating and had to be trimmed down to be rated PG - 13 . On July 1 , the Motion Picture Association of America granted The Expendables 3 a PG - 13 rating ; the given description being `` violence including intense sustained gun battles and fight scenes and for language . '' Since its release , Sylvester Stallone regrets the PG - 13 rating , saying that it was `` a horrible miscalculation on everyone 's part in trying to reach a wider audience but in doing such , diminish the violence that the audience expects . I 'm quite certain it wo n't happen again . '' Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) The Expendables 3 Film score by Brian Tyler Released August 12 , 2014 Genre Film score Length 60 : 09 Label La - La Land Records Brian Tyler film scores chronology Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2014 The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) Into the Storm ( 2014 ) Into the Storm 2014 The film 's score was composed by Brian Tyler . The soundtrack was released by La - La Land Records on August 12 , 2014 . The Drop ( 2 : 28 ) Lament ( 2 : 00 ) Right on Time ( 3 : 14 ) The Art of War ( 0 : 57 ) Stonebanks Lives ( 5 : 27 ) Too Much Faith ( 2 : 36 ) Late for War ( 3 : 17 ) Descent into War ( 3 : 57 ) Bring You Luck ( 1 : 54 ) Infiltrating the Block ( 5 : 25 ) Threat Doubled ( 2 : 28 ) Galgo 's Grand Enterance ( 0 : 29 ) Look Alive ( 5 : 33 ) Package Secured ( 2 : 55 ) We Were Brothers ( 3 : 56 ) The Last Window ( 2 : 03 ) Valet Parking Done Right ( 3 : 26 ) Moral Chess Games ( 2 : 02 ) Armored Freaking Transport ( 6 : 02 ) Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The cast of The Expendables 3 at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival On December 19 , 2013 , the first teaser trailer got released with the intent of showcasing the large cast of the movie . At 2014 CinemaCon , the official poster of the film was shown for the first time , although it only slightly differs from material shown before , featuring a white background instead of a black one . The marketing scheme of putting a huge emphasis on the film 's ensemble cast of famous action actors was continued in early April when 16 character posters of the film 's cast were released and divided over four websites for maximum exposure . One day later , the first trailer with actual footage from the film premiered , again highlighting the film 's huge cast , being referred to as a `` roll call trailer '' by Lionsgate . At the 2014 Cannes Film Festival , Millennium Films hosted a special event promoting the film at the Carlton Hotel with Sylvester Stallone , Jason Statham , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Mel Gibson , Harrison Ford , Wesley Snipes , Antonio Banderas , Dolph Lundgren , Kelsey Grammer , Randy Couture , Kellan Lutz , Victor Ortiz , Glen Powell and director Patrick Hughes attending . The event lasted the entire day and featured the cast driving down the Croisette in tanks . On June 5 , a new TV promo with new footage was released . Instead of highlighting the all - star cast like the previous ones , this trailer focused on the new additions to the cast , prominently Kellan Lutz , Ronda Rousey and Victor Ortiz , contrasting their young characters with the more experienced ones of Sylvester Stallone and Kelsey Grammer . The same day , Sylvester Stallone also released a behind the scenes video via his Twitter . On June 17 , a long cinematic trailer was released , giving a first look at Mel Gibson as Conrad Stonebanks as well as showcasing the film 's story for the first time . A week later on June 23 , the new banner was released , featuring all 17 cast members except Robert Davi . On June 4 , a new TV trailer was released , containing new footage , although mostly consisting of footage already released . A longer version of the trailer was released a week later and one day after that , another TV trailer , themed to coincide with the 2014 FIFA World Cup , was released . At 2014 ComicCon , 16 new character posters in pop art style were released . Copyright infringement and subsequent lawsuit ( edit ) On July 25 , 2014 , three weeks ahead of the film 's premiere , a DVD - quality illegal leak was downloaded , via file sharing sites , more than 189,000 times over a 24 - hour period . After one week , it was estimated that the leak had been downloaded over 2 million times . On July 31 , 2014 , the film 's studio , Lionsgate , filed a lawsuit in California federal court against ten anonymous individuals for copyright infringement . The studio reported that one digital copy of the film was stolen and uploaded to the Internet . Lionsgate stated they sent demand letters to operators of the sites ( Limetorrents.com , Billionuploads.com , Hulkfile.eu , Played.to , Swankshare.com and Dotsemper.com ) but received no reply . In August 2014 , cloud hosting provider , Hulkfile.eu , ceased its operations worldwide because the company said it had no other option after it was damaged by the Lionsgate lawsuit . In June 2015 , Lionsgate settled out of court with the operators of Played.to , a video hosting site for streaming a leaked copy of the movie . The details of the settlement were not released and the site remains operational . In March 2016 , the California court issued a default judgement to the operators of three of the infringing sites ( Limetorrents.com , Swankshare.com and Dotsemper.com ) to be fined $150,000 each ; however , only Limetorrents is still operating and all of those sites are located outside the United States ; therefore , it is unlikely Lionsgate will collect the fines . Home Media ( edit ) The Expendables 3 was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 25 , 2014 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment . The Blu - ray Combo - Pack contains an extended version of the film accompanying the theatrical version as well as behind - the - scenes featurettes , a blooper reel and a Dolby Atmos multi-channel track . The regular DVD release includes only the theatrical cut . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Expendables 3 grossed $39.3 million in North America and $175.3 million in other territories for a total gross of $214.6 million . The film was released on August 15 , 2014 in the United States and earned $875,000 during its late night Thursday screenings from 2,200 locations . It did better than its predecessors The Expendables ( $870,000 ) and The Expendables 2 ( $685,000 ) . However , its first showing was at 7 P.M. , whereas the previous films had their first showings at midnight . It earned $5.9 million on its first day below the $13 million opening day of The Expendables and $10 million opening day of The Expendables 2 . The film grossed $5.7 million on its second day and $4.2 million on its third day for a three - day total of $15.8 million . One possible reason for this loss in ticket sales is because the film leaked three weeks ahead of its release ; however , since most downloads were outside the United States , if every downloading American paid to see the movie , it would have made only $4 million more . Another possible reason was the PG - 13 cut which was meant to attract younger audience . Only 34 % of viewers were under 25 years old while the less violent cut may have reduced interest from older audiences . Sylvester Stallone later admitted that toning the film down for a PG - 13 rating was a mistake . The film was released in China on September 5 , 2014 and topped the box office in its first week 's release earning $33.68 million from 231,836 screenings and 6.92 million admissions . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 32 % based on 158 reviews with an average rating of 4.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` Like its predecessors , The Expendables 3 offers a modicum of all - star thrills for old - school action thriller aficionados but given all the talent assembled , it should have been a lot more fun . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 based on reviews from 35 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' The film received an average `` A − '' , CinemaScore from audiences , on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Kelsey Grammer won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his work in the film ( along with Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return , Think Like a Man Too and Transformers : Age of Extinction ) while Mel Gibson and Arnold Schwarzenegger were also nominated in that category at the 35th Golden Raspberry Awards . List of accolades Award Recipient ( s ) Result Golden Trailer Awards Best Summer 2014 Blockbuster Poster The Expendables 3 `` Stallone Teaser '' Lionsgate , Ignition Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Supporting Actor Mel Gibson Nominated Worst Supporting Actor ( also for Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return , Think Like a Man Too and Transformers : Age of Extinction ) Kelsey Grammer Won Worst Supporting Actor Arnold Schwarzenegger Nominated Sequel ( edit ) A fourth film was confirmed to be in development in March 2014 , by actor Pierce Brosnan who reported that he had agreed with producer Avi Lerner to star in a future Expendables sequel . Hulk Hogan announced on his Twitter account that he will be in the fourth film . During an interview , Jean - Claude Van Damme stated that he has interest in starring in The Expendables 4 . While promoting Furious 7 , Jason Statham confirmed that he will appear in any new films saying `` I 'll do as many as Sly wants . Working with Sylvester Stallone is beyond a ' pinch yourself ' moment . I remember growing up watching his films and to be directed by him in a movie that he 's produced and to be shoulder - to - shoulder with Sly is a privilege anyone who loves action movies would never turn their nose up at . '' In December 2016 , it was announced that The Expendables 4 is officially set for a theatrical release in 2018 and that it will be the final film of the series . It was also announced that the fourth film will retain the R rating . After initially dropping out of the fourth installment due to creative differences , Stallone confirmed that he will return to the series by early - 2018 , stating that he is getting back into shape to reprise his role . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` THE EXPENDABLES 3 Begins Filming ; Synopsis Released ; Cage , Chan , Rourke , and Jovovich Absent from Cast List '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE EXPENDABLES 3 British Board of Film Classification '' . Bbfc.co.uk. 2014 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bruce Willis ' wanted $1 ma day for Expendables 3 ' . Jump up ^ `` The Expendables 3 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ikon London Magazine World Premiere of Expendables 3 '' . Ikon London Magazine . 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` THE EXPENDABLES 3 Was Originally Rated R ; Had to Make Cuts for PG - 13 Rating '' . Collider . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2012 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Harrison Ford recounts experience on ' The Expendables 3 ' '' . Business Recorder . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2012 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Antonio Banderas Talks THE EXPENDABLES 3 , the Changes He Made to His Character , PUSS IN BOOTS 2 , Working with Terrence Malick , and More '' . The Collider . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Production 2012 , pp. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Production 2012 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Kelsey Grammer Joins Beefcake Brigade in ' The Expendables 3 ′ '' . Deadline . PMC . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marrocco , Steven ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ronda Rousey 's role in ' Expendables 3 ' no small part '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2012 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth , Joanna ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Kellan Lutz for Fashionisto , Talks The Expendables 3 '' . The Fashionisto . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turnbow , Tina ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Glen Powell of the Expendabls 3 '' . Nylon Guys Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Production 2012 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Jones , Brandon ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' License To Kill ' Villain Robert Davi Discusses His Role In ' The Expendables 3 ′ And Reflect On ' The Goonies ' '' . The Global Dispatch . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Production 2012 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Expendables 3 to Start Filming This Fall '' . Movie Web . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Steven Seagal Offered ' Expendables 3 ′ Role '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Clint Eastwood in talks for Expendables 3 '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Niall , Browne ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Will ' The Expendables 3 ′ Go Sci - Fi & Who Will Sign Up ? '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Currie , Matt ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Chuck Norris Says He 's Done with The Expendables Franchise '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Currie , Matt ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Van Damme talks Expendables 3 '' . MSN . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` AFM 2012 : The Expendables 3 Confirmed ; The Mechanic 2 Announced '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Clarence ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Jackie Chan Joins ' Expendables 3 , ' Eyes New Project With Chris Tucker '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ moviemaniacsDE ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` Expendables 3 - full press conference Mel Gibson Sylvester Stallone Jason Statham '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone Wants More Humor for Expendables 3 , Hopes to Add Jackie Chan and Promises `` Young Blood '' `` . Collider . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sly Stallone Chooses Patrick Hughes To Helm ' Expendables 3 ′ '' . Deadline . PMC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Expendables 3 ′ Woos Jackie Chan , Wesley Snipes , Nic Cage & Milla Jovovich As Lionsgate CEO Talks Up Plans '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Expendables 3 ′ Gets August 2014 Release Date '' . Deadline . PMC . June 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Mel Gibson being lined up to play villain in The Expendables 3 '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mad Max vs. Barney Ross `` ! ! Mel Gibson confirmed for Expendables 3 ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . July 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Christopher Walken Joins JERSEY BOYS , Kellan Lutz Boards EXPENDABLES 3 , Jessica Alba Joins STRECH and Danny McBride to Star in New Cameron Crowe Film '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Harrison Ford In For ' Expendables 3 , ' Bruce Willis Out '' . Deadline . PMC . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Glen Powell Joins ' Expendables 3 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Callagher , Brian ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` The Expendables 3 Wraps Shooting '' . Movieweb . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lankester , Mark ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Jason Statham Survives ' Near - Death Experience ' on the Set of ' The Expendables 3 ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Stephen ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Randy Couture on Ambushed and Expendables 3 and 4 '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone Explains Why ' The Expendables 3 ' Will Be Rated PG - 13 Instead Of R '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Sylvester Stallone Promises R - Rated ' Expendables 4 ′ '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Expendables 3 Teaser Trailer Features Ronda Rousey Walking and Turning Around '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` CinemaCon : Posters for SPIDER - MAN 2 , GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 2 , TF4 , THE BOXTROLLS , EXPENDABLES 3 , and Many More '' . Collider . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , James ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Expendables 3 Character Posters March In '' . Empire . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Expendables 3 ' Trailer : An All - Star Roll Call '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Cannes : Sly , Arnie , Mel & More To Storm Croisette For Mega ' Expendables 3 ′ Event '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wales , George ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Youth meets experience in new TV spot for The Expendables 3 : watch now '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Banks , Aurora ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Expendables 3 Behind The Scene Trailer & TV Spot Now Available ! ' Terminator 5 ' Star Arnold Schwarzenegger Leads The Team '' . KpopStarz . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Hot Trailer : ' Expendables 3 ′ '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Sarah ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Explosive New Expendables 3 Banner Drops Servind Up One Hot Testosterone Injection '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meares , Tasha ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` New action - packed TV Spot for The Expendables 3 ( Video ) '' . Fansided . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schäfer , Sandy ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Expendables 3 ′ TV Trailer : These Guys Are Nuts '' . Screenrant . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` New poster and World Cup TV spot for The Expendables 3 '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Expendables 3 ' Rounded Up in Andy Warhol Pop Art Posters '' . firstshowing.net . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 25 July 2014 ) . `` ' Expendables 3 ' Leaks Online , Pirated Copy Downloaded 189,000 Times in 24 Hours '' . Variety . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` Will ' Expendables 3 ' Pre-Release Piracy Hurt Box - Office Revenue ? '' . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 1 August 2014 ) . `` Lionsgate Sues Pirates Over ' Expendables 3 ' Leaked Internet Copy '' . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Sues Over ' Expendables 3 ' Leak ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ Hulkfile Shuts Down Following Expendables 3 Lawsuit August 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ Played.to Operator Admits Guilt in Expendables 3 Leak . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 Jump up ^ ' Pirate ' Sites Ordered to Pay $450,000 for Expendables 3 Leak TorrentFreak , Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The Expendables 3 Blu - ray Getting Unrated Cut Jump up ^ `` The Expandables 3 '' . Box Office Mojo . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Expendables 3 ′ Shoots Up $875 K at Thursday Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Expendables 3 ' Tanks With $5.9 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 17 August 2014 ) . `` ' The Expendables 3 ' Fumbles Its Mission '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone Finally Admits The Expendables Made This Huge Mistake '' . Jump up ^ Clifford Coonan ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Expandables 3 ' Flexes Its Muscles to Top Charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Expendables 3 , Rotten Tomatoes , February 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Movie Review '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Box office update : ' Turtles ' , ' Guardians , ' ambush ' Expendables ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Heaven is for Real Awards '' . imdb.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 35th Annual Razzie Awards Announced '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Pierce Brosnan to appear in The Expendables sequel '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kerin , Ben ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Hulk Hogan Set To Appear In The Expendables 4 Movie '' . wrestlingnewssource.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Van Damme Has A Plan For Expendables 4 '' . Empire . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=43890 Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Splendid Takes ' The Expendables 4 ' for German - Speaking Europe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Why Sylvester Stallone Walked Away From The Expendables 4 '' . 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stallone Confirms Expendables 4 '' . 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( 13 January 2018 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone Hints That ' The Expendables 4 ' Is Back On Track '' . External links ( edit ) The Expendables 3 on IMDb The Expendables 3 at Box Office Mojo The Expendables 3 at Rotten Tomatoes The Expendables 3 at Metacritic The Expendables The Expendables ( 2010 ) The Expendables 2 ( 2012 ) The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) List of characters Works by Sylvester Stallone Filmography Awards and nominations Director Paradise Alley ( 1978 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Staying Alive ( 1983 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Rambo ( 2008 ) The Expendables ( 2010 ) Writer The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) F.I.S.T. ( 1978 ) First Blood ( 1982 ) Rhinestone ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Cobra ( 1986 ) Over the Top ( 1987 ) Rambo III ( 1988 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) Driven ( 2001 ) Father Lefty ( 2002 ) The Expendables 2 ( 2012 ) Homefront ( 2013 ) The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Producer only Heart of a Champion : The Ray Mancini Story ( 1985 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Films directed by Patrick Hughes Signs ( 2008 ) Red Hill ( 2010 ) The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) The Hitman 's Bodyguard ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Expendables_3&oldid=837562138 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s thriller films 2010s war films American films American action thriller films American sequel films The Expendables ( film series ) Fictional mercenaries Films about revenge Films set in Bucharest Films set in Moscow Films set in Somalia Films shot in Bulgaria War adventure films IMAX films Nu Image films Films scored by Brian Tyler Films directed by Patrick Hughes Screenplays by Sylvester Stallone Films set in a fictional location Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 16 : 40 . 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what is the restaurant at the end of the universe about

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Restaurant_at_the_End_of_the_Universe&oldid=838131067

The Restaurant at the End of the Universe - wikipedia The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Jump to : navigation , search This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Cover of the first edition Author Douglas Adams Country United Kingdom Language English Series Hitchhiker 's Guide Genre Comic science fiction Publisher Pan Books Publication date October 1980 ( UK ) January 1981 ( US ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audio book Pages 208 ( paperback edition ) ISBN 0 - 345 - 39181 - 0 OCLC 33352356 Preceded by The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Followed by Life , the Universe and Everything The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( 1980 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 39181 - 0 ) is the second book in the Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy comedy science fiction `` trilogy '' by Douglas Adams , and is a sequel . It was originally published by Pan Books as a paperback . The book was inspired by the song `` Grand Hotel '' by British rock band Procol Harum . It takes its name from Milliways , the Restaurant at the End of the Universe , one of the settings of the book . Plot summary ( edit ) The Restaurant at the End of the Universe begins just as The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ended . Arthur Dent , Ford Prefect , Trillian , and Zaphod Beeblebrox have just left the planet Magrathea when they are attacked by a Vogon ship . They find they are unable to use the Improbability drive to escape , as Arthur has accidentally jammed the computer with a simple request for a cup of tea which proved a rather difficult problem . Luckily , an ancestor of Zaphod 's , Zaphod Beeblebrox the Fourth , saves them . Zaphod and Marvin vanish , and reappear at the offices of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy editorial building on Ursa Minor Beta . They are looking for Zarniwoop , who has gone on an intergalactic cruise in his office via his virtual universe . Arthur , Trillian and Ford are unaware of any of this , knowing only that the computer has been shut down , and only having received a message from a stalling Nutrimatic that says `` Wait . '' When Zaphod and Marvin reach the fifteenth floor of the Guide 's office , half of the building is lifted off the ground by Frogstar Fighters . A mysterious man named Roosta brings Zaphod to Zarniwoop 's office , where they wait until the building lands on Frogstar World B. Roosta gives Zaphod final instructions before he leaves : Go through the window on his way out , not the door . Zaphod then meets Gargravarr who informs Zaphod that he is to be sent through the Total Perspective Vortex , a torture device which can annihilate one 's soul by showing them how small they are compared to the size of the Universe . However , when Zaphod enters it , the Vortex shows him that he is one of the most important things in the Universe . Zaphod escapes , and finds Zarniwoop in the first class cabin of a spaceliner in an abandoned spaceport . Zarniwoop explains that the total Perspective Vortex has not malfunctioned -- this is a virtual universe created by Zarniwoop for the sole benefit of Zaphod , making him the most important creature in this universe . It turns out that Zaphod had the shrunk Heart of Gold in his jacket pocket the whole time . It is reconstituted , and Zaphod is reunited with Trillian , Arthur and Ford . They escape from Zarniwoop by asking to be transported to the nearest restaurant . Milliways , the Restaurant at the End of the Universe , is the nearest restaurant in space but not time . They are transported there `` five hundred and seventy - six thousand million years '' into the future . Marvin is left stranded here for this incredibly vast amount of time parking diners ' spaceships while waiting for the humans to return . After the meal , Zaphod and Ford steal a spaceship , which turns out to be a stuntship belonging to the rock band Disaster Area , programmed to dive into a star to provide backing effects for a rock concert . There is a teleporter on the ship for which the guidance system was never built , as it was never intended to be used , and it also requires somebody to stay on the ship to operate it . Marvin is chosen to stay behind and teleport the others , who have no choice but to go wherever it takes them . Zaphod and Trillian are returned to the Heart of Gold , which is commandeered by Zarniwoop to complete his mission , to discover who really rules the Universe . As it turns out , the Ruler of the Universe is entirely sceptical that he holds this position , as he is entirely sceptical of everything , including whether his cat , The Lord , really exists , or whether there is even a universe at all outside of his small isolated home . While Zarniwoop attempts to impress upon the Ruler of the Universe the reality and the weight of his position , Trillian and Zaphod sneak out and fly the Heart of Gold away . The teleporter has meanwhile sent Arthur and Ford to the Golgafrinchan Ark Fleet Ship B , a ship of fools , which crash - lands on prehistoric Earth . They realise that the bumbling travellers are the real ancestors of modern humans . Arthur attempts to determine the Question to the Ultimate Answer of Life , the Universe and Everything by reaching into a Scrabble bag made from Ford 's towel and pulling out letters randomly , hoping Deep Thought 's computational matrix in Earth would have rubbed off on his subconscious . The letters spell `` What do you get when you multiply six by nine '' before running out , although the Neanderthals manage to spell `` forty - two '' with the tiles , implying that it is they , rather than the Golgafrinchans , who were intended to be part of Earth 's computer matrix . After some brief contemplation , Ford and Arthur realise that this is , in fact , a detrimental `` cock - up '' , and that the Earth will never produce the proper Question , thus destroying all hope of ever finding out what it is . As Ford convinces Arthur that there is nothing that can be done to improve the inevitable history of the Earth , Arthur decides that he should make the best of his situation and settles for a life on prehistoric Earth . Audiobook adaptations ( edit ) There have been three audiobook recordings of the novel . The first was an abridged edition , recorded in 1981 by Stephen Moore , best known for playing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the radio series , LP adaptations and in the TV series . In 1990 , Adams himself recorded an unabridged edition , later re-released by New Millennium Audio in the United States and available from BBC Audiobooks in the United Kingdom . In 2006 , actor Martin Freeman , who had played Arthur Dent in the 2005 movie , recorded a new unabridged edition of the audiobook . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . The Salmon of Doubt . Jump up ^ `` Mathematical Fiction : Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1979 ) '' . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . See this website for possible explanations of this seeming error . Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Books Main series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless Related works `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' The Salmon of Doubt by Eoin Colfer And Another Thing ... Media Radio series Phases 1 & 2 Phases 3 , 4 , 5 & 6 The Original Radio Scripts TV series Film Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Cast lists Games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion media Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Characters Arthur Dent Ford Prefect Zaphod Beeblebrox Marvin the Paranoid Android Trillian Slartibartfast The Guide Minor characters Races and species Vogons Miscellanea Phrases Places Technology Somebody else 's problem Encyclopedia Galactica In culture h2g2 Hitchcon Towel Day `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' 18610 Arthurdent 25924 Douglasadams Bidenichthys beeblebroxi Erechthias beeblebroxi Portal Works by Douglas Adams Novels The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The Long Dark Tea - Time of the Soul Mostly Harmless Short stories `` The Private Life of Genghis Khan '' `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' Books The Meaning of Liff The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts Last Chance to See The Deeper Meaning of Liff Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Salmon of Doubt Screenplays Monty Python 's Flying Circus `` Patient Abuse '' Out of the Trees Doctor Who The Pirate Planet City of Death Shada The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) Hyperland The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( film ) Video games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Bureaucracy Starship Titanic See also The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( series ) Douglas Adams at the BBC The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Future ( BBC radio series ) The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book VIAF : 200809234 GND : 4498745 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Restaurant_at_the_End_of_the_Universe&oldid=838131067 '' Categories : 1980 novels The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Fictional restaurants British science fiction novels Novels by Douglas Adams Macmillan Publishers books Comic science fiction novels End of the universe in fiction Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2015 All articles to be expanded EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 03 : 31 . About Wikipedia

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who does joey end up with in joey

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Joey_(TV_series)&oldid=838012833

Joey ( TV series ) - wikipedia Joey ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Joey Created by Scott Silveri Shana Goldberg - Meehan Starring Matt LeBlanc Andrea Anders Paulo Costanzo Jennifer Coolidge Drea de Matteo Miguel A. Núñez , Jr . Opening theme `` Sunny Hours '' by Long Beach Dub Allstars ( featuring will.i.am ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 46 ( 8 unaired ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri Shana Goldberg - Meehan Running time 20 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Bright - San Productions Silver & Gold Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release September 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 09 ) -- August 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 23 ) Chronology Preceded by Friends ( 1994 -- 2004 ) External links Website Joey is an American sitcom and a spin - off of Friends starring Matt LeBlanc reprising his role as Joey Tribbiani . It premiered on the NBC television network , on September 9 , 2004 , in the former time slot of its parent series , Thursday nights at 8 : 00 p.m. Midway through the second season , the show was placed on a hiatus by NBC but returned on March 7 , 2006 , in a new timeslot of Tuesdays at 8 : 30 p.m. One episode , `` Joey and the Snowball Fight '' , was shown on a Tuesday at 8 : 30 p.m , but was pulled by NBC when it was overshadowed in ratings by American Idol . NBC canceled the series due to poor ratings in May 2006 and did not broadcast the remaining episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Background and development 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 : 2004 -- 05 4.2 Season 2 : 2005 -- 06 5 International airings 6 DVD releases 7 Reception and cancellation 7.1 Nielsen ratings 8 Awards and nominations 9 Legacy 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Matt LeBlanc portrays Joey Tribbiani , a struggling actor and food lover who becomes famous for his role on Days of Our Lives as Dr. Drake Ramoray . Joey is a womanizer with many girlfriends throughout the series , in keeping with his character on Friends . The series roughly picks up where Friends left off , with Joey at the beginning of the show making a move from New York to Los Angeles to proceed with his acting career . He is constantly talking about food or eating sandwiches or pizza . Drea de Matteo as Joey 's attractive older sister Gina Tribbiani , who is temperamental and promiscuous . Not particularly bright but very street-wise , Gina is a caring but over-protective and domineering mother . For years she convinced her genius son Michael that he was born when she was 22 instead of 16 years old , and always says he is the one thing she has done well . She and Joey are friends in addition to being siblings , both having the gift of being extremely appealing to the opposite sex , with numerous lovers . Initially working as a hairdresser , by season two she works as a secretary for Joey 's agent Bobbie , having impressed Bobbie with her brash manner . In season two she starts dating Michael 's father Jimmy once again . In the Season 2 episode `` Joey and the Holding Hands '' , it is implied that Gina may be bisexual . Andrea Anders as Alexis `` Alex '' Garrett , the next door neighbor , landlady and friend . She is an educated , but slightly ditzy , blonde lawyer who graduated from Northwestern University and Pepperdine University School of Law . Initially intimidated , but also intrigued by Joey 's tough street-wise older sister Gina , the two women eventually become friends , and she becomes more bold in the way she dresses and acts , thanks to Gina 's influence . She is puzzled but impressed by Joey 's intuitive gift at being able to know when she is wearing thong panties , and spends most of her time hanging out at Joey and Michael 's apartment . She and Joey bond and become close friends . Her husband is a professional orchestra musician and is away from home most of the time , and she confides her problems with her marriage in Joey . At the end of season one , she and Joey become romantically involved during her separation from her husband . In season two she becomes romantically interested in Joey and has a crush on him for a long period . Gina tries to help her to get over Joey , but once Alex starts dating Joey 's friend Dean , Joey soon realizes that he is also in love with Alex . Paulo Costanzo as Joey 's nephew Michael Tribbiani who idolises his Uncle Joey 's ability to date many women , and who himself is sheltered and nervous around girls . He is self - conscious that he has been so sheltered and that his mother Gina breast fed him until he was seven . Early in the second season it is revealed that Michael has Asperger syndrome . He is a huge Star Trek : The Next Generation and Star Wars fan . He is extremely intelligent , an aerospace engineer , attends Caltech and specialises in applied thermodynamics , works with his rival Seth frequently on engineering projects , and is an obvious direct opposite from his more street-wise mother and uncle . He turns to Joey as a big brother and substitute father figure , even after his biological father Jimmy re-enters mother Gina 's love life . Jennifer Coolidge as Joey 's oversexed agent Roberta `` Bobbie '' Morganstern , and reportedly the twelfth most powerful woman in Hollywood . She has an enormous crush on Joey 's nephew Michael . She often entertains herself by making her office assistant do funny tricks , or shocking herself with a stun - gun . She is brash , forward , aggressive , highly entertaining and slightly ditzy , laughing at everything and at anyone 's expense , including her client Joey 's . She was once sued by Phil Collins . Miguel A. Núñez , Jr. joined the cast at the start of season two as the character Zach Miller . He soon became one of Joey 's best friends . Zach has an interesting career , going from playing extras on TV , to directing amateur plays . Zach does not appear to have a home ; he was seen at one time living in Joey 's trailer while working on a major blockbuster movie . In one episode , Zach and Joey , both drunk , married in Tijuana , possibly a parody of Ross and Rachel marrying each other in the season five finale of Friends . As a tribute to Joey and Chandler , Joey and Zach argued like a married couple , Zach playing the part of the wife . Zach 's final appearance was in `` Joey and the Big Move '' . Núñez was absent from the last five episodes , including the finale of the series , because he found another job . Zach 's absence within the show was not mentioned , nor was the character at all . Ben Falcone as Howard , Joey 's friend and neighbor . Several cast members had previously appeared as different characters in Friends ; Coolidge appeared as Amanda , an old friend of Monica and Phoebe , in a tenth - season episode . Adam Goldberg , who played Jimmy , appeared in Friends ' second season in the recurring role of Eddie , who moves in with Chandler after Joey moves out . Carlos Gómez , who played Sam -- The Director , appeared in one episode of Friends as the restaurant worker Julio in `` The One with All the Jealousy '' . Patrick Kerr , who played the producer of the Daytime Soap Awards , appeared in one episode of Friends as a restaurant manager who auditions Monica for a job as a chef . Brent Spiner , who played himself , appeared in one episode of Friends as James Campbell , who interviews Rachel for a job . Additionally , Robert Costanzo reprised his role as Joey 's father , a character who originated in the first season of Friends , in `` Joey and the Dad '' . Costanzo was the only actor besides LeBlanc to play the same character in this series as in Friends ( Gina appeared in a third - season episode of Friends , but was not played by Drea de Matteo ; Joey 's sister Mary Theresa also appeared in a third season Friends episode , but was played by a different actress than on Joey ) . Background and development ( edit ) After the series finale of Friends in 2004 , LeBlanc signed on for the spin - off series , Joey , following Joey 's move to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career . Friends producers Marta Kauffman and David Crane were not interested in the spin - off , although Kevin S. Bright agreed to be executive producer along with Joey creators , Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg - Meehan , the latter of whom left the show after the first season and was replaced by Jon Pollack . The pilot episode was released in screener for test audiences and members of the entertainment industry to preview the show and drum up business . The screener was subsequently leaked on the Internet and thus has received a much wider critical review process than initially conceived . There were few differences between the unbroadcast pilot and the version that was broadcast . Ashley Scott played the role of Allison in the unbroadcast pilot , but was replaced by Andrea Anders and the character name changed to Alex . The series did well in the Nielsen ratings in its first season ( 2004 -- 2005 ) and was subsequently renewed for a second season ( 2005 -- 2006 ) . In the second season , Miguel A. Núñez , Jr. was added to the show as a series regular . Also , Jennifer Coolidge had a more prominent role . The show was pulled from its Thursday - night timeslot in December 2005 , and NBC returned the show in a new timeslot ( Tuesdays at 8pm ) on March 7 , 2006 . Due in part to being in competition with American Idol , Joey was the lowest - rated prime time program of the week for NBC . The network pulled the series after the first Tuesday broadcast and its cancellation was announced on May 15 , 2006 . The remaining episodes have never been broadcast by NBC , but have been shown on various other networks around the world . Episode 5 and Episode 13 of season 1 were directed by David Schwimmer , who played Ross Geller in Friends . NBC heavily promoted Joey and gave it Friends ' Thursday 8 : 00 pm timeslot . The pilot was watched by 18.6 million American viewers , but ratings continually decreased throughout the series ' two seasons , averaging 10.20 million viewers in the first season and 7.10 million in the second . The final broadcast episode on March 7 , 2006 was watched by 4.1 million viewers ; NBC canceled the series on May 15 , 2006 after two seasons . Bright blamed the collaboration between NBC executives , the studio and other producers for quickly ruining the series : On Friends , Joey was a womanizer , but we enjoyed his exploits . He was a solid friend , a guy you knew you could count on . Joey was deconstructed to be a guy who could n't get a job , could n't ask a girl out . He became a pathetic , mopey character . I felt he was moving in the wrong direction , but I was not heard . -- Kevin S. Bright on the reason for Joey 's cancellation . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 : 2004 -- 05 ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original U.S. air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Kevin S. Bright Shana Goldberg - Meehan & Scott Silveri September 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 09 ) 18.55 When Joey 's new TV show is cancelled and the show he turned down is a big hit , it leaves Joey kicking himself and in search of work . Joey 's nephew wants to leave his mother 's house and live with his cool uncle but is afraid to tell her . `` Joey and the Student '' Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri & Shana Goldberg - Meehan September 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 16 ) 15.37 When Joey plans to teach Michael how to pick up women , Gina invites herself along , even though the guys do n't want her to come . Joey finds out that Alex is the one who has been placing complaint notes about everything he does and that everyone hates her because of this . `` Joey and the Party '' Gail Mancuso Robert Carlock September 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 23 ) 14.87 Joey and Michael plan a party , with the hopes that Joey makes a new friend . Michael 's college rival announces he 'll be showing up with his girlfriend , Michael tries to compete by enlisting the help of Alex to play his fake girlfriend . Guest star : Jayma Mays as Molly and Simon Helberg as Seth . `` Joey and the Book Club '' Andrew D. Weyman John Quaintance September 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 30 ) 13.59 To woo a girl in his book club , Michael assigns a romantic novel to the group . However , when he tries to make his move , he finds out that she is already in love with Joey . Gina makes a deal with Alex in order to get more work . 5 5 `` Joey and the Perfect Storm '' David Schwimmer Vanessa McCarthy October 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) 12.83 When Joey gets the job of understudying in three different plays , it leaves him in a tight spot when all three main actors call in sick . Meanwhile , there is a vacant apartment in the complex , and Joey , Michael , and Alex try to hide it from Gina . 6 6 `` Joey and the Nemesis '' Kevin S. Bright Sherry Bilsing - Graham & Ellen Plummer October 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 14 ) 13.37 An actor named Brian Michael David Scott ( Bob Odenkirk ) repeatedly tricks Joey into missing auditions . When Michael gets sick , Gina moves into Joey 's place to take care of him , and Joey moves to Gina 's place to get away from them . However , when staying at Gina 's , her secret boyfriend mistakes Joey for her , and snuggles up to him . 7 7 `` Joey and the Husband '' Gail Mancuso Brian Kelley October 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 21 ) 11.69 Alex tells Joey that her husband may be threatened by him . When Joey finally meets Alex 's husband , Eric , he is stunned when Eric is not threatened by him . Joey decides to donate his savings to Gina so that she can open up her own salon , but she has second thoughts . 8 8 `` Joey and the Dream Girl , Part 1 '' Gary Halvorson Brian Buckner November 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 04 ) 12.56 Gina 's high school friend Donna , who Joey used to have a huge crush on , visits . Joey promises Gina he wo n't do anything with Donna , who is getting a divorce , but can not resist . Michael learns he used to be a great baseball player when he was younger . 9 9 `` Joey and the Dream Girl , Part 2 '' Gary Halvorson Robert Carlock November 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 11 ) 11.69 Joey tries to plan the perfect week for Donna , so she will choose him over her husband , who is attempting to reconcile with her . Alex discovers that she can get free stuff because she is a `` hot girl '' . 10 10 `` Joey and the Big Audition '' Sheldon Epps John Quaintance November 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 18 ) 11.92 At Alex 's Northwestern alumni party , Joey is mistaken for a fellow alumnus by a movie producer . This helps him get an audition for a new show called Deep Powder , described as `` Baywatch on skis '' . However , Joey soon finds out that the audition is not for the lead character , but for the lead 's father . 11 11 `` Joey and the Road Trip '' Kevin S. Bright Vanessa McCarthy December 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 02 ) 11.44 Joey gets a job as a celebrity judge for the Miss Southwestern U.S.A. pageant in Las Vegas . There , Joey sleeps with a woman , not realizing she is a contestant , while Alex goes to a Celine Dion concert and Michael teaches Gina how to count cards . Guest stars Steven Schirripa as the Pit Boss and Bob Saget as himself . 12 12 `` Joey and the Plot Twist '' Kevin S. Bright Story by : Jon Pollack Teleplay by : Craig DeGregorio December 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 09 ) 10.20 At a press conference for Deep Powder , Joey accidentally reveals a plot twist leading him to believe his character will get killed off in the first episode . Meanwhile , when the California heat makes it hard for Joey to get in the holiday spirit , Gina , Michael , and Alex decorate Joey 's apartment for Christmas . Guest stars Lucy Liu as Lauren and Colby Donaldson as Gunnar . 13 13 `` Joey and the Taste Test '' David Schwimmer Shana Goldberg - Meehan & Scott Silveri January 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 06 ) 12.51 After Gina teaches Alex how to make lasagna , Joey and Michael are forced to partake in a taste test . Joey 's relationship with his costar Katie gets him in trouble with the executive producer . Guest stars Lucy Liu as Lauren . 14 14 `` Joey and the Premiere '' Kevin S. Bright Matt Hubbard January 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 13 ) 12.26 Joey brings Gina , Michael , and Alex to the premiere of Deep Powder . Gina 's date is Lauren 's ex-boyfriend and Alex 's is a lesbian . Michael must decide between a girl and Star Trek actor ( Guest star Brent Spiner as himself ) , and Joey kisses Lauren . Guest stars Lucy Liu as Lauren and Colby Donaldson as Gunnar . 15 15 `` Joey and the Assistant '' Andrew D. Weyman John Quintance & Brian Kelley January 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 20 ) 12.55 Joey hires an assistant named Glenn ( Richard Ruccolo ) , who turns out to be perfect . However , after he starts dating Gina , things start to go downhill . Meanwhile , Alex holds a mediation between Michael and his friend Seth ( Simon Helberg ) over a patent dispute . 16 16 `` Joey and the Tonight Show '' Andrew D. Weyman Doty Abrams February 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 03 ) 9.96 Joey is supposed to appear on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno but gets stuck in heavy traffic . In traffic , Michael ends up stuck next to a guy he gave the finger to , and Gina meets two guys . Guest stars Jay Leno as himself and Antonio Sabato Jr. as Kyle . 17 17 `` Joey and the Valentine 's Date '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Brian Kelley Teleplay by : Robert Carlock February 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 10 ) 11.40 Joey unintentionally makes a date with a People magazine reporter on Valentine 's Day , which causes her to believe Joey is looking for a serious relationship . A drunken Alex reveals sexual secrets to Gina , and Michael becomes ' one of the girls ' after an attempt to hit on a group of girls . 18 18 `` Joey and the Wrong Name '' Kevin S. Bright Story by : Sherry Bilsing - Graham & Ellen Plummer Teleplay by : Matt Hubbard February 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 17 ) 9.84 Joey is nominated for a Daytime Soap Award , and he is also presenting an award but ends up announcing the wrong name . He brings Gina , who is uncomfortable because she is forced by Joey to dressed unlike herself . Guest stars Julia Duffy as Kimberly . 19 19 `` Joey and the Fancy Sister '' Gary Halvorson Robert Carlock & Brian Buckner February 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 24 ) 9.96 Joey 's sister Mary Theresa ( Christina Ricci ) comes to visit , who Gina dislikes . When Mary Theresa discovers her engagement ring is fake , she decides to call off her wedding and stay in LA , causing Joey and Gina to try to find a way to get her to move back to New York . Meanwhile , Michael is oblivious that a girl likes him . 20 20 `` Joey and the Neighbor '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Nicholas Darrow Teleplay by : Vanessa McCarthy March 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 24 ) 8.76 Joey starts to date his new , hot next - door neighbor Sara ( Mädchen Amick ) , but Joey forgets to cancel his backup date on the same day . Eric is back for the first time in two months but Alex and he have problems after being apart for so long . 21 21 `` Joey and the Spying '' Kevin S. Bright Story by : Tracy Reilly Teleplay by : Brian Buckner April 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 21 ) 7.51 Even though Joey and Sara agreed to see other people , Joey realizes he cares too much about her . Alex and Eric separate , leading Eric to move into the apartment next door . Alex sees Eric with another woman and spies on him . Gina wants to break up with Glenn and tells him the reason is because Michael does n't like him , causing Glenn to try to become closer with him . 22 22 `` Joey and the Temptation '' Sheldon Epps Story by : Craig DeGregorio Teleplay by : Sherry Bilsing - Graham & Ellen Plummer May 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 05 ) 7.46 Joey and Sara become exclusive , but Joey has a love scene with Carmen Electra for Deep Powder . Joey brings Michael along to help him resist her . Alex finds out Eric kissed another woman . 23 23 `` Joey and the Breakup '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : John Quintance Teleplay by : Nicholas Darrow May 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 12 ) 8.56 Joey helps Sara get an interview with Newsweek , but she gets offered a job in Washington , D.C. Gina meets Michael 's new girlfriend , who turns out to be a much older woman . Meanwhile , Alex struggles with her divorce , and Gina tries to cheer her up . 24 24 `` Joey and the Moving In '' Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri & Shana Goldberg - Meehan May 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 12 ) 8.56 Joey freaks out after asking Sara to move in with him . Alex does n't know how to act on her first date after her divorce . Bobbie gives Michael tickets to a Star Wars preview but shows up as well , which leads Gina to confront Bobbie about her behavior around Michael . Season 2 : 2005 -- 06 ( edit ) No. in Series No. in Season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) 25 26 `` Joey and the Big Break '' Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri & Robert Carlock September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) 7.80 Things become awkward between Joey and Alex after having sex . Due to Joey 's popularity on Deep Powder , Bobbie makes some outrageous demands leading to him being fired . Gina starts working for Bobbie . A young aspiring actress moves in the complex and thinks Michael is Joey . Hearing voices in his head causes Joey to blow a couple of auditions . Gina gets to tell everyone bad news for Bobbie , Michael wants Joey to go on a double date with him , and Alex wants Joey to take her on a romantic date so she feels better about sleeping with him . 27 `` Joey and the Spanking '' Kevin S. Bright Michael Borkow September 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) 7.45 Joey has to deal with an unruly child actor on the set of his new movie . In order to discipline him , Joey spanks him . Gina helps Alex meet a guy so she can get over Joey . Guest stars John Larroquette as Benjamin Lockwood . 28 `` Joey and the Stuntman '' Kevin S. Bright John Quaintance October 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 06 ) 7.18 Joey 's stuntman shadows him to learn his mannerisms . Abby , the script supervisor at the movie set , who nags Joey to memorize his lines , dates Michael which annoys Joey . A photo of Joey and Alex appears in US Magazine , and Alex freaks out after Joey lets her tell the magazine what their relationship status is . Guest stars Dan Cortese as Chuck . 29 5 `` Joey and the House '' Ben Weiss Brett Baer & Dave Finkel October 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 13 ) 7.35 Joey thinks about buying a new house because of the amount of money he is making from his new movie . After helping Bobbie with anger management , Alex learns that she too has anger because of her relationship with Joey . 30 6 `` Joey and the ESL '' Peter Bonerz Vanessa McCarthy October 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 20 ) 7.60 Joey follows a girl into an English as a second language class . After losing a client for Bobbie , Gina tries to sign Joey 's costar Benjamin Lockwood , which irritates Joey . 31 7 `` Joey and the Poker '' Kevin S. Bright Matt Hubbard November 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 03 ) 7.70 Joey and Alex play poker , but Alex lets Joey win so he 'll continue to play with her . Because of this , he decides to play in Celebrity Poker Showdown . Zach tries to get Joey to donate to a children 's rec center . 32 8 `` Joey and the Sex Tape '' Kevin S. Bright Linda Videtti Figueiredo November 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) 8.08 Joey tries to prevent a woman from releasing a sex tape of him . Gina discovers Bobbie has no plans for her 40th birthday . 33 9 `` Joey and the Musical '' Gary Halvorson Vanessa McCarthy November 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 17 ) 8.02 Joey and Zach direct a musical starring Gloria , Joey 's girlfriend 's grandmother . Alex writes a letter to Joey as a way to vent her anger , but Joey reads it and thinks it 's about Eric . Bobbie 's mother wants a part in the musical . 34 10 `` Joey and the Bachelor Thanksgiving '' Kevin S. Bright John Quaintance November 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 24 ) 5.46 Despite Gina spending a lot of time planning Thanksgiving dinner , Joey decides to go to his bachelor neighbor Dean 's party instead . Joey finds ancient Native American artifacts in his backyard and accidentally gives them away . 35 11 `` Joey and the High School Friend '' Sheldon Epps Michael Borkow December 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 08 ) 7.77 Joey 's best friend , Jimmy , from high school visits . It turns out their friendship abruptly ended because Gina was secretly sleeping with him . The crew from Joey 's movie use chocolate milk as code for marijuana , but Joey thinks they are actually talking about chocolate milk . Joey thinks Jimmy is Michael 's father . 36 12 `` Joey and the Tijuana Trip '' Gary Halvorson Robert Carlock December 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 15 ) 7.99 Joey and the guys go to Tijuana after Michael breaks up with Abby . After Dean criticizes Alex 's lifestyle , she and Gina go to a party to have fun . 37 13 `` Joey and the Christmas Party '' Gary Halvorson Matt Hubbard & Linda Videtti Figueiredo December 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 15 ) 7.99 Joey finds out Alex is in love with him . Joey throws a Christmas party . 38 14 `` Joey and the Snowball Fight '' Gary Halvorson Tracy Reilly & Matt Hubbard March 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 07 ) 4.09 Joey wants to be with Alex , but she is dating Dean . The action figure of Joey 's character has problems . Gina thinks she is pregnant , and Jimmy must deal with the prospects of being a father . 39 15 `` Joey and the Dad '' Kevin S. Bright Robert Carlock & John Quaintance April 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 18 ) N / A Joey flies his dad in for his movie premiere , who disapproves of Joey 's career , which is oblivious to him until Alex tells him . Joey 's billboard is right next to Carmen Electra 's , which is getting a lot more attention than his . 40 16 `` Joey and the Party for Alex '' Gil Cates Jr . Vanessa McCarthy May 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) N / A Joey 's feelings for Alex grow stronger . Dean throws a party for Alex 's 30th birthday and plans to propose . Meanwhile , Gina and Jimmy decide to get tattoos together . 41 17 `` Joey and the Big Move '' Gary Halvorson Jean Yu May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) N / A Joey finally moves into his house , but a fire destroys it . Jimmy learns that he is Michael 's father , and he and Joey try to get Michael 's DNA without him knowing so they can conduct a paternity test . Meanwhile , Michael gets new roommates . 42 18 `` Joey and the Beard '' Peter Bonerz Dan Holden & Linda Videtti Figueiredo May 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 23 ) N / A Joey dates a famous actress Edie but does n't know she only needs him as a beard . Jimmy moves in with Gina . 43 19 `` Joey and the Critic '' Ben Weiss Michael Borkow June 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ) N / A Joey 's movie is getting great reviews except one critic gives it a 0 % . The critic turns out to be an 11 - year - old girl . Joey starts his own production company and hires Jimmy , but things do not go well . Alex breaks up with Dean but needs Joey to be her friend . 44 20 `` Joey and the Actor 's Studio '' Kevin S. Bright John Quaintance June 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 28 ) N / A Joey appears on Inside the Actors Studio . There , Alex learns how badly Joey has treated some women in the past and is unsure if she wants to go out with Joey . Joey and Jimmy sign up for a clinical trial for testing new medicine so Jimmy can afford a ring to propose to Gina . 45 21 `` Joey and the Holding Hands '' Peter Bonerz Vanessa McCarthy & Robert Carlock May 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 30 ) N / A Joey 's sexual relationship with Alex is great , but he wants a deeper connection . Michael meets a woman online named sexysteve87 . After Gina accepts Jimmy 's proposal , she learns he is already married . 46 22 `` Joey and the Wedding '' Kevin S. Bright Alison Flierl & John Quaintance August 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 23 ) N / A After Alex gets really excited about planning the wedding , Joey thinks she wants to get married . However , it turns out she does n't want to get married ever . Michael thinks he 's the best man even though Jimmy asked Joey . Jimmy and Gina both get cold feet right before the wedding . First broadcast in Ireland on RTÉ Two First broadcast in Latin America on WBTV and Norway on TV 2 First broadcast in Latin America on WBTV International airings ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the show aired on Channel 5 . All episodes were broadcast . In Brazil , the show premiered on November 2 , 2004 and it was first aired on Warner Channel . All episodes were broadcast . Two years later it also premiered on terrestrial television channel SBT under the name Vida de Artista ( Artist 's Life ) . In Greece , the show started airing on Star Channel . All episodes were broadcast . In India , the show was aired on Star World . All episodes were broadcast . In Ireland , the series premiered on RTÉ Two and reruns aired on TV3 . In Serbia , the show is airing on B92 . In Russia , the show was aired on NTV . DVD releases ( edit ) The Complete First Season was released on DVD on May 30 , 2006 with all 24 episodes and French and Spanish subtitles . The Complete Second Season was released on April 29 , 2008 in Canada ( Region 1 ) and on September 10 , 2008 in the Netherlands and September 11 , 2008 in Portugal ( both Region 2 ) . The show is rated PG in Australia and New Zealand and 12 in the United Kingdom for sexual references . Reception and cancellation ( edit ) Joey premiered on NBC on September 9 , 2004 as a part of the network 's Thursday night comedy lineup . Although the series was not well received by critics , the premiere episode attracted 18.6 million viewers . As the first season progressed , ratings fell but remained average ( 10.1 million viewers ) . NBC renewed the series for a second season and moved it to Tuesday nights opposite Fox 's highly rated series American Idol . As a result , ratings for the second season fell to an all - time low ( 4.1 million viewers ) and NBC put the show on hiatus in March 2006 . NBC officially canceled the series in May 2006 citing low ratings . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Based on average total viewers per episode of Joey on NBC : Season Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 18 - 49 rating / share ( rank ) Season high ( in millions ) Season low ( in millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 P.M. ( September 9 , 2004 -- May 12 , 2005 ) September 9 , 2004 May 12 , 2005 2004 -- 2005 # 35 10.7 4.2 / 12 ( # 32 ) 18.6 7.5 Thursday 8 : 00 P.M. ( September 22 , 2005 -- December 15 , 2005 ) Tuesday 8 : 30 P.M. ( March 7 , 2006 ) September 22 , 2005 August 23 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 # 86 7.0 2.8 / 8 ( # 74 ) 8.4 4.1 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Joey won the People 's Choice Award of Favorite New Television Comedy and Matt LeBlanc won Favorite Male Television Star . LeBlanc was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . Legacy ( edit ) After the series ' cancellation in 2006 , Matt LeBlanc took a four - year break from acting before returning in the BBC / Showtime sitcom Episodes . The series was a success for LeBlanc , earning him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 2012 . On the show he plays a fictionalized version of himself . Joey is brought up several times in conversation by characters on the show , including LeBlanc , who praises the show but also laughs at his own real life career in the show , most notably with the line , `` They said Joey was going to be a success , '' to which another character replies `` Joey was ... a , success . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( February 12 , 2008 ) . `` Married ... With Children Co-Creator Dies '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` NBC has sitcom plans for Friends pal Joey '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Digital Spy . `` ' Joey ' pilot leaked onto net '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ News Bank ( June 12 , 2004 ) . `` ` JOEY ' GETS CASTING CHANGE '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ tvweek.com Archived December 30 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Joey finds new friends on NBC '' . CNN . September 10 , 2004 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Joanne ( July 11 , 2004 ) . `` Joey co-star looking for sitcom laughs '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( September 11 , 2004 ) . `` Joey & The Apprentice : Downright Unfriendly '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Suzanne C. ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Friendly art of funny '' . The Age . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` NBC Betting on Aaron Sorkin 's New Drama '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 21 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 5 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 12 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 19 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 26 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 16 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 23 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . December 7 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . December 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . January 11 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . January 19 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . January 25 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 8 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 23 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 29 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 26 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 10 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weekly Program Rankings . ABC Medianet . May 17 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weekly Program Rankings Archived 2009 - 06 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... ABC Medianet . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 11 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 18 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 22 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 29 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weekly Program Rankings . ABC Medianet . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 14 , 2006 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joey '' . Seriados.TV.BR . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Antunes , Paulo Serpa ( October 27 , 2006 ) . `` SBT Promete Ataque De Risos '' . Teleséries . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Banham , Mark ( 2006 - 05 - 17 ) . `` NBC cancels ' Friends ' spin - off Joey '' . brandrepublic.com . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Friendly Fire '' . ew.com . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hollywood Reporter ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` 2004 - 05 Primetime Wrapup '' . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Hollywood Reporter ( May 26 , 2006 ) . `` 2005 - 06 Primetime Wrapup '' . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Joey Nielsen Ratings Archive . `` The only complete online Joey ratings archive ! ''. June 26 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Joey at Facebook Joey on IMDb Joey at TV.com Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) `` The One with the East German Laundry Detergent '' ( 1.05 ) `` The One Where Nana Dies Twice '' ( 1.08 ) `` The One Where Underdog Gets Away '' ( 1.09 ) `` The One with the Monkey '' ( 1.10 ) `` The One with the Dozen Lasagnas '' ( 1.12 ) `` The One with the Boobies '' ( 1.13 ) `` '' The One with Two Parts : Part 1 '' ( 1.16 ) `` The One with Two Parts : Part 2 '' ( 1.17 ) `` The One with All the Poker '' ( 1.18 ) `` The One Where the Monkey Gets Away '' ( 1.19 ) `` The One with the Fake Monica '' ( 1.21 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy '' ( 3.01 ) `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy The Love Boat ( 1978 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Webster ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) ALF ( 1987 ) A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1989 ) Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) Home Improvement ( 1992 ) Martin ( 1993 ) Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) Cosby ( 1997 ) Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) Ed ( 2001 ) My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) Joey ( 2005 ) My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) The Class ( 2007 ) Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_(TV_series)&oldid=838012833 '' Categories : 2000s American sitcoms 2004 American television series debuts 2006 American television series endings English - language television programs Fictional characters from Los Angeles Friends NBC network shows Television shows set in Los Angeles American television spin - offs Television series about actors Television series about siblings Television series by Warner Bros. Television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from April 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from April 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Economy of Mexico - Wikipedia Economy of Mexico Jump to : navigation , search Economy of Mexico Mexico City is the most important financial and economic center in Mexico Currency Mexican peso ( MXN $ ) 1 US $ = 18.10 MXN ( 2018 ) Fiscal year Calendar Trade organizations APEC , NAFTA , OECD and WTO Statistics GDP $1.147 trillion ( nominal ; 2017 ) $2.4 trillion ( PPP ; 2017 ) ) GDP rank 15th ( nominal ) / 11th ( PPP ) GDP growth 3.3 % ( 2015 ) , 2.9 % ( 2016 ) , 2.0 % ( 2017f ) , 2.3 % ( 2018f ) GDP per capita $8,700 ( 2016 ) ( nominal ) $18,900 ( 2016 ) ( PPP ) GDP by sector agriculture : 3.6 % , industry : 36.6 % , services : 59.8 % ( 2013 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 2.5 % ( 2015 est . ) Population below poverty line 42 , 3 % ( 2017 ) Gini coefficient 53.6 ( 2017 ) Labor force 53 million ( 2015 est . ) Labor force by occupation agriculture : 13.4 % , industry : 24.1 % , services : 61.9 % ( 2011 ) Unemployment 3.44 % ( 2017 ) Main industries Food and beverages tobacco aerospace chemicals iron and steel petroleum mining textiles clothing motor vehicles consumer durables tourism Ease - of - doing - business rank 49th ( 2018 ) External Exports $406.5 billion ( 2017 est . ) Export goods automobiles , electronics , televisions , computers , mobile phones , LCDs , oil and oil products , silver , fruits , vegetables , coffee , cotton . Main export partners United States 80.3 % Canada 2.7 % China 1.5 % Spain 1.5 % Brazil 1.2 % ( 2014 est . ) Imports $417.3 billion ( 2017 est . ) Import goods metalworking machines , steel mill products , agricultural machinery , metals , repair parts for motor vehicles , aircraft , and aircraft parts , oil production equipment Main import partners United States 49.0 % China 16.6 % Japan 4.4 % Germany 3.4 % South Korea 3.4 % ( 2014 est . ) Public finances Public debt $341 billion ( 2010 ) / 47.9 % of GDP ( 2016 est . ) Revenues $234.3 billion ( 2010 est . ) Expenses $263.8 billion ( 2010 est . ) Economic aid $189.4 million ( 2008 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : A ( Domestic ) BBB+ ( Foreign ) A+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : A3 Outlook : Stable Fitch : BBB+ Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $179.314 billion ( January 2018 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of Mexico is the 15th largest in the world in nominal terms and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity , according to the International Monetary Fund . Since the 1994 crisis , administrations have improved the country 's macroeconomic fundamentals . Mexico was not significantly influenced by the 2002 South American crisis , and maintained positive , although low , rates of growth after a brief period of stagnation in 2001 . However , Mexico was one of the Latin American nations most affected by the 2008 recession with its Gross Domestic Product contracting by more than 6 % in that year . The Mexican economy has had an unprecedented macroeconomic stability , which has reduced inflation and interest rates to record lows and has increased per capita income . In spite of this , enormous gaps remain between the urban and the rural population , the northern and southern states , and the rich and the poor . Some of the unresolved issues include the upgrade of infrastructure , the modernization of the tax system and labor laws , and the reduction of income inequality . Tax revenues , all together 19.6 percent of GDP in 2013 , are the lowest among the 34 OECD countries . The economy contains rapidly developing modern industrial and service sectors , with increasing private ownership . Recent administrations have expanded competition in ports , railroads , telecommunications , electricity generation , natural gas distribution and airports , with the aim of upgrading infrastructure . As an export - oriented economy , more than 90 % of Mexican trade is under free trade agreements ( FTAs ) with more than 40 countries , including the European Union , Japan , Israel , and much of Central and South America . The most influential FTA is the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , which came into effect in 1994 , and was signed in 1992 by the governments of the United States , Canada and Mexico . In 2006 , trade with Mexico 's two northern partners accounted for almost 90 % of its exports and 55 % of its imports . Recently , the Congress of the Union approved important tax , pension and judicial reforms , and reform to the oil industry is currently being debated . Mexico had 15 companies in the Forbes Global 2000 list of the world 's largest companies in 2016 . Mexico 's labor force is 52.8 million as of 2015 . The OECD and WTO both rank Mexican workers as the hardest - working in the world in terms of the amount of hours worked yearly , although profitability per man - hour remains low . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Macroeconomic , financial and welfare indicators 2.1 Main indicators 2.2 Poverty 2.2. 1 Income inequality 2.3 Remittances 2.4 Regional economies 3 Components 3.1 Agriculture 3.1. 1 History 3.1. 2 Crops 3.1. 2.1 Potatoes 3.1. 2.2 Sugar cane 4 Industry 4.1 Electronics 4.1. 1 Televisions 4.1. 2 Computers 4.1. 3 OEM and ODM manufacturing 4.1. 4 Engineering and Design 4.1. 5 Joint Production 4.1. 6 Domestic Industry 4.2 Oil 4.3 Energy 4.4 Manufacturing 4.4. 1 Automobiles 5 Retailing 6 Services 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Finance 6.2. 1 Banking system 6.2. 2 Securities market 7 Government 7.1 Monetary and financial system and regulation 7.1. 1 Banco de México 7.1. 2 Currency policy 7.1. 3 Monetary system 7.2 Business regulation 7.2. 1 Corruption 8 Trade 8.1 Free trade agreements 8.1. 1 North American Trade Agreement 8.2 Mexican trade facilitation and competitiveness 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Mexico Porfirio Díaz , ( 1876 -- 1911 ) in whose presidency rapid industrialization took place in foreign capital . Mexican president Porfirio Díaz brought unprecedented economic growth during the last quarter of the nineteenth century . This growth was accompanied by foreign investment and European immigration , the development of an efficient railroad network and the exploitation of the country 's natural resources . Annual economic growth between 1876 and 1910 averaged 3.3 % . Political repression and fraud , as well as huge income ( in ) equalities exacerbated by the land distribution system based on latifundios , in which large haciendas were owned by a few but worked by millions of underpaid peasants living in precarious conditions , led to the Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 1920 ) , an armed conflict that drastically transformed Mexico 's political , social , cultural , and economical structure during the twentieth century under a premise of social democracy . The war itself left a harsh toll on the economy and population , which decreased over the 11 - year period between 1910 and 1921 . The reconstruction of the country was to take place in the following decades . The period from 1930 to 1970 was dubbed by economic historians as the Mexican Miracle , a period of economic growth that followed the end of the Mexican Revolution and the resumption of capital accumulation during peacetime . During this period the nation adopted the economic model of import substitution industrialization ( ISI ) which protected and promoted the development of national industries . Mexico experienced an economic boom through which industries rapidly expanded their production . Important changes in the economic structure included free land distribution to peasants under the concept of ejido , the nationalization of the oil and railroad companies , the introduction of social rights into the constitution , the birth of large and influential labor unions , and the upgrading of infrastructure . While population doubled from 1940 to 1970 , GDP increased sixfold during the same period . President José López Portillo 1976 - 1982 , during whose administration the economy soared with the discovery of oil and then crashed when the price dropped . Growth while under the ISI model had reached its peak in the late 1960s . During the 1970s , the presidential administrations of Echeverría ( 1970 -- 76 ) and López Portillo ( 1976 -- 82 ) , tried to include social development in their policies , an effort that entailed more public spending . With the discovery of vast oil fields in a time in which oil prices were surging and international interest rates were low - and even negative - the government decided to borrow from international capital markets to invest in the state - owned oil company , which in turn seemed to provide a long - run income source to promote social welfare . This method produced a remarkable growth in public expenditure , and president López Portillo announced that the time had come to `` manage prosperity '' as Mexico multiplied its oil production to become the world 's fourth largest exporter . Average annual GDP growth by period 1900 -- 1929 3.4 % 1929 -- 1945 4.2 % 1945 -- 1972 6.5 % 1972 -- 1981 5.5 % 1981 -- 1995 1.5 % 1983 Debt Crisis - 4.2 % 1995 Peso Crisis - 6.2 % 1995 -- 2000 5.1 % 2001 US Recession - 0.2 % 2009 Great Recession - 6.5 % Sources : In the period of 1981 -- 1982 the international panorama changed abruptly : oil prices plunged and interest rates rose . In 1982 , President López Portillo , ( 1976 -- 82 ) just before ending his administration , suspended payments of foreign debt , devalued the peso and nationalized the banking system , along with many other industries that were severely affected by the crisis , among them the steel industry . While import substitution had been in use during an era of industrialization , by the 1980s it was evident that the protracted protection had produced an uncompetitive industrial sector with low productivity gains . President de la Madrid ( 1982 -- 88 ) was the first of a series of presidents that began to implement neoliberal reforms . After the crisis of 1982 , lenders were unwilling to return to Mexico and , in order to keep the current account in balance , the government resorted to currency devaluations , which in turn sparked unprecedented inflation , which reached a historic high in 1987 at 139.7 % . The first step toward the liberalization of trade was Mexico 's signature of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) in 1986 under President de la Madrid . During the Salinas administration ( 1988 -- 94 ) many state - owned companies were privatized . The telephone company Telmex , a government monopoly , became a private monopoly , sold to Carlos Slim . Also not opened to private investors were the government oil company Pemex or the energy sector . Furthermore , the banking system that had been nationalized in the waning hours of the López Portillo administration in 1982 were privatized , but with the exclusion of foreign banks . Salinas pushed for Mexico 's inclusion in the North American Free Trade Agreement , expanding it from a U.S. - Canada agreement . The expanded NAFTA was signed in 1992 , after the signature of two additional supplements on environments and labor standards , it came into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Salinas also introduced strict price controls and negotiated smaller minimum wage increments with the labor union movement under the aging Fidel Velázquez with the aim of curbing inflation . While his strategy was successful in reducing inflation , growth averaged only 2.8 percent a year . By fixing the exchange rate , the peso became rapidly overvalued while consumer spending increased , causing the current account deficit to reach 7 % of GDP in 1994 . The deficit was financed through tesobonos a type of public debt instrument that reassured payment in dollars . The January 1994 Chiapas uprising , and the assassinations of the ruling party 's presidential candidate in March 1994 , Luis Donaldo Colosio and the Secretary - General of the party and brother of the Assistant - Attorney General José Francisco Ruiz Massieu in 1994 , sent a disquieting message to investors . Public debt holders rapidly sold their tesobonos , depleting the Central Bank 's reserves , while portfolio investments , which had made up 90 % of total investment flows , left the country as fast as they had come in . This unsustainable situation eventually forced the entrant Zedillo administration to abandon the fixed exchange rate . The peso sharply devalued and the country entered into an economic crisis in December 1994 . The boom in exports , as well as an international rescue package crafted by U.S. president Bill Clinton ( 1993 - 2001 ) , helped cushion the crisis . In less than 18 months , the economy was growing again , and annual rate growth averaged 5.1 percent between 1995 and 2000 . More critical interpretations argue that the crisis and subsequent public bailout `` preserved , renewed , and intensified the structurally unequal social relations of power and class characteristic of finance - led neoliberal capitalism '' in forms institutionally specific to Mexican society . President Zedillo ( 1994 -- 2000 ) and President Fox ( 2000 -- 06 ) , of the National Action Party ( Mexico ) , the first opposition party candidate to win a presidential election since the founding of the precursor of the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1929 , continued with trade liberalization . During Fox 's administrations , several FTAs were signed with Latin American and European countries , Japan and Israel , and both strove to maintain macroeconomic stability . Thus , Mexico became one of the most open countries in the world to trade , and the economic base shifted accordingly . Total trade with the United States and Canada tripled , and total exports and imports almost quadrupled between 1991 and 2003 . The nature of foreign investment also changed with a greater share of foreign - direct investment ( FDI ) over portfolio investment . Macroeconomic , financial and welfare indicators ( edit ) GDP per capita PPP US $16,900 ( 2012 -- 15 ) GNI per capita PPP US $16,500 ( 2012 -- 15 ) Inflation ( CPI ) 2.21 % ( November 2015 ) Gini index 47.0 ( World Bank 2012 ) Unemployment 5.5 % ( April 2010 ) HDI 0.770 ( 2011 ) Labor force 78.4 million ( 2011 ) Pop. in poverty 13.8 % Main indicators ( edit ) Mexico 's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) was estimated at US $2,143.499 billion in 2014 , and $1,261.642 billion in nominal exchange rates . It is the fifth on markets , behind China , Brazil , Russia , and India , and is the leader of the MINT group . As such , its standard of living , as measured in GDP in PPP per capita was US $16,900 . The World Bank reported in 2009 that Mexico 's Gross National Income in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America , after Brazil at US $1,830.392 billion , which lead to the highest income per capita in the region at $14,400 . As such , Mexico is now firmly established as an upper middle - income country . After the slowdown of 2001 the country has recovered and has grown 4.2 , 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , even though it is considered to be well below Mexico 's potential growth . The Mexican peso is the currency ( ISO 4217 : MXN ; symbol : $ ) . One peso is divided into 100 centavos ( cents ) . MXN replaced MXP in 1993 at a rate of 1000 MXP per 1 MXN . The exchanged rate remained stable between 1998 and 2006 , oscillating between 10.20 and 11 = 3.50 MXN per US $ , recently the Mexican peso parity took a hit under president Enrique Peña Nieto , lost in a single year 19.87 % of its value and is currently at $20.37 ( 2017 ) . Interest rates in 2007 were situated at around 7 percent , having reached a historic low in 2002 below 5 percent . Inflation rates are also at historic lows ; the inflation rate in Mexico in 2006 was 4.1 percent , and 3 percent by the end of 2007 . Compared against the US Dollar , Mexican Peso has devalued over % 7,500 since 1910 . Unemployment rates are the lowest of all OECD member countries at 3.2 percent . However , underemployment is estimated at 25 percent . Mexico 's Human development index was reported at 0.829 , ( comprising a life expectancy index of 0.84 , an education index of 0.86 and a GDP index of 0.77 ) , ranking 52 in the world within the group of high - development . Poverty ( edit ) Main article : Poverty in Mexico Map of world poverty by country , showing percentage of population living on less than $1.25 per day . Based on 2009 UN Human Development Report . Poverty in Mexico is measured under parameters such as nutrition , clean water , shelter , education , health care , social security , quality and basic services in the household , income and social cohesion as defined by social development laws in the country . It is divided in two categories : Moderate poverty and Extreme poverty . While less than 2 % of Mexico 's population lives below the international poverty line set by the World Bank , as of 2013 , Mexico 's government estimates that 33 % of Mexico 's population lives in moderate poverty and 9 % lives in extreme poverty , which leads to 42 % of Mexico 's total population living below the national poverty line . The huge gap might be explained by the government 's adopting the multidimensional poverty method as a way to measure poverty , so a person who has an income higher than the `` international poverty line '' or `` well being income line '' set by the Mexican government might fall in the `` moderate poverty '' category if he or she has one or more deficiencies related to social rights such as education ( did not complete studies ) , nutrition ( malnutrition or obesity ) , or living standards ( including elemental , such as water or electricity , and secondary domestic assets , such as refrigerators ) . Extreme poverty is defined by the Mexican government as persons who have deficiencies in both social rights and an income lower than the `` well being income line '' . Additional figures from SEDESOL ( Mexico 's social development agency ) estimates that 6 % ( 7.4 millions of people ) live in extreme poverty and suffer from food insecurity . Recently , extensive changes in government economic policy and attempts at reducing government interference through privatization of several sectors , for better or worse , allowed Mexico to remain the biggest economy in Latin America , until 2005 when it became the second - largest ; and a so - called `` trillion dollar club '' member . Despite these changes , Mexico continues to suffer great social inequality and lack of opportunities . The current administration has made an attempt at reducing poverty in the country , to provide more opportunities to its citizens such as jobs , education , and the installation of universal healthcare . Income inequality ( edit ) The GDP per capita of Mexican States in USD , 2012 . A single person in Mexico has a net worth equal to six percent of GDP : Carlos Slim . Additionally , only ten percent of Mexicans represent 25 % of Mexican GDP . A smaller group , 3.5 % , represent 12.5 % of Mexican GDP . According to the OECD , Mexico is the country with the second highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich , after Chile -- although this gap has been diminishing over the last decade . The bottom ten percent on the income rung disposes of 1.36 % of the country 's resources , whereas the upper 10 % dispose of almost 36 % . OECD also notes that Mexico 's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development is only about a third of the OECD average -- both in absolute and relative numbers . According to the World Bank , in 2004 , 17.6 % of Mexico 's population lived in extreme poverty , while 21 % lived in moderated poverty . Remittances ( edit ) Mexico was the fourth largest receiver of remitances in the world in 2017 . Remittances , or contributions sent by Mexicans living abroad , mostly in the United States , to their families at home in Mexico comprised $24.785 billion in 2012 . In 2015 , remittances overtook oil to become the single largest foreign source of income for Mexico , larger than any other sector . Remittances continued to climb to record levels , over $26 billion , in 2016 ( excluding December ) . The growth of remittances have more than doubled since 1997 . Recorded remittance transactions exceeded 41 million in 2003 , of which 86 percent were made by electronic transfer . The Mexican government , cognizant of the needs of migrant workers , began issuing an upgraded version of the Matrícula Consular de Alta Seguridad ( MACS , High Security Consular Identification ) , an identity document issued at Mexican consulates abroad . This document is now accepted as a valid identity card in 32 US states , as well as thousands of police agencies , hundreds of cities and counties , as well as banking institutions . The main states receiving remittances in 2014 were Michoacán , Guanajuato , Jalisco , the State of Mexico and Puebla , which jointly captured 45 % of total remittances in that year . Several state governments , with the support of the federal government , have implemented programs to use part of the remittances to finance public works . This program , called Dos por Uno ( Two for every one ) is designed in a way that for each peso contributed by migrants from their remittances , the state and the federal governments will invest two pesos in building infrastructure at their home communities . Regional economies ( edit ) Further information : List of Mexican states by GDP Mexican States by Human Development Index , 2015 . Regional disparities and income inequality are a feature of the Mexican economy . While all constituent states of the federation have a Human Development Index ( HDI ) higher than 0.70 ( medium to high development ) , the northern and central states have higher levels of HDI than the southern states . Nuevo León , Jalisco and the Federal District have HDI levels similar to European countries , whereas that of Oaxaca and Chiapas is similar to that of China or Vietnam . At the municipal level , economic disparities are even greater : Delegacion Benito Juarez in Mexico City has an HDI similar to that of Germany or New Zealand , whereas , Metlatonoc in Guerrero , would have an HDI similar to that of Malawi . The majority of the federal entities with high development ( higher than 0.80 ) are located in the northern region ( with the exception of Colima , Jalisco , Aguascalientes , the Federal District , Querétaro , as well as the southeastern states of Quintana Roo and Campeche ) . The less developed states ( with medium development in terms of HDI , higher than 0.70 ) are located along the southern Pacific coast . In terms of share of the GDP by economic sector ( in 2004 ) , the largest contributors in agriculture are Jalisco ( 9.7 % ) , Sinaloa ( 7.7 % ) and Veracruz ( 7.6 % ) ; the greatest contributors in industrial production are the Federal District ( 15.8 % ) , State of México ( 11.8 % ) and Nuevo León ( 7.9 % ) ; the greatest contributors in the service sector are also the Federal District ( 25.3 % ) , State of México ( 8.9 % ) and Nuevo León ( 7.5 % ) . Since the 1980s , the economy has slowly become less centralized ; the annual rate of GDP growth of the Federal District from 2003 to 2004 was the smallest of all federal entities at 0.2 % , with drastic drops in the agriculture and industrial sectors . Nonetheless , it still accounts for 21.8 % of the nation 's GDP . The states with the highest GDP growth rates are Quintana Roo ( 9.0 % ) , Baja California ( 8.9 % ) , and San Luis Potosí ( 8.2 % ) . In 2000 , the federal entities with the highest GDP per capita in Mexico were the Federal District ( US $26,320 ) , Campeche ( US $18,900 ) and Nuevo León ( US $30,250 ) ; the states with the lowest GDP per capita were Chiapas ( US $3,302 ) , Oaxaca ( US $4,100 ) and Guerrero ( US $6,800 ) . Components ( edit ) Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in 2006 was estimated at US $1.134 trillion , and GDP per capita in PPP at US $10,600 . The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 70.5 % , followed by the industrial sector at 25.7 % ( 2006 est . ) . Agriculture represents only 3.9 % of GDP ( 2006 est . ) . Mexican labor force is estimated at 38 million of which 18 % is occupied in agriculture , 24 % in the industry sector and 58 % in the service sector ( 2003 est . ) . Mexico 's largest source of foreign income is remittances . Agriculture ( edit ) Further information : Agriculture in Mexico Agriculture as a percentage of total GDP has been steadily declining , and now resembles that of developed nations in that it plays a smaller role in the economy . In 2006 , agriculture accounted for 3.9 % of GDP , down from 7 % in 1990 , and 25 % in 1970 . Given the historic structure of ejidos , it employs a considerably high percentage of the work force : 18 % in 2003 , mostly of which grows basic crops for subsistence , compared to 2 -- 5 % in developed nations in which production is highly mechanized . History ( edit ) Food and agriculture Farmers in Puebla Product Quantity ( Tm ) World Rank Avocados 1,040,390 Onions and chayote 1,130,660 Limes and lemons 1,824,890 Sunflower seed 212,765 Dry fruits 95,150 Papaya 955,694 Chillies and peppers 1,853,610 Whole beans 93 000 Oranges 3,969,810 Anise , badian , fennel 32 500 Chicken meat 2,245,000 Asparagus 67,247 Mangoes 1.503. 010 Corn 20,000,000 Source : FAO After the Mexican Revolution Mexico began an agrarian reform , based on the 27th article of the Mexican Constitution than included transfer of land and / or free land distribution to peasants and small farmers under the concept of the ejido . This program was further extended during President Cárdenas ' administration during the 1930s and continued into the 1960s at varying rates . The cooperative agrarian reform , which guaranteed small farmers a means of subsistence livelihood , also caused land fragmentation and lack of capital investment , since commonly held land could not be used as collateral . In an effort to raise rural productivity and living standards , this constitutional article was amended in 1992 to allow for the transfer of property rights of the communal lands to farmers cultivating it . With the ability to rent or sell it , a way was open for the creation of larger farms and the advantages of economies of scale . Large mechanized farms are now operating in some northwestern states ( mainly in Sinaloa ) . However , privatization of ejidos continues to be very slow in the central and southern states where the great majority of peasants produce only for subsistence . Up until the 1980s , the government encouraged the production of basic crops ( mainly corn and beans ) by maintaining support prices and controlling imports through the National Company for Popular Subsistence ( CONASUPO ) . With trade liberalization , however , CONASUPO was to be gradually dismantled and two new mechanisms were implemented : Alianza and Procampo . Alianza provides income payments and incentives for mechanization and advanced irrigation systems . Procampo is an income transfer subsidy to farmers . This support program provides 3.5 million farmers who produce basic commodities ( mostly corn ) , and which represent 64 % of all farmers , with a fixed income transfer payment per unit of area of cropland . This subsidy increased substantially during president Fox 's administration , mainly to white corn producers in order to reduce the amount of imports from the United States . This program has been successful , and in 2004 , roughly only 15 % of corn imports are white corn -- the one used for human consumption and the type that is mostly grown in Mexico -- as opposed to 85 % of yellow and crashed corn -- the one use for feeding livestock , and which is barely produced in Mexico . Crops ( edit ) In spite of being a staple in the Mexican diet , Mexico 's comparative advantage in agriculture is not in corn , but in horticulture , tropical fruits , and vegetables . Negotiators of NAFTA expected that through liberalization and mechanization of agriculture two - thirds of Mexican corn producers would naturally shift from corn production to horticultural and other labor - intensive crops such as fruits , nuts , vegetables , coffee and sugar cane . While horticultural trade has drastically increased due to NAFTA , it has not absorbed displaced workers from corn production ( estimated at around 600,000 ) . Corn production has remained stable ( at 20 million metric tons ) , arguably , as a result of income support to farmers , or a reluctance to abandon a millenarian tradition in Mexico : not only have peasants grown corn for millennia , corn originated in Mexico . Mexico is the seventh largest corn producer in the world . Potatoes ( edit ) The area dedicated to potatoes has changed little since 1980 and average yields have almost tripled since 1961 . Production reached a record 1.7 million tonnes in 2003 . Per capita consumption of potato in Mexico stands at 17 kg a year , very low compared to its maize intake of 400 kg . On average , potato farms in Mexico are larger than those devoted to more basic food crops . Potato production in Mexico is mostly for commercial purposes ; the production for household consumption is very small . Sugar cane ( edit ) Approximately 160,000 medium - sized farmers grow sugar cane in 15 Mexican states ; currently there are 54 sugar mills around the country that produced 4.96 million tons of sugar in the 2010 crop , compared to 5.8 million tons in 2001 . Mexico 's sugar industry is characterized by high production costs and lack of investment . Mexico produces more sugar than it consumes . Sugar cane is grown on 700,000 farms in Mexico with a yield of 72 metric tons per farm . Industry ( edit ) Industrial production Main industries Aircraft , automobile industry , petrochemicals , cement and construction , textiles , food and beverages , mining , consumer durables , tourism Industrial growth rate 3.6 % ( 2006 ) Labor force 29 % of total labor force GDP of sector 25.7 % of total GDP The industrial sector as a whole has benefited from trade liberalization ; in 2000 it accounted for almost 50 % of all export earnings . A Cemex plant on the outskirts of Monterrey . Among the most important industrial manufacturers in Mexico is the automotive industry , whose standards of quality are internationally recognized . The automobile sector in Mexico differs from that in other Latin American countries and developing nations in that it does not function as a mere assembly manufacturer . The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities , an example of that is the new Volkswagen Jetta model with up to 70 % of parts designed in Mexico . The `` Big Three '' ( General Motors , Ford and Chrysler ) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s , while Volkswagen and Nissan built their plants in the 1960s . Later , Toyota , Honda , BMW , and Mercedes - Benz joined in . Given the high requirements of North American components in the industry , many European and Asian parts suppliers have also moved to Mexico : in Puebla alone , 70 industrial part - makers cluster around Volkswagen . The relatively small domestic car industry is represented by DINA Camiones S.A. de C.V. , a manufacturer of trucks , busses and military vehicles , which through domestic production and purchases of foreign bus manufacturers has become the largest bus manufacturer in the world ; Vehizero that builds hybrid trucks and the new car companies Mastretta design that builds the Mastretta MXT sports car and Autobuses King that plans to build 10000 microbuses by 2015 , nevertheless new car companies are emerging among them CIMEX that has developed a sport utility truck , the Conin , and it is to be released in September 2010 in Mexico 's national auto show , And the new electric car maker Grupo Electrico Motorizado . Some large industries of Mexico include Cemex , the world 's largest construction company and the third largest cement producer the alcohol beverage industries , including world - renowned players like Grupo Modelo ; conglomerates like FEMSA , which apart from being the largest single producer of alcoholic beverages and owning multiple commercial interests such OXXO convenience store chain , is also the second - largest Coca - Cola bottler in the world ; Gruma , the largest producer of corn flour and tortillas in the world ; and Grupo Bimbo , Telmex , Televisa , among many others . In 2005 , according to the World Bank , high - tech industrial production represented 19.6 % of total exports . Maquiladoras ( manufacturing plants that take in imported raw materials and produce goods for domestic consumption and export on behalf of foreign companies ) have become the landmark of trade in Mexico . This sector has benefited from NAFTA , in that real income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5 % since 1994 , though from the non-maquiladora sector has grown much faster . Contrary to popular belief , this should be no surprise since maquiladora 's products could enter the US duty - free since the 1960s industry agreement . Other sectors now benefit from the free trade agreement , and the share of exports from non-border states has increased in the last 5 years while the share of exports from maquiladora - border states has decreased . Currently Mexico is focusing in developing an aerospace industry and the assembly of helicopter and regional jet aircraft fuselages is taking place . Foreign firms such as MD Helicopters , Bell , Cessna and Bombardier build helicopter , aircraft and regional jets fuselages in Mexico . Although the Mexican aircraft industry is mostly foreign , as is its car industry , Mexican firms have been founded such as Aeromarmi , which builds light propeller airplanes , and Hydra Technologies , which builds Unmanned Aerial Vehicles such as the S4 Ehécatl , other important companies are Frisa Aerospace that manufactures jet engine parts for the new Mitsubishi Regional jet and supplies Prat&whittney and rolls Royce jet engine manufacturers of casings for jet engines and Kuo Aerospace that builds parts for aircraft landing gear and Supplies bombardier plant in Querétaro . As compared with the United States or countries in Western Europe a larger sector of Mexico 's industrial economy is food manufacturing which includes several world class companies but the regional industry is undeveloped . There are national brands that have become international and local Mom and Pop producers but little manufacturing in between . Electronics ( edit ) A tablet PC and touch screen computer / television made by Mexican Meebox The electronics industry of Mexico has grown enormously within the last decade . Mexico has the sixth largest electronics industry in the world after China , United States , Japan , South Korea , and Taiwan . Mexico is the second largest exporter of electronics to the United States where it exported $71.4 billion worth of electronics in 2011 . The Mexican electronics industry is dominated by the manufacture and OEM design of televisions , displays , computers , mobile phones , circuit boards , semiconductors , electronic appliances , communications equipment and LCD modules . The Mexican electronics industry grew 20 % between 2010 and 2011 , up from its constant growth rate of 17 % between 2003 and 2009 . Currently electronics represent 30 % of Mexico 's exports . Televisions ( edit ) The design and manufacture of flat panel plasma , LCD and LED televisions is the single largest sector of the Mexican electronics industry , representing 25 % of Mexico 's electronics export revenue . In 2009 Mexico surpassed South Korea and China as the largest manufacturer of televisions , with Sony , Toshiba , Samsung , Sharp ( through Semex ) , Zenith LG , Lanix , TCL , RCA , Phillips , Elcoteq , Tatung , Panasonic , and Vizio manufacturing CRT , LCD , LED and Plasma televisions in Mexico . Due to Mexico 's position as the largest manufacturer of television it is known as the television capital of the world in the electronics industry . Computers ( edit ) Mexico is the third largest manufacturers of computers in the world with both domestic companies such as Lanix , Texa , Meebox , Spaceit , Kyoto and foreign companies such as Dell , Sony , HP , Acer Compaq , Samsung and Lenovo manufacturing various types of computers across the country . Most of the computers manufactured in Mexico are from foreign companies . Mexico is Latin America 's largest producer of electronics and appliances made by domestic companies . OEM and ODM manufacturing ( edit ) A Lanix LT10. 1 high definition LCD assembled under OEM contract by Lanix for use in a Sharp LCD television . Mexico is also home to a large number of OEM and ODM manufactures both foreign and domestic . Among them include Foxconn , Celestica , Sanmina - SCI , Jabil , Elcoteq , Falco , Kimball International , Compal , Benchmark Electronics , Plexus , Lanix and Flextronics . These companies assemble finished electronics or design and manufacture electronic components on behalf of larger companies such as Sony or Microsoft using locally sourced components , for example the ODM , Flextronics manufactures Xbox video games systems in Guadalajara , Mexico for Microsoft using components such as power systems and printed circuit boards from a local company , Falco Electronics which acts as the OEM . Engineering and design ( edit ) The Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education is one of Mexico 's most prestigious technology and engineering universities and is ranked one of the leading engineering institutions in Latin America . The success and rapid growth of the Mexican electronics sector is driven primarily by the relatively low cost of manufacturing and design in Mexico ; its strategic position as a major consumer electronics market coupled with its proximity to both the large North American and South American markets whom Mexico shares free trade agreements with ; government support in the form of low business taxes , simplified access to loans and capital for both foreign multinational and domestic startup tech - based firms ; and a very large pool of highly skilled , educated labor across all sectors of the tech industry . For example , German multinational engineering and electronics conglomerate Siemens has a significant Mexican base , which also serves as its business and strategy hub for Central American countries and the Caribbean region . There are almost half a million ( 451,000 ) students enrolled in electronics engineering programs with an additional 114,000 electronics engineers entering the Mexican workforce each year and Mexico had over half a million ( 580,000 ) certified electronic engineering professionals employed in 2007 . From the late 1990s , the Mexican electronics industry began to shift away from simple line assembly to more advanced work such as research , design , and the manufacture of advanced electronics systems such as LCD panels , semiconductors , printed circuit boards , microelectronics , microprocessors , chipsets and heavy electronic industrial equipment and in 2006 the number of certified engineers being graduated annually in Mexico surpassed that of the United States . Many Korean , Japanese and American appliances sold in the US are actually of Mexican design and origin but sold under the OEM 's client names . In 2008 one out of every four consumer appliances sold in the United States was of Mexican design . Joint production ( edit ) While many foreign companies like Phillips , Vizio and LG simply install wholly owned factories in Mexico a number of foreign companies have set up semi-independent joint venture companies with Mexican businesses to manufacture and design components in Mexico . These companies are independently operated from their foreign parent companies and are registered in Mexico . These local companies function under Mexican law and retain a sizable portion of the revenue . These companies typically function dually as in - company OEM development and design facilities and manufacturing centers and usually produce most components needed to manufacture the finished products . An example would by Sharp which has formed Semex . Semex was founded as a joint venture between Sharp and Mexican investors which acts as an autonomous independent company which Sharp only maintains partial control over . The company manufactures whole products such televisions and designs individual components on behalf of Sharp such as LCD modules and in return Semex is granted access to Sharp capital , technology , research capacity and branding . Notable foreign companies which have set up joint venture entities in Mexico include Samsung which formed Samex , a local designer and manufacturer of finished televisions , white goods and individual electronic components like printed circuit boards , LCD panels and semiconductors , Toshiba , who formed Toshiba de México , S.A. de C.V. , an administratively autonomous subsidiary which produces electronics parts , televisions and heavy industrial equipment . Some of these subsidiaries have grown to expand into multiple branches effectively becoming autonomous conglomerates within their own parent companies . Sony for example started operations in Mexico in 1976 with a group of Mexican investors , and founded the joint venture , Sony de Mexico which produces LED panels , LCD modules , automotive electronics , appliances and printed circuit boards amongst other products for its Japanese parent company , Sony KG . Sony de Mexico has research facilities in Monterrey and Mexico City , designs many of the Sony products manufactured in Mexico and has now expanded to create its own finance , music and entertainment subsidiaries which are Mexican registered and independent of their Japanese parent corporation . Domestic Industry ( edit ) Lanix W10 Ilium Tablet PC . Although much of Mexico 's electronics industry is driven by foreign companies , Mexico also has a sizeable domestic electronics industry and a number of electronics companies including Mabe , a major appliance manufacturer and OEM which has been functioning since the nineteen fifties and has expanded into the global market , Meebox , a designer and manufacturer desktop and tablet computers , solar power panels and electronics components , Texa , which manufactures computers laptops and servers , Falco , a major international manufacturer of electronic components such as printed circuitboards , power systems , semiconductors , gate drives and which has production facilities in Mexico , India and China , and Lanix , Mexico 's largest electronics company which manufactures products such as computers , laptops , smartphones , LED and LCDs , flash memory , tablets , servers , hard drives , RAM , optical disk drives , and printed circuitboards and employs over 11,000 people in Mexico and Chile and distributes its products throughout Latin America . Another area being currently developed in Mexico is Robotics , Mexico 's new Mexone robot has been designed with the idea that in future years develop a commercial application for such advanced robots Oil ( edit ) Further information : Petroleum industry in Mexico A Pemex offshore oil platform just off the coast of Ciudad del Carmen . Mineral resources are the `` nation 's property '' ( i.e. public property ) by constitution . As such , the energy sector is administered by the government with varying degrees of private investment . Mexico is the sixth - largest oil producer in the world , with 3,700,000 barrels per day ( 590,000 m / d ) . Pemex , the public company in charge of administering research , exploration and sales of oil , is the largest company ( oil or otherwise ) in Mexico , and the second largest in Latin America after Brazil 's Petrobras . Pemex is heavily taxed of almost 62 per cent of the company 's sales , a significant source of revenue for the government . Without enough money to continue investing in finding new sources or upgrading infrastructure , and being protected constitutionally from private and foreign investment , some have predicted the company may face institutional collapse . While the oil industry is still relevant for the government 's budget , its importance in GDP and exports has steadily fallen since the 1980s . In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6 % of total exports ; by 2000 it was only 7.3 % . Energy ( edit ) Further information : Electricity sector in Mexico Mexico 's installed electricity capacity in 2008 was 58 GW . Of the installed capacity , 75 % is thermal , 19 % hydro , 2 % nuclear and 3 % renewable other than hydro . The general trend in thermal generation is a decline in petroleum - based fuels and a growth in natural gas and coal . Since Mexico is a net importer of natural gas , higher levels of natural gas consumption ( i.e. for power generation ) will likely depend upon higher imports from either the United States or via liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) . Manufacturing ( edit ) Further information : Manufacturing in Mexico Automobiles ( edit ) Further information : Automotive industry in Mexico The automotive sector accounts for 17.6 % of Mexico 's manufacturing sector . General Motors , Chrysler , Ford Motor Company , Nissan , Fiat , Renault , Honda , Toyota , and Volkswagen produce 2.8 million vehicles annually at 20 plants across the country , mostly in Puebla . Mexico manufactures more automobiles of any North American nation . The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in research and development . The `` Big Three '' ( General Motors , Ford and Chrysler ) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s , while Volkswagen and Nissan built their plants in the 1960s . In Puebla 70 industrial part - makers cluster around Volkswagen . In the 2010s expansion of the sector was surging . In 2014 more than $10 billion in investment was committed in the first few months of the year . Kia Motors in August 2014 announced plans for a $1 billion factory in Nuevo León . At the time Mercedes - Benz and Nissan were already building a $1.4 billion plant near Puebla , while BMW was planning a $1 - billion assembly plant in San Luis Potosí . Additionally , Audi began building a $1.3 billion factory at San José Chiapa near Puebla in 2013 . Retailing ( edit ) Mexico has a MXN 4.027 billion retail sector ( 2013 , about 300m USD at the 2013 exchange rate ) including an estimated $12 billion USD ( 2015 ) in e-commerce . The largest retailer is WalMart , while the largest Mexico - based retailers are Soriana super / hypermarkets , FEMSA incl . its OXXO convenience stores , Coppel ( department store ) , Liverpool department stores , Chedraui super / hypermarkets , and Comercial Mexicana super / hypermarkets . Services ( edit ) In 2013 the tertiary sector was estimated to account for 59.8 % of Mexico 's GDP . In 2011 services employed 61.9 % of the working population . This section includes transportation , commerce , warehousing , restaurant and hotels , arts and entertainment , health , education , financial and banking services , telecommunications as well as public administration and defense . Mexico 's service sector is strong , and in 2001 replaced Brazil 's as the largest service sector in Latin America in dollar terms . Tourism ( edit ) Further information : Tourism in Mexico Tourism is one of the most important industries in Mexico . It is the fourth largest source of foreign exchange for the country . Mexico is the eighth most visited country in the world ( with over 20 million tourists a year ) . Finance ( edit ) Banking system ( edit ) According to the IMF the Mexican banking system is strong , in which private banks are profitable and well - capitalized . The financial and banking sector is increasingly dominated by foreign companies or mergers of foreign and Mexican companies with the notable exception of Banorte . The acquisition of Banamex , one of the oldest surviving financial institutions in Mexico , by Citigroup was the largest US - Mexico corporate merger , at US $12.5 billion . In spite of that , the largest financial institution in Mexico is Bancomer associated to the Spanish BBVA . The process of institution building in the financial sector in Mexico has evolved hand in hand with the efforts of financial liberalization and of inserting the economy more fully into world markets . Over the recent years , there has been a wave of acquisitions by foreign institutions such as US - based Citigroup , Spain 's BBVA and the UK 's HSBC . Their presence , along with a better regulatory framework , has allowed Mexico 's banking system to recover from the 1994 -- 95 peso devaluation . Lending to the public and private sector is increasing and so is activity in the areas of insurance , leasing and mortgages . However , bank credit accounts for only 22 % of GDP , which is significantly low compared to 70 % in Chile . Credit to the Agricultural sector has fallen 45.5 % in six years ( 2001 to 2007 ) , and now represents about 1 % of total bank loans . Other important institutions include savings and loans , credit unions ( known as `` cajas populares '' ) , government development banks , `` non-bank banks '' , bonded warehouses , bonding companies and foreign - exchange firms . A wave of acquisitions has left Mexico 's financial sector in foreign hands . Their foreign - run affiliates compete with independent financial firms operating as commercial banks , brokerage and securities houses , insurance companies , retirement - fund administrators , mutual funds , and leasing companies . Securities market ( edit ) The Mexican Stock Exchange Mexico has a single securities market , the Mexican Stock Exchange ( Bolsa Mexicana de Valores , known as the Bolsa ) . The market has grown steadily , with its main indices increasing by more than 600 % in the last decade . It is Latin America 's second largest exchange , after Brazil 's . The total value of the domestic market capitalization of the BMV was calculated at US $ 409 billion at the end of 2011 , and raised to US $ 451 billion by the end of February this year . The Indice de Precios y Cotizaciones ( IPC , the general equities index ) is the benchmark stock index on the Bolsa . In 2005 the IPC surged 37.8 % , to 17,802.71 from 12,917.88 , backed by a stronger Mexican economy and lower interest rates . It continued its steep rise through the beginning of 2006 , reaching 19,272.63 points at end - March 2006 . The stockmarket also posted a record low vacancy rate , according to the central bank . Local stockmarket capitalisation totalled US $236 bn at end - 2005 , up from US $170 bn at end - 2004 . As of March 2006 there were 135 listed companies , down from 153 a year earlier . Only a handful of the listed companies are foreign . Most are from Mexico City or Monterrey ; companies from these two cities compose 67 % of the total listed companies . The IPC consists of a sample of 35 shares weighted according to their market capitalisation . Heavy hitters are America Telecom , the holding company that manages Latin America 's largest mobile company , América Móvil ; Telefonos de Mexico , Mexico 's largest telephone company ; Grupo Bimbo , world 's biggest baker ; and Wal - Mart de México , a subsidiary of the US retail giant . The makeup of the IPC is adjusted every six months , with selection aimed at including the most liquid shares in terms of value , volume and number of trades . Mexico 's stockmarket is closely linked to developments in the US . Thus , volatility in the New York and Nasdaq stock exchanges , as well as interest - rate changes and economic expectations in the US , can steer the performance of Mexican equities . This is both because of Mexico 's economic dependence on the US and the high volume of trading in Mexican equities through American Depositary Receipts ( ADRs ) . Currently , the decline in the value of the dollar is making non-US markets , including Mexico 's , more attractive . Despite the recent gains , investors remain wary of making placements in second - tier initial public offerings ( IPOs ) . Purchasers of new issues were disappointed after prices fell in numerous medium - sized companies that made offerings in 1996 and 1997 . IPO activity in Mexico remains tepid and the market for second - tier IPOs is barely visible . There were three IPOs in 2005 . Government ( edit ) Monetary and financial system and regulation ( edit ) Banco de Mexico ( edit ) Financial indicators Banco de México headquarters Currency exchange rate 12.74 MXN per US $1 ( 03 / 03 / 2010 ) Reserves US $176.579 billion ( 2013 ) Government budget US $196.5 billion ( revenues ) Public debt 20.7 % of GDP ( 2006 ) External debt US $178.3 billion ( 2006 ) Bank funding rate 5.25 % ( 5 / 15 / 2009 ) Banco de México is Mexico 's central bank , an internally autonomous public institution whose governor is appointed by the president and approved by the legislature to which it is fully responsible . Banco de México 's functions are outlined in the 28th article of the constitution and further expanded in the Monetary Law of the United Mexican States . Banco de México 's main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency . It is also the lender of last resort . Currency policy ( edit ) Mexico has a floating exchange rate regime . The floating exchange originated with reforms initiated after the December 1994 peso crash which had followed an unsustainable adherence to a short band . Under the new system , Banco de México now makes no commitment to the level of the peso exchange rate , although it does employ an automatic mechanism to accumulate foreign reserves . It also possesses tools aimed at smoothing out volatility . The Exchange Rate Commission sets policy ; it is made up of six members -- three each from the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit ( Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Publico -- SHCP ) and the central bank , with the SHCP holding the deciding vote . In August 1996 , Banco de México initiated a mechanism to acquire foreign reserves when the peso is strong , without giving the market signals about a target range for the exchange rate . The resulting high levels of reserves , mostly from petroleum revenues , have helped to improve the terms and conditions on debt Mexico places on foreign markets . However , there is concern that the government relies too heavily on oil income in order to build a healthy base of reserves . According to the central bank , international reserves stood at US $75.8 billion in 2007 . In May 2003 , Banco de México launched a program that sells U.S. dollars via a monthly auction , with the goal of maintaining a stable , but moderate , level of reserves . From April 1 , 1998 , through April 1 , 2008 , the Peso traded around a range varying from $8.46 MXN per US $1.00 on April 21 , 1998 , to $11.69 MXN per US $1.00 on May 11 , 2004 , a 10 - year peak depreciation of 38.18 % between the two reference date extremes before recovering . After the onset of the US credit crisis that accelerated in October 2008 , the Peso had an exchange rate during October 1 , 2008 , through April 1 , 2009 fluctuating from lowest to highest between $10.96 MXN per US $1.00 on October 1 , 2008 , to $15.42 MXN per US $1.00 on March 9 , 2009 , a peak depreciation ytd of 28.92 % during those six months between the two reference date extremes before recovering . From the $11.69 rate during 2004 's low to the $15.42 rate during 2009 's low , the peso depreciated 31.91 % in that span covering the US recession coinciding Iraq War of 2003 and 2004 to the US & Global Credit Crisis of 2008 . Some experts including analysts at Goldman Sachs who coined the term BRIC in reference to the growing economies of Brazil , Russia , India , and China for marketing purposes believe that Mexico is going to be the 5th or 6th biggest economy in the world by the year 2050 , behind China , United States , India , Brazil , and possibly Russia . Monetary system ( edit ) Mexico 's monetary policy was revised following the 1994 -- 95 financial crisis , when officials decided that maintaining general price stability was the best way to contribute to the sustained growth of employment and economic activity . As a result , Banco de México has as its primary objective maintaining stability in the purchasing power of the peso . It sets an inflation target , which requires it to establish corresponding quantitative targets for the growth of the monetary base and for the expansion of net domestic credit . The central bank also monitors the evolution of several economic indicators , such as the exchange rate , differences between observed and projected inflation , the results of surveys on the public and specialists ' inflation expectations , revisions on collective employment contracts , producer prices , and the balances of the current and capital accounts . A debate continues over whether Mexico should switch to a US - style interest rate - targeting system . Government officials in favor of a change say that the new system would give them more control over interest rates , which are becoming more important as consumer credit levels rise . Until 2008 , Mexico used a unique system , amongst the OECD countries , to control inflation in a mechanism known as the corto ( lit . `` shortage '' ) a mechanism that allowed the central bank to influence market interest rates by leaving the banking system short of its daily demand for money by a predetermined amount . If the central bank wanted to push interest rates higher , it increased the corto . If it wished to lower interest rates , it decreased the corto . Source : BANXICO : in April 2004 , the Central Bank began setting a referential overnight interest rate as its monetary policy . Business regulation ( edit ) Corruption ( edit ) Further information : Corruption in Mexico Petty corruption based on exercise of administrative discretion in matters of zoning and business permits is endemic in Mexico adding about 10 % to the cost of consumer goods and services . An April 2012 article in The New York Times reporting payment of bribes to officials throughout Mexico in order to obtain construction permits , information , and other favors resulted in investigations in both the United States and Mexico . Using relatively recent night light data and electricity consumption in comparison with Gross County Product , the informal sector of the local economy in Veracruz state is shown to have grown during the period of the Fox Administration though the regional government remained PRI . The assumption that the informal economy of Mexico is a constant 30 % of total economic activity is not supported at the local level . The small amount of local spatial autocorrelation that was found suggests a few clusters of high and low literacy rates amongst municipios in Veracruz but not enough to warrant including an I - statistic as a regressor . Global spatial autocorrelation is found especially literacy at the macro-regional level which is an area for further research beyond this study . Improved literacy bolsters both the informal and formal economies in Veracruz indicating policies designed to further literacy are vital for growing the regional economy . While indigenous people are relatively poor , little evidence was found that the informal economy is a higher percentage of total economic activity in a municipio with a high share of indigenous people . While the formal economy might have been expanding relative to the informal economy in 2000 , by 2006 this process had been reversed with growing informality . While rural municipios have smaller economies , they are not different than urban municipios in the share of the economy that is informal . Programs in the past that might move economic activity from the informal to the formal sector have not succeeded , suggesting public finance issues such as tax evasion will continue to plague the state with low government revenues . Trade ( edit ) International trade World Trade Center in Mexico City Exports US $248.8 billion f.o.b. ( 2006 ) Imports US $253.1 billion f.o.b. ( 2006 ) Current account US $400.1 million ( 2006 ) Export partners US 90.9 % , Canada 2.2 % , Spain 1.4 % , Germany 1.3 % , Colombia 0.9 % ( 2006 ) Import partners US 53.4 % , China 8 % , Japan 5.9 % ( 2005 ) Mexico is an export - oriented economy . It is an important trade power as measured by the value of merchandise traded , and the country with the greatest number of free trade agreements . In 2005 , Mexico was the world 's fifteenth largest merchandise exporter and twelfth largest merchandise importer with a 12 % annual percentage increase in overall trade . From 1991 to 2005 Mexican trade increased fivefold . Mexico is the biggest exporter and importer in Latin America ; in 2005 , Mexico alone exported US $213.7 billion , roughly equivalent to the sum of the exports of Brazil , Argentina , Venezuela , Uruguay , and Paraguay . By 2009 Mexico ranked once again number 15 on World 's leading exporters with US $230 billion ( And amongst the top ten excluding Intra-EU countries ) . Mexican trade is fully integrated with that of its North American partners : close to 90 % of Mexican exports and 50 % of its imports are traded with the United States and Canada . Nonetheless , NAFTA has not produced trade diversion . While trade with the United States increased 183 % from 1993 to 2002 , and that with Canada 165 % , other trade agreements have shown even more impressive results : trade with Chile increased 285 % , with Costa Rica 528 % and Honduras 420 % . Trade with the European Union increased 105 % over the same time period . 2016 Mexico Product Exports Treemap from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Free trade agreements ( edit ) Mexico joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) in 1986 , and today is an active and constructive participant of the World Trade Organization . Fox 's administration promoted the establishment of a Free Trade Area of the Americas ; Puebla served as temporary headquarters for the negotiations , and several other cities are now candidates for its permanent headquarters if the agreement is reached and implemented . Mexico has signed 12 free trade agreements with 44 countries : the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) ( 1994 ) with the United States and Canada ; Grupo de los tres , Group of the three ( countries ) , or G - 3 ( 1995 ) with Colombia and Venezuela ; the latter decided to terminate the agreement in 2006 ; Mexico announced its intention to invite Ecuador , Peru or Panama as a replacement ; Free Trade Agreement with Costa Rica ( 1995 ) ; Free Trade Agreement with Bolivia ( 1995 ) ; Free Trade Agreement with Nicaragua ( 1998 ) ; Countries with which Mexico has signed a FTA Free Trade Agreement with Chile ( 1999 ) ; Free Trade Agreement with the European Union ( 2000 ) ; Free Trade Agreement with Israel ( 2000 ) ; TN Free Trade Agreement ( 2001 ) , with Guatemala , El Salvador and Honduras ; Free Trade Agreement with the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) , integrated by Iceland , Norway , Liechtenstein and Switzerland ( 2001 ) ; Free Trade Agreement with Uruguay ( 2004 ) ; and Free Trade Agreement with Japan ( 2005 ) Mexico has shown interest in becoming an associate member of Mercosur . The Mexican government has also started negotiations with South Korea , Singapore and Peru , and also wishes to start negotiations with Australia for a trade agreement between the two countries . North American trade Agreement ( edit ) Main article : North American Free Trade Agreement The NAFTA emblem The North American Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) is by far the most important Trade Agreement Mexico has signed both in the magnitude of reciprocal trade with its partners as well as in its scope . Unlike the rest of the Free Trade Agreements that Mexico has signed , NAFTA is more comprehensive in its scope and was complemented by the North American Agreement for Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) . The NAAEC agreement was a response to environmentalists ' concerns that companies would relocate to Mexico or the United States would lower its standards if the three countries did not achieve a unanimous regulation on the environment . The NAAEC , in an aim to be more than a set of environmental regulations , established the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( NACEC ) , a mechanism for addressing trade and environmental issues , the North American Development Bank ( NADBank ) for assisting and financing investments in pollution reduction and the Border Environmental Cooperation Commission ( BECC ) . The NADBank and the BECC have provided economic benefits to Mexico by financing 36 projects , mostly in the water sector . By complementing NAFTA with the NAAEC , it has been labeled the `` greenest '' trade agreement . The NAALC supplement to NAFTA aimed to create a foundation for cooperation among the three members for the resolution of labor problems , as well as to promote greater cooperation among trade unions and social organizations in all three countries , in order to fight for the improvement of labor conditions . Though most economists agree that it is difficult to assess the direct impact of the NAALC , it is agreed that there has been a convergence of labor standards in North America . Given its limitations , however , NAALC has not produced ( and in fact was not intended to achieve ) convergence in employment , productivity and salary trend in North America . The agreement fell short in liberalizing movement of people across the three countries . In a limited way , however , immigration of skilled Mexican and Canadian workers to the United States was permitted under the TN status . NAFTA allows for a wide list of professions , most of which require at least a bachelor 's degree , for which a Mexican or a Canadian citizen can request TN status and temporarily immigrate to the United States . Unlike the visas available to other countries , TN status requires no sponsorship , but simply a job offer letter . The overall benefits of NAFTA have been quantified by several economists , whose findings have been reported in several publications like the World Bank 's Lessons from NAFTA for LA and the Caribbean , NAFTA 's Impact on North America , and NAFTA revisited by the Institute for International Economics . They assess that NAFTA has been positive for Mexico , whose poverty rates have fallen , and real income salaries have risen even after accounting for the 1994 -- 1995 Economic Crisis . Nonetheless , they also state that it has not been enough , or fast enough , to produce an economic convergence nor to reduce the poverty rates substantially or to promote higher rates of growth . Beside this the textile industry gain hype with this agreement and the textile industry in Mexico gained open access to the American market , promoting exports to the United States . The value of Mexican cotton and apparel exports to the U.S. grew from $3 billion in 1995 to $8.4 billion in 2002 , a record high of $9.4 billion in 2000 . At the same time , the share of Mexico 's cotton textile market the U.S. has increased from 8 percent in 1995 to 13 percent in 2002 . Some have suggested that in order to fully benefit from the agreement Mexico should invest in education and promote innovation as well as in infrastructure and agriculture . Contrary to popular belief , the maquiladora program was in place far before NAFTA , in some sense dating all the way back to 1965 . A maquiladora manufacturer operates by importing raw materials into Mexico either tariff free ( NAFTA ) or at a reduced rate on a temporary basis ( 18 months ) and then using Mexico 's relatively less expensive labor costs to produce finished goods for export . Prior to NAFTA maquiladora companies importing raw materials from anywhere in the world were given preferential tariff rates by the Mexican government so long as the finished good was for export . The US , prior to NAFTA , allowed Maquiladora manufactured goods to be imported into the US with the tariff rate only being applied to the value of non US raw materials used to produce the good , thus reducing the tariff relative to other countries . NAFTA has eliminated all tariffs on goods between the two countries , but for the maquiladora industry significantly increased the tariff rates for goods sourced outside of NAFTA . Given the overall size of trade between Mexico and the United States , there are remarkably few trade disputes , involving relatively small dollar amounts . These disputes are generally settled in WTO or NAFTA panels or through negotiations between the two countries . The most significant areas of friction involve trucking , sugar , high - fructose corn syrup , and a number of other agricultural products . Mexican trade Facilitation and competitiveness ( edit ) A research brief published by the World Bank as part of its Trade Costs and Facilitation Project suggests that Mexico has the potential to substantially increase trade flows and economic growth through trade facilitation reform . The study examines the potential impacts of trade facilitation reforms in four areas : port efficiency , customs administration , information technology , and regulatory environment ( including standards ) . The study projects overall increments from domestic reforms to be on the order of $31.8 billion , equivalent to 22.4 percent of total Mexican manufacturing exports for 2000 -- 03 . On the imports side , the corresponding figures are $17.1 billion and 11.2 percent , respectively . Increases in exports , including textiles , would result primarily from improvements in port efficiency and the regulatory environment . Exports of transport equipment would be expected to increase by the greatest increment from improvements in port efficiency , whereas exports of food and machinery would largely be the result of improvements in the regulatory environment . On the imports side , Mexican improvements in port efficiency would appear to be the most important factor , although for imports of transport equipment , improvements in service sector infrastructure would also be of relative importance . See also ( edit ) Small and medium enterprises in Mexico List of companies of Mexico List of hotels in Mexico List of Mexican brands Index of Mexico - related articles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Template : Cite ) web Jump up ^ `` '' Gross domestic product 2014 , PPP `` , '' . World Bank . July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . Imf.org. 2006 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Bank '' . Jump up ^ `` Population Below Poverty Line '' . The World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` GINI index ( World Bank estimate ) '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ease of Doing Business in Mexico '' . Doingbusiness.org . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico : Country Analysis '' . World Bank . 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico . 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Review of International Political Economy. 18 ( 2 ) : 168 -- 96 . doi : 10.1080 / 09692290903475474 . ^ Jump up to : Gereffi , G ; Martínez , M ( September 30 , 2004 ) . `` Mexico 's Economic Transformation under NAFTA '' . In Crandall , R ; Paz , G ; Roett , R. Mexico 's Democracy at Work : Political and Economic Dynamics . Lynne Reiner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 300 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Total GNI Atlas Method 2009 , World Bank '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GNI per capita 2009 , Atlas method and PPP , World Bank '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Reporte ECLAC '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tasas de Interés , Banco de México '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ UNDP Human Development Report 2007 / 2008 . `` Table 1 : Human Development Index '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 20 . pp. 229 -- 32 Jump up ^ Mexican Congress ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Mexican Congress Bill , General Law of Social Development '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 1.4 millones de mexicanos dejan la pobreza extrema entre 2010 y 2012 '' . Animal político. 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Clases medias en México '' ( PDF ) . INEGI . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` La medición oficial de la pobreza en México '' . EstePaís.com. 2011 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cruzada contra el hambre atenderá a 7.4 millones de pobres '' . Milenio. 2013 - 01 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ IMF Survey ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Mexico Recovering ... '' International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . 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Jump up ^ Perspectivas OCDE : México Reformas para el Cambio ( 1 ) `` Si bien la pobreza había venido disminuyendo a lo largo de los últimos decenios , en fechas recientes ha vuelto a aumentar . Entre 2004 y 2008 la proporción de personas que vivían con menos del 50 % del ingreso medio aumentó del 18.4 % al 21 % . También se registró un crecimiento considerable en las últimas estadísticas oficiales sobre la pobreza absoluta , que tienen en cuenta el acceso a alimentos , salud , educación , vivienda y otros factores . De acuerdo con datos recientes del Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social ( CONEVAL ) , entre 2006 y 2010 , la proporción de personas que vivían en la pobreza ( extrema y moderada ) aumentó del 35 % al 46 % ( lo que equivale a 52 millones de personas ) . El alto nivel de pobreza absoluta se refleja también en otros indicadores relativos a las condiciones de vida : por ejemplo , la mortalidad infantil , que es tres veces superior al promedio de la OCDE , y la tasa de analfabetismo , que supera a la media del conjunto de la Organización . México es el segundo país con las desigualdades más grandes entre los países de la OCDE , después de Chile , si bien la tendencia ha sido descendente en la última década . Las estadísticas más recientes de la OCDE , que figuran en el informe Divided We Stand ( diciembre de 2011 ) , señalan que el 10 % más pobre de la población de México percibe alrededor del 1.3 % del ingreso total disponible , mientras que el 10 % más rico recibe casi el 36 % . Aunque México es uno de los pocos países de la OCDE donde las desigualdades han disminuido en las últimas décadas , éstas siguen siendo altas y se han convertido en un obstáculo para el crecimiento y el desarrollo . '' Jump up ^ `` World Bank : Income Generation and Social Protection for the Poor : Executive Summary , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 11 datos sobre el envío de remesas a México '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Remittances Supersede Oil As Mexico 's Main Source Of Foreign Income '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/02/news/economy/mexico-remittances/index.html Jump up ^ `` Remittances To Mexico Drop 11 Percent In February '' . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hernández - Coss , R ( 2005 ) . `` The U.S. -- Mexico Remittance Corridor : Lessons on Shifting from Informal to Formal Transfer Systems '' ( PDF ) . The World Bank . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) `` Informe Anual , 2004 , Banco de México '' . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fernández , E ; Montaño , T. ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Migrantes aportan dinero para obras '' ( in Spanish ) . El Universal . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo ( 2005 ) . `` Informe sobre desarrollo humano , México , 2004 '' ( in Spanish ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ INEGI . `` Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa . Participación sectorial por entidad federativa '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ INEGI . `` Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa . Variación anual '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ CONAPO . `` Indices de Desarrollo Humano '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2016/05/16/remittances-supersede-oil-as-mexicos-main-source-of-foreign-income/#33d312ca1754 Jump up ^ Instituto Nacional de Geografía , Estadística e Informática . `` Banco de Información Económica '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hufbauer , G.C. ; Schott , J.J . ( October 2005 ) , `` Chapter 5 , Agriculture '' , NAFTA Revisited : Achievements and Challenges , Washington , DC : Institute for International Economics , pp. 283 -- 363 , ISBN 0 - 88132 - 334 - 9 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/S . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ejido '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Secretaría de Reforma Agraria . `` Las Transformaciones del Cardenismo '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Secretaría de Reforma Agraria . `` Nuevas Demandas Campesinas '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Secretaría de Reforma Agraria . `` Trasformación Institucional '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Zanhiser , S ; Coyle , W. ( 2004 ) . `` U.S. - Mexico Corn Trade During the NAFTA Era : New Twists to an Old Story '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved September 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nadal , A. ( 2002 ) . `` Zea Mays : Effects of Trade Liberalization of Mexico 's Corn Sector '' . In Deere , C.L. Greening the Americas . MIT Press , Cambridge , MA . ISBN 0 - 262 - 54138 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Potato world : Latin America -- International Year of the Potato 2008 '' . Potato2008.org . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ISAAA Website '' . Isaaa.org . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sugar HJournal , December 2009 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Mica ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Mexican sugar industry anxious ahead NAFTA opening '' . SignOnSanDiego.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sugar Journal May 2009 Jump up ^ `` VW hará auto del Bicentenario en Puebla -- Negocios '' . CNNExpansion.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hufbauer , G.C. ; Schott , J.J . ( October 2001 ) . `` Chapter 6 , The Automotive Sector '' . NAFTA Revisited : Achievements and Challenges . Washington , DC : Institute for International Economics . pp. 1 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 88132 - 334 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vehículos Híbridos : '' . Vehizero . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Planta de King Autobuses México arranca operaciones en Hidalgo '' . Transporte Informativo. April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nombre * ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Inicia operaciones King Autobuses México Nación Transporte '' ( in Spanish ) . Naciontransporte.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Loke . `` King Autobuses ensambla 700 vehículos anualmente Ediciones Impresas Milenio '' . Impreso.milenio.com . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CIMEX '' . ConceptoGT . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Web Easy Professional Avanquest Publishing USA , Inc . `` Grupo Electrico Motorizado S.A. de C.V '' . Gemmexico.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Trade Commission . `` With Conditions , FTC Allows Cemex 's Acquisition of RMC '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ The World Bank . `` Mexico Data Profile '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sala de prensa -- Contenido -- Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León , México '' . Nl.gob.mx. 2006 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugura Bell Helicopter su primera planta en Chihuahua '' . Chihuahuaalinstante.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Cessna rolls out fuselage made in Chihuahua '' . Chihuahuanfrontier.com. 2009 - 08 - 11 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.maquilaportal.com/news/index.php/blog/show/Bombardier-is-committed-to-Mexico,-Learjet-85-pieces-to-be-manufactured-here.html . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Aeromarmi.com '' . Aeromarmi.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frisa Forjados to Supply Forged Rings for Pratt & Whitney '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rolls - Royce , Frisa Forjados in $200 M Long - Term Supply Agreement '' . Forging Magazine . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Trade Center Nuevo León -- Invitan a regios a fabricar avión '' . Wtcnl.uanl.mx. 2007 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Marca Pais -- Imagen de Mexico ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mexican Consumer Electronics Industry Second Largest Supplier of Electronics to the U.S. ... '' Mexico City : PRNewswire -- USNewswire . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to MEXICOTODAY.ORG '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inicio . Promexico.gob.mx . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SEL US Locations '' . News.sel.sony.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Compal Acquires Toshiba ` s Mexican LCD - TV Factory CENS.com -- The Taiwan Economic News '' . CENS.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Mexicana , S.A. de C.V. , Tijuana on Twin Plant Guide Business Directory of Companies '' . Solunet-infomex.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kessler , Michelle . `` Sharp takes a gamble on new TV plant in Mexico '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sony , Sharp Open New LCD TV Plants '' . PCWorld . October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.cfomaquiladoras.org/zenithelectronics.en.html Jump up ^ Dave ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` LG Electronics Reorganises And Shuts Manufacturing Plants In Mexico '' . Geek with Laptop . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lanix -- Q2 2011 LexisNexis Professional Journal archives from '' . AllBusiness.com. April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.icsupply.org/tcl-talent-strategic-thinking-eagle-training-motivation.html Jump up ^ `` Rca Componentes De Mexico , S.A. De C.V. '' Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philips agrees to transfer TV assembly facility located In Juarez , Mexico to Elcoteq '' . Newscenter.philips.com . September 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Panel TV Production Moves from OEM to EMS '' . The Elcoteq Blog . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tatung Juarez will manufacture GE televisions '' . Maquila Portal . September 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panasonic Ideas for Life -- ISO 14001 '' . Panasonic.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vizio CEO Predicts Declining TV Prices , Possible IPO '' . The Wall Street Journal . December 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lanix - Estamos Conectados '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Computadoras '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Space It : Empresa mexicana de accesorios de cómputo '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyoto . Let the Fun Begin '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Foxconn switches connector production back to Taiwan , to assemble complete PCs for Dell in Mexico and China '' . Digitimes.com . June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dell petition says plant production shifting to Mexico : News-Record.com : Greensboro & the Triad 's most trusted source for local news and analysis '' . News-Record.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizenship/environment/pdf/cert.pdf Jump up ^ `` Acer Builds Pc Manufacturing Plant In Mexico Computergram International '' . Find Articles. April 22 , 1998 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flextronics International Ltd . -- Company History '' . Fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Opens Manufacturing Plants in Mexico and India '' . PCWorld . July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo 's Mexican Computer Factory Starts Production -- ChinaTechNews.com -- The Technology Source for the Latest Chinese News on Internet , Computers , Digital , Science , Electronics , Law , Security , Software , Web 2.0 , Telecom , and Wireless Industries '' . ChinaTechNews.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PCB007 Foxconn to Create 30,000 Jobs in Chihuahua Mexico '' . Pcb007.com . July 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sanmina - SCI opens new enclosures facility in Guadalajara , Mexico - News Search on EMSNow '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://webapps2.sanmina-sci.com/SanmGlobalLocations/LocationDescription.aspx?site=Guadalajara&type=NPI Jump up ^ `` Jabil Circuit -- News -- News Releases 2006 '' . Jabil.com . December 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico , Monterrey '' . Elcoteq . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico , Juárez '' . Elcoteq . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Falco Electronics '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compal to buy Toshiba LCD TV plant in Mexico '' . The Taipei Times . October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Lanix Integrates Paragon 's Drive Backup Into PCs and Notebooks for Full Backup and Recovery Solution '' . Marketwire.com . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Electronics Assembly -- Flextronics to build a third plant in Mexico '' ( in Swedish ) . evertiq.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jalisco state to donate US $3 mn towards Flextronics plant , Mexico , Info . Technology , news '' . Bnamericas.com . February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How To Identify Your Xbox Version '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tribune -- Lens on IT '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recruiters ' Scorecard '' ( PDF ) . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Works for Siemens Division Chief '' . IndustryWeek. 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico : Pumping Out Engineers '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . May 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico : Pumping Out Engineers '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . May 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Controladora Mabe S.A. de C.V. : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Milbank Represents Controladora Mabe , S.A. de C.V. in its First Eurobond Issuance '' . Milbank.com. 2005 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mabe : at the vanguard in household appliances . Latin America > Mexico from '' . AllBusiness.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sharp Holds Opening Ceremony for Second Plant in Mexico '' . Sharp-world.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SAMEX , Samsung Mexicana S.A de C.V , Company Profiles '' . Bnamericas.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Semiconductor Mexico , S.A. De C.V. : Private Company Information '' . Investing.businessweek.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyle Goldman . `` Christian Gaming Zone : The You Testament '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony de Mexico S.A. de C.V. Mexico , Mexico Company Profile , Research , News , Information , Contacts '' . Goliath.ecnext.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WOWCITY.com . `` Sony Music Entertainment ( México ) , S.A. De C.V. -- Ciudad de Mexico , Mexico '' . Mx.wowcity.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lanix Opciones Sin Limites '' . Lanix.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 International CES , January 10 -- 13 '' . Cesweb.org . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` LivePad7 : El competidor mexicano del iPad2 '' . Blog.serrasystems.mx . August 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` México prepara a su robot Mexone '' . Elespectador.Com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Energy Information Administration . `` Top World Oil Net Exporters and Producers '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Poder 360 . `` Top Latin America Marching to a Brazilian Beat '' . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ SENER 2009 Jump up ^ EIA Archived March 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Automotive Industry '' . export.gov. 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico tops U.S. , Canadian car makers '' . Upi.com . December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Automaker Kia plans $1 bn assembly plant in Mexico '' . Mexico News.Net. 28 August 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Globalization : The Role of Institution Building in the Financial Sector . The Case of Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 22 , 2006 . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Finance Main Report : April 26 , 2006 ( Mexico ) '' ( Requires subscription ) . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mantiene sistema financiero baja penetración : Werner '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zúñiga , Juan Antonio ( 20 February 2007 ) . `` El crédito a la agricultura cayó 45.5 % en 6 años '' . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . La Jornada . Jump up ^ Eliza Barclay ( December 24 , 2005 ) . `` Mexicans turn to cajas for loans '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Country Finance Main Report : April 26 , 2006 ( Mexico ) Banks Overview Jump up ^ `` Monthly Reports '' . World Federation of Exchanges . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Country Finance Main Report : April 26 , 2006 ( Mexico ) Securities Market Overview Jump up ^ `` Reserva Internacional Registro '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ley Monetaria de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CF109 -- Reporte sobre las reservas internacionales y la liquidez '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rana Foroohar ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` Walmart 's Discounted Ethics '' . Time . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lilia González ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sector patronal urge a combatir la corrupción '' . El Economista . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barstow , David . `` Vast Mexican Bribery Case Hushed Up by Wal - Mart After High - Level Struggle '' . The New York Times . April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . 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Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ EFE ( 2006 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Espera México ser miembro del Mercosur '' . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Think Tank Proposes FTA with EU , Mexico '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer , G.C. ; Schott , J.J . ( October 2005 ) , `` Chapter 3 , Environment '' , NAFTA Revisited : Achievements and Challenges , Washington , DC : Institute for International Economics , pp. 1 -- 78 , ISBN 0 - 88132 - 334 - 9 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Lederman , Daniel ; William F. Maloney ; Luis Servén ( 2004 ) . Lessons from NAFTA for Latin American and Caribbean Countries : A Summary of Research Findings ( PDF ) . The World Bank . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5813 - 8 . Jump up ^ Weinstraub , S ( 2004 ) . NAFTA 's Impact on North America : The First Decade . CSIS Press : Washington , DC . ISBN 0 - 89206 - 451 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Trade Facilitation Reform Promises Large Gains to Trade in Mexico '' Archived September 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , John S. Wilson & Benjamin Taylor ; Trade Facilitation Reform Research Brief , The World Bank . 2008 . External links ( edit ) ( in Spanish ) Mexican Council for Economic and Social Development ( in Spanish ) Mexico Development Gateway Mexican Economy and the U.S. from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives OECD 's Mexico country Web site and OECD Economic Survey of Mexico Did NAFTA Help Mexico ? An Update After 23 Years from the Center for Economic and Policy Research , March 2017 Comprehensive current and historical economic data Information about banks in Mexico World Bank Mexico 2012 Trade Summary Statistics Tariffs applied by Mexico as provided by ITC 's Market Access Map , an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements Mexico articles History Pre-Columbian era Colonial era War of Independence First Mexican Empire First Mexican Republic Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Mexican Republic La Reforma French intervention Second Mexican Empire Porfiriato Mexican Revolution Cristero War Maximato Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexican miracle Chiapas conflict Mexican Drug War Geography Borders Cities Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Metropolitan areas Mountains Protected Natural Areas Rivers States Territorial evolution Time Volcanos Water resources Wettest - known tropical cyclones Politics Administrative divisions Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Federal government Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Law Law enforcement Military Political parties President Cabinet Supreme Court State legislatures Economy Agriculture Automotive market Central bank Companies Economic history Energy Irrigation Labor law North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Oil Pension system Peso ( currency ) Petroleum Science and technology States by GDP States by unemployment Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Water scarcity Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Nationality law People Poverty Religion States by HDI Water supply and sanitation Welfare Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Flags Folklore Handcrafts and folk art Languages Literature Monuments Music National symbols Public holidays Radio Sports Television World Heritage Sites Outline Index Book Portal Economy of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Next Eleven Economies Bangladesh Egypt Indonesia Iran Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Philippines South Korea Turkey Vietnam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Mexico&oldid=837764629 '' Categories : Economy of Mexico Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member economies World Trade Organization member economies Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with listed invalid ISBNs Articles with Spanish - language external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from April 2011 Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2011 Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Brezhoneg Català Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Occitan Português Русский தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 22 : 23 . 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-2697865235459156663

when does the show the doctors come on

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Doctors_(talk_show)&oldid=820374154

The Doctors ( talk show ) - wikipedia The Doctors ( talk show ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Doctors . The Doctors Created by Phil McGraw Directed by Lynn Hermstad Starring Travis Lane Stork ( 2008 -- present ) Andrew P. Ordon ( 2008 -- present ) Nita Landry ( 2017 - present ) Sonia Batra ( 2016 - present ) Rachael Ross ( 2013 - 2017 ) Jennifer Berman ( 2013 - 2017 ) Jennifer Ashton ( 2013 - 2016 ) Theme music composer Moon Martin Opening theme adaptation of `` Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 1,041 Production Executive producer ( s ) Jay McGraw Carla Pennington Patricia Ciano Phil McGraw Producer ( s ) Veronica Torres Lisa Williams Michelle Wendt Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Stage 29 Productions Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network Syndication Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format stereophonic Original release September 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Dr. Phil External links Website The Doctors ( alternatively The Drs as seen on logo bugs and background graphics ) is an American syndicated talk show airing daily on television in the U.S. , Canada , Mexico , Australia , Ireland , Sweden and Finland . It debuted on September 8 , 2008 . The hour - long daytime program is produced by Phil McGraw and his son Jay McGraw and is distributed domestically and globally by CBS Television Distribution . The series is a spin - off of Dr. Phil and is the first talk show to be a third generation talk show spin - off , as Dr. Phil itself spun off The Oprah Winfrey Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Reception 2.1 Ratings 2.2 Quality of advice 3 Non-US versions 4 References 5 External links Details ( edit ) The concept , which originated on Dr. Phil , mostly focuses on health and medical issues , as a team of medical professionals ( and sometimes celebrity guests / speakers ) discuss a range of various health - related topics and answer questions from viewers who are too embarrassed to ask their own doctors . The series is hosted by emergency room physician and former The Bachelor participant Travis Stork , a University of Virginia trained physician , who has appeared frequently on Dr. Phil , with pediatrician Jim Sears , obstetrician / gynecologist Lisa Masterson , and plastic surgeon Andrew Ordon rounding out the discussion panel . On May 6 , 2011 , it was announced that Jillian Michaels had been added to the cast of The Doctors doing mainly segments outside the studio , along with serving as a `` special correspondent '' on Dr. Phil . '' Wendy Walsh , a psychotherapist and relationship expert seen usually in pundit panels on CNN and HLN , was announced as a fifth regular panelist to the show on September 1 , 2011 , to start as of September 12 . During the holiday break at the end of 2011 , Michaels left the show to return to The Biggest Loser , with Walsh also departing the series and returning it to the original four - doctor format for the 2012 season . Lisa Masterson did not return for the sixth season . Urologist Jennifer Berman and family medicine physician and sexologist Rachael Ross joined the series . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The show had not ranked in the top 20 syndicated programs at all during the beginning of its first season , coming in behind the syndicated version of the game show Deal or No Deal among new syndicated programs , garnering a 1.3 rating at the time of its launch . Since then , it has been the only talk show to gain viewers this season , registering a 1.5 rating by the end of October , up to 1.9 by December , and 2.3 by January , surpassing Deal or No Deal ; the show remains the top new talk show of the season . There is also evidence in individual markets of the show 's success : for instance , in Buffalo , New York , the show is credited with increasing the lead - in for WKBW - TV 's 5 : 00 newscasts , to the point that the station is once again competitive with other stations in the market . Quality of advice ( edit ) A 2014 study in the British Medical Journal determined that `` evidence supported 63 % , contradicted 14 % , and was not found for 24 % '' of recommendations made by the panel of doctors , and that `` the public should be skeptical about recommendations made on medical talk shows . '' Non-us versions ( edit ) In Canada , a French version called Les Docteurs airs on Radio - Canada ( simultaneously with The Doctors , which airs on a different channel at that time ) . The show , whose format is identical to the previous seasons of the English version , features French - Canadian doctors in a similar - looking set with the same color scheme and French wording , though it did not license the theme song and goes without sound effects . In Mexico , began on September 10 , 2012 , called Los Doctores ( Latin American version ) , which is broadcast on Televisa and is based on the US series . In Lebanon , an Arabic version of The Doctors is aired by MTV channel . In Vietnam , the program is called Các Bác sĩ nói gì ? ( lit Vietnamese What did the Doctors say ? ) In Portugal , is transmitted in a format rubric , inserted an afternoon talk show on channel SIC . In Egypt , after the end of Al - Bernameg , rumors surfaced on the internet that Egyptian satirist Bassem Youssef will return with a new program on Egyptian television that has no relation with satire and politics . Bassem denied the rumors . However , it was revealed in 2014 on the fifth of September that Bassem Youssef will return to television with an Egyptian version of The Doctors . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Doctors '' Kicks Off Its Sixth Season This Monday , September 9 with New Additions to the Team `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Doctors Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://media.buffalonews.com/smedia/2009/01/29/06/791-bn-20090129-C001-doctorshousecal-217317-MI0001.standalone.prod_affiliate.50.jpg Jump up ^ `` From The Futon Critic '' . Thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ from Variety ( October 24 , 2007 ) Archived February 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` From TV Week ( December 9 , 2007 ) '' . Tvweek.com . December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Urine as a health elixir ? ' The Doctors ' hosts put urine facials , drinks to the test '' . NY Daily News . May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` From The Futon Critic '' . Thefutoncritic.com . October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jillian Michaels to join ' The Doctors ' - May 6 , 2011 18 : 46 : 39 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Wendy Walsh Joins ' The Doctors ' - September 1 , 2011 18 : 54 : 50 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni . Hot thing in syndie ' Deal or No Deal ' . Media Life . October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Travolta Tragedy Affects Syndie Mags - January 21 , 2009 19 : 58 : 45 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan . Channel 4 returns to the lead , but cable quarrel boosts Channel 7 . The Buffalo News . November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koronyk , C. ; et al. ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Televised medical talk shows -- what they recommend and the evidence to support their recommendations : a prospective observational study '' . The British Medical Journal . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. g7346 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les docteurs '' . Radio-Canada.ca . August 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carla Estrada lista para Los Doctores '' . Televisa.com . August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website ) `` The Doctors '' page at `` Dr. Phil '' From New York Post ( October 9 , 2007 ) The Doctors ( 2008 ) on IMDb The Doctors at TV.com broadcastingcable.com Daytime television in the United States Broadcast ABC The View The Chew CBS The Talk The CW The Robert Irvine Show Univision El Gordo y la Flaca UniMás ¿ Quién Tiene la Razón ? Casos de Família Laura NBC Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda Megyn Kelly Today Syndication Access Live Daily Blast Live The Doctors The Dr. Oz Show Dr. Phil Harry The Ellen DeGeneres Show The Jerry Springer Show Live with Kelly and Ryan Maury Pickler & Ben Rachael Ray The Real Sister Circle Steve The Steve Wilkos Show TMZ Live The Wendy Williams Show Streaming Ora TV Larry King Now Politicking with Larry King See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show -- Informative The Tyra Banks Show ( 2008 ) The Tyra Banks Show ( 2009 ) The Doctors ( 2010 ) The Dr. Oz Show ( 2011 ) The Dr. Oz Show ( 2012 ) The Dr. Oz Show ( 2013 ) Steve Harvey ( 2014 ) Steve Harvey ( 2015 ) The Chew ( 2016 ) The Dr. Oz Show ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Doctors_(talk_show)&oldid=820374154 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2008 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Television medical talk shows First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by CBS Television Studios American television talk shows Television spin - offs Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 10 : 25 . 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one of the waste products that accumulates during cellular

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cellular_waste_product&oldid=814786476

Cellular waste product - wikipedia Cellular waste product Jump to : navigation , search Cellular waste products are formed as a by - product of cellular respiration , a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell , in the form of ATP . Two examples of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration . Each pathway generates different waste products . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aerobic respiration 2 Anaerobic respiration 3 Fermentation 3.1 Lactic Acid Fermentation 4 Secretion and effects of waste products 5 See also 6 References Aerobic respiration ( edit ) Main article : Aerobic respiration When in the presence of oxygen , cells use aerobic respiration to obtain energy from glucose molecules . Simplified Theoretical Reaction : C H O + 6O → 6CO + 6H O + ~ 30ATP Cells undergoing aerobic respiration produce 6 molecules of carbon dioxide , 6 molecules of water , and up to 30 molecules of ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , which is directly used to produce energy , from each molecule of glucose in the presence of surplus oxygen . In aerobic respiration , oxygen serves as the recipient of electrons from the electron transport chain . Aerobic respiration is thus very efficient because oxygen is a strong oxidant . Aerobic respiration proceeds in a series of steps , which also increases efficiency - since glucose is broken down gradually and ATP is produced as needed , less energy is wasted as heat . This strategy results in the waste products H O and CO being formed in different amounts at different phases of respiration . CO is formed in Pyruvate decarboxylation , H O is formed in oxidative phosphorylation , and both are formed in the citric acid cycle . The simple nature of the final products also indicates the efficiency of this method of respiration . All of the energy stored in the carbon - carbon bonds of glucose is released , leaving CO and H O. Although there is energy stored in the bonds of these molecules , this energy is not easily accessible by the cell . All usable energy is efficiently extracted . Anaerobic respiration ( edit ) Main article : Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration is done by aerobic organisms when there is not sufficient oxygen in a cell to undergo aerobic respiration as well as by cells called anaerobes that selectively perform anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen . In anaerobic respiration , weak oxidants like sulfate and nitrate serve as oxidants in the place of oxygen . Generally , in anaerobic respiration sugars are broken down into carbon dioxide and other waste products that are dictated by the oxidant the cell uses . Whereas in aerobic respiration the oxidant is always oxygen , in anaerobic respiration it varies . Each oxidant produces a different waste product , such as nitrite , succinate , sulfide , methane , and acetate . Anaerobic respiration is correspondingly less efficient than aerobic respiration . In the absence of oxygen , not all of the carbon - carbon bonds in glucose can be broken to release energy . A great deal of extractable energy is left in the waste products . Anaerobic respiration generally occurs in prokaryotes in environments that do not contain oxygen . Fermentation ( edit ) Main article : Fermentation ( biochemistry ) Fermentation is another process by which cells can extract energy from glucose . It is not a form of cellular respiration , but it does generate ATP , break down glucose , and produce waste products . Fermentation , like aerobic respiration , begins by breaking glucose into two pyruvate molecules . From here , it proceeds using endogenous organic electron receptors , whereas cellular respiration uses exogenous receptors , such as oxygen in aerobic respiration and nitrate in anaerobic respiration . These varied organic receptors each generate different waste products . Common products are lactic acid , lactose , hydrogen , and ethanol . Carbon dioxide is also commonly produced . Fermentation occurs primarily in anaerobic conditions , although some organisms such as yeast use fermentation even when oxygen is plentiful . Lactic acid fermentation ( edit ) Main article : Lactic acid fermentation Simplified Theoretical Reaction : C H O → ( \ displaystyle \ to ) 2C H O + 2 ATP ( 120 kJ ) Lactic Acid Fermentation is commonly known as the process by which mammalian muscle cells produce energy in anaerobic environments , as in instances of great physical exertion , and is the simplest type of fermentation . It starts along the same pathway as aerobic respiration , but once glucose is converted to pyruvate proceeds down one of two pathways and produces only two molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose . In the homolactic pathway , it produces lactic acid as waste . In the heterolactic pathway , it produces lactic acid as well as ethanol and carbon dioxide . Lactic acid fermentation is relatively inefficient . The waste products lactic acid and ethanol have not been fully oxidized and still contain energy , but it requires the addition of oxygen to extract this energy . Generally , lactic acid fermentation occurs only when aerobic cells are lacking oxygen . However , some aerobic mammalian cells will preferentially use lactic acid fermentation over aerobic respiration . This phenomenon is called the Warburg effect and is found primarily in cancer cells . Muscles cells under great exertion will also use lactic acid fermentation to supplement aerobic respiration . Lactic acid fermentation is somewhat faster , although less efficient , than aerobic respiration , so in activities like sprinting it can help quickly provide needed energy to muscles . Secretion and effects of waste products ( edit ) Cellular respiration takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria within cells . Depending on the pathways followed , the products are dealt with in different ways . CO is excreted from the cell via diffusion into the blood stream , where it is transported in three ways : Up to 7 % is dissolved in its molecular form in blood plasma . About 70 - 80 % is converted into hydrocarbonate ions , The remainder binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells , is carried to the lungs , and exhaled . H O also diffuses out of the cell into the blood stream , from where it is excreted in the form of perspiration , water vapor in breath , or urine from the kidneys . Water , along with some dissolved solutes , are removed from blood circulation in the nephrons of the kidney and eventually excreted as urine . The products of fermentation can be processed different ways , depending on the cellular conditions . Lactic acid tends to accumulate in the muscles , which causes pain of the muscle and joint as well as fatigue . It also creates a gradient which induces water to flow out of cells and increases blood pressure . Research suggests that lactic acid may also play a role in lowering levels of potassium in the blood . It can also be converted back to pyruvate or converted back to glucose in the liver and fully metabolized by aerobic respiration . See also ( edit ) Aerobic respiration Lactic acid fermentation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aerobic Respiration Jump up ^ Aerobic Respiration Archived July 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lodish ; Harvey F Lodish ; Arnold Berk ; Chris Kaiser ; Monty Krieger ; Anthony Bretscher ; Hidde L Ploegh ; Angelika Amon ; Matthew P Scott . Molecular Cell Biology ( 7th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 518 -- 519 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3413 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lodish ; Harvey F Lodish ; Arnold Berk ; Chris Kaiser ; Monty Krieger ; Anthony Bretscher ; Hidde L Ploegh ; Angelika Amon ; Matthew P Scott . Molecular Cell Biology ( 7th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 520 -- 523 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3413 - 9 . Jump up ^ Voet , Donald & Voet , Judith G. ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lactic acid fermentation # cite ref - campbell 3 - 1 Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil ( 2005 ) . Biology , 7th Edition . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 7146 - X . Jump up ^ Fermentation ( biochemistry ) Jump up ^ Warburg O ( 1956 ) . `` On the origin of cancer cells '' . Science 123 ( 3191 ) : 309 -- 314 . Bibcode 1956Sci ... 123 ... 309W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 123.3191. 309 . PMID 13298683 . Jump up ^ Roth , Stephen . `` Why does lactic acid build up in muscles ? And why does it cause soreness ? '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ McKinley , Michael ( 2012 ) . Human Anatomy ( 3rd Ed ) . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 638 -- 643 , 748 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337809 - 1 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Michael ( 2012 ) . Human Anatomy ( 3rd Ed ) . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 818 -- 830 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337809 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/glycolysis/section3.rhtml Jump up ^ Covián , Fr . G. and Krogh , A. ( 1935 ) , The changes in osmotic pressure and total concentration of the blood in man during and after muscular work . Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie , 71 : 251 -- 259 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1716.1935. tb00401. x Jump up ^ Cheema - Dhadli , S ; C. - K. Chong ; K.S. Kamel ; M.L. Halperin ( 2012 ) . `` An Acute Infusion of Lactic Acid Lowers the Concentration of Potassium in Arterial Plasma by Inducing a Shift of Potassium into Cells of the Liver in Fed Rats '' . Nephron Physiology. 120 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 15 . doi : 10.1159 / 000336321 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ McArdle , W.D. , Katch , F.I. , & Katch , V.L. ( 2010 ) . Exercise physiology : Energy , nutrition , and human performance . Wolters Kluwer / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health . ISBN 0 - 683 - 05731 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_waste_product&oldid=814786476 '' Categories : Cell biology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 22 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

4836656617223238572

who plays the scream killer in scary movie

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ghostface_(Scream)&oldid=806706300

Ghostface ( Scream ) - Wikipedia Ghostface ( Scream ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) Ghostface Scream character First appearance Film series : Scream ( 1996 ) Television : Scream ( 2018 ) Last appearance Film series : Scream 4 ( 2011 ) Created by Wes Craven Kevin Williamson Portrayed by Matthew Lillard Skeet Ulrich Laurie Metcalf Timothy Olyphant Scott Foley Emma Roberts Rory Culkin Voiced by Roger L. Jackson ( film series ) Information Aliases Father Death The Icon of Halloween Pathology Serial killer Signature weapon Buck Knife M.O. Taunting victims by phone Stabbing , Throat Slitting , Disembowling ( Gutting ) Location Woodsboro , California Windsor College , Ohio Hollywood , California Lakewood , Louisiana Part of a series on Costume Background ( show ) History Industry Costume coordination Use of costume in Athenian tragedy Wardrobe supervisor Society and culture ( show ) Cosplay Costume party Masque Masquerade ball Parade World Costume Festival Design ( show ) Costume design Costume designer Spirit gum Elements and methods ( show ) Body painting Disguise Fake moustache Fatsuit Illusion costume Inflatable costume Zentai Traditional ( show ) Faubourg Marigny Mardi Gras costumes Folk costume French Quarter Mardi Gras costumes Halloween costume Santa suit Theatrical ( show ) Costumed character Creature suit Dance costume Domino mask Fursuit Gorilla suit Kumadori Leotard Pantomime horse Stage dress Titan the Robot Period ( show ) Plague doctor costume Modern dress Children ( show ) Sesame Street Zoobilee Zoo Fictional ( show ) Batman 's utility belt Batsuit Ghostface Superman suit Organizations ( show ) Angels Costumes Costume Designers Guild Western Costume Awards ( show ) Laurence Olivier AACTA Academy Award Africa Movie Academy BAFTA Critics ' Choice César David di Donatello Filmfare Golden Arena IIFA National Film Award Robert Satellite Costume Designers Guild ( TV ) Costume Designers Guild ( fantasy ) People ( show ) Category : Costume designers Museums ( show ) Centre National du Costume de Scene Costume Museum of Canada Kastoria Costume Museum Devonshire Collection of Period Costume Korea Museum of Modern Costume Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume Museum of the History of the Greek Costume Portugal National Museum of Costume and Fashion Scotland National Museum of Costume Ghostface ( alternatively stylized as Ghost Face ) is a fictional identity adopted by several characters of the Scream series . The character is primarily mute but voiced by Roger L. Jackson , regardless of who is behind the mask . The character first appeared in Scream ( 1996 ) as a disguise used by teenagers Billy Loomis ( Skeet Ulrich ) and Stu Macher ( Matthew Lillard ) , during their killing spree in the fictional town of Woodsboro . Ghostface was created by Wes Craven and Kevin Williamson . The mask is based on The Scream painting by Edvard Munch and was created and designed by Fun World costume company employee Brigitte Sleiertin as a Halloween costume , prior to being discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Craven for the film . The character is used primarily as a disguise for each of the antagonists of each film to conceal their identity , while conducting serial murders and as such has been portrayed by several actors . In Scream , the identity is temporarily adopted by the killers ' target , Sidney Prescott ( Neve Campbell ) , using it against them . In the Scream universe , the costume is not unique and is easily obtainable , allowing others to wear a similar outfit . Ghostface often calls its targets to taunt or threaten them while using a voice changer that hides its true identity . In Scream 3 , this is taken further by Roman Bridger ( Scott Foley ) who uses a device that enables him to sound like several other characters , in order to manipulate targets . The changing identity of the person beneath the mask means that Ghostface has no definite motivation , ranging from revenge and seeking fame to `` peer pressure '' . However , each killer shares the common goal of killing Sidney due to a chain of events indirectly caused by her mother Maureen Prescott ( Lynn McRee ) . Initially , Billy Loomis ( Skeet Ulrich ) created the identity with Stu Macher ( Matthew Lillard ) in order to kill Sidney because of her mother 's affair with Billy 's father . The Ghostface persona remains the same throughout the Scream series , featuring a black hood and cloak with a jagged base and a white rubber - mask resembling a ghost with a screaming expression . Though each iteration of Ghostface is human , they often exhibit extreme durability against physical harm , high levels of physical strength , and an almost supernatural stealth ability ; able to appear and disappear in seemingly impossible situations . The character has often appeared in popular culture since its inception , referenced in film and television as well as spawning a series of action figures and merchandise . In the MTV television series Scream , a different character named the Lakewood Slasher ( also known as The Killer ) appeared in the series for the first two seasons . On September 18 , 2017 , it was announced that the Ghostface mask is set to appear in the third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 2 Concept and creation 3 Characterization 4 Cultural impact 5 References 6 External links Appearances ( edit ) Ghostface first appears in the opening scene of Scream ( 1996 ) . The character , voiced by Roger L. Jackson , calls and taunts teenager Casey Becker ( Drew Barrymore ) with horror clichés and trivia questions , eventually murdering her boyfriend Steve Orth ( Kevin Patrick Walls ) in front of her before she herself is killed . The identity has been adopted by the primary antagonists of each successive film to conceal their identity , prior to being revealed in each film 's final act . Stu Macher ( left ) and Billy Loomis ( right ) , the original Ghostface killers . In the original Scream , the identity is used by a killer stalking the fictional town of Woodsboro , California . After the murder spree begins , Sidney Prescott ( Neve Campbell ) begins receiving taunting and threatening phone calls from Ghostface , who claims knowledge of her mother Maureen Prescott ( Lynn McRee ) 's brutal murder , one year prior to the events of the film , a murder that was blamed on Cotton Weary ( Liev Schreiber ) . The Ghostface disguise allows suspicion to fall on many people , including Sidney 's boyfriend , Billy Loomis ( Skeet Ulrich ) , her father , Neil Prescott ( Lawrence Hecht ) , her friend , Randy Meeks ( Jamie Kennedy ) , and her schoolmate , Stu Macher ( Matthew Lillard ) . Ghostface is revealed in the finale as both Billy and Stu , who reveal that they murdered Sidney 's mother and framed Cotton . Billy cites his motivation as abandonment by his mother ( Laurie Metcalf ) , brought about by his father 's affair with Maureen , while Stu cites `` peer pressure '' . Sidney is able to gain an advantage against Billy and Stu , temporarily adopting the Ghostface persona herself to taunt them before killing Stu . Gale Weathers ( Courteney Cox ) shoots Billy to stop him from killing Sidney , who then finishes Billy off with a bullet to the head , citing the fact that `` They ALWAYS get back up , '' a common horror cliche , and now her catchphrase . This is most likely one of the many tropes taught to her by Randy Meeks , who is obsessed with horror , and openly lists these cliches earlier in the film , during a party . Ghostface 's second appearance was in Scream 2 ( 1997 ) where it was again used as a disguise by the main antagonists . A series of murders occur at Windsor College , Sidney 's current location , with the initial victims sharing names with Billy and Stu 's victims from Scream . The killers again taunt Sidney and attempt to kill her and later kill Randy . The Ghostface disguise allows suspicion to fall on several characters , including Cotton , again , and Sidney 's boyfriend Derek ( Jerry O'Connell ) . However , Mickey ( Timothy Olyphant ) , a friend of Derek , reveals himself as the killer , seeking fame for his prolific exploits . Mickey 's accomplice is revealed to be Billy 's mother , under the alias Debbie Salt , who is seeking revenge against Sidney for her son 's death . Mrs. Loomis shoots Mickey , claiming to have indulged his desire for fame only to enlist his help in enacting her revenge , and tries to kill Sidney . With help from the exonerated Cotton , Sidney survives and Mrs. Loomis is killed . Seconds later , Mickey springs to his feet screaming , but is quickly shot to death by Gale and Sidney . The story continues in Scream 3 ( 2000 ) where the identity of Ghostface is used to murder Cotton and his girlfriend Christine , in an attempt to discover the now - hidden Sidney 's location . The killer leaves images of Maureen at the crime scenes to draw Sidney out of seclusion while murdering the cast of `` Stab 3 '' , the film within a film based on Sidney and her experiences with Ghostface . Ghostface is revealed as Sidney 's half - brother Roman Bridger ( Scott Foley ) , born to their mother Maureen during a two - year period when she moved to Hollywood to become an actress under the name Rina Reynolds . After being gang - raped and impregnated at a party , she gave Roman up for adoption who sought her out years later , only to be rejected , denying she had ever been Rina . Roman began stalking Maureen and filming her relationships with other men including Hank Loomis . He used this footage to reveal to Billy why his mother had `` abandoned '' him before convincing him to kill Maureen , sparking the chain of events in Scream and Scream 2 . With Sidney 's help , her friend Dewey Riley ( David Arquette ) manages to kill Roman , ending the series of murders based on his revenge against Maureen . In Scream 4 ( 2011 ) , another Ghostface killer emerges in Woodsboro on the 14th anniversary of the massacre conducted by Billy and Stu ; the new killer recreates events from the incident , but also films the murders to create a snuff film . Ghostface kills several teenagers and police officers before being unmasked as Sidney 's cousin Jill Roberts ( Emma Roberts ) and her friend Charlie Walker ( Rory Culkin ) who intend to kill Sidney , frame Jill 's ex-boyfriend Trevor Shelton ( Nico Tortorella ) and become the current generation 's `` Sidney '' and `` Randy Meeks '' , with the accompanying fame of being the `` survivors '' of the massacre . Jill betrays Charlie and stabs him through the heart and then seemingly kills Sidney , before purposely injuring and stabbing herself to make herself appear a victim of Ghostface . After being taken to the hospital , Dewey informs her that Sidney has survived . Jill attempts to end her life but is stalled by Dewey , Gale and Judy Hicks ( Marley Shelton ) long enough for Sidney to shoot her through the heart , killing her . Concept and creation ( edit ) An original mold for the Ghostface mask based on Fun World 's design but with significant differences , including more pronounced features , in order to avoid copyright issues . The Ghostface costume is the outfit worn by the main antagonists of the Scream franchise , consisting of a rubber white mask with black eyes , nose and mouth and a black , cloth - like material , hooded - robe with faux - tatters draping from the arms and a spiked - trim to the base of the outfit . In the movie , the costume is considered common and easily purchasable making identifying the buyers difficult and creating the possibility for anyone to be the killer . The Ghostface mask was first developed for novelty stores during the Halloween season between 1991 and 1992 by Fun World employee Brigitte Sleiertin as part of a series entitled `` Fantastic Faces '' , the mask itself known as `` The Peanut - Eyed Ghost '' . The final design was approved by Fun World vice-president Allan Geller . Craven claimed to have originally found the mask but later clarified that he had misremembered the event and that it was producer Marianne Maddalena who discovered it . She found it while inside a house during location scouting for the film and brought it to the attention of Craven , who set about trying to obtain the rights to use it . Fun World Licensing Director R.J. Torbert joined Fun World in 1996 and was given the task of naming the mask prior to its film debut , deciding on `` GhostFace '' with the blessing of Fun World owners Stanley and Allan Geller . Torbert felt it looked like a `` ghost in pain '' , believing it to be a unique design . The Ghostface design and title are owned by Fun World . The design of the mask bears reference to Edvard Munch 's painting The Scream , one of the characters on the cover of the Pink Floyd album The Wall and the ghostly characters that appeared in the 1930s Betty Boop cartoon . The mask is stark white and depicts a caracature of someone screaming and crying at the same time . Designer Sleiertin stated that the mask displayed different emotions , `` It 's a horrible look , it 's a sorry look , it 's a frantic look '' . Since the appearance of Ghostface in Scream , the costume has become the most worn and sold costume for Halloween in the United States . The initial script labeled the main antagonist as `` masked killer '' with no specifications to their appearance , forcing Craven and his staff to produce the costume eventually worn by Ghostface as they were shooting . Craven asked Greg Nicotero and Howard Berger of design company KNB Effects to produce a mask specifically for the film based on the Fun World design but did not like the final result . After Fun World and Dimension Films were able to complete an agreement for the use of the Ghostface mask , Craven was able to use the original design as he wanted . The custom mask made by KNB Effects still appears in the scenes involving the murder of Casey Becker and Principal Himbry as filming of these scenes completed prior to the finalization of the deal between Fun World and Dimension Films . We came with an assortment of masks that had the ghostface look . Of the entire assortment , that face was the strongest one . The design definitely had something that made it outstanding from the others . -- Brigitte Sleiertin on choosing the final design for what became Ghostface The Ghostface masks as seen in ( top left - bottom right ) Scream , Scream 2 , Scream 3 and Scream 4 . The 1991 -- 92 `` Fantastic Faces '' edition of the mask used in Scream is made of thin , white rubber with blackened eyes , nose and mouth . Despite being portrayed by Ulrich and Lillard , the costume is mostly worn by stuntman Dane Farwell who gave the character many of its mannerisms including the ritualistic cleaning of the knife blade following a kill . In the first film , Craven wore the costume during the opening murder scene where the character is struck by a phone and by Ulrich only once during a finale scene where the character prepares to murder Randy . Despite Stu wearing the costume in the film , actor Lillard never actually wore the outfit . Scream 2 features a slightly redesigned version of the mask from the `` Fearsome Faces '' line , possessing slightly - altered eyes and an indented chin . Following Scream 2 , the Ghostface mask became part of the `` Ghostface '' line of masks featuring several variations of the design including glow - in - the - dark models . The plain , white version of the Ghostface line mask is used in Scream 3 by Bridger . Another edition of the mask was developed , dubbed `` The Deluxe Edition Mask '' for use by Ghostface in Scream 4 , again similar to the original Ghostface design but constructed of thicker rubber with a pearlescent finish . Following the description in Williamson 's script of a `` ghost mask '' , Craven and designers had originally intended to use a white - motif , creating a white cloak and hood for the killer 's costume . It was the intervention of Maddalena who felt that the cloak would be scarier if it was black , that resulted in the dark costume shown on screen . The cloak itself had to be custom - made for the film as the `` Father Death '' outfit identified in Scream as that of the killers did not really exist , as the Fun World mask was sold only as a stand - alone item . The cloak entered into retail markets only following the release of Scream . Each cloak was estimated to cost $700 to hand - produce by a seamstress and was made of a heavy , thick , black material with reflective threads woven throughout , creating a subtle glimmer . The cloak was created to help conceal the identity of the killers by covering most of their visible body , as it was believed that otherwise audiences would be able to guess which character was involved by their clothing and body - shape . The knife used by Ghostface in the films is a custom prop knife based on the Buck 120 Hunting Knife that has since been discontinued by Buck . The knife blades are made of aluminium or chrome - paint - coated plastic with a rubber handle depending on the scenario for which they are needed . The handle is black with a silver , metal - appearance for the tip . The Buck 120 knife was chosen as the model for the Ghostface weapon because of the large blade it features , though the Buck 120 itself was discontinued due to customer complaints that the blade length was deemed `` too big '' for gutting animals . Characterization ( edit ) Ghostface is rarely depicted as speaking while physically on screen , in order to aid in concealing the identity of the character behind the mask . Exceptions to this are grunts and groans when injured , which are dubbed into the film during the editing phase by Jackson . Ghostface only speaks physically on screen on two occasions in the series ; on those two occasions , it is just before his true identity is revealed . The voice given to the character , provided by Jackson , is used when talking to another character over the phone or to display the use of the voice changer when the killer reveals himself . Despite being portrayed by different characters in each film , Ghostface displays similar personality and physical attributes regardless of who is wearing the costume or speaking to a target . Unlike other horror villains , Ghostface is never referred to by his name . He is simply called `` The Killer '' while in the credits he is called `` The Voice '' . Only once did one character Tatum Riley played by Rose McGowan call him `` Mr. Ghostface '' in the first movie prior to her death , in an almost sarcastic way . From that one scene , the character has since earned his name ' Ghostface ' that fans of the series use , as well that appears on all costumes related to the movies . I ca n't imagine Scream without Ghostface ... Roger Jackson 's voice is very remarkable , it 's got an evil sophistication . -- Wes Craven on returning to Scream 4 Ghostface is often shown to taunt his targets , initially representing himself as charming and even flirtatious when speaking . His conversations turn confrontational and intimidating , using his knowledge of other characters or graphically describing his intentions before appearing to the target physically . Craven considers Jackson 's voice performance as Ghostface to have `` evil sophistication '' . When confronting his intended victim , Ghostface is portrayed in varying ways , sometimes quick and efficient and other times clumsy , falling , or colliding with objects that hinder his pursuit , a characteristic that varies based upon who is wearing the costume . All of the characters that use the Ghostface disguise share the trait of taunting their victims and prolonging a kill when they appear to have an advantage . The Billy / Stu Ghostface would gut their victims after killing them ; this was not performed on Tatum Riley ( Rose McGowan ) who was killed in a mechanical garage door . This Ghostface in particular would ask their victim questions about horror films and employ the tropes of the genre in their attacks , displaying a detachment from their reality and aligned with the same self - awareness of the film itself which toys with the expectations of the horror genre . The second Ghostface , created by Mickey and Mrs. Loomis , would simply stab their victim to death but often in a public place or with witnesses . The third Ghostface , created by Roman , used theatricality and movie props to attack his victims , using a voice changer that allowed him to sound like many other people , casting suspicion and doubt on other characters . In addition , he would use images and the synthesized voice of Maureen to specifically taunt Sidney , even shrouding himself in a bloodied , crime scene cover , alluding to the murder of Maureen , to fool Sidney into believing that she was losing her sanity . The fourth Ghostface , created by Jill and Charlie , filmed each murder on web cameras hidden around the environment and spy cameras in their masks . They mostly stabbed their victims to death but would go further and gut them if they wanted . They also made some of the murders public to gain the attention of the world press . The motivations for Ghostface 's killing vary in each film and are respective to each killer wearing the costume . Billy claimed to have been driven to insanity by his mother 's abandonment , an incident he blamed on Maureen , and after taking his revenge on her chose to continue his spree , leading towards her daughter Sidney , while Stu Macher lists peer pressure as his motivation . In Scream 2 , Mrs. Loomis cites her motivation as simple revenge against the person she holds responsible for her son 's death , while Mickey desires the fame that his involvement in the killings will garner when he is caught . Scream 3 antagonist Roman seeks revenge for what he sees as his mother 's rejection and abandonment by engineering Maureen 's death and trying to kill Sidney , seeing her as having the family - life he was denied . In Scream 4 , Jill , jealous of Sidney , wished to obtain similar fame as the sole survivor of a new massacre , while Charlie aided her both for those reasons and his love for Jill . In costume , the Ghostfaces share a ritualistic mannerism of gripping the blade of their knife between thumb and forefinger and wiping it clean of any blood following a murder by drawing their hand from handle to the tip of the knife . This characteristic was given to the character by stuntman Dane Farwell who wore the costume for many of its scenes in Scream . Each killer is depicted as possessing effective physical abilities , such as the capabilities of nearly flawless stealth , prowling without being detected , moving silently , and efficiently vanishing from their targets ' defense . Additionally , the killer tends to display sufficient strength that allows them to overpower victims , such as in Scream 2 , in regards to defeating two trained detectives single - handedly . Ghostface is shown to be able to sustain and even ignore severe levels of physical damage , surviving blunt trauma , stabbing wounds and gunshots . Billy , Mickey , Roman , and Jill all had to be shot through the head or multiple times to the chest to be killed , despite having sustained severe injuries prior . Cultural impact ( edit ) 2011 Ghostface figurine by NECA toys for Scream 4 , displaying the full - length robe worn by the character . McFarlane Toys produced a 6 - inch figurine of Ghostface in 1999 for the `` Movie Maniacs II '' series of horror and science fiction inspired line of character models . A series of figures were produced by NECA for Scream 4 featuring the standard mask and black cowl plus variations such as `` Zombie Ghostface '' with a decayed appearance on the mask and `` Scarecrow Ghostface '' with brown , burlap material used for the mask and clothing . Ghostface has been parodied and referenced numerous times in media following his appearance in the Scream series of slasher films , most prominently in the parody film Scary Movie ( 2000 ) where a killer dressed as Ghostface commits a series of murders and is later revealed to be several people as in Scream . In the parody film Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth ( 2000 ) , a killer wearing a Jason Voorhees - style hockey mask is set on fire , his mask melting to resemble that of Ghostface . The film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ( 2001 ) features Ghostface , as Shannen Doherty and Craven provide cameos as themselves making the then non-existent Scream 4 , but Doherty objects when Ghostface turns out to be played by the orangutan , Suzann . As in film , Ghostface has been referenced repeatedly in various television programs and commercials . In the same year as the release of Scream 3 , the mask made an appearance on Beverly Hills 90210 and the Nickelodeon series Cousin Skeeter . It was also used as an ornament in the bedroom of the character Dawson in Dawson 's Creek , a show created by Scream writer , Williamson . The character appears in a 1999 episode of Celebrity Deathmatch entitled `` The Unknown Murderer '' , where he threatens to kill a scream queen every round , murdering Barrymore , Jamie Lee Curtis , and Jennifer Love Hewitt before planting his cell phone on a platypus to frame him , causing Campbell and Sarah Michelle Gellar to fight it . The mask was later used in The Sopranos episode `` Fortunate Son '' ( 2001 ) where it is worn by the character Christopher to commit a robbery . The costume is referenced in an episode of the television series Boomtown entitled `` All Hallow 's Eve '' ( 2002 ) where a police officer uses the costume to frighten a bully who has been terrorizing other kids . In the Japanese anime FLCL episode `` Marquis de Cabras '' ( 2003 ) , protagonist Naota 's face changes to resemble that of Ghostface frequently during a scene where he and his family are eating spicy curry . The character makes a cameo appearance in Tripping the Rift in the episode `` The Devil and a Guy Named Webster '' ( 2004 ) as the judge when Chode sells his soul to the devil and finds a way to sue him . He also appears in a 2004 advert for Trivial Pursuit : ' 90s edition ; representing iconic characters of the 1990s alongside Dennis Rodman and the character Rose from the 1997 film Titanic . A parody of Ghostface appears in the television series All Grown Up ! episode `` Interview with a Campfire '' ( 2004 ) where Lil DeVille is taunted by phone and stalked by a character wearing an Easter Bunny mask . The character appears briefly in The Simpsons episode `` Home Away from Homer '' ( 2005 ) where Homer Simpson suggests him as a babysitter for his daughter Maggie Simpson . Roger L. Jackson lends his voice to Ghostface in the Robot Chicken episode `` That Hurts Me '' ( 2005 ) alongside other famous film killers in a show that parodies Big Brother , launching a prank war against Pinhead and Freddy Krueger before giving a speech to save himself from elimination from the show . He is referenced by Kenny Powers , the main character of Eastbound & Down who requests to wear the mask while having sex . In Scream XXX : A porn parody , a new Ghostface ( wearing a clown variant of the Father Death mask ) begins murdering the cast and crew of an in - production pornographic parody of the Stab series . In his book Going to Pieces : The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film , Adam Rockoff opined that Ghostface 's mask was a `` striking , surreal and downright terrifying presence '' . Calling the mask a `` hyperbolic rendering '' of Edvard Munch 's The Scream , Rockoff wrote that the face is `` twisted in an exaggerated , almost mocking grin , as if reflecting the look of terror and surprise on his victims ' faces . '' Tony Magistrale also discussed the similarities between Ghostface 's mask and The Scream in his book Abject Terrors : Surveying the Modern and Postmodern Horror Film , stating that the painting , `` an apt representation of the degree of alienation from other people , inspires the killers ' murderous agenda '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ghostface News '' . Ghostface.co.uk . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wes Craven ( Director ) ( 1996 ) . Scream ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . ^ Jump up to : Wes Craven ( Director ) ( 1997 ) . Scream 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . ^ Jump up to : Wes Craven ( Director ) ( 2000 ) . Scream 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Scream Season 3 to Feature Classic Ghostface Mask '' . Screenrant . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wes Craven ( Director ) ( 2011 ) . Scream 4 . United States : Dimension Films . ^ Jump up to : Kendzior , Sarah ( January 2000 ) . `` The Face of `` Scream '' `` . Fangoria . Starlog Group Inc. ( 189 ) : 29 . ^ Jump up to : Wes Craven ( Director ) ( December 20 , 1996 ) . Scream -- Commentary by Wes Craven and Kevin Williamson ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) ( December 12 , 1997 ) . Scream 2 -- Commentary by Wes Craven , Patrick Lussier & Marianne Maddalena ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . ^ Jump up to : `` R.J. Torbert Talks the GhostFace Mask and Scream 4 '' . dreadcentral.com . October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That Obscure Object of Desire ... '' . Hello Sidney . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Mark ( January 2000 ) . `` '' Scream '' Goodbye `` . Fangoria . Starlog Group Inc. ( 189 ) : 28 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masks '' . Ghostface.co.uk . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Randy ( November 1997 ) . `` The Screams '' . Fangoria . Starlog Group Inc. ( 168 ) : 14 -- 18 , 82 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ; Quick , Lucy ( March 6 , 2011 ) . `` Carry on Screaming '' . Empire Magazine . Bauer Consumer Media ( 262 ) : 106 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Chris ( January 1997 ) . `` Scream with Fear , Scream with Laughter '' . Fangoria . Starlog Group Inc. ( 159 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ Casey : Who 's there ? . Ghostface : Never say who 's there ? Do n't you watch scary movies ? It 's a death wish . You might as well come out to investigate a strange noise or something . Wes Craven ( Director ) ( 1996 ) . Scream ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Sidney Prescott : But this is NOT a movie . Billy : Yes it is , Sidney . It 's all one big movie . Wes Craven ( Director ) ( 1996 ) . Scream ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ `` Movie Maniacs 2 Ghostface '' . Spawn.com. 1999 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Brand New NECA SCREAM 4 Ghostface 7 - inch Figure '' . horrorbid.com. 2011 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keenen Ivory Wayans ( Director ) ( 2000 ) . Scary Movie ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ John Blanchard ( Director ) ( 2000 ) . Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth ( DVD ) . United States : Lions Gate Films . Jump up ^ Kevin Smith ( Director ) ( 2001 ) . Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films , Buena Vista International . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson ( May 19 , 1998 ) . `` Decisions '' . Dawson 's Creek . Season 1 . Episode 13 . The WB . Jump up ^ Eric Fogel ( February 25 , 1999 ) . `` The Unknown Murderer '' . Celebrity Deathmatch . Season 1 . Episode 5 . MTV . Jump up ^ David Chase ( November 3 , 2001 ) . `` Fortunate Son ( The Sopranos ) '' . The Sopranos . Season 3 . Episode 29 . HBO . Jump up ^ Graham Yost ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` All Hallow 's Eve '' . Boomtown . Season 1 . Episode 5 . NBC . Jump up ^ Yōji Enokido ( August 7 , 2003 ) . `` Marquis de Cabras '' . FLCL . Season 1 . Episode 3 . Gainax , Production I.G . Jump up ^ Chris Moeller , Chuck Austen ( April 1 , 2004 ) . `` The Devil and a Guy Named Webster '' . Tripping the Rift . Season 2 . Episode 5 . Syfy . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Arlene Klasky , Gabor Csupo , Paul Germain ( June 26 , 2004 ) . `` Interview With A Campfire '' . All Grown Up ! . Season 2 . Episode 14 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Matt Groening ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` Home Away from Homer '' . The Simpsons . Season 16 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Ben Best , Jody Hill , Danny McBride ( February 22 , 2009 ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . Eastbound & Down . Season 1 . Episode 19 . HBO . Jump up ^ `` Geekscape After Dark Reviews : Scream XXX : A Porn Parody '' . Geekscape . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rockoff , Adam ( 2002 ) . Going to Pieces : The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film . McFarland . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1227 - 5 . Jump up ^ Magistrale , Tony ( 2005 ) . Abject Terrors : Surveying the Modern and Postmodern Horror Film . University of Michigan : Peter Lang . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 7056 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Ghostface.co.uk HelloSidney Ghostface on IMDb ( hide ) Scream Films Scream Scream 2 Scream 3 Scream 4 Television Scream episodes `` Pilot '' Characters Film Ghostface Sidney Prescott Gale Weathers Television Miscellaneous Cast Scary Movie Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghostface_(Scream)&oldid=806706300 '' Categories : Fictional costumes Fictional serial killers Scream ( franchise ) characters Horror film characters Fictional murderers Fictional mass murderers Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional characters from California Wes Craven characters Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional blackmailers Fictional American people Fictional orphans Fictional directors Metafictional characters Teenage characters in film Masks in the Americas Halloween costume Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 17 : 24 . 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what kind of poison killed romeo and juliet

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Romeo_and_Juliet&oldid=806376271

Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting the play 's famous balcony scene `` Romeo and Juliet : Act I '' The opening act of Romeo and Juliet . See also : Acts II , III , IV , V Problems playing this file ? See media help . Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers . Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 3.1 Modern form 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Secondary sources 11 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , finding Romeo dead , stabs herself with his dagger . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Modern form Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse , but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope , serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms , and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising `` queer theory '' in Queering the Renaissance , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equal to about $1,080,000 today ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened in December 1934 with Ralph Richardson as Mercutio and Maurice Evans as Romeo . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 27 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues . with Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . The 1994 film The Punk uses both the rough plot outline of Romeo and Juliet and names many of the characters in ways that reflect the characters in the play . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . The film was released internationally in April 2014 . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin References Notes All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 93 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 33 ) . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1930 : 264 -- 77 ) . Jump up ^ Higgins ( 1998 : 223 ) . ^ Jump up to : Higgins ( 1998 : 585 ) ^ Jump up to : Hosley ( 1965 : 168 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 33 -- 34 ) ; Levenson ( 2000 : 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Luigi da Porto di Vicenza , Giulietta e Romeo , original novella with introduction and footnotes ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Prunster , Nicole ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Moore ( 1937 : 38 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 86 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5849 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci , Manuela ( 2015 ) . `` From Mariotto and Ganozza to Romeo and Guilietta : Metamorphoses of a Renaissance Tale . '' . Scripta Mediterranea . Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 34 -- 35 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 35 -- 36 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons ( 1980 : 37 ) . Jump up ^ Keeble ( 1980 : 18 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 1902 : 41 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 32 , 36 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 8 -- 14 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet : I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons ( 1980 : 26 -- 27 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 29 -- 31 ) . As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 29 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spencer ( 1967 : 284 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ Wells ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 21 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : ix ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 8 -- 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bowling ( 1949 : 208 -- 220 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 65 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger ( 2006 : 73 -- 88 ) . Jump up ^ Groves ( 2007 : 68 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ Groves ( 2007 : 61 ) Jump up ^ Siegel ( 1961 : 371 -- 392 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie ( 2007 : 22 -- 42 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans ( 1950 : 841 -- 865 ) . ^ Jump up to : Draper ( 1939 : 16 -- 34 ) . ^ Jump up to : Nevo ( 1969 : 241 -- 258 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker ( 1968 : 663 -- 674 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 55 -- 56 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle ( 1964 : 349 -- 361 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Levenson ( 2000 : 142 ) defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ Muir ( 2005 : 34 -- 41 ) . Jump up ^ Lucking ( 2001 : 115 -- 126 ) . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 55 -- 58 ) ; Driver ( 1964 : 363 -- 370 ) . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 1987 : 415 ) . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1987 : 410 ) . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1987 : 411 -- 412 ) . Jump up ^ Shapiro ( 1964 : 498 -- 501 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnard ( 1951 : 319 -- 327 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 20 -- 30 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 51 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 47 -- 48 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 48 -- 49 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Levin ( 1960 : 3 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 51 -- 52 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 52 -- 55 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1998 : 92 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Wells ( 2004 : 11 -- 13 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 82 ) quoting Karl A. Meninger 's 1938 Man Against Himself . Jump up ^ Appelbaum ( 1997 : 251 -- 272 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 83 , 81 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 84 -- 85 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 85 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1977 : 5 -- 22 ) ; Halio ( 1998 : 87 -- 88 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 89 -- 90 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 25 -- 26 ) Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 85 -- 86 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Rubinstein ( 1989 : 54 ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg ( 1994 : 221 -- 227 ) . Jump up ^ `` Avenne una notte , come Amor volse , la luna più del solito rilucendo , che mentre Romeo era per salire sopra il detto balcone , la giovane ... '' Pace - Sanfelice , G ( 1868 ) . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . ^ Jump up to : Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Balcony '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 97 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : ix ) . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2002 : 18 ) . The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 62 ) . Jump up ^ Dawson ( 2002 : 176 ) Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2002 : 21 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 100 -- 102 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 71 ) . Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2002 : 26 -- 27 ) . Jump up ^ Branam ( 1984 : 170 -- 179 ) ; Stone ( 1964 : 191 -- 206 ) . Jump up ^ Pedicord ( 1954 : 14 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison ( 2007 : 231 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison ( 2007 : 232 ) . Jump up ^ Gay ( 2002 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Halliday ( 1964 : 125 , 365 , 420 ) . Jump up ^ The Times 30 December 1845 , cited by Gay ( 2002 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2001 : 194 -- 195 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 84 ) Jump up ^ Schoch ( 2002 : 62 -- 63 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 104 -- 105 ) . Jump up ^ Winter ( 1893 : 46 -- 47 , 57 ) . Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Holland ( 2002 : 202 -- 203 ) Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 69 -- 70 ) . Jump up ^ Tad Mosel , Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell , Little , Brown & Co. , Boston ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Smallwood ( 2002 : 102 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 105 -- 107 ) . Jump up ^ Smallwood ( 2002 : 110 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 107 -- 109 ) . ^ Jump up to : Levenson ( 2000 : 87 ) . Jump up ^ Holland ( 2001 : 207 ) . Jump up ^ The Times 19 September 1960 , cited by Levenson ( 2000 : 87 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 110 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 110 -- 112 ) . Jump up ^ Pape ( 1997 : 69 ) . Jump up ^ Quince ( 2000 : 121 -- 125 ) . Jump up ^ Lujan ( 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Howard ( 2000 : 297 ) . Jump up ^ Edgar ( 1982 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Marks ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Houlihan Mary , `` Wherefore Art Thou , Romeo ? To Make Us Laugh at Navy Pier '' , Chicago Sun - Times ( 16 May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Barranger ( 2004 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ New York Times ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam & Andrew Gans ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nestyev ( 1960 : 261 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 66 -- 67 ) Jump up ^ Winn , Steven ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Michael Smuin : 1938 - 2007 / Prolific dance director had showy career '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Buhler ( 2007 : 156 ) ; Sanders ( 2007 : 187 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1962 : 34 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Sadie ( 1996 : 31 ) ; Holden ( 1993 : 393 ) . Jump up ^ Collins ( 1982 : 532 -- 538 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 43 -- 45 ) . Jump up ^ Stites ( 1995 : 5 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 42 -- 43 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 42 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 187 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 20 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 187 - 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Taylor Swift '' . Time . Time Warner . 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Buhler ( 2007 : 157 ) Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 75 -- 76 ) . Jump up ^ Ehren ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Arafay ( 2005 : 186 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1998 : 89 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 91 ) , crediting this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ `` Romeo '' , Merriam - Webster Online . Jump up ^ Bly ( 2001 : 52 ) Jump up ^ Muir ( 2005 : 352 -- 362 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 111 ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 112 -- 113 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 120 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 126 -- 127 ) Jump up ^ Orgel ( 2007 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster author page , retrieved 4 / 19 / 2014 http://books.simonandschuster.com/Juliets-Nurse/Lois-Leveen/9781476757445 Jump up ^ Rozina Sabur ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Exam board apologises after error in English GCSE paper which confused characters in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Marsh ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . Guardian newspapers . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hannah Richardson ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Raquel Pells ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode ( 2001 : 42 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 225 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 43 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 48 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 138 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 48 -- 9 ) Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 51 ) quoting Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Orgel ( 2007 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 51 -- 52 ) ; Rosenthal ( 2007 : 218 ) . Jump up ^ For example , by Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker , cited by Brode ( 2001 : 51 -- 53 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 53 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 218 -- 20 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 140 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 142 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 215 -- 16 ) . Jump up ^ Symonds , Dominic ( 2017 ) . `` ' We 're all in this together ' : being girls and boys in High School Music ( 2006 ) '' . In Rodosthenous , George . The Disney Musical on Stage and Screen : Critical Approaches from ' Snow White ' to ' Frozen ' . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9781474234191 . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris ( 1994 : 141 -- 56 ) list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . Jump up ^ Lanier ( 2007 : 96 ) ; McKernan and Terris ( 1994 : 146 ) . Jump up ^ Howard ( 2000 : 310 ) ; Rosenthal ( 2007 : 228 ) . Jump up ^ Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` ' Ram Leela ' box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ram - leela ' Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of ' Romeo and Juliet ' '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet bloom becomes V day film '' , Big story , Associated press . Jump up ^ `` Cinemas & tickets '' , Romeo & Juliet cinema . Jump up ^ `` Modern take for Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet '' . BBC News . 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : vii ) . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bauch , Marc A. ( 2007 ) . Friar Lawrence 's Plan in William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet And His Function as A Counsellor . Munich : Grin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 638 - 77449 - 9 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . JSTOR 459678 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . JSTOR 2869925 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buchanan , Judith ( 2009 ) . Shakespeare on Silent Film : An Excellent Dumb Discourse . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87199 - 0 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's ' I Capuleti ed i Montecchi ' '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . JSTOR 2868094 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . JSTOR 459577 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Stanley Wells , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare Second Series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . translated by C.H. Sisson . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lanzara , Joseph ( 2010 ) . William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Uncensored . New Arts Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9639621 - 2 - 6 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare ( Oxford World 's Classics ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . JSTOR 2867423 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . Lujan , James ( 2005 ) . `` A Museum of the Indian , Not for the Indian '' . The American Indian Quarterly . 29 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 510 -- 516 . ISSN 0095 - 182X . doi : 10.1353 / aiq. 2005.0098 . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Meyer , Eve R. ( 1968 ) . `` Measure for Measure : Shakespeare and Music '' . Music Educators Journal . The National Association for Music Education . 54 ( 7 ) : 36 -- 38 , 139 -- 143 . ISSN 0027 - 4321 . JSTOR 3391243 . doi : 10.2307 / 3391243 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and `` Clizia '' `` . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Shakespeare on the Drive '' . The New York Times . 19 August 1977 . Orgel , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare Illustrated '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Parker , D.H. ( 1968 ) . `` Light and Dark Imagery in Romeo and Juliet '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 75 ( 4 ) . Pedicord , Harry William ( 1954 ) . The Theatrical Public in the Time of David Garrick . New York : King 's Crown Press . Potter , Lois ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Quince , Rohan ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare in South Africa : Stage Productions During the Apartheid Era . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4061 - 3 . Roberts , Arthur J. ( 1902 ) . `` The Sources of Romeo and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 44 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2917639 . doi : 10.2307 / 2917639 . `` Romeo -- Definition from the Merriam -- Webster Online Dictionary '' . Merriam -- Webster . Retrieved 16 August 2008 . Rosenthal , Daniel ( 2007 ) . BFI Screen Guides : 100 Shakespeare Films . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 170 - 3 . Rubinstein , Frankie ( 1989 ) . A Dictionary of Shakespeare 's Sexual Puns and their Significance ( Second Edition ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 48866 - 0 . Sadie , Stanley ( 1992 ) . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 228 - 9 . Sanders , Julie ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare and Music : Afterlives and Borrowings . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3297 - 1 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Scott , Mark W. ; Schoenbaum , S. , eds. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 6129 - 9 . Shapiro , Stephen A. ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Reversals , Contraries , Transformations , and Ambivalence '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 25 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 501 . JSTOR 373235 . doi : 10.2307 / 373235 . Siegel , Paul N. ( 1961 ) . `` Christianity and the Religion of Love in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 12 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 92 . JSTOR 2867455 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867455 . Smallwood , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Twentieth - century Performance : the Stratford and London companies '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Spencer , T.J.B , ed. ( 1967 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Stites , Richard , ed. ( 1995 ) . Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20949 - 8 . Stone , George Winchester Jr ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 206 . JSTOR 2867891 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867891 . Tanselle , G. Thomas ( 1964 ) . `` Time in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 61 . JSTOR 2868092 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868092 . Tatspaugh , Patricia ( 2000 ) . `` The tragedies of love on film '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare plays on Renaissance Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Wells , Stanley ( 2004 ) . Looking for Sex in Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54039 - 9 . Wells , Stanley ( 2013 ) . An A-Z Guide to Shakespeare ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 191 - 74076 - 3 . Winter , William ( 1893 ) . The Life and Art of Edwin Booth . London : MacMillan and Co . External links Find more aboutRomeo and Julietat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Romeo and Juliet Plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg Romeo and Juliet at the British Library Romeo and Juliet HTML version at MIT Romeo and Juliet Complete Annotated Text on One Page Without Ads or Images Romeo and Juliet HTML Annotated Play Easy Read Romeo and Juliet Full text with portraits and location drawings to make the play easy to follow from the printed page . Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece The Phoenix and the Turtle A Lover 's Complaint Apocrypha Arden of Faversham * Cardenio * Double Falsehood * Love 's Labour 's Won Sejanus His Fall * Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy * The Passionate Pilgrim * Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! 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Adam and Eve - wikipedia Adam and Eve This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Adam and Eve ( disambiguation ) . The Fall of Man by Peter Paul Rubens Adam and Eve , according to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions , were the first man and woman . They are central to the belief that humanity is in essence a single family , with everyone descended from a single pair of original ancestors . It also provides the basis for the doctrines of the fall of man and original sin that are important beliefs in Christianity , although not held in Judaism or Islam . In the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible , chapters one through five , there are two creation narratives with two distinct perspectives . In the first , Adam and Eve are not mentioned ( at least not mentioned by name ) . Instead , God created humankind in God 's image and instructed them to multiply and to be stewards over everything else that God had made . In the second narrative , God fashions Adam from dust and places him in the Garden of Eden . Adam is told that he can eat freely of all the trees in the garden , except for a tree of the knowledge of good and evil . Subsequently , Eve is created from one of Adam 's ribs to be Adam 's companion . They are innocent and unembarrassed about their nakedness . However , a serpent deceives Eve into eating fruit from the forbidden tree , and she gives some of the fruit to Adam . These acts give them additional knowledge , but it gives them the ability to conjure negative and destructive concepts such as shame and evil . God later curses the serpent and the ground . God prophetically tells the woman and the man what will be the consequences of their sin of disobeying God . Then he banishes them from the Garden of Eden . The story underwent extensive elaboration in later Abrahamic traditions , and it has been extensively analyzed by modern biblical scholars . Interpretations and beliefs regarding Adam and Eve and the story revolving around them vary across religions and sects ; for example , the Islamic version of the story holds that Adam and Eve were equally responsible for their sins of hubris , instead of Eve being the first one to be unfaithful . The story of Adam and Eve is often depicted in art , and it has had an important influence in literature and poetry . The story of the fall of Adam is often understood to be an allegory . There is no physical evidence that Adam and Eve ever literally existed , and their literal existence is incompatible with human evolutionary genetics . However , there is in some countries a large discrepancy between the scientific consensus and popular opinion ; a 2014 poll reports that 56 % of Americans believe that `` Adam and Eve were real people '' , and 44 % believe so with strong or absolute certainty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Adam and Eve in the Hebrew Bible narrative 1.1 Creation narrative 1.2 Eden narrative ( the Fall ) 1.3 Cain and Abel and the Generations of Adam 1.4 The Fall and expulsion from Eden 1.5 Offspring 2 Textual history 3 Abrahamic traditions 3.1 Judaism 3.2 Christianity 3.3 Islam 3.4 Gnostic traditions 3.5 Bahá'í Faith 4 Historicity 5 Arts and literature 5.1 Image gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Adam and Eve in the Hebrew Bible narrative ( edit ) God Judging Adam William Blake , 1795 Tate Collection The Creation of Adam depicted in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo Adam and Eve are figures from the Primeval History ( Genesis 1 to 11 ) , the Bible 's mythic history of the first years of the world 's existence . The History tells how God creates the world and all its beings and places the first man and woman ( Adam and Eve ) in his Garden of Eden , how the first couple are expelled from God 's presence , of the first murder which follows , and God 's decision to destroy the world and save only the righteous Noah and his sons ; a new humanity then descends from these sons and spreads throughout the world . Although the new world is as sinful as the old , God has resolved never again to destroy the world by flood , and the History ends with Terah , the father of Abraham , from whom will descend God 's chosen people , the Israelites . Creation narrative ( edit ) Main articles : Genesis creation narrative , Adam , and Eve Adam and Eve are the Bible 's first man and first woman . Adam 's name appears first in Genesis 1 with a collective sense , as `` mankind '' ; subsequently in Genesis 2 - 3 it carries the definite article ha , equivalent to English `` the '' , indicating that this is `` the man '' . In these chapters God fashions `` the man '' ( ha adam ) from earth ( adamah ) , breathes life into his nostrils , and makes him a caretaker over creation . God next creates for the man an ezer kenegdo , a `` helper corresponding to him '' , from his side or rib . She is called ishsha , `` woman '' , because , the text says , she is formed from ish , `` man '' . The man receives her with joy , and the reader is told that from this moment a man will leave his parents to `` cling '' to a woman , the two becoming one flesh . Eden narrative ( the fall ) ( edit ) The first man and woman are in God 's garden of Eden , where all creation is vegetarian and there is no violence . They are permitted to eat of all the trees except one , the tree of the knowledge of good and evil , the woman is tempted by a talking serpent to eat the forbidden fruit , and gives some to the man , who eats also . ( Contrary to popular myth she does not beguile the man , who appears to have been present at the encounter with the serpent ) . God curses all three , the man to a lifetime of hard labour followed by death , the woman to the pain of childbirth and to subordination to her husband , and the serpent to go on his belly and suffer the enmity of both man and woman . God then clothes the nakedness of the man and woman , who have become god - like in knowing good and evil , then banishes them from the garden lest they eat the fruit of a second tree , the tree of life , unmentioned up to this point , and live forever . Cain and Abel and the generations of Adam ( edit ) Genesis 4 introduces the humans in their life outside God 's garden . The chapter deals with the birth of Adam 's sons Cain and Abel and the story of the first murder , followed by the birth of a third son , Seth . Genesis 5 , the Book of the Generations of Adam , lists the descendants of Adam from Seth to Noah with their ages at the birth of their first sons ( except Adam himself , for whom his age at the birth of Seth , his third son , is given ) and their ages at death ( Adam lives 930 years ) . The chapter notes that Adam had other sons and daughters after Seth , but does not name them . Adam has already named the woman Eve at the end of the Eden narrative , and in Genesis 4 : 25 and for the first time , he is called Adam as a personal name . The fall and expulsion from Eden ( edit ) Main article : Fall of man The Adam and Eve story continues in Genesis 3 with the `` expulsion from Eden '' narrative . A form analysis of Genesis 3 reveals that this portion of the story can be characterized as a parable or `` wisdom tale '' in the wisdom tradition . The poetic addresses of the chapter belong to a speculative type of wisdom that questions the paradoxes and harsh realities of life . This characterization is determined by the narrative 's format , settings , and the plot . The form of Genesis 3 is also shaped by its vocabulary , making use of various puns and double entendres . The expulsion from Eden narrative begins with a dialogue between the woman and a serpent , identified in Genesis 3 : 1 as an animal that was more crafty than any other animal made by God , although Genesis does not identify the serpent with Satan . The woman is willing to talk to the serpent and respond to the creature 's cynicism by repeating God 's prohibition against eating fruit from the tree of knowledge ( Genesis 2 : 17 ) . The woman is lured into dialogue on the serpent 's terms which directly disputes God 's command . The serpent assures the woman that God will not let her die if she ate the fruit , and , furthermore , that if she ate the fruit , her `` eyes would be opened '' and she would `` be like God , knowing good and evil '' ( Genesis 3 : 5 ) . The woman sees that the fruit of the tree of knowledge is a delight to the eye and that it would be desirable to acquire wisdom by eating the fruit . The woman eats the fruit and gives some to the man ( Genesis 3 : 6 ) . With this the man and woman recognize their own nakedness , and they make loincloths of fig leaves ( Genesis 3 : 7 ) . In the next narrative dialogue , God questions the man and the woman ( Genesis 3 : 8 -- 13 ) , and God initiates a dialogue by calling out to the man with a rhetorical question designed to consider his wrongdoing . The man explains that he hid in the garden out of fear because he realized his own nakedness ( Genesis 3 : 10 ) . This is followed by two more rhetorical questions designed to show awareness of a defiance of God 's command . The man then points to the woman as the real offender , and he implies that God is responsible for the tragedy because the woman was given to him by God ( Genesis 3 : 12 ) . God challenges the woman to explain herself , whereby she shifts the blame to the serpent ( Genesis 3 : 13 ) . The Fall of Adam and Eve as depicted in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo Divine pronouncement of three judgments are then laid against all the culprits , Genesis 3 : 14 -- 19 . A judgement oracle and the nature of the crime is first laid upon the serpent , then the woman , and , finally , the man . On the serpent , God places a divine curse . The woman receives penalties that impact her in two primary roles : she shall experience pangs during childbearing , pain during childbirth , and while she shall desire her husband , he will rule over her . The man 's penalty results in God cursing the ground from which he came , and the man then receives a death oracle , although the man has not been described , in the text , as immortal . Abruptly , in the flow of text , in Genesis 3 : 20 , the man names the woman `` Eve '' , ( Heb . hawwah ) `` because she was the mother of all living '' . God makes skin garments for Adam and Eve ( Genesis 3 : 20 ) . The chiasmus structure of the death oracle given to Adam in Genesis 3 : 19 , is a link between man 's creation from `` dust '' ( Genesis 2 : 7 ) to the `` return '' of his beginnings : '' you return , to the ground , since from it you were taken , for dust you are , and to dust , you will return . '' The garden account ends with an intradivine monologue , determining the couple 's expulsion , and the execution of that deliberation ( Genesis 3 : 22 -- 24 ) . The reason given for the expulsion was to prevent the man from eating from the tree of life and becoming immortal : `` Behold , the man is become as one of us , to know good and evil ; and now , lest he put forth his hand , and take also of the tree of life , and eat , and live for ever '' ( Genesis 3 : 22 ) . God exiles Adam and Eve from the Garden and installs cherubs ( supernatural beings that provide protection ) and the `` ever - turning sword '' to guard the entrance ( Genesis 3 : 24 ) . Offspring ( edit ) Main article : Genealogies of Genesis Genesis 4 tells of the birth of Cain and Abel , Adam and Eve 's first children , while Genesis 5 gives Adam 's genealogy past that . Adam and Eve are listed as having three children , Cain , Abel and Seth , then `` other sons and daughters '' , Genesis 5 : 4 . According to the Book of Jubilees ( which is usually not considered canonical ) , Cain married his sister Awan , a daughter of Adam and Eve . Textual History ( edit ) The Primeval History forms the opening chapters of the Torah , the five books making up the history of the origins of Israel . This achieved something like its current form in the 5th century BCE , but Genesis 1 - 11 shows little relationship to the rest of the Bible : for example , the names of its characters and its geography - Adam ( man ) and Eve ( life ) , the Land of Nod ( `` Wandering '' ) , and so on - are symbolic rather than real , and almost none of the persons , places and stories mentioned in it are ever met anywhere else . This has led scholars to suppose that the History forms a late composition attached to Genesis and the Pentateuch to serve as an introduction . Just how late is a subject for debate : at one extreme are those who see it as a product of the Hellenistic period , in which case it can not be earlier than the first decades of the 4th century BCE ; on the other hand the Yahwist source has been dated by some scholars , notably John Van Seters , to the exilic pre-Persian period ( the 6th century BCE ) precisely because the Primeval History contains so much Babylonian influence in the form of myth . The Primeval History draws on two distinct `` sources '' , the Priestly source and what is sometimes called the Yahwist source and sometimes simply the `` non-Priestly '' ; for the purpose of discussing Adam and Eve in the Book of Genesis the terms `` non-Priestly '' and `` Yahwist '' can be regarded as interchangeable . Certain concepts , such as the serpent being identified as Satan , Eve being a sexual temptation , or Adam 's first wife being Lilith , come from literary works found in various Jewish apocrypha , but they are not found anywhere in the Book of Genesis or the Torah itself . Writings dealing with these subjects are extant literature in Greek , Latin , Slavonic , Syriac , Armenian , and Arabic , extending back to ancient Jewish thought . The concepts are not part of Rabbinic Judaism , but they did influence Christian theology , and this marks a radical split between the two religions . Some of the oldest Jewish portions of apocrypha are called Primary Adam Literature where some works became Christianized . Examples of Christianized works are Life of Adam and Eve , Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan and an original Syriac work entitled Cave of Treasures which has close affinities to the Conflict as noted by August Dillmann . Some modern scholars , such as James Barr , Moshe Greenberg , and Michael Fishbane , see the story of Adam and Eve as a representation of a rise to moral agency , at least as much as , if not more than the story of a fall from grace . Carol Meyers and Bruce Naidoff view the tale as an explanation of agricultural conditions in the highlands of Canaan . Abrahamic traditions ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) For the Jewish Weekly Torah portion , see Bereshit ( parsha ) § Third reading , and Bereshit ( parsha ) § Fourth reading . It was also recognized in ancient Judaism , that there are two distinct accounts for the creation of man . The first account says `` male and female ( God ) created them '' , implying simultaneous creation , whereas the second account states that God created Eve subsequent to the creation of Adam . The Midrash Rabbah -- Genesis VIII : 1 reconciled the two by stating that Genesis one , `` male and female He created them '' , indicates that God originally created Adam as a hermaphrodite , bodily and spiritually both male and female , before creating the separate beings of Adam and Eve . Other rabbis suggested that Eve and the woman of the first account were two separate individuals , the first being identified as Lilith , a figure elsewhere described as a night demon . According to traditional Jewish belief , Adam and Eve are buried in the Cave of Machpelah , in Hebron . In Reform Judaism , Harry Orlinsky analyzes the Hebrew word nefesh in Genesis 2 : 7 where `` God breathes into the man 's nostrils and he becomes nefesh hayya . '' Orlinsky argues that the earlier translation of the phrase `` living soul '' is incorrect . He points out that `` nefesh '' signifies something like the English word `` being '' , in the sense of a corporeal body capable of life ; the concept of a `` soul '' in the modern sense , did not exist in Hebrew thought until around the 2nd century B.C. , when the idea of a bodily resurrection gained popularity . Christianity ( edit ) Adam , Eve , and the ( female ) Serpent ( often identified as Lilith ) at the entrance to Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris Main articles : Fall of man and Original sin Some early fathers of the Christian church held Eve responsible for the Fall of man and all subsequent women to be the first sinners because Eve tempted Adam to commit the taboo . `` You are the devil 's gateway '' Tertullian told his female listeners , and went on to explain that they were responsible for the death of Christ : `` On account of your desert ( i.e. , punishment for sin , that is , death ) , even the Son of God had to die . '' In 1486 , the Dominicans Kramer and Sprengler used similar tracts in Malleus Maleficarum ( `` Hammer of Witches '' ) to justify the persecution of `` witches '' . Medieval Christian art often depicted the Edenic Serpent as a woman ( often identified as Lilith ) , thus both emphasizing the Serpent 's seductiveness as well as its relationship to Eve . Several early Church Fathers , including Clement of Alexandria and Eusebius of Caesarea , interpreted the Hebrew `` Heva '' as not only the name of Eve , but in its aspirated form as `` female serpent . '' Based on the Christian doctrine of the Fall of man , came the doctrine of original sin . St Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) , working with a Latin translation of the Epistle to the Romans , interpreted the Apostle Paul as having said that Adam 's sin was hereditary : `` Death passed upon ( i.e. , spread to ) all men because of Adam , ( in whom ) all sinned '' , Romans 5 : 12 Original sin became a concept that man is born into a condition of sinfulness and must await redemption . This doctrine became a cornerstone of Western Christian theological tradition , however , not shared by Judaism or the Orthodox churches . Over the centuries , a system of unique Christian beliefs had developed from these doctrines . Baptism became understood as a washing away of the stain of hereditary sin in many churches , although its original symbolism was apparently rebirth . Additionally , the serpent that tempted Eve was interpreted to have been Satan , or that Satan was using a serpent as a mouthpiece , although there is no mention of this identification in the Torah and it is not held in Judaism . Conservative Protestants typically interpret Genesis 3 as defining humanity 's original parents as Adam and Eve who disobeyed God 's prime directive that they were not to eat `` the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil '' ( NIV ) . When they disobeyed , they committed a major transgression against God and were immediately punished , which led to `` the fall '' of humanity . Thus , sin and death entered the universe for the first time . Adam and Eve were ejected from the Garden of Eden , never to return . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Biblical narratives and the Quran § Adam and Eve ( آدم Adam and حواء Hawwaa ) Painting from Manafi al - Hayawan ( The Useful Animals ) , depicting Adam and Eve . From Maragheh in Iran , 1294 -- 99 In Islam , Adam ( Ādam ; Arabic : آدم ‎ ) , whose role is being the father of humanity , is looked upon by Muslims with reverence . Eve ( Ḥawwāʼ ; Arabic : حواء ) is the `` mother of humanity '' . The creation of Adam and Eve is referred to in the Qurʼān , although different Qurʼanic interpreters give different views on the actual creation story ( Qurʼan , Surat al - Nisaʼ , verse 1 ) . In al - Qummi 's tafsir on the Garden of Eden , such place was not entirely earthly . According to the Qurʼān , both Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit in a Heavenly Eden ( see also Jannah ) . As a result , they were both sent down to Earth as God 's representatives . Each person was sent to a mountain peak : Adam on al - Safa , and Eve on al - Marwah . In this Islamic tradition , Adam wept 40 days until he repented , after which God sent down the Black Stone , teaching him the Hajj . According to a prophetic hadith , Adam and Eve reunited in the plain of ʻArafat , near Mecca . They had two sons together , Qabil and Habil . There is also a legend of a younger son , named Rocail , who created a palace and sepulcher containing autonomous statues that lived out the lives of men so realistically they were mistaken for having souls . The concept of `` original sin '' does not exist in Islam , because according to Islam Adam and Eve were forgiven by God . When God orders the angels to bow to Adam , Iblīs questioned , `` Why should I bow to man ? I am made of pure fire and he is made of soil . '' The liberal movements within Islam have viewed God 's commanding the angels to bow before Adam as an exaltation of humanity , and as a means of supporting human rights ; others view it as an act of showing Adam that the biggest enemy of humans on earth will be their ego . Gnostic traditions ( edit ) See also : Gnostics Gnostic Christianity discussed Adam and Eve in two known surviving texts , namely the `` Apocalypse of Adam '' found in the Nag Hammadi documents and the `` Testament of Adam '' . The creation of Adam as Protoanthropos , the original man , is the focal concept of these writings . Another Gnostic tradition held that Adam and Eve were created to help defeat Satan . The serpent , instead of being identified with Satan , is seen as a hero by the Ophites . Still other Gnostics believed that Satan 's fall , however , came after the creation of humanity . As in Islamic tradition , this story says that Satan refused to bow to Adam due to pride . Satan said that Adam was inferior to him as he was made of fire , whereas Adam was made of clay . This refusal led to the fall of Satan recorded in works such as the Book of Enoch . Bahá'í Faith ( edit ) In the Bahá'í Faith , the Adam and Eve narrative is seen as symbolic . In Some Answered Questions , ' Abdu'l - Bahá rejects a literal reading and states that the story contains `` divine mysteries and universal meanings '' . Adam symbolizes the `` heavenly spirit '' , Eve symbolizes the `` human soul '' , the Tree of Knowledge symbolizes `` the human world '' , and the serpent symbolizes `` attachment to the human world '' . The fall of Adam thus represents the way humanity became conscious of good and evil . In another sense , Adam and Eve represent God 's Will and Determination , the first two of the seven stages of Divine Creative Action . Historicity ( edit ) Main article : Historicity of the Bible While a traditional view was that the Book of Genesis was authored by Moses and has been considered historical and metaphorical , modern scholars consider the Genesis creation narrative as one of various ancient origin myths . Analysis like the documentary hypothesis also suggests that the text is a result of the compilation of multiple previous traditions , explaining apparent contradictions . Other stories of the same canonical book , like the Genesis flood narrative , are also understood as having been influenced by older literature , with parallels in the older Epic of Gilgamesh . With scientific developments in paleontology , geology , biology and other disciplines , it was discovered that humans , and all other living things , share a common ancestor and evolved through natural processes , with earlier life forms going back to billions of years . In biology the most recent common ancestors , when traced back using the Y - chromosome for the male lineage and mitochondrial DNA for the female lineage , are commonly called the Y - chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve , respectively . These do not fork from a single couple at the same epoch even if the names were borrowed from the Tanakh . Arts and literature ( edit ) Adam and Eve were used by early Renaissance artists as a theme to represent female and male nudes . Later , the nudity was objected to by more modest elements , and fig leaves were added to the older pictures and sculptures , covering their genitals . The choice of the fig was a result of Mediterranean traditions identifying the unnamed Tree of Knowledge as a fig tree , and since fig leaves were actually mentioned in Genesis as being used to cover Adam and Eve 's nudity . Treating the concept of Adam and Eve as the historical truth introduces some logical dilemmas . One such dilemma is whether they should be depicted with navels ( the Omphalos theory ) . Since they did not develop in a uterus , they would not have been connected to an umbilical cord like all other humans . Paintings without navels looked unnatural and some artists obscure that area of their bodies , sometimes by depicting them covering up that area of their body with their hand or some other intervening object . John Milton 's Paradise Lost , a famous 17th - century epic poem written in blank verse , explores and elaborates upon the story of Adam and Eve in great detail . As opposed to the Biblical Adam , Milton 's Adam is given a glimpse of the future of mankind , by the archangel Michael , before he has to leave Paradise . American painter Thomas Cole painted The Garden of Eden ( 1828 ) , with lavish detail of the first couple living amid waterfalls , vivid plants , and attractive deer . Mark Twain wrote humorous and satirical diaries for Adam and Eve in both Eve 's Diary ( 1906 ) and The Private Life of Adam and Eve ( 1931 ) , posthumously published . C.L. Moore 's 1940 story Fruit of Knowledge is a re-telling of the Fall of Man as a love triangle between Lilith , Adam and Eve -- with Eve 's eating the forbidden fruit being in this version the result of misguided manipulations by the jealous Lilith , who had hoped to get her rival discredited and destroyed by God and thus regain Adam 's love . In Stephen Schwartz 's musical Children of Eden , `` Father '' ( God ) creates Adam and Eve at the same time and considers them His children . They even assist Him in naming the animals . When Eve is tempted by the serpent and eats the forbidden fruit , Father makes Adam choose between Him and Eden , or Eve . Adam chooses Eve and eats the fruit , causing Father to banish them into the wilderness and destroying the Tree of Knowledge , from which Adam carves a staff . Eve gives birth to Cain and Abel , and Adam forbids his children from going beyond the waterfall in hopes Father will forgive them and bring them back to Eden . When Cain and Abel grow up , Cain breaks his promise and goes beyond the waterfall , finding the giant stones made by other humans , which he brings the family to see , and Adam reveals his discovery from the past : during their infancy , he discovered these humans , but had kept it secret . He tries to forbid Cain from seeking them out , which causes Cain to become enraged and he tries to attack Adam , but instead turns his rage to Abel when he tries to stop him and kills him . Later , when an elderly Eve tries to speak to Father , she tells how Adam continually looked for Cain , and after many years , he dies and is buried underneath the waterfall . Eve also gave birth to Seth , which expanded hers and Adam 's generations . Finally , Father speaks to her to bring her home . Before she dies , she gives her blessings to all her future generations , and passes Adam 's staff to Seth . Father embraces Eve and she also reunited with Adam and Abel . Smaller casts of the American version usually have the actors cast as Adam and Eve double as Noah and Mama Noah . John William `` Uncle Jack '' Dey painted `` Adam and Eve Leave Eden '' ( 1973 ) , using stripes and dabs of pure color to evoke Eden 's lush surroundings . In C.S. Lewis ' science fiction novel `` Perelandra '' , the story of Adam and Eve is re-enacted on the Planet Venus - but with a different ending . A green - skinned pair , who are destined to be the ancestors of Venusian humanity , are living in naked innocence on wonderful floating islands which are the Venusian Eden ; a demonically - possessed Earth scientist arrives in a spaceship , acting the part of the snake and trying to tempt the Venusian Eve into disobeying God ; but the protagonist , Cambridge scholar Ransom , succeeds in thwarting him - so that Venusian humanity will have a glorious future , free of Original Sin . Image gallery ( edit ) The Woman , the Man , and the Serpent by Byam Shaw Adam and Eve by Titian Depiction of the Fall in Kunsthalle Hamburg , by Master Bertram Adam and Eve by Albrecht Dürer Eve giving Adam the forbidden fruit , by Lucas Cranach the Elder Adam and Eve from a copy of the Falnama ( Book of Omens ) ascribed to Ja ́ far al - Sadiq , ca . 1550 , Safavid dynasty , Iran Detail of a stained glass window ( 12th century ) in Saint - Julien cathedral - Le Mans , France Adam & Eve , illuminated manuscript circa 950 , Escorial Beatus Adam and Eve by Maarten van Heemskerck Early Christian depiction of Adam and Eve in the Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter Adam and Eve Driven From Paradise by James Tissot Adam and Eve depicted in a mural in Abreha wa Atsbeha Church , Ethiopia See also ( edit ) Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Ask and Embla , the first two humans created by Norse gods Balbira & Kalmana Biblical narratives and the Qur'an Christian naturism Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan Generations of Adam Líf and Lífþrasir Malakas and Maganda , the first two humans according to some Philippine Myths Manu and Shatarupa Mashya and Mashyana , the first two humans in Zoroastrian cosmogony Pre-Adamite Tree of Jiva and Atman Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See John Van Seters , Prologue to History : The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis ( 1992 ) , pp. 80 , 155 - 156 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Womack , Mari ( 2005 ) . Symbols and Meaning : A Concise Introduction . Walnut Creek ... ( et al . ) : Altamira Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0759103224 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Creation myths are symbolic stories describing how the universe and its inhabitants came to be . Creation myths develop through oral traditions and therefore typically have multiple versions . Jump up ^ Leeming , David ( 2010 ) . Creation Myths of the World : Parts I - II . p. 303 . Jump up ^ Azra , Azyumardi ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 14 . Trialogue of Abrahamic Faiths : Towards an Alliance of Civilizations '' . In Ma'oz , Moshe . The Meeting of Civilizations : Muslim , Christian , and Jewish . Eastbourne : Sussex Academic Press . pp. 220 -- 229 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 845 - 19395 - 9 . ISBN 1 - 84519395 - 4 . Jump up ^ Alfred J. , Kolatch ( 1985 ) . The Second Jewish Book of Why ( 2nd , revised ed . ) . New York City : Jonathan David Publishers . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 824 - 60305 - 2 . Excerpt in Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin . Jump up ^ William Saletan ( 2014 ) . `` God 's Work ? A new poll suggests Americans are n't so confident in their creationism '' . Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Hearne 1990 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Galambush 2000 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Alter 2008 , p. 27 - 28 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Meyers , Patrick ( 1983 ) . Carol L. Meyers ; Michael Patrick O'Connor ; David Noel Freedman , eds . The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth : Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman . Eisenbrauns . pp. 343 -- 344 . ISBN 9780931464195 . ^ Jump up to : Mathews 1996 , p. 226 ^ Jump up to : Levenson , Jon D. ( 2004 ) . `` Genesis : introduction and annotations '' . In Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi . The Jewish Study Bible . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195297515 . Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 236 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 237 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 241 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 243 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 248 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Addis , Edward ( 1893 ) . The Documents of the Hexateuch , Volume 1 . Putnam . pp. 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Brian ( 2010 ) . 54 Torah Talks : From Layperson to Layperson . iUniverse . p. 4 . ISBN 9781440192555 . Jump up ^ Betsy Halpern Amaru ( 1999 ) . The Empowerment of Women in the Book of Jubilees , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Enns 2012 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sailhamer 2010 , p. 301 and fn. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Blenkinsopp 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Sailhamer 2010 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Gmirkin 2006 , p. 240 - 241 . Jump up ^ Gmirkin 2006 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Carr 2000 , p. 492 . Jump up ^ First translated by August Dillmann ( Das christl . Adambuch des Morgenlandes , 1853 ) , and the Ethiopic book first edited by Trump ( Abh . d . Münch . Akad . xv. , 1870 -- 1881 ) . Jump up ^ Die Schatzhöhle translated by Carl Bezold from three Syriac MSS ( 1883 ) , edited in Syriac ( 1888 ) . Jump up ^ Title = Revelation and Authority : Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition Author = Benjamin D. Sommer Pub = The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library Date = June 30 , 2015 pg = 20 Jump up ^ Howard Schwartz ( September 2004 ) . `` 173 '' . Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism : The Mythology of Judaism . p. 138 . ISBN 0195086791 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . The myth of Adam the Hermaphrodite grows out of three biblical verses Jump up ^ Harry Orlinsky 's Notes to the NJPS Torah Jump up ^ `` Tertullian , `` De Cultu Feminarum '' , Book I Chapter I , ' ' Modesty in Apparel Becoming to Women in Memory of the Introduction of Sin Through a Woman ' ' ( in `` The Ante - Nicene Fathers '' ) `` . Tertullian.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fox , Robin Lane ( 2006 ) ( 1991 ) . The Unauthorized Version : Truth and Fiction in the Bible . Penguin Books Limited . pp. 15 -- 27 . ISBN 9780141925752 . Jump up ^ Robinson , B.A. `` Salvation : Teachings by Southern Baptists and other conservative Protestant denominations '' . Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance , 2010 . Accessed 2 Feb 2013 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism , Wheeler , `` Adam and Eve '' Jump up ^ Quran 4 : 1 :O mankind ! Be dutiful to your Lord , Who created you from a single person ( Adam ) , and from him ( Adam ) He created his wife Hawwa ( Eve ) , and from them both He created many men and women ; Jump up ^ Mecca and Eden : Ritual , Relics , and Territory in Islam -- Brannon M. Wheeler -- Google Books . Books.google.com.qa . July 2006 . ISBN 9780226888040 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ William Godwin ( 1876 ) . `` Lives of the Necromancers '' . Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 12 Jump up ^ Javed Ahmed Ghamidi , Mizan . Lahore : Dar al - Ishraq , 2001 Jump up ^ Sours , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Tablet of the Holy Mariner : An Illustrated Guide to Baha'u'llah's Mystical Work in the Sufi Tradition . Los Angeles : Kalimát Press . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 890688 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Some Answered Questions : Adam and Eve . ' Abdu'l - Bahá . Jump up ^ Momen , Wendy ( 1989 ) . A Basic Bahá'í Dictionary . Oxford , UK : George Ronald . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 85398 - 231 - 7 . Jump up ^ McLean , Jack ( 1997 ) . Revisioning the Sacred : New Perspectives on a Bahá'í Theology -- Volume 8 . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 2000 ) . `` Adam '' . A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith . Oxford : Oneworld Publications . p. 23 . ISBN 1 - 85168 - 184 - 1 . Jump up ^ Saiedi , Nader ( 2008 ) . Gate of the Heart . Waterloo , ON : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55458 - 035 - 4 . Jump up ^ Van Seters , John ( 1998 ) . `` The Pentateuch '' . In Steven L. McKenzie , Matt Patrick Graham . The Hebrew Bible Today : An Introduction to Critical Issues . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 5 . ISBN 9780664256524 . Jump up ^ Davies , G.I ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction to the Pentateuch '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 9780198755005 . Jump up ^ Gooder , Paula ( 2000 ) . The Pentateuch : A Story of Beginnings . T&T Clark . pp. 12 -- 14 . ISBN 9780567084187 . Jump up ^ Van Seters , John ( 2004 ) . The Pentateuch : A Social - science Commentary . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 30 -- 86 . ISBN 9780567080882 . Jump up ^ Finkel , Irving ( 2014 ) . The Ark Before Noah . UK : Hachette . p. 88 . ISBN 9781444757071 . Jump up ^ Kampourakis , Kostas ( 2014 ) . Understanding Evolution . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 127 -- 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03491 - 4 . LCCN 2013034917 . OCLC 855585457 . Jump up ^ Schopf , J. William ; Kudryavtsev , Anatoliy B. ; Czaja , Andrew D. ; Tripathi , Abhishek B. ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` Evidence of Archean life : Stromatolites and microfossils '' . Precambrian Research . Amsterdam , the Netherlands : Elsevier . 158 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 141 -- 155 . Bibcode : 2007PreR ... 158 ... 141S . doi : 10.1016 / j. precamres. 2007.04. 009 . ISSN 0301 - 9268 . Jump up ^ Takahata , N ( January 1993 ) . `` Allelic genealogy and human evolution '' . Mol. Biol. Evol. 10 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 22 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a039995 . PMID 8450756 . Jump up ^ Exhibit at the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth , Texas Jump up ^ `` Adam and Eve Leave Eden '' . Smithsonian American Art Museum . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Alter , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Five Books of Moses . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 33393 - 0 . Galambush , Julie ( 2000 ) . `` Eve '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 9789053565032 . Greenblatt , Stephen ( 2017 ) . The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24080 - 1 . Hearne , Stephen Z. ( 1990 ) . `` Adam '' . In Mills , Watson E. ; Bullard , Roger Aubrey . Mercer Dictionary of the Bible . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865543737 . Hendel , Ronald S ( 2000 ) . `` Adam '' . In David Noel Freedman . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 9789053565032 . Mathews , K.A. ( 1996 ) . Genesis 1 -- 11 : 26 . B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0805401011 . Mckenzie , John L. ( 1995 ) . The Dictionary of the Bible . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780684819136 . Kissling , Paul ( 2004 ) . Genesis , Volume 1 . College Press . ISBN 978 - 0899008752 . Almond , Philip C. ' Adam and Eve in Seventeenth - Century Thought ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 , 2008 ) Ayoub , Mahmoud . The Qur'an and its Interpreters , SUNY : Albany , 1984 Murdoch , Brian O . The Apocryphal Adam and Eve in Medieval Europe : Vernacular Translations and Adaptations of the Vita Adae et Evae . Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956414 - 9 Patai , R . The Jewish Alchemists , Princeton University Press , 1994 . Rana & Hugh . Fazale Rana and Ross , Hugh , Who Was Adam : A Creation Model Approach to the Origin of Man , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 57683 - 577 - 4 Sykes , Bryan . The Seven Daughters of Eve External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Adam and Eve Look up adam and eve in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adam and Eve . First Human Beings ( Library of Congress ) The Story of Lilith in The Alphabet of Ben Sira Islamic view of the fall of Adam ( audio ) 98 classical images of Adam and Eve The Book of Jubilees Adam and Eve in Medieval Reliefs , Capitals , Frescoes , Roof Bosses and Mosaics Cynistory and Phantamangas of Finceland `` Adam and Eve '' at the Christian Iconography website Translation of Grimm 's Fairy Tale No. 180 , Eve 's Unequal Children , a German Fairy Tale about Adam and Eve Jewish Encyclopedia Creationism portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Islam portal Baha'i Faith portal Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Adam and Eve ( 1992 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Cain and Abel Book of Genesis Biblical characters Adam Eve Cain and Abel Lucifer Enoch Awan Portrayals in media Film East of Eden ( film , 1952 ) Caín ( 1984 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) Abel Cain Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) Cain ( 1821 ) Musicals Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Here 's Where I Belong ( 1968 ) Literature Book of the Penitence of Adam East of Eden ( novel , 1952 ) Abel Sánchez : The History of a Passion ( 1917 ) The Book of Lies ( 2008 ) Songs `` Should the Bible Be Banned '' ( 1988 ) `` Cain 's Blood '' ( 1995 ) Other La mort d'Abel ( composition , 1810 ) The First Mourning ( painting , 1888 ) Cain and Abel ( TV series , 2009 ) Cain and Abel ( DC Comics ) Kane ( Command & Conquer video game character ) Related theology Adam and Eve Curse and mark of Cain Serpent seed Christian Identity Cain and Abel in Islam Balbira and Kalmana Cainites Other Generations of Adam Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Land of Nod Dracula : The Dark Prince VIAF : 62342107 GND : 118646907 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_and_Eve&oldid=837745785 '' Categories : Adam and Eve Bereshit ( parsha ) Book of Genesis people Creation myths Articles about multiple people in the Bible Articles about multiple people in the Quran Women in the Hebrew Bible Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 Winaray Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 19 : 43 . 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why is mayor poole on blue bloods in a wheelchair

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=David_Ramsey&oldid=836103077

David Ramsey - Wikipedia David Ramsey Jump to : navigation , search For other people named David Ramsey , see David Ramsey ( disambiguation ) . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Ramsey Ramsey at the 2016 Phoenix Comicon . ( 1971 - 11 - 17 ) November 17 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Detroit , Michigan , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1987 -- present David Ramsey ( born November 17 , 1971 ) is an American actor , best known for his roles in the Showtime TV series Dexter as Anton Briggs , the film Mother and Child ( 2009 ) as Joseph , and the CW show Arrow as John Diggle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Ramsey was born in Detroit , Michigan . He graduated from Wayne State University . From 1997 to 1998 , he starred in the UPN sitcom Good News , as pastor David Randolph . In 2000 , he starred as Muhammad Ali in the Fox television movie Ali : An American Hero . That year , he appeared in Pay It Forward and started a recurring role in For Your Love . In 2001 , he starred as Vince Lee in the South African comedy film `` Mr Bones '' . He has also starred in recurring roles in All of Us , The West Wing , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Ghost Whisperer , Wildfire , and Hollywood Residential . From 2008 to 2009 , he appeared in 17 episodes of Dexter as Anton Briggs , a pot - smoking confidential informant who has an affair with Debra Morgan in Season 3 and at the start of Season 4 . In 2010 , he appeared in an episode of Grey 's Anatomy and in the short - lived NBC courtroom drama series Outlaw . In 2012 , he has been pulling double duty , appearing in the main cast of CW 's superhero show Arrow , as John Diggle , a military veteran who is Oliver 's partner , confidant , and bodyguard , while also starring in the TV series Blue Bloods as Mayor Carter Poole . Ramsey is an accomplished martial artist , with a black belt in jeet kune do . He has also studied boxing and tae kwon do , and trained in kickboxing under Benny `` Jet '' Urquidez . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Scared Stiff George Masterson The Nutty Professor Student A Very Brady Sequel Brent , the Lifeguard Con Air Londell 1998 A Short Wait Between Trains Jenkins 1999 Three to Tango Bill 2000 Pay It Forward Sidney Parker 2001 Mr. Bones Vince Lee Hair Show Cliff 2005 Resurrection : The J.R. Richard Story J.R. Richard Produced by Benjamin O. Jimerson - Phillips Bathsheba King David 2006 `` Hello Sister , Goodbye Life '' Dennis 2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Wayne 2008 The Coverup Bill Daily 2009 The Rub Cam Stewart Mother and Child Joseph 2014 Draft Day Thompson 2015 Accidental Love Rep. Bill Harshtone Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Murder One Reporter # 3 Episode : `` Chapter Two '' Deutschlandlied George Television miniseries Space : Above and Beyond Supervisor Episode : `` The Angriest Angel '' Her Costly Affair Shep Walker Television film 1997 -- 98 Good News Pastor David Randolph Main role 1998 CHiPs ' 99 Officer Sergeant McFall Television film Mama Flora 's Family Booker Palmer ( Adult ) Television film 1999 Mutiny Vernon Nettles Television film 2000 Ali : An American Hero Muhammad Ali Television film 2000 -- 01 For Your Love Brian 4 episodes 2001 Girlfriends Randall Episode : `` Mom 's the Word '' Thieves Agent Victor Episode : `` The Long Con '' 2002 For the People Episode : `` To DNA or Not to DNA '' Romeo Fire Television film The Guardian Debord 's Lawyer Episode : `` No Good Deed '' 2002 -- 03 One on One Jayden Episodes : `` Everybody Loves Whom ? '' , `` It 's a Miserable Life '' 2003 The Flannerys Sam Gable Television film Strong Medicine Jake Cortese Episode : `` Breathing Lessons '' NCIS Special Agent Richard Owens Episode : `` The Curse '' Crossing Jordan Agent Scannell Episode : `` Is That Plutonium in Your Pocket , or Are You Just Happy to See Me ? '' CSI : Miami Officer Everhart Episode : `` Wannabe '' Charmed Upper Level Demon Episode : `` Witch Wars '' Second Time Around Travis Byrd Episode : `` A Kiss Is Still a Kiss '' 2005 Central Booking Troy Stonebreaker Television film Huff Clay 3 episodes All of Us Rusty Recurring role ( 6 episodes ) Jane Doe : The Wrong Face Mac Television film 2005 -- 08 Ghost Whisperer Will 4 episodes 2006 Hello Sister , Goodbye Life Uncle Dennis Klein Television film The West Wing Teddy - Santos 's Turnout Briefer Episodes : `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' , `` Election Day : Part 1 '' Fatal Contact : Bird Flu in America Curtis Ansen Television film CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Gerald Crowley Episode : `` Burn Out '' 2007 Criminal Minds Wakeland Episode : `` Fear and Loathing '' Journeyman Det . Wilson Hargreaves Episode : `` The Legend of Dylan McCleen '' 2008 Hollywood Residential Don Merritt Main role Wildfire Dr. Noah Gleason Recurring role ( 8 episodes ) 2008 -- 09 Dexter Anton Briggs Recurring role ( season 3 - 4 ) Nominated : Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2009 Castle Jim Wheeler Episode : `` Fool Me Once ... '' Grey 's Anatomy Jimmy Thompson Episode : `` Sympathy for the Parents '' Outlaw Al Druzinsky Main role 2011 -- 2017 Blue Bloods Mayor Carter Poole Recurring role 2012 -- present Arrow John Diggle / Spartan / Green Arrow Main role 2014 -- 2016 The Flash John Diggle / Spartan 4 episodes 2016 -- 2017 DC 's Legends of Tomorrow 2 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC Unveils 2010 - 2011 Primetime Schedule Accented by Five New Comedies , Seven New Dramas , and New Alternative Program '' . The Futon Critic . May 16 , 2010 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Male Celebs Who Practice Martial Arts '' , Jet , Sept. 24 , 2001 , at p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Carter Resurrects a Baseball Hero '' . BLT News . 2013 . p. 1 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting Star '' . Houston Press . September 2 , 2004 . p. 1 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Ramsey . Official website David Ramsey on IMDb David Ramsey on Twitter VIAF : 87242938 LCCN : nb99015916 ISNI : 0000 0000 6075 9749 BNF : cb14218827f ( data ) This article about an American actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Ramsey&oldid=836103077 '' Categories : 1971 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American Jeet Kune Do practitioners American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Detroit Wayne State University alumni American actor stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from February 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 18 : 03 . 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who was the commander who directed military operations during much of ww2

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Australian_Army_during_World_War_II&oldid=834216537

Australian Army during World war II - wikipedia Australian Army during World war II Jump to : navigation , search Australian Army Australian soldiers rest in the Finisterre Ranges of New Guinea while en route to the front line during March 1944 Active 1939 -- 45 Country Australia Allegiance Allies Type Army Size 80,000 ( September 1939 ) 476,000 ( peak in 1942 ) 730,000 ( total ) Engagements World War II North Africa Greece Crete Syria -- Lebanon Malaya Singapore New Guinea Bougainvile New Britain Borneo Commanders Notable commanders Thomas Blamey The Australian Army was the largest service in the Australian military during World War II . Prior to the outbreak of war the Australian Army was split into the small full - time Permanent Military Forces ( PMF ) and the larger part - time Militia . Following the outbreak of war , on 14 September 1939 Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced that 40,000 members of the Militia would be called up for training and a 20,000 - strong expeditionary force , designated the Second Australian Imperial Force ( Second AIF ) , would be formed for overseas service . Meanwhile , conscription was introduced in October 1939 to keep the Militia at strength as its members volunteered for the AIF . The Australian Army subsequently made an important contribution to the Allied campaigns in the Mediterranean , the Middle East and North Africa fighting the Germans , Italians and Vichy French during 1940 and 1941 , and later in the jungles of the South West Pacific Area fighting the Japanese between late 1941 and 1945 . Following the Japanese surrender Australian Army units were deployed as occupation forces across the South West Pacific . Meanwhile , the Army contributed troops to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) in Japan from 1946 . The Army was considerably expanded in early 1942 in response to the Japanese threat to Australia . During this year the Army 's strength peaked at eleven infantry divisions and three armoured divisions , and in August 1942 the Army had a strength of 476,000 men . This force was larger than Australia 's population and economy could sustain , and its strength was reduced in the second half of the year . Militia units were able to serve outside of Australian territory in the South West Pacific Area from January 1943 after the Defence ( Citizen Military Forces ) Act 1943 was passed , but few did so . The Army was further reduced by 100,000 members from October 1943 to free up manpower for industry . At the end of 1943 the Army 's strength was set at six infantry divisions and two armoured brigades , although further reductions were ordered in August 1944 and June 1945 . The Australian Army generally had a long - standing policy of using British - designed equipment , but equipment from Australia , the United States and some other countries was introduced into service in the war 's later years . Pre-war doctrine was focused on conventional warfare in a European environment and the Army did not have any doctrine for jungle warfare prior to 1943 . In early 1943 the Army developed a jungle warfare doctrine by adapting the pre-war field service regulations to meet the conditions in the South West Pacific . The demands of combat during World War II led to changes in the composition of Army units . The success of German mechanised units during the invasions of Poland and France convinced Australian defence planners that the Army required armoured units , and these began to be raised in 1941 . These units were not suitable for jungle warfare , however , and most were disbanded during 1943 and 1944 . Conditions in the South West Pacific also led the Army to convert its six combat divisions to jungle divisions in early 1943 and 1944 with fewer heavy weapons and vehicles . This organisation proved only moderately successful , and the divisions were strengthened for their 1944 -- 45 campaigns . The process of demobilisation began immediately after the end of hostilities in August 1945 and was finally completed on 15 February 1947 . A total of 730,000 personnel enlisted in the Australian Army during the war , a figure which represented around 10 percent of the population . Nearly 400,000 men ultimately served overseas , with 40 percent of the total force serving in front line areas . As a proportion of its population , the Australian Army was ultimately one of the largest Allied armies during World War II . Casualties included 11,323 killed in action , 1,794 who died of wounds , and 21,853 wounded . Another 5,558 were killed or died as prisoners of war ( POWs ) , while non-battle casualties in operational areas were also significant and included 1,088 killed and 33,196 wounded or injured . In addition , the Army suffered a substantial number of casualties in non-operational areas : 1,795 soldiers killed and 121,800 wounded or injured . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Organisation 2.1 Origin of the Second Australian Imperial Force 2.2 Forces in Australia and the Pacific 2.3 Women 's services 3 Campaigns 3.1 North Africa 3.2 Greece , Crete and Lebanon 3.3 El Alamein 3.4 Malaya and Singapore 3.5 Netherlands East Indies and Rabaul 3.6 Defence of Australia 3.7 Papuan campaign 3.8 New Guinea offensives 3.9 Advance to the Philippines 3.10 Mopping up in New Guinea and the Solomons 3.11 Borneo campaign 3.12 Post-war years 4 Leadership 5 Equipment 6 Training and doctrine 7 Prisoners of war 8 Demobilisation 9 Casualties 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : History of the Australian Army Soldiers of the Militia 56th Battalion in 1937 Prior to the outbreak of war the Australian Army consisted of the small full - time Permanent Military Forces ( PMF ) and the larger part - time Militia . Throughout the inter-war years , a combination of complacency and economic austerity had resulted in limited defence spending . In 1929 , following the election of the Scullin Labor government , conscription was abolished and in its place a new system was introduced whereby the Militia would be maintained on a part - time , voluntary basis only . The size of the Army remained small up until 1938 and 1939 when the Militia was rapidly expanded as the threat of war grew . In 1938 , there had been only 35,000 soldiers in the Militia , but by September 1939 this had been increased to 80,000 , supported by a PMF of 2,800 full - time soldiers whose main responsibility was largely to administer and train the Militia . This expansion had little impact on improving the readiness of Australian forces upon the outbreak of the war , though , as the provisions of the Defence Act 1903 restricted the pre-war Army to service in Australia and its territories including Papua and New Guinea . As a result , when Australia entered the war in 1939 , a new all - volunteer force was required that could fight in Europe or elsewhere outside of Australia 's immediate region . ( Similarly , in World War I the all - volunteer First Australian Imperial Force ( First AIF ) was raised and served with distinction at Gallipoli , in the Middle East and on the Western Front . ) From the 1920s Australia 's defence thinking was dominated by the `` Singapore strategy '' , which centred on the establishment of a major naval base at Singapore and the use of naval forces to respond to any future Japanese aggression in the region . As a maritime strategy , it resulted in a defence budget that was focused on building up the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) , in order to support the British Royal Navy . Between 1923 and 1929 , £ 20,000,000 was spent on the RAN , while the Australian Army and the munitions industry received only £ 10,000,000 and the fledgling Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) just £ 2,400,000 . The strategy met significant political opposition from sections of the regular Army , including several prominent officers such as Henry Wynter and John Lavarack . Wynter in particular argued that war was most likely to break out in the Pacific at a time when Britain was involved in a crisis in Europe and would be unable to send sufficient resources to Singapore . He contended that Singapore was vulnerable , especially to attack from the land and the air , and argued for a more balanced policy of building up the Army and RAAF rather than relying on the RAN . Men from the Darwin Mobile Force in April 1939 . The unit was an early attempt by the Australian government to raise a regular infantry field force amidst concerns about Australia 's readiness for war . During the 1930s the Australian Army 's organisation , equipment and doctrine were similar to those of World War I . The Militia was organised into infantry and horse - mounted cavalry divisions with fixed coastal fortifications positioned at strategic ports . While the Army recognised that there was a threat of war with Japan , little had been done to prepare for jungle warfare as pre-war planning had conceptualised any such conflict as taking place in the main population centres of Australia 's eastern seaboard , along with isolated attacks against strategic points in Western Australia . The Army followed the trends in the British Army as it modernised in the late 1930s , but was unable to obtain the up - to - date equipment needed to properly implement the new British doctrines and organisations due to a lack of resources as a result of limited defence expenditures . Nevertheless , the Militia provided a pool of experienced officers and soldiers who could be used to expand the Army in the event of war , and indeed during the course of the war about 200,000 Militia soldiers volunteered for overseas service . In 1942 the Army adopted the title Australian Military Forces ( AMF ) to encompass the various categories of service : AIF , Militia and Permanent Forces . Wartime exigencies required a rapid expansion of the Army and during the war 730,000 personnel enlisted in either the Militia or the AIF , a figure which represented around 10 percent of Australia 's population of just seven million , one of the highest percentages of any of the Allied armies during World War II . It subsequently made an important contribution to the Allied campaigns in the Mediterranean , the Middle East and North Africa fighting the Germans , Italians and Vichy French during 1940 and 1941 as part of British Commonwealth forces , and later in the jungles of the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) fighting the Japanese between late 1941 and 1945 primarily in conjunction with forces from the United States . Nearly 400,000 men served overseas , with 40 percent of the total force serving in front line areas . Organisation ( edit ) Main articles : Structure of the Australian Army during World War II and List of Australian divisions in World War II Origin of the Second Australian Imperial force ( edit ) Main article : Second Australian Imperial Force Soldiers from the 19th Brigade in Libya , January 1941 Australia entered World War II on 3 September 1939 . On 14 September Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced that 40,000 members of the Militia would be called up for training and a 20,000 - strong expeditionary force , designated the Second Australian Imperial Force , would be formed for overseas service . Like its predecessor , the Second AIF was a volunteer force formed by establishing entirely new units . In many cases these units drew their recruits from the same geographical areas as First AIF units , and they were given the same numerical designations albeit with the prefix `` 2 / '' . In October 1939 , conscription was introduced to keep the Militia at strength as its members volunteered for the AIF . From January 1940 , all unmarried men turning 21 were required to report to be examined for potential service . While a substantial proportion of these men were granted exemptions on medical grounds or because they would suffer financial hardship if forced to enter the military , the remainder were liable for three months training followed by ongoing reserve service . A side effect of this arrangement was the creation of two different armies with different conditions of service , one the part - volunteer part - conscript Militia and the other the all - volunteer AIF . This situation resulted in administrative and structural problems that existed throughout the war , as well as a sometimes bitter professional rivalry between the men of the two forces . Later , provision was made to allow Militia units to transfer to the AIF if sufficient numbers of personnel volunteered to serve under AIF terms of service . This required 65 percent of a unit 's war establishment -- or 75 percent of its actual strength -- to volunteer and allowed whole battalions to become part of the AIF . An early problem was whether to adopt the British or Australian organisation . In 1939 the British Army was in the process of re-equipping with new weapons , and a new organisation was required . This new equipment was not available in Australia , so it was decided to organise the first unit to be raised -- the 6th Division -- with some elements of the old organisation and some of the new . Consequently , the 6th Division was raised as an infantry division of around 18,000 personnel , and initially comprised twelve 900 - man infantry battalions each consisting of four rifle companies , a battalion headquarters , regimental aid post and a headquarters company with various support platoons and sections including signals , mortars , carriers , pioneers , anti-aircraft and administration . Artillery support was provided by three field regiments , each attached at brigade - level , as well an anti-tank regiment attached at divisional level and a divisional cavalry regiment which was equipped with armoured vehicles . Corps troops included a machine - gun battalion , and various engineer , logistics and communication units . Three further AIF infantry divisions were formed during 1940 : the 7th Division in February 1940 , the 8th Division in May and the 9th Division in June . However , the establishment of these divisions was reduced to the new nine - battalion organisation as the size of an Australian division was reduced to approximately 17,000 men , and the three surplus battalions of the 6th Division became part of the 7th Division . Further changes included the addition of a light anti-aircraft regiment at divisional level , and a reorganisation of the divisional artillery from three four - battery regiments consisting of 16 guns to three two - battery regiments of 12 guns . An AIF corps headquarters , designated I Corps , was formed in March 1940 along with various support units . The 1st Armoured Division , the final AIF division to be formed , was established in July 1941 , built around a core of two armoured brigades each consisting of three tank - equipped armoured regiments , supported by motorised cavalry , armoured cars , engineers and artillery . Several units , such as Z and M Special Units , were also raised for irregular warfare as were 12 commando companies . Many corps , support and service units were also raised during the war to provide combat and logistical support . Forces in Australia and the Pacific ( edit ) Main article : Australian Army Reserve § World War II Australian military districts , October 1939 The Army 's command and administrative arrangements at the start of the war were based on a system of military districts that had existed since Federation , albeit with a number of modifications . Australia was divided into six military districts each of which largely equated to a State or Territory , and reported to the Department of the Chief of the General Staff . Meanwhile , the Military Board was responsible for the administration of the Army , with regular members consisting of the Deputy Adjutant - General , the Chief of Intelligence , the Chief of the General Staff , the Chief of Ordnance and a civilian Finance Member , in addition to a number of consultative members , under the overall control of the Minister of the Defence . The 1st Military District ( 1 MD ) encompassed Queensland , the 2nd included most of New South Wales , the 3rd was primarily based on Victoria , the 4th included South Australia , the 5th included Western Australia and the 6th encompassed forces in Tasmania . In 1939 the Northern Territory was designated the 7th Military District , while and the 8th Military District was later activated in Port Moresby to command forces in New Guinea . Following the outbreak of World War II a regional command structure was subsequently adopted , with 2 MD becoming Eastern Command , 5 MD redesignated Western Command , while 1 MD in Queensland became Northern Command and the three southern states of New South Wales , Victoria and Tasmania were amalgamated into Southern Command . In the early years of the war this structure proved effective for operations overseas ; however , as the threat of war with Japan grew the various commands and military districts came under greater pressure . The activation of the Militia for full - time duty after Japan 's entry into the war in late 1941 compounded the situation . In response , the Army command structure was reorganised in early 1942 . While Western Australia remained unchanged , Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and South Australia were redesignated as Lines of Communications Areas , 7 MD became Northern Territory Force and 8 MD was redesignated as New Guinea Force . In July 1942 the Military Board 's functions were assumed by the commander of the military forces , General Sir Thomas Blamey . The AIF 's requirements for manpower and equipment constrained the Militia during the early years of the war . At the outbreak of the Pacific War the main Army units in Australia were five Militia infantry divisions -- the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th and 5th Divisions -- two Militia cavalry divisions -- the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Divisions -- and the AIF 1st Armoured Division . The Volunteer Defence Corps ( VDC ) , which was a part - time volunteer force of 100,000 men based on the British Home Guard , was also available for local defence . In addition , by early 1942 there were 12,000 garrison force personnel -- mostly reservist veterans of World War I -- organised into 13 garrison battalions for coastal defence and five battalions and two companies for internal security tasks , including guarding prisoner of war camps . Yet at this time only 30 percent of Militia units were on full - time duty , with the remainder periodically undertaking three month - long mobilisations . The Militia was also poorly armed , and there was insufficient equipment to be issued to all units if they were mobilised . In response to the Japanese threat following the outbreak of the Pacific War and the capture of the 8th Division in Malaya , the condition of the Militia became a pressing concern , after largely having been ignored since 1940 . Several middle - ranking and senior officers of the AIF were subsequently posted to Militia units and formations to give them experience . Meanwhile , the Army was forced to move units between Militia divisions so that the most combat - ready could be sent to areas believed to be under the greatest threat of attack . Some battalions were amalgamated , and although some were later separated and reformed , others were disbanded altogether . After the Defence ( Citizen Military Forces ) Act 1943 was passed Militia units were able to serve outside Australian territory in the South West Pacific Area from January 1943 , though the 11th Brigade was the only major formation to do so . The 13 / 33rd Battalion 's carrier platoon at Sydney in 1943 The Army was considerably expanded in early 1942 in response to the Japanese threat to Australia . During this year the Army 's strength peaked at eleven infantry divisions -- the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 9th , 10th , 11th and 12th Divisions -- and three armoured divisions -- the 1st , 2nd and 3rd -- organised into the First and Second Armies , and I , II and III Corps , as well as many support and service units . In August 1942 , the Army had a strength of 476,000 men . This force proved larger than what Australia 's population and industry could sustain ; by late 1942 the number of personnel who needed to be inducted each month to make good losses caused by sickness and combat was much larger than the numbers who were becoming eligible for service , and the allocation of a high proportion of Australia 's limited supply of manpower to the military was inhibiting the expansion of the munitions industry and other key sectors of the economy . The Army was also unbalanced as a large majority its personnel were employed in arms corps undertaking combat and combat support roles . Heavily reliant upon its allies for logistical support , it required more personnel in support arms such as ordnance and transport to be functional as a self - sufficient organisation . This situation was most acute in 1942 ; at that time there were 137,236 men serving arms corps such as infantry , cavalry and armour , while there were just 29,079 in ordnance . This imbalance was slowly addressed after 1942 as the Army 's size was reduced . Most of the units that were disbanded were Militia arms corps units , and by September 1943 the AIF outnumbered the Militia , having 265,000 members compared to just over 117,000 . Further reductions came in October 1943 when the Army 's strength was further reduced by 100,000 men to free up manpower to work in industry . At the end of 1943 the Army 's strength was set at six infantry divisions and two armoured brigades , although further reductions were ordered in August 1944 and June 1945 . By 1945 the support arms had grown considerably as a proportion of the total force and by August 1945 ordnance and the electrical and mechanical engineers totalled 42,835 men , while the artillery had been reduced to half its previous strength . Infantry , cavalry and armoured corps personnel numbered just 62,097 men , while engineers , signals and the medical services remained the same , albeit as part of a much smaller Army . Regardless , at the end of the war it remained one of the largest Allied armies as a proportion of population , being second only to the Soviet Union . The VDC was also reduced in size in May 1944 , and was finally disbanded on 24 August 1945 . If the conflict had continued past August 1945 , the size of the Army would have been further reduced to three divisions once Bougainville , New Guinea and New Britain had been secured . Two of these divisions would have been used on garrison duties , while a brigade group may have been made available for British - led operations in South East Asia and the remaining division was to take part in the invasion of Japan . The demands of combat during World War II led to changes in the composition of Army units . The success of German mechanised units during the invasions of Poland and France convinced Australian defence planners that the Army required armoured units , and these began to be raised in 1941 when the 1st Armoured Division was formed . The two Militia cavalry divisions were first motorised and then converted into armoured divisions in 1942 and the 3rd Army Tank Brigade was formed to provide support to the infantry . These large armoured units were not suitable for jungle warfare , however , and most were disbanded during 1943 and 1944 . Conditions in the South West Pacific also led the Army to convert its six combat divisions to jungle divisions in early 1943 and 1944 , reducing the authorised strength of the division by about 4,000 men . Each infantry battalion shed around 100 personnel as various support elements such as the anti-aircraft and carrier platoons were removed and consolidated at divisional level . The amount of heavy weapons and vehicles was also reduced , but the conditions that the organisation was designed for did not recur and it proved only moderately successful . As a result , the divisions were strengthened for their 1944 -- 45 campaigns by returning the artillery and anti-tank units that had been removed . The creation of the jungle divisions represented the first time in the Australian Army 's history that it had adopted an organisation specifically for the conditions in which its forces would fight . Previously force structure had been heavily influenced by the British Army , and the decision to adopt an organisation to suit local conditions reflected a growing maturity and independence . Yet it also resulted in the adoption of a two - tier force structure , as formations that were not designated for jungle warfare remained on the previous scales of equipment and manning . Ultimately , while their structure was better suited to operations in Australia , they were no longer able to be used against the Japanese . As a result , the burden of the fighting increasingly fell on those formations that had been re-organised , while the remainder of the Army was relegated to garrison duties . A 9.2 - inch coastal artillery emplacement at Fort Banks , La Perouse , New South Wales The Army also raised many anti-aircraft and coastal defence units during the war . The pre-war coastal defences were greatly expanded from 1939 , and many new batteries were built near major ports in Australia and New Guinea in response to the threat of Japanese attack . Australia had a limited capacity to produce anti-aircraft guns , and the bulk of equipment had to come from Britain . As such the development of such defences was initially hampered by a lack of available equipment . The coastal defence system reached its peak size during 1944 . The Army had few anti-aircraft guns at the outbreak of war , and a high priority was given to expanding the air defences around major cities and important industrial and military facilities . By 1942 anti-aircraft batteries were in place around all the major cities as well as the key towns in northern Australia . The expansion of the artillery in general , and coastal defence and anti-aircraft units in particular , meant that by June 1942 some 80,000 of the 406,000 members of the Army were artillerymen . VDC units gradually took over responsibility for manning the fixed coastal and anti-aircraft defences as the threat of attack against the Australian mainland receded . Traditionally the Australian Army had relied on its major allies to provide logistic support , primarily raising combat units rather than support arms during times of conflict . Consequently , these services were relatively underdeveloped , and they remained so during the first years of the war . While British units provided many logistic and line of communication services for the AIF in North Africa during the early campaigns in 1940 and 1941 , the Army needed to raise extensive support units to support its combat formations in the Pacific following the Japanese entry into the war . As a result , the growth of the support arms and ancillary services proved dramatic , including many capabilities which the Australian Army had only minimal or no previous experience in maintaining . These units included terminal formations and beach groups responsible for loading and unloading ships , food and petroleum storage and distribution units and several farm units which grew food for troops in remote areas . In addition , with Australia 's national support base located well to the rear , in the major cities in the south - east of the country , significant expansion of the Army 's transport capabilities was required to move supplies and men to the field force based in northern Australia and New Guinea . Many road transport units were raised to move supplies around Australia , while the Royal Australian Engineers eventually operated a fleet of 1,900 watercraft and three air maintenance companies were formed to load supply aircraft . Women 's services ( edit ) See also : Women in the Australian military A group of AANS sisters who had previously served in the Middle East at Guildford , Western Australia in September 1942 Prior to World War II the Australian Army Nursing Service ( AANS ) was the only female branch of the Army . A reserve formation that had served overseas during World War I , the AANS was mobilised following the outbreak of war in 1939 and its Matron in Chief , Grace Wilson , served on the staff of the Director - General of Medical Services , Major General Rupert Downes . For most of the war , AANS nurses were the only Australian servicewomen permitted to serve overseas , and many volunteered for the AIF . These women served in all the major theatres in which the Army fought and a total of 71 were killed on active service . The majority of these died in early 1942 during the fighting in Malaya and Singapore where 41 nurses were killed . In March 1942 , the Volunteer Aid Detachments ( VADs ) also became a branch of the Army Medical Service . Consisting of volunteers originally coordinated by the Australian Red Cross and Order of Saint John , the VADs were redesignated the Australian Army Medical Women 's Service ( AAMWS ) in December 1942 , and were employed in military hospitals in Australia and overseas until after the end of the war , before returning to civilian control in 1948 . Shortages of manpower also led to the establishment of the Australian Women 's Army Service ( AWAS ) in August 1941 . AWAS members filled a wide range of roles to allow the Army to redeploy male soldiers to fighting units . While they mainly worked in clerical and administrative positions , and auxiliary roles such as drivers and signallers , many served in anti-aircraft batteries , operating radars and searchlights but not the guns themselves . While Blamey sought to have members of the AWAS posted overseas from early 1941 onwards , the Australian Government did not agree to this until 1945 . As a result , only about 400 of the 24,000 women who joined the AWAS served outside Australia . The AWAS was reduced in size following the war , and was finally disbanded on 30 June 1947 . Colonel Sybil Irving commanded the AWAS from September 1941 until 1947 . In total some 35,000 women served in the Army , making up about 5 percent of the force . Campaigns ( edit ) Main articles : Military history of Australia during World War II and Australian Army battle honours of World War II North Africa ( edit ) During the first years of World War II , Australia 's military strategy was closely aligned with that of the United Kingdom 's imperial defence policy . The Singapore strategy , which seemingly negated the need for large - scale land forces in the Pacific , was a key component of this policy and consequently most Australian military units that were deployed overseas in 1940 and 1941 were sent to the Mediterranean and Middle East where they formed an integral part of the Commonwealth forces in the area . The three AIF infantry divisions dispatched to the Middle East were subsequently heavily involved in the fighting that followed . In addition to the force which was sent to North Africa , two AIF brigades ( the 18th and 25th ) were stationed in Britain from June 1940 to January 1941 and formed part of the British mobile reserve which would have responded to any German landings . An Australian Army forestry group also served in Britain between 1940 and 1943 . The Australian Army first saw action in Operation Compass , the successful Commonwealth offensive in North Africa which was conducted between December 1940 and February 1941 . Although the 6th Division was not fully equipped , it had completed its training and on 14 December , it relieved the 4th Indian Division . Given the task of capturing Italian fortresses bypassed by the British 7th Armoured Division during its advance , on 3 January , the division went into action at Bardia . Although the fortress was manned by a larger force , the Australian infantry quickly penetrated the Italian defensive lines with the support of British tanks and artillery . The majority of the defenders surrendered on 5 January and the Australians took 40,000 prisoners . The 6th Division followed up this success by assaulting the fortress of Tobruk on 21 January , securing it the next day and taking 25,000 Italians prisoner . After this , the Australians pushed west along the coast road to Cyrenaica and captured Benghazi on 4 February . Later that month , the 6th Division was withdrawn for deployment to Greece and was replaced by the untested 9th Division , which took up garrison duties in Cyrenaica . Soldiers from the 2 / 2nd Battalion advance through Bardia on 4 January 1941 In the last week of March 1941 , a German - led force launched an offensive in Cyrenaica . The Allied forces in the area were rapidly forced to withdraw towards Egypt . The 9th Division formed the rear guard of this withdrawal , and on 6 April was ordered to defend the important port town of Tobruk for at least two months . Sustained by the Australian destroyers of the Mediterranean Fleet , during the ensuing siege the 9th Division , reinforced by the 7th Division 's 18th Brigade as well as British artillery and armoured regiments , used fortifications , aggressive patrolling and artillery to contain and defeat repeated German armoured and infantry attacks . In September and October 1941 , upon the request of the Australian Government , the 9th Division was relieved and the bulk withdrawn from Tobruk . The 2 / 13th Battalion , however , was forced to remain until the siege was lifted in December as the convoy evacuating it was attacked . The defence of Tobruk cost the Australian units involved 3,009 casualties , including 832 killed and 941 taken prisoner . Greece , Crete and Lebanon ( edit ) 2 / 2nd Battalion soldiers during the retreat from northern Greece in April 1941 In early 1941 the 6th Division and I Corps headquarters took part in the ill - fated Allied expedition to defend Greece from a German invasion . The corps ' commander , Lieutenant General Thomas Blamey , and Prime Minister Menzies both regarded the operation as risky , but agreed to Australian involvement after the British Government provided them with briefings which deliberately understated the chance of defeat . The Allied force deployed to Greece was much smaller than the German force in the region and the defence of the country was compromised by inconsistencies between Greek and Allied plans . Australian troops arrived in Greece during March and manned defensive positions in the north of the country alongside British , New Zealand and Greek units . The outnumbered Allied force was not able to halt the Germans when they invaded on 6 April and was forced to retreat . The Australians and other Allied units conducted a fighting withdrawal from their initial positions and were evacuated from southern Greece between 24 April and 1 May . Australian warships also formed part of the force which protected the evacuation and embarked hundreds of soldiers from Greek ports . The 6th Division suffered heavy casualties in this campaign , with 320 men killed and 2,030 captured . While most of the 6th Division returned to Egypt , the 19th Brigade Group and two provisional infantry battalions landed at Crete where they formed a key part of the island 's defences . The 19th Brigade was initially successful in holding its positions when German paratroopers landed on 20 May , but was gradually forced to retreat . After several key airfields were lost the Allies evacuated the island 's garrison . Approximately 3,000 Australians , including the entire 2 / 7th Battalion , could not be evacuated , and were taken prisoner . As a result of its heavy casualties the 6th Division required substantial reinforcements and equipment before it was again ready for combat . The 7th Division , reinforced by the 6th Division 's 17th Brigade , formed a key part of the Allied ground forces during the Syria -- Lebanon campaign which was fought against Vichy French forces in June and July 1941 . With close air support from the RAAF and the Royal Air Force , the Australian force entered Lebanon on 8 June and advanced along the coast road and Litani River valley . Although little resistance had been expected , the Vichy forces mounted a strong defence which made good use of the mountainous terrain . After the Allied attack became bogged down reinforcements were brought in and the Australian I Corps headquarters took command of the operation on 18 June . These changes enabled the Allies to overwhelm the French forces and the 7th Division entered Beirut on 12 July . The loss of Beirut and a British breakthrough in Syria led the Vichy commander to seek an armistice and the campaign ended on 13 July . El Alamein ( edit ) Guns of the 2 / 8th Field Regiment at El Alamein in July 1942 In the second half of 1941 the Australian I Corps was concentrated in Syria and Lebanon where it undertook garrison duties while its strength was rebuilt ahead of further operations in the Middle East . Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific most elements of the corps , including the 6th and 7th Divisions , returned to Australia in early 1942 to counter the perceived Japanese threat to Australia . The Australian Government agreed to requests from Britain and the United States to temporarily retain the 9th Division in the Middle East in exchange for the deployment of additional US troops to Australia and Britain 's support for a proposal to expand the RAAF to 73 squadrons . The Government did not intend that the 9th Division would play a major role in active fighting , and it was not sent any further reinforcements . In mid-1942 , the Axis forces defeated the Commonwealth force in Libya and advanced into north - west Egypt . In June the British Eighth Army made a stand just over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) west of Alexandria , at the railway siding of El Alamein and the 9th Division was brought forward to reinforce this position . The lead elements of the division arrived at El Alamein on 6 July and it was assigned the most northerly section of the Commonwealth defensive line . From that position , the 9th Division subsequently played a significant role in the First Battle of El Alamein , helping to halt the Axis advance . Casualties were heavy , and the 2 / 28th Battalion was forced to surrender on 27 July when it was surrounded by German armour after capturing Ruin Ridge . Following this battle the division remained at the northern end of the El Alamein line and launched diversionary attacks during the Battle of Alam el Halfa in early September . In October 1942 , the 9th Division and the RAAF squadrons in the area took part in the Second Battle of El Alamein . After a lengthy period of preparation , the Eighth Army launched its major offensive on 23 October . The 9th Division was involved in some of the heaviest fighting of the battle , and its advance in the coast area succeeded in drawing away enough German forces for the heavily reinforced 2nd New Zealand Division to decisively break though the Axis lines on the night of 1 / 2 November . The 9th Division suffered a high number of casualties during this battle and did not take part in the pursuit of the retreating Axis forces . During the battle the Australian Government requested that the division be returned to Australia as it was not possible to provide enough reinforcements to sustain it , and this was agreed to by the British and US governments in late November . The 9th Division left Egypt for Australia in January 1943 , ending the AIF 's involvement in the war in North Africa . Malaya and Singapore ( edit ) See also : Battle of Malaya and Battle of Singapore Due to the emphasis placed on cooperation with Britain , relatively few Australian military units were stationed in Australia and the Asia - Pacific region after 1940 . Measures were taken to improve Australia 's defences as war with Japan loomed in 1941 , but these proved inadequate . The 8th Division was subsequently dispatched to Singapore in February 1941 , while plans were made for a Militia battalion to be stationed between Port Moresby and Thursday Island . An AIF battalion was also allocated to garrison Rabaul , and another brigade would be dispersed piecemeal to Timor and Ambon . Meanwhile , in July 1941 the 1st Independent Company was deployed to Kavieng on New Britain in order to protect the airfield , while sections were sent to Namatanai in central New Ireland , Vila in the New Hebrides , Tulagi on Guadalcanal , Buka Passage in Bougainville , and Lorengau on Manus Island to act as observers . Australian anti-tank gunners overlooking the Johore Causeway between Singapore and Malaya in February 1942 . In December 1941 the Australian Army in the Pacific consisted of the 8th Division , most of which was stationed in Malaya , and eight partially trained and equipped divisions in Australia , including the 1st Armoured Division . In keeping with the Singapore strategy , a high proportion of Australian forces in Asia were concentrated in Malaya during 1940 and 1941 as the threat from Japan increased . At the outbreak of war the Australian forces in Malaya consisted of two brigade groups from the 8th Division -- the 22nd and 27th Brigades -- under the command of Major General Gordon Bennett , along with four RAAF squadrons and eight warships . Following the Japanese invasion on 8 December 1941 , the 8th Division and its attached Indian Army units was assigned responsibility for the defence of Johore in the south of Malaya . As a result , it did not see action until mid-January 1942 when Japanese spearheads first reached the state , having pushed back the British and Indian units defending the northern parts of the peninsula . By this time , the division 's two brigades had been split up , with the 22nd having been deployed around Mersing and Endau on the east coast and the 27th in the west . The division 's first engagement came on the west coast around Muar on 14 January , where the Japanese Twenty - Fifth Army was able to outflank the Commonwealth positions due to Bennett misdeploying the forces under his command so that the weak Indian 45th Brigade was assigned the crucial coastal sector and the stronger Australian brigades were deployed in less threatened areas . While the Commonwealth forces in Johore achieved a number of local tactical victories , most notably around Gemas , Bakri and Jemaluang , they were unable to do more than slow the Japanese advance and suffered heavy casualties in doing so . After being outmanoeuvred by the Japanese , the remaining Commonwealth units withdrew to Singapore on the night of 30 -- 31 January . Following this the 8th Division was deployed to defend Singapore 's north - west coast . Due to the casualties suffered in Johore most of the division 's units were at half - strength , and the replacements that had been received -- a draft of about 1,900 replacements was sent in late January -- were barely trained , some having as little as two weeks ' training in Australia before being dispatched . Assigned larger - than - normal frontages to defend along beaches that were ill - suited for defence , the 22nd and 27th Brigades were spread thin on the ground with large gaps in their lines . The commander of the Singapore fortress , Lieutenant General Arthur Ernest Percival , believed that the Japanese would land on the north - east coast of the island and deployed the near full - strength British 18th Division to defend this sector . Nevertheless , on 8 February the Japanese landed in the Australian sector , and the 8th Division was forced from its positions after just two days of heavy fighting . A subsequent landing took place at Kranji , but the division was unable to turn this back and subsequently withdrew to the centre of the island . After further fighting in which the Commonwealth forces were pushed into a narrow perimeter around the urban area of Singapore , Percival surrendered his forces on 15 February . Although some Australians were able to escape , following the capitulation 14,972 Australians were taken prisoner . Bennett was among those that managed to get out , having left the island the night before the surrender via sampan after handing over command of his division to Brigadier Cecil Callaghan . He later justified his actions saying that he had gained an understanding of how to defeat the Japanese and needed to return to Australia to pass his knowledge on , but two post-war inquiries found that he was unjustified in leaving his command . The loss of almost a quarter of Australia 's overseas soldiers and the failure of the Singapore strategy that had permitted it to accept the sending of the AIF to aid Britain , stunned the country . The fall of Singapore raised fears of a Japanese invasion of the Australian mainland and the Government became concerned about the Army 's ability to respond . Although large , the forces in Australia contained many inexperienced units and lacked mobility . In response , most of the AIF was brought back from the Middle East and the Australian Prime Minister , John Curtin , appealed to the United States for assistance . As Japanese forces advanced through Burma towards India in early 1942 , the British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , attempted to divert the 6th and 7th Divisions while they were en route to Australia , but Curtin refused to authorise this movement . As a compromise the 16th and 17th Brigades of the 6th Division disembarked at Ceylon and formed part of the island 's garrison until they returned to Australia in August 1942 . Netherlands East Indies and Rabaul ( edit ) While Australia 's contribution to the pre-war plans to defend South East Asia from Japanese aggression was focused on the defence of Malaya and Singapore , small Australian forces were also deployed to defend several islands to the north of Australia . The role of these forces was to defend strategic airfields which could be used to launch attacks on the Australian mainland . Detachments of coastwatchers were also stationed in the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands to report on any Japanese operations there . An oil storage tank explodes during the first Japanese air raid on Darwin on 19 February 1942 At the start of the Pacific War the strategic port town of Rabaul in New Britain was defended by `` Lark Force '' , which comprised the 2 / 22nd Battalion reinforced with coastal artillery and a poorly equipped RAAF bomber squadron . While Lark Force was regarded as inadequate by the Australian military , it was not possible to reinforce it before the Japanese South Seas Force landed at Rabaul on 23 January 1942 . The outnumbered Australian force was swiftly defeated and most of the survivors surrendered in the weeks after the battle . Few members of Lark Force survived the war , as at least 130 were murdered by the Japanese on 4 February and 1,057 Australian soldiers and civilian prisoners from Rabaul were killed when the ship carrying them to Japan , the transport Montevideo Maru , was sunk by a US submarine on 1 July 1942 . AIF troops were also dispatched from Darwin to the Netherlands East Indies ( NEI ) in the first weeks of the Pacific War . Reinforced battalions from the 8th Division 's third brigade , the 23rd , were sent to Koepang in West Timor as part of `` Sparrow Force '' and to the island of Ambon as `` Gull Force '' to defend these strategic locations from Japanese attack . The 2 / 2nd Independent Company was also sent to Dili in Portuguese Timor in violation of Portugal 's neutrality . The force at Ambon was defeated by the Japanese landing on 30 January and surrendered on 3 February 1942 . Over 300 Australian prisoners were subsequently killed by Japanese troops in a series of mass executions during February . While the force at Koepang was defeated after the Japanese landed there on 20 February and also surrendered , Australian commandos waged a guerrilla campaign against the Japanese in Portuguese Timor until February 1943 . In the lead - up to the Japanese invasion of Java a force of 242 carrier - and land - based aircraft attacked Darwin on 19 February 1942 . At the time Darwin was an important base for Allied warships and a staging point for shipping supplies and reinforcements into the NEI . The Japanese attack was successful , and resulted in the deaths of 251 civilians and military personnel , most of whom were non-Australian Allied seamen , and heavy damage to RAAF Base Darwin and the town 's port facilities . A 3,000 - strong Army unit , as well as several Australian warships and aircraft from a number of RAAF squadrons participated in the unsuccessful defence of Java when the Japanese invaded the island in March 1942 . An Army force made up of elements from the 7th Division also formed part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian Command ( ABDACOM ) land forces on Java but saw little action before it surrendered at Bandung on 12 March after the Dutch forces on the island began to capitulate . Following the conquest of the NEI , the Japanese Navy 's main aircraft carrier force raided the Indian Ocean , attacking Ceylon in early April . The two Australian Army brigades stationed at Ceylon at the time of the raid were placed on alert to repel a potential invasion but did not see action as this did not eventuate . Defence of Australia ( edit ) A 14th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery QF 3.7 - inch AA gun position at Darwin in November 1942 Japan 's rapid advance south had been unexpected , and the perceived threat of invasion led to a major expansion of the Australian military . By mid-1942 the Army had a strength of ten infantry divisions , three armoured divisions and hundreds of other units . Thousands of Australians who were ineligible for service in the military responded to the threat of attack by joining auxiliary organisations such as the Volunteer Defence Corps and Volunteer Air Observers Corps , which were modelled on the British Home Guard and Royal Observer Corps respectively . However , Australia 's population and industrial base were not sufficient to maintain these forces once the threat of invasion had passed , and the Army was progressively reduced in size from 1943 . Despite Australian fears , the Japanese never intended to invade the Australian mainland . While an invasion was considered by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters in February 1942 , it was judged to be beyond the Japanese military 's capabilities and no planning or other preparations were undertaken . Instead , in March 1942 the Japanese military adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States by capturing Port Moresby in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Samoa and New Caledonia . Yet this plan was frustrated by the Japanese defeat in the Battle of the Coral Sea and was postponed indefinitely after the Battle of Midway . While these battles ended the threat to Australia , the Australian government continued to warn that an invasion was possible until mid-1943 . A series of Japanese air raids against northern Australia occurred during 1942 and 1943 , and while the main defence was provided by RAAF and Allied fighters , a number of Australian Army anti-aircraft batteries were also involved in dealing with this threat . A map depicting the limit of the Japanese advance in the Pacific in August 1942 Meanwhile , in 1942 the Australian military was reinforced by units recalled from the Middle East and an expansion of the Militia and RAAF . United States military units also arrived in Australia in great numbers before being deployed to New Guinea , and in April 1942 command of Australian and US forces in the South West Pacific was consolidated under an American commander , General Douglas MacArthur . After halting the Japanese the Allies moved onto the offensive in late 1942 , with the pace of advance accelerating in 1943 . From 1944 the Australian military was mainly relegated to subsidiary roles in holding or mopping - up operations , but continued to conduct large - scale operations until the end of the war with a larger proportion of its forces deployed in the final months of the conflict than at any other time . Papuan campaign ( edit ) Japanese forces first landed on the mainland of New Guinea on 8 March 1942 when they invaded Lae and Salamaua to secure bases for the defence of the important base they were developing at Rabaul . In response , Australian guerrillas from the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles established observation posts around the Japanese beachheads and the 2 / 5th Independent Company successfully raided Salamaua on 29 June . After the Battle of the Coral Sea frustrated the Japanese plan to capture Port Moresby via an amphibious landing , they attempted to capture the town by landing Major General Tomitarō Horii 's South Seas Force at Buna on the north coast of Papua and advancing overland using the Kokoda Track to cross the rugged Owen Stanley Range . The Kokoda Track campaign began on 22 July when the Japanese began their advance , opposed by an ill - prepared Militia brigade designated `` Maroubra Force '' . This force was successful in delaying the South Seas Force but was unable to halt it . Australian troops at Milne Bay In late August and early September 1942 Australian forces at Milne Bay inflicted the first notable land defeat of the war upon the Japanese . After the Japanese landed a unit of Special Naval Landing Forces to capture the airbases that the Allies had established in the area , two brigades of Australian troops -- the Militia 7th and AIF 18th -- designated `` Milne Force '' , supported by two RAAF fighter squadrons and US Army engineers , launched a counter-attack . Outnumbered , lacking supplies and suffering heavy casualties , the Japanese were forced to withdraw . The victory helped raise Allied morale across the Pacific Theatre , especially on the Kokoda Track where the Japanese had continued to make progress throughout August . On 26 August two AIF battalions from the 7th Division reinforced the remnants of Maroubra Force but the Japanese continued to advance along the Kokoda Track and by 16 September they reached the village of Ioribaiwa near Port Moresby . After several weeks of exhausting fighting and heavy losses , the Japanese troops were within 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) of Port Moresby . Yet supply problems made any further advance impossible , and the Japanese began to fear an Allied counter-landing at Buna . Following reverses at the hands of US forces on Guadalcanal the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters decided they could not support fronts on both New Guinea and Guadalcanal . Horii was subsequently ordered to withdraw his troops on the Kokoda Track until the issue at Guadalcanal was decided . After this , the Australian forces were heavily reinforced by the 7th Division 's 21st and 25th Brigades . Supported logistically by native Papuans who were recruited by the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit , often forcibly , to carry supplies and evacuate wounded personnel , the Australians pursued the Japanese back along the Kokoda Track . In early November , they had been forced into a small bridgehead on the north coast of Papua . Australian and US forces attacked the Japanese bridgehead in Papua in late November 1942 . The Allied force consisted of the exhausted 7th Division and the inexperienced and ill - trained US 32nd Infantry Division , and was short of artillery and supplies . Due to a lack of supporting weapons and MacArthur and Blamey 's insistence on a rapid advance the Allied tactics during the battle were centred on infantry assaults on the Japanese fortifications . These resulted in heavy casualties and the area was not secured until 22 January 1943 . Australian light tanks and infantry in action at Buna Throughout the fighting in Papua , most of the Australian personnel captured by Japanese troops were murdered . In response , for the remainder of the war Australian soldiers generally did not attempt to capture Japanese personnel and aggressively sought to kill their Japanese opponents including some that had surrendered . Following the defeats in Papua and Guadalcanal the Japanese withdrew to a defensive perimeter in the Territory of New Guinea . Meanwhile , during the fighting in 1942 -- 43 the Australian Army increasingly developed a tactical superiority over the Japanese in jungle warfare . The Papuan campaign led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army . During the campaign , the restriction banning Militia personnel from serving outside of Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and Militia . In late 1942 and early 1943 Curtin overcame opposition within the Labor Party to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the South West Pacific and the necessary legislation was passed in January 1943 . This made deploying the Militia easier , but ultimately only one brigade , the 11th , was dispatched outside of Australian territory , being deployed to Merauke on the south coast of Dutch West Papua in the NEI during 1943 and 1944 as part of `` Merauke Force '' . New Guinea offensives ( edit ) After halting the Japanese advance , Allied forces went on the offensive across the SWPA from mid-1943 . Australian forces played a key role throughout this offensive , which was designated Operation Cartwheel . In particular , Blamey oversaw a series of highly successful operations around the north - east tip of New Guinea which `` was the high point of Australia 's experience of operational level command '' during the war . After the successful defence of Wau the 3rd Division began advancing towards Salamaua in April 1943 . This advance was mounted to divert attention from Lae , which was one of the main objectives of Operation Cartwheel , and proceeded slowly . In late June the 3rd Division was reinforced by the US 162nd Regimental Combat Team , which staged an amphibious landing to the south of Salamaua . The town was eventually captured on 11 September 1943 . In early September 1943 Australian - led forces mounted a pincer movement to capture Lae . On 4 September the 9th Division made an amphibious landing to the east of the town and began advancing to the west . The following day , the US 503rd Parachute Regiment made an unopposed parachute drop at Nadzab , just west of Lae . Once the airborne forces secured Nadzab Airfield , the 7th Division was flown in and began advancing to the east in a race with the 9th Division to capture Lae . This race was won by the 7th Division , which captured the town on 15 September . The Japanese forces at Salamaua and Lae suffered heavy losses during this campaign , but were able to escape to the north . Troops of the 2 / 16th Battalion disembark from Dakota aircraft at Kaiapit . After the fall of Lae the 9th Division was given the task of capturing the Huon Peninsula . The 20th Brigade landed near the strategic harbour of Finschhafen on 22 September 1943 and secured the area . The Japanese responded by dispatching the 20th Division overland to the area and the remainder of the 9th Division was gradually brought in to reinforce the 20th Brigade against the expected counter-attack . The Japanese mounted a strong attack in mid-October which was defeated by the 9th Division after heavy fighting . During the second half of November the 9th Division captured the hills inland of Finschhafen from well dug in Japanese forces . Following its defeat , the 20th Division retreated along the coast with the 9th Division and 4th Brigade in pursuit . While the 9th Division secured the coastal region of the Huon Peninsula the 7th Division drove the Japanese from the inland Finisterre Range . The Finisterre Range campaign began on 17 September when the 2 / 6th Independent Company was air - landed in the Markham Valley . The company defeated a larger Japanese force at Kaiapit and secured an airstrip which was used to fly in the division 's 21st and 25th Brigades . Through aggressive patrolling the Australians forced the Japanese out of positions in extremely rugged terrain and in January 1944 the division began its attack on the key Shaggy Ridge position . The ridge was taken by the end of the month , with the RAAF playing a key supporting role . Following this success the Japanese withdrew from the Finisterre Range and Australian troops linked up with American patrols from Saidor on 21 April and secured Madang on 24 April . Advance to the Philippines ( edit ) The Australian military 's role in the South - West Pacific decreased during 1944 as US forces took over responsibility for the main Allied effort in the region . In the latter half of 1943 the Australian Government decided , with MacArthur 's agreement , that the size of the military would be decreased to release manpower for war - related industries which were important to supplying Britain and US forces in the Pacific . Australia 's main role in the Allied war effort from this point forward was supplying the other Allied countries with food , materials and manufactured goods needed for the defeat of Japan . As a result of this policy , the size of the Army was reduced from late 1943 onwards , though an offensive force of six infantry divisions ( three AIF and three Militia divisions ) was maintained until the end of the war . In early 1944 all but two of the Army 's divisions were withdrawn to the Atherton Tableland for training and rehabilitation . However , several new battalions of Australian - led Papuan and New Guinea troops were formed during 1944 and organised into the Pacific Islands Regiment . These troops had earlier seen action alongside Australian units throughout the New Guinea campaign , and they largely replaced the Australian Army battalions disbanded during the year . While the Australian Government offered I Corps for use in Leyte and Luzon , nothing came of several proposals to utilise it in the liberation of these islands . The Army 's prolonged period of relative inactivity during 1944 led to public concern , and many Australians believed that the AIF should be demobilised if it could not be used for offensive operations . This was politically embarrassing for the government , and helped motivate it to look for new areas where the military could be used . It also impacted upon the Army 's morale ; as the Allies advanced further towards Japan , the Army was increasingly relegated to `` second string '' roles , despite having fought `` above its weight '' for most of the war . Mopping up in New Guinea and the solomons ( edit ) In late 1944 , the Australian Government committed twelve Australian Army brigades to replace six US Army divisions which were conducting defensive roles in Bougainville , New Britain and the Aitape -- Wewak area in New Guinea in order to free up the American units for operations in the Philippines . While the US units had largely conducted a static defence of their positions , their Australian replacements mounted offensive operations designed to destroy the remaining Japanese forces in these areas . The value of these campaigns was controversial at the time and remains so to this day as the Australian Government authorised these operations for primarily political , rather than military , reasons . It was believed that keeping the Army involved in the war would give Australia greater influence in any post-war peace conferences and that liberating Australian territories would enhance Australia 's influence in its region . Critics of these campaigns , such as author Peter Charlton , argue that they were unnecessary and wasteful of the lives of the Australian soldiers involved as the Japanese forces were already isolated and ineffective . Men from the 61st Battalion patrol along the Mosigetta River on Bougainville in March 1945 in the lead up to the Battle of Slater 's Knoll The 5th Division replaced the US 40th Infantry Division on New Britain during October and November 1944 and continued the New Britain campaign with the goals of protecting Allied bases and confining the large Japanese force on the island to the area around Rabaul . In late November the 5th Division established bases closer to the Japanese perimeter and began aggressive patrols supported by the Allied Intelligence Bureau . The division conducted amphibious landings at Open Bay and Wide Bay at the base of the Gazelle Peninsula in early 1945 and defeated the small Japanese garrisons in these areas . By April the Japanese had been confined to their fortified positions in the Gazelle Peninsula by the Australian force 's aggressive patrolling . The 5th Division suffered 53 fatalities and 140 wounded during this campaign . After the war it was found that the Japanese force was 93,000 strong , which was much higher than the 38,000 which Allied intelligence had estimated remained on New Britain . The II Corps continued the Bougainville campaign after it replaced the US Army 's XIV Corps between October and December 1944 . The corps consisted of the 3rd Division , 11th Brigade and Fiji Infantry Regiment on Bougainville and the 23rd Brigade which garrisoned neighbouring islands and was supported by RAAF , Royal New Zealand Air Force and United States Marine Corps air units . While the XIV Corps had maintained a defensive posture , the Australians conducted offensive operations aimed at destroying the Japanese force on Bougainville . As the Japanese were split into several enclaves the II Corps fought separate offensives in the northern , central and southern portions of the island . The main focus was against the Japanese base at Buin in the south , and the offensives in the north and centre of the island were largely suspended from May 1945 . While Australian operations on Bougainville continued until the end of the war , large Japanese forces remained at Buin and in the north of the island . The 6th Division was assigned responsibility for completing the destruction of the Japanese Eighteenth Army , which was the last large Japanese force remaining in the Australian portion of New Guinea . Supported by several RAAF squadrons and RAN warships , the division was reinforced by Militia and armoured units and began arriving at Aitape in October 1944 . In late 1944 the Australians launched a two - pronged offensive to the east towards Wewak . The 17th Brigade advanced inland through the Torricelli Mountains while the remainder of the division moved along the coast . Although the Eighteenth Army had suffered heavy casualties from previous fighting and disease , it mounted a strong resistance and inflicted significant casualties . The 6th Division 's advance was also hampered by supply difficulties and bad weather . The Australians secured the coastal area by early May , and Wewak was captured on 10 May after a small force was landed east of the town . By the end of the war the Eighteenth Army had been forced into what it had designated its `` last stand '' area . The Aitape -- Wewak campaign cost 442 Australian lives while about 9,000 Japanese died and another 269 were taken prisoner . Borneo campaign ( edit ) The Borneo campaign of 1945 was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific . In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July , the Australian I Corps , under Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead , attacked Japanese forces occupying the island . Allied naval and air forces , centred on the US 7th Fleet under Admiral Thomas Kinkaid , the Australian First Tactical Air Force and the US Thirteenth Air Force , also played important roles in the campaign . The goals of this campaign were to capture Borneo 's oilfields and Brunei Bay to support the US - led invasion of Japan and British - led liberation of Malaya which were planned to take place later in 1945 . The Australian Government did not agree to MacArthur 's proposal to extend the offensive to include the liberation of Java in July 1945 , however , and its decision not to release the 6th Division for this operation contributed to it not going ahead . Australian soldiers and local civilians on Labuan Island . The soldier on the left is armed with an Australian - designed Owen gun . The campaign opened on 1 May 1945 when the 26th Brigade Group landed on the small island of Tarakan off the east coast of Borneo to secure the island 's airstrip as a base to support the planned landings at Brunei and Balikpapan . While it had been expected that it would take only a few weeks to secure Tarakan and re-open the airstrip , intensive fighting on the island lasted until 19 June and the airstrip was not opened until 28 June . As a result , the operation is generally considered to have not been worthwhile . The next phase began on 10 June when the 9th Division conducted simultaneous assaults in north - west Labuan and on the coast of Brunei . While Brunei was quickly secured , the Japanese garrison on Labuan held out for over a week . After the Brunei Bay region was secured the 24th Brigade was landed in North Borneo and the 20th Brigade advanced along the western coast of Borneo south from Brunei . Both brigades rapidly advanced against weak Japanese resistance and most of north - west Borneo was liberated by the end of the war . During the campaign the 9th Division was assisted by indigenous fighters who were waging a guerrilla war against Japanese forces with the support of Australian special forces such as Z Special Unit . The third and final stage of the campaign was the capture of Balikpapan on the central east coast of Borneo . This operation had been opposed by Blamey , who believed that it was unnecessary , but went ahead on the orders of MacArthur . After a 20 - day preliminary air and naval bombardment the 7th Division landed near the town on 1 July . Balikpapan and its surrounds were secured after some heavy fighting on 21 July but mopping up continued until the end of the war as isolated pockets of Japanese resistance remained . The capture of Balikpapan was the last large - scale land operation conducted by the Western Allies during World War II . Although the Borneo campaign was criticised in Australia at the time , and in subsequent years , as pointless or a waste of soldiers ' lives , it did achieve a number of objectives , such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the main part of the NEI , capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war , who were being held in deteriorating conditions . Post-war years ( edit ) The 2 / 31st Battalion passing through the town of Bandjermasin in Borneo as it took responsibility for the area from the Japanese on 17 September 1945 Prior to the end of the war on 15 August 1945 , the Australian military was preparing to contribute forces to the invasion of Japan . Australia 's participation in this operation would have involved elements of all three services fighting as part of Commonwealth forces . It was planned to form a new 10th Division from existing AIF personnel which would form part of the Commonwealth Corps with British , Canadian and New Zealand units . The corps ' organisation was to be identical to that of a US Army corps , and it would have participated in the invasion of the Japanese home island of Honshū which was scheduled for March 1946 under Operation Coronet . Planning for operations against Japan ceased in August 1945 when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Japanese field commanders subsequently surrendered to Allied forces across the Pacific Theatre and Australian forces accepted the surrender of their Japanese opponents at ceremonies conducted at Morotai , several locations in Borneo , Timor , Wewak , Rabaul , Bougainville and Nauru . Following the surrender the Australian Army faced a number of immediate operational and administrative issues , including the need to maintain security in the areas it occupied , the disarming and administration of surrendered Japanese forces in these areas , organising the return of approximately 177,000 soldiers ( including prisoners of war ) to Australia , the demobilisation and discharge of the bulk of the soldiers serving in the Army , and the raising of an occupation force for service in Japan . Australian Army units were deployed as occupation forces following the Japanese surrender . Under the terms of an agreement reached between Blamey and Admiral Louis Mountbatten , the head of South East Asia Command , Australia was responsible for providing occupation forces for all of Borneo , the NEI east of Lombok ( including western New Guinea ) and the pre-war Australian and British territories in eastern New Guinea and the Solomon Islands as well as Nauru and Ocean Islands in the Pacific . The Australian forces in Borneo and the NEI were to remain in place only until they were relieved by British and Dutch units in late 1945 . I Corps was responsible for garrisoning Borneo and the eastern NEI , and the First Army disarmed Japanese forces in the pre-war British and Australian territories in and around New Guinea . After the surrender documents were signed the 7th and 9th Divisions took control of Borneo and five forces were dispatched from Morotai and Darwin to the key islands in the eastern NEI . While the British forces in the western NEI took part in fighting against Indonesian nationalists , the Australians were careful to not become involved in the Indonesian National Revolution and sought to hand control of their occupation zones to the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration as quickly as possible . Relations between the Australian troops and Indonesians were generally good , due in part to the decision by the Waterside Workers ' Federation of Australia to not load Dutch ships which were carrying military supplies bound for the NEI . The last Australian occupation troops left the NEI in February 1946 . General Robert L. Eichelberger inspects the Australian Guard of Honour at Kure . The Australian Army also contributed troops to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) in Japan . Volunteers for this force were recruited in late 1945 , with most being assigned to three new infantry battalions : the 65th Battalion was formed from volunteers from the 7th Division , the 66th Battalion by men from the 6th Division and the 67th from 9th Division personnel . These and other units were grouped at Morotai as the 34th Brigade in October 1945 . The brigade 's departure for Japan was delayed until February 1946 by inter-Allied negotiations , but it eventually took over responsibility for enforcing the terms of the Japanese surrender in Hiroshima Prefecture . The three infantry battalions raised for occupation duties were designated the 1st , 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment in 1949 , and the 34th Brigade became the 1st Brigade when it returned to Australia in December 1948 , forming the basis of the post-war Regular Army . From that time the Australian Army contribution to the occupation of Japan was reduced to a single under - strength battalion . Australian forces remained until September 1951 when the BCOF ceased operations , although by the time the majority of units had been committed to the fighting on the Korean peninsula following the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 . Leadership ( edit ) See also : List of Australian Army generals When the war began the Army was on the cusp of a generational change . At the time , the senior officers on the active list were Major Generals Gordon Bennett and Thomas Blamey , although Bennett had not held an appointment for seven years and Blamey for the last two . Then came the Chief of the General Staff , Major General John Lavarack ; the Adjutant General , Major General Sir Carl Jess ; Major General Owen Phillips , the Quartermaster General ; Major General Edmund Drake - Brockman , the commander of the 3rd Division ; and Major General Iven Mackay , the commander 2nd Division . All were over 50 years of age and all except Bennett , Drake - Brockman and Mackay were serving or former regular soldiers . Only the first three were considered to command the 6th Division and Second AIF , for which posts Blamey was selected by Prime Minister Menzies . Both Blamey and Lavarack were promoted to lieutenant general on 13 October 1939 . Blamey was subsequently appointed General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) I Corps following its raising in March 1940 , while Mackay was appointed to succeed him in command of the 6th Division and Lavarack assumed command of the newly formed 7th Division . The next most senior regular officers , all colonels , included men like Vernon Sturdee , Henry Wynter and John Northcott , all of whom had joined the Army before World War I. These officers held senior commands throughout the war , but seldom active ones . Below them were a distinct group of regular officers , graduates of the Royal Military College , Duntroon , which had opened in 1911 . Their number included Frank Berryman , William Bridgeford , Cyril Clowes , Horace Robertson , Sydney Rowell and George Alan Vasey . These officers had fought in World War I and reached the rank of major , but their promotion prospects were restricted and they remained majors for twenty years . Many left the Army to join the British or Indian armies , or the RAAF , or to return to civilian life . As a group , they had become embittered and resentful , and determined to prove that they could lead troops in battle . Many regular officers had attended training courses or been on exchange with the British Army , which was important in the early years of the war when there was close cooperation between the two armies . Blamey briefing journalists on operations around Lae in September 1943 Between the wars , the reservists enjoyed much better promotion prospects . While Alan Vasey , a major in the First AIF , was not promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel until 1937 , Kenneth Eather , a reservist who was too young to serve in World War I , was commissioned in 1923 and promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1935 . Menzies ordered that all commands in the 6th Division be given to reservists rather than regular officers , who had become political adversaries through their outspoken opposition to the Singapore strategy . Appointments therefore went to reservists like Stanley Savige , Arthur Allen , Leslie Morshead and Edmund Herring . Later other Militia officers rose to prominence as brigade and division commanders . The distinguished records of officers like Heathcote Hammer , Ivan Dougherty , David Whitehead , Victor Windeyer and Selwyn Porter would challenge the regular officers ' contention that they had a special claim to senior command ability . At the start of the war , the majority of battalion commands went to older reservists , many of whom had commanded battalions or served in the First AIF . As the war went on , the average age of battalion commanders declined from 42.9 years old in 1940 to 35.6 in 1945 . The prevalence of regular officers in senior positions also rose , and in 1945 they held half of all senior appointments . They remained under - represented in unit commands , and , as in 1940 , there was still only one infantry battalion commanded by a regular officer . Following the outbreak of war with Japan , many senior officers with distinguished records in the Middle East were recalled to Australia to lead Militia formations and fill important staff posts as the Army expanded . The following year , though , the Army reached its greatest extent after which it shrank in size . With a limited number of senior appointments and more senior officers than required , Blamey faced public and political criticism after he `` shelved '' several senior officers . The career prospects of junior officer were also affected , particularly in the infantry . Of the 52 officers promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel in the last six months of 1944 only five were infantrymen , while two were engineers , and 45 were from the supporting arms . Meanwhile , the return of the AIF divisions to Australia from the Middle East in 1942 coincided with the arrival of large numbers of American troops , including the US 32nd and 41st Infantry Divisions . From April 1942 MacArthur took over command of all US and Australian forces in the newly formed South West Pacific Area as Supreme Commander . Blamey had been appointed Commander - in - Chief AMF in March following his promotion to general , setting up Land Headquarters to subsume the role of the Military Board , which was suspended on 30 July . As Commander - in - Chief AMF he reported directly to MacArthur and was subsequently also given command of Allied Land Forces in the theatre . Yet although Australian forces made up the bulk of the Allied forces in SWPA until 1944 in practice for political reasons MacArthur ensured that Blamey only commanded Australian forces , while he also limited the number of Australian staff officers posted to General Headquarters , and they remained underrepresented for the remainder of the war . Equipment ( edit ) See also : Historical weaponry of the Australian Army QF 25 - pounder Short guns being towed behind jeeps at a parade held in 1944 . The jeeps were sourced from the United States and the guns were an Australian variant of a British design . The Australian Army generally had a long - standing policy of using British - designed equipment , but equipment from Australia , the United States and some other countries was introduced into service in the war 's later years . Pre-war defence policies favoured the RAN , which received the majority of defence spending in the interwar period . The result was that when war came in 1939 , the Army 's equipment was of World War I vintage , and Australian factories were only capable of producing small arms . Most equipment was obsolescent and had to be replaced , and new factories were required to produce the latest weapons , equipment and motor vehicles . Some 2,860 motor vehicles and motorcycles suitable for military use were purchased in 1939 for the Militia and another 784 for the 6th Division , but since a division 's war establishment was around 3,000 , this was only enough for training . In February 1940 , the Treasury urged the War Cabinet to slow orders of motor vehicles to save the shipping space used for sending them to the Middle East for wheat cargoes . Throughout the war , Australian infantry units were largely equipped with British - designed but Australian - made small arms and support weapons . The standard rifle was the SMLE No 1 Mk III * , manufactured since 1912 at the Lithgow Small Arms Factory . Small quantities of the Lee -- Enfield No. 4 Mk I / Mk I * rifle , made by the Long Branch Arsenal in Canada and Savage - Stevens Firearms in the US , were used in New Guinea although most of these rifles were provided to other branches of the Australian military and to the Volunteer Defence Corps in order to free up No. 1 MkIII * rifles for frontline infantry units . American - made M1 Garand semi-automatic rifles and M1 carbines were also issued to some Australian infantry units attached to US Army formations in New Guinea . Direct fire support was provided by a mixture of machine guns , including the Vickers machine gun which was produced at Lithgow from 1929 , which were utilised by specialised machine - gun battalions and , later , also medium machine - gun platoons within infantry battalions . The Bren Gun replaced Lewis Gun as the standard automatic rifle in the early years of the war , and within infantry battalions was utilised at the section level . Their manufacture in Australia started in 1941 . To improve rates of fire , the American Thompson submachine gun was introduced but it was eventually replaced by the Australian - designed Owen Gun and the British - designed but Australian - modified and - made Austen submachine gun . Infantry platoons were also equipped with M36 grenades . The Boys anti-tank rifle was the standard infantry anti-tank weapon at the start of the war , but was replaced with the PIAT in 1943 . The heavier support weapons used by infantry battalions the war included the 2 - inch mortar and Stokes 3 - inch mortar . Infantry battalions were also equipped with Universal Carriers until being converted to the tropical warfare establishment in 1943 , when the organic carrier platoons were consolidated into companies assigned at divisional level . A man - pack flamethrower was also introduced in 1945 . Not until 17 January 1940 did Richard Casey obtain Cabinet 's approval to spend £ 400,000 to construct a plant to manufacture 25 pounder field guns and 2 pounder anti-tank guns . Until the 25 pounder could become available in quantity , units in Australia and the Far East were equipped with the old 18 pounder . Some units in the Middle East operated the 18 / 25 pounder , an 18 pounder that had been re-bored to take 25 pounder ammunition , until they received British 25 pounders . The old 4.5 inch howitzer also saw service , with the 2 / 10th Field Regiment employing them in support of the 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk . A collection of captured Italian guns , known as the `` Bush Artillery '' , were also employed . These were rendered obsolete when the 25 pounder became available in quantity . Eventually , 1,527 were manufactured in Australia . A special light weight version known as the Short 25 pounder was developed for jungle warfare . The requirement for a portable field piece in mountainous jungle led to the use of the 3.7 inch Mountain Howitzer in the New Guinea campaign . The American 75 mm Pack Howitzer M1 was also employed . Experience in the Western Desert campaign soon showed that the 2 pounder could not deal with German tanks , and it was superseded by the 6 pounder , which began coming off the assembly lines in Australia in July 1942 . In turn it was replaced in 1944 by the 17 pounder , which was manufactured at the Maribyrnong Ordnance Factory . The anti-aircraft artillery were equipped with the Swedish - designed Bofors 40 mm gun , which was manufactured in Australia , and the British 3.7 inch Anti-Aircraft gun . Medium artillery included the American 155 mm Long Tom and the British 5.5 inch gun . Australian Cruiser Tank Mk. 1 `` Sentinel '' The need for tanks to equip armoured units led the War Cabinet to approve the manufacture of the Sentinel tank in 1940 . Some 66 of them were delivered by the time manufacture ceased in July 1943 , but none were used in action . Otherwise tanks were sourced from overseas . A quantity of M3 Stuart light tanks were received in September 1941 , while the first shipment of British Matilda II tanks arrived in July 1942 , and these proved to be the most suitable type for jungle warfare . A flame - thrower variant was produced and eventually saw action in the Borneo campaign . The most numerous tank used by the Australian Army was the M3 Lee . Several hundred of these equipped the armoured divisions , but unlike the Stuarts and Matildas , they did not see action . An Australian scout car known as the Dingo was produced as an interim measure until adequate supplies of the Canadian Staghound armoured car became available in 1944 . The Australian Army also operated some amphibious tractors . The Australian Army developed its own landing craft . Development of an Australian version of the Landing Craft Assault , the ALCV ( Australian Landing Craft , Vehicle ) , was carried out by Army personnel working alongside the Ford Motor Company . Prototypes were constructed by sappers and launched on the Brisbane River . The initial version , known as the ALCV I was found to be too small , so the larger 12 - metre ALCV II was developed . An Australian version of the Landing Craft Mechanized , the ALCM , was also developed and manufactured by Ford in Brisbane and later at Geelong . Operational experience demonstrated the need for larger landing craft , so the ALCV III , an enlarged version of the ALCM II with four Ford V8 engines and twice the cargo capacity , was produced . The Army also ordered 15 ALCM IIIs , a type of similar capacity to an American Landing Craft Tank , with five Ford V8 engines . Only four were delivered before the end of the war , but they arrived in time to see service in New Guinea . By 1945 , due to a shrinking number of operational units and stepped up production , equipment shortages were a thing of the past . Indeed , the Army had more equipment that it actually needed . For example , a total of 368 25 pounders were required for combat and 38 for training but there were a total of 1,516 on hand . Additionally , a total of 530 2 pounder and 6 pounder anti-tank guns were required , but the Army had 1,941 , while 68 3.7 inch anti-aircraft guns were needed for combat and five for training , but there were 640 pieces available . Similar surpluses existed with small arms such as the Bren , of which 9,438 were required , but there were 21,139 in the system . The situation in relation to Bren gun carriers was even more marked with only 123 of the 3,767 vehicles actually being required , due to the decreased requirements for mobility vehicles in jungle warfare . Training and doctrine ( edit ) Three infantrymen of the 2 / 6th Battalion training in the Watsonville area of North Queensland in April 1944 The Australian Army 's pre-war doctrine was focused on conventional warfare in a European environment . This doctrine and the supporting training manuals were common to those of all Commonwealth countries . Following the outbreak of war the Army continued to focus on preparing its units to fight in Europe and North Africa . By far the single greatest difficulty in training in the early war years was the shortage of equipment . However , there were also critical shortages of instructors . The decision to form the 1st Armoured Division created a requirement for large numbers of highly skilled personnel , but there were few officers and men with the required skills in the small pre-war Army and many of them were already serving in the AIF 's divisional mechanised cavalry regiments . An Armoured Fighting Vehicles School was created at Puckapunyal , Victoria , in 1941 , and in March 1943 , the Armoured Corps Training Centre was moved there . Another problem for the Militia was a lack of continuity in the training . When the war began , men were called up for only one month 's additional training . This was then increased to three months ' additional training . In 1940 -- 41 , officers and non-commissioned officers were intensively trained for 18 to 24 days , after which there was a camp for 70 days . Meanwhile , soldiers who had been through the 90 - day training regimen in 1939 -- 40 were given 12 days ' additional training , while those who had not completed this training undertook 70 days . This allowed for individual training , but prevented proper unit training . In July 1941 , fully trained soldiers who had completed 90 days ' training became liable for three months ' additional training per year while new recruits were liable for six months . At the same time , the War Cabinet provided for more intensive training for the full - time cadre of Militia units , which were not to exceed 25 percent of the unit 's strength . Training for the Militia and the VDC was also hampered in the early war years by a lack of small arms , particularly after the Dunkirk evacuation when Australia dispatched its reserve stock of rifles to Britain , in an effort to help replace equipment lost by the British Army , amidst concerns of an invasion of the United Kingdom after the Fall of France . Although the Army 's focus was on conventional warfare , in late 1940 Lieutenant Colonel J.C. Mawhood , a British officer , arrived in Australia with a small specialist staff to conduct training in unconventional warfare . A school , known as No. 7 Infantry Training Centre , was opened at Wilsons Promontory , Victoria , which was described as `` an isolated area of high , rugged and heavily timbered mountains , precipitous valleys , swiftly running streams , and swamps . '' The 1st , 2nd and 3rd Independent Companies and a nucleus of the 4th were raised by October 1941 when training was discontinued . After the outbreak of the war with Japan , the school was reopened as the Guerrilla Warfare School , the training of the fourth company was completed . These independent companies were later redesignated as commando squadrons , of which twelve were eventually raised , including the 1st , which had been destroyed early in the war ; as the war progressed they were used more in the flank protection and reconnaissance roles than for unconventional warfare . The Australian Army did not have any doctrine for jungle warfare prior to 1942 . Some lessons were passed on by officers who escaped from Malaya and Singapore , however , and these were incorporated into a training memorandum in May that year . AIF units that returned from North Africa undertook some training in jungle tactics before going into action , but the Militia units which initially faced the Japanese in New Guinea suffered from inadequate training , and this led to them suffering heavy casualties . In order to be able to move troops to the front in New Guinea more rapidly , to acclimatise them during the process , and to allow more realistic training of large formations in jungle and mountainous but malaria - free terrain , Blamey decided to establish a training and staging area on the Atherton Tableland in November 1942 . Eventually , accommodation was provided there for 70,000 troops . As divisions returned from tours of duty in New Guinea in 1943 and 1944 , they were sent to Atherton for anti-malaria treatment . The men then went on leave , after which they returned to Atherton where training was conducted before staging and departing again . In early 1943 the Army developed a jungle warfare doctrine by adapting the pre-war field service regulations to meet the conditions in the South - West Pacific . The Army 's front - line combat formations were reorganised and trained in accordance with this doctrine during the year . A jungle warfare school was opened at Canungra , Queensland , in November 1942 , and all reinforcements for combat units subsequently passed through the school before joining their unit . Canungra consisted of a reinforcement training centre , an Independent Company training centre , and a tactical school . With the establishment of Canungra the Independent Company training centre on Wilsons Promontory was closed . Troops and landing craft crews training at HMAS Assault . Over time , training programs included greater cooperation between the Army 's combat arms and with the other services . A Combined Training Centre , also known as HMAS Assault , opened on 1 September 1942 at Nelson Bay , adjacent to Port Stephens , New South Wales , as a central establishment for the training staffs , beach parties and small boat crews . In July 1942 , a Combined Training School was established at Bribie Island , Queensland , and nearby Toorbul Point for Army units . During 1943 and 1944 , combined training with the RAAF and RAN was also carried out at Trinity Beach , near Cairns in preparation for amphibious operations in the South West Pacific as the Allies advanced . The Australian Army began training paratroops in December 1942 as an offshoot of the training of Independent Companies . The 1st Parachute Battalion was subsequently formed in March 1943 . It reached full strength by January 1944 , but , although it was warned for action a number of times , including the possible rescue of prisoners of war held at Sandakan in 1945 , it did not see any fighting . After the war it participated in the reoccupation of Singapore . By 1945 the Army possessed a comprehensive schools system , with 40 schools of various kinds . Between 1942 and 1945 96,000 training courses were conducted . Soldiers who were selected to become officers were trained at various Officer Cadet Training Units around the country , and by the end of the war these units had produced 7,887 officers . Meanwhile , regular officers of the PMF continued to be trained at the Royal Military College , Duntroon with a number of shortened courses of between six months and a years ' duration being run . Unlike the First AIF , newly commissioned lieutenants were not sent back to their original unit , but were posted to the first vacancy . Other schools included the School of Artillery , the Guerrilla Warfare School , the Cooking and Catering School , the School of Military Law and the School of Movement and Transport . Recruit training was now thorough and exacting , and for infantrymen culminated in a jungle training course at Canungra , where the Jungle Warfare School turned out 4,000 reinforcements a month . In 1945 , the 29th Brigade received 1,000 young reinforcements shortly before embarking for Torokina , but their commander later remarked that their training at Canungra had been so thorough that they `` reacted with almost miraculous quickness to conditions of battle . '' Prisoners of war ( edit ) Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau , Thailand , in 1943 Nearly 29,000 Australians were taken prisoner by the Axis during the war , the bulk of them members of the Australian Army . During the fighting in the Middle East and Greece , 7,116 Australian soldiers were taken prisoner by German and Italian forces . Of these men , 3,109 were captured at Crete and 2,065 on the mainland of Greece . Most of the other POWs were members of the 9th Division captured during the retreat from Cyrenaica in early 1941 , the siege of Tobruk or the fighting near El Alamein in mid-1942 . Like other western Allied POWs , the Australians were held in permanent camps in Italy and Germany and were generally treated in accordance with the Geneva Conventions . As the war neared its end the Germans moved many prisoners towards the interior of the country to prevent them from being liberated by the advancing Allied armies . These movements were often made through forced marches in harsh weather and resulted in many deaths . As the war drew to a close , a unit designated the AIF Reception Group ( United Kingdom ) was established near Eastbourne in England to provide accommodation and support for the POWs once they were released . By August 1945 all the former Australian POWs in Europe had embarked on ships bound for Australia . While Australian prisoners suffered a higher death rate in German and Italian captivity than their counterparts in World War I , it was much lower than the rate suffered under Japanese internment . More than 21,000 members of the AIF were captured by the Japanese during the first months of 1942 . Most of these men were members of the 8th Division captured at Singapore , the NEI and Rabaul , but about 2,000 members of the I Corps party sent to Java in early 1942 were taken prisoner there . Throughout captivity these POWs were treated harshly , resulting in a high death rate . Australians were held in camps across the Asia - Pacific region and many endured long voyages in grossly overcrowded ships . While most of the Australian POWs who died in Japanese captivity were the victim of deliberate malnutrition and disease , hundreds were murdered by their guards . The Burma - Thai Railway was the most notorious of the prisoner of war experiences , as 13,000 Australians worked on it at various times during 1942 and 1943 alongside thousands of other Allied POWs and Asians conscripted by the Japanese ; nearly 2,650 Australians died there . Thousands of Australian POWs were also sent to the Japanese home islands where they worked in factories and mines in generally harsh conditions . The POWs held in camps at Ambon and Borneo suffered the highest death rates ; 77 percent of those at Ambon died and few of the 2,500 Australian and British prisoners in Borneo survived ; almost all were killed by overwork and a series of death marches in 1945 . Overall , only 14,000 of the Australian prisoners taken by the Japanese survived captivity . The majority of these deaths were caused by malnutrition and disease . The treatment of the POWs prompted many Australians to remain hostile towards Japan after the war . Australian authorities investigated the abuses against Allied POWs in their country 's zone of responsibility after the war , and guards who were believed to have mistreated prisoners were among those tried by Australian - administered war crimes trials . Demobilisation ( edit ) The process of demobilisation began immediately after the end of hostilities , although it had partially commenced as early as 1943 . At the end of the war the strength of the Australian Army was 398,594 men , approximately half of which were serving overseas in the South West Pacific Area . The demobilisation plan was put into action on 16 August 1945 , the day after Japan surrendered . Undertaken in four phases , it was finally completed on 15 February 1947 by which time a total of 349,964 soldiers had been discharged . Although the process largely proceeded smoothly , many soldiers felt it was too slow and there was widespread dissatisfaction among men continuing to serve in the South West Pacific after the war ended . The speed of demobilisation was hampered by the requirement to continue to maintain security in the areas still occupied , the lack of sufficient shipping , the administrative workload entailed , and limited facilities for use for the demobilisation process . Although the Second AIF was not disbanded until 30 June 1947 a temporary organisation known as the Interim Army was established at the end of the war and included all members of the Army on full - time duty . Meanwhile , in a departure from previous defence policy the Australian government decided that a small peace - time regular force was to be raised to provide a trained , full - time force capable of being deployed either in Australia or overseas in a national emergency and the Australian Regular Army was subsequently established on 30 September 1947 . The Militia , under the guise of the Citizen Military Forces , was re-established on 1 July 1948 to provide a part - time volunteer force which would be able to provide the basis for expansion in wartime . Casualties ( edit ) Members of the 26th Brigade at the dedication ceremony for the Tarakan War Cemetery in September 1945 In the course of the fighting the Australian Army sustained approximately 61,000 battle casualties , the bulk of them from the Second AIF . This included 11,323 killed in action , 1,794 died of wounds , and 21,853 wounded . 5,558 were killed or died in captivity , while another 20,920 survived as prisoners of war . Non-battle casualties included 1,088 killed and 33,196 wounded / injured in operational areas , and another 1,795 killed and 121,800 wounded / injured in non-operational areas . The large number of non-battle casualties was significant , illustrating the toll that sickness and disease took upon the Army . Operational areas : battle casualties War against Germany War against Japan Total Killed in action 2,688 8,635 11,323 Died of wounds ( DOW ) 701 1,093 1,794 DOW while prisoner of war 55 48 103 Died of disease while POW 95 5,360 5,455 Total killed or died 3,539 15,136 18,675 POWs escaped , recovered or repatriated 7,055 13,865 20,920 Wounded ( cases ) 8,578 13,275 21,853 Total battle casualties 19,172 42,276 61,448 Operational areas : non-battle casualties Australia Overseas Total Killed / died of injury 352 736 1,088 Wounds and injuries 9,196 24,000 33,196 Non-operational areas Killed / died of injuries or accidents 1,795 Wounds and injuries 121,800 Source : Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Army Headquarters initially became General Headquarters ; however , in May was redesignated Allied Land Force Headquarters ( LHQ ) . Citations Jump up ^ Keogh 1965 , pp. 34 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston 2007 , p. 4 . 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Japanese Army Operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua Campaigns , 1942 -- 43 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9751904 - 8 - 7 . Charlton , Peter ( 1983 ) . The Unnecessary War : Island Campaigns of the South - West Pacific 1944 -- 45 . Crows Nest , New South Wales : Macmillan Australia . ISBN 0 - 333 - 35628 - 4 . Coates , John ( 1999 ) . Bravery Above Blunder : The 9th Australian Division at Finschhafen , Sattelberg , and Sio . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 550837 - 8 . Coates , John ( 2004 ) . `` The War in New Guinea 1943 -- 44 : Operations and Tactics '' . In Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey . The Foundations of Victory : The Pacific War 1943 -- 1944 . Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army 's Military History Conference . Canberra : Army History Unit . pp. 44 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 43590 - 9 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Coates , John ( 2006 ) . An Atlas of Australia 's Wars . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 555914 - 2 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 1986 ) . Duntroon : The Royal Military College of Australia , 1911 -- 1986 . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86861 - 883 - 8 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 1998 ) . The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles ( 1st ed . ) . St Leonards , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86448 - 611 - 7 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles ( 2nd ed . ) . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 634 - 7 . Day , David ( 1999 ) . John Curtin . A Life . Sydney : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7322 - 6413 - 8 . Day , David ( 2003 ) . The Politics of War . Sydney : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7322 - 7881 - 3 . Dennis , Peter ( 2010 ) . `` Australia and the Singapore Strategy '' . In Farrell , Brian P. ; Hunter , Sandy . A Great Betrayal ? : The Fall of Singapore Revisited . Singapore : Marshall Cavendish Editions . pp. 20 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4276 - 26 - 9 . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey ; Morris , Ewan ; Prior , Robin ; Jean Bou ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History ( Second ed . ) . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 551784 - 2 . Department of the Army ( 1942 ) . `` The Army War Effort and Supplement '' . A5954 , 299 / 2 . National Archives of Australia . Dexter , David ( 1961 ) . The New Guinea Offensives . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 6 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 2028994 . Dickens , Gordon ( 2005 ) . Never Late : The 2 / 9th Australian Infantry Battalion 1939 -- 1945 . Loftus , New South Wales : Australian Military History Publications . ISBN 1 - 876439 - 47 - 5 . Field , Albert Edward ( 1966 ) . `` Prisoners of the Germans and Italians '' ( PDF ) . In Maughan , Barton . Tobruk and El Alamein . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 3 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . pp. 755 -- 822 . OCLC 954993 . Gill , G. Hermon ( 1968 ) . Royal Australian Navy 1942 -- 1945 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 2 -- Navy . Volume 2 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 65475 . Gin , Ooi Keat ( 2002 ) . `` Prelude to Invasion : Covert Operations Before the Re-occupation of Northwest Borneo , 1944 -- 45 '' . Journal of the Australian War Memorial . 37 . ISSN 1327 - 0141 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Gower , Steve ( 1981 ) . Guns of the Regiment . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . ISBN 0 - 642 - 89688 - 7 . Grey , Jeffrey ( 1992 ) . Australian Brass : The Career of Lieutenant General Sir Horace Robertson . Oakleigh , Victoria : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40157 - 7 . Grey , Jeffrey ( 1999 ) . A Military History of Australia ( Second ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64483 - 6 . Grey , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . The Australian Army . The Australian Centenary History of Defence . Volume I. Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554114 - 6 . Grey , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . A Military History of Australia ( Third ed . ) . Port Melbourne : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69791 - 0 . Hancock , Eleanor ( 2012 ) . `` ' They Also Served ' : Exaggerating Women 's Role in Australia 's Wars '' . In Stockings , Craig . Anzac 's Dirty Dozen : 12 Myths of Australian Military History . Sydney : NewSouth . pp. 138 -- 164 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74223 - 288 - 1 . Harries , Meirion ; Harries , Susie ( 1991 ) . Soldiers of the Sun : The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75303 - 6 . Hasluck , Paul ( 1970 ) . The Government and the People 1942 -- 1945 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 4 -- Civil . Volume 2 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 33346943 . Hopkins , Ronald ( 1993 ) . Australian Armour : A History of the Royal Australia Armoured Corps 1927 -- 1972 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . ISBN 0 - 642 - 99407 - 2 . Horner , David ( 1982 ) . High Command . Australia and Allied Strategy 1939 -- 1945 . Sydney : Allen & Unwin with the assistance of the Australian War Memorial . ISBN 0 - 86861 - 076 - 3 . Horner , David ( 1989 ) . SAS : Phantoms of the Jungle . A History of the Australian Special Air Service . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 520006 - 8 . Horner , David ( 1992 ) . General Vasey 's War . Carlton , Victoria : Melbourne University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 522 - 84462 - 7 . Horner , David ( May 1993 ) . `` Defending Australia in 1942 '' . The Pacific War 1942 . War and Society . Canberra : Department of History , Australian Defence Force Academy . pp. 1 -- 21 . ISSN 0729 - 2473 . Horner , David ( 1995 ) . The Gunners : A History of Australian Artillery . St Leonards , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 917 - 3 . Horner , David ( 2002 ) . `` The Evolution of Australian Higher Command Arrangements '' . Command Papers . Weston Creek , Australian Capital Territory : Centre for Defence Leadership Studies , Australian Defence College . OCLC 223740949 . Archived from the original ( doc ) on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . James , Karl ( 2009 ) . `` Soldiers to Citizens '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 45 ) : 14 -- 17 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Johnston , Mark ( 1996 ) . At the Front Line . Experiences of Australian Soldiers in World War II . Melbourne : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56037 - 3 . Johnston , Mark ( 2005 ) . The Huon Peninsula 1943 -- 1944 . Australians in the Pacific War . Canberra : Department of Veterans ' Affairs . ISBN 1 - 920720 - 55 - 3 . Johnston , Mark ( 2007 ) . The Australian Army in World War II . Elite . Martin Windrow ( consultant editor ) . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 123 - 6 . Johnston , Mark ( 2008 ) . The Proud 6th : An Illustrated History of the 6th Australian Division 1939 -- 1945 . Port Melbourne , Victoria : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51411 - 8 . Keogh , Eustace ( 1965 ) . South West Pacific 1941 -- 45 . Melbourne : Grayflower Publications . OCLC 7185705 . Kuring , Ian ( 2004 ) . Red Coats to Cams . A History of Australian Infantry 1788 to 2001 . Sydney : Australian Military History Publications . ISBN 1 - 876439 - 99 - 8 . Leahy , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey . The Foundations of Victory : The Pacific War 1943 -- 1944 . Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army 's Military History Conference . Canberra : Army History Unit . pp. xiv -- xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 43590 - 9 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Lodge , Anthony Brettell ( 1993 ) . `` Bennett , Henry Gordon '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Volume 13 . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Long , Gavin ( 1952 ) . To Benghazi . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 1 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 18400892 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Long , Gavin ( 1973 ) . The Six Years War . A Concise History of Australia in the 1939 -- 1945 War . Canberra : The Australian War Memorial and the Australian Government Printing Service . ISBN 0 - 642 - 99375 - 0 . Macintyre , Stuart ( 1999 ) . A Concise History of Australia . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62577 - 7 . McCarthy , Dudley ( 1959 ) . South - West Pacific Area -- First Year . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 5 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 3134247 . McNicoll , Ronald ( 1979 ) . Making and Breaking : The Royal Australian Engineers 1902 to 1919 . History of the Royal Australian Engineers . Volume 2 . Melbourne : Corps Committee of the Royal Australian Engineers . OCLC 27630527 . McKernan , Michael ( 1983 ) . All In ! Australia During the Second World War . Melbourne : Thomas Nelson Australia . ISBN 0 - 17 - 005946 - 4 . McKernan , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Strength of a Nation . Six years of Australians Fighting for the Nation and Defending the Homeland During WWII . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74114 - 714 - 8 . Mellor , David ( 1958 ) . The Role of Science and Industry . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 4 -- Civil . Volume 5 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 4092792 . Moremon , John ( 2000 ) . `` Jungle , Japanese and the Australian Army : Learning the Lessons of New Guinea '' . Remembering the War in New Guinea . Canberra : Australia - Japan Research Project . Archived from the original on 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Moremon , John ( 2002 ) . A Bitter Fate : Australians in Malaya & Singapore , December 1941 -- February 1942 . Canberra : Department of Veterans ' Affairs . ISBN 1 - 877007 - 10 - 2 . Moremon , John ( 2004 ) . `` No ' Black Magic ' : Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare '' . In Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey . The Foundations of Victory : The Pacific War 1943 -- 1944 . Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army 's Military History Conference . Canberra : Army History Unit . pp. 76 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 43590 - 9 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Odgers , George ( 1968 ) . Air War Against Japan 1943 -- 1945 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 3 -- Air . Volume 2 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1990609 . Palazzo , Albert ( 2001 ) . The Australian Army . A History of its Organisation 1901 -- 2001 . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 551507 - 2 . Palazzo , Albert ( 2004 ) . `` Organising for Jungle Warfare '' . In Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey . The Foundations of Victory : The Pacific War 1943 -- 1944 . Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army 's Military History Conference . Canberra : Army History Unit . pp. 86 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 43590 - 9 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Phillips , Bill ( 2000 ) . A Tribute to the Darwin Mobile Force . Coffs Harbour , New South Wales : Phillips Publications . ISBN 0 - 9578034 - 6 - X . Powell , Alan ( 2003 ) . The Third Force : ANGAU 's New Guinea War , 1942 -- 46 . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 551639 - 7 . Smith , Michael ( 2000 ) . Bloody Ridge : The Battle That Saved Guadalcanal . New York : Pocket . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 6321 - 8 . Spector , Ronald H. ( 2007 ) . From the Ruins of Empire : The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 50915 - 5 . Stanley , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` What is the Battle for Australia ? '' ( PDF ) . Australian Army Journal . 4 ( 2 , Winter 2007 ) . ISSN 1448 - 2843 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 August 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Thompson , Peter ( 2008 ) . Pacific Fury : How Australia and Her Allies Defeated the Japanese Scourge . North Sydney , New South Wales : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74166 - 708 - 0 . Walker , Alan S. ( 1962 ) . Middle East and Far East . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 5 -- Medical . Volume 2 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 6162767 . Wigmore , Lionel ( 1957 ) . The Japanese Thrust . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 4 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 3134219 . Further reading ( edit ) Horner , David ( 1978 ) . Crisis of Command : Australian Generalship and the Japanese Threat , 1941 -- 1943 . Canberra : Australian National University Press . ISBN 0 - 7081 - 1345 - 1 . Long , Gavin ( 1953 ) . Greece , Crete and Syria . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 2 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 3134080 . Maitland , Gordon ( 1999 ) . The Second World War and its Australian Army Battle Honours . Roseville , New South Wales : Kangaroo Press . ISBN 0864179758 . Pratten , Garth ( 2009 ) . Australian Battalion Commanders in the Second World War . Port Melbourne , Victoria : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521763452 . Threlfall , Adrian ( 2008 ) . The Development of Australian Army Jungle Warfare Doctrine and Training , 1941 -- 1945 ( PDF ) ( PhD thesis ) . Victoria University . OCLC 428961444 . Threlfall , Adrian ( 2014 ) . Jungle Warriors : From Tobruk to Kokoda and Beyond , How the Australian Army Became the World 's Most Deadly Jungle Fighting Force . Crows Nest , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 9781742372204 . Wahlert , Glenn , ed. ( 1995 ) . Australian Army Amphibious Operations in the South - West Pacific : 1942 -- 45 ( PDF ) . Canberra : Australian Army Doctrine Centre . ISBN 9780642226679 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II forces of Australia . 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when were the urban sites of cahokia and chaco canyon in north america both abandoned

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cahokia&oldid=836389925

Cahokia - wikipedia Cahokia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a Native American site at Cahokia Mounds . For the modern city about 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the southwest , see Cahokia , Illinois . For the former Native American tribe unrelated to the builders of the Cahokia Mounds , see Cahokia tribe . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site Monks Mound , the largest earthen structure at Cahokia ( for scale , an adult is standing on top ) Location St. Clair County , Illinois , U.S. Nearest city Collinsville , Illinois Coordinates 38 ° 39 ′ 14 '' N 90 ° 3 ′ 52 '' W  /  38.65389 ° N 90.06444 ° W  / 38.65389 ; - 90.06444 Coordinates : 38 ° 39 ′ 14 '' N 90 ° 3 ′ 52 '' W  /  38.65389 ° N 90.06444 ° W  / 38.65389 ; - 90.06444 Area 2,200 acres ( 8.9 km ) Governing body Illinois Historic Preservation Agency UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site Type Cultural Criteria iii , iv Designated 1982 ( 6th session ) Reference no . 198 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name Cahokia Mounds Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000899 U.S. National Historic Landmark Official name Cahokia Mounds Designated July 19 , 1964 The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site / kəˈhoʊkiə / ( 11 MS 2 ) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city ( c. 600 -- 1400 CE ) directly across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis , Missouri . This historic park lies in southern Illinois between East St. Louis and Collinsville . The park covers 2,200 acres ( 890 ha ) , or about 3.5 square miles ( 9 km ) , and contains about 80 mounds , but the ancient city was much larger . In its heyday , Cahokia covered about 6 square miles ( 16 km ) and included about 120 manmade earthen mounds in a wide range of sizes , shapes , and functions . Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture , which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States , beginning more than 1000 years before European contact . Today , Cahokia Mounds is considered the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico . Cahokia Mounds is a National Historic Landmark and a designated site for state protection . It is also one of only 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites within the United States . The largest prehistoric earthen construction in the Americas north of Mexico , the site is open to the public and administered by the Illinois Historic Preservation Division and supported by the Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Rise and peak ( 13th century ) 1.3 Decline 2 Notable features 2.1 Monks Mound 2.2 Urban landscape 2.3 Mound 72 2.4 Copper workshop 2.5 Cahokia Woodhenge 3 Related mounds 4 Cahokia Museum and Interpretive Center 5 Designations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) A map showing approximate areas of various Mississippian and related cultures . Cahokia is located near the center of this map in the upper part of the Middle Mississippi area . Although there is some evidence of occupation during the Late Archaic period ( approximately 1200 BCE ) in and around the site , Cahokia as it is now defined was settled around 600 CE during the Late Woodland period . Mound building at this location began with the emergent Mississippian cultural period , about the 9th century CE . The inhabitants left no written records beyond symbols on pottery , shell , copper , wood and stone , but the elaborately planned community , woodhenge , mounds and burials reveal a complex and sophisticated society . The city 's original name is unknown . The Mounds were later named after the Cahokia tribe , a historic Illiniwek people living in the area when the first French explorers arrived in the 17th century . As this was centuries after Cahokia was abandoned by its original inhabitants , the Cahokia tribe was not necessarily descended from the earlier Mississippian - era people . Most likely multiple indigenous ethnic groups settled in the Cahokia Mounds area during the time of the city 's apex . Historian Daniel Richter notes that the apex of the city occurred during the Medieval Warming Period . This period appears to have fostered an agricultural revolution in upper North America , as the three-fold crops of maize , beans ( legumes ) and gourds ( squash ) were developed and adapted or bred to the temperate climates of the north from their origins in Mesoamerica . Richter also notes that Cahokia 's advanced development coincided with the development in the Southwest of the Chaco Canyon society , which also produced large - scale works in an apparent socially stratified society . The decline of the city coincides with the Little Ice Age , although by then the three-fold agriculture remained well - established throughout temperate North America . Rise and peak ( 13th century ) ( edit ) A Mississippian - era priest , in the 13th century , Cahokia metropolis , holding a ceremonial flint mace and severed sacrificial head . Cahokia became the most important center for the people known today as Mississippians . Their settlements ranged across what is now the Midwest , Eastern , and Southeastern United States . Cahokia was located in a strategic position near the confluence of the Mississippi , Missouri and Illinois rivers . It maintained trade links with communities as far away as the Great Lakes to the north and the Gulf Coast to the south , trading in such exotic items as copper , Mill Creek chert , and whelk shells . Mill Creek chert , most notably , was used in the production of hoes , a high demand tool for farmers around Cahokia and other Mississippian centers . Cahokia 's control of the manufacture and distribution of these hand tools was an important economic activity that allowed the city to thrive . Mississippian culture pottery and stone tools in the Cahokian style were found at the Silvernale site near Red Wing , Minnesota , and materials and trade goods from Pennsylvania , the Gulf Coast and Lake Superior have been excavated at Cahokia . Bartering , not money was used in trade . At the high point of its development , Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico and Central America . Although it was home to only about 1,000 people before c. 1050 , its population grew rapidly after that date . According to a 2007 study in Quaternary Science Reviews , `` Between AD 1050 and 1100 , Cahokia 's population increased from between 1400 and 2800 people to between 10,200 and 15,300 people '' . an estimate that applies only to a 1.8 km2 high density central occupation area . Archaeologists estimate the city 's population at between 6,000 and 40,000 at its peak , with more people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main urban center . In the early 21st century , new residential areas were found to the west of Cahokia as a result of archeological excavations , increasing estimates of area population . If the highest population estimates are correct , Cahokia was larger than any subsequent city in the United States until the 1780s , when Philadelphia 's population grew beyond 40,000 . Moreover , according to the same population estimates , the population of 13th Century Cahokia was equal to or larger than the population of 13th Century London . One of the major problems that large centers like Cahokia faced was keeping a steady supply of food . A related problem was waste disposal for the dense population , and Cahokia became unhealthy from polluted waterways . Because it was such an unhealthy place to live , Snow believes that the town had to rely on social and political attractions to bring in a steady supply of new immigrants ; otherwise the town 's death rate would have caused it to be abandoned earlier . Decline ( edit ) Tamarois et Caouquias on a map of Illinois in 1718 south of the confluence of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers ( approximate modern state area highlighted ) from Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi by Guillaume de L'Isle . The population of Cahokia began to decline during the thirteenth century , and the site was eventually abandoned around 1300 The area around it was not reoccupied by indigenous tribes to 1350 . Scholars have proposed environmental factors , such as over-hunting , deforestation , and flooding , as explanations for abandonment of the site . Another possible cause is invasion by outside peoples , though the only evidence of warfare found so far are the defensive wooden stockade and watchtowers that enclosed Cahokia 's main ceremonial precinct . Due to the lack of other evidence for warfare , the palisade may have been more for ritual or formal separation than for military purposes . Diseases transmitted among the large , dense urban population are another possible cause of decline . Many theories since the late 20th century propose conquest - induced political collapse as the primary reason for Cahokia 's abandonment . Together with these factors , researchers found evidence in 2015 of major floods at Cahokia , so severe as to flood dwelling places . Analysis of sediment from beneath Horseshoe Lake has revealed that two major floods occurred in the period of settlement at Cahokia , in roughly 1100 -- 1260 and 1340 -- 1460 . Notable features ( edit ) Mississippian period showing the multiple layers of mound construction , mound structures such as temples or mortuaries , ramps with log stairs , and prior structures under later layers , multiple terraces , and intrusive burials . The original site contained 120 earthen mounds over an area of 6 square miles ( 16 km ) , of which 80 remain today . To achieve that , thousands of workers over decades moved more than an `` estimated 55 million cubic feet ( 1,600,000 m ) of earth in woven baskets to create this network of mounds and community plazas . Monks Mound , for example , covers 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) , rises 100 ft ( 30 m ) , and was topped by a massive 5,000 sq ft ( 460 m ) building another 50 ft ( 15 m ) high . '' Monks Mound ( edit ) Main article : Monks Mound An 1887 illustration of Monks Mound showing it with fanciful proportions . Incised sandstone tablet of a Birdman found in 1971 during excavations into the east side of Monks Mound Monks Mound is the largest structure and central focus of the city : a massive platform mound with four terraces , 10 stories tall , it is the largest man - made earthen mound north of Mexico . Facing south , it is 100 ft ( 30 m ) high , 951 ft ( 290 m ) long , 836 ft ( 255 m ) wide and covers 13.8 acres ( 5.6 ha ) . It contains about 814,000 cu yd ( 622,000 m ) of earth . The mound was built higher and wider over the course of several centuries through as many as ten separate construction episodes , as the mound was built taller and the terraces and apron were added . Monks Mounds was named for the community of Trappist monks that resided there for a short time , after Euroamericans settled the area . Excavation on the top of Monks Mound has revealed evidence of a large building , likely a temple or the residence of the paramount chief , which would have been seen throughout the city . This building was about 105 ft ( 32 m ) long and 48 feet ( 15 m ) wide , and could have been as much as 50 ft ( 15 m ) high . It was about 5,000 sq ft ( 460 m ) . The east and northwest sides of Monks Mound were twice excavated in August 2007 during an attempt to avoid erosion due to slumping . These areas were repaired to preserve the mound . Urban landscape ( edit ) Cahokia 's east - west baseline transects the Woodhenge , Monk 's Mound , and several other large mounds The Rattlesnake Causeway leading from Monks Mound to Mound 66 is the city 's ceremonial north - south axis . Early in its history Cahokia underwent a massive construction boom . Along with the early phase of Monks Mound , an overarching urban layout was established at the site . It was built with a symbolic quadripartite worldview and oriented toward the four cardinal directions with the main east - west and north - south axes defined with Monks Mound near its center point . Four large plazas were established to the east , west , north and south of Monks Mound . To the south of Monks Mound is the Grand Plaza ; a large area that covered roughly 50 acres ( 20 ha ) and measured over 1,600 ft ( 490 m ) in length by over 900 ft ( 270 m ) in width . Researchers originally thought the flat , open terrain in this area reflected Cahokia 's location on the Mississippi 's alluvial flood plain , but instead soil studies have shown that the landscape was originally undulating ridge and swale topography . In one of the earliest large - scale construction projects , the site had been expertly and deliberately leveled and filled by the city 's inhabitants . It is part of the sophisticated engineering displayed throughout the site . It was used for large ceremonies and gatherings , as well as for ritual games , such as chunkey . The game was played by rolling a disc - shaped chunky stone across the field . The men would throw spears where they thought the chunky stone would land . The game required a great deal of judgment and aim . The major ceremonial north - south ' axis ' connects the main precinct with the large ridgetop mortuary mound to its south now known as the Rattlesnake Mound ( Mound 66 ) . The feature , named the Rattlesnake Causeway by archaeologists , was an elevated embankment about 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wide , roughly 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) in length and varies in height from . 5 metres ( 1.6 ft ) to almost 1.25 metres ( 4.1 ft ) as it traverses a low swampy area to the south of the Grand Plaza . It is aligned 5 degrees east of north ; a direction thought to mimic the maximum southern moon rise of 5 degrees west of north , albeit in reverse . This is thought to have had symbolic associations to the builders in connection with their lunar maize goddess of the underworld . This is further strengthened by its close proximity to the ridgetop mortuary Mound 72 , the underworld connotations of the low water filled area the causeway traversed , and its terminus at the mortuary complex at the Rattlesnake Mound . The causeway itself may have been seen as a symbolic `` Path of Souls '' . The high - status central district of Cahokia was surrounded by a 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) long palisade that was equipped with protective bastions . A later addition to the site ; when the palisade was constructed it cut through and separated some pre-existing neighborhoods . Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of the area and indications that it was rebuilt several times . Its bastions showed that it was mainly built for defensive purposes . Beyond Monks Mound , as many as 120 more mounds stood at varying distances from the city center . To date , 109 mounds have been located , 68 of which are in the park area . The mounds are divided into three different types : platform , conical , and ridge - top . Each appeared to have had its own meaning and function . In general terms , the city center seems to have been laid out in a diamond - shaped pattern approximately 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from end to end , while the entire city is 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) across from east to west . Mound 72 ( edit ) Main article : Mound 72 Mound 72 Reconstruction of the Birdman burial in the site 's interpretative center . Mass grave burial of fifty - three sacrificed Native American women During excavation of Mound 72 , a ridge - top burial mound south of main urban precinct , archaeologists found the remains of a man in his 40s who was probably an important Cahokian ruler . The man was buried on a bed of more than 20,000 marine - shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a falcon , with the bird 's head appearing beneath and beside the man 's head , and its wings and tail beneath his arms and legs . The falcon warrior or `` birdman '' is a common motif in Mississippian culture . This burial clearly had powerful iconographic significance . In addition , a cache of sophisticated , finely worked arrowheads in a variety of different styles and materials was found near the grave of this important man . Separated into four types , each from a different geographical region , the arrowheads demonstrated Cahokia 's extensive trade links in North America . Archeologists recovered more than 250 other skeletons from Mound 72 . Scholars believe almost 62 percent of these were sacrificial victims , based on signs of ritual execution , method of burial , and other factors . The skeletons include : Four young males , missing their hands and skulls . A mass grave of more than 50 women around 21 years old , with the bodies arranged in two layers separated by matting . A mass burial containing 40 men and women who appear to have been violently killed . The suggestion has been made that some of these were buried alive : `` From the vertical position of some of the fingers , which appear to have been digging in the sand , it is apparent that not all of the victims were dead when they were interred -- that some had been trying to pull themselves out of the mass of bodies . '' The relationship of these burials to the central burial is unclear . It is unlikely that they were all deposited at the same time . Wood in several parts of the mound has been radiocarbon - dated to between 950 and 1000 CE . Excavations have indicated that Mound 72 was not constructed as a single mound , but rather as a series of smaller mounds . These mounds were reshaped and covered over to give Mound 72 its final ridge - top shape . Map showing geographical extent of Mississippian stone statues showing Cahokia The `` Chunkey Player '' statuette made of Missouri flint clay depicting the ancient Native American game of chunkey . The statuette is believed to have been originally crafted at or near Cahokia Mounds was excavated at a Mississippian site in Muskogee County , Oklahoma . Clay statuette excavated at Cahokia site Copper workshop ( edit ) Main article : Mound 34 Mississippian culture repoussé copper plates Excavations near Mound 34 from 2002 to 2010 revealed a copper workshop . This unique find was originally discovered in the 1950s by archaeologist Gregory Perino but its exact location was lost for 60 years . It is the only known copper workshop to be found at a Mississippian culture site . The area contains the remains of three tree stumps thought to have been used to hold anvil stones . Analysis of copper found during excavations showed that it had been annealed , a technique involving repeatedly heating and cooling the metal as it is worked , as blacksmiths do with iron . Artisans produced religious items , such as long - nosed god maskettes , ceremonial earrings with a symbolic shape , thought to have been used in fictive kinship rituals . Many of the stylistically related Mississippian copper plates , such as the Wulfing cache from southeastern Missouri , some of the Etowah plates from Georgia , and many of the Spiro plates from Oklahoma , are associated with the Greater Braden Style and are thought to have been made in Cahokia in the 13th century . Cahokia Woodhenge ( edit ) Main article : Cahokia Woodhenge Artist 's conception of Woodhenge III at sunrise looking east towards Monks Mound Artists conception of Midwinter sunrise over Mound 60 The Cahokia Woodhenge was a series of large timber circles located roughly 850 metres ( 2,790 ft ) to the west of Monks Mound . They are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100 CE ; with each one being larger and having twelve more posts than its predecessor . The site was discovered during salvage archaeology undertaken by Dr. Warren Wittry in the early 1960s interstate highway construction boom . Although the majority of the site contained village house features ; a number of unusually shaped large post holes were also discovered . When the holes were plotted out it was realized that they formed several arcs of equally spaced holes . Detailed analytical work supported the hypothesis that the placement of these posts was by design , and Wittry hypothesized that the arcs could be whole circles . He began referring to the circles as `` woodhenges '' ; comparing the structures to England 's well - known circles at Woodhenge and Stonehenge . Additional excavations in the 1960s , 70s , and 80s used predictions based on verified posthole locations and spacing to locate other postholes and confirm the existence of five separate timber circles in the general vicinity . The circles are now designated Woodhenges I through V in Roman numerals . In 1985 a reconstruction of Woodhenge III was built with the posts being placed into the original excavated post positions . The circle , which has 48 posts in the circle and a 49th central post , has been used to investigate archaeoastronomy at Cahokia . The Illinois Historic Preservation Division that oversees the Cahokia site hosts public sunrise observations at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices . Out of respect for Native American beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind . Related Mounds ( edit ) St. Louis as seen from Monks Mound . Until the 19th century , a series of similar mounds existed in what is now the city of St. Louis , some 20 km ( 12 mi ) to the south west of the Cahokia site . Most of these mounds were leveled throughout the construction of St. Louis , as their material was reused in construction projects . The lone survivor of these mounds is Sugarloaf Mound , which is located on the west bank of the Mississippi . It marked the initial border between St. Louis and the once autonomous city of Carondelet . Cahokia Museum and Interpretive center ( edit ) The Museum and Interpretive Center The Cahokia Museum and Interpretive Center , which receives up to a million visitors a year , was designed by AAIC Inc . The building , which opened in 1989 , received the Thomas H. Madigan Award , the St. Louis Construction News & Reviews Readers Choice Award , the Merit Award from the Metal Construction Association , and the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Brick Manufacturer Association . Designations ( edit ) Cahokia Mounds was first protected by the State of Illinois in 1923 when its legislature authorized purchase of a state park . Later designation as a state historic site offered additional protection , but the site came under significant threat from the federal highway building program in the 1950s . The highway program reduced the site 's integrity ; on the other hand , it increased funding for emergency archeological investigations . These investigations became intensive , and today continue , and have led to the present understanding of the significance of the site . The site was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 19 , 1964 , and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . In 1982 UNESCO ( the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) designated the site a World Heritage Site . This is the only such site in Illinois and among only twenty - three World Heritage Sites in the United States . United States Representative Evelyn M. Bowles wrote about the Cahokia Mounds site : Through the years my friends and I made occasional Sunday afternoon trips to the Mounds . When I became the State Senator , it afforded me the opportunity to secure funds for the acquisition of additional acreage in which there are smaller Mounds . Many of these have contained additional artifacts . '' The designation has helped protect the property and attract funds to conduct research on this significant civilization . See also ( edit ) American Bottom Chunkey List of Mississippian sites Mississippian culture Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere Mississippian stone statuary General : List of archaeoastronomical sites by country World Heritage Site Notes ( edit ) ^ a : See Engraved beaker from Cahokia site , donated by Moorehead , ISM collection . for image of the object in question . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cahokia Mounds '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pursell 205 Jump up ^ Cahokia Mounds Homepage ; Map of the Site ^ Jump up to : `` Nomination -- Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site , Illinois '' , US World Heritage Sites , National Park Service , accessed 2012 - 05 - 03 Jump up ^ WashingtonPost.com : Ancient Cahokia , Washington Post Jump up ^ James M. Collins , The archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT - II , Springfield IL , Illinois Historic Preservation Agency ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 942579 - 10 - 0 Jump up ^ Emerson and Barry , Cahokia and the Hinterlands , 33 & 46 Jump up ^ Townsend , Sharp , and Bailey Jump up ^ `` Native American city on the Mississippi was America 's first ' melting pot ' News Bureau University of Illinois '' . News.illinois.edu. 2014 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 12th - Century Cahokia Was a `` Melting Pot '' `` . Archaeology Magazine . Archaeology.org. 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel K. ( 2011 ) . Before the Revolution : America 's Ancient Pasts . Cambridge , MA : Belknap - Harvard University Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 9780674055803 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Agriculture - Technology - Hand tools - Native American Tools '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Dean ( 2010 ) . Archaeology of Native North Americas . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . pp. 201 -- 203 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/march/12/cahokia.htm Jump up ^ Benson LV , Berry MS , Jolie EA , Spangler JD , Stahle DW , Hattori EM . `` Possible impacts of early - 11th - , middle - 12th - , and late - 13th - century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians . '' Quaternary Science Reviews 2007 , 26 : 336 -- 350 , Jump up ^ Benson , L.V. , Pauketat , T.R. and Cook , E.R. ( 2009 ) `` Cahokia 's Boom and Bust in the Context of Climate Change '' , American Antiquity , 74 ( 3 ) , pp. 467 -- 483 . doi : 10.1017 / S000273160004871X . Jump up ^ United States Census Office , A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth : 1790 -- 1900 , Government Printing Office , 1909 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Harold . `` The Rise and Fall of the Mound People . '' Chicago Reader. 2000 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pyburn , K. Anne , Ungendering Civilization , Routledge ; 1 edition ( Jan 29 , 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26058 - 9 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Durrie Bouscaren , `` New insights into the curious disappearance of the Cahokia Mounds builders '' , St. Louis Public Radio , 4 May 2015 , accessed 6 May 2015 Jump up ^ Emerson 1997 , Pauketat 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Cahokia 's rise and fall linked to river flooding '' , Popular Archaeology , Spring 2015 ^ Jump up to : Skele , Mike ( 1988 ) . `` The Great Knob '' . Studies in Illinois Archaeology . Springfield , Illinois : Illinois Historic Preservation Agency ( 4 ) . ISBN 0 - 942579 - 03 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Monks Mound Slump Repair , Page 1 '' . Lithiccastinglab.com. 2007 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Steadman , Sharon R. ( 2009 ) . Archaeology of Religion : Cultures and their Beliefs in Worldwide Context . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1598741544 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Sally A. Kitt ( 2002 ) . Cahokia : Mirror of the Cosmos . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226101361 . Jump up ^ Timothy R. , Pauketat ( 2009 ) . Cahokia : Ancient Americas Great City on the Mississippi . Viking Press . pp. 23 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02090 - 4 . Pg 23 `` Cahokia was so large - covering three to five square miles - that archaeologists have yet to probe many portions of it . Its centerpiece was an open fifty - acre Grand Plaza , surrounded by packed - clay pyramids . The size of thirty - five football fields , the Grand Plaza was at the time the biggest public space ever conceived and executed north of Mexico . '' ... Pg 34 `` a flat public square 1,600 - plus feet in length and 900 - plus feet in width Jump up ^ `` Mound 66 '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Baires , Sarah E. ( 2014 ) . `` Cahokia 's Rattlesnake Causeway '' . Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romain , William F. ( 2015 ) . `` Moonwatchers of Cahokia '' . In Pauketat , Timothy R. ; Alt , Susan M. Medieval Mississippians : The Cahokian World . School for Advanced Research Press . pp. 33 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 1938645327 . Jump up ^ `` Cahokia and the excavation of Mound 72 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Young & Fowler , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Young & Fowler , pp. 146 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` Mound 72 '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pawlaczyk , George ( 16 February 2010 ) . `` Copper men : Archaeologists uncover Stone Age copper workshop near Monks Mound '' . Science . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Gahagan Long - nosed god maskette '' . University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Aztalan -- Wisconsin 's Middle Mississippian Outpost '' . Milwaukee Public Museum . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kelly et al. in King , 57 -- 87 Jump up ^ Robb , Matthew H. ( March 2010 ) . `` Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum - Spotlight Series March 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Saint Louis Art Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Sharp , and Bailey 151 Jump up ^ Bolfing 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ `` Visitors Guide to the Woodhenge '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Iseminger , William R . `` The Skywatchers of Cahokia '' . Mexicolore . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Michael W. ( 2007 ) . `` The Cahokia Sun Circles '' . The Wisconsin Archeologist. 88 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Wittry , Warren L. ( 1964 ) . `` An American Woodhenge '' . Cranbrook Institute of Science Newsletter. 33 ( 9 ) : 102 -- 107 -- via Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology , Bulletin 7 , Illinois Archaeological Survey , 1969 . Jump up ^ Wittry , Warren L. `` Discovering and Interpreting the Cahokia Woodhenges '' . The Wisconsin Archaeologist. 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 26 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Mary ( 2005 ) . American Woodhenge : Archaeoastronomy at Cahokia ( PDF ) ( Bachelors thesis ) . Northern Illinois University . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Iseminger , William . `` Welcome the Fall Equinox at Cahokia Mounds '' . Illinois Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Solstice Sunrise Observance at Cahokia Mounds '' . Collinsville Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cahokia Mounds Mark Spring Equinox : The keepers of Cahokia Mounds will host a spring gathering to celebrate the vernal equinox '' . Indian Country Today . Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional representative letter '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bolfing , Christopher ( May 1 , 2010 ) . The Paradigm of the Periphery in Native North America ( Thesis ) . Texas State University - San Marcos , University College , University Honors Program . pp. 67 -- 68 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Chappell , Sally A. Kitt ( 2002 ) . Cahokia : Mirror of the Cosmos . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10136 - 1 . Emerson , Thomas E. ( 1997 ) . Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0888 - 1 . Emerson , Thomas E. ; Lewis , R. Barry ( 1991 ) . Cahokia and the Hinterlands : Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06878 - 5 . Kelly , John E. ; Brown , James A. ; Hamlin , Jenn M. ; Kelly , Lucretia S. ; Kozuch , Laura ; Parker , Kathryn ; Van Nest , Julieann . `` Mound 34 : The Context for the Early Evidence of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex at Cahokia '' . In King , Adam . Southeastern Ceremonial Complex : Chronology , Content , Context . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5409 - 1 . Lankford , George E. ; Reilly , F. Kent ; Garber , James ( eds . ) . Visualizing the Sacred : Cosmic Visions , Regionalism , and the Art of the Mississippian World ( PDF ) . University of Texas Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0292723085 . Pauketat , Timothy R. ( 2009 ) . Cahokia : Ancient America 's Great City on the Mississippi . New York : Viking Adult . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02090 - 4 . Pursell , Corin ( 2004 ) . Geographic distribution and symbolism of colored mound architecture in the Mississippian Southeast ( Thesis ) . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . p. 205 . Townsend , Richard F ; Sharp , Robert V ; Bailey , Garrick Alan ( 2000 ) . Hero , Hawk , and Open Hand : American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10601 - 7 . Young , Biloine ; Fowler , Melvin L. ( 2000 ) . Cahokia : The Great Native American Metropolis . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06821 - 1 . full text available at ( 2 ) Further reading ( edit ) Introductory Bibliography of Published Sources on Cahokia Archeology Scholarly Bibliography of Published Sources on Cahokia Archaeology Emerson , Iseminger ; Nance , L. Michael ; Winslow , Madeline ; Gass , Marilyn ( 2001 ) . Cahokia Mounds State Historical Site Nature / Culture Hike Guidebook , 4th revised edition . Collinsville , Illinois : Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . pp. 79 pp . Fowler , Melvin L. ; Rose , Jerome ; Leest , Barbara Vander ; Ahler , Steven R. ( 1999 ) . The Mound 72 Area : Dedicated and Sacred Space in Early Cahokia . Illinois State Museum Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89792 - 157 - 2 . Milner , George R. ( 2004 ) . The Moundbuilders : Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America . London : Thames and Hudson , Ltd . Mink , Claudia Gellman ( 1992 ) . Cahokia , City of the Sun : Prehistoric Urban Center in the American Bottom . Collinsville , IL : Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . ISBN 1 - 881563 - 00 - 6 . Pauketat , Timothy ( 1994 ) . The Ascent of Chiefs : Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0728 - 1 . Price , Douglas T. ; Feinman , Gary M. ( 2008 ) . Images of the Past ( 5 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 280 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340520 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cahokia . Cahokia Mounds Homepage and Map of the Site Cahokia Mounds Photo Gallery Cahokia Mounds Information & Videos - Chickasaw.TV `` Cahokia Mounds '' , Illinois Historic Preservation Agency `` Metropolitan Life on the Mississippi '' , Washington Post , March 12 , 1997 Mississippian Art and Artifacts Visitors ' perspectives Woodhenge and the Cahokia Mounds `` Cahokia : America 's Forgotten City '' , National Geographic Magazine , January 2011 IHPA video with narration on Cahokia Cahokia travel guide from Wikivoyage Mississippian and related cultures List of Mississippian sites Timeline of Mississippi valley Middle Mississippian American Bottom and Upper Mississippi Aztalan Big Eddy Cahokia Monks Mound Mound 34 Mound 72 Woodhenge Cloverdale Dickson Mounds Emerald Acropolis Emmons Cemetery Horseshoe Lake John Chapman Kuhn Station Larson Lunsford - Pulcher McCune Mitchell Orendorf Sleeth Steed - Kisker culture Sugarloaf Mound Lower Ohio River and Confluence area Adams Dogtooth Bend Kincaid Mounds Marshall Millstone Bluff Orr - Herl Rowlandton Mound Towosahgy Turk Twin Mounds Ware Wickliffe Mounds Middle Ohio River Angel Mounds Angel Phase Annis Mound Bone Bank Caborn - Welborn culture Ellerbusch Hovey Lake - Klein Hovey Lake District Murphy Prather Slack Farm Tolu Welborn Village Yankeetown Tennessee and Cumberland Backusburg Beasley Mounds Brentwood Library Brick Church Castalian Springs Dunbar Cave Fewkes Group Mound Bottom Riverview Sellars Obion Old Town Swallow Bluff Central and Lower Mississippi Belle Meade Boone 's Boyd Campbell Carson Chucalissa Eaker Janet 's Menard - Hodges Murphy Nodena Nodena Phase Owl Creek Parkin Tipton Phase Tunica Koroa Yazoo Walls Phase South Appalachian Mississippian Adamson Avery Beaverdam Creek Bell Field Mound Bessemer Bussell Island Chauga Chiaha Chota Citico Coosa Dallas Phase Dyar Etowah Garden Creek Hoojah Branch Irene Jere Shine Joara Joe Bell King Lamar Lamar Phase Liddell Little Egypt Long Swamp Mabila Mandeville McMahan Moccasin Bend Moundville Mouse Creek Phase Mulberry Muscogee ( Creek ) Nacoochee Nikwasi Ocmulgee Park Mound Pisgah Phase Punk Rock Shelter Rembert Roods Landing Rucker 's Bottom Savannah Shiloh Sixtoe Summerour Tomotley Toqua Town Creek Waddells Mill Pond Wilbanks Fort Walton culture Anhaica Apalachee Apalachee Province Cayson Corbin - Tucker Fort Walton Mound Lake Jackson Leon - Jefferson Culture Letchworth Velda Yon Pensacola culture Bottle Creek Dauphin Island Fort Walton Hickory Ridge Cemetery Naval Live Oaks Cemetery Pensacola people Plaquemine Mississippian Anna Atchafalaya Basin Emerald Fitzhugh Flowery Fosters Ghost Glass Grand Village of the Natchez Holly Bluff Jaketown Jordan Julice Mangum Mazique Medora Mott Natchez Taensa Pocahontas Routh Scott Place Sims Transylvania Venable Winterville Caddoan Mississippian Battle Belcher Blue Spring Shelter Bluffton Caddo Caddoan Mounds Gahagan Hughes Ka - Do - Ha Indian Village Keller Spiro Upper Mississippian cultures Oneota Beattie Park Mound Group Blood Run Hartley Fort State Preserve Roche - a-Cri Petroglyphs Fort Ancient culture Alligator Effigy Mound Clover Dodge Leo Petroglyph Serpent Mound SunWatch Indian Village Culture Agriculture Beans Chenopodium Little barley Maize Marshelder Pumpkin Squash Sunflower Three Sisters Tobacco Artwork Emmons mask Copper plates Rogan plates Spiro plates Wulfing cache Long - nosed god maskette Mill Creek chert Pottery Shell gorget Stone statuary Languages Caddoan Central Algonquian Cherokee Mobilian Jargon Muskogean Natchez Taensa Siouan Timucuan Tunican Yuchi Religion Ballgame ( Southeastern ) Northern Black drink Burial mound Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Earth / fertility cult Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Platform mound Red Horn Sacred bundle Village bundle Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stone box grave Thunderbird Underwater panther Related topics Chevron bead Clarksdale bell Mound Builder de Soto Expedition Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - 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who maintained power in the governments of the colonies

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Indirect_rule&oldid=796800642

Indirect rule - wikipedia Indirect rule Jump to : navigation , search A 20th century Yoruba ( Nigerian ) depiction of a British District Officer on tour of indirect rulers . Indirect rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires , particularly in Africa and Asia , through pre-existing local power structures . These dependencies were often called `` protectorates '' or `` trucial states '' . By this system , the day - to - day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers , who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the Pax Britannica , at the cost of losing control of their external affairs , and often of taxation , communications , and other matters , usually with a small number of European `` advisors '' effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 British Empire 1.1 In Africa 1.2 In India 2 Practical implementation of indirect rule 3 Interpretations 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources and references 6.1 Period writings British Empire ( edit ) 1895 cartoon of Frederick Lugard , considered the pioneer of indirect rule in colonial Africa Some British colonies were ruled directly by the Colonial Office in London , while others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisors . In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate ( not a colony ) of Britain . Prime minister Salisbury explained his position : The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half civilized races , and more suitable for them than direct dominion . It is cheaper , simpler , less wounding to their self - esteem , gives them more career as public officials , and spares of unnecessary contact with white men . The Princely States of India were ruled indirectly . So too was much of the West African holdings . In Africa ( edit ) The ideological underpinnings , as well as the practical application , of indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard , the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906 . In the lands of the Sokoto Caliphate , conquered by the British Empire at the turn of the century , Lugard instituted a system whereby external , military , and tax control was operated by the British , while most every other aspect of life was left to local pre-British aristocracies who may have sided with the British during or after their conquest . The theory behind this solution to a very practical problem of domination by a tiny group of foreigners of huge populations is laid out in Lugard 's influential work , The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa . In India ( edit ) The largest application of Indirect rule was in British Asia , in hundreds of pre-colonial states , first seen at work under the East India Company 's system of subsidiary alliances in the Indian subcontinent . The areas thus brought into the British sphere of influence became known as the Indian Princely States . Subsequently , the same principle was applied in strategic regions on the sea routes to India , especially in the Persian Gulf protected states . In the British colonies , the laws were typically made by a British Governor and legislative council , but in the protectorates and princely states local rulers retained their traditional administrative authority and ability to legislate , subject to British control of certain areas . Indirect rule was particularly effective in enabling the British to exploit natural resources and raw materials of vast subordinate nations . The establishment of naval and military bases in strategic points around the globe maintained the necessary power to underpin such control . Practical implementation of indirect rule ( edit ) Indirect rule was cheaper and easier for the European powers , and in particular it required fewer administrators , but it did have a number of problems . In many cases , European authorities empowered local traditional leaders , as in the case of the monarchy of Uganda , but if no suitable leader could be found ( in the traditional Western sense of the term ) , the Europeans would simply choose local rulers to suit them . This was the case in Kenya and Southern Nigeria , and the new leaders , often called `` warrant chiefs '' , were not always supported by the local population . The European ruling classes also often chose local leaders with similar traits to their own , despite these traits not being suited to native leadership . Many were conservative elders , and thus indirect rule fostered a conservative outlook among the indigenous population and marginalised the young intelligentsia . Written laws , which replaced oral laws , were less flexible to the changing social nature , old customs of retribution and justice were removed or banned , and the removal of more violent punishments in some areas led to an increase in crime . Furthermore , leaders empowered by the governments of European powers were often not familiar with their new tasks , such as recruitment and tax . Interpretations ( edit ) From the early 20th century , French and British writers helped establish a dichotomy between British Indirect rule , exemplified by the Indian princely states and by Lord Lugard 's writings on the administration of northern Nigeria , and French colonial direct rule . As with British theorists , French colonial officials like Félix Eboué or Robert Delavignette wrote and argued throughout the first half of the 20th century for a distinct French style of rule that was centralized , uniform , and aimed at assimilating colonial subjects into the French polity . French rule , sometimes labeled Jacobin , was said in these writings to be based on the twin ideologies of the centralized unitary French government of the Metropole , with the French colonial ideology of Assimilation . Colonial Assimilation argued that French law and citizenship was based on universal values that came from the French Revolution . Mirroring French domestic citizenship law , French colonial law allowed for anyone who could prove themselves culturally French ( the `` Évolués '' ) to become equal French citizens . In French West Africa , only parts of the Senegalese `` Four Communes '' ever extended French citizenship outside a few educated African elite . This was contrasted with British Indirect Rule , which never foresaw subject Protectorates becoming legally assimilated into `` the home nations '' . While making more subtle distinctions , this model of direct versus indirect rule was dominant in academia from the 1930s until the 1970s . Academics since the 1970s have problematised the Direct versus Indirect Rule dichotomy , arguing the systems were in practice intermingled in both British and French colonial governance , and that the perception of indirect rule was sometimes promoted to justify quite direct rule structures . Mahmood Mamdani and other academics have discussed extensively how both Direct and Indirect rule were attempts to implement identical goals of foreign rule , but how the `` Indirect '' strategy helped to create ethnic and racial cleavages within ruled societies which persist in hostile communal relations and dysfunctional strategies of government . Mamdani himself famously described indirect rule as `` decentralised despotism '' . Some political scientists have even expanded the debate on how direct versus indirect rule experiences continue to effect contemporary governance into how governments which have never experienced colonialism rule . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Politics portal Bussa revolt - a 1915 uprising against indirect rule in Northern Nigeria Direct colonial rule Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Historical Association . `` ENGLAND 'S INDIRECT RULE IN ITS AFRICAN COLONIES '' in THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY : BIAFRA , NIGERIA , THE WEST AND THE WORLD . AHA teaching guide , historians.org , n.d. Accessed 2012 - 09 - 20 http://www.historians.org/tl/lessonplans/nc/trask/indirect.htm Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , Salisbury : Victorian Titan ( 1999 ) p 529 Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer , `` Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India : Long - term consequences . '' The Review of Economics and Statistics ( 2010 ) 92 # 4 pp : 693 - 713 online . Jump up ^ Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo , The Warrant Chiefs : indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria , 1891 - 1929 ( London : Longman , 1972 ) Jump up ^ Eric J. Hobsbawm , Terence O. Ranger , ' The Invention of Tradition ' ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Collins and Burns , pp. 297 - 308 Jump up ^ Robert Louis Delavignette . Freedom and Authority in French West Africa . originally published as Les vrais chefs de l'empire : 1939 . Oxford University : 1946 . Jump up ^ Georges Hardy , Histoire sociale de la colonisation française . ( Paris , 1953 ) Jump up ^ Raymond F. Betts , Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory , 1890 - 1914 ( New York , 1961 ) Jump up ^ Martin D. Lewis , `` One Hundred Million Frenchmen : The Assimilationist Theory in French Colonial Policy , '' Comparative Studies in Society and History IV ( January 1962 ) , 129 - 153 . Jump up ^ Erik Bleich , ' The legacies of history ? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France . Theory and Society , Volume 34 , Number 2 , April 2005 . Jump up ^ Michael Crowder ' in Senegal : A Study in French Assimilation Policy ( London : Oxford University Press , 1962 ) Jump up ^ Mamadou Diouf , ' The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes ( Senegal ) : A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project ' in Development and Change , Volume 29 , Number 4 , October 1998 , pp. 671 -- 696 ( 26 ) Jump up ^ M.M. Knight , ' French Colonial Policy -- the Decline of `` Association '' ' in The Journal of Modern History , Vol. 5 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1933 ) , pp. 208 -- 224 Jump up ^ Michael Lambert , ' From Citizenship to Negritude : Making a difference in elite ideologies of colonized Francophone West Africa ' in Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 35 , No. 2 . ( Apr. , 1993 ) , pp. 239 -- 262 Jump up ^ G. Wesley Johnson , Jr. , The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal : The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes , 1900 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ James F. Searing , ' Senegal : Colonial Period : Four Communes : Dakar , Saint - Louis , Gorée , and Rufisque ' , in Kevin Shillington ( editor ) , Encyclopedia of African History ( New York , 2005 ) : 3 Volumes , 3 , 1334 -- 35 Jump up ^ Ralph J. Bunche , ' French and British Imperialism in West Africa ' in The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 21 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1936 ) , pp. 31 -- 46 Jump up ^ Michael Crowder , ' Indirect Rule : French and British Style ' in Africa : Journal of the International African Institute , Vol. 34 , No. 3 . ( Jul. , 1964 ) , pp. 197 -- 205 Jump up ^ Alec G. Hargreaves , ed . Memory , Empire , and Postcolonialism : Legacies of French Colonialism ( Lanham : Lexington Books , 2005 ; ISBN 9780739108215 ) Jump up ^ Ann Laura Stoler ( 1989 ) , ' Rethinking Colonial Categories : European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule ' in Comparative Studies in Society and History , 31 , pp 134 - 161 doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500015693 Jump up ^ Jonathan Derrick , ' The ' Native Clerk ' in Colonial West Africa ' in African Affairs , Vol. 82 , No. 326 . ( Jan. , 1983 ) , pp. 61 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Emily Lynn Osborn ( 2003 ) . ' CIRCLE OF IRON ' : AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA . The Journal of African History , 44 , pp 29 - 50 doi : 10.1017 / S0021853702008307 Jump up ^ Anthony I. Nwabughuogu . The Role of Propaganda in the Development of Indirect Rule in Nigeria , 1890 - 1929 . The International Journal of African Historical Studies Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 - 92 Jump up ^ Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology : The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration , c. 1902 - 1932 . African Affairs , Vol. 79 , No. 315 . ( Apr. , 1980 ) , pp. 171 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer ( 2010 ) . Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India : Long - Term Consequences . The Review of Economics and Statistics . November 2010 , Vol. 92 , No. 4 , Pages 693 - 713 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani . Indirect Rule , Civil Society , and Ethnicity : The African Dilemma . Social Justice Vol. 23 , No. 1 / 2 ( 63 - 64 ) , The World Today ( Spring - Summer 1996 ) , pp. 145 - 150 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani . Historicizing power and responses to power : indirect rule and its reform . Social Research Vol. 66 , No. 3 , PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY ( FALL 1999 ) , pp. 859 - 886 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani , Citizen and Subject : Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism ( 1996 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ John Gerring , Daniel Ziblatt , Johan Van Gorp and Julián Arévalo ( 2011 ) . An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule . World Politics , 63 , pp 377 - 433 doi : 10.1017 / S0043887111000104 This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sources and references ( edit ) Michael Crowder . Indirect Rule : French and British Style . Africa : Journal of the International African Institute , Vol. 34 , No. 3 . ( Jul. , 1964 ) , pp. 197 -- 205 . Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology : The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration , c. 1902 - 1932 . African Affairs , Vol. 79 , No. 315 . ( Apr. , 1980 ) , pp. 171 -- 194 . Omipidan Teslim Indirect Rule in Nigeria OldNaija H.F. Morris . A History of the Adoption of Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure in British Colonial Africa , 1876 - 1935 . Journal of African Law , Vol. 18 , No. 1 , Criminal Law and Criminology . ( Spring , 1974 ) , pp. 6 -- 23 . Jonathan Derrick . The ' Native Clerk ' in Colonial West Africa . African Affairs , Vol. 82 , No. 326 . ( Jan. , 1983 ) , pp. 61 -- 74 . Diana Wylie . Confrontation over Kenya : The Colonial Office and Its Critics 1918 - 1940 . The Journal of African History , Vol. 18 , No. 3 . ( 1977 ) , pp. 427 -- 447 . P.A. Brunt . Empires : Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism . Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 7 , No. 3 . ( Apr. , 1965 ) , pp. 267 -- 288 . R.O. Collins and J.M. Burns . A History of Sub-Saharan Africa , Cambridge , 2007 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , Chs. 4 & 5. , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Period writings ( edit ) Harold Nicolson . The Colonial Problem . International Affairs ( Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931 - 1939 ) , Vol. 17 , No. 1 . ( Jan . - Feb. , 1938 ) , pp. 32 -- 50 . W.E. Rappard . The Practical Working of the Mandates System . Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs , Vol. 4 , No. 5 . ( Sep. , 1925 ) , pp. 205 -- 226 . Jan Smuts . Native Policy in Africa . Journal of the Royal African Society , Vol. 29 , No. 115 . ( Apr. , 1930 ) , pp. 248 -- 268 . Ralph J. Bunche . French and British Imperialism in West Africa . The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 21 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1936 ) , pp. 31 -- 46 . ( hide ) Colonial empires American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Soviet Spanish Swedish Colonies in antiquity ref > Raymond F. Betts , Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory , 1890 - 1914 ( New York , 1961 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indirect_rule&oldid=796800642 '' Categories : Governance of the British Empire History of European colonialism Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

8713678853343198828

who did spain give the two areas of land to later

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=New_Spain&oldid=821187685

New Spain - wikipedia New Spain Jump to : navigation , search Viceroyalty of New Spain Virreinato de Nueva España Viceroyalty of Spain 1521 -- 1821 Flag Coat of arms Motto Plus Ultra `` Further Beyond '' Anthem Marcha Real `` Royal March '' A map of the countries under the supervision and appellate jurisdiction of the Viceroy of New Spain , at the Spanish imperial zenith in 1795 Capital Mexico City Languages Spanish ( official ) , French , Nahuatl , Mayan , Indigenous languages , Philippine languages Religion Roman Catholicism Government Viceroyalty King 1521 -- 1556 Charles I ( first ) 1813 -- 1821 Ferdinand VII ( last ) Viceroy 1535 -- 1550 Antonio de Mendoza ( first ) 1821 Juan O'Donojú Political chief superior ( not viceroy ) Legislature Council of the Indies Historical era Colonial era Conquest of Mexico 1519 -- 1521 Viceroyalty created 1521 Venezuela annexed to Viceroyalty of New Granada 27 May 1717 Panama annexed to Viceroyalty of New Granada 1739 Treaty of San Ildefonso 1 October 1800 Adams - Onís Treaty 22 February 1819 Trienio Liberal abolished the viceroyalty of New Spain 31 May 1820 Mexican War of Independence and Central American Independence 1821 Population 1519 est . 20 million 1810 est . 5 to 6.5 million Currency Spanish colonial real Preceded by Succeeded by Governorate of Cuba Aztec Triple Alliance Kingdom of Tzintzuntzan Maya Civilization Louisiana ( New France ) Indigenous peoples of the Americas Tondo Tlaxcala ( Nahua state ) Rajahnate of Cebu Rajahnate of Maynila Madja - as Viceroyalty of New Granada Spanish West Indies Spanish East Indies Louisiana ( New France ) Florida Territory Oregon Country First Mexican Empire Spanish Formosa Today part of Countries today ( show ) Bahamas Belize Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Micronesia Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Marshall Islands Mexico Nicaragua Palau Philippines Taiwan Trinidad and Tobago United States Venezuela New Spain ( Spanish : Nueva España ) was a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama . It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521 , and following additional conquests , it was made a viceroyalty ( Spanish : virreinato ) in 1535 . The first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas , it comprised Mexico , Central America , much of the Southwestern and Central United States , and Spanish Florida as well as the Philippine , Mariana and Caroline Islands . After 1535 the colony was governed by the Viceroy of New Spain , an appointed minister of the King of Spain , who ruled as monarch over the colony from its capital , Mexico City . New Spain lost parts of its territory to other European powers and independence , but the core area remained under Spanish control until 1821 , when it achieved independence as the Mexican Empire -- when the latter dissolved , it became modern Mexico and Central America . New Spain developed highly regional divisions , reflecting the impact of climate , topography , the presence or absence of dense indigenous populations , and the presence or absence of mineral resources . The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social , political , and economic organization . The northern area of Mexico , a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations , was not generally conducive to dense settlements , but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines . Silver mining not only became the engine of the economy of New Spain , but vastly enriched Spain and transformed the global economy . New Spain was the New World terminus of the Philippine trade , making the viceroyalty a vital link between Spain 's New World empire and its Asian empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kingdom of New Spain and its relationship to the crown 1.1 Territorial extent of the overseas Spanish Empire 2 History 2.1 Conquest era ( 1521 -- 1535 ) 2.2 Evangelization in New Spain 2.3 Establishment of Spanish cities in the early sixteenth century 2.4 Later expansion 2.5 Expansion to the Philippine Islands and the Manila trade 2.6 Spanish defense against attacks on shipping 2.7 Internal revolts in New Spain 3 Economy during the Habsburg era 4 The Bourbon reforms ( 1713 -- 1806 ) 5 18th - century military conflicts 6 End of the Viceroyalty ( 1806 -- 1821 ) 7 Political organization 7.1 Audiencias 7.2 Autonomous captaincies general 7.3 Intendancies 8 Regions of colonial Mexico , centers and peripheries 8.1 Central region 8.1. 1 Mexico City , Capital of the Viceroyalty 8.1. 2 Veracruz to Mexico City 8.1. 3 Veracruz , port city and province 8.1. 4 Valley of Puebla 8.1. 5 Valley of Mexico 8.2 The North 8.2. 1 The Bajío , Mexico 's Breadbasket 8.3 Spanish Borderlands 8.3. 1 Missions and the Northern Frontier 8.3. 2 New Mexico 8.3. 3 California 8.4 The South 8.4. 1 Yucatán 8.4. 2 Valley of Oaxaca 8.4. 3 Tehuantepec 9 Demographics 9.1 The role of epidemics 9.2 The role of interracial mixing 9.3 The population of New Spain in 1810 10 Culture , art , and architecture 11 See also 12 Further reading 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Historiography 16 External links Kingdom of New Spain and its relationship to the crown ( edit ) The Kingdom of New Spain was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521 as a New World kingdom dependent on the Spanish Crown , since the initial funds for exploration came from Queen Isabella . Although New Spain was a dependency of Spain , it was a kingdom not a colony , subject to the presiding monarch on the Iberian Peninsula . The monarch had sweeping power in the overseas territories , The king possessed not only the sovereign right but the property rights ; he was the absolute proprietor , the sole political head of his American dominions . Every privilege and position , economic political , or religious came from him . It was on this basis that the conquest , occupation , and government of the ( Spanish ) New World was achieved . The Viceroyalty of New Spain was established in 1535 in the Kingdom of New Spain . It was the first New World viceroyalty and one of only two in the Spanish empire until the 18th century Bourbon Reforms . Territorial extent of the overseas Spanish Empire ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire comprised the territories in the north overseas ' Septentrion ' , from North America and the Caribbean , to the Philippine , Mariana and Caroline Islands . At its greatest extent , the Spanish crown claimed on the mainland of the Americas much of North America south of Canada , that is : all of present - day Mexico and Central America except Panama ; most of present - day United States west of the Mississippi River , plus the Floridas . To the west of the continent , New Spain also included the Spanish East Indies ( the Philippine Islands , the Mariana Islands , the Caroline Islands , parts of Taiwan , and parts of the Moluccas ) . To the east of the continent , it included the Spanish West Indies ( Cuba , Hispaniola ( comprising the modern states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , Puerto Rico , Jamaica , the Cayman Islands , Trinidad , and the Bay Islands ) . Until the 18th century , when Spain saw its claims in North America threatened by other European powers , much of what were called the Spanish borderlands consisted of territory now part of the United States . This was not occupied by many Spanish settlers and were considered more marginal to Spanish interests than the most densely populated and lucrative areas of central Mexico . To shore up its claims in North America starting in the late 18th century , Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest explored and claimed the coast of what is now British Columbia and Alaska . On the mainland , the administrative units included Las Californias , that is , the Baja California peninsula , still part of Mexico and divided into Baja California and Baja California Sur ; Alta California ( present - day Arizona , California , Nevada , Utah , western Colorado , and south Wyoming ) ; ( from the 1760s ) Louisiana ( including the western Mississippi River basin and the Missouri River basin ) ; Nueva Extremadura ( the present - day states of Coahuila and Texas ) ; and Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( parts of Texas and New Mexico ) . History ( edit ) Conquest era ( 1521 -- 1535 ) ( edit ) See also : Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire and History of Mexico City The Caribbean islands and early Spanish explorations around the circum - Caribbean region had not been of major political , strategic , or financial importance until the conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521 . However , important precedents of exploration , conquest , and settlement and crown rule had been initially worked out in the Caribbean , which long affected subsequent regions , including Mexico and Peru . The indigenous societies of Mesoamerica brought under Spanish control were of unprecedented complexity and wealth from what they had encountered in the Caribbean . This presented both an important opportunity and a potential threat to the power of the Crown of Castile , since the conquerors were acting independent of effective crown control . The societies could provide the conquistadors , especially Hernán Cortés , a base from which the conquerors could become autonomous , or even independent , of the Crown . As a result , the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain , Charles V created the Council of the Indies in 1524 as the crown entity to oversee the crown 's interests in the New World . Since the time of the Catholic Monarchs , central Iberia was governed through councils appointed by the monarch with particular jurisdictions . Thus , the creation of the Council of the Indies became another , but extremely important , advisory body to the monarch . The crown had set up the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) in 1503 to regulate contacts between Spain and its overseas possessions . A key function was to gather information about navigation to make trips less risky and more efficient . Philip II sought systematic information about his overseas empire and mandated reports , known as the Relaciones geográficas , with text on topography , economic conditions , and populations among other information . They were accompanied by maps of the area discussed , many of which were drawn by indigenous artists . The Francisco Hernández Expedition ( 1570 -- 77 ) , the first scientific expedition to the New World , was sent to gather information on medicinal plants and practices . The crown created the first mainland high court , or Audiencia , in 1527 to regain control of the administration of New Spain from Cortés , who as the premier conqueror of the Aztec empire , was ruling in the name of the king but without crown oversight or control . An earlier Audiencia had been established in Santo Domingo in 1526 to deal with the Caribbean settlements . That court , housed in the Casa Reales in Santo Domingo , was charged with encouraging further exploration and settlements with the authority granted it by the crown . Management by the Audiencia , which was expected to make executive decisions as a body , proved unwieldy . Therefore , in 1535 , King Charles V named Don Antonio de Mendoza as the first Viceroy of New Spain . After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 opened up the vast territories of South America to further conquests , the Crown established an independent Viceroyalty of Peru there in 1540 . Evangelization in New Spain ( edit ) Main article : History of Roman Catholicism in Mexico Because the Roman Catholic Church had played such an important role in the Reconquista ( Christian reconquest ) of the Iberian peninsula from the Moors , the Church in essence became another arm of the Spanish government . The Spanish Crown granted it a large role in the administration of the state , and this practice became even more pronounced in the New World , where prelates often assumed the role of government officials . In addition to the Church 's explicit political role , the Catholic faith became a central part of Spanish identity after the conquest of last Muslim kingdom in the peninsula , the Emirate of Granada , and the expulsion of all Jews who did not convert to Christianity . The conquistadors brought with them many missionaries to promulgate the Catholic religion . Amerindians were taught the Roman Catholic religion and the language of Spain . Initially , the missionaries hoped to create a large body of Amerindian priests , but this did not come to be . Moreover , efforts were made to keep the Amerindian cultural aspects that did not violate the Catholic traditions . As an example , most Spanish priests committed themselves to learn the most important Amerindian languages ( especially during the 16th century ) and wrote grammars so that the missionaries could learn the languages and preach in them . This was similarly practiced by the French colonists . At first , conversion seemed to be happening rapidly . The missionaries soon found that most of the natives had simply adopted `` the god of the heavens , '' as they called the Christian god , as just another one of their many gods . While they often held the Christian god to be an important deity because it was the god of the victorious conquerors , they did not see the need to abandon their old beliefs . As a result , a second wave of missionaries began an effort to completely erase the old beliefs , which they associated with the ritualized human sacrifice found in many of the native religions , eventually putting an end to this practice common before the arrival of the Spaniards . In the process many artifacts of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture were destroyed . Hundreds of thousands of native codices were burned , native priests and teachers were persecuted , and the temples and statues of the old gods were torn down . Even some foods associated with the native religions , like amaranth , were forbidden . Many clerics , such as Bartolomé de las Casas , also tried to protect the natives from de facto and actual enslavement to the settlers , and obtained from the Crown decrees and promises to protect native Mesoamericans , most notably the New Laws . Unfortunately , the royal government was too far away to fully enforce them , and many abuses against the natives , even among the clergy , continued . Eventually , the Crown declared the natives to be legal minors and placed under the guardianship of the Crown , which was responsible for their indoctrination . It was this status that barred the native population from the priesthood . During the following centuries , under Spanish rule , a new culture developed that combined the customs and traditions of the indigenous peoples with that of Catholic Spain . Numerous churches and other buildings were constructed by native labor in the Spanish style , and cities were named after various saints or religious topics such as San Luis Potosí ( after Saint Louis ) and Vera Cruz ( the True Cross ) . The Spanish Inquisition , and its New Spanish counterpart , the Mexican Inquisition , continued to operate in the viceroyalty until Mexico declared its independence . During the 17th and 18th centuries , the Inquisition worked with the viceregal government to block the diffusion of liberal ideas during the Enlightenment , as well as the revolutionary republican and democratic ideas of the United States War of Independence and the French Revolution . Establishment of Spanish cities in the early sixteenth century ( edit ) Main article : Spanish colonization of the Americas Even before the establishment of the viceroyalty of New Spain , conquerors in central Mexico founded new Spanish cities and embarked on further conquests , a pattern that had been established in the Caribbean . In central Mexico , the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan was transformed into the main settlement of the territory ; thus , the history of Mexico City is of huge importance to the whole colonial enterprise . Spaniards founded new settlements in Puebla de los Angeles ( founded 1531 ) at the midway point between the Mexico City ( founded 1521 - 24 ) and the Caribbean port of Veracruz ( 1519 ) . Colima ( 1524 ) , Antequera ( 1526 , now Oaxaca City ) , and Guadalajara ( 1532 ) were all new Spanish settlements . North of Mexico City , the city of Querétaro was founded ( ca . 1531 ) in what was called the Bajío , a major zone of commercial agriculture . Guadalajara was founded northwest of Mexico City ( 1531 -- 42 ) and became the dominant Spanish settlement in the region . West of Mexico City the settlement of Valladolid ( Michoacan ) was founded ( 1529 -- 41 ) . In the densely indigenous South , as noted , Antequera ( 1526 ) became the center of Spanish settlement in Oaxaca ; Santiago de Guatemala was founded in 1524 ; and in Yucatán , Mérida ( 1542 ) was founded inland , with Campeche founded as a small , Caribbean port in 1541 . There was sea trade between Campeche and Veracruz . During the first twenty years , before the establishment of the viceroyalty , some of the important cities of the colonial era that remain important today were founded . The discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the far north was a transformative event . The settlement of Zacatecas was founded in 1547 deep in the territory of the nomadic and fierce Chichimeca , whose resistance to Spanish presence was the protracted conflict of the Chichimeca War . Later expansion ( edit ) See also : Spanish missions in California , Spanish missions in Arizona , Spanish missions in Texas , Spanish missions in New Mexico , and Presidio § Mexico `` Vázquez de Coronado Sets Out to the North '' ( 1540 ) , by Frederic Remington , oil on canvas , 1905 During the 16th century , many Spanish cities were established in North and Central America . Spain attempted to establish missions in what is now the southern United States including Georgia and South Carolina between 1568 and 1587 . These efforts were mainly successful in the region of present - day Florida , where the city of St. Augustine was founded in 1565 , the oldest European city in the United States . Upon his arrival , Viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza vigorously took to the duties entrusted to him by the King and encouraged the exploration of Spain 's new mainland territories . He commissioned the expeditions of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado into the present day American Southwest in 1540 -- 1542 . The Viceroy commissioned Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in the first Spanish exploration up the Pacific Ocean in 1542 -- 1543 . Cabrillo sailed far up the coast , becoming the first European to see present day California , United States . The Viceroy also sent Ruy López de Villalobos to the Spanish East Indies in 1542 -- 1543 . As these new territories became controlled , they were brought under the purview of the Viceroy of New Spain . Spanish settlers expanded to Nuevo Mexico , and the major settlement of Santa Fe was founded in 1610 . The establishment of religious missions and military presidios on the northern frontier became the nucleus of Spanish settlement and the founding of Spanish towns . Expansion to the Philippine Islands and the Manila trade ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines Seeking to develop trade between the East Indies and the Americas across the Pacific Ocean , Miguel López de Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippine Islands in 1565 , which became the town of San Miguel ( present - day Cebu City ) . Andrés de Urdaneta discovered an efficient sailing route from the Philippine Islands to Mexico which took advantage of the Kuroshio Current . In 1571 , the city of Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies , with trade soon beginning via the Manila - Acapulco Galleons . The Manila - Acapulco trade route shipped products such as silk , spices , silver , porcelain and gold to the Americas from Asia . New works indicate that interest is increasing . The importance of the Philippines to the Spanish empire can be seen by its creation as a separate Captaincy - General . Products brought from Asia were sent to Acapulco then overland to Veracruz , and then shipped to Spain aboard the West Indies Fleets . Later they were traded across Europe . Spanish defense against attacks on shipping ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish treasure fleet and Manila galleon The Spanish crown created a system of convoys of ships ( called the flota ) to prevent attacks by European privateers . Some isolated attacks on these shipments took place in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea by British and Dutch pirates and privateers . One such act of piracy was led by Francis Drake in 1586 , and another by Thomas Cavendish in 1587 . In one episode , the cities of Huatulco ( Oaxaca ) and Barra de Navidad in Jalisco Province of México were sacked . However , these maritime routes , both across the Pacific and the Atlantic , were successful in the defensive and logistical role they played in the history of the Spanish Empire . For over three centuries the Spanish Navy escorted the galleon convoys that sailed around the world . Don Lope Díez de Armendáriz , born in Quito , Ecuador , was the first Viceroy of New Spain who was born in the ' New World ' . He formed the ' Navy of Barlovento ' ( Armada de Barlovento ) , based in Veracruz , to patrol coastal regions and protect the harbors , port towns , and trade ships from pirates and privateers . Internal revolts in New Spain ( edit ) Viceroy don Antonio de Mendoza and Tlaxcalan Indians battle with the Caxcanes in the Mixtón war , 1541 - 42 in Nueva Galicia . After the conquest of central Mexico , there were only two major Indian revolts challenging Spanish rule . In the Mixtón war in 1541 , the viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza led an army against an uprising by Caxcanes . In the 1680 Pueblo revolt , Indians in 24 settlements in New Mexico expelled the Spanish , who left for Texas , an exile lasting a decade . The Chichimeca war lasted over fifty years , 1550 - 1606 , between the Spanish and various indigenous groups of northern New Spain , particularly in silver mining regions and the transportation trunk lines . Non-sedentary or semi-sedentary Northern Indians were difficult to control once they acquired the mobility of the horse . In 1616 , the Tepehuan revolted against the Spanish , but it was relatively quickly suppressed . The Tarahumara Indians were in revolt in the mountains of Chihuahua for several years . In 1670 Chichimecas invaded Durango , and the governor , Francisco González , abandoned its defense . In the southern area of New Spain , the Tzeltal Maya and other indigenous groups , including the Tzotzil and Chol revolted in 1712 . It was a multiethnic revolt sparked by religious issues in several communities . In 1704 viceroy Francisco Fernández de la Cueva suppressed a rebellion of Pima Indians in Nueva Vizcaya . Economy during the Habsburg era ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Mexico White represents the route of the Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the flota in the Atlantic ; blue represents Portuguese routes . During the era of the conquest , in order to pay off the debts incurred by the conquistadors and their companies , the new Spanish governors awarded their men grants of native tribute and labor , known as encomiendas . In New Spain these grants were modeled after the tribute and corvee labor that the Mexica rulers had demanded from native communities . This system came to signify the oppression and exploitation of natives , although its originators may not have set out with such intent . In short order the upper echelons of patrons and priests in the society lived off the work of the lower classes . Due to some horrifying instances of abuse against the indigenous peoples , Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas suggested bringing black slaves to replace them . Fray Bartolomé later repented when he saw the even worse treatment given to the black slaves . In Peru , the other discovery that perpetuated the system of forced labor , the mit'a , was the enormously rich single silver mine discovered at Potosí , but in New Spain , labor recruitment differed significantly . With the exception of silver mines worked in the Aztec period at Taxco , southwest of Tenochtitlan , the Mexico 's mining region was outside the area of dense indigenous settlement . Labor for the mines in the north of Mexico had a workforce of black slave labor and indigenous wage labor , not draft labor . Indigenous who were drawn to the mining areas were from different regions of the center of Mexico , with a few from the north itself . With such diversity they did not have a common ethnic identity or language and rapidly assimilated to Hispanic culture . Although mining was difficult and dangerous , the wages were good , which is what drew the indigenous labor . The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the principal source of income for Spain in the eighteenth century , with the revival of mining under the Bourbon Reforms . Important mining centers like Zacatecas , Guanajuato , San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo had been established in the sixteenth century and suffered decline for a variety of reasons in the seventeenth century , but silver mining in Mexico out performed all other Spanish overseas territories in revenues for the royal coffers . The fast red dye cochineal was an important export in areas such as central Mexico and Oaxaca in terms of revenues to the crown and stimulation of the internal market of New Spain . Cacao and indigo were also important exports for the New Spain , but was used through rather the vice royalties rather than contact with European countries due to piracy , and smuggling . The indigo industry in particular also helped to temporarily unite communities throughout the Kingdom of Guatemala due to the smuggling . There were two major ports in New Spain , Veracruz the viceroyalty 's principal port on the Atlantic , and Acapulco on the Pacific , terminus of the Manila Galleon . In the Philippines Manila near the South China Sea was the main port . The ports were fundamental for overseas trade , stretching a trade route from Asia , through the Manila Galleon to the Spanish mainland . These were ships that made voyages from the Philippines to Mexico , whose goods were then transported overland from Acapulco to Veracruz and later reshipped from Veracruz to Cádiz in Spain . So then , the ships that set sail from Veracruz were generally loaded with merchandise from the East Indies originating from the commercial centers of the Philippines , plus the precious metals and natural resources of Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . During the 16th century , Spain held the equivalent of US $ 1.5 trillion ( 1990 terms ) in gold and silver received from New Spain . However , these resources did not translate into development for the Metropolis ( mother country ) due to Spanish Roman Catholic Monarchy 's frequent preoccupation with European wars ( enormous amounts of this wealth were spent hiring mercenaries to fight the Protestant Reformation ) , as well as the incessant decrease in overseas transportation caused by assaults from companies of British buccaneers , Dutch corsairs and pirates of various origin . These companies were initially financed by , at first , by the Amsterdam stock market , the first in history and whose origin is owed precisely to the need for funds to finance pirate expeditions , as later by the London market . The above is what some authors call the `` historical process of the transfer of wealth from the south to the north . '' The Bourbon Reforms ( 1713 -- 1806 ) ( edit ) Main article : Bourbon Reforms José de Gálvez , marqués de Sonora , Visitador in New Spain , who initiated major reforms Carlos Francisco de Croix , marqués de Croix , Viceroy of New Spain ( 1766 - 1771 ) Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa , marqués de Valleheroso y conde de Jerena , Viceroy of New Spain Juan Vicente de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo , 2nd Count of Revillagigedo , Viceroy of New Spain ( 1789 - 1794 ) The Bourbon monarchy embarked upon a far - reaching program to revitalize the economy of its territories , both on the peninsula and its overseas possessions . The crown sought to enhance its control and administrative efficiency , and to decrease the power and privilege of the Roman Catholic Church vis - a-vis the state . The British capture and occupation of both Manila and Havana in 1762 , during the global conflict of the Seven Years ' War , meant that the Spanish crown had to rethink its military strategy for defending its possessions . The Spanish crown had engaged with Britain for a number of years in low intensity warfare , with ports and trade routes harassed by English privateers . The crown strengthened the defenses of Veracruz and San Juan de Ulúa , Jamaica , Cuba , and Florida , but the British sacked ports in the late seventeenth century. Santiago de Cuba ( 1662 ) , St. Augustine Spanish Florida ( 1665 ) and Campeche 1678 and so with the loss of Havana and Manila , Spain realized it needed to take significant steps . The Bourbons created a standing army in New Spain , beginning in 1764 , and strengthened defensive infrastructure , such as forts . The crown sought reliable information about New Spain and dispatched José de Gálvez as Visitador General ( inspector general ) , who observed conditions needing reform , starting in 1765 , in order to strengthen crown control over the kingdom . An important feature of the Bourbon Reforms was that they ended the significant amount of local control that was a characteristic of the bureaucracy under the Habsburgs , especially through the sale of offices . The Bourbons sought a return to the monarchical ideal of having those not directly connected with local elites as administrators , who in theory should be disinterested , staff the higher echelons of regional government . In practice this meant that there was a concerted effort to appoint mostly peninsulares , usually military men with long records of service ( as opposed to the Habsburg preference for prelates ) , who were willing to move around the global empire . The intendancies were one new office that could be staffed with peninsulares , but throughout the 18th century significant gains were made in the numbers of governors - captain generals , audiencia judges and bishops , in addition to other posts , who were Spanish - born . In 1766 , the crown appointed Carlos Francisco de Croix , marqués de Croix as viceroy of New Spain . One of his early tasks was to implement the crown 's decision to expel the Jesuits from all its territories , accomplished in 1767 . Since the Jesuits had significant power , owning large , well managed haciendas , educating New Spain 's elite young men , and as a religious order resistant to crown control , the Jesuits were a major target for the assertion of crown control . Croix closed the religious autos - de-fe of the Holy Office of the Inquisition to public viewing , signaling a shift in the crown 's attitude toward religion . Other significant accomplishments under Croix 's administration was the founding of the College of Surgery in 1768 , part of the crown 's push to introduce institutional reforms that regulated professions . The crown was also interested in generating more income for its coffers and Croix instituted the royal lottery in 1769 . Croix also initiated improvements in the capital and seat of the viceroyalty , increasing the size of its central park , the Alameda . Another activist viceroy carrying out reforms was Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa , marqués de Valleheroso y conde de Jerena , who served from 1771 to 1779 , and died in office . José de Gálvez , now Minister of the Indies following his appointment as Visitor General of New Spain , briefed the newly appointed viceroy about reforms to be implemented . In 1776 , a new northern territorial division was established , Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas known as the Provincias Internas ( Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces of the North , Spanish : Comandancia y Capitanía General de las Provincias Internas ) . Teodoro de Croix ( nephew of the former viceroy ) was appointed the first Commander General of the Provincias Internas , independent of the Viceroy of New Spain , to provide better administration for the northern frontier provinces . They included Nueva Vizcaya , Nuevo Santander , Sonora y Sinaloa , Las Californias , Coahuila y Tejas ( Coahuila and Texas ) , and Nuevo México . Bucareli was opposed to Gálvez 's plan to implement the new administrative organization of intendancies , which he believed would burden areas with sparse population with excessive costs for the new bureaucracy . The new Bourbon kings did not split the Viceroyalty of New Spain into smaller administrative units as they did with the Viceroyalty of Peru , carving out the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata and the Viceroyalty of New Granada , but New Spain was reorganized administratively and elite American - born Spanish men were passed over for high office . The crown also established a standing military , with the aim of defending its overseas territories . The Spanish Bourbons monarchs ' prime innovation introduction of intendancies , an institution emulating that of Bourbon France . They were first introduced on a large scale in New Spain , by the Minister of the Indies José de Gálvez , in the 1770s , who originally envisioned that they would replace the viceregal system ( viceroyalty ) altogether . With broad powers over tax collection and the public treasury and with a mandate to help foster economic growth over their districts , intendants encroached on the traditional powers of viceroys , governors and local officials , such as the corregidores , which were phased out as intendancies were established . The Crown saw the intendants as a check on these other officers . Over time accommodations were made . For example , after a period of experimentation in which an independent intendant was assigned to Mexico City , the office was thereafter given to the same person who simultaneously held the post of viceroy . Nevertheless , the creation of scores of autonomous intendancies throughout the Viceroyalty , created a great deal of decentralization , and in the Captaincy General of Guatemala , in particular , the intendancy laid the groundwork for the future independent nations of the 19th century . In 1780 , Minister of the Indies José de Gálvez sent a royal dispatch to Teodoro de Croix , Commandant General of the Internal Provinces of New Spain ( Provincias Internas ) , asking all subjects to donate money to help the American Revolution . Millions of pesos were given . The focus on the economy ( and the revenues it provided to the royal coffers ) was also extended to society at large . Economic associations were promoted , such as the Economic Society of Friends of the Country . Similar `` Friends of the Country '' economic societies were established throughout the Spanish world , including Cuba and Guatemala . The crown sent a series of scientific expeditions to its overseas possessions , including the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain , led by Martín de Sessé and José Mariano Mociño ( 1787 - 1808 ) . The Bourbon Reforms were not a unified or entirely coherent program , but a series of crown initiatives designed to revitalize the economies of its overseas possessions and make administration more efficient and firmly under control of the crown . Record keeping improved and records were more centralized . The bureaucracy was staffed with well - qualified men , most of them peninsular - born Spaniards . The preference for them meant that there was resentment from American - born elite men and their families , who were excluded from holding office . The creation of a military meant that some American Spaniards became officers in local militias , but the ranks were filled with poor , mixed - race men , who resented service and avoided it if possible . 18th - century military conflicts ( edit ) See also : Louisiana ( New Spain ) 18th - century soldado de cuera in colonial Mexico The first century that saw the Bourbons on the Spanish throne coincided with series of global conflicts that pitted primarily France against Great Britain . Spain as an ally of Bourbon France was drawn into these conflicts . In fact part of the motivation for the Bourbon Reforms was the perceived need to prepare the empire administratively , economically and militarily for what was the next expected war . The Seven Years ' War proved to be catalyst for most of the reforms in the overseas possessions , just like the War of the Spanish Succession had been for the reforms on the Peninsula . In 1720 , the Villasur expedition from Santa Fe met and attempted to parley with French - allied Pawnee in what is now Nebraska . Negotiations were unsuccessful , and a battle ensued ; the Spanish were badly defeated , with only thirteen managing to return to New Mexico . Although this was a small engagement , it is significant in that it was the deepest penetration of the Spanish into the Great Plains , establishing the limit to Spanish expansion and influence there . The War of Jenkin 's Ear broke out in 1739 between the Spanish and British and was confined to the Caribbean and Georgia . The major action in the War of Jenkins ' Ear was a major amphibious attack launched by the British under Admiral Edward Vernon in March 1741 against Cartagena de Indias , one of Spain 's major gold - trading ports in the Caribbean ( today Colombia ) . Although this episode is largely forgotten , it ended in a decisive victory for Spain , who managed to prolong its control of the Caribbean and indeed secure the Spanish Main until the 19th century . Following the French and Indian War / Seven Years ' War , the British troops invaded and captured the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines in 1762 . The Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) gave Spain control over the Louisiana part of New France including New Orleans , creating a Spanish empire that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean ; but Spain also ceded Florida to Great Britain in order to regain Cuba , which the British occupied during the war . Louisiana settlers , hoping to restore the territory to France , in the bloodless Rebellion of 1768 forced the Louisiana Governor Antonio de Ulloa to flee to Spain . The rebellion was crushed in 1769 by the next governor Alejandro O'Reilly , who executed five of the conspirators . The Louisiana territory was to be administered by superiors in Cuba with a governor on site in New Orleans . The 21 northern missions in present - day California ( U.S. ) were established along California 's El Camino Real from 1769 . In an effort to exclude Britain and Russia from the eastern Pacific , King Charles III of Spain sent forth from Mexico a number of expeditions to the Pacific Northwest between 1774 and 1793 . Spain 's long - held claims and navigation rights were strengthened and a settlement and fort were built in Nootka Sound , Alaska . A Spanish army defeats British soldiers in the Battle of Pensacola in 1781 . In 1783 the Treaty of Paris returns all of Florida to Spain for the return of the Bahamas . Spain entered the American Revolutionary War as an ally of France in June 1779 , a renewal of the Bourbon Family Compact . In 1781 , a Spanish expedition during the American Revolutionary War left St. Louis , Missouri , ( then under Spanish control ) and reached as far as Fort St. Joseph at Niles , Michigan , where they captured the fort while the British were away . On 8 May 1782 , Count Bernardo de Gálvez , the Spanish governor of Louisiana , captured the British naval base at New Providence in the Bahamas . On the Gulf Coast , the military actions of Gálvez led to Spain 's re-acquisition of East and West Florida in the peace settlement , as well as controlling the mouth of the Mississippi River after the war -- which would prove to be a major source of tension between Spain and the United States in the years to come . In the second Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolution , Britain ceded its two Florida colonies back to Spain to regain the Bahamas , which Spain had been occupying during the war . Spain then had control over the Mississippi River south of 32 ° 30 ' north latitude , and , in what is known as the Spanish Conspiracy , hoped to gain greater control of Louisiana and all of the west . These hopes ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney 's Treaty in 1795 . France reacquired ' Louisiana ' from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 . The United States bought the territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . Spanish territorial claims in the West Coast of North America , 18th century New Spain claimed the entire west coast of North America and therefore considered the Russian fur trading activity in Alaska , which began in the middle to late 18th century , an encroachment and threat . Likewise , the exploration of the northwest coast by Captain James Cook of the British Navy and the subsequent fur trading activities by British ships was considered an encroachment on Spanish territory . To protect and strengthen its claim , New Spain sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Northwest between 1774 and 1793 . In 1789 a naval outpost called Santa Cruz de Nuca ( or just Nuca ) was established at Friendly Cove in Nootka Sound ( now Yuquot ) , Vancouver Island . It was protected by an artillery land battery called Fort San Miguel . Santa Cruz de Nuca was the northernmost establishment of New Spain . It was the first European colony in what is now the province of British Columbia and the only Spanish settlement in what is now Canada . Santa Cruz de Nuca remained under the control of New Spain until 1795 , when it was abandoned under the terms of the third Nootka Convention . Another outpost , intended to replace Santa Cruz de Nuca , was partially built at Neah Bay on the southern side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in what is now the U.S. state of Washington . Neah Bay was known as Bahía de Núñez Gaona in New Spain , and the outpost there was referred to as `` Fuca . '' It was abandoned , partially finished , in 1792 . Its personnel , livestock , cannons , and ammunition were transferred to Nuca . In 1789 , at Santa Cruz de Nuca , a conflict occurred between the Spanish naval officer Esteban José Martínez and the British merchant James Colnett , triggering the Nootka Crisis , which grew into an international incident and the threat of war between Britain and Spain . The first Nootka Convention averted the war but left many specific issues unresolved . Both sides sought to define a northern boundary for New Spain . At Nootka Sound , the diplomatic representative of New Spain , Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra , proposed a boundary at the Strait of Juan de Fuca , but the British representative , George Vancouver refused to accept any boundary north of San Francisco . No agreement could be reached and the northern boundary of New Spain remained unspecified until the Adams -- Onís Treaty with the United States ( 1819 ) . That treaty also ceded Spanish Florida to the United States . End of the Viceroyalty ( 1806 -- 1821 ) ( edit ) The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceded to France the vast territory that Napoleon then sold to the United States , known as the Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) . Spanish Florida followed in 1819 . In the 1821 Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire , both Mexico and Central America declared their independence after three centuries of Spanish rule and formed the First Mexican Empire , although Central America quickly rejected the union . After priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 's 1810 Grito de Dolores ( call for independence ) , the insurgent army began an eleven - year war . At first , the Criollo class fought against the rebels . But in 1820 , a military coup in Spain forced Ferdinand VII to accept the authority of the liberal Spanish Constitution . The specter of liberalism that could undermine the authority and autonomy of the Roman Catholic Church made the Church hierarchy in New Spain view independence in a different light . In an independent nation , the Church anticipated retaining its power . Royalist military officer Agustín de Iturbide proposed uniting with the insurgents with whom he had battled , and gained the alliance of Vicente Guerrero , leader of the insurgents in a region now bearing his name . Royal government collapsed in New Spain and the Army of the Three Guarantees marched triumphantly into Mexico City in 1821 . The new Mexican Empire offered the crown to Ferdinand VII or to a member of the Spanish royal family that he would designate . After the refusal of the Spanish monarchy to recognize the independence of Mexico , the ejército Trigarante ( Army of the Three Guarantees ) , led by Agustín de Iturbide and Vincente Guerrero , cut all political and economic ties with Spain and crowned Iturbide as emperor Agustín of Mexico . Central America was originally planned to be part of the Mexican Empire ; but it seceded peacefully in 1823 , forming the United Provinces of Central America under the Constitution of 1824 . This left only Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Spanish West Indies , and the Spanish East Indies in the Spanish Empire ; until their loss to the United States in the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) . Political organization ( edit ) The Viceroyalty of New Spain united many regions and provinces of the Spanish Empire throughout half a world . These included on the North American mainland , central Mexico , Nueva Extremadura , Nueva Galicia , the Californias , Nueva Vizcaya , Nuevo Reyno de León , Texas and Nuevo Santander , as well as the Captaincy General of Guatemala . In the Caribbean it included Cuba , Santo Domingo , most of the Venezuelan mainland and the other islands in the Caribbean controlled by the Spanish . In Asia , the Viceroyalty ruled the Captaincy General of the Philippines , which covered all of the Spanish territories in the Asia - Pacific region . The outpost at Nootka Sound , on Vancouver Island , was considered part of the province of California . Therefore , the Viceroyalty 's former territories included what is now the countries of Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , Belize , Costa Rica ; the United States regions of California , Texas , New Mexico , Arizona , Puerto Rico , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Nevada , Utah , Colorado , Wyoming , Florida ; a portion of the Canadian province of British Columbia ; the Caribbean nations of Cuba , the Dominican Republic , the island of Hispaniola , Jamaica , Antigua and Barbuda ; the Asia - Pacific nations of the Philippine Islands , Palau and Caroline Islands . The Viceroyalty was administered by a viceroy residing in Mexico City and appointed by the Spanish monarch , who had administrative oversight of all of these regions , although most matters were handled by the local governmental bodies , which ruled the various regions of the viceroyalty . First among these were the audiencias , which were primarily superior tribunals , but which also had administrative and legislative functions . Each of these was responsible to the Viceroy of New Spain in administrative matters ( though not in judicial ones ) , but they also answered directly to the Council of the Indies . Audiencia districts further incorporated the older , smaller divisions known as governorates ( gobernaciones , roughly equivalent to provinces ) , which had been originally established by conquistador - governors known as adelantados . Provinces , which were under military threat , were grouped into captaincies general , such as the Captaincies General of the Philippines ( established 1574 ) and Guatemala ( established in 1609 ) mentioned above , which were joint military and political commands with a certain level of autonomy . ( The viceroy was captain - general of those provinces that remained directly under his command ) . At the local level there were over two hundred districts , in both Indian and Spanish areas , which were headed by either a corregidor ( also known as an alcalde mayor ) or a cabildo ( town council ) , both of which had judicial and administrative powers . In the late 18th century the Bourbon dynasty began phasing out the corregidores and introduced intendants , whose broad fiscal powers cut into the authority of the viceroys , governors and cabildos . Despite their late creation , these intendancies so affected the formation of regional identity that they became the basis for the nations of Central America and the first Mexican states after independence . Audiencias ( edit ) See also : Royal Audiencia of Mexico The high courts or audiencias were established in major areas of Spanish settlement . In New Spain the high court was established in 1527 , prior to the establishment of the viceroyalty . The First Audiencia was headed by Hernán Cortés 's rival Nuño de Guzmán , who used the court to deprive Cortés of power and property . The First Audiencia was dissolved and the Second Audiencia established . Audiencias with dates of creation : 1 . Santo Domingo ( 1511 , effective 1526 , predated the Viceroyalty ) 2 . Mexico ( 1527 , predated the Viceroyalty ) 3 . Panama ( 1st one , 1538 -- 1543 ) 4 . Guatemala ( 1543 ) 5 . Guadalajara ( 1548 ) 6 . Manila ( 1583 ) Autonomous captaincies General ( edit ) With dates of creation : 1 . Santo Domingo ( 1535 ) 2 . Philippines ( 1574 ) 3 . Puerto Rico ( 1580 ) 4 . Cuba ( 1607 ) - which included Spanish Florida , or La Florida , in North America 5 . Guatemala ( 1609 ) 6 . Yucatán ( 1617 ) 7 . Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas ( 1776 ) ( Analogous to a dependent captaincy general . ) Intendancies ( edit ) As part of the sweeping eighteenth - century administrative and economic changes known as the Bourbon Reforms , the Spanish crown created new administrative units called intendancies . In New Spain , these units generally corresponded to the regions or provinces that had developed earlier in the Center , South , and North . In turn , many of the intendancy boundaries became Mexican state boundaries after independence . Year of creation Intendancy 1764 Havana ( Presumably , the West Florida intendancy fits here . ) 1766 New Orleans 1784 Puerto Rico 1786 Mexico Chiapas Guatemala San Salvador Comayagua Léon Puerto Príncipe ( separated from the Intendancy of Havana ) Santiago de Cuba ( separated from the Intendency of Havana ) 1787 Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora 1789 Mérida Regions of colonial Mexico , centers and peripheries ( edit ) In the colonial period , basic patterns of regional development emerged and strengthened . European settlement and institutional life was built in the Mesoamerican heartland of the Aztec Empire in Central Mexico . The South ( Oaxaca , Michoacan , Yucatán , and Central America ) was a region of dense indigenous settlement of Mesoamerica , but without exploitable resources of interest to Europeans , the area attracted few Europeans , while the indigenous presence remained strong . The North was outside the area of complex indigenous populations , inhabited primarily by nomadic and hostile northern indigenous groups . With the discovery of silver in the north , the Spanish sought to conquer or pacify those peoples in order to exploit the mines and develop enterprises to supply them . Nonetheless , much of northern New Spain had sparse indigenous population and attracted few Europeans . The Spanish crown and later the Republic of Mexico did not effectively exert sovereignty over the region , leaving it vulnerable to the expansionism of the United States in the nineteenth century . Regional characteristics of colonial Mexico have been the focus of considerable study within the vast scholarship on centers and peripheries . For those based in the vice-regal capital of Mexico City itself , everywhere else were the `` provinces . '' Even in the modern era , `` Mexico '' for many refers solely to Mexico City , with the pejorative view of anywhere but the capital is a hopeless backwater . `` Fuera de México , todo es Cuauhtitlán '' ( `` outside of Mexico City , it 's all Podunk '' ) , that is , poor , marginal , and backward , in short , the periphery . The picture is far more complex , however ; while the capital is enormously important as the center of power of various kinds ( institutional , economic , social ) , the provinces played a significant role in colonial Mexico . Regions ( provinces ) developed and thrived to the extent that they were sites of economic production and tied into networks of trade . `` Spanish society in the Indies was import - export oriented at the very base and in every aspect , '' and the development of many regional economies was usually centered on support of that export sector . Central region ( edit ) Mexico City , capital of the Viceroyalty ( edit ) Main article : History of Mexico City Mexico City was the center of the Central region , and the hub of New Spain . The development of Mexico City itself is extremely important to the development of New Spain as a whole . It was the seat of the Viceroyalty of New Spain , the Archdiocese of the Catholic Church , the Holy Office of the Inquisition , the merchants ' guild ( consulado ) , and home of the most elite families in the Kingdom of New Spain . Mexico City was the single-most populous city , not just in New Spain , but for many years the entire Western Hemisphere , with a high concentration of mixed - race castas . Veracruz to Mexico City ( edit ) Significant regional development grew along the main transportation route from the capital east to the port of Veracruz . Alexander von Humboldt called this area `` Mesa de Anahuac '' , which can be defined as the adjacent valleys of Puebla , Mexico , and Toluca , enclosed by high mountains , along with their connections to the Gulf Coast port of Veracruz and the Pacific port of Acapulco , where over half the population of New Spain lived . These valleys were linked trunk lines , or main routes , facilitating the movement of vital goods and people to get to key areas . However , even in this relatively richly endowed region of Mexico , the difficulty of transit of people and goods in the absence of rivers and level terrain remained a major challenge to the economy of New Spain . This challenge persisted during the post-independence years until the late nineteenth - century construction of railroads . In the colonial era and up until the railroads were built in key areas , mule trains were the main mode of transporting goods . Mules were used because unpaved roads and mountainous terrain could not generally accommodate carts . In the late eighteenth century the crown devoted some resources to the study and remedy the problem of poor roads . The Camino Real ( royal road ) between the port of Veracruz and the capital had some short sections paved and bridges constructed . The construction was done despite protests from some Indian villages when the infrastructure improvements , which sometimes included rerouting the road through communal lands . The Spanish crown finally decided that road improvement was in the interests of the state for military purposes , as well as for fomenting commerce , agriculture , and industry , but the lack of state involvement in the development of physical infrastructure was to have lasting effects constraining development until the late nineteenth century . Despite some improvements , the roads still made transit difficult , particularly for heavy military equipment . Although the crown had ambitious plans for both the Toluca and Veracruz portions of the king 's highway , actual improvements were limited to a localized network . Even where infrastructure was improved , transit on the Veracruz - Puebla main road had other obstacles , with wolves attacking mule trains , killing animals , and rendering some sacks of foodstuffs unsellable because they were smeared with blood . The north - south Acapulco route remained a mule track through mountainous terrain . Veracruz , port City and province ( edit ) Veracruz was the first Spanish settlement founded in what became New Spain , and it endured as the only viable Gulf Coast port , the gateway for Spain to New Spain . The difficult topography around the port affected local development and New Spain as a whole . Going from the port to the central plateau entailed a daunting 2000 meter climb from the narrow tropical coastal plain in just over a hundred kilometers . The narrow , slippery road in the mountain mists was treacherous for mule trains , and in some cases mules were hoisted by ropes . Many tumbled with their cargo to their deaths . Given these transport constraints , only high value , low bulk goods continued to be shipped in the transatlantic trade , which stimulated local production of foodstuffs , rough textiles , and other products for a mass market . Although New Spain produced considerable sugar and wheat , these were consumed exclusively in the colony even though there was demand elsewhere . Philadelphia , not New Spain , supplied Cuba with wheat . The Caribbean port of Veracruz was small , with its hot , pestilential climate not a draw for permanent settlers : its population never topped 10,000 . Many Spanish merchants preferred living in the pleasant highland town of Jalapa ( 1,500 m ) . For a brief period ( 1722 -- 76 ) the town of Jalapa became even more important than Veracruz , after it was granted the right to hold the royal trade fair for New Spain , serving as the entrepot for goods from Asia via Manila Galleon through the port of Acapulco and European goods via the flota ( convoy ) from the Spanish port of Cádiz . Spaniards also settled in the temperate area of Orizaba , east of the Citlaltepetl volcano . Orizaba varied considerably in elevation from 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) to 5,700 metres ( 18,700 ft ) ( the summit of the Citlaltepetl volcano ) , but `` most of the inhabited part is temperate . '' Some Spaniards lived in semitropical Córdoba , which was founded as a villa in 1618 , to serve as a Spanish base against runaway slave ( cimarrón ) predations on mule trains traveling the route from the port to the capital . Some cimarrón settlements sought autonomy , such as one led by Gaspar Yanga , with whom the crown concluded a treaty leading to the recognition of a largely black town , San Lorenzo de los Negros de Cerralvo , now called the municipality of Yanga . European diseases immediately affected the multiethnic Indian populations in the Veracruz area and for that reason Spaniards imported black slaves as either an alternative to indigenous labor or its complete replacement in the event of a repetition of the Caribbean die - off . A few Spaniards acquired prime agricultural lands left vacant by the indigenous demographic disaster . Portions of the province could support sugar cultivation and as early as the 1530s sugar production was underway . New Spain 's first viceroy , Don Antonio de Mendoza established an hacienda on lands taken from Orizaba . Indians resisted cultivating sugarcane themselves , preferring to tend their subsistence crops . As in the Caribbean , black slave labor became crucial to the development of sugar estates . During the period 1580 - 1640 when Spain and Portugal were ruled by the same monarch and Portuguese slave traders had access to Spanish markets , African slaves were imported in large numbers to New Spain and many of them remained in the region of Veracruz . But even when that connection was broken and prices rose , black slaves remained an important component of Córdoba 's labor sector even after 1700 . Rural estates in Córdoba depended on African slave labor , who were 20 % of the population there , a far greater proportion than any other area of New Spain , and greater than even nearby Jalapa . In 1765 the crown created a monopoly on tobacco , which directly affected agriculture and manufacturing in the Veracruz region . Tobacco was a valuable , high demand product . Men , women , and even children smoked , something commented on by foreign travelers and depicted in eighteenth - century casta paintings . The crown calculated that tobacco could produce a steady stream of tax revenues by supplying the huge Mexican demand , so the crown limited zones of tobacco cultivation . It also established a small number of manufactories of finished products , and licensed distribution outlets ( estanquillos ) . The crown also set up warehouses to store up to a year 's worth of supplies , including paper for cigarettes , for the manufactories . With the establishment of the monopoly , crown revenues increased and there is evidence that despite high prices and expanding rates of poverty , tobacco consumption rose while at the same time general consumption fell . In 1787 during the Bourbon Reforms Veracruz became an intendancy , a new administrative unit . Valley of Puebla ( edit ) Founded in 1531 as a Spanish settlement , Puebla de los Angeles quickly rose to the status of Mexico 's second-most important city . Its location on the main route between the viceregal capital and the port of Veracruz , in a fertile basin with a dense indigenous population , largely not held in encomienda , made Puebla a destination for many later arriving Spaniards . If there had been significant mineral wealth in Puebla , it could have been even more prominent a center for New Spain , but its first century established its importance . In 1786 it became the capital of an intendancy of the same name . It became the seat of the richest diocese in New Spain in its first century , with the seat of the first diocese , formerly in Tlaxcala , moved there in 1543 . Bishop Juan de Palafox asserted the income from the diocese of Puebla as being twice that of the archbishopic of Mexico , due to the tithe income derived from agriculture . In its first hundred years , Puebla was prosperous from wheat farming and other agriculture , as the ample tithe income indicates , plus manufacturing woolen cloth for the domestic market . Merchants , manufacturers , and artisans were important to the city 's economic fortunes , but its early prosperity was followed by stagnation and decline in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . The foundation of the town of Puebla was a pragmatic social experiment to settle Spanish immigrants without encomiendas to pursue farming and industry . Puebla was privileged in a number of ways , starting with its status as a Spanish settlement not founded on existing indigenous city - state , but with a significant indigenous population . It was located in a fertile basin on a temperate plateau in the nexus of the key trade triangle of Veracruz -- Mexico City -- Antequera ( Oaxaca ) . Although there were no encomiendas in Puebla itself , encomenderos with nearby labor grants settled in Puebla . And despite its foundation as a Spanish city , sixteenth - century Puebla had Indians resident in the central core . Administratively Puebla was far enough away from Mexico City ( approximately 160 km or 100 mi ) so as not to be under its direct influence . Puebla 's Spanish town council ( cabildo ) had considerable autonomy and was not dominated by encomenderos . The administrative structure of Puebla `` may be seen as a subtle expression of royal absolutism , the granting of extensive privileges to a town of commoners , amounting almost to republican self - government , in order to curtail the potential authority of encomenderos and the religious orders , as well as to counterbalance the power of the viceregal capital . '' During the `` golden century '' from its founding in 1531 until the early 1600s , Puebla 's agricultural sector flourished , with small - scale Spanish farmers plowing the land for the first time , planting wheat and vaulting Puebla to importance as New Spain 's breadbasket , a role assumed by the Bajío ( including Querétaro ) in the seventeenth century , and Guadalajara in the eighteenth . Puebla 's wheat production was the initial element of its prosperity , but it emerged as a manufacturing and commercial center , `` serving as the inland port of Mexico 's Atlantic trade . '' Economically , the city received exemptions from the alcabala ( sales tax ) and almojarifazgo ( import / export duties ) for its first century ( 1531 -- 1630 ) , which helped promote commerce . Puebla built a significant manufacturing sector , mainly in textile production in workshops ( obrajes ) , supplying New Spain and markets as far away as Guatemala and Peru . Transatlantic ties between a particular Spanish town , Brihuega , and Puebla demonstrate the close connection between the two settlements . The take - off for Puebla 's manufacturing sector did not simply coincide with immigration from Brihuega but was crucial to `` shaping and driving Puebla 's economic development , especially in the manufacturing sector . '' Brihuega immigrants not only came to Mexico with expertise in textile production , but the transplanted briocenses provided capital to create large - scale obrajes . Although obrajes in Brihuega were small - scale enterprises , quite a number of them in Puebla employed up to 100 workers . Supplies of wool , water for fulling mills , and labor ( free indigenous , incarcerated Indians , black slaves ) were available . Although much of Puebla 's textile output was rough cloth , it also produced higher quality dyed cloth with cochineal from Oaxaca and indigo from Guatemala . But by the eighteenth century , Querétaro had displaced Puebla as the mainstay of woolen textile production . In 1787 , Puebla became an intendancy as part of the new administrative structuring of the Bourbon Reforms . Valley of Mexico ( edit ) Mexico City dominated the Valley of Mexico , but the valley continued to have dense indigenous populations challenged by growing , increasingly dense Spanish settlement . The Valley of Mexico had many former Indian city - states that became Indian towns in the colonial era . These towns continued to be ruled by indigenous elites under the Spanish crown , with an indigenous governor and a town councils . These Indian towns close to the capital were the most desirable ones for encomenderos to hold and for the friars to evangelize . The capital was provisioned by the indigenous towns , and its labor was available for enterprises that ultimately created a colonial economy . The gradual drying up of the central lake system created more dry land for farming , but the sixteenth - century population declines allowed Spaniards to expand their acquisition of land . One region that retained strong Indian land holding was the southern fresh water area , with important suppliers of fresh produce to the capital . The area was characterized by intensely cultivated chinampas , man - made extensions of cultivable land into the lake system . These chinampa towns retained a strong indigenous character , and Indians continued to hold the majority of that land , despite its closeness to the Spanish capital . A key example is Xochimilco . Texcoco in the pre-conquest period was one of the three members of the Aztec Triple Alliance and the cultural center of the empire . It fell on hard times in the colonial period as an economic backwater . Spaniards with any ambition or connections would be lured by the closeness of Mexico City , so that the Spanish presence was minimal and marginal . Tlaxcala , the major ally of the Spanish against the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan , also became something of a backwater , but like Puebla it did not come under the control of Spanish encomenderos . No elite Spaniards settled there , but like many other Indian towns in the Valley of Mexico , it had an assortment of small - scale merchants , artisans , farmers and ranchers , and textile workshops ( obrajes ) . The North ( edit ) Since portions of northern New Spain became part of the United States ' Southwest region , there has been considerable scholarship on the Spanish borderlands in the north . The motor of the Spanish colonial economy was the extraction of silver . In Bolivia , it was from the single rich mountain of Potosí ; but in New Spain , there were two major mining sites , one in Zacatecas , the other in Guanajuato . The region farther north of the main mining zones attracted few Spanish settlers . Where there were settled indigenous populations , such as in the present - day state of New Mexico and in coastal regions of Baja and Alta California , indigenous culture retained considerable integrity . The Bajío , Mexico 's breadbasket ( edit ) The Bajío , a rich , fertile lowland just north of central Mexico , was nonetheless a frontier region between the densely populated plateaus and valleys of Mexico 's center and south and the harsh northern desert controlled by nomadic Chichimeca . Devoid of settled indigenous populations in the early sixteenth century , the Bajío did not initially attract Spaniards , who were much more interested in exploiting labor and collecting tribute whenever possible . The region did not have indigenous populations that practiced subsistence agriculture . The Bajío developed in the colonial period as a region of commercial agriculture . The discovery of mining deposits in Zacatecas and Guanajuato in the mid-sixteenth century and later in San Luis Potosí stimulated the Bajío 's development to supply the mines with food and livestock . A network of Spanish towns was established in this region of commercial agriculture , with Querétaro also becoming a center of textile production . Although there were no dense indigenous populations or network of settlements , Indians migrated to the Bajío to work as resident employees on the region 's haciendas and ranchos or rented land ( terrasguerros ) . From diverse cultural backgrounds and with no sustaining indigenous communities , these indios were quickly hispanized , but largely remained at the bottom of the economic hierarchy . Although Indians migrated willingly to the region , they did so in such small numbers that labor shortages prompted Spanish hacendados to provide incentives to attract workers , especially in the initial boom period of the early seventeenth century . Land owners lent workers money , which could be seen as a perpetual indebtedness , but it can be seen not as coercing Indians to stay but a way estate owners sweetened their terms of employment , beyond their basic wage labor . For example , in 1775 the Spanish administrator of a San Luis Potosí estate `` had to scour both Mexico City and the northern towns to find enough blue French linen to satisfy the resident employees . '' Other types of goods they received on credit were textiles , hats , shoes , candles , meat , beans , and a guaranteed ration of maize . However , where labor was more abundant or market conditions depressed , estate owners paid lower wages . The more sparsely populated northern Bajío tended to pay higher wages than the southern Bajío , which was increasingly integrated in the economy of central Mexico . The credit - based employment system often privileged those holding higher ranked positions on the estate ( supervisors , craftsmen , other specialists ) who were mostly white , and the estates did not demand repayment . In the late colonial period , renting complemented estate employment for many non-Indians in more central areas of the Bajío with access to markets . As with hacendados , renters produced for the commercial market . While these Bajío renters could prosper in good times and achieved a level of independence , drought and other disasters made their choice more risky than beneficial . Many renters retained ties to the estates , diversifying their household 's sources of income and level of economic security . In San Luis Potosí , rentals were fewer and estate employment the norm . After a number of years of drought and bad harvests in the first decade of the nineteenth century Hidalgo 's 1810 grito appealed more in the Bajío than in San Luis Potosí . In the Bajío estate owners were evicting tenants in favor of renters better able to pay more for land , there was a disruption of previous patterns of mutual benefit between estate owners and renters . Spanish Borderlands ( edit ) Areas of northern Mexico were incorporated into the United States in the mid-nineteenth century , following Texas independence and the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) and generally known as the `` Spanish Borderlands . '' Scholars in the United States have extensively studied this northern region , which became the states of Texas , New Mexico , Arizona , and California . During the period of Spanish rule , this area was sparsely populated even by indigenous peoples . The Presidios ( forts ) , pueblos ( civilian towns ) and the misiones ( missions ) were the three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial holdings in these territories . Missions and the northern frontier ( edit ) The town of Albuquerque ( present day Albuquerque , New Mexico ) was founded in 1706 . Other Mexican towns in the region included Paso del Norte ( present day Ciudad Juárez ) , founded in 1667 ; Santiago de la Monclova in 1689 ; Panzacola , Tejas in 1681 ; and San Francisco de Cuéllar ( present day city of Chihuahua ) in 1709 . From 1687 , Father Eusebio Francisco Kino , with funding from the Marqués de Villapuente , founded over twenty missions in the Sonoran Desert ( in present - day Sonora and Arizona ) . From 1697 , Jesuits established eighteen missions throughout the Baja California Peninsula . Between 1687 and 1700 several missions were founded in Trinidad , but only four survived as Amerindian villages throughout the 18th century . In 1691 , explorers and missionaries visited the interior of Texas and came upon a river and Amerindian settlement on June 13 , the feast day of St. Anthony , and named the location and river San Antonio in his honor . New Mexico ( edit ) Indian Wedding and Flying Pole , circa 1690 During the term of viceroy Don Luis de Velasco , marqués de Salinas the crown ended the long - running Chichimeca War by making peace with the semi-nomadic Chichimeca indigenous tribes of northern México in 1591 . This allowed expansion into the ' Province of New Mexico ' or Provincia de Nuevo México . In 1595 , Don Juan de Oñate , son of one the key figures in the silver remining region of Zacatecas , received official permission from the viceroy to explore and conquer New Mexico . As was the pattern of such expeditions , the leader assumed the greatest risk but would reap the largest rewards , so that Oñate would become capitán general of New Mexico and had the authority to distribute rewards to those in the expedition . Oñate pioneered ' The Royal Road of the Interior Land ' or El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro between Mexico City and the Tewa village of Ohkay Owingeh , or San Juan Pueblo . He also founded the Spanish settlement of San Gabriel de Yungue - Ouinge on the Rio Grande near the Native American Pueblo , located just north of the present day city of Española , New Mexico . By naming the region `` New Mexico , '' the Spanish likely hoped to incorporate a region as rich as Mexico had proven to be . However , while New Mexico had a settled indigenous population , there were no silver mines , little arable land , and few other resources to exploit that would merit large scale colonization . Oñate resigned as governor in 1607 and left New Mexico , having spent much of his personal wealth on the enterprise . In 1610 , Pedro de Peralta , a later governor of the Province of New Mexico , established the settlement of Santa Fe near the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo mountain range . Missions were established to convert the locals , and manage the agricultural industry . The territory 's indigenous population resented the Spanish prohibition of their traditional religion , and the encomienda system of forced labor . The unrest led to the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 , forcing the Spanish to retreat to Paso del Norte ( modern - day Ciudad Juárez . ) After the return of the Spanish in 1692 , the final resolution included a marked reduction of Spanish efforts to eradicate native culture and religion , the issuing of substantial communal land grants to each Pueblo , and a public defender of their rights and for their legal cases in Spanish courts . In 1776 the Province came under the new Provincias Internas jurisdiction . In the late 18th century the Spanish land grant encouraged the settlement by individuals of large land parcels outside Mission and Pueblo boundaries , many of which became ranchos . California ( edit ) In 1602 , Sebastián Vizcaíno , the first Spanish presence in the ' New California ' ( Nueva California ) region of the frontier Las Californias province since Cabrillo in 1542 , sailed as far north up the Pacific Coast as present - day Oregon , and named California coastal features from San Diego to as far north as the Bay of Monterrey . Not until the eighteenth century was California of much interest to the Spanish crown , since it had no known rich mineral deposits or indigenous populations sufficiently organized to render tribute and do labor for Spaniards . The discovery of huge deposits of gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills did not come until after the U.S. had incorporated California following the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) . By the middle of the 1700s , the Catholic order of Jesuits had established a number of missions on the Baja ( lower ) California peninsula . Then , in 1767 , King Charles III ordered all Jesuits expelled from all Spanish possessions , including New Spain . New Spain 's Visitador General José de Gálvez replaced them with the Dominican Order in Baja California , and the Franciscans were chosen to establish new northern missions in Alta ( upper ) California . In 1768 , Gálvez received the following orders : `` Occupy and fortify San Diego and Monterey for God and the King of Spain . '' The Spanish colonization there , with far fewer known natural resources and less cultural development than Mexico or Peru , was to combine establishing a presence for defense of the territory with a perceived responsibility to convert the indigenous people to Christianity . The method used to `` occupy and fortify '' was the established Spanish colonial system : missions ( misiones , between 1769 and 1833 twenty - one missions were established ) aimed at converting the indigenes to Christianity , forts ( presidios , four total ) to protect the missionaries , and secular municipalities ( pueblos , three total ) . Due to the region 's great distance from supplies and support in México , the system had to be largely self - sufficient . As a result , the colonial population of California remained small , widely scattered and near the coast . In 1776 , the north - western frontier areas came under the administration of the new ' Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces of the North ' ( Provincias Internas ) , designed to streamline administration and invigorate growth . The crown created two new provincial governments from the former Las Californias in 1804 ; the southern peninsula became Baja California , and the ill - defined northern mainland frontier area became Alta California . Once missions and protective presidios were established in an area , large land grants encouraged settlement and establishment of California ranchos . The Spanish system of land grants was not very successful , however , because the grants were merely royal concessions -- not actual land ownership . Under later Mexican rule , land grants conveyed ownership , and were more successful at promoting settlement . Rancho activities centered on cattle - raising ; many grantees emulated the Dons of Spain , with cattle , horses and sheep the source of wealth . The work was usually done by Native Americans , sometimes displaced and / or relocated from their villages . Native - born descendants of the resident Spanish - heritage rancho grantees , soldiers , servants , merchants , craftsmen and others became the Californios . Many of the less - affluent men took native wives , and many daughters married later English , French and American settlers . After the Mexican War of Independence ( 1821 ) and subsequent secularization ( `` disestablishment '' ) of the missions ( 1834 ) , Mexican land grant transactions increased the spread of the rancho system . The land grants and ranchos established mapping and land - ownership patterns that are still recognizable in present - day California and New Mexico . The South ( edit ) Yucatán ( edit ) The Yucatán peninsula can be seen as a cul - de-sac , and it does indeed have unique features , but it also has strong similarities to other areas in the South . The Yucatán peninsula extends into the Gulf of Mexico and was connected to Caribbean trade routes and Mexico City , far more than some other southern regions , such as Oaxaca . There was three main Spanish settlements , the inland city of Mérida , where Spanish civil and religious officials had their headquarters and where the many Spaniards in the province lived . The villa of Campeche was the peninsula 's port , the key gateway for the whole region . A merchant group developed and expanded dramatically as trade flourished during the seventeenth century . Although that period was once characterized as New Spain 's `` century of depression , '' for Yucatán this was certainly not the case , with sustained growth from the early seventeenth century to the end of the colonial period . With dense indigenous Maya populations , Yucatán 's encomienda system was established early and persisted far longer than in central Mexico , since fewer Spaniards migrated to the region than in the center . Although Yucatán was a more peripheral area to the colony , since it lacked rich mining areas and no agricultural or other export product , it did have complex of Spanish settlement , with a whole range of social types in the main settlements of Mérida and the villas of Campeche and Valladolid . There was an important sector of mixed - race castas , some of whom were fully at home in both the indigenous and Hispanic worlds . Blacks were an important component of Yucatecan society . The largest population in the province was indigenous Maya , who lived in their communities , but which were in contact with the Hispanic sphere via labor demands and commerce . In Yucatán Spanish rule was largely indirect , allowing these communities considerable political and cultural autonomy . The Maya community , the cah , was the means by which indigenous cultural integrity was maintained . In the economic sphere , unlike many other regions and ethnic groups in Mesoamerica , the Yucatec Maya did not have a pre-conquest network of regular markets to exchange different types of food and craft goods . Perhaps because the peninsula was uniform in its ecosystem local niche production did not develop . Production of cotton textiles , largely by Maya women , helped pay households ' tribute obligations , but basic crops were the basis of the economy . The cah retained considerable land under the control of religious brotherhoods or confraternities ( cofradías ) , the device by which Maya communities avoided colonial officials , the clergy , or even indigenous rulers ( gobernadores ) from diverting of community revenues in their cajas de comunidad ( literally community - owned chests that had locks and keys ) . Cofradías were traditionally lay pious organizations and burial societies , but in Yucatán they became significant holders of land , a source of revenue for pious purposes kept under cah control . `` ( I ) n Yucatán the cofradía in its modified form was the community . '' Local Spanish clergy had no reason to object to the arrangement since much of the revenue went for payment for masses or other spiritual matters controlled by the priest . A limiting factor in Yucatán 's economy was the poorness of the limestone soil , which could only support crops for two to three years with land cleared through slash and burn ( swidden ) agriculture . Access to water was a limiting factor on agriculture , with the limestone escarpment giving way in water filled sinkholes ( cenotes ) , but rivers and streams were generally absent on the peninsula . Individuals had rights to land so long as they cleared and tilled them and when the soil was exhausted , they repeated the process . In general Indians lived in a dispersed pattern , which Spanish congregación or forced resettlement attempted to alter . Collective labor cultivated the confraternities ' lands , which included raising the traditional maize , beans , and cotton . But confraternities also later pursued cattle ranching , as well as mule and horse breeding , depending on the local situation . There is evidence that cofradías in southern Campeche were involved in interregional trade in cacao as well as cattle ranching . Although generally the revenues from crops and animals were devoted to expenses in the spiritual sphere , cofradías ' cattle were used for direct aid to community members during droughts , stabilizing the community 's food supply . In the seventeenth century , patterns shifted in Yucatán and Tabasco , as the English took territory the Spanish claimed but did not control , especially what became British Honduras ( now Belize ) , where they cut dyewood and in Laguna de Términos ( Isla del Carmen ) where they cut logwood . In 1716 -- 17 viceroy of New Spain organized a sufficient ships to expel the foreigners , where the crown subsequently built a fortress at Isla del Carmen . But the British held onto their territory in the eastern portion of the peninsula into the twentieth century . In the nineteenth century , the enclave supplied guns to the rebellious Maya in the Caste War of Yucatan . Valley of Oaxaca ( edit ) Since Oaxaca was lacking in mineral deposits and it had an abundant sedentary indigenous population , its development was notable for the lack of European or mixed - race population , lack of large - scale Spanish haciendas , and the survival of indigenous communities . These communities retained their land , indigenous languages , and distinct ethnic identities . Antequera ( now Oaxaca City ) was a Spanish settlement founded in 1529 , but the rest of Oaxaca consisted of indigenous towns . Despite its remoteness from Mexico City `` throughout the colonial era , Oaxaca was one of Mexico 's most prosperous provinces . '' In the eighteenth century , the value of crown offices ( alcalde mayor or corregidor ) were the highest for two Oaxaca jurisdictions , with Jicayan and Villa Alta each worth 7,500 pesos , Cuicatlan - Papalotipac , 4,500 ; Teposcolula and Chichicapa each 4,200 pesos . The most important commodity for Oaxaca was cochineal red dye . Cochineal 's commodity chain is an interesting one , with indigenous peasants in the remote areas of Oaxaca ultimately linked to Amsterdam and London commodity exchanges and the European production of luxury cloth . The most extensive scholarly work on Oaxaca 's eighteenth - century economy deals with the nexus between the local crown officials ( alcaldes mayores ) , merchant investors ( aviadores ) , the repartimiento ( forced labor ) , and indigenous products , particularly cochineal . The rich , color - fast red dye produced from insects , was harvested from nopal cacti . Cochineal was a high value , low volume product that became the second most valuable Mexican export after silver . Although it could be produced elsewhere in central and southern Mexico , its main region of production was Oaxaca . For the indigenous in Oaxaca , cochineal was the only one `` with which the ( tributaries ) maintain themselves and pay their debts '' but it also had other advantages for them . Producing cochineal was time - consuming labor , but it was not particularly difficult and could be done by the elderly , women , and children . It was also important to households and communities because it initially did not require the indigenous to displace their existing crops or migrate elsewhere . Although the repartimiento has historically been seen as an imposition on the indigenous , forcing them into economic relations they would rather have avoided and maintained by force , recent work on eighteenth - century Oaxaca analyzes the nexus of crown officials ( the alcaldes mayores ) and Spanish merchants , and indigenous via the repartimiento . cash loaned by local crown officials ( the alcalde mayor and his teniente ) , usually to individual Indians but sometimes to communities , in exchange for a fixed amount of a good ( cochineal or cotton mantles ) at a later date . Indigenous elites were an integral part of the repartimiento , often being recipients of large extensions of credit . As authority figures in their community , they were in a good position to collect on the debt , the most risky part of the business from the Spanish point of view . Tehuantepec ( edit ) The Isthmus of Tehuantepec region of Oaxaca was important for its short transit between the Gulf Coast and the Pacific , facilitating both overland and sea trade . The province of Tehuantepec was the Pacific side of the isthmus and the headwaters of the Coatzacoalcos River . Hernán Cortés acquired strategically located holdings entailed in the Marquesado including Huatulco , once the main Pacific Coast port before Acapulco replaced it in 1563 . Gold mining was an early draw for Spaniards , who directed indigenous labor to its extraction , but did not continue beyond the mid-sixteenth century . Over the long run , ranching and commerce were the most important economic activities , with the settlement of Tehuantepec becoming the hub . The region 's history can be divided into three distinct periods , an initial period of engagement with Spanish colonial rule to 1563 , during which there was a working relationship with the Zapotec ruling line and the establishment of Cortés 's economic enterprises . This early period came to a close with the death of the last native king in 1562 and the escheatment of Cortés 's Tehuantepec encomiendas to the crown in 1563 . The second period of approximately a century ( 1563 -- 1660 ) saw the decline of the indigenous entailed estate ( cacicazgo ) and indigenous political power and development of the colonial economy and imposition of Spanish political and religious structures . The final period is the maturation of these structures ( 1660 -- 1750 ) . The 1660 rebellion can be a dividing line between the two later periods . The Villa of Tehuantepec , the largest settlement on the isthmus , was an important prehispanic Zapotec trade and religious center , which was not under the jurisdiction of the Aztecs . The early colonial history of Tehuantepec and the larger province was dominated by Cortés and the Marquesado , but the crown realized the importance of the area and concluded an agreement in 1563 with the second Marqués by which the crown took control of the Tehuantepec encomienda . The Marquesado continued to have major private holdings in the province . The Villa of Tehuantepec became a center of Spanish and mixed - race settlement , crown administration , and trade . The Cortés haciendas in Tehuantepec were key components of the province 's economy , and they were directly linked to other Marquesado enterprises in greater Mexico in an integrated fashion . The Dominicans also had significant holdings in Tehuantepec , but there has been little research on these . However important the Marquesado and the Dominican enterprises were , there were also other economic players in the region , including individual Spaniards as well as existing indigenous communities . Ranching emerged as the dominant rural enterprise in most of Tehuantepec with a ranching boom in the period 1580 -- 1640 . Since Tehuantepec experienced significant indigenous population loss in the sixteenth century conforming to the general pattern , ranching made possible for Spaniards to thrive in Tehuantepec because ranching was not dependent on significant amounts of indigenous labor . The most detailed economic records for the region are of the Marquesado 's ranching haciendas , which produced draft animals ( horses , mules , burros , and oxen ) and sheep and goats , for meat and wool . Cattle ranching for meat , tallow , and leather were also important . Tallow for candles used in churches and residences and leather used in a variety of ways ( saddles , other tack , boots , furniture , machinery ) were significant items in the larger colonial economy , finding markets well beyond Tehuantepec . Since the Marquesado operated as an integrated enterprise , draft animals were used in other holdings for transport , agriculture , and mining in Oaxaca , Morelos , Toluca , and Mexico City as well as sold . Raised in Tehuantepec , the animals were driven to other Marquesado holdings for use and distribution . Although colonial population decline affected the indigenous in Tehuantepec , their communities remained important in the colonial era and remain distinctly Indian to the current era . There were differences in the three distinct linguistic and ethnic groups in colonial Tehuantepec , the Zapotec , the Zoque , and the Huave . The Zapotecs concluded an alliance with the Spaniards at contact , and they had already expanded their territory into Zoque and Huave regions . Under Spanish rule , the Zapotecs not only survived , but flourished , unlike the other two . They continued to pursue agriculture , some of it irrigated , which was not disrupted by the growing ranching economy . Generally Zapotec elites protected their communities from Spanish incursions and community cohesion remained strong as shown in members ' performance of regular community service for social ends . Zapotec elites engaged in the market economy early on , which undermined to an extent the bonds between commoners and elites who colluded with the Spanish . In contrast to the Zapotecs , the Zoque generally declined as a group during the ranching boom , with interloping animals eating their maize crops . Zoque response was to take up being vaqueros themselves . They had access to the trade to Guatemala . Of the three indigenous groups , the Huave were the most isolated from the Spanish ranching economy and labor demands . With little arable or grazing land , they exploited the lagoons of the Pacific coast , using shore and beach resources . They traded dried shrimp and fish , as well as purple dye from shells to Oaxaca , likely acquiring foodstuffs that they were unable to cultivate themselves . Not well documented is the number of African slaves and their descendants , who were artisans in urban areas and did hard manual labor in rural areas . In a pattern recognizable elsewhere , coastal populations were mainly African , including an unknown number of cimarrón ( runaway slave ) settlements , while inland indigenous communities were more prominent . On the Cortés haciendas , blacks and mulattoes were essential to the profitability of the enterprises . In general , Tehuantepec was not a site of major historical events , but in 1660 -- 61 there was a significant rebellion stemming from increased repartimiento Spanish demands . Demographics ( edit ) The role of epidemics ( edit ) Spanish settlers brought to the American continent smallpox , typhoid fever , and other diseases . Most of the Spanish settlers had developed an immunity to these diseases from childhood , but the indigenous peoples lacked the needed antibodies since these diseases were totally alien to the native population at the time . There were at least three , separate , major epidemics that decimated the population : smallpox ( 1520 to 1521 ) , measles ( 1545 to 1548 ) and typhus ( 1576 to 1581 ) . In the course of the 16th century , the native population in Mexico went from an estimated pre-Columbian population of 8 to 20 million to less than two million . Therefore , at the start of the 17th century , continental New Spain was a depopulated country with abandoned cities and maize fields . These diseases would not affect the Philippines in the same way because the diseases were already present in the country ; Pre-Hispanic Filipinos had contact with other foreign nationalities before the arrival of the Spaniards . The role of interracial mixing ( edit ) Main article : Casta Español and Mulata with their Morisco children . Following the Spanish conquests , new ethnic groups were created , primary among them the Mestizo . The Mestizo population emerged as a result of the Spanish colonizers having children with indigenous women , both within and outside of wedlock , which brought about the mixing of both cultures . Many of the Spanish colonists were men with no wives and took partners from the indigenous population . Initially , if a child was born in wedlock , the child was considered , and raised as , a member of the prominent parent 's ethnicity . ( See Hyperdescent and Hypodescent . ) Because of this , the term `` Mestizo '' was associated with illegitimacy . Mestizos do not appear in large numbers in official censuses until the second half of the 17th century , when a sizable and stable community of mixed - race people with no claims to being either Indian or Spanish appeared , although , of course , a large population of biological Mestizos had already existed for over a century in Mexico . The Spanish conquest also brought the migration of people of African descent to the many regions of the Viceroyalty . Some came as free blacks , but vast majority came because of the introduction of African slavery . As the native population was decimated by epidemics and forced labor , black slaves were imported . Mixes with Europeans and indigenous peoples also occurred , resulting in the creation of new racial categories such as Mulattos and Zambos to account for these offspring . As with the term Mestizo , these other terms were associated with illegitimacy , since a majority -- though not all -- of these people were born outside of wedlock . Mestizo and India with their Coyote children . Eventually a caste system was created to describe the various mixes and to assign them a different social level . In theory , each different mix had a name and different sets of privileges or prohibitions . In reality , mixed - race people were able to negotiate various racial and ethnic identities ( often several ones at different points in their lives ) depending on the family ties and wealth they had . In its general outline , the system reflected reality . The upper echelons of government were staffed by Spaniards born in Spain ( peninsulares ) , the middle and lower levels of government and other higher paying jobs were held by Criollos ( Criollos were Spaniards born in the Americas , or -- as permitted by the casta system -- Spaniards with some Amerindian or even other ancestry . ) The best lands were owned by Peninsulares and Criollos , with Native communities for the most part relegated to marginal lands . Mestizos and Mulattos held artisanal positions and unskilled laborers were either more mixed people , such as Zambos , recently freed slaves or Natives who had left their communities and settled in areas with large Hispanic populations . Native populations tended to have their own legally recognized communities ( the repúblicas de indios ) with their own social and economic hierarchies . This rough sketch must be complicated by the fact that not only did exceptions exist , but also that all these `` racial '' categories represented social conventions , as demonstrated by the fact that many persons were assigned a caste based on hyperdescent or hypodescent . Even if mixes were common , the white population tried to keep their higher status , and were largely successful in doing so . With Mexican and Central American independence , the caste system and slavery were theoretically abolished . However , it can be argued that the Criollos simply replaced the Peninsulares in terms of power . Thus , for example , in modern Mexico , while Mestizos no longer have a separate legal status from other groups , they comprise approximately 65 % of the population . White people , who also no longer have a special legal status , are thought to be about 9 -- 18 % of the population , . In modern Mexico , `` Mestizo '' has become more a cultural term , since Indigenous people who abandon their traditional ways are considered Mestizos . Also , most Afro - Mexicans prefer to be considered Mestizo , since they identify closely with this group . ( See also , Demographics of Mexico . ) The population of New Spain in 1810 ( edit ) Population estimates from the first decade of the 19th century varied between 6,122,354 as calculated by Francisco Navarro y Noriega in 1810 , to 6.5 million as figured by Alexander von Humboldt in 1808 . Navarro y Noriega figured that half of his estimate constituted indigenous peoples . More recent data suggests that the actual population of New Spain in 1810 was closer to 5 or 5.5 million individuals . Culture , art , and architecture ( edit ) Main article : Mexican art Main article : Mexican architecture The capital of Viceroyalty of New Spain , Mexico City , was one of the principal centers of European cultural expansion in the Americas . Some of the most important early buildings in New Spain were churches and other religious architecture . Civil architecture included the viceregal palace , now the National Palace , and the Mexico City town council ( cabildo ) , both located on the main square in the capital . The first printing press in the New World was brought to Mexico in 1539 , by printer Juan Pablos ( Giovanni Paoli ) . The first book printed in Mexico was entitled La escala espiritual de San Juan Clímaco . In 1568 , Bernal Díaz del Castillo finished La Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España . Figures such as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , Juan Ruiz de Alarcón , and don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora , stand out as some of the viceroyalty 's most notable contributors to Spanish Literature . In 1693 , Sigüenza y Góngora published El Mercurio Volante , the first newspaper in New Spain . Architects Pedro Martínez Vázquez and Lorenzo Rodriguez produced some fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic architecture known as Mexican Churrigueresque in the capital , Ocotlan , Puebla or remote silver - mining towns . Composers including Manuel de Zumaya , Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla , and Antonio de Salazar were active from the early 1500s through the Baroque period of music . See also ( edit ) New Spain portal Philippines portal Mexico portal Micronesia portal New Mexico portal Spain portal Colonialism portal Spanish empire Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Index of Mexico - related articles Spanish American Enlightenment List of viceroys of New Spain List of governors in the Viceroyalty of New Spain Louisiana ( New Spain ) History of Mexico City Economic history of Mexico Novohispanic Baroque Provincias Internas Royal Audiencia of Mexico Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Florida Spanish Texas Manila galleon Mexican settlement in the Philippines Filipino immigration to Mexico Index of Mexico - related articles Further reading ( edit ) Altman , Ida and James Lockhart , eds . The Provinces of Early Mexico ( UCLA Latin American Center 1976 ) Altman , Ida , Sarah Cline , and Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico ( Pearson 2003 ) Bakewell , P.J. A History of Latin America ( Oxford U.P. , 1997 ) Bethell , Leslie , ed . The Cambridge History of Latin America ( Vols. 1 -- 2 . Cambridge UP , 1984 ) Cañeque , Alejandro . `` The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America '' History Compass ( April 2013 ) 114 pp 280 -- 291 , DOI : 10.1111 / hic3. 12043 Collier , Simon . From Cortes to Castro : An Introduction to the History of Latin America , 1492 -- 1973 ( 1974 ) Gibson , Charles . The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule : A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico , 1519 - 1810 . ( Stanford University Press 1964 ) . Lockhart , James . The Nahuas After the Conquest ( Stanford University Press ) Muldoon , James . The Americas in The Spanish World Order ( 1994 ) Parry , J.H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire ( 1974 ) Parry , J.H. The Spanish Theory of Empire in the Sixteenth Century ( 1974 ) Stein , Barbara H. , and Stanley J. Stein . Crisis in an Atlantic Empire : Spain and New Spain , 1808 - 1810 ( Johns Hopkins University Press ; 2014 ) 808 pages . Leibsohn , Dana , and Barbara E. Mundy , Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . http://www.fordham.edu/vistas , 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Spanish called their overseas empire `` the Indies '' until the end of its empire , a remnant of Columbus 's assertion that he had reached the Far East , rather than a New World . Jump up ^ Brian R. Hamnett says that `` José de Gálvez considered Oaxaca one of New Spain 's richest provinces '' . Jump up ^ The crown sold public offices , with their purchasers expecting to quickly recoup the costs . For a complete chart , see Hamnett ( 1971 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Baskes suggests the crown restricted its production to Oaxaca until 1819 , which likely contributed to artificially high prices . Jump up ^ The crown did not wish to have the main west coast port in private hands and an agreement was worked out with Cortés heir , Don Martín Cortés , to relinquish the Tehuantepec encomienda . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haring ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Altman , Cline & Pescador ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Haring ( 1947 ) , pp. 7 , 105 Jump up ^ Liss ( 1975 ) , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Haring ( 1947 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ Mark A. Burkholder ( 2016 ) `` Spain 's America : from kingdoms to colonies , '' Colonial Latin American Review , 25 : 2 , 125 - 153 , DOI : 10.1080 / 10609164.2016. 1205241 Jump up ^ LANIC : Colección Juan Bautista Muñoz . Archivo de la Real Academia de la Historia -- España. ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ de la Mota Padilla ( 1870 ) Jump up ^ de Solís ( 1771 ) Jump up ^ `` Viceroyalty of New Spain ( historical territory , Mexico ) - Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lockhart & Schwartz ( 1983 ) , pp. 61 - 85 Jump up ^ Howard F. Cline , `` The Relaciones Geográficas of the Spanish Indies , 1577 - 1586 . '' Hispanic American Historical Review 44 , ( 1964 ) 341 - 374 . Jump up ^ Howard F. Cline , `` A Census of the Relaciones Geográficas , 1579 - 1612 . '' Handbook of Middle American Indians , vol. 12 : 324 - 69 . Austin : University of Texas Press 1972 . Jump up ^ `` The Relaciónes Geográficas of the Spanish Indies , 1577 - 1648 . '' Handbook of Middle American Indians , vol. 12 : 183 - 242 . Austin : University of Texas Press 1972 . Jump up ^ Howard F. Cline , `` The Relaciones Geográficas of Spain , New Spain , and the Spanish Indies : An Annotated Bibliography . '' Handbook of Middle American Indians vol. 12 , 370 - 95 . Austin : University of Texas Press 1972 . Jump up ^ Barbara E. Mundy , The Mapping of New Spain : Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1996 . Jump up ^ Daniela Bleichmar , Visible Empire : Botanical Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Spanish Enlightenment . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 2012 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Lockhart & Schwartz ( 1983 ) , pp. 61 - 71 Jump up ^ Lockhart & Schwartz ( 1983 ) , p. 86 , map . 4 Jump up ^ Lockhart & Schwartz ( 1983 ) , pp. 86 - 92 Jump up ^ Altman , Cline & Pescador ( 2003 ) , pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ William Schurz , The Manila Galleon . New York 1939 . Jump up ^ Manuel Carrera Stampa , `` La Nao de la China , '' Historia Mexicana 9 , no . 33 ( 1959 ) , 97 - 118 . Jump up ^ Katharine Bjork , `` The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish : Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade , 1571 - 1815 , '' Journal of World History 9 , no . 1 ( 1998 ) , 25 - 50 . Jump up ^ Shirley Fish , Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific with an Annotated list of Transpacific Galleons , 1565 - 1815 . Central Milton Keynes : Author House 2011 . Jump up ^ Haring ( 1947 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Philip Wayne Powell , Soldiers , Indians , and Silver : The Northward Advance of New Spain , 1550 - 1600 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press 1952 . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , Sarah Cline , and Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico . Prentice Hall 2003 , 251 . Jump up ^ Charlotte M. Gradie , The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616 : Militarism , Evangelism , and Colonialism in Seventeenth - Century Nueva Vizcaya . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press 2000 . Jump up ^ Victoria Reifler Bricker , The Indian Christ , the Indian King : The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual . Austin : University of Texas Press 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Altman , Cline & Pescador ( 2003 ) , p. 172 ^ Jump up to : Foster ( 2000 ) , pp. 101 - 103 Jump up ^ N.M. Farriss , Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico , 1759 - 1821 : The Crisis of Ecclesiastical Privilege . London : Athlone 1968 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Mecham , Church and State in Latin America : A History of Politicoecclesiastical Relations . Revised edition . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press 1966 . Jump up ^ Christon Archer , The Army in Bourbon Mexico , 1760 - 1810 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1977 . Jump up ^ Lyle N. McAlister , The Fuero Militar in New Spain , 1764 - 1800 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press 1957 . Jump up ^ Susan Deans - Smith , `` Bourbon Reforms '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Christon I. Archer , `` Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Shafer ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Daniela Bleichmar , Visible Empire : Botanical Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 2012 , pp. 70 - 72 . Jump up ^ Ida Altman et al. , The Early History of Greater Mexico . Prentice Hall 2003 , pp. 316 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tovell ( 2008 ) , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Altman , Cline & Pescador ( 2003 ) , p. 69 Jump up ^ Haring ( 1947 ) , pp. 133 -- 135 Jump up ^ Lombardi , Lombardi & Stoner ( 1983 ) , p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Lockhart & Altman ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Van Young ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Monsivaís ( 1992 ) , pp. 247 - 254 Jump up ^ Van Young ( 1992 ) , p. 3 n . 3 Jump up ^ Van Young ( 2006 ) , p. xxviii Jump up ^ Lockhart ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Ouweneel ( 1997 ) , map 2 p. 6 ; p. 288 Jump up ^ Lockhart ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Castleman ( 2005 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Coatsworth ( 1998 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Castleman ( 2005 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ Ouweneel ( 1997 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ Ouweneel ( 1997 ) , p. 68 Jump up ^ Ouweneel ( 1997 ) , p. 67 , quoting Alexander von Humboldt . Jump up ^ Carroll ( 1991 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Carroll ( 1979 ) , p. 124 Jump up ^ Gerhard ( 1993 ) , p. 205 Jump up ^ Gerhard ( 1993 ) , pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ Gerhard ( 1993 ) , p. 206 Jump up ^ Carroll ( 1991 ) , p. 93 Jump up ^ Ouweneel ( 1997 ) , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Deans - Smith ( 1992 ) . This is the definitive study of the tobacco monopoly . Jump up ^ Deans - Smith ( 1992 ) , p. 106 Jump up ^ Deans - Smith ( 1992 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ Gerhard ( 1993 ) , pp. 220 -- 224 Jump up ^ Gibson ( 1952 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Israel ( 1975 ) , p. 219 Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1989 ) , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Hirschberg ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1989 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1989 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1989 ) , citing Pierre Chaunu Seville et l'Atlantique 1504 -- 1650 , Pt. 2 , vol . VIII 1959 , 714 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2000 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Altman ( 2000 ) , p. 62 Jump up ^ Salvucci ( 1987 ) , p. 80 Jump up ^ Gibson ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Lockhart ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Gibson ( 1964 ) , p. 409 Jump up ^ Cline ( 1991 ) , pp. 265 -- 274 Jump up ^ Rojas Rabiela ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Szewczyk ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Tutino ( 1986 ) , pp. 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ Brading ( 1978 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Tutino ( 1979 ) , pp. 339 - 378 Jump up ^ Tutino ( 1979 ) , p. 354 ^ Jump up to : Tutino ( 1979 ) , p. 364 Jump up ^ Tutino ( 1979 ) , p. 363 Jump up ^ Tutino ( 1979 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ Bannon ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Weber ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Bolton ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Cutter ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Spicer ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Altman , Cline & Pescador ( 2003 ) , pp. 193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Sanchez & Spude ( 2013 ) , Chapters 2 & 3 Jump up ^ Altman , Cline & Pescador ( 2003 ) , p. 194 Jump up ^ Gonzales ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 242 Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Gerhard ( 1993 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Hunt ( 1976 ) , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Hunt ( 1976 ) , pp. 38 -- 42 Jump up ^ Hunt ( 1976 ) , pp. 39 , 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Hunt ( 1976 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Hunt ( 1976 ) , pp. 33 -- 51 Jump up ^ Restall ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Hunt ( 1976 ) , pp. 42 -- 46 Jump up ^ Restall ( 1997 ) , p. 185 Jump up ^ Farriss ( 1984 ) , p. 266 Jump up ^ Farriss ( 1984 ) , p. 267 Jump up ^ Farriss ( 1984 ) , p. 270 Jump up ^ Gerhard ( 1993 ) , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Reed ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Baskes ( 2000 ) , p. 186 Jump up ^ Hamnett ( 1971 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ Marichal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Baskes ( 2000 ) , p. 185 Jump up ^ Chance ( 1989 ) , p. 121 Jump up ^ Baskes ( 2000 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ For instance , Chance ( 1989 ) , pp. 121 -- 122 . ^ Jump up to : Gerhard ( 1993 ) , p. 264 Jump up ^ Gerhard ( 1993 ) , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Zeitlin ( 2005 ) , pp. xiv - xv Jump up ^ Gutiérrez Brockington ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : Zeitlin ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutiérrez Brockington ( 1989 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Zeitlin ( 1989 ) , p. 55 Jump up ^ Gutiérrez Brockington ( 1989 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Gutiérrez Brockington ( 1989 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Zeitlin ( 2005 ) , esp . Chapter 5 Jump up ^ Carrera ( 2003 ) , pp. 19 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico - People '' CIA World Factbook , 2007 . Retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Navarro y Noriega ( 1820 ) Jump up ^ von Humboldt ( 1811 ) Jump up ^ McCaa ( 2000 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Altman , Ida ( 2000 ) . Transatlantic Ties in the Spanish Empire : Brihuega , Spain & Puebla , Mexico , 1560 -- 1620 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Altman , Ida ; Cline , Sarah ; Pescador , Juan Javier ( 2003 ) . The Early History of Greater Mexico . Prentice Hall . ISBN 9780130915436 . Bannon , John Francis ( 1974 ) . The Spanish Borderlands Frontier : 1513 - 1821 . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . Baskes , Jeremy ( 2000 ) . Indians , Merchants , and Markets : A Reinterpretation of the Repartimiento and Spanish - Indian Economic Relations in Colonial Oaxaca 1750 -- 1821 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Bolton , Herbert Eugene , ed. ( 1956 ) . Spanish Explorations in the Southwest , 1542 - 1706 . New York , NY : Barnes and Noble . Brading , D. A. ( 1978 ) . Haciendas and Ranchos in the Mexican Bajío : León 1700 - 1860 . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . Carrera , Magali Marie ( 2003 ) . Imagining Identity in New Spain : Race , Lineage , and the Colonial Body in Portraiture and Casta Paintings . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71245 - 6 . Carroll , Patrick ( 1979 ) . `` Black Laborers and Their Experience in Colonial Jalapa '' . In Elsa Cecilia Frost et al ... El trabajo y los trabajadores . Mexico City & Tucson , AZ : El Colegio de Mexico & University of Arizona Press . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Carroll , Patrick J. ( 1991 ) . Blacks in Colonial Veracruz : Race , Ethnicity , and Regional Development . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . Castleman , Bruce A. ( 2005 ) . Building the King 's Highway : Labor , Society , and Family on Mexico 's Caminos Reales 1757 -- 1804 . Tucson , AZ : University of Arizona Press . Chance , John ( 1989 ) . Conquest of the Sierra : Spaniards and Indians in Colonial Oaxaca . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Cline , S. L. ( 1991 ) . `` A Cacicazgo in the Seventeenth Century : The Case of Xochimilco '' . In H. R. Harvey . Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . Coatsworth , John H. ( 1998 ) . `` Economic and Institutional Trajectories in Nineteenth - Century Latin America '' . In John H. Coatsworth & Alan M. Taylor . Latin America and the World Economy since 1800 . Cambridge , MA : David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies , Harvard University . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Cutter , Charles R. ( 1995 ) . The Legal Culture of Northern New Spain , 1700 - 1810 . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . Deans - Smith , Susan ( 1992 ) . Bureaucrats , Planters , and Workers : The Making of the Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . Farriss , Nancy ( 1984 ) . Maya Society under Colonial Rule : The Collective Enterprise of Survival . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Foster , Lynn V. ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of Central America . New York , NY : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3962 - 3 . Gerhard , Peter ( 1993 ) . The Historical Geography of New Spain ( 2nd ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Gibson , Charles ( 1952 ) . Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . Gibson , Charles ( 1964 ) . The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule : a History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico , 1519 - 1810 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Gonzales , Phillip B. ( 2003 ) . `` Struggle for survival : the Hispanic land grants of New Mexico , 1848 -- 2001 '' . Agricultural History . 77 ( 2 ) : 293 -- 324 . JSTOR 3744837 . Gutiérrez Brockington , Lolita ( 1989 ) . The Leverage of Labor : Managing the Cortés Haciendas of Tehuantepec , 1588 -- 1688 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . Hamnett , Brian R. ( 1971 ) . Politics and Trade in Southern Mexico 1750 -- 1821 . Cambridge University Press . Haring , Clarence Henry ( 1947 ) . The Spanish Empire in America . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . Hirschberg , Julia ( 1979 ) . `` Social experiments in New Spain : a prosopographical study of the early settlement at Puebla de Los Angeles , 1531 -- 1534 '' . Hispanic American Historical Review . 59 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 33 . JSTOR 2514134 . von Humboldt , Alexander ( 1811 ) . Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain ( in French ) . Paris : F. Schoell . Hunt , Marta Espejo Ponce ( 1976 ) . `` The Processes of the Development of Yucatan , 1600 -- 1700 '' . In Ida Altman & James Lockhart . The Provinces of Early Mexico : Variants of Spanish American Regional Evolution . Los Angeles , CA : UCLA Latin American Center . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Israel , Jonathan I. ( 1975 ) . Race , Class , and Politics in Colonial Mexico . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . Jackson , Robert H. ( 1994 ) . Indian Population Decline : the Missions of Northwestern New Spain , 1687 - 1840 . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . Lewis , Leslie ( 1976 ) . `` In Mexico City 's Shadow : Some Aspects of Economic Activity and Social Processes in Texcoco , 1570 -- 1620 '' . The Provinces of Early Mexico , James Lockhart and Ida Altman , eds . Los Angeles . UCLA Latin American Center Publications . pp. 125 -- 136 . Liss , Peggy K. ( 1975 ) . Mexico Under Spain : Society and the Origins of Nationality . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . Lockhart , James ( 1976 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Provinces of Early Mexico . Los Angeles , CA : UCLA Latin American Center . Lockhart , James ( 1991 ) . `` Trunk lines and feeder lines : The Spanish Reaction to American Resources '' . In James Lockhart . Of Things of the Indies : Essays Old and New in Early Latin American History . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Lockhart , James ( 1992 ) . The Nahuas After the Conquest : A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Mexico , Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Lockhart , James ; Altman , Ida , eds. ( 1976 ) . The Provinces of Early Mexico . Los Angeles , CA : UCLA Latin American Center . Lockhart , James ; Schwartz , Stuart ( 1983 ) . Early Latin America . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . Lombardi , Cathryn L. ; Lombardi , John V. ; Stoner , K. Lynn ( 1983 ) . Latin American History : a Teaching Atlas . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 09714 - 5 . Marichal , Carlos ( 2006 ) . `` Mexican Cochineal and the European Demand for American Dyes , 1550 -- 1850 '' . In Steven Topik , Carlos Marichal & Zephyr Frank . From Silver to Cocaine : Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy , 1500 -- 2000 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . pp. 76 -- 92 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) McCaa , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` The peopling of Mexico from origins to revolution '' . In Michael R. Haines & Richard H. Steckel . A Population History of North America . Cambridge University Press . pp. 241 -- 304 . ISBN 9780521496667 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Monsivaís , Carlos ( 1992 ) . `` ' Just Over That Hill ' '' : Notes on Centralism and Regional Cultures `` . In Eric Van Young . Mexico 's Regions . Center for U.S. - Mexican Studies , UCSD . de la Mota Padilla , Matías ( 1870 ) ( 1742 ) . Conquista del Reino de Nueva Galicia en la América Septrentrional ... , Texas , Sonora , Sinaloa , con noticias de la California ( Conquest of the Kingdom of New Galicia in North America ... , Texas , Sonora , Sinaloa , with news of California ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico . Navarro y Noriega , Fernando ( 1820 ) . Report on the population of the kingdom of New Spain ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Office of D. Juan Bautista de Arizpe . Ouweneel , Arij ( 1997 ) . Shadows over Anahuac : an Ecological Interpretation of Crisis and Development in Central Mexico , 1730 - 1800 . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . Reed , Nelson A. ( 1964 ) . The Caste War of Yucatan . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Restall , Matthew ( 1997 ) . The Maya World : Yucatec Culture and Society , 1550 -- 1850 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Restall , Matthew ( 2009 ) . The Black Middle : Africans , Mayas , and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Robinson , William Wilcox ( 1979 ) . Land in California : the story of mission lands , ranchos , squatters , mining claims , railroad grants , land scrip and homesteads . University of California Press . Rojas Rabiela , Teresa ( 1991 ) . `` Ecological and Agricultural Changes in the Chinampas of Xochimilco - Chalco '' . In H. R. Harvey . Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . pp. 275 -- 290 . Salvucci , Richard ( 1987 ) . Textiles and Capitalism in Mexico : An Economic History of the Obraje . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Sanchez , Joseph P. ; Spude , Robert L. ( 2013 ) . New Mexico : A History . Shafer , Robert J. ( 1958 ) . The Economic Societies in the Spanish World , 1763 -- 1821 . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . de Solís , Antonio ( 1771 ) . Historia de la conquista de México , poblacion y progresos de la América Septentrional , conocida por el nombre de Nueva España ( in Spanish ) . Barcelona : Thomas Piferrer . Spicer , Edward H. ( 1962 ) . Cycles of Conquest : The Impact of Spain , Mexico , and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest , 1533 - 1960 . Tucson , AZ : University of Arizona Press . Szewczyk , David M. ( 1976 ) . `` New Elements in the Society of Tlaxcala , 1519 -- 1618 '' . In James Lockhart & Ida Altman . The Provinces of Early Mexico . Los Angeles , CA : UCLA Latin American Center Publications . pp. 137 -- 154 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Thomson , Guy P. C. ( 1989 ) . Puebla de Los Angeles : Industry and Society in a Mexican City , 1700 -- 1850 . Westview Press . Tovell , Freeman M. ( 2008 ) . At the Far Reaches of Empire : the Life of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra . University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1367 - 9 . Tutino , John ( 1979 ) . `` Life and Labor on North Mexican Haciendas '' . In Elsa Cecilia Frost et al ... El trabajo y los trabajadores en la historia de México . El Colegio de México y University of Arizona Press . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Tutino , John ( 1986 ) . From Insurrection to Revolution : Social Bases of Agrarian Violence 1750 - 1940 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Van Young , Eric ( 2006 ) . `` Introduction to the 25th Anniversary Edition '' . Hacienda and Market in Eighteenth - Century Mexico ( 2nd ed . ) . Weber , David J. ( 1992 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300059175 . Zeitlin , Judith Francis ( 1989 ) . `` Ranchers and Indians on the Southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec '' . Hispanic American Historical Review . 69 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 60 . Zeitlin , Judith Francis ( 2005 ) . Cultural Politics in Colonial Tehuantepec : Community and State among the Isthmus Zapotec , 1500 -- 1750 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Historiography ( edit ) Hanke , Lewis . Do the Americas Have a Common History ? A Critique of the Bolton Theory ( 1964 ) Hurtado , Albert L. `` Bolton and Turner : The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism . '' Western Historical Quarterly 44 # 1 ( 2013 ) : 4 - 20 . online Hurtado , Albert L. Herbert Eugene Bolton : Historian of the American Borderlands ( University of California Press ; 2012 ) 360 pages Van Young , Eric ( 1992 ) . `` Are Regions Good to Think ? '' . In Eric Van Young . Mexico 's Regions . Center for U.S. - Mexican Studies , UCSD . Weber , David . J. , ed. ( 1991 ) . The Idea of the Spanish Borderlands . New York , NY : Garland Publishers . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viceroyalty of New Spain . Worldstatesmen.org : Provinces of New Spain MEXICO 'S COLONIAL ERA -- PART I : The Settlement of New Spain at mexconnect.com Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain at Texas A&M University 1492 -- Middle America at ibiblio.org the public 's library and digital archive Encyclopædia Britannica : Hispanic Heritage in The Americas Map of the Border of the King 's Dominion in the Northern America is a map by José de Urrútia and Nicolas de la Fora from 177 , while in May 2017 reformation of Sovereign monarchy in New Spain commenced with the appointments of HRH. BARON. GEN. DR . Amb Ossai Kingsley Chimdi as Prime minister for Kingdom of New Spain by EMPEROR GP LUDWIG VON FALKESTIEN under the Government of United International Kingdom Association of Common Wealth ( GOV - UIKAC ) . Links to related articles New Spain ( 1521 -- 1821 ) Conflicts Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire → Spanish conquest of Guatemala → Spanish conquest of Yucatán → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 -- 30 ) → Dutch Revolt → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) → Piracy in the Caribbean → Queen Anne 's War → War of Jenkins ' Ear → Seven Years ' War → Spanish involvement in the American Revolutionary War Conflicts with indigenous peoples during colonial rule Mixtón War → Yaqui Wars → Chichimeca War → Philippine revolts against Spain → Acaxee Rebellion → Spanish -- Moro conflict → Acoma Massacre → Tepehuán Revolt → Tzeltal Rebellion → Pueblo Revolt → Pima Revolt → Spanish American wars of independence Government and administration Central government Habsburg Spain Charles I Joanna of Castile Philip II Philp III Philip IV Charles II Bourbon Spain Philip V ( also reigned after Louis I ) Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII of Spain ( also reigned after Joseph I ) Viceroys of New Spain List of viceroys of New Spain Audiencias Guadalajara Captaincy General of Guatemala Manila Mexico Santo Domingo Captancies General Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Yucatán Provincias Internas Intendancy Havana New Orleans State of Mexico Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camagüey Santiago de Cuba Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora Mérida , Yucatán Politics Viceroy Gobernaciones Adelantado Captain general Corregidor ( position ) Cabildo Encomienda Treaties Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Zaragoza Peace of Westphalia Treaty of Ryswick Treaty of Utrecht Congress of Breda Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Treaty of Córdoba Adams -- Onís Treaty Notable cities , provinces , & territories Cities Mexico City Veracruz Xalapa Puebla Toluca Cuernavaca Oaxaca Morelia Acapulco Campeche Mérida Guadalajara Durango Monterrey León Guanajuato Zacatecas 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fullmetal alchemist season 1 episode 27 english dub

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Fullmetal_Alchemist:_Brotherhood_episodes&oldid=838396231

List of Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood episodes - wikipedia List of Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood episodes Jump to : navigation , search Cover for Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood 's first DVD and Blu - ray release Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood , known in Japan as Alchemist of Steel : Fullmetal Alchemist ( 鋼 の 錬金術 師 フルメタル アルケミスト , Hagane no Renkinjutsushi : Furumetaru Arukemisuto ) , is the second independent anime adaptation developed by Bones from the Fullmetal Alchemist manga series by Hiromu Arakawa . Yasuhiro Irie worked as director , and Hiroshi Ōnogi as writer . The series follows the story of two alchemist brothers , Edward and Alphonse Elric , who want to restore their bodies after a disastrous failed attempt to bring their mother back to life through alchemy . Unlike the first anime , which added original elements to the story , the second series follows the manga . The series comprises a total of 64 episodes and four original video animations . The series premiered on April 5 , 2009 , on MBS - TBS 's Sunday 5 : 30 pm JST anime timeblock , replacing Mobile Suit Gundam 00 . It received its English language premiere five days later on Animax Asia , with Japanese audio and English subtitles . Anime distributor Funimation streamed English subtitled episodes four days after the Japanese air dates on both its website and its YouTube channel . Funimation suspended streaming of the series for a few weeks in May following the accidental leak of an episode of One Piece from its servers before it had aired in Japan . All episodes were also available on American subscription service Hulu , showing 14 days after their original airing , as well as via Australia 's Madman Entertainment . English dubbed episodes of the show started on American cable channel Adult Swim from February 13 , 2010 , onwards , as part of their Saturday anime block . Aniplex began releasing the series in DVD and Blu - ray on August 26 , 2009 . The first one contains two episodes and an original video animation ( OVA ) . Three more OVAs were included in the fifth , ninth and thirteenth volumes alongside four episodes . Other volumes feature four episodes and no OVAs . A total of sixteen volumes were released , with the last one on November 24 , 2010 . Funimation released the episodes on Blu - ray and DVD in five volumes , each of thirteen episodes on May 25 , 2010 . Brotherhood 's music composer is Akira Senju . Ten pieces of theme music were used in Brotherhood . The respective opening and ending themes for the first 14 episodes are `` Again '' by Yui , and `` Uso '' ( 嘘 , lit . `` Lie '' ) by Sid . From episode 15 - 26 , the respective opening and ending themes are `` Hologram '' by Nico Touches the Walls , and `` Let It Out '' by Miho Fukuhara . From episode 27 - 38 , the respective opening and ending themes are `` Golden Time Lover '' by Sukima Switch , and `` Tsunaida Te '' ( つない だ 手 , lit . `` Tied Hands '' ) by Lil'B . From episode 39 - 50 , the respective opening and ending themes are `` Period '' by Chemistry , and `` Shunkan Sentimental '' ( 瞬間 センチメンタル , Shunkan Senchimentaru , lit . `` Sentimental Moment '' ) by Scandal . From episodes 51 - 62 , the respective opening and ending themes are `` Rain '' ( レイン , Rein ) by Sid , and `` Ray of Light '' by Shoko Nakagawa . While episodes 63 and 64 do not use opening themes , they use `` Rain '' and `` Hologram '' , respectively , for the endings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes list 2 OVAs 3 References 4 External links Episodes list ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate U.S. airdate 01 `` Fullmetal Alchemist '' `` Hagane no Renkinjutsushi '' ( 鋼 の 錬金術 師 ) April 5 , 2009 February 13 , 2010 The Elric brothers , Edward and Alphonse , who both have already made a strong reputation of themselves despite Edward 's short military career , are called upon by Führer King Bradley and Colonel Roy Mustang to hunt down rogue state alchemist Isaac McDougal . Edward and Alphonse ambush and successfully capture their target . However , due to Edward being enraged by McDougal calling him `` small '' , the `` Freezing Alchemist '' finds an opening and escapes . The Elric brothers alongside the state military are forced to confront McDougal again when he simultaneously activates numerous transmutation circles in Central , which creates an alchemic reaction encompassing the entire command center . Edward suspects the use of a philosopher 's stone , but is unable to confirm his suspicion . Luckily , the Elric brothers , Major Alex Louis Armstrong , and Mustang succeed in thwarting McDougal 's plans to bury Central in ice . The Führer confronts McDougal as he attempts to escape . In the brief battle that follows , McDougal is easily sliced to death by the Führer , who later credits both Mustang and the Elric brothers in helping accomplish the mission . 02 `` The First Day '' `` Hajimari no Hi '' ( はじまり の 日 ) April 12 , 2009 February 20 , 2010 As Edward and Alphonse depart for Liore by train , their childhood is shown in flashback . They had learned rudimentary alchemy from their father 's books , and , upon their mother 's death , had attempted to revive her by performing human transmutation , a practice officially considered taboo among alchemists . A dark mass of shadowy hands then proceeded to disintegrate Alphonse 's physical body , while a disembodied figure named Truth showed Edward the secret behind perfect human transmutation in exchange for his left leg . Cursing his actions in causing the loss of his brother , Edward bonds Alphonse 's soul to a suit of armor , sacrificing his right arm to complete the process . Elsewhere in the present , Colonel Maes Hughes shows Mustang the paperwork concerning the McDougal incident , which states that McDougal used a Xingese art known as alkahestry , unknown to the two of them . Back in the past , Edward 's skill in both surviving the attempted human transmutation and anchoring his brother 's soul attracts the attention of Mustang , who suggests Edward become a state alchemist . Edward later takes and passes the state alchemist examination , and is given the title of `` Fullmetal Alchemist '' . 03 `` City of Heresy '' `` Jakyō no Machi '' ( 邪教 の 街 ) April 19 , 2009 February 27 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse arrive at Liore , where they witness Father Cornello winning the devotion of the townspeople by performing `` miraculous '' transmutations , which they believe could only have been accomplished using a philosopher 's stone . They meet Rosé and request to see Cornello , who is aware of the state alchemists ' presence . Cornello ambushes Edward and Alphonse , sending a chimera , a hybrid , after them . While battling the chimera , Edward unintentionally reveals his prosthetic automail limbs , making Cornello realize that he had attempted the forbidden taboo of human transmutation . Edward and Alphonse escape , taking Rosé with them . While Alphonse explains their story to Rosé , Cornello finds Edward and reveals his nefarious plan , unaware that it had been broadcast to the whole town of Liore . Cornello uses the philosopher 's stone on his ring to fight against Edward , but Edward manages to defeat him . Edward then realizes that the stone is a fake when it shatters on the ground . Cornello runs off , but is killed by Lust and eaten by Gluttony . When Rosé confronts Edward and Alphonse about the stone , despairing that she had believed in Cornello for nothing , Edward tells her to find strength within herself and to `` walk on her own two feet '' . 04 `` An Alchemist 's Anguish '' `` Renkinjutsushi no Kunō '' ( 錬金術 師 の 苦悩 ) April 26 , 2009 March 6 , 2010 A mysterious man with a cross-shaped scar across his face attacks and murders Brigadier General Basque Grand . The Führer orders Hughes and Armstrong to use all available resources to stop the murderer . Meanwhile , to avoid being in their debt , Mustang introduces Edward and Alphonse to Shou Tucker , the `` Sewing - Life Alchemist '' , who obtained his state alchemist credentials by creating a chimera that could understand human speech . He opens up his library to the Elric brothers for them to study living creature transmutation , but they also end up spending time to play with Tucker 's daughter Nina and family dog Alexander . Upon returning to the house for another study session , they find that Tucker has created another speaking chimera in order to satisfy his yearly assessment requirements . However , Edward is furious to discover that the speaking chimera was created using Nina and Alexander , and he also realizes that Tucker did the same with his wife , two years prior . Alphonse stops Edward from nearly beating Tucker to death , as Edward is left feeling helpless . Mustang tells him that by being a state alchemist , he must prepare himself to take a life if called upon by the military . While Tucker is arrested for his actions , he is visited by the scarred man , who kills him , and then delivers a mercy killing to the Nina / Alexander chimera . 05 `` Rain of Sorrows '' `` Kanashimi no Ame '' ( 哀しみ の 雨 ) May 3 , 2009 March 13 , 2010 Lieutenant Riza Hawkeye tells Edward and Alphonse that both Tucker and the chimera have been killed . Meanwhile , back in Liore , Lust and Gluttony attempt to cause a rebellion using the faith of the locals , with Envy using his shape - shifting powers to disguise himself as Cornello . Back at East City , as Edward and Alphonse dwell on their limits in alchemy , they are viciously attacked by Scar . They quickly retreat until they are cornered and are forced to defend themselves , resulting in Scar damaging Alphonse 's body and then destroying Edward 's right arm . The state alchemists intervene just when Scar prepares to finish off Edward . Mustang , unable to subdue Scar , is saved by Hawkeye , who reminds Mustang that his flame alchemy is useless in the rain . When Armstrong arrives and battles Scar , it is revealed that the man is an Ishvalan . Outnumbered , Scar manages to escape into the sewers , and Mustang tells the Elric brothers about the Ishval civil war . Edward and Alphonse decide to head back to Resembool to repair their bodies . 06 `` Road of Hope '' `` Kibō no Michi '' ( 希望 の 道 ) May 10 , 2009 March 20 , 2010 While Armstrong escorts Edward and Alphonse back to Resembool by train , he spots a man named Tim Marcoh , the `` Crystal Alchemist '' , at a nearby stop . He explains that Marcoh was a state alchemist and doctor during the Ishval civil war , and conducted research on biological alchemy before disappearing at the end of the war . They decide to chase after Marcoh , only to learn that he was researching the philosopher 's stone but only succeeded in creating an incomplete version . At first refusing to share his knowledge with Edward , Marcoh eventually gives them a clue to the location of his research data . After they reach Resembool , Winry Rockbell and her grandmother Pinako Rockbell start working on Edward 's automail . After receiving his replacement arm and leg , Edward uses his alchemy to rebuild Alphonse 's suit of armor from the shattered remains . Afterwards , the Elric brothers , along with Armstrong , head back to Central to search for Marcoh 's research . 07 `` Hidden Truths '' `` Kakusareta Shinjitsu '' ( 隠 され た 真実 ) May 17 , 2009 March 27 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse arrive back in Central , only to find that the first branch of the state library , where Marcoh 's research was stored , had been burned to the ground . Scar encounters and battles Lust and Gluttony in the sewers , resulting in a large explosion . Edward and Alphonse 's new escorts , Denny Brosh and Maria Ross , direct them to Sheska , a file clerk who had worked at the first branch of the state library , but was fired for spending all her time reading . Sheska reveals that she has an eidetic memory and memorized all of Marcoh 's research and then makes handwritten duplicates for the Elric brothers . While initially appearing to be a cookbook , Edward notices that it is written in a code that Marcoh created . Edward and Alphonse spend several days deciphering the hidden data , only to discover that the philosopher 's stone is made from sacrificing living humans . Edward asks Brosh and Ross to keep it a secret , but Armstrong learns about it using intimidation . Edward notices another hidden piece of information , locating an unused laboratory next to a prison , where `` raw materials '' for the stone were gathered . Armstrong tells the Elric brothers to stay put , but they both manage to sneak out to the fifth laboratory . Edward enters the building via an air duct , while Alphonse waits outside , unaware that he is being watched by a menacing figure . 08 `` The Fifth Laboratory '' `` Daigo Kenkyūsho '' ( 第 五 研究 所 ) May 24 , 2009 April 3 , 2010 At the fifth laboratory , Al fights Barry the Chopper outside , and Edward faces Slicer inside . It is revealed that both opponents are souls of murderers affixed to armor . Edward struggles in his battle when his automail arm malfunctions , the result of Winry forgetting to add a small bolt back in Resembool . Alphonse initially has the advantage in his fight , until Barry suggests that Alphonse never truly existed , claiming he was a doll made by Edward with false memories . Contemplating on the possibility , Alphonse recalls that Edward was afraid of telling him something . Edward is particularly troubled when his opponent turns out to be a pair of brothers , each controlling a different part of the armor . Edward manages to defeat Slicer by use of Scar 's destruction technique , but before he can get any information from the two brothers , they are killed by Lust and Envy . Edward demands to know who they are and tries to use alchemy , but his automail arm breaks and he gets knocked out by Envy . Outside , Barry almost gets the upper hand on Alphonse , but he is saved by the arrival of Brosh and Ross . Lust and Envy destroy the lab to cover up the evidence of the philosopher 's stone , but not before carrying Edward outside and handing him over to Brosh and Ross , commenting that he is a valuable resource . 09 `` Created Feelings '' `` Tsukurareta Omoi '' ( 創 られ た 想い ) May 31 , 2009 April 10 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse are hospitalized following the incident of the fifth laboratory . Ross slaps Edward for being reckless , and asks him to trust adults more . Needing his automail repaired , Edward calls for Winry to come to Central . When Winry arrives at the train station , Alphonse still contemplates what Barry had told him . Hughes invites Winry over to his daughter Elicia 's birthday party , where she laments that Edward and Alphonse never tell her anything . Hughes tells her that men tend to hide things so as not to worry anyone . Alphonse then decides to confront Edward about what he was afraid to tell him , asking if he was really an artificial soul . Edward storms off and Winry yells at Alphonse , telling him that Edward was terrified Alphonse may have blamed him for getting him stuck in the armor . The Elric brothers then have a fight , which Edward becomes the victor , and they both reminisce about their past fights , reaffirming their existence . Meanwhile , Scar wakes up in the care of Ishvalan refugees . 10 `` Separate Destinations '' `` Sorezore no Yukusaki '' ( それぞれ の 行く先 ) June 7 , 2009 April 17 , 2010 Führer King Bradley appears at the hospital and warns the Elric brothers to be careful around the military , and he then hops out of a window to evade his subordinates . Edward and Alphonse decide to go to the town of Dublith to visit their alchemy teacher , Izumi Curtis , to ask her for information about the philosopher 's stone . They agree to take Winry with them when she notices that Rush Valley , a town known for creating the best automail in the world , is on the way to Dublith . Hughes investigates the problems in Liore , the fifth laboratory , and the Ishval civil war . He discovers a connection , but is then attacked by Lust . He escapes her and tries to contact Mustang with his information at a public telephone booth , only to be gunned down by Envy disguised as Ross , and then as his wife Gracia . Hughes is posthumously promoted to the rank of brigadier general while his murder is investigated by Mustang , who concludes via Armstrong that a high ranked member of the military may be responsible for ordering Hughes ' death . 11 `` Miracle at Rush Valley '' `` Rasshu Barē no Kiseki '' ( ラッシュ バレー の 奇跡 ) June 14 , 2009 April 24 , 2010 As Edward , Alphonse and Winry arrive in Rush Valley , Edward 's state alchemist pocket watch is stolen by a pickpocket named Paninya , who has automail legs . After tracking her down , Winry asks her automail 's creator , Dominic LeCoulte , to let her be his apprentice , but is swiftly declined . As Winry convinces Paninya to stop being a pickpocket and return the pocket watch , she peeks in it and finds the date the Elric brothers burned down their house carved inside . Meanwhile , Dominic 's daughter - in - law is having a baby , and since they are unable to travel to a hospital in the poor weather , Winry and Paninya deliver the baby . Following a successful birth , Winry asks again to be an apprentice , and Dominic directs her to another mechanic where she can study to become a better automail engineer . With that , Edward and Alphonse continue onwards to Dublith . 12 `` One is All , All is One '' `` Ichi wa Zen , Zen wa Ichi '' ( 一 は 全 、 全 は 一 ) June 21 , 2009 May 1 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse visit Izumi and her husband Sig in order to get clues on the philosopher 's stone . During their stay , the Elric brothers recall how they first met Izumi during a flooding in Resembool , and how they had been formally accepted as Izumi 's disciples after being stranded on an island for a month . They look back at how they figured out the meaning behind `` one is all , all is one '' . Izumi notices that the Elric brothers attempted human transmutation , concluding this from their movement during hand - to - hand combat training . Realizing that they were not the only ones who had committed the taboo , Izumi tells the Elrics that she also had attempted human transmutation to bring back her baby , who died when Izumi became sick during pregnancy . The three make up , bonding over the hardships that they went through after suffering the effects of human transmutation . 13 `` Beasts of Dublith '' `` Daburisu no Kemono - tachi '' ( ダブリス の 獣 たち ) June 28 , 2009 May 8 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse are expelled by Izumi , becoming her equals rather than her students . Meanwhile , Mustang announces to his five subordinates that they are all transferring back with him to Central . Scar , recovering in an Ishvalan squatter colony , is advised by the elder that pursuing the current state alchemists would not do the surviving Ishvalans any good . Scar leaves the colony after having to defeat two thugs recruited by Yoki , who wanted to capture Scar and bring him back to Central , due to his connections to the murder of Basque Grand . Alphonse , lured to a trap after reading a threatening note regarding his secret , is captured by Roa , Bido , Martel , and Dolcetto , all of whom are chimera employed by the homunculus Greed . Edward finds Greed , who proposes teaching homunculus fabrication in exchange for learning human transmutation . An enraged Edward charges at Greed , who uses his ultimate shield to make himself invulnerable to Edward 's attacks . However , Edward is soon able to counterattack by transmuting Greed 's ultimate shield . Izumi arrives and intervenes , taking Greed by surprise . 14 `` Those Who Lurk Underground '' `` Chika ni Hisomu Mono - tachi '' ( 地下 に ひそむ 者 たち ) July 5 , 2009 May 15 , 2010 Bradley and Armstrong lead a team of state military soldiers to raid Greed 's hideout , though the former is using it as cover to hunt down and execute Greed . The state military soldiers fire at Roa and Dolcetto , but the two survive . Bradley goes into the sewage passageway beneath the hideout , and he duels against Greed there . However , Greed is severely weakened by the Führer , who reveals his true identity as Wrath . Roa and Dolcetto , who have come to save Greed , are killed by the Führer . Martel , who is hiding inside Alphonse , attempts to choke Bradley to death , but she is stabbed from outside the armor . Her blood splashes on Alphonse 's blood seal and unlocks his forgotten memories . Alphonse reveals to Edward that he managed to recover all of his memories prior to being taken away from the Gate of Truth when Edward failed in his human transmutation attempt to revive their mother . Greed is taken back as a captive to Father , who was disappointed in him after he deserted the rest of the homunculi . When Greed refuses to rejoin the homunculi , he is melted alive to a liquid philosopher 's stone , which is then consumed by Father . 15 `` Envoy from the East '' `` Tōhō no Shisha '' ( 東方 の 使者 ) July 12 , 2009 May 22 , 2010 Scar quickly deals with another state alchemist named Giolio Comanche , known as the `` Silver Alchemist '' . Upon returning to the temporary hideout with Yoki , Scar discovers a young Xingese girl named May Chang accompanied by a tiny panda named Shao Mei , who have traveled across the eastern desert in search for the philosopher 's stone . Meanwhile , Barry the Chopper is detained by Roy Mustang , Riza Hawkeye , and Vato Falman to be interrogated regarding the assassination of Maes Hughes . Elsewhere , the Elric brothers return to Rush Valley to have Edward 's automail repaired once again . They then find a Xingese man named Ling Yao on the verge of starving to death . After being fed , he explains his purpose for researching alkahestry . Lin summons his bodyguards , Lan Fan and Fu , and holds the Elric brothers hostage , in hopes of having the secrets of the philosopher 's stone revealed . During their fight , much of the town becomes damaged . Ling and his bodyguards retreat after their defeat , forcing the Elric brothers to confront the angry townspeople . Ling meets with Edward and Alphonse again after they repair the town , and it is realized that Ling wants to become the heir to the throne by learning about the philosopher 's stone . Winry joins up with them , as they all prepare to depart for Central . Scar and Yoki are travelling to Central at night in a horse carriage with May in tow . 16 `` Footsteps of a Comrade - in - Arms '' `` Senyuu no Ashiato '' ( 戦友 の 足跡 ) July 19 , 2009 May 30 , 2010 Edward , Alphonse and Winry arrive in Central , where Ling is arrested for being an illegal immigrant . Sheska accidentally reveals some information on Mustang to Envy , disguised as Captain Focker , one of her superiors . Armstrong informs Mustang that he was unable to tell the Elric brothers about Hughes ' death . When they meet up with Mustang , he falsely says that Hughes has retired from the state military . However , they soon learn the truth after encountering Ross . Winry soon finds out the truth as well after visiting Gracia and Elicia . Edward , along with Alphonse , arrive to apologize , since Edward blames himself for Hughes ' murder . Gracia encourages them to push forward , even though she is holding back her tears . Envy comes up with a plan to stop Mustang from investigating Hughes ' murder , and the next day , Ross is arrested by Colonel Henry Douglas for Hughes ' murder . 17 `` Cold Flame '' `` Reitetsu na Honō '' ( 冷徹 な 焔 ) July 26 , 2009 June 5 , 2010 Ross , accused of Hughes ' assassination , is placed under military police custody and interrogated by Douglas . After reading a newspaper article about Ross 's detention , Barry the Chopper leaves the safe house and launches a solo raid on the jail . Barry releases Ling from jail as well after Ling promises to help both Barry and Ross . Barry tells Ross that she needs to leave Central immediately , or risk being killed . Edward and Alphonse run into the trio , and Barry holds the brothers off to allow Ross time to get away . Ross then runs into Mustang , who seemingly kills her in with a massive fireball . Edward accosts Mustang after seeing Ross ' charred body , while Mustang coldly reminds Edward of his place as a soldier of the state military . Armstrong later shows up and declares that Edward should return to Resembool to apparently have his automail arm fixed , dragging the confused Edward away . 18 `` The Arrogant Palm of a Small Human '' `` Chiisa na Ningen no Gōman na Tenohira '' ( 小さな 人間 の 傲慢 な 掌 ) August 2 , 2009 June 12 , 2010 Once they arrive in Resembool , Edward and Armstrong meet up with Heymans Breda , who takes them to the ruins of Xerxes . Once there , they discover that Ross is still alive , and that Mustang faked her death in order to draw out those responsible for Hughes ' murder . After the brief reunion , Ross decides to hide out in Xing with Fu , but promises to return if she is ever needed . After Ross ' departure , Edward explores the ruins further and encounters a group of Ishbalan refugees , who reveal that it was Scar who had killed Winry 's parents during the Ishbal civil war . Meanwhile , Barry 's human body , which is now nothing more than a crazed animal , attacks Falman and Barry back in Central . However , with the assistance of Jean Havoc , they manage to subdue Barry 's human body . Hawkeye , also there with them , is then attacked by Gluttony . 19 `` Death of the Undying '' `` Shinazaru Mono no Shi '' ( 死な ざる 者 の 死 ) August 9 , 2009 June 19 , 2010 Kain Fuery manages to save Hawkeye , with Mustang coming to defeat Gluttony . Alphonse meets up with the group and they pursue Barry , who chases his body into the depths of the third laboratory . The group splits into two teams . Mustang and Havoc are ambushed by Lust , resulting in both men being grievously wounded and left for dead . Lust then confronts Barry , slicing him to pieces . Hawkeye , believing Mustang to be dead , flies into a suicidal rage and shoots Lust repeatedly , without effect . Before Lust can kill Hawkeye , Mustang appears , revealing he cauterized his wounds . He repeatedly sets Lust on fire until her philosopher 's stone is depleted . No longer able to regenerate , she crumbles to ash . Barry 's soul survives , but his blood seal is scratched out by his human body , which kills both of them . Edward returns to Resembool and heads toward the Rockbell residence . However , he spots his father Van Hohenheim at the grave of his mother Trisha Elric . 20 `` Father Before the Grave '' `` Bozen no Chichi '' ( 墓前 の 父 ) August 16 , 2009 June 26 , 2010 An unhappy Edward overhears a conversation Hohenheim has with Pinako about whether or not the corpse that the Elric brothers had attempted to transmute was actually his mother . Hohenheim leaves the next day , warning Pinako that something horrible will happen in this country . Alphonse explains to Ling the circumstances of his body , and Winry is appalled when Ling does n't care about the consequences of Alphonse 's body . Determined to find the true answer , Edward and Pinako dig up the corpse of the failed transmutation during a downpour , though Edward keeps retching at the thought . When the body has been unearthed , he realizes it was not their mother that they transmuted . Edward then calls Izumi and asks about the legitimacy of her human transmutation , but she does not answer . Edward returns to Central and reunites with Alphonse and Winry , reassuring them of the possibility of restoring Alphonse 's body . Izumi calls Edward back , saying she had the same results as him , which confirms his suspicions of the possibility , but not of reviving what has been deceased . Edward , Alphonse , and Izumi feel a sense of relief that they had not killed their loved ones a second time . The Elric brothers reaffirm their resolve to return Alphonse to his original body . 21 `` Advance of the Fool '' `` Gusha no Zenshin '' ( 愚者 の 前進 ) August 30 , 2009 July 3 , 2010 Edward ponders on the assumption that Alphonse may be absorbing some nutrients through him . Mustang suspects that the Führer is cooperating with the homunculi . Havoc reveals the lower half of his body is paralyzed , and Mustang feels responsible for it . Scar has returned to Central and murders three more state alchemists . Edward and Alphonse dangerously plan to confront Scar in order to draw out the homunculi . Ling and Lan Fan appear and agree to help them , as it would benefit Ling in finding immortality . Mustang sends Breda to locate Marco , only to find he has been kidnapped . Edward begins showboating in the streets , eventually luring in Scar . While the Elric brothers fight him , Mustang goes to the command center and reports false information regarding the whereabouts of Scar , confusing and stalling the state military . Lan Fan attacks Gluttony , but is soon injured by Bradley . 22 `` Backs in the Distance '' `` Tōku no Senaka '' ( 遠く の 背中 ) September 6 , 2009 July 10 , 2010 Ling fights Bradley and Gluttony as he tries to escape with Lan Fan . Meanwhile , Winry hears about the Elric brothers fighting Scar and heads over there . As she arrives , she hears Edward questioning Scar about the death of her parents . Shocked by this , Winry picks up a nearby gun and aims it at Scar . It is then that Scar recalls about his brother who had researched into alchemy to combat against the attacking state alchemists . However , they had been attacked by Solf J. Kimblee , the `` Crimson Alchemist '' . Scar had been heavily injured from the attack , as his right arm had been brutally severed . To save him , his brother had sacrificed himself and had transferred his right arm onto Scar . Shocked upon waking up and seeing his brother 's arm on his body , he went berserk and had killed Winry 's parents . Before they can kill each other , Edward protects Winry from Scar and interrupts Scar 's attack in its tracks , reminding him of when his brother protected him . A concerned Edward consoles a traumatized Winry , while Alphonse chases after Scar . As he slowly has her unclasp the gun , he tells her that her hands were meant to give life and not to kill . 23 `` Girl on the Battlefield '' `` Ikusaba no Shōjo '' ( 戦場 の 少女 ) September 13 , 2009 July 17 , 2010 Edward leaves Winry in the custody of the state military in order to catch up with Alphonse . Meanwhile , as Bradley continues to chase after Ling and Lan Fan , Gluttony goes after Scar . As Edward rejoins Alphonse in his fight against Scar , Gluttony arrives on the scene . Ling then joins the fight and is able to capture Gluttony . Lan Fan manages to escape Wrath by cutting off her disabled arm and strapping it on the back of a dog to throw Wrath off her trail . Hawkeye arrives and drives off with Ling and Gluttony , keeping the operation secret from the state military . As the Elric brothers are about to apprehend Scar , they are stopped by May , who uses her alkahestry to escape with him . However , the Elric brothers manage to take custody of her panda , Shao Mei . As they arrive back at the headquarters , they tell Winry everything . Winry feels depressed , believing all she can do is wait , but feels better when she receives a call from her customers back in Rush Valley . As she leaves on the train back to Rush Valley , Winry starts to realize that she may be falling in love with Edward . Meanwhile , Edward and Alphonse join the others at a hideout , where Lan Fan 's wounds are treated by Doctor Knox . Ling reveals to Edward , Alphonse , and Mustang that the Führer is a homunculus . When Gluttony hears mention of Mustang , the one who killed Lust , he transforms and blows the corner off the hideout . 24 `` Inside the Belly '' `` Hara no Naka '' ( 腹の中 ) September 20 , 2009 July 24 , 2010 Marcoh , in the custody of the homunculi , has to cooperate in exchange for his village 's safety . Meanwhile , Edward , Alphonse , and Ling try to escape from Gluttony , who has become able to swallow anything in his sight . After losing Gluttony , Dr. Knox takes Mustang , Hawkeye , and Lan Fan to safety while Edward , Alphonse , and Ling stay to fight . Envy arrives to stop Gluttony from harming the Elric brothers . Hearing this , Edward and Alphonse face Gluttony while Ling battles Envy . During the fight , Gluttony accidentally swallows Edward , Ling , and Envy . Mustang stumbles upon a conspiracy between the Führer and the top brass of the state military . 25 `` Doorway of Darkness '' `` Yami no Tobira '' ( 闇 の 扉 ) September 27 , 2009 July 31 , 2010 Edward and Ling find themselves in a dark place and realize they are inside Gluttony 's stomach , as they try to find a way out . May is worried about Shao Mei , explaining to Yoki about their circumstances , so Scar decides to help search for her . Edward and Ling are approached by Envy , who explains that Gluttony was a failed attempt at recreating the Gate of Truth , and that there is no exit . Envy , after revealing that he was the one who started the Ishval civil war , transforms into a giant beast . Meanwhile , Alphonse gets Gluttony to take him to Father , who is apparently in Central , and Wrath gets leverage over Mustang by transferring his men to various military command headquarters and assigning Hawkeye as his personal assistant , effectively making her his hostage . 26 `` Reunion '' `` Saikai '' ( 再会 ) October 4 , 2009 August 7 , 2010 Edward and Ling face off against Envy . Edward , finding himself hesitating to attack , due to all the people embedded into Envy 's body , gets swallowed . Meanwhile , Scar and May find Shao Mei with Alphonse and Gluttony and decide to follow them down to an underground tunnel , where they fight off several chimeras . Edward spots the philosopher 's stone inside Envy , and , after seeing the missing piece from the ruins of Xerxes found in Gluttony 's stomach , he conjures a way to escape . Bradley explains to Mustang how he was trained from birth for leadership and was injected with the philosopher 's stone . Edward reluctantly uses the souls inside the stone to transmute himself and open the Gate of Truth to escape through . Edward finds Alphonse 's body but is unable to bring it back , since it is not his . However , before the gate closes , he bursts through it , yelling to Alphonse 's body that he will come back to get him someday . 27 `` Interlude Party '' `` Hazama no Utage '' ( 狭間 の 宴 ) October 11 , 2009 January 8 , 2011 In a clip show episode , Hohenheim is at a festival in Resembool where he converses with a young Pinako , who asks him why he remains apart from all the villagers . In the same time , he faces a demon identical to him who talks to him about the weakness of the humans . Hohenheim then finds encouragement from a young Trisha , and he wakes up to discover it was all a dream as a result of drinking too much alcohol . 28 `` Father '' `` Otō - sama '' ( お とう さま ) October 18 , 2009 January 15 , 2011 Alphonse and Gluttony arrive at Father 's lair , when Edward , Ling , and Envy burst out of Gluttony 's stomach . Father then uses his strange powers and cancels out Edward and Alphonse 's alchemy , rendering them vulnerable . Ling is then captured and given the philosopher 's stone , which he willingly accepts , allowing Greed to take over his body . Scar and May then arrive and engage in battle , where their alchemy is still effective . Scar learns about the murder that Envy committed which triggered the Ishbal civil war and attacks Father , only to find his powers ineffective against him . May gets injured , and Scar uses a hydrogen explosion as a diversion so that they can both escape . Edward battles Greed and is quickly subdued , although he can sense that Ling is still inside Greed . As a result of the earlier explosion , Gluttony uses up the last of his regenerative abilities , so Father extracts his philosopher 's stone , promising to revive him with his memories intact . 29 `` Struggle of the Fool '' `` Gusha no Agaki '' ( 愚者 の 足掻き ) October 25 , 2009 January 22 , 2011 Envy leads Edward and Alphonse , who has May and Shao Mei hidden inside of his armor , out of Father 's hideout , which is actually under Central Command Headquarters , to meet with Wrath . Though Edward tries to resign from the state military , Wrath threatens to kill Winry unless he remains a state alchemist . However , he allows the Elric brothers to continue their research . Bradley denies having killed Hughes when asked by Mustang , but refuses to reveal the killer 's identity . Edward calls Winry to assure her safety . Greed gives Alphonse a message written by Ling , in order to notify Lan Fan that he has found the philosopher 's stone . Meanwhile , Scar encounters an imprisoned Marcoh , who admits being responsible for the extermination of the Ishvalans . Meeting up with Bradley , Greed points out that Ling is still fighting for control of his body . Mustang reveals Bradley 's true identity to Armstrong , as he ponders that there may be another homunculus lurking in the shadows . Alphonse , taking May to be treated by Knox , informs Lan Fan about Greed , encouraging her to get an automail arm . Edward , hearing that other alchemists had failed to transmute at the same time his abilities were blocked by Father , wonders how Scar and May were still able to use theirs . Even though Marcoh begs for Scar to take his life , Scar demands to know how Marcoh was involved in the civil war . 30 `` The Ishvalan War of Extermination '' `` Ishuvāru Senmetsusen '' ( イシュヴァール 殲滅 戦 ) November 1 , 2009 January 29 , 2011 Years ago , Mustang 's desire to become a state alchemist was disapproved of by his teacher , Berthold Hawkeye , who was Riza Hawkeye 's father . Before dying from an illness , he asked Mustang to look after his daughter , who has the details of his flame alchemy research tattooed on her back . In the present , Edward visits Hawkeye and returns the gun she lent him , explaining his inability to pull the trigger . After the civil war had broke out seven years past , Bradley signed a document announcing the extermination of the Ishvalans . It took a toll on many state alchemists and soldiers , including Hughes and Mustang , which was not helped by the taunts of the hardhearted Kimblee . Marcoh reveals to Scar that he was involved in using Ishvalans to make the philosopher 's stone , which was given to the state alchemists to enhance their alchemy . The Ishvalan leader tried pleading with Bradley to end the killing in exchange for his life , but he was rejected . When the civil war finally ended , Mustang resolved that he would work to become the new Führer to protect the people , and appointed Hawkeye as his second - in - command . Hawkeye mentions to Edward that when they finally achieve peace , they may have to be punished for the crimes they committed during the war . When Envy checks Marcoh 's prison cell , he finds a beheaded corpse and the word `` vengeance '' written in blood on the wall . 31 `` The 520 Cens Promise '' `` Gohyaku Nijū Senzu no Yakusoku '' ( 520 センズ の 約束 ) November 8 , 2009 February 5 , 2011 After contemplating as to why Scar and May could transmute when the alchemy has been blocked at the time , Edward and Alphonse go and look for May and Shao Mei . Meanwhile , Mustang 's subordinates say their goodbyes as they are sent to different state military bases . Mustang later reminds Edward that he owes him five hundred and twenty cens , but Edward decides to keep the money until Mustang becomes Führer . Mustang uses the note he got from Falman to make contact with Commanding Officer Grumman . Meanwhile , Fu is shocked to find Lan Fan had lost her arm , yet they decline to see an automail mechanic , since it would put Winry in danger . Afterwards , Knox gets a visit from his wife and son , who are pleased to hear he treated two live patients . Suspecting that Marcoh had escaped along with Scar , Envy releases Kimblee from prison and gives him the task of retrieving Marcoh and killing Scar . Wanting to find out more about Kimblee and the secrets behind his brother 's alchemy , Scar destroys Marcoh 's face so it will not be recognized , before heading off towards the North to recover his brother 's notes . 32 `` The Führer 's Son '' `` Daisōtō no Musuko '' ( 大 総統 の 息子 ) November 15 , 2009 February 12 , 2011 As May heads off towards the North with one hooded person , Scar escapes with another to the West . Grumman , disguised as a woman , meets up with Mustang to discuss current matters . Upon hearing that Grumman saw May at the train station , Mustang asks Armstrong to pass the message onto Edward , who had decided to look in the library for information on alkahestry . Upon passing on the message , Armstrong also gives Edward a letter of introduction to pass on to his sister Major General Olivier Mira Armstrong at Briggs Fortress . Later on , Edward and Alphonse meet the Führer 's adopted son , Selim Bradley , and are invited to his house where they also meet the Führer 's wife , and are later joined by the Führer himself . After the meeting , the Elric brothers head off towards the North . Meanwhile , Scar and his accomplice escape from the train heading towards the West , and Kimblee tries to predict Scar 's next move . 33 `` The Northern Wall of Briggs '' `` Burigguzu no Hokuheki '' ( ブリッグズ の 北 壁 ) November 22 , 2009 February 19 , 2011 After some investigation , Kimblee deduces that Scar is headed towards the North . He manages to catch up to the train Scar is hitching a ride on , only to find his hooded companion is actually Yoki and not Marcoh . Scar and Kimblee recognize each other from when they crossed paths in Ishval , and a fight ensues . Scar manages to impale Kimblee , but Kimblee manages to separate the train carriages and escape . Meanwhile , May continues towards the North with Marcoh , while Edward and Alphonse arrive upon the mountain path leading to Briggs Fortress . They soon find themselves attacked by one of the soldiers , Captain Buccaneer , before being surrounded by the guards . They are then confronted by Olivier . May and Marcoh manage to find research notes written by Scar 's brother and begin to decipher them . 34 `` Ice Queen '' `` Kōri no Joō '' ( 氷 の 女王 ) November 29 , 2009 February 26 , 2011 After learning about what type of automail is suited for such snowy weather , Olivier asks the Elric brothers about the purpose of their arrival . Deciding not to mention anything incriminating , they speak of their search for May , leading Olivier to be interested in alkahestry . They are given work to do by Major Miles , who is part Ishvalan , and they also run into Falman . Suddenly , the homunculus named Sloth appears from underground , and Olivier is surprised by his invulnerability . Edward has to hold back his answers about the homunculus , only mentioning that its makeup is similar to that of a human , which gives Olivier an idea on how to detain it . 35 `` The Shape of This Country '' `` Kono Kuni no Katachi '' ( この 国 の かたち ) December 6 , 2009 March 5 , 2011 Olivier and her crew manage to subdue Sloth by dousing him in fuel and sending him outside to freeze . Olivier then has the Elric brothers arrested so she can learn more about the homunculus . Kimblee , who is in the hospital , is visited by Lieutenant General Raven , who brings along another state alchemist who uses the philosopher 's stone to heal his wounds . Meanwhile , Marcoh continues to look into alkahestry , with May teaching him about how it works . Edward , Alphonse , Olivier , Buccaneer , and Falman investigate the tunnel that Sloth made , where Olivier has Edward tell her everything . Edward and Falman deduce that the tunnel is being used as a giant transmutation circle for the philosopher 's stone , and that Amestris itself was formed for that very purpose . Olivier talks with Raven while the others listen in on the conversation , and gets him to spill about immortal armies . 36 `` Family Portrait '' `` Kazoku no Shōzō '' ( 家族 の 肖像 ) December 13 , 2009 March 12 , 2011 Hohenheim recalls when he had left his family , lamenting that his body would outlast that of his wife and sons . Meanwhile , soldiers investigating the tunnels under Briggs Fortress find themselves under attack by a mysterious shadow . Raven tells Olivier to put Sloth back into the tunnel and seal it off . While Miles stalls Kimblee for time , Olivier kills Raven . As Olivier shows a few of her men a separate entrance to the tunnel , Kimblee brings Winry over to see Edward and Alphonse , reminding them of their place and situation . Meanwhile , Scar and Yoki reunites with May and Marcoh , and Mustang gets information and a message from Olivier from his intelligence sources . 37 `` The First Homunculus '' `` Hajimari no Homunkurusu '' ( 始まり の 人造 人間 ( ホムンクルス ) ) December 20 , 2009 March 19 , 2011 Edward has his automail fixed by Winry , while Kimblee issues orders to keep Alphonse separated from Edward . Olivier sends a search party down into the tunnels , who find a couple of survivors that warn them not to put any lights on , or else a monster would come . Hawkeye learns that Selim is a homunculus named Pride , who attacks from the shadows . Kimblee orders Edward to search for Scar and Marcoh , and to create a blood crest similar to Ishval in Briggs Fortress , tempting him with a philosopher 's stone if he accepts . After telling Alphonse and Winry about the situation , Edward grudgingly accepts the job , though he does not intend to use the stone himself . As the Elric brothers go to search for Scar , their real intent to find May as well , Winry decides to accompany them . 38 `` Conflict at Baschool '' `` Bazukūru no Gekitō '' ( バズクール の 激闘 ) December 27 , 2009 March 26 , 2011 Hawkeye receives a call from Mustang , but is unable to say anything in fear of being watched by Pride . In the town of Baschool , the Elric brothers , along with Winry , lose the guards that were assigned to them , and end up running into May , Marcoh , and Yoki . It is explained how Yoki was banished from the state military . Elsewhere in Baschool , Scar encounters a pair of chimeras under Kimblee named Jerso and Zampano , running into trouble with them . Scar gets pinned , but Edward and Alphonse arrive and beat the chimeras , before restraining Scar themselves . Winry and Miles arrive , and Winry confronts Scar face - to - face about the deaths of her parents . Explosions then are set off , and it appears that Scar has taken Winry hostage . Meanwhile , as Olivier 's squad retrieve the survivors from the tunnels , Briggs Fortress is approached by Central Command Headquarters . 39 `` Daydream '' `` Hakuchū no Yume '' ( 白昼 の 夢 ) January 10 , 2010 April 2 , 2011 When faced with the option of judging the one who killed her parents , Winry decides to bandage Scar 's wounds , knowing it would be something her parents would do . Miles explains to Scar that he joined the military to gradually change the way people think of Ishvalans . Since May and Marcoh need Scar to decipher his brother 's research , Miles offers to hide everyone at the fort , with Alphonse insisting on sparing the two chimeras . While Scar and company head for the fort via tunnels in the mines , Winry comes up with a ruse to make it look like Scar has kidnapped her to elude Kimblee , just before a blizzard sets in . However , as they head for the fort , Miles gets word that Olivier is no longer there , as it is being manned by the state alchemists . When Alphonse willingly goes into the blizzard to find and warn the group , he briefly sees his body and wonders if it is trying to get its soul back . Meanwhile , Father makes plans involving Alphonse , Edward , Hohenheim , Izumi , and one more candidate . 40 `` Homunculus ( The Dwarf in the Flask ) '' `` Homunkurusu '' ( フラスコ の 中 の 小 人 ) January 17 , 2010 April 9 , 2011 Olivier goes to Central , where she admits to killing Raven and convinces Bradley to let her take his place . Hawkeye uses a coded message to tell Roy Mustang that Selim is a homunculus . Meanwhile , Father dreams of ancient Xerxes , where Hohenheim had been raised as a nameless slave , known only as Number 23 . There , Hohenheim had met Homunculus , a being in a flask who was created from his blood , which gave Hohenheim his current name and taught him the basics of alchemy . One night , Homunculus had been summoned by the King of Xerxes , who asked Homunculus to tell him the secret for immortality . Homunculus had tricked the king into making a gigantic transmutation circle , using the whole country as a sacrifice , while it and Hohenheim stood at the center of the circle . When Hohenheim had awakened , everyone else in Xerxes was dead , except for Homunculus . It had created a body shaped like Hohenheim for itself , then becoming known as Father . Back in the present , after Hohenheim awakes from this shared dream , he runs into Izumi and Sig . When Hohenheim notices that Izumi committed the ultimate sin , he rearranges her organs so that her blood can flow better . After this , Hohenheim tells Izumi and Sig that he is the philosopher 's stone in human form . 41 `` The Abyss '' `` Naraku '' ( 奈落 ) January 24 , 2010 April 16 , 2011 Miles and his men set off with the intent of killing Kimblee and his henchmen , something Edward objects to . As Scar and company exit the mine , they find Alphonse , who warns them about Central Command Headquarters infiltrating Briggs Fortress , so Scar decides to take them towards an Ishvalan slum . Miles attempts to snipe Kimblee , but Kimblee has already figured out the trap and uses a cover of snow to enter the mines . Edward tries to follow , but is attacked by two more chimeras , Darius and Heinkel . Edward disables them by using the ammonia in dynamite to make a stink bomb to overwhelm their high sense of smell . Edward then knocks the philosopher 's stone out of Kimblee 's hand , but Kimblee uses another philosopher 's stone hidden inside his mouth , sending Edward and the chimeras down a mine shaft and leaving Edward impaled by a steel bar . At the same time , Alphonse starts to drift out of consciousness , saying his soul is being drawn back to his body . Remembering the promise he made Winry and determined not to die , Edward gets the chimeras to remove the bar while he sacrifices some of his life span to temporarily fix the wound and to stop the bleeding . The chimeras find the philosopher 's stone that Kimblee dropped , and , thankful for their rescue , decide to take Edward to a doctor . 42 `` Signs of a Counteroffensive '' `` Hangeki no Kizashi '' ( 反撃 の 兆し ) January 31 , 2010 April 23 , 2011 Alphonse , after regaining consciousness , realizes he was dismantled by the group to carry him back to the tunnels . May figures how to decipher the notes written by Scar 's brother by rearranging and overlapping the pages , which reveal the nationwide Amestris transmutation circle . After further investigation , they flip over the pages , finding another transmutation circle used for alkahestry . Meanwhile , Kimblee encounters Pride , who tells Kimblee to carve out the Briggs Fortress blood crest . Elsewhere , Falman gets into contact with Breda , and Sloth finishes digging the tunnels . Hohenheim arrives in Liore , where Rosé and the other citizens are rebuilding , and finds an underground passage under the church of Leto . As he stumbles upon Sloth 's tunnels , he is attacked by Pride but manages to escape outside its boundary , and then tells Pride to let Father know he would be coming . Meanwhile , in order to carve out the blood crest , Kimblee conspires with the Drachman military forces to attack Briggs Fortress , and Zampano informs Envy of Marcoh 's location . 43 `` Bite of the Ant '' `` Ari no Hito Kami '' ( 蟻 の ひと 噛み ) February 7 , 2010 May 1 , 2011 Briggs Fortress is able to defeat the Drachman military forces with ease , finally carving out the blood crest . Zampano brings Envy to Marcoh , where Marcoh reveals that it was their intention from the start to lure the homunculus out there , and Envy is easily hit and outsmarted by the multiple alkahestry traps set up by May . Out of anger , Envy transforms into his true form and begins to attack the group . After being captured by the homunculus , Marcoh destroys the philosopher 's stone inside Envy , reducing him to his real form , a tiny , parasitic creature . Scar gives it to May and tells her to return to her country . Marcoh and Scar decide to go their own way , and Alphonse and the rest head for Liore . In Dublith , Bido , the last remaining chimera under Greed , sees two military officers searching for Izumi . Thinking that they could lead him to Greed , he hides underneath their car . Olivier is told about the fort 's victory , and is then shown , by one of the superiors , the secret behind forbidding human transmutation . Meanwhile , when reaching Liore , Alphonse 's group meets with Rosé as well as Hohenheim . 44 `` Revving at Full Throttle '' `` Barinbarin no Zenkai '' ( バリンバリン の 全開 ) February 14 , 2010 May 8 , 2011 Alphonse and Winry are welcomed by Rosé and the people of Liore . Meanwhile , Darius , one of the chimeras who helped Edward after he had been injured , goes to a bank and makes a withdrawal from Edward 's state alchemist research account . However , the state military is informed and they storm the clinic where Edward and the chimeras are , though the trio manages to escape from them . Hohenheim tells Alphonse the truth about himself and his involvement with Father . While Olivier is shown the army of artificial humans created by the military , Bido is spotted by Greed . Bido realizes who Greed is and tries to make him remember his chimera friends , but Greed ends up killing him . Angered at seeing Greed kill one of his friends , Ling 's conscience has a vicious clash with Greed 's . Later that night , Greed storms Bradley 's mansion and confronts him . 45 `` The Promised Day '' `` Yakusoku no Hi '' ( 約束 の 日 ) February 21 , 2010 May 15 , 2011 Greed is initially overwhelmed in his fight against Bradley , but he manages to survive and escape . Meanwhile , Olivier requests , mainly as a means to avoid the family being taken hostage , that her father determine leadership of the household , which leads to a fight she inevitably wins against her brother . May passes through Youswell , and the people there offer to help her on her journey back to Xing , but Envy tricks her into heading back to Central . Edward , Darius , and Heinkel arrive at one of the old hideouts in Central and are soon met by Ling , who had managed to temporarily regain control over his body . Before Greed takes over again , Ling tells Edward that Father will try to open the gate on the Promised Day . Since Greed had severed his relationships with the homunculi , Edward suggests that Greed become his ally . Greed jokes that he just might consider it if they work for him , but Edward decides to take that suggestion seriously , and Greed accepts the offer . Alphonse passes a message to Izumi and their allies in the military , warning everyone about the Promised Day , which is set to take place next spring . 46 `` Looming Shadows '' `` Semaru Kage '' ( 迫る 影 ) February 28 , 2010 May 22 , 2011 Briggs Fortress soldiers escort Winry back home , where she is surprised to find Edward and his group . Though Edward warns her to escape to another country , she refuses and says that Edward should just make sure he protects everyone . Meanwhile , Scar has recruited several Ishvalans to help in his cause , and Mustang reveals Selim 's true identity to Olivier . Alphonse , who had been suffering from more frequent blackouts , is ambushed and captured by Gluttony and Pride . On the day before the Promised Day , Wrath is tricked into taking a train back to Central and is caught in an explosion on the bridge . Meanwhile , Hawkeye , Breda , and Fuery prepare for the upcoming day . Within the military , as the chosen generals are panicking over the Führer 's possible death , Olivier sees her chance to try to take control . However , before she can do anything , she is halted by the sudden appearance of Father and Sloth . 47 `` Emissary of Darkness '' `` Yami no Shisha '' ( 闇 の 使者 ) March 7 , 2010 May 29 , 2011 Upon seeing Hohenheim , Edward 's group is notified about the Promised Day , and in return Edward tells of the last dying words Trisha had told him . Soon after , Edward 's group leave , only to run into Alphonse . However , it is revealed that Alphonse is being controlled by Pride . Although it seems that Pride gets the upper hand , Edward responds by blacking out the slums and taking away the light so that Pride can not use his shadows . Heinkel uses this opportunity to find and attack Pride , but Gluttony then fights Edward , Greed , and Darius . Greed , having a disadvantage in the dark , agrees to switch places with Ling , who uses his detection abilities to fight Gluttony . As Gluttony starts to use his full power , he is overwhelmed by the arrival of Lan Fan , who is now equipped with automail . 48 `` The Oath in the Tunnel '' `` Chikadō no Chikai '' ( 地下道 の 誓い ) March 14 , 2010 June 5 , 2011 Ling and Lan Fan fight Gluttony , while Heinkel continues to fight Pride . Meanwhile , Mustang visits Madame Christmas to confirm that Selim is in fact a homunculus . Pride manages to overwhelm Heinkel . However , before Pride can finish him off , Edward intervenes and saves Heinkel using his automail , now reinforced with carbon . Spies from Central are shown to have followed Mustang to a hostess bar , finding out that Madame Christmas is his foster mother . Mustang then detonates the bar , and he escapes through the sewers with Madame Christmas . He then meets up with Hawkeye , Breda , and Fuery before they attempt to take over Central . Before Pride , who takes over Alphonse again , prepares to fight Edward , Fu throws a flash bomb into the air , overwhelming the shadows with light and breaking Pride 's control of Alphonse . Darius then takes Alphonse away to a safer place , and Gluttony stumbles into the fight between Edward and Pride . Upon discovering that Ling and Lan Fan can sense homunculi , Pride consumes Gluttony , both to replenish his life as well as to gain a sense of smell that can detect Edward 's group . Back in Central , Mustang begins his upheaval plot by capturing Bradley 's wife . 49 `` Filial Affection '' `` Oyako no Jō '' ( 親子 の 情 ) March 21 , 2010 June 12 , 2011 Edward , Greed , and Lan Fan have a difficult time fighting against Pride , since his assimilation of Gluttony . Alphonse intentionally allows himself to be captured by Pride . Hohenheim encases the two in a mountain of soil devoid of light , thereby preventing Pride from using his shadows . Meanwhile , Kimblee begins to move just as Scar 's group is told about the bombing of Bradley 's train . As the Promised Day begins , Greed goes to Central on his own while both Edward and Scar 's groups meet up again to devise a plan . In Central , Mustang and his subordinates begin to attack soldiers while using Bradley 's wife as a hostage . However , the military superiors give the order to kill everybody in the group except for Mustang . 50 `` Upheaval in Central '' `` Sentoraru Dōran '' ( セントラル 動乱 ) March 28 , 2010 June 19 , 2011 As Mustang 's team are cornered by the Central soldiers , Mustang 's old Ishval squadron intervenes and saves them . Meanwhile , the Briggs Fortress soldiers , led by Buccaneer , join the battle . As Mustang 's team begins to run low on ammunition , they are saved by Maria Ross and Rebecca Catalina . Mustang calls the person who had Ross return from Xing , and he is surprised to hear Havoc at the other end . During the chaos , Edward 's group manages to sneak underground via the third laboratory , where the group then splits up . Edward , Scar , Darius , Jerso , and Zampano go in one direction while Hohenheim and Lan Fan go in the other . However , at that moment , one of the generals awakens the mannequin soldiers . 51 `` The Immortal Legion '' `` Fushi no Gundan '' ( 不死 の 軍団 ) April 4 , 2010 June 26 , 2011 As Edward 's group arrives at the door where Alphonse had fought against Lust , the mannequin soldiers emerge from it . Meanwhile , Olivier is attacked by Sloth , who had been ordered to kill her . Alphonse and Heinkel learn too late that Pride had been sending a morse code message from banging a stick onto Alphonse 's head , and they are soon attacked by Kimblee , who frees Pride from his imprisonment . In the sewers , May is also attacked by the mannequin soldiers , and when Envy manages to merge with them , he returns to his human form . As Olivier struggles against Sloth , Armstrong rescues her and joins the fight . Alphonse transmutes his legs off in order to help Heinkel , who then gives him the philosopher 's stone that Kimblee had previously lost . Alphonse uses it to restore his legs , and then he faces against Pride and Kimblee . 52 `` Combined Strength '' `` Minna no Chikara '' ( みんなの 力 ) April 11 , 2010 July 2 , 2011 Alphonse begins using the philosopher 's stone to battle against Pride and Kimblee . He manages to trap Pride once again , but is taken by surprise by Kimblee when he starts using his own stone . Meanwhile , as the Armstrong siblings start to gain the upper hand over Sloth , it is then that Sloth begins to use his true strength and reveals himself to be the fastest homunculus . Although Alphonse gets apprehended by Pride again , Heinkel , having been healed by Marcoh , manages to deliver a fatal blow to Kimblee . Yoki arrives to rescue Alphonse and the others and head towards Central , while Pride consumes Kimblee . As Armstrong manages to temporarily impale Sloth on a spike , both he and Olivier are attacked by mannequin soldiers . Meanwhile , May fends off both Envy and the mannequin soldiers , while Edward 's group , overwhelmed by the mannequin soldiers , are joined by Mustang and Hawkeye . 53 `` Flame of Vengeance '' `` Fukushū no Honō '' ( 復讐 の 炎 ) April 18 , 2010 July 9 , 2011 Mustang 's team has Bradley 's wife interviewed on a live radio broadcast . With the power of the broadcast and the help of the Ishvalans , word of a supposed coup d'état spreads . This gives the rebels support from the citizens , while Briggs Fortress launches an attack on Central Command Headquarters . Meanwhile , Mustang manages to destroy the mannequin soldiers surrounding Edward 's group by burning them to ash . May lures Envy into a trap in the upper levels , causing them both to fall below into the chamber with Edward 's group . Envy reveals himself as Hughes ' killer , infuriating Mustang , who unleashes a torrent of flames onto Envy . Edward 's group moves onward as Mustang brutally burns Envy , but Edward gets concerned that Mustang may end up being consumed by his own hatred . Envy realizes he is no match for Mustang and flees for his life . Upon seeing Hawkeye heading towards Mustang for backup , Envy gets an idea . Mustang later encounters Hawkeye , who aims a gun at his back . 54 `` Beyond the Inferno '' `` Rekka no Saki ni '' ( 烈火 の 先 に ) April 25 , 2010 July 16 , 2011 Upon seeing through Envy being disguised as Mustang , Hawkeye shoots Envy until the real Mustang arrives and mercilessly incinerates the homunculus , reverting him back to his parasitic form . Before Mustang can kill Envy , it is then that Edward , Hawkeye , and Scar persuade him to let go of his anger and his need for revenge , for Amestris can not be ruled by someone consumed with hatred . Envy becomes outraged by Mustang 's change of heart and rants about why everyone does not kill each other , trying to goad them into doing so by pointing out all of the terrible things they have done to each other . Edward determines that the reason why Envy hates humans is because he is jealous of their capacity to continue living on , despite all the abuse they take . Humiliated and insulted by how Edward understands him , Envy commits suicide by tearing out and destroying his own philosopher 's stone . Meanwhile , the Armstrong siblings begin to gain the upper hand in their battle against Sloth . Izumi arrives in Central , allied with the Briggs Fortress soldiers , to participate in the coup d'état . Elsewhere , Hohenheim confronts Father alone . 55 `` The Adults ' Way of Life '' `` Otona - tachi no Ikizama '' ( 大人 たち の 生き 様 ) May 2 , 2010 July 23 , 2011 The Armstrong siblings have trouble fighting off both Sloth and the mannequin soldiers , until Izumi and Sig arrive . Through the combined efforts of Armstrong and Sig , they manage to deal enough damage to Sloth to finally kill him , before turning their attention to the mannequin soldiers . Meanwhile , Hohenheim fights with Father underground . In the midst of the battle , Father is unable to take the philosopher 's stone from within Hohenheim , since the latter feels that he is missing something . With the majority of the Central Command Headquarters captured , the Briggs Fortress soldiers start to celebrate until Bradley , still alive , approaches the headquarters , promising to reclaim it . 56 `` The Return of the Führer '' `` Daisōtō no Kikan '' ( 大 総統 の 帰還 ) May 9 , 2010 July 30 , 2011 Hohenheim , who had managed to converse with all the souls within his philosopher 's stone , had infused the souls into Father 's body to destroy it from the inside . However , Father shows his true form and is able to survive outside of his container , yet somehow he escapes from the inevitable and gets rid of his skin which appears to be a container . Meanwhile , Bradley begins his attack on the headquarters and solely takes on the resisting forces , as well as destroying Buccaneer 's automail arm . As he reaches the main gate , he finds himself against Greed , and Bradley reveals his hidden ultimate eye to fight him . Buccaneer allows himself to be stabbed in order to take away Bradley 's sword , though Bradley soon arms himself with daggers . Meanwhile , Falman and the remaining Briggs Fortress soldiers try to fend off the Central soldiers , and Fu later arrives to assist Greed in facing Wrath . 57 `` Eternal Leave '' `` Eien no Itoma '' ( 永遠 の 暇 ) May 16 , 2010 August 6 , 2011 Greed , unable to hurt Wrath , is pinned down during their fight , which forces Fu to fight Bradley alone . Fu attempts to perform a suicide attack to kill Wrath using explosives strapped to his chest , but Bradley defuses them and mortally wounds Fu . However , Buccaneer thrusts a sword through Fu 's body before he falls and successfully stabs Bradley in the stomach , allowing Ling to scratch out his ultimate eye , while Lan Fan arrives to witness her grandfather 's death . Meanwhile , Edward 's group encounters the gold - toothed doctor who created Bradley , and are pit against the numerous rejected Führer candidates . The doctor then activates a transmutation circle , connected by the five research labs in Central , which absorbs Edward , Alphonse , and Izumi . 58 `` Sacrifices '' `` Hitobashira '' ( ひと ば しら ) May 23 , 2010 August 13 , 2011 In the ensuing battle , Bradley ends falling into the moat below over the side of the front gate . As Buccaneer lays dying , he gives his final request to Ling to defend the front gate . Already distraught by Fu 's death , Ling complies and draws upon the full power of Greed 's ultimate shield to annihilate all Central forces before the gate . Underground , Edward and Izumi , with an unconscious Alphonse , reappear in Father 's lair to find Hohenheim subdued . With four of the five human sacrifices , Father is left to wait for the fifth . The gold - toothed doctor in the levels above has Hawkeye 's throat slit , telling Mustang that he will only save her if he performs human transmutation as the fifth candidate . 59 `` Lost Light '' `` Ushinawareta Hikari '' ( 失 われ た 光 ) May 30 , 2010 August 20 , 2011 Following Hawkeye 's eye signal , Mustang refuses to perform a human transmutation . May arrives with Jerso , Zampano and Darius , and heals Hawkeye 's wound . However , Wrath and Pride also appear and force Mustang to perform human transmutation , using the gold - toothed doctor as a sacrifice . Mustang passes through the Gate of Truth and reappears in Father 's lair with Pride , Father and the other sacrifices , and finds he has lost his eyesight in exchange . Scar battles Wrath above , and May crashes through the ceiling of Father 's lair to find Alphonse unconscious . Alphonse stands before the gate to find his body , but despairs that he will be unable to use it to fight alongside the others because of its frailty . He promises to return for his body and goes through the gate , regaining consciousness in Father 's lair and completing Father 's count for the five sacrifices . 60 `` Eye of Heaven , Gateway of Earth '' `` Ten no Hitomi , Chi no Tobira '' ( 天 の 瞳 、 地 の 扉 ) June 6 , 2010 August 27 , 2011 Edward and Alphonse battle against Pride , as May tries to take on Father by herself , all while the Ishvalans lay out alkahestry transmutation circles throughout Amestris . In his fight against Wrath , Scar reveals a reconstruction transmutation circle from his brother 's research now tattooed on his other arm . Just as Edward 's group starts to gain the upper hand , and despite the arrival of Greed , Father grabs the four sacrifices and uses them along with Hohenheim for his transmutation circle , absorbing all the souls in Amestris . This gives Father enough power to open the earth , allowing him to unlock the entrance to Heaven and absorb the Being within , the Eye of God . 61 `` He Who Would Swallow God '' `` Kami o Nomikomishi Mono '' ( 神 を 呑み こみ し 者 ) June 13 , 2010 September 3 , 2011 Those who were present in the lair manage to survive the human transmutation , discovering how Father used over fifty million Amestrian souls only to suppress the Eye of God within a reborn body . Father neutralizes the use of alchemy , as he prepares to annihilate them . However , Hohenheim reveals his countermeasure , for having spent years traveling the country , placing fragments of his own philosopher 's stone into the earth to use as foundation for returning the Amestrian souls to their original bodies . The stone fragments are activated by the eclipse 's umbra , as the souls are ripped from Father 's body back into their bodies , which forces a weakened Father to relinquish the Eye of God . As the eclipse then lifts , Bradley becomes blinded with sunlight , allowing Scar to kill him . Scar activates the nationwide alkahestry circle that his brother and fellow Ishvalans had been preparing , which restores the use of alchemy at the greatest potential . Unable to fight in his unstable body , Father retreats above ground to find more souls and replenish his stone supply . Edward remains behind to fight Pride while everyone else chases Father . Pride tries to steal Edward 's body to replace his own deteriorating one , but Kimblee 's soul reappears within him and taunts him while Edward enters his body and destroys it , reverting him to the form of a small fetus - like creature . Edward spares Pride 's life and leaves to join his friends . 62 `` A Fierce Counterattack '' `` Seizetsunaru Hangeki '' ( 凄絶 なる 反撃 ) June 20 , 2010 September 10 , 2011 Hohenheim and the others stop Father from making more philosopher 's stones , but as Edward rejoins them , Father spawns humans resembling the people of Xerxes before attacking with a powerful blast which takes out half the headquarters . They barely manage to survive the blast , but Alphonse and Hohenheim take some heavy damage protecting the others . Before Father can kill Edward and Izumi , the Briggs Fortress soldiers , along with several of Edward 's allies , join up to attack Father and use up his stone supply . Father lets down his barrier temporarily to try to absorb Greed 's stone , giving Edward , Armstrong , and Izumi the opportunity to damage him to the point of defending himself manually . As Father starts to lose control , he creates a blast which traps Edward 's arm while his automail arm is destroyed . With Edward in danger , Alphonse convinces May to help him perform a transmutation , trading his soul for the return of Edward 's right arm . Alphonse rejoins with his body on the other side and with his arm returned , Edward frees himself to unleash a series of blows on Father . 63 `` The Other Side of the Gateway '' `` Tobira no Mukōgawa '' ( 扉 の 向こう 側 ) June 27 , 2010 September 17 , 2011 While being effortlessly pummeled , Father desperately tries to absorb the philosopher 's stone from Greed . However , Greed , who decides to part from Ling 's body , uses his carbonization ability to turn Father 's body into weak charcoal . Father extinguishes Greed 's soul , but Edward punches through Father 's chest , releasing all the souls of the people of Xerxes and sending Father to the Gate of Truth where he is trapped for eternity . In the wake of Father 's defeat , everyone mourns Alphonse 's sacrifice . Edward rejects using a philosopher 's stone to bring him back to life , even after Hohenheim offers his final life as an apology for the pain the Elric brothers were forced through . Edward ultimately decides to perform a human transmutation on himself , sacrificing his own gate and his ability to use alchemy with it . As a reward for discovering he does not need to perform alchemy , Edward is allowed to bring Alphonse back with him in his original body . As everyone recuperates from the battle , Hohenheim returns to Resembool and dies peacefully before Trisha 's grave . 64 `` Journey 's End '' `` Tabiji no Hate '' ( 旅路 の 涯 ) July 4 , 2010 September 24 , 2011 Deciding to help sort out Ishvalan policies , Mustang is approached by Knox as well as Marcoh , who offer him a philosopher 's stone to get his eyesight back , though Mustang insists it be used to fix Havoc 's legs first . Olivier secretly rescues Scar so that he can assist Miles in rebuilding Ishbal . Having previously seen off Ling , who had promised to take care of May 's clan among others once he becomes emperor , the Elric brothers return to Resembool where Winry awaits them . Two years later , Grumman , who had become Führer , visits Bradley 's wife , who had been raising up Selim to be a compassionate child . Alphonse decides to travel with Jerso and Zampano to Xing and other eastern countries to learn about alkahestry , while Edward learns what he can in the west , hoping to pull their research together . As Edward heads off , he and Winry finally express their love to each other using the term of equivalent exchange . The last shot shows Ed and Winry , now married with two children , accompanied by Al , May , Paninya , and Garfiel . OVAs ( edit ) # Title Original release date English release date `` The Blind Alchemist '' `` Momoku no Renkinjutsushi '' ( 盲目 の 錬金術 師 ) August 26 , 2009 May 22 , 2012 Edward and Alphonse hear of a blind alchemist named Judeau who had supposedly performed a successful human transmutation . Meeting up with him , Jude reveals to Edward that a young girl named Rosalie Humbergang was resurrected through alchemy , with his eyes paid for in equivalent exchange . However , the madame refuses to teach Edward about the techniques used . Rosalie leads Alphonse to a room with a little girl 's shriveled corpse inside . She reveals this as the result of the real Rosalie 's transmutation , while she herself is a girl named Amy , who was adopted due to her similar appearance to Rosalie . As Edward arrives on the scene , the madame tells him that her late husband kept the truth about the transmutation failure from Judeau , who truly wanted to resurrect Rosalie . The Elric brothers then leave carrying this knowledge with them as well . `` Simple People '' `` Shinpuru na Hitobito '' ( シンプル な 人々 ) December 23 , 2009 May 22 , 2012 While on their way back to Resembool to have Edward 's automail arm repaired , the Elric brothers buy earrings as souvenirs for Winry to prevent her from getting mad about the broken automail . Later on , Edward fights an assassin and his automail gets broken again , and he buys more earrings for Winry to avoid her wrath . Winry explains that she decided to pierce her ears after meeting Hawkeye on the day Edward decided to become a state alchemist . Meanwhile , Hawkeye explains to Rebecca that she grew her hair long after meeting Winry that same day . Rebecca comments on how simple a reason that is , and Hawkeye says that reasons are always simple . To explain her choice , she remarks that they are all living in a simple world , one where when they pull the trigger and their enemies die . `` The Chronicle of Teacher '' `` Sensei Monogatari '' ( 師匠 物語 ) April 21 , 2010 May 22 , 2012 Back when Izumi was eighteen years old , she had traveled to meet the alchemist Silver Steiner and had requested to be his apprentice . Giving her only a knife , he had told her to survive one month on the summit of Briggs before she can become his apprentice . On the second day , she had been found by some of guards of Briggs Fortress , but had managed to beat them and take their food rations . On the eighth day , she had been close to starving to death , but then had become motivated to survive . As she had learned to defend herself and live off of the wildlife , she had realized the meaning behind alchemy , saying that one is all , and all is one . However , returning after a month , it is revealed she had been talking to Silver 's older brother , Gold Steiner , who is not an alchemist but rather a hand - to - hand combat specialist . Annoyed , Izumi beats him and leaves . This ends with an exaggerated look on the first meeting between Izumi and Sig . `` Yet Another Man 's Battlefield '' `` Sore mo Mata Kare no Senjō '' ( それ も また 彼 の 戦場 ) August 25 , 2010 May 22 , 2012 The story centers around Mustang , at eighteen years of age , in a military boot camp . After encountering a group of seniors being cruel to an Ishvalan recruit named Heathcliff Erbe , Mustang takes interest in Hughes , who is supposedly friends with them . The two soon become rivals , competing in various events . Mustang later catches the seniors picking on Heathcliff again and gets into a fight with them before Hughes backs him up , having the same beliefs as Mustang . The three become friends and discuss their reasons for joining the military . Later , though , during the Ishvalan war , Mustang ends up fighting against Heathcliff , who is killed by Hughes after shooting at Mustang . However , Mustang falls into despair before being confronted by Hughes , who has to hold in the pain of his sins so he can smile in front of his wife . Upon returning home , Mustang sees Hughes reuniting with his wife , and envies Hughes 's strength . References ( edit ) General `` Fullmetal Alchemist Story '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Animage Editorial Staff ( October 2008 ) . 鋼 の 錬金術 師 新 シリーズ . Animage ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo , Japan : Tokuma Shoten. 364 ( October 2008 ) : 67 . Jump up ^ `` New Fullmetal Alchemist TV Anime Series Confirmed '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Manga UK Adds New Fullmetal Aist , Sengoku Basara '' . Anime News Network . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Fullmetal Alchemist TV Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia to Run 2009 Fullmetal Alchemist in Same Week as Japan '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist Not Streaming from Funimation.com ( Update 2 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Portal Streams New Fullmetal Alchemist Again '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Funimation Update Newsletter '' . Funimation . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . Straight from Japan : New subtitled episodes of Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood every Thursday @ 10 : 00 a.m. CDT . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Offer 2009 Fullmetal Alchemist on April 9 ( Update 3 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD / BD Information '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD / BD Information 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Part 1 Blu - ray '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Part 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist Original Soundtrack 1 '' . CDJapan . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OP / ED Artists '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` MBS April 5 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 12 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 19 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 26 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 3 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 10 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 17 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 24 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 31 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 7 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 14 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 21 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 28 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS July 5 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS July 12 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS July 19 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS July 26 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS August 2 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS August 9 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS August 16 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS August 30 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS September 6 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS September 13 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS September 20 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS September 27 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS October 4 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Bleach Episodes Return to Adult Swim on August 28 '' . Anime News Network . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS October 11 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News : Adult Swim to Run More FMA : Brotherhood on January 9 '' . Anime News Network . December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS October 18 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 12 / 14 / 2010 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS October 25 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS November 1 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS November 8 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . 2009 - 10 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` TBS December 13 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 3 / 28 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS December 20 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS December 27 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS January 10 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS January 17 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS January 24 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS January 31 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS February 7 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 4 / 25 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS February 14 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS February 21 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS February 28 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS March 7 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS March 14 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS March 21 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 6 / 8 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS March 28 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 4 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 11 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 18 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 6 / 22 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 25 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 2 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 9 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 16 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 7 / 26 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 23 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 30 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 6 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 13 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 20 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 8 / 23 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 27 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MBS July 4 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood OVAs slated for May in U.S '' . Anime News Network . February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Anime and manga portal Aniplex 's official Fullmetal Alchemist website ( in Japanese ) Official Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood website ( in Japanese ) ( hide ) Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa Media Chapters Light novels 2003 anime Episodes Conqueror of Shamballa Brotherhood Episodes The Sacred Star of Milos Fullmetal Alchemist ( film ) Video games Broken Angel Curse of the Crimson Elixir Kami o Tsugu Shōjo Dream Carnival Dual Sympathy Characters Edward Elric Alphonse Elric Roy Mustang Scar Winry Rockbell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fullmetal_Alchemist:_Brotherhood_episodes&oldid=838396231 '' Categories : Fullmetal Alchemist Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 18 : 49 . 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when does alison dilaurentis come back for good

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Alison_DiLaurentis&oldid=838120011

Alison DiLaurentis - wikipedia Alison DiLaurentis Jump to : navigation , search Alison DiLaurentis Pretty Little Liars character The Perfectionists character Alison DiLaurentis as portrayed by Sasha Pieterse on the television series . First appearance Novel : Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Television : `` Pilot '' ( 2010 ) `` The First Secret '' ( chronologically ) ( 2011 ) Last appearance Novel : Vicious ( 2014 ) Created by Sara Shepard On - screen developer : I. Marlene King Portrayed by Sasha Pieterse Isabella Rice ( as a child ) Information Full name Alison Lauren DiLaurentis - Fields Nickname ( s ) Ali D . Ali `` A '' The Queen of Mean Queen Bee Red Coat The Mastor Manipulator Mastor Puppeteer Aliases Novels : Maxine Peptwell Tiffany Day Kyla Kennedy Television : Vivian Darkbloom Marnie Winter Rebecca Kelly Holly Varjak Alison Rollins Occupation Teacher ( television - only ) Affiliation The Liars Family Novels : Jessica DiLaurentis ( mother ) Kenneth DiLaurentis ( adoptive father ) Jason DiLaurentis ( maternal half - brother ) Courtney Day - DiLaurentis ( identical twin sister ) Peter Hastings ( biological father ) Spencer Hastings ( paternal half - sister ) Melissa Hastings ( paternal half - sister ) Television : Kenneth DiLaurentis ( father ) Jessica DiLaurentis ( mother ) Jason DiLaurentis ( maternal half - brother ) Spouse ( s ) Emily Fields ( fiancée ) Archer Dunhill ( ex-husband ; deceased ) Significant other ( s ) Novels : Nick Maxwell ( ex-boyfriend ) Television : Ian Thomas ( secret date ; deceased ) Ezra Fitz ( dated ) Cyrus Petrillo ( ex-boyfriend ) Gabriel Holbrook ( kissed ) Lorenzo Calderon ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Grace DiLaurentis - Fields ( daughter ) Lily DiLaurentis - Fields ( daughter ) Relatives Novels : Elizabeth DiLaurentis ( paternal aunt ) Television : Mary Drake ( maternal aunt ) Charlotte Drake ( maternal cousin / adoptive sister ) Spencer Hastings ( maternal cousin ) Alex Drake ( maternal cousin ) Carol Ward ( maternal great aunt ) Alison DiLaurentis is a fictional character on Freeform 's Pretty Little Liars , a television series which is based on a book series of the same name written by American author Sara Shepard . In the beginning of both the books and the television series , Alison is a central character who is shown mostly in flashbacks . The narrative is set when Alison mysteriously disappears and leaves the suburb of Rosewood shocked . Due to her position as a queen bee of Rosewood 's social scene , Alison 's actions and relations were constantly under scrutiny from the town 's citizens . Sasha Pieterse , who portrays Alison on screen , has described the character as an indecisive person , showing herself as a ruthless , manipulative girl . Due to the massive reformulation on the story 's timing , pacing and overall narrative for the television adaptation , the on - screen Alison DiLaurentis holds various differences from her literary counterpart , such as the fact that the latter has a identical twin sister , while the former does not . Pieterse is currently set to re-appear as Alison in Pretty Little Liars spin - off The Perfectionists , which is based on a trilogy written by Shepard that does not has a link to the Pretty Little Liars book series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character in print 1.1 Story lines 2 Character on screen 2.1 Development 2.2 Story lines 2.2. 1 Season 1 2.2. 2 Season 2 2.2. 3 Season 3 2.2. 4 Season 4 2.2. 5 Season 5 2.2. 6 Season 6 2.2. 7 Season 7 3 Reception 3.1 Critical 3.2 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Character in print ( edit ) Pretty Little Liars is a series of books which revolves around the lives of four teenagers in Rosewood , Pennsylvania whom each struggle with different physical and psychological issues , as well as living in danger because of a dangerous stalker who emerges after the four 's best friend and leader Alison DiLaurentis vanishes and is found dead . Story lines ( edit ) The twin sisters Alison and Courtney Day - DiLaurentis were born on June 6 , 1990 , the fruits of a secret sexual relationship between Jessica DiLaurentis and Peter Hastings . They were identical , but completely opposite in personality . Both were popular in her hometown , but Alison was known for her wickedness , unlike Courtney , who was admired for having a kind behavior . Disgusted by that fact , Alison began to make her parents -- Jessica and Kenneth , the adoptive father -- think that Courtney was psychologically damaged . Alison forced Courtney to each impersonate the other , which led to a physical fight between the two . When their parents tried to find a solution to the situation , Alison threw all the blame on Courtney , saying she was making up fake stories . Eventually Courtney was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic . The family then moved to Rosewood to avoid attention and shortened their surname from Day - DiLaurentis to just DiLaurentis . However , Alison did not enjoyed the full high school experience . During a visitation to the family , Courtney tricked her parents by dressing up like Alison and Alison was taken to the mental institute instead . That way , Courtney took the popular life of Alison , whereas Alison was hospitalized ; from then on a sense of hatred grew within Alison . Two years after Courtney took the reins , Alison returned to the DiLaurentis house for a visit . During a night when Courtney ( posing as Alison ) and her new friends -- Spencer Hastings , Hanna Marin , Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields -- were asleep , Alison reached them and she and Courtney got into a fight in the woods surrounding the DiLaurentis residence . The fight resulted in Courtney 's death . Alison and her helper and boyfriend , Nick Maxwell , buried Courtney 's body later on . When Alison was about to get her life back , Courtney 's friends warned Mrs. DiLaurentis that `` Alison '' was missing . Jessica then assumed that Courtney ( Alison , actually ) did something against her sister 's life and sent her back to psychological hospital . Meanwhile , masons filled the hole where Courtney 's body was buried to build a gazebo . Hours later , `` Alison '' was reported missing . Three years later , Courtney 's friends began to be pursued by someone named `` A '' who knew her greatest secrets and threatened them constantly . Months later , Mona Vanderwaal , a classmate of the girls and Alison , was revealed to be `` A '' . Soon after , Alison took the reins of the game and began to chase the girls , seeking revenge for having everything she always wanted . Alison made small appearances during the period hiding behind the `` A '' mask . The DiLaurentis revealed the secret about the twins after a man named Billy Ford was arrested for murdering Alison , saying that they kept the sisters hidden for so long to avoid turmoil in town . Alison , posing as Courtney , someone unknown to the four girls , invited them to spend a weekend at the family home in the Poconos . There , they got together and the girls started thinking about introducing `` Courtney '' to the group . However , they were trapped inside a room and Alison soon revealed the whole truth about the death of the real Courtney , and about her desire for revenge . Alison then set the building on fire , but the girls managed to escape . When trying to escape the fire , Alison herself got several burns on her body and managed to escape with the help of Nick . Alison then used the following weeks to recover from the fire whilst observing her victims . Nick stayed with her during her healing process , and Alison eventually discarded and incriminated him for everything she had committed , such as the homicides of Ian Thomas and Jenna Cavanaugh . In order to finally get her revenge , Alison wrote an entire diary with untrue stories of the girls torturing her while they were keeping her hostage . The piece was then found by the Rosewood P.D. and the girls were incriminated by the alleged death of Alison DiLaurentis . However , Emily faked her own death , and , while Alison and everyone else thought she was dead , she managed to reach to Alison 's lair -- which was receiving help from Mrs. DiLaurentis -- with police officers . The girls were eventually released from all charges , and Alison was definitely hospitalized . Character on screen ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Actress Sasha Pieterse was cast as Alison DiLaurentis in December 2009 . Alison was the queen bee of her school and the most popular girl before her disappearance . Although she cared for her friends , she enjoyed to use their strongest secrets against them to that they could , according to her , stay together . Charming and manipulative , Ali was skilled at finding ways to get back at everyone , and many people hated her . After the reveal of Alison 's fate in the ending of season 4 , Pieterse confirmed that DiLaurentis ' personality had drastically changed ; she had to `` figure out who she is . She 's been hiding for so long , and she 's a victim now . '' `` Alison 's a totally different person , so to see the way they treat her is going to be very interesting and to see the way that she gets affected by it is also going to be very interesting , '' Pieterse said . Story lines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Alison DiLaurentis is introduced as a very popular girl from the suburb of Rosewood , Pennsylvania , and the leader of a clique composed by her , Spencer Hastings , Aria Montgomery , Emily Fields and Hanna Marin . The first minutes of the pilot episode show the five friends reunited in the barn - turned - loft of the Hastings family during a night of summer vacation . In the midst of night , Hanna , Emily and Aria wake up to see Spencer arriving back to the barn after leaving to somewhere . Spencer naively announces that she has heard a scream of Alison , seemingly shaken due to something . Shortly after , Alison is pronounced as a missing person . One year later , the friends reunite and start to receive threatening text messages from someone unknown using the alias of `` A . '' During the entire first season , Alison appears in flashbacks . In these flashbacks , Alison is shown as a ruthless , despicable , two - sided teenager who uses the others ' secret against themselves . Season 2 ( edit ) After Ian Thomas is pushed down by `` A '' from the top of a bell tower and his body goes missing , the girls are forced to keep their friendship a secret and to maintain therapy sessions with Dr. Anne Sullivan to discuss about Alison 's absence in their lives , a fact that their parents believe to be the reason why the girls are behaving strangely . Days after , through Spencer 's sister Melissa Hastings , the girls find Thomas ' dead body , accompanied by a suicide letter in which he admits that he killed Alison . Following , the girls continue to be threatened by `` A . '' Garrett Reynolds is arrested for Alison 's murder after Jenna Marshall hands the Rosewood Police Department a missing page of Alison 's autopsy . The second season ends when Mona Vanderwaal -- a Rosewood High student and one of Alison 's victims of bullying when she was alive -- is revealed as `` A . '' Season 3 ( edit ) The third season is set five months after the previous one . One night , Spencer , Hanna , Emily and Aria get together in Spencer 's living room to drink and enjoy a life without a stalker . Emily , however , is still mourning over the death of her ex-girlfriend Maya St. Germain , who died in the same night of Mona 's reveal . After drinking more than expected , the girls wake up in the midst of night to discover that Emily has disappeared . They later find her in the cemetery , standing on Alison 's graveyard , with Alison 's body gone . With Emily drugged and they involved in a crime , the girls then promise to keep the secret . They dispose of all evidence connecting them to the happening , including all of Emily 's clothes . A new person using the `` A '' identity soon restarts the stalking game . The new stalker threatens them with what happened previously . Mostly of the season 's episodes revolve around the question of where Alison 's remains are . The girls later on befriend new resident CeCe Drake , a woman physically and psychologically similar to Alison . Drake reveals to them that she and Alison were best friends when Alison was alive , years prior . Throughout the following episodes Drake gets intimate with the girls , who are suspicious of her Alison - like behavior . Later on , Alison is shown in more flashbacks of the night she disappeared , with some revealing that Alison met with CeCe , Aria 's father , Jenna Marshall and Garrett Reynolds that night . In sequence , the girls discover , in Alison 's biology notebook , a conversation between her and a friend in which Alison talks about a `` beach hottie . '' The girls investigate while a figure using a red coat starts to appear periodically to them , and they begin to believe that it is Alison . In the meantime , Mona and Spencer 's boyfriend Toby Cavanaugh are revealed as helpers ( and double agents ) of the new `` A . '' With the help of the two , the girls plot a trap to catch `` A , '' but the stalker uses their own setting against them , and , during a fire , the girls are saved by Red Coat . Hanna wakes up and sees Red Coat staring at her , and the person is revealed to be Alison . Afterwards , Mona and Spencer claim that they also saw Alison . On the way back to Rosewood , Mona reveals that Red Coat would sometimes wear a mask that looked like Alison 's face , meaning that Red Coat could have just looked like Alison . Season 4 ( edit ) After the girls find Alison 's diary , they try to understand her . Throughout the season , Alison is shown in several flashbacks concerning her behavior , mostly based on histories written on her diary . The girls later meet Carla Grunwald , who tells them that she helped Alison step out of the grave that she was buried ; Grunwald then drove her to a hospital , but Alison ran away . With this confirmation , the girls start a quest to find Alison , following the steps of two persons using the Red Coat costume , one of them being revealed to be CeCe . Fortunately , after a Halloween party , the girls follow a Red Coat , who is revealed to be Alison . She tells the girls that she needs their help , but she vanishes shortly after . Alison later appears to Emily and starts requesting things to her . The season ends when Alison sits down with her friends to explain everything that had happened to her two years earlier . Season 5 ( edit ) Season 6 ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) Season 7 ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) Following the events of `` A Is for Answers '' , Autumne Montague of TVOvermind lauded Pieterse 's character for her self - awareness in having admitted not being a good friend , calling the moment `` refreshing from a girl who in flashbacks seemed simply self - absorbed . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Category Outcome Citation ( s ) 2011 ShoWest Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Actress Won 2015 MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year ( shared with Shay Mitchell ) Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Scene Stealer Nominated 2016 Won 2017 Choice TV Actress : Drama Nominated Choice TV : Ship ( shared with Shay Mitchell ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Jessica ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Star Sasha Pieterse on Playing a Living , Breathing Alison DiLaurentis '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wayne , Julia ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sasha Pieterse and Lucy Hale Talk Ali 's Return to Rosewood in Season 5 ( VIDEO ) '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Neelie ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Spinoff ' The Perfectionists ' Starring Sasha Pieterse & Janel Parrish Gets Freeform Pilot Order '' . Deadline.com . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepard , Sara ( 2010 ) . Wanted . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 156617 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2006 ) . Pretty Little Liars . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088730 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2008 ) . Unbelievable . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088739 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2013 ) . Deadly . HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219974 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2012 ) . Burned . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 208192 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2014 ) . Toxic . HarperTeen . ISBN 9780062287014 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2014 ) . Vicious . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 9780062287045 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` Laura Leighton joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars on TV ! '' . Alloy Entertainment . January 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alison DiLaurentis played by Sasha Pieterse '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 5 : Ali 's return will ' shake Rosewood ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : ' Pilot ' '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raisier , Carrie ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : ' It 's Alive ' '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : ' Blind Dates ' '' . MTV . Viacom International Inc . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Most Frightening Episode Ever ! '' . The Huffington Post . Oath Inc . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Finale Recap : ' A ' Is Unmasked ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 2012 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Birds of a Feather '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 4 . 2012 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` The Remains of ' A ' '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 6 . 2012 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Crazy '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2012 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` A dAngerous gAme '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 24 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Turn of the Shoe '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 2 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Face Time '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` The Mirror Has Three Faces '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 10 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Love ShAck , Baby '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 15 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` She 's Come Undone '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 21 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 12 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Grave New World '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 13 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Close Encounters '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 16 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Hot for Teacher '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 18 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` A Is for Answers '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 24 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ Montague , Autumne ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars 4.24 Review : `` A is for Answers '' `` . TVOvermind . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Hadley ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Second Wave Of Teen Choice Awards 2014 Nominees Revealed '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees By Category '' . MTV Fandom Awards . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Nominees : Wave 2 Revealed ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crist , Allison ; Nordyke , Kimberly ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal `` Second Wave '' of Nominations `` . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline.com . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Arts portal Alison DiLaurentis on IMDb Alison DiLaurentis at Freeform.com ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alison_DiLaurentis&oldid=838120011 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional bisexual females Fictional LGBT characters in television Fictional blackmailers Fictional bullies Fictional characters from Pennsylvania Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional schoolteachers Fictional stalkers Fictional North American people Literary villains Child characters in literature Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from March 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 01 : 44 . 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how many episodes of supergirl is superman in

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Supergirl_episodes&oldid=818850924

List of Supergirl episodes - wikipedia List of Supergirl episodes Jump to : navigation , search Supergirl is an American superhero action - adventure drama television series developed by Ali Adler , Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Supergirl ( Kara Zor - El ) , created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino , that originally aired on CBS and premiered on October 26 , 2015 . Supergirl is a costumed superheroine who is the biological cousin to Superman and one of the last surviving Kryptonians . The series was officially picked up on May 6 , 2015 , and received a full season order on November 30 , 2015 . On May 12 , 2016 , Warner Bros. Television announced that the series had been renewed for a second season and that it would move from CBS to The CW , where it debuted on October 10 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a third season , which began airing on October 9 , 2017 . As of December 4 , 2017 , 51 episodes of Supergirl have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 20 October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) CBS 39 9.81 22 October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) The CW 129 3.12 23 October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Ali Adler & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ali Adler October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 276088 12.96 Before the destruction of the planet Krypton , Kal - El is sent to Earth along with his cousin Kara Zor - El . The planet 's implosion forces her ship off course and into the Phantom Zone for 24 years , before landing on Earth . Kal , now operating as the superhero Superman in Metropolis , puts Kara in the care of the Danvers in National City . Twelve years later , Kara , working at the media conglomerate CatCo , reveals her powers as a vigilante . She tells her co-worker , Winn Schott , about her secret and he starts aiding her . Her cold - hearted boss , Cat Grant , titles the vigilante `` Supergirl '' . Alex , Kara 's adoptive sister , is revealed to be working at the Department of Extra-Normal Operations ( DEO ) , under the leadership of Hank Henshaw , investigating alien activity . Kara learns that there are hundreds of aliens on Earth , most of whom came from a prison that was run by her mother , Alura . Her actions attract the attention of an alien called Vartox , and she is able to defeat him , who kills himself . James Olsen , another one of Kara 's colleagues , reveals that Kal sent him to look after her and presents her with a new cape . Vartox 's superior is revealed to be Astra In - Ze , Alura 's identical twin sister , who wants to conquer Earth . `` Stronger Together '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Ali Adler November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 4X7602 8.87 In an effort to put a positive image on Supergirl in the wake of a serious mishap , Kara asks Winn and James to help her perfect her skills , while Hank and Alex put Kara through extensive physical training . Kara learns that an alien of the Hellgrammite species who escaped from Fort Rozz , Alura 's prison , is on Earth searching for chlorine - based food . The DEO prepares an ambush for the Hellgrammite , but it escapes , kidnaps Alex , and takes her to Astra , who uses Alex as a trap for Kara . As Kara and Astra fight , Hank injures Astra with a Kryptonite knife and Alex kills the Hellgrammite . Learning that Kara has become more powerful than she had imagined and that humanity has a means of weakening Kryptonians , Astra muses that her `` plans '' may need to be postponed . Alex provides Kara with an interactive artificial intelligence of Alura 's consciousness . Meanwhile , Cat pressures James to get her an interview with Supergirl . In the end , Kara agrees to the interview and prevents James from getting fired . It is also revealed that Hank might have a secret of his own when his eyes glow red . `` Fight or Flight '' Dermott Downs Michael Grassi & Rachel Shukert November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 4X7603 8.07 During the interview with Cat , Kara accidentally reveals that she is Superman 's cousin . After Cat exposes the relationship , Kara is attacked by Reactron , who seeks to kill her in order to get his revenge on Superman , but she manages to send him fleeing . He later goes to LORD Technology labs and kidnaps Maxwell Lord to get him to fix his suit . Kara later learns that a reactor meltdown Superman stopped in the past killed Reactron 's wife . She goes to the hideout of Reactron , identified as Ben Krull , and manages to save Maxwell , only to get badly injured by Krull afterwards , but Superman comes to save her . She gets mad at James for calling Superman for help . During a party Cat organized , Krull breaks in to find Supergirl . While James distracts Reactron , Kara covers her hand in lead so that she can use it to safely remove the power core in Krull 's suit and defeat him . Kara , who has feelings for James , witnesses his ex-girlfriend , Lucy Lane , also Lois Lane 's younger sister , paying him a visit to restart their relationship . `` How Does She Do It ? '' Thor Freudenthal Yahlin Chang & Ted Sullivan November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 4X7604 7.19 Cat leaves town , entrusting her son Carter to Kara . A bomber starts targeting Lord 's company . On the opening night of Lord 's new bullet train , Kara and the DEO find out about two bomb threats simultaneously , one at the airport and one on the train . The DEO goes to the airport , where Hank secretly uses his powers to deactivate the bomb . Kara goes to the train to save Carter , who is on it with the bomber . As she confronts the bomber , he claims that he is doing it for his daughter . He requests her to save the people on the train after he starts the timer , killing himself . At DEO headquarters , Alex finds a fail - safe in the bomb defused by Hank , who claimed it was just a decoy . Kara deduces that Lord was the one behind the bombings . As Supergirl , she confronts Lord , who implies that the threats were used to test her skills . He also vows to find the person important to her on the train . Meanwhile , James initially refuses to date Lucy , but Kara convinces him to return to her . 5 5 `` Livewire '' Kevin Tancharoen Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Caitlin Parrish November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 4X7605 7.77 After fighting an alien escapee , Kara meets Alex at the apartment to greet the latter 's mother , Eliza , for Thanksgiving , inviting Winn due to his lack of plans . CatCo 's shock jock , Leslie Willis is demoted by Cat to traffic reporting after a controversial bashing of Supergirl . During a severe thunderstorm , Kara tries to save Leslie , but lightning strikes them both , imbuing Leslie with electromagnetic powers . Leslie takes the name `` Livewire '' and tries to take revenge on Cat , but Kara eventually stops her and she is imprisoned at the DEO . Cat and Kara become closer . Meanwhile , Alex tells Eliza in a fit of rage at the dinner table that she 's actually working for the DEO . Eliza reveals to Alex and Kara that her husband , Jeremiah , offered himself up to work for Henshaw in exchange for Kara 's safety and then died mysteriously . Alex and Kara decide to investigate Henshaw and find the truth about Jeremiah 's death . 6 6 `` Red Faced '' Jesse Warn Michael Grassi & Rachel Shukert November 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) 4X7606 8.02 Kara hurts a civilian due to her uncontrolled anger . Sam Lane , Lucy 's father and also a military general , arrives at the DEO with her as his attache , demanding Supergirl let them test her powers by fighting an android called Red Tornado , which is invented by T.O. Morrow . She overpowers Red Tornado , leading to Sam firing Morrow . Sam is later attacked by Red Tornado , but Kara saves him . The DEO realizes that Red Tornado is actually a drone controlled by Morrow . Alex and Kara engage Morrow and Red Tornado , respectively . Alex kills Morrow , making Red Tornado engage Kara without control . She uses her eyes enhanced by her rage to destroy it . Lucy resigns from military service in order to stay with James . Kara finds out that her powers have diminished when she cuts herself and starts bleeding . Meanwhile , Winn informs Kara and Alex that Jeremiah and Hank went on a mission in South America , where Jeremiah died , deducing that Hank is the last person to have seen him alive . 7 7 `` Human for a Day '' Larry Teng Yahlin Chang & Ted Sullivan December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 4X7607 7.67 As Kara tries to adapt to life without her powers , an earthquake hits National City . Winn informs Kara that she needs a rise of adrenaline in her blood to regain her powers . The team begins saving the CatCo staff upstairs by the elevator shaft , from where James falls after saving everyone . Kara regains her powers and saves him before rushing to help the citizens . Winn becomes jealous of the intimacy between her and James . Afterwards , Kara is attacked by Astra and her operatives . Meanwhile , the earthquake causes a DEO prisoner called Jemm , who has psychic abilities to read and control minds , to escape . Hank locks the facility and takes a team to engage Jemm , with the former being the only survivor . That causes Alex to become more suspicious of Hank . She locks him in a room and engages Jemm alone , being overpowered . Hank arrives in time and kills him . He explains to her that he is the sole survivor of an alien species and his name is J'onn J'onzz . He killed the real Hank after the latter killed Jeremiah , who tried to save J'onn . He then assumed Hank 's shape and identity . 8 8 `` Hostile Takeover '' Karen Gaviola Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Caitlin Parrish December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 4X7608 7.28 Kara is overpowered by Astra and escapes . In a second duel , the former defeats the latter and brings her to the DEO , where the latter states that all she wanted was to save Krypton , the same thing she wants for Earth . She also reveals that Alura used Kara on Krypton to arrest the former . Kara confronts the interactive artificial intelligence of Alura , who refuses to confirm that Astra 's plan could have worked . It is revealed that Astra wanted to get arrested in order to divert attention from her husband , Non , and his team from attacking LORD Technologies . Kara rushes there and engages him . Meanwhile , Cat 's emails are hacked and her personal information is leaked to the press . Kara finds out that the chairman of the board was behind the hack and provides Cat with evidence by the help of James , Lucy and Winn , leading to the chairman 's arrest . Kara also finds out from the leaks that Cat has a 24 - year old son named Adam Foster . Cat reveals to Kara that she has found out about the latter 's alter ego . 9 9 `` Blood Bonds '' Steve Shill Ted Sullivan & Derek Simon January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 4X7609 8.75 Non overpowers Kara and leaves with Hank . Lord sends the DEO away from his facility , vowing to defend it himself , and returns to a secret experiment he is conducting . Non offers to trade Hank for Astra , but Sam , who is placed in charge of the DEO by the President , refuses . He tortures Astra for Non 's location , and walks into a trap placed by Non . Kara is distraught over both her defeat and the fact that Cat will fire her unless she is convinced that Kara is not Supergirl . Kara goes to the DEO and talks with Astra who tells her that Alura believed her claim that Krypton was doomed , but sentenced her for her illegal methods while promising to work for her cause . Alex and Kara make the trade over Lane 's objections and Astra orders Non to withdraw despite his numerical advantage . Sam and his men leave the DEO . Hank uses his shape - shifting power to present Cat with Kara and Supergirl simultaneously , casting doubt on her initial deduction of their identities . Kara , James and Winn decide to find the secret about Lord , who is shown in possession of an alien woman . 10 10 `` Childish Things '' Jamie Babbit Story by : Yahlin Chang Teleplay by : Anna Musky - Goldwyn & James DeWille January 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) 4X7610 8.77 Winn 's father , known as the Toyman , escapes from prison , leaving the former a message to meet him . Winn tells the FBI about it . They find it a trap , but Kara saves them . Winn reveals that his father 's boss , Chester Dunholtz , stole his toy designs , leading to the Toyman trying to kill Dunholtz , killing other people instead and going to jail . The Toyman kidnaps Winn , demanding him to attend a ceremony to kill Dunholtz and threatening to kill the other guests by the bombs he has planted . Kara manages to save the guests and have the Toyman arrested . Lucy accepts Cat 's job offer and Winn addresses his feelings to Kara . Meanwhile , Alex goes to dinner with Maxwell , giving Hank the chance to infiltrate LORD Technologies by shapeshifting into Maxwell . He finds the woman and takes pictures , but is forced to clear a security guard 's memory to escape without arousing suspicion . Maxwell is revealed to be monitoring Alex using a camera and microphone he planted on her purse . He finds out about Supergirl 's identity . 11 11 `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' Glen Winter Michael Grassi & Caitlin Parrish January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 4X7611 7.90 Miranda Crane , an anti-alien Senator , arrives in National City and is attacked by an alien . Kara saves Crane and brings her to the DEO , where Hank reveals to Alex that the alien is a White Martian , whose species wiped out the Green Martians , Hank 's species . Kara finds out that the Crane inside the DEO is actually the White , who is a shapeshifter . The White escapes , abducting Alex . Hank proposes a trade of himself with Alex , which the White accepts . Kara interrupts the exchange , giving Hank the chance to attempt to kill the White , but Kara dissuades him and the White is incarcerated in the DEO . Crane withdraws from her anti-alien initiative . Meanwhile , Kara and Winn become distant to each other . Adam pays a visit to Cat due to receiving a letter , which was actually written by Kara . Adam and Cat find it hard to develop a relationship , but Kara later helps them reconcile . Adam asks Kara on a date , which she accepts . An identical Supergirl appears in National City . 12 12 `` Bizarro '' John Showalter Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Rachel Shukert February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 4X7612 6.68 It is revealed that the new Supergirl is the woman Maxwell has been experimenting on and has brainwashed her with the sole purpose of killing the prime Supergirl . Cat titles her `` Bizarro '' , who later witnesses Supergirl saving civilians and realizing that Supergirl is not a bad person , as Maxwell has dictated to her . However , Maxwell convinces her to continue hunting Supergirl . Bizarro attacks Kara when she is out with Adam , making her realize that Maxwell knows her identity . The DEO uses Kryptonite on Bizarro , whose face gets deformed instead and manages to escape . Kara decides to end her relationship with Adam . Maxwell advises Bizarro to use a person Supergirl cares about , so she kidnaps James . Kara arrives and engages her before Alex uses a modified Kryptonite to weaken Bizarro , who is rendered unconscious and kept in the DEO . Alex brings Maxwell to the DEO and locks him up , so he threatens Eliza indirectly . Back at her apartment , Kara is attacked by an unknown creature . 13 13 `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ted Sullivan & Derek Simon February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 4X7613 7.92 The creature , which is known as the Black Mercy , places Kara in a dreamlike state that has her imagining she is back on Krypton . The Black Mercy is part of a plot by Non , who is using Earth 's technology to launch `` Myriad '' , which he and Astra are planning to use to wipe out humanity . Astra secretly informs Alex of the Black Mercy , and the latter enlists the help of Hank , Winn , Maxwell , and James to save Kara , with Alex entering Kara 's mind to pull her out and bring her back to reality . When Kara comes back , she seeks revenge on Non and stops him , who escapes with after revealing the word `` Myriad '' . Elsewhere , Astra engages Alex and Hank , who fights as the Martian Manhunter . The former overpowers him before Alex impales her with a Kryptonite sword , killing her . Kara arrives and Hank tells her that he killed Astra instead of Alex , who starts to feel guilty over whether she should tell Kara the truth . Non vows revenge on Kara in the wake of Astra 's death . 14 14 `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' Lexi Alexander Story by : Michael Grassi Teleplay by : Yahlin Chang & Caitlin Parrish February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 4X7614 7.25 Kara and Non pay their final respects to Astra , and he vows to kill her after he finishes mourning . Kara , Alex , and J'onn track down an armored alien known as the Master Jailer , whom they discover was a guard at Fort Rozz . He has become a vigilante who kills the alien fugitives , including those convicted of non-violent crimes such as a professor sentenced for drug smuggling . Kara confronts the Jailer , but he takes her prisoner and plans to execute her for not joining him . The DEO pinpoints their location and Kara is able to save the professor and defeat the Jailer . Alura refuses to reveal anything about Myriad and Kara realizes she can not forgive J'onn for killing Astra . Meanwhile , Cat assigns James and Lucy to investigate Maxwell 's disappearance . Tensions between James and Lucy develop after he reveals his knowledge of the DEO and friendship with Supergirl . The DEO releases Maxwell , threatening to disclose his criminal activity if he reveals Supergirl 's identity or the DEO 's location . Kara finds competition in Cat 's new `` first assistant '' Siobhan Smythe . 15 15 `` Solitude '' Dermott Downs Story by : Rachel Shukert Teleplay by : Anna Musky - Goldwyn & James DeWille February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X7615 6.69 A hacker steals the personal information of several people and gives it to Cat for disclosure , which she refuses . The hacker , turned out to be an alien named Indigo with the ability to use the internet for traveling , announces her decision to destroy National City . Kara leaves the DEO and enlists the help of James and Lucy to stop Indigo while the DEO enlists Winn for it . Lucy realizes that Indigo 's intention in the hacking was only one person , a military general with access to the nuclear arsenal . Indigo infiltrates the nuclear base using the general 's cell phone and launches a missile towards National City . Kara stops it using the DEO 's help . Winn uploads a virus to Indigo , destroying her after she reveals to Kara that it was she who helped Kara 's ship exit the Phantom Zone. , which in turn facilitated Fort Rozz 's expulsion . Kara decides to rejoin the DEO , and Alex reveals the truth about Astra , being forgiven by Kara . Lucy ends her relationship with James , accusing him of loving Kara . Winn and Siobhan develop a relationship . Non recovers Indigo 's pieces and revives her . 16 16 `` Falling '' Larry Teng Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X7616 6.53 After helping fight a warehouse fire , Supergirl inadvertently comes into contact with Red Kryptonite which destroys her inhibitions . Kara / Supergirl soon becomes more cold , shallow and cynical around all others , which Winn , Jimmy , Alex , and even Cat wonder what is going on with her . Kara even goes as far as to frame the back - stabbing Siobhan by leaking information that Siobhan has been contacting the Daily Planet for information on Supergirl 's actions which results in Cat terminating Siobhan 's employment . It soon turns out that Maxwell Lord is the one responsible for he created the so - called Red Kryptonite , in the hopes of stopping Non 's next attack . After Evil Supergirl makes an attempt on Cat 's own life , she goes on TV and denounces Supergirl . Alex and Maxwell are forced to form an uneasy alliance while he tries to help the DEO try to stop Evil Supergirl . After a climatic battle downtown , the DEO is able to subdue and capture Evil Supergirl , but at the price of Hank revealing himself as the Martian Manhunter . 17 17 `` Manhunter '' Chris Fisher Story by : Derek Simon Teleplay by : Cindy Lichtman & Rachel Shukert March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 4X7617 6.00 While Kara is trying to win back National City 's trust , the hot - headed Marine Colonel James Harper ( guest star Eddie McClintock ) begins an investigation into the J'onn affair with Lucy , having re-enlisted into the Army at her previous rank of Major , as his legal assistant . Hank / J'onn J'onzz then tells the backstory about how he first met Jeremiah Danvers ( guest star Dean Cain ) 10 years earlier while he and Hank were on a mission in South America to find him and how J'onn took his identity to oversee the DEO . After her interrogation , the vindictive Lucy implicates Alex with her knowledge about J'onn's real identity . After learning that Hank and Alex are on their way to Project Cadmus , Kara finally tells Lucy that she is Supergirl and convinces her to help rescue Hank and Alex . Hank learns that Jeremiah is still alive , so he and Alex go on the run to find him , but not before manipulating Harper into resigning from the Marines and appointing Lucy as the acting director of the DEO . Meanwhile , Siobhan tries to get revenge on Kara for getting her fired , but gets caught by Winn and discovers that she has the power to sonic scream . 18 18 `` Worlds Finest '' Nick Gomez Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Michael Grassi March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4X7618 7.17 Siobhan discovers that the women in her family are cursed with the spirit of a banshee , which can only be quieted by killing whoever wronged them . Deciding to kill Kara , Siobhan frees Livewire from captivity at the DEO and suggests they team up to kill both Kara and Cat . Siobhan -- now calling herself Silver Banshee -- and Livewire kidnap Cat and wreak havoc on National City Park . Meanwhile , Supergirl has a run - in with Barry Allen / Flash , a superhero from a parallel Earth ( Earth - 1 ) , whom she asks for his help to find Livewire and Silver Banshee . After a climatic fight in a downtown park , Kara is able to subdue them and win back National City 's trust . At the end , Kara decides to reveal her romantic feelings for James only to discover that everyone in National City has fallen under some kind of spell , revealed by Non to be the result of Myriad . This episode is a crossover with The Flash . 19 19 `` Myriad '' Adam Kane Yahlin Chang & Caitlin Parrish April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 4X7619 6.12 The Myriad effect has taken over National City and even Superman is under control , leaving Kara , Cat , and Maxwell as the only ones immune . Now , Kara must find a way to stop Non , but Maxwell is looking at destroying the Kryptonians with a Kryptonite bomb even at the risk of killing other humans . Cat objects and prompts Kara to find an alternative . The effect brings fugitives Alex and J'onn back after Alex tells Eliza the truth about Jeremiah and Hank Henshaw . When Indigo senses the two returning , she defeats J'onn , but takes Alex and places her under mind control as Non 's payback for Astra 's death . 20 20 `` Better Angels '' Larry Teng Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Ali Adler Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 4X7620 6.11 Kara fights with Alex , who is controlled by Non . When Alex is about to kill Kara with the same Kryptonian sword used to kill Astra , their mother pleads with her to stop , breaking Non 's control over Alex . The team learns that hope is the key to stopping Myriad . Supergirl inspires the citizens of National City , waking them from the Myriad trance . However , Non is convinced by Indigo to kill all the humans on Earth by increasing Myriad 's frequency . Back at the DEO , Max warns Kara that she might not survive a solo fight with Non and Indigo ; J'onn later insists on helping her . Kara and J'onn confront Non and Indigo at Fort Rozz , which is powering Myriad . Kara defeats Non in a heat vision battle and J'onn rips Indigo 's body apart . As Indigo dies , she reveals that she locked the system so Myriad can not be shut down . Kara flies Fort Rozz into space , rendering Myriad harmless ; Alex rescues her using Kara 's pod . Afterward , J'onn is reinstated as the Director of the DEO and Cat gives Kara a promotion . While Kara celebrates at her house , another pod similar to the one in which Kara came to Earth crashes near National City . Kara opens the pod and is shocked by what is inside it . Notes ^ Jump up to : Following the November 2015 Paris attacks , the episode `` How Does She Do It ? '' , which features content similar to the attacks and was originally scheduled to air as the fourth episode of the season on November 16 , 2015 , was pulled from its scheduled airing . In its place , the episode `` Livewire '' , which was originally scheduled to air as the fifth episode on November 23 , 2015 , was aired . `` How Does She Do It ? '' then aired as the fifth episode on November 23 . For the season 's home media release , the episodes were restored to their original production order , which is how the episodes are presented here . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Jessica Queller October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20151 3.06 Kara finds an unknown young man lying unconscious in the pod and takes him to DEO . She prepares for a date with James just as the commercial spacecraft , the Venture , is launched into space . It suffers engine failure and descends to Earth , but Kara saves the craft with help from Superman . They discover the main target was Lena Luthor , the new CEO of Luthor Corp after her brother , Lex , was convicted of numerous crimes . In a ceremony where she renames the company L - Corp , she is attacked again by John Corben , an assassin . Alex engages him while Kara and Clark stop a building from collapsing . Corben reveals he was working for Lex before he is shot by Lena . Kara chooses to be a reporter for CatCo , a decision supported by Cat . Kara and James decide to keep their relationship friendly . Winn is formally hired to work at the DEO . Meanwhile , J'onn reveals to Alex that he was the one who found the first cluster of Kryptonite and decided to keep it against the wishes of Clark , who wanted to destroy it . At Project Cadmus , the organization 's leader revives Corben and begins turning him into a being called Metallo . 22 `` The Last Children of Krypton '' Glen Winter Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20152 2.66 Kara and Clark continue operating together in National City before he decides to return to Metropolis . When they encounter Corben , who has turned into Project Cadmus ' prototypical cyborg , his Kryptonite - based powers pose a serious threat . The DEO deduces that there is a mole who smuggled the kryptonite out . During a subsequent encounter with Corben , another Metallo prototype goes on a rampage in Metropolis without opposition . Alex finds the mole , but he is killed by Cadmus 's leader , a scientist who intends to destroy aliens . Winn builds anti-kryptonite gear for Kara and Clark , who manage to defeat the Metallos with the help of Alex and Hank . Kara promises the Cadmus leader she will find her . Hank entrusts the remaining kryptonite to Clark , who returns to Metropolis . Meanwhile , Cat introduces Kara to the latter 's new boss , Snapper Carr , who does not like her and refuses to give her an assignment . Cat advises her to solve the problem herself and announces that she has decided to leave CatCo , leaving James in charge . Kara manages to prove her value to Snapper , who agrees to teach her . At the DEO , the alien man regains consciousness and attacks Kara . 23 `` Welcome to Earth '' Rachel Talalay Jessica Queller & Derek Simon October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) T13. 20153 2.65 The alien man escapes the DEO . As President Olivia Marsdin arrives in National City to sign an act giving all aliens amnesty , she is attacked by an unknown alien with the power to shoot fiery energy , believed to be the escapee . Alex encounters police detective Maggie Sawyer at the crime scene , who takes her to a secret bar hosting aliens . Winn discovers the DEO escapee is from Daxam , Krypton 's sister planet . Kara defeats the Daxamite and returns him to the DEO . She is uncharacteristically hostile towards him , prejudging his intentions because of a long feud between the Kryptonians and Daxamites . The President is attacked again while signing the Alien Amnesty Act ; the assailant is revealed to be a woman , Scorch , who is defeated by Kara , Alex , and Maggie . Kara releases the Daxamite , who introduces himself as Mon - El . She tells him that Daxam 's population was annihilated and that Daxam is a wasteland due to Krypton 's destruction . Olivia briefly flashes an alien face as she leaves , unbeknownst to the members of the DEO . Meanwhile , Kara interviews Lena , who reveals that L - Corp has invented an alien detection device . In the bar , Hank encounters M'gann M'orzz , a female Green Martian . 24 `` Survivors '' James Marshall James Bamford Paula Yoo & Eric Carrasco October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) T13. 20154 2.22 J'onn asks that Mon - El stay at the DEO until he is fully examined . An alien body is found and the DEO track down the murderer , who is then kidnapped by unknown armed men . Maggie and Alex track him down to a secret facility where a woman , Veronica Sinclair ( also known as Roulette ) , hosts rich and powerful people . The aliens are forced to duel , sometimes to the death . They spot M'gann as a contestant before Kara intervenes and is attacked by an alien called Draaga , who overpowers her and escapes . J'onn confronts M'gann , who confesses her intense guilt for having survived the extinction of her species . Veronica abducts J'onn with M'gann's help . Using Lena , Kara finds the fight club 's new address , where J'onn and M'gann are forced to duel until J'onn convinces her to stop blaming herself and she refuses to continue . When they are attacked by Draaga , Kara arrives and defeats him thanks to Mon - El 's advice . She dissuades the other aliens from protecting Veronica , who is arrested but later released by orders from on high . M'gann secretly shapeshifts to reveal that she is a White Martian . 25 5 `` Crossfire '' Glen Winter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20155 2.47 A group of robbers , led by Chet Miner , starts challenging Supergirl using alien guns . Cadmus demands the repealing of the Amnesty as a solution . Kara deduces that Cadmus is arming Miner 's team . Lena holds a fundraiser which is attacked by Miner and his men . She reveals to Winn that the fundraiser was a ruse for the robbers and they activate a device that destroys the alien weapons , leading to the robbers ' arrest . Miner and his team are killed by Cadmus before he can expose them . The leader of Cadmus is revealed to be Lillian , Lena 's adoptive mother . Meanwhile , Kara takes Mon - El to CatCo for work , but he continuously ignores her commands , leading to him being fired . Alex convinces her to let him choose his own path . James starts operating as a vigilante . Winn finds out and initially reprimands him , but finally decides to help , intending to make a suit for him . Alex learns that Maggie has broken up with her girlfriend and tries to cheer her up , with Maggie realizing Alex is a lesbian and Alex herself accepting that fact . 26 6 `` Changing '' Larry Teng Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Caitlin Parrish November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20156 2.35 In Norway , a group of scientists led by Dr. Jones discover an abnormal wolf corpse , resulting in the mysterious murder of all of the scientists except Jones , who is revealed to be infected by a parasite . The DEO finds out that Jones killed the other scientists . Kara gets angry with Mon - El when she finds out that he has been using his powers to make money . The DEO predicts Jones ' next target and Kara and J'onn attempt to stop him , but he drains their powers , becomes larger and stronger , and escapes , leaving the pair weakened and unconscious and J'onn near death . Alex convinces M'gann to donate blood in order to save J'onn . Jones attacks his target again , but Mon - El intervenes . With his suit ready , James arrives to fight Jones too , taking the alias `` Guardian . '' Kara regains consciousness and attacks Jones , using Plutonium 239 , which he absorbs , causing him to overload with energy and implode . James convinces Winn not to tell Kara about his alter ego . Mon - El is abducted by Cadmus . Meanwhile , Alex tells Kara about her feelings for Maggie . Kara encourages her to tell Maggie how she feels , but Maggie reveals that she would prefer to remain friends , upsetting Alex . 27 7 `` The Darkest Place '' Glen Winter Robert Rovner & Paula Yoo November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20157 2.61 A new vigilante appears and starts killing some of the criminals . Mon - El continues his escape plans . Lillian demands Kara come to Cadmus . Kara is overpowered by the real Hank , who is enhanced and called the `` Cyborg Superman . '' Winn helps identify vigilante criminal targets with James help to try and stop the serial killer . Lillian forces Kara to deplete her powers , giving the former the chance to take blood samples . Mon - El watches as Kara solar flares with depleted powers for Lillian . Jeremiah saves Kara and Mon - El and helps them escape by staying behind . Kara finally approves of the Guardian , unaware of his true identity only known to Alex . Mon - El recognises feelings for Kara . Cyborg Superman arrives at the Fortress of Solitude demanding to know about the `` Medusa '' project . Meanwhile , J'onn begins having hallucinations about M'gann locked in the DEO . She warns him about the transfusion . Alex finally accepts Maggie . 28 8 `` Medusa '' Stefan Pleszczynski Jessica Queller & Derek Simon November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20158 3.53 Cyborg Superman unleashes a virus in the alien bar , killing every alien there except Mon - El , who is quarantined by the DEO . Eliza Danvers , visiting for Thanksgiving , determines that the virus is Kryptonian . At the Fortress of Solitude , Kara learns that Henshaw was after `` Medusa '' , a virus created by her father , Zor - El , to kill non-Kryptonians in case of alien invasion . At L - Corp , she stops Henshaw from getting the isotope required to disperse Medusa . Lena refuses to help when Kara reveals that Lillian is Cadmus ' leader . Later , Lena willingly gives Lillian the isotope . Kara and J'onn confront the Luthors and Henshaw before Medusa is disseminated via rocket launcher . J'onn fights Henshaw , becoming a White Martian , while Kara chases the rocket , which explodes and disperses Medusa . However , Lena has double - crossed Lillian and rendered the virus inert . Lillian is arrested , but Henshaw escapes . Eliza cures Mon - El and uses Medusa to restore J'onn's Green Martian form . Alex comes out to Eliza , who supports her . Later , Maggie and Alex kiss after Maggie admits she does have feelings for Alex . An unknown alien race is searching for Mon - El . Barry Allen and Cisco Ramon arrive from their Earth to enlist Kara 's help . This episode ends with a scene setting up the crossover event `` Invasion ! '' that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 29 9 `` Supergirl Lives '' Kevin Smith Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Eric Carrasco & Jess Kardos January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) T13. 20159 2.65 Winn gets beaten aiding James , leading the former to believe he is not fit for field work . Kara starts investigating a strange series of missing persons . The DEO tracks the kidnappings to a fake clinical trial run by aliens . Searching for the missing people , Kara and Mon - El pass through a portal and land on the planet Maaldoria , epicenter of the slave trade . Realizing that they will not have their powers due to Maaldoria 's red sun , the pair tracks the kidnappees to a fortress , intentionally getting captured to wind up in the same cell as the others . They learn that Roulette is involved in the trafficking . Meanwhile , J'onn reveals that the Maaldorian atmosphere is lethal to Martians , making Alex the lead on the rescue team . She convinces Winn to join her , despite his misgivings . Kara incites a riot and the prisoners lock Roulette and her Maaldorian accomplice in the cell before escaping . After reuniting with the DEO , they get to the portal and return to Earth . Winn accepts his potential , while Mon - El , whom the Maaldorians intentionally allowed to leave , decides to become a superhero . An alien group is revealed to be searching for Mon - El . Maggie tells Alex about her knowledge of Kara 's alter ego . 30 10 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Rebecca Johnson Caitlin Parrish & Katie Rose Rogers January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) T13. 20160 2.35 Kara starts training Mon - El . Leslie is found to be out of prison . Kara and Mon - El go off to engage Livewire , but it turns out to be another woman , who attacks the pair with a male of the same abilities . Mon - El ignores Kara 's instructions to protect the civilians , choosing to save her instead . The Guardian arrives and aids them . Their adversaries escape and Kara finds out about James ' alter ego , scolding him and Winn . She also gets angry with Mon - El for prioritizing her over the others . The DEO learns that Leslie was actually abducted from incarceration . Winn locates her . James and Mon - El rush there to prove themselves . The duo is captured by a scientist who has been draining Leslie 's powers and giving them to his subjects . Kara arrives and saves them , freeing Leslie and dissuading her from killing the scientist in exchange for allowing her to escape . Kara rejects James ' offer for cooperation in vigilantism . Mon - El confirms his feelings for her . Meanwhile , M'gann loses consciousness . J'onn agrees to bond with her . In a shared memory , he tells her that she is forgiven . She regains consciousness and J'onn frees her . She reveals that the White Martians are searching for her . 31 11 `` The Martian Chronicles '' David McWhirter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) T13. 20161 2.43 J'onn starts following M'gann so as to protect her . Armek , her former mate , comes to Earth with orders to take her back to Mars for execution and gives her two hours to surrender before he goes after her friends . Fearful , J'onn decides to bring her to the DEO for protection . The real M'gann shows up , revealing the other one to be Armek in disguise , forcing J'onn to put the DEO into lockdown . Assuming Winn 's identity , Armek initiates a meltdown in the building 's nuclear reactor while another White Martian posing as Alex ambushes Kara . J'onn and M'gann free the real Winn and Alex and confront Armek , killing him with a metal pole . Winn fixes the reactor in time and Alex helps Kara subdue the other Martian . Afterwards , M'gann informs J'onn that she intends to return to her home planet in order to reform her people . Encouraged by Alex , Kara tries to ask Mon - El out on a date , only to find that he already has a relationship with Eve . 32 12 `` Luthors '' Tawnia McKiernan Robert Rovner & Cindy Lichtman February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) T13. 20162 2.52 Lena testifies against Lillian , and Kara encourages her to visit Lillian , who reveals that she is her husband 's daughter from another woman . A package of synthetic kryptonite is sent to Corben . While testifying , he attacks the court and frees Lillian . A faked video is leaked showing Lena stealing the kryptonite and she is arrested on suspicion of helping Lillian . Corben breaks her out . Kara remains the only person to believe in Lena 's innocence . Lillian takes Lena to a remote facility set up by Lex before his imprisonment and forces her to access a stockpile of alien weapons , several of which she takes . Kara arrives and intervenes . Winn determines that the synthetic kryptonite is becoming increasingly unstable and will soon explode . Kara manages to save Lena before Corben self - destructs while Lillian and Henshaw escape by helicopter . Lena is exonerated , but begins contemplating her relationship with her family , especially Lex . Kara and Mon - El , who had a disastrous date with Teschmacher , confess their feelings for each other at her apartment when a man calling himself Mister Mxyzptlk arrives and declares his love for her . Meanwhile , Alex introduces Maggie to the group as her girlfriend . 33 13 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mxyzptlk '' Stefan Pleszczynski Jessica Queller & Sterling Gates February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) T13. 20163 2.24 Mxyzptlk , an imp from the fifth dimension who can manipulate reality , proposes marriage to Kara , whose refusal he sees as a challenge . Mon - El suggests killing Mxyzptlk , which she rejects . Mxyzptlk summons Parasite to attack National City before killing it in order to impress her . Mon - El inadvertently reveals that another way to remove imps is by getting them to say or spell their names backwards . Later , Winn discovers a device in the DEO 's collection that is connected to the same fifth dimensional energy from which Mxyzptlk draws power . Mon - El attempts to use it to duel with Mxyzptlk to the death . Mxyzptlk eventually gains the upper hand and tries to kill Mon - El , only for Kara to arrive and agree to marry him . He later arrives at the Fortress of Solitude for their wedding , but Kara states that she will not marry him . Angered , he attacks her , but she stops the battle by locking the fortress down and activating the self - destruct sequence . Mxyzptlk begs for the code to stop the countdown but , after inputting the code , realizes that it spells his name backwards , vanquishing him . Mon - El and Kara develop a romance . Meanwhile , Winn starts dating Lyra Strayd , an alien from Starhaven , and Alex and Maggie celebrate their first Valentine 's Day together . 34 14 `` Homecoming '' Larry Teng Caitlin Parrish & Derek Simon February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) T13. 20164 2.17 The DEO receives an alarm regarding a convoy departing from Cadmus . Kara and J'onn investigate and rescue a chained Jeremiah , who claims Cadmus has created a fusion bomb using energy from her heat vision . He persuades J'onn to reinstate him back at the DEO , which makes Mon - El suspicious , causing friction between him and Kara . He persuades Winn to watch Jeremiah , who attempts to access the DEO 's database , alerting Winn . After confronting Jeremiah , Kara is hesitant to accept his excuse , while Alex believes him . Winn locates the purported bomb , but the DEO finds nothing at the location . J'onn realizes he can not read Jeremiah 's mind and that he is working for Cadmus , having been cybernetically enhanced . Jeremiah overpowers J'onn and downloads information from the mainframe before escaping . Kara and Alex confront Jeremiah , Lillian , and Henshaw , and Kara rushes to save a train that Cadmus endangered while Alex goes after the trio . Jeremiah escapes due to Alex 's reluctance to shoot him . Winn later determines that Jeremiah downloaded the list of all the registered aliens in the country . 35 15 `` Exodus '' Michael Allowitz Paula Yoo & Eric Carrasco March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) T13. 20165 2.16 Cadmus begins abducting aliens , so Kara asks Snapper to publish an article , but he insists on verifying her sources . When Supergirl confirms the story but refuses to reveal her own source , Snapper refuses to publish . Alex 's bias towards Jeremiah leads to J'onn suspending her , but Maggie decides to help her find him . They stop a Cadmus team from abducting an alien and find Cadmus ' holding site . Lena also finds out about the site before Lillian 's operatives attempt to stop her , but Kara manages to save Lena . At the Cadmus site , Alex is captured and Jeremiah reveals that Cadmus is planning to deport the aliens to another planet in a large spaceship . Meanwhile , Kara publishes the story on a blog , forcing Lillian to deport the aliens she already has . Alex convinces Jeremiah to help her stop the launch and , while he engages Cadmus operatives , she enters the ship and frees the aliens , but they are locked inside by another gate before the ship launches , programmed to accelerate to light speed once exiting the atmosphere . Supergirl arrives and manages to stop the ship . Snapper fires Kara from CatCo , while Alex is reinstated by J'onn . Daxamites arrive near the Moon . 36 16 `` Star - Crossed '' John Medlen Katie Rose Rogers & Jess Kardos March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) T13. 20166 2.07 The Daxamites demand the humans relinquish Mon - El , who surrenders . Kara accompanies him and learns that Mon - El is actually the Prince of Daxam . The ship is commanded by his parents , who want him to lead his people and rebuild Daxam . Kara becomes angry with Mon - El for lying to her . She and Mon - El return to Earth . He apologizes several times , but to no avail . She eventually ends the relationship . Mon - El demands his parents leave him and Earth . Meanwhile , Winn and Lyra break into an art museum for a tryst . He is later arrested by Maggie , who reveals that a painting is missing . Alex convinces Maggie to give them 24 hours to prove Winn 's innocence . They find and capture Lyra , who reveals that her brother , Bastian , owes a large sum to a smuggler named Mandrax . She steals paintings to pay down Bastian 's debt . Winn frees Lyra as part of a sting operation . The DEO and Guardian then confront and arrest Mandrax and free Bastian . Winn later forgives Lyra 's dishonesty . The DEO has captured a new alien , who quickly hypnotizes Kara and escapes to Earth - 1 to fight Barry . Kara wakes up in a hallucination where she is a lounge singer . This episode is a crossover with The Flash season 3 episode 17 . The scene at the end of the episode sets up the crossover . 37 17 `` Distant Sun '' Kevin Smith Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) T13. 20167 2.21 Kara is attacked by a series of alien bounty hunters . Mon - El suspects his parents are responsible and hope that he will abandon Earth if Kara is dead . His suspicion is confirmed after J'onn telepathically interrogates one of the hunters . Kara suggests she and Mon - El meet with Rhea , his mother , to change her mind . However , Rhea refuses to listen and tries to kill Kara using Kryptonite , so Mon - El agrees to leave Earth if she spares Kara 's life . Against President Marsdin 's orders , J'onn helps Kara rescue Mon - El from his parents ' ship and , after a fierce battle , King Lar Gand agrees to let Mon - El stay on Earth . Marsdin is revealed to be an alien . Rhea kills Lar Gand for what she views as his betrayal and vows to return to Earth to reclaim Mon - El . Meanwhile , after an encounter with an ex-girlfriend of Maggie 's , Alex learns that Maggie neglected to tell her that she cheated on the woman , prompting a frank discussion in which Alex asks Maggie to trust her with her secrets . 38 18 `` Ace Reporter '' Armen V. Kevorkian Paula Yoo & Caitlin Parrish April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) T13. 20168 1.80 Lena invites Kara to a press conference being held by her former boyfriend Jack Spheer , who unveils Biomax , a new nanobot technology that can heal human ailments . After the conference , Kara is approached and told the human trials of Biomax were faked , but her source is killed by the nanobots before she is told more . Kara and Mon - El crash Lena and Jack 's dinner date and take Jack 's keycard for his office , discovering footage showing Jack injecting Biomax into himself . Kara later shows the footage to Lena , who confronts Jack and discovers he is being controlled by his CFO Beth Breen via the side effect of the nanobots , loss of free will . Supergirl then turns up to save Lena , but when the former is trapped by the nanobots , Lena is forced to deactivate them , killing Jack in the process . Breen is incarcerated and Snapper rehires Kara at CatCo for providing the Biomax story . Lena is visited by Rhea . Meanwhile , Winn brings Lyra onto the team with him and Guardian , causing tensions that lead to Lyra leaving the team . James returns her to the team with the condition that she follow his instructions . 39 19 `` Alex '' Rob Greenlea Eric Carrasco & Greg Baldwin May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) T13. 20169 1.75 Alex is abducted by a person who demands the release of Peter Thompson , a man serving a life sentence for several felonies . The kidnapper is identified as Rick Malverne , Thompson 's son and also a childhood friend of the Danvers , having deduced Kara 's alter ego on his own . Rick is captured and taken to the DEO . Alex sends a location to Winn , but when Kara rushes to the coordinates , the trap triggers an alarm , causing water to start filling Alex 's cell . While the DEO and Kara refuse to negotiate with Rick , Maggie tries to break Thompson out of prison before being confronted by Kara , who convinces Thompson to reveal Alex 's location . Kara and Maggie manage to rescue Alex in time and Alex and Maggie profess their love for each other . J'onn decides to wipe Rick 's memory . Meanwhile , Rhea gives Lena the schematics of a high - tech device for transporting matter . Lena soon deduces that Rhea is an alien and becomes angry , but Rhea manages to convince her to continue working with her . 40 20 `` City of Lost Children '' Ben Bray Story by : Robert Rovner Teleplay by : Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) T13. 20170 1.88 James becomes discouraged with being Guardian when he realizes that those he helps are afraid of him . The DEO investigates a Phorian woman who uses her telekinetic powers to cause rampage . James tracks down her son , Marcus , who refuses to speak with anyone but James , who spends time bonding with him . With Rhea 's encouragement , Lena completes the matter transporter , which Rhea activates , causing Marcus to nearly destroy the office with his powers . Afterwards , the DEO discovers Rhea and Lena 's involvement and that Marcus 's mother 's `` attack '' was unintentional on her part . Marcus leads James and Winn to his mother , who is with a large group of Phorians . Rhea reactivates the transporter , causing the Phorians to lose control . James manages to calm Marcus , who in turn calms the others . Kara , J'onn , and Mon - El attempt to shut down the transporter , but are unsuccessful . Mon - El confronts Rhea , but hesitates to kill her . The transporter brings a massive fleet of Daxamite ships to conquer Earth and transform it into `` New Daxam '' . Rhea then teleports herself , Mon - El , and Lena to her ship . 41 21 `` Resist '' Millicent Shelton Jessica Queller & Derek Simon May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) T13. 20171 1.93 The Daxamites launch a full invasion of National City , killing and arresting civilians . They also attack the DEO , but Alex and Winn manage to escape . Mon - El learns that he has to marry Lena in order to unite the people of Earth with Daxam . On Air Force One , Marsdin and Cat contact Rhea and demand their withdrawal , but the Daxamite fleet fires on them . Kara saves Cat and they discover that Marsdin is an alien , a refugee from the planet Durla . She tasks the DEO with destroying the Daxamite mother ship with a special cannon . Hesitant to do so , Kara turns to Cadmus for a way into the ship . Cat and Winn stage a distraction , inciting a civilian riot against the Daxamites , while Kara , Hank , and Lillian use a Phantom Zone projector to board the ship . Alex and Maggie regain control of the cannon , while the Luthors escape and try to disable the projector . Having predicted that , Supergirl is able to send Mon - El to safety and goes to confront Rhea , who reveals that she has taken control of Superman and has him attack Kara . 42 22 `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Jessica Queller Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) T13. 20172 2.12 Rhea used Silver Kryptonite to manipulate Kal 's senses , causing Kara to appear to be General Zod . Kara eventually overpowers and takes him to the Fortress , where a recovered Kal finds a way to end the invasion . Kara challenges Rhea to Dakkam Ur , a rite in which two leaders duel and the loser concedes the war , accepted by Rhea . Lillian , Lena and Winn build a device to disperse lead into the atmosphere . As lead is lethal to Daxamites , it would make the planet uninhabitable to them . With Mon - El 's approval , Kara tells the DEO to use it if she loses . During the duel , Rhea resumes the invasion . M'gann returns with other benevolent White Martians and J'onn awakens to join the battle . Rhea claims the invasion will not stop even if she loses , so Kara launches the device , killing Rhea and forcing the fleet to leave . Kara puts Mon - El in a pod and sends him away from Earth . Cat reassumes her position at CatCo and Alex asks Maggie to marry her . In deep space , Mon - El 's pod is drawn into a wormhole . In flashbacks to Krypton 's destruction , an unknown faction sends another infant to Earth in order to `` reign . '' Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Girl of Steel '' Jesse Warn Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T13. 20651 1.87 Kara has been dreaming of Mon - El and has become obsessive with her vigilantism , ignoring downtime with others in her life . Lena and James oppose industrialist Morgan Edge on his plans for the waterfront housing estates . James is running CatCo , with Cat as White House Press Secretary and Snapper on sabbatical . Kara quits CatCo , believing she needs to prioritize being Supergirl , pushing away Alex , who is making plans to marry Maggie . Edge hires criminal Bloodsport , who attacks the unveiling of a Supergirl statue by the waterfront with a submarine , forcing Kara to go underwater to stop them . When she passes out , her dream of Mon - El rallies her and she stops the attack . In order to nullify Edge 's attempts to buy CatCo and silence it , Lena buys it herself . Kara decides to return to CatCo and joins her friends . Meanwhile , Samantha Arias , a woman whom Alex helped at the waterfront , wakes up after a dream with a disturbing creature . 44 `` Triggers '' David McWhirter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T13. 20652 1.76 Kara battles a powerful metahuman bank robber called Psi , who can evoke her victims ' deepest fears , forcing Kara to struggle with her memories of Krypton 's destruction and her guilt over Mon - El . After Winn 's psychic dampener fails , Kara finally overcomes her fear and arrests Psi . Lena decides to run CatCo personally , taking James by surprise and creating friction with Kara , who initially has difficulty separating work and their friendship . Samantha Arias 's daughter , Ruby , deliberately puts herself in danger to test whether her mother has superpowers ; however , she is rescued by Kara . Samantha begins to question who she is and her origins , and becomes Lena 's replacement at L - Corp , acting as its CFO . Alex learns that Maggie seems to not want children . J'onn receives a telepathic summons from M'gann , urging him to come to Mars immediately . 45 `` Far From the Tree '' Dermott Downs Jessica Queller & Derek Simon October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T13. 20653 1.76 J'onn tells Kara and Alex about M'gann's message , and she convinces him to take Kara for help . The two journey to Mars in his spaceship , encountering M'gann and the `` resistance '' . They found J'onn's father , M'yrnn , who is being coerced into giving the White Martians the location of the Staff of Kolar , a psychic weapon that can defeat the resistance . J'onn rescues M'yrnn , who initially believes J'onn is a White Martian in disguise . Eventually , Kara convinces M'yrnn to let J'onn prove his identity . Having acquired the location , the resistance defeats White Martian operatives . The recovered staff is entrusted to J'onn , who returns to Earth with M'yrnn and Kara . Meanwhile , Eliza throws Alex and Maggie a bridal shower . Alex convinces Maggie to invite her father , who comes but still can not tolerate her homosexuality . She tells him that she no longer needs him because she now has a family who accepts her . However , she confirms to Alex that she does not want children . 46 `` The Faithful '' Jesse Warn Paula Yoo & Katie Rose Rogers October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) T13. 20654 1.82 The night Kara first revealed her powers and became Supergirl , a grieving passenger , Thomas Coville , is inspired by her . In the present , Kara attends an ostensible self - help group with Winn and James and discovers a `` cult '' made up of people she previously saved . Led by Coville , they worship Supergirl and follow Kryptonian God Rao 's teachings . Those who wish to join initiate disasters so Supergirl will save them and Coville recognizes Kara in her alter - ego . The group plans to blow up a stadium filled with people , which Kara tries to stop . She finds Kryptonite inside the bomb , which she uses to wound herself and disillusion the cult . Alex gets rid of the Kryptonite and , with Coville 's help , pushes the bomb into the deep hole created by Kara 's heat vision , where it detonates . The explosion causes a being in a vessel to awaken . Coville advises Kara to follow Rao to find her path . Meanwhile , Samantha has a vision of a monstrous creature in her home , telling her she soon will `` reign '' . Alex reveals to Kara that while Maggie does not want children , she does . 47 5 `` Damage '' Kevin Smith Eric Carrasco & Cindy Lichtman November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) T13. 20655 1.87 Several children are diagnosed with lead poisoning . Morgan publicly blames Lena 's lead device which repelled the Daxamites , causing the public to turn on her . She attempts to give a speech to defend herself , but ends up getting shot at . Kara and Sam investigate , discovering that all the affected children attended a public pool laced with a chemical which causes the same symptoms , and the manufacturer is owned by Morgan . Lena confronts Morgan alone . She is knocked unconscious and imprisoned inside a plane with barrels of the chemical , on a collision course to the city 's water supply . Lena manages to get a message to Supergirl , who rescues Lena , secures the barrels and destroys the plane . Morgan , however , covers his tracks . Maggie and Alex realize that even though they love each other , they must let each other go because they disagree on having children . Alex lets Maggie know how much she has helped Alex to become happy and accept herself . Maggie , in turn , lets Alex know how stronger she grew as a person . They part tearfully , with Maggie bringing everything full circle : `` See you around , Danvers '' . Sam discovers that she was shot during the attempt on Lena , but was not injured . 48 6 `` Midvale '' Rob Greenlea Caitlin Parrish & Jess Kardos November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) T13. 20656 1.89 Kara and Alex arrive at Eliza 's home to help overcome their griefs , but they quarrel instead . Ten years prior , while attending Midvale High School , Alex and Kara did not get along , until a mutual friend , Kenny Li , was murdered . A photograph on his laptop revealed their teacher was in a relationship with Alex 's best friend . Kara sent the remaining encrypted files to Chloe Sullivan for decryption . After a murder attempt on Alex and Kara 's lives , the teacher was arrested , but Alex discovered an alibi for him . Kara decided to cease looking into Kenny 's death after a conversation with Noel Neill , an F.B.I. agent who strongly resembles Alura ( in reality , a disguised J'onn ) . Alex went to the sheriff for help , just as Kara learned that the sheriff was involved in drug dealing and was Kenny 's killer . Kara saved Alex from being killed by the sheriff . The sisters bonded and Kara decided to not use her powers again , taking Agent Neill 's advice to embrace her new home . In the present , after recalling their first adventure together , the sisters reconcile and return to National City . 49 7 `` Wake Up '' Chad Lowe Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) T13. 20657 1.92 Kara , J'onn and Winn investigate a crashed spaceship detected beneath National City . They find Mon - El and occupied stasis tanks aboard . They take him back to the DEO ; when he attempts an escape , a suspicious Kara locks him in a cell . Mon - El convinces Winn to take him back to the ship , where the life - support systems are unstable . Kara follows them . Mon - El explains that his pod went through a wormhole , bringing him to the 31st century where L - Corp had developed a cure for Daxamites ' allergy to lead centuries before . While seven months had passed for Kara , Mon - El experienced seven years in the future . One of the tanks begins to malfunction ; Mon - El can not break it open , so Kara frees its occupant : Mon - El 's wife , Imra . J'onn decides to rent an apartment for him and M'yrnn to live together , taking the first step to restore their bond . After discovering another superhuman ability , Sam visits her foster mother and learns of her Kryptonian origins . She later travels to the `` Fortress of Sanctuary '' , where a holographic artificial intelligence reveals that , while Sam 's motherhood was unexpected , her Kryptonian physiology is enhanced and she is destined to become the Worldkiller . Despite Sam 's resistance , her alternate persona -- Reign -- is triggered from her subconscious . 50 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 1 '' Larry Teng Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T13. 20658 2.71 On a parallel world , Earth - X ( Earth - 53 ) , a Nazi regime rules the planet where an archer , Dark Arrow , is the Führer , and personally hunts the resistance forces . Dark Arrow seizes a temporal gateway from the Freedom Fighters members including James ' parallel universe doppelgänger , a device that allows interdimensional travel to other universes ; he seeks to invade parallel Earths with the device to spread his reign so that it may last . Kara and Alex travel to Earth - 1 to attend Barry Allen 's wedding with Iris West . Alex meets the Legends ' leader Sara Lance / White Canary , taking the first step to recover from her break up with Maggie . The wedding ceremony is interrupted by Earth - X Nazi invaders , led by Dark Arrow , his Kryptonian - powered wife Overgirl , and his partner Prometheus . After Kara defeats and injures Overgirl during the fight the Nazis retreat , and Alex and Sara capture Prometheus to interrogate . As Overgirl recuperates , she , Dark Arrow , and a yellow - clad speedster regroup and discuss their next move , Dark Arrow and Overgirl are revealed as parallel universe doppelgängers of Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Kara , and the yellow speedster is Barry 's nemesis from the 22nd century Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 51 9 `` Reign '' Glen Winter Paula Yoo & Caitlin Parrish December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) T13. 20659 1.81 Samantha wakes up at home with no memory of being in a Kryptonian fortress , but finds she is oddly tired . A mysterious Kryptonian symbol , unknown to Kara , appears throughout National City , and Thomas Coville later explains to her that it is a mark of a great evil from Krypton deliberately forgotten from its society . Mon - El and Imra explain how their ship came from the future , and how the former founded the superhero team , the Legion . As Kara hosts a Christmas get - together at her apartment , Sam becomes Reign , who , as a masked vigilante , attacks random people around National City , including Edge . Reign 's rampage damages Supergirl 's reputation due to her having the same powers and similar physical attributes . Lena and James begin a relationship after an assassination attempt on Lena by Edge . When Kara decides to face Reign , they fight throughout the city ; in the process , Kara discovers that Reign is stronger than her . Though the fight clears Supergirl 's name and reveals another Kryptonian in National City , Reign eventually overpowers Kara and drops her off a building , requiring emergency medical care from the DEO . On Christmas Day , Ruby runs downstairs to find her mother , but Sam does not seem quite right . 52 10 `` Legion of Superheroes '' Jesse Warn Derek Simon & Eric Carrasco January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) TBA TBD 53 11 `` Fort Rozz '' Gregory Smith Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 26 , 2015 3.1 / 9 12.96 1.3 3.97 4.4 16.92 `` Stronger Together '' November 2 , 2015 2.2 / 7 8.87 1.0 3.33 3.2 12.20 `` Fight or Flight '' November 9 , 2015 1.7 / 5 8.07 1.0 2.83 2.7 10.90 `` How Does She Do It ? '' November 23 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.19 0.8 2.26 2.3 9.45 5 `` Livewire '' November 16 , 2015 1.8 / 6 7.77 0.8 N / A 2.6 N / A 6 `` Red Faced '' November 30 , 2015 1.6 / 5 8.02 0.8 2.49 2.4 10.51 7 `` Human for a Day '' December 7 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.67 0.9 2.32 2.4 9.98 8 `` Hostile Takeover '' December 14 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.28 0.8 2.27 2.3 9.55 9 `` Blood Bonds '' January 4 , 2016 1.9 / 6 8.75 0.7 N / A 2.6 N / A 10 `` Childish Things '' January 18 , 2016 1.8 / 6 8.77 0.8 2.18 2.6 10.95 11 `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' January 25 , 2016 1.8 / 5 7.90 0.7 2.21 2.5 10.11 12 `` Bizarro '' February 1 , 2016 1.5 / 5 6.68 0.8 2.18 2.3 8.83 13 `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' February 8 , 2016 1.8 / 6 7.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' February 22 , 2016 1.5 / 5 7.25 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Solitude '' February 29 , 2016 1.4 / 5 6.69 0.7 2.16 2.1 8.85 16 `` Falling '' March 14 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.53 0.7 N / A 2.0 N / A 17 `` Manhunter '' March 21 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.00 0.7 2.07 2.0 8.07 18 `` Worlds Finest '' March 28 , 2016 1.7 / 6 7.17 0.8 2.47 2.5 9.63 19 `` Myriad '' April 11 , 2016 1.3 / 5 6.12 0.7 2.04 2.0 8.16 20 `` Better Angels '' April 18 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' October 10 , 2016 1.1 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Last Children of Krypton '' October 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.66 0.6 1.42 1.5 4.08 `` Welcome to Earth '' October 24 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.65 N / A 1.37 N / A 4.03 `` Survivors '' October 31 , 2016 0.6 / 2 2.22 0.6 1.59 1.2 3.80 5 `` Crossfire '' November 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.71 1.4 4.18 6 `` Changing '' November 14 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.35 0.6 1.42 1.3 3.85 7 `` The Darkest Place '' November 21 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.61 0.5 1.35 1.4 3.98 8 `` Medusa '' November 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.53 0.8 1.76 1.9 5.29 9 `` Supergirl Lives '' January 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.65 0.5 1.48 1.3 4.13 10 `` We Can Be Heroes '' January 30 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.35 0.5 1.40 1.2 3.75 11 `` The Martian Chronicles '' February 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.43 N / A 1.38 N / A 3.81 12 `` Luthors '' February 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.52 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mxyzptlk '' February 20 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.24 N / A 1.30 N / A 3.54 14 `` Homecoming '' February 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.17 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Exodus '' March 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.28 1.2 3.46 16 `` Star - Crossed '' March 20 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.07 0.6 1.43 1.2 3.50 17 `` Distant Sun '' March 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.21 N / A 1.28 N / A 3.49 18 `` Ace Reporter '' April 24 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.80 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Alex '' May 1 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.75 0.4 1.26 0.9 3.00 20 `` City of Lost Children '' May 8 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.88 N / A 1.19 N / A 3.07 21 `` Resist '' May 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.5 1.29 1.0 3.22 22 `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' May 22 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.12 0.5 1.19 3.31 Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Girl of Steel '' October 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.87 0.5 1.25 1.0 3.12 `` Triggers '' October 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.76 0.4 1.23 0.9 2.98 `` Far From the Tree '' October 23 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.76 0.4 1.02 0.9 2.78 `` The Faithful '' October 30 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.82 0.4 1.14 0.9 2.96 5 `` Damage '' November 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.87 0.5 1.14 1.0 3.01 6 `` Midvale '' November 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.89 0.4 1.06 0.9 2.95 7 `` Wake Up '' November 20 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.92 0.5 1.25 1.0 3.17 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 1 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.71 0.7 1.72 1.6 4.43 9 `` Reign '' December 4 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.81 0.4 1.13 0.9 2.94 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl to Turn Monday Time Slot Over to Legends for 9 Weeks '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , ' Supergirl ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` CBS Replaces Monday 's Terrorism - Themed Supergirl , NCIS : Los Angeles Episodes in Wake of Paris Attacks '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- supergirl on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Supergirl - ' The Complete 1st Season ' Press Release for DVDs , Blu - rays '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down but still hits season high , ' Scorpion ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Superstore ' adjusts down but still solid , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Telenovela ' adjusts up slightly , ' Christmas Light Fight ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Masterchef Celebrity Showdown ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' X-Files , ' ' Lucifer ' and ' The Bachelor ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' , ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless ' , ' Conviction ' , ' DWTS ' , ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Big Bang ' , ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless ' , ' Supergirl ' , and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Odd Couple ' , ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow boss teases 100th episode , crossover catalyst '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim Reveals the Title Of Arrow 's 100th Episode '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' adjusts up ; ' Gotham ' , ' Lucifer ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' and ABC adjust down ; Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taken ' adjusts down , ' Kevin Can Wait ' rerun adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Great Indoors ' adjust up ; ' Taken , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://fansided.com/2017/11/19/supergirl-season-3-episode-7-preview-wake-up-synopsis/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 310 ) `` Legion of Superheroes '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 311 ) `` Fort Rozz '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 10 : ' Blindspot ' is officially * the biggest gainer in Thanksgiving week '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' lead a light week 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Shades of Blue ' premiere gets a good lift in week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- supergirl on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . 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portia the hero of the merchant of venice

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Portia_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)&oldid=822174367

Portia ( the Merchant of Venice ) - wikipedia Portia ( the Merchant of Venice ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2017 ) Portia The Merchant of Venice character Kate Dolan as Portia , painted by John Everett Millais ( 1829 -- 1896 ) Created by William Shakespeare Source The Merchant of Venice Portia is the heroine of William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . A rich , beautiful , and intelligent heiress , she is bound by the lottery set forth in her father 's will , which gives potential suitors the chance to choose between three caskets composed of gold , silver and lead . If they choose the right casket -- the casket containing Portia 's portrait and a scroll -- they win Portia 's hand in marriage . If they choose the wrong casket , they must leave and never seek another woman in marriage . Portia is glad when two suitors , one driven by greed and another by vanity , fail to choose correctly . She favours Bassanio , a young Venetian noble , but is not allowed to give him any clues to assist in his choice . Later in the play , she disguises herself as a man , then assumes the role of a lawyer 's apprentice ( named Balthazar ) whereby she saves the life of Bassanio 's friend , Antonio , in court . Portia is one of the most prominent and appealing of the heroines in Shakespeare 's mature romantic comedies . She is beautiful , gracious , rich , intelligent , and quick - witted , with high standards for her potential romantic partners . She obeys her father 's will , while steadfastly seeking to obtain Bassanio . She demonstrates tact to the Princes of Morocco and Aragon , who unsuccessfully seek her hand . In the court scenes , Portia finds a technicality in the bond , thereby outwitting Shylock and saving Antonio 's life when everyone else fails . It is Portia who delivers one of the most famous speeches in The Merchant of Venice : `` The quality of mercy is not strain 'd . It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath . It is twice blest : It blesseth him that gives and him that takes . '' The strength of the role of Portia has made it attractive to many notable actresses . Frances Abington , Sarah Siddons and Elizabeth Whitlock all played Portia in the 18th century when actresses first started appearing on stage in performances of the play . More recently , the role has been depicted in the cinema and on television by a number of notable actresses such as Maggie Smith , Claire Bloom , Sybil Thorndike , Joan Plowright , Caroline John and Gemma Jones . Despite Portia 's lack of formal legal training , she wins her case by referring to the details of the exact language of the law . Her success involves prevailing on technicalities rather than the merits of the situation . She uses the tactics of what is sometimes called a Philadelphia lawyer . However , the concept of rhetoric and its abuse is also brought to light by Portia -- highlighting the idea that an unjust argument may win through eloquence , loopholes and technicalities , regardless of the moral question at hand -- and thus provoking the audience to consider that issue . After a few months , Portia and Bassanio live together along with Nerissa and her husband , and Antonio . Shylock has his job back but only half his money and Jessica and Lorenzo are found in Portia 's castle . Portia and Shylock , by Thomas Sully Portia ( 1888 ) by Henry Woods Contents ( hide ) 1 Progenitor 2 Cultural references 3 References 4 External links Progenitor ( edit ) The original Portia Shakespeare drew from was Porcia Catonis , the wife of the Roman statesman Brutus . She was also compared to the wife of Brutus within the play . Cultural references ( edit ) The character of Portia has had a considerable and long - lived cultural impact . `` Portia '' is the name John Adams used to address his wife Abigail in his letters , presumably after Shakespeare 's character . ( Abigail addressed her husband as `` Lysander '' in letters a reference to a Shakespearean character appearing in A Midsummer Night 's Dream . ) The New England School of Law was originally known as the Portia Law School when it was established in 1908 as a women - only law school , and was known by that name until 1969 . In his Rumpole novels ( filmed for the ITV series ) , author John Mortimer has Rumpole call Phyllida Erskine - Brown ( née Trant ) the `` Portia of our Chambers '' . In 1986 , a moon of Uranus was named after Portia ( see Uranus ' natural satellites ) . Portia de Rossi ( born Amanda Lee Rogers ) , married to Ellen DeGeneres , adopted the name Portia to reinvent herself after becoming a model and actress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Law School History '' . New England Law . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kort , Michele ( 29 August 2005 ) . `` Portia heart & soul '' . The Advocate . Here Media . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Shakespeare Resource Centre on the Merchant of Venice ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice Characters Shylock Antonio Portia Jessica Sources The Jew of Malta On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock ( 1941 ) 1961 1969 1980 ( TV ) One Man Band ( unfinished ) Adaptations Le marchand de Venise ( 1935 , opera ) Shylock ( 1987 , musical ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1982 , opera ) Derivative works Serenade to Music ( 1938 ) Shylock ( 1996 ) Yasser ( 2001 ) The Maori Merchant of Venice ( 2002 ) Related `` All that glitters is not gold '' `` All the world 's a stage '' `` Between you and I '' Quibble Letter and spirit of the law `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` The quality of mercy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portia_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)&oldid=822174367 '' Categories : The Merchant of Venice Fictional characters introduced in 1590 Female Shakespearean characters Fictional Italian people in literature Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 20 : 49 . 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5927139285837957626

arizona public service (corporate headquarters) phoenix az

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Arizona_Public_Service&oldid=822658738

Arizona Public Service - wikipedia Arizona Public Service Jump to : navigation , search Arizona Public Service Type Public Industry Electricity generation & distribution Founded 1885 Headquarters Phoenix , Arizona , United States Products Electricity Parent Pinnacle West Capital Corporation ( formerly named AZP Group ) Website www.aps.com Arizona Public Service Company is the largest electric utility in Arizona , United States and the principal subsidiary of publicly traded S&P 500 member Pinnacle West Capital Corporation ( NYSE : PNW ) , which in turn had been formerly named AZP Group , when Arizona Public Service reorganized as that holding company in 1985 . With 4,000 MW of generating capacity , APS serves more than one million customers in 11 counties throughout most of the state , but mainly concentrated in northern and central Arizona . APS is one of the two major suppliers of electricity to the Phoenix metropolitan area ( the other being Salt River Project ) . APS is regulated by the Arizona Corporation Commission ( ACC ) , the state agency that , by mandate of Article 15 , Section 2 of the state 's constitution , regulates energy utilities in Arizona , with the notable exception of SRP , the rural electrical districts , and the City of Mesa electric utility serving Downtown Mesa and the immediate vicinity ( with the rest of the city being served by SRP ) . The holding company , Pinnacle West Capital , through its APS utility sells wholesale and retail power to the wider western United States and also provides energy - related services . Through another major subsidiary , Pinnacle West also developed and managed real estate in Arizona . Pinnacle West left the real estate business in 2010 . The utility company also operates three nuclear reactors . Its Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station in Arizona , the largest nuclear plant in the U.S. , came under scrutiny by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 2005 when operational problems began to cause prolonged outages . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pinnacle West Capital 2 Service territory 3 Major power outage 3.1 Blackout settlement 4 Solar Generation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In 1884 , the Phoenix Light and Fuel Company was formed to provide electricity and heat to the people of the three - year - old town of Phoenix . It changed its name to Pacific Gas and Electric in 1906 and to Central Arizona Light and Power in 1920 . Also in 1920 , it paid a dividend , and continued the annual dividend without interruption for the next 69 years . The company became a subsidiary of the giant conglomerate American Power and Light in 1925 , but became an independent company once again in 1945 . In 1949 , it merged with Northern Arizona Power and Light . In 1952 , it merged with Arizona Edison and changed its name to Arizona Public Service . The stock doubled in price through the long bear market of the 1970s , while paying a 10 % dividend yield . By then it had become an electric and natural gas utility fueled 94.4 % by coal plants , 5.2 % by natural gas , and 0.4 % by oil . The company traded its common stock on the New York Stock Exchange , and in 1976 , the company issued a preferred stock ( formerly NYSE : PR ARP PR ) with a 10.5 % dividend , callable in 1990 . APS also performed well through the early 1980s recession , reaching peak earnings of over US $255 million in 1983 . However , by then the company had accumulated over US $2.1 billion in long - term debt . In 1982 , APS issued another preferred stock ( formerly NYSE : PR O ARP PR O ) with an 11.9 % dividend , callable in 1987 . And in 1983 , it issued a third preferred stock ( formerly NYSE : PR Q ARP PR Q ) paying an adjustable rate between 6 and 12 % , through 1986 . 1984 was a down year for both earnings and the stock price , which at its low that year had lost almost half its value from the 1983 peak . Pinnacle West Capital ( edit ) Pinnacle West Capital Corporation Type Public company Traded as NYSE : PNW S&P 500 Component Industry Electric utilities Founded 1985 Headquarters Phoenix , Arizona , USA Key people Donald E. Brandt , Chairman & CEO Revenue $3.524 billion US $ ( 2007 ) Operating income $619 million US $ ( 2007 ) Net income $307 million US $ ( 2007 ) Number of employees 6,339 ( 2016 ) Website www.pinnaclewest.com In February 1985 , Arizona Public Service Company reorganized as a holding company , AZP Group Inc. , with APS as the leading subsidiary . It traded under the ticker symbol AZP. 1985 earnings reached a new record high at almost US $290 million , and by the end of the year the stock price had doubled from its 1984 low . In 1987 , AZP Group changed its name to Pinnacle West Capital Corporation , and began trading under the new ticker symbol PNW . The utility continued to operate as its principal subsidiary . By then Pinnacle 's long - term debt had grown to almost US $2.4 billion . Earnings had declined to US $260 million in 1986 , but were recovering by the end 1987 . However , the stock price reached an all - time peak that year , which was not surpassed for the next decade , as the company ran into troubles through the early 1990s . In 1986 , Pinnacle acquired MeraBank , a savings and loan . It grew to become Arizona 's largest thrift , with $6.5 billion in assets . However , the thrift was seized by federal regulators in January 1990 , due in part to the deterioration in prices in the Arizona real estate market . By 1990 , the company 's earnings had fallen to under US $100 million , as it struggled through the 1990 - 1991 recession , as well as a series of failed attempts to diversify . By 1991 , the company was facing a loss of almost US $190 million , and for the first time in over 70 years , it discontinued paying its dividend . The stock price plunged 85 % from its 1987 peak , to its lowest level in over twenty years . Its long - term debt by then reached over US $2.5 billion . However , by 1992 , the company returned to profitability , as earnings recovered to over US $150 million . The stock price tripled from its 1991 low by the end of 1993 . The company reinstated its dividend that year . By 1995 , Pinnacle West Capital had been added to the S&P MidCap 400 index . That year , earnings surpassed US $200 million again , and by early the next year the stock price began approaching its old 1987 high . Also in 1995 , the utility subsidiary Arizona Public Services issued 30 - year Monthly Income Debt Securities paying 10 % . Service territory ( edit ) APS serves about two - thirds of the Phoenix metropolitan area . It primarily serves downtown and northern Phoenix , as well as a large swath to the north and east of the city . Outside of the Valley , it serves Flagstaff , Prescott , Yuma and Douglas . Major power outage ( edit ) On September 8 , 2011 there was a widespread power outage affecting a region spreading west from Yuma , Arizona , to San Diego , California , and affecting parts of Northern Mexico . The outage was the result of 23 events that occurred on five power grids in a span of 11 minutes including the APS North Gila Substation . Federal , regional and local officials are investigating what happened and why the outage cascaded the way it did . Most of the areas affected were served by San Diego Gas & Electric , which saw its entire service area lose power . The outage appears to have been caused by the actions of an APS employee in the North Gila substation , and it is unknown why safeguards did not keep the outage limited to the Yuma area . The outage occurred days before the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks , and hours before the United States Department of Homeland Security warned of a potential terrorist attack leading up to the anniversary , but the Federal Bureau of Investigation and SDG&E early in their investigations ruled out terrorism . Blackout settlement ( edit ) On July 7 , 2014 , APS agreed to a $3.25 million settlement with NERC and FERC related to the September 2011 blackout . Solar generation ( edit ) As of 2016 , APS has available one gigawatt of solar generating capacity . Approximately half is generated at large solar power stations and half at small rooftop solar systems . See also ( edit ) Arizona portal Companies portal Path 46 , also called West of Colorado River , Arizona - California West - of - the - River Path ( WOR ) Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station Four Corners Generating Station References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pinnacle West : The Peak of the Energy Pyramid , SeekingAlpha.com , By Ted Allrich , posted on : November 20 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Utilities in greater Phoenix '' . Greater Phoenix Economic Council . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2009 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SunCor Development files for bankruptcy '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholders Okay Calapco , Edison Merger '' . The Arizona Republic . 1951 - 12 - 15 . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Standard & Poor 's Stock Guide , various issues ^ Jump up to : Compilation of Investor - Owned Utility Transactions -- Holding Companies Established Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , American Public Power Association , ( updated 09 - 03 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Seizes Arizona 's Biggest Savings Institution New York Times February 1 , 1990 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A Reckoning for the Utility High Rollers New York Times July 29 , 1990 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ McDonald , Jeff ; Morgan , Lee ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Outage had roots in Mexico , too '' . Associated Pressaccessdate = September 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Jeff ; Morgan , Lee ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Blackout sparks multiple investigations '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Damon Gross , Cause of Widespread Outage Under Investigation ; APS Works to Restore Service to Customers in Yuma Area , APS News Release , September 8 , 2011 . Accessed September 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Massive Power Outage in San Diego '' . International Business Times . September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Over 1.4 million people are suddenly without power in San Diego and surrounding areas in the Southwestern U.S. Thursday , just hours after Homeland Security warned of a possible terror strike in the days leading up to the tenth anniversary of 9 / 11 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement - NERC '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . Jump up ^ `` APS reaches major solar milestone '' . The Daily Courier. Oct 16 , 2016 . Retrieved Oct 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) APS official site Pinnacle West Capital Business data for Pinnacle West Capital : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings APS carbon cost analysis ( hide ) Power stations in Arizona Coal - fired generating stations Abitibi Snowflake Apache Cholla Coronado H. Wilson Sundt Navajo Gas - fired stations Agua Fria Arlington Valley Desert Basin Douglas Gila River Harquahala Kyrene Mesquite Ocotillo Redhawk Saguaro Santan Sundance West Phoenix Yucca Hydroelectric dams Childs - Irving Coolidge Davis Glen Canyon Hoover Horse Mesa Mormon Flat Parker Stewart Mountain Theodore Roosevelt Wind farms Dry Lake Perrin Ranch Red Horse 2 Solar thermal plants Red Horse 2 Solana Photovoltaic plants Agua Caliente Avra Valley Mesquite Nuclear plants Palo Verde Investor - owned utility Ajo Improvement Company Arizona Public Service Morenci Water & Electric Company Tucson Electric Power UniSource Energy Services Community and municipality owned Mesa Energy Resources Department Page Electric Utility City of Safford Electric Department Thatcher Utilities Government agencies Aha Macav Power Service Ak - Chin Indian Community Electric Utility Colorado River Agency Electrical Services Electrical District No. 2 Electrical District No. 3 Electrical District No. 4 Electrical District No. 5 Electrical District No. 6 Electrical District No. 7 Electrical District No. 8 Gila River Indian Community Utility Authority Harquahala Valley Power District Hohokam Irrigation & Drainage District Navajo Tribal Utility Authority Salt River Project San Carlos Indian Irrigation Project Tohono O'odham Utility Authority Wellton - Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District Cooperatives Arizona Electric Power Cooperative Columbus Electric Cooperative Dixie Power Duncan Valley Electric Cooperative Garkane Energy Graham County Electric Cooperative Mohave Electric Cooperative Navopache Electric Cooperative Sulphur Springs Valley Electric Cooperative Trico Electric Cooperative Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_Public_Service&oldid=822658738 '' Categories : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange History of Arizona 2011 in Arizona Public utilities established in 1920 Companies based in Phoenix , Arizona Power companies of the United States Nuclear power companies of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 18 : 58 . 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difference between twisted pair wire and coaxial cable

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Twisted_pair&oldid=819214326

Twisted pair - wikipedia Twisted pair Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 25 - pair color code chart Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) from external sources ; for instance , electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair ( UTP ) cables , and crosstalk between neighboring pairs . It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 History 3 Unshielded twisted pair 4 Cable shielding 5 Common types 6 Solid - core cable vs. stranded cable 7 Advantages 8 Disadvantages 9 Less common variants 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Explanation ( edit ) In a balanced line operation , the two wires carry equal and opposite signals , and the destination detects the difference between the two . This is known as differential mode transmission . Noise sources introduce signals into the wires by coupling of electric or magnetic fields and tend to couple to both wires equally . The noise thus produces a common - mode signal which is canceled at the receiver when the difference signal is taken . This method starts to fail when the noise source is close to the signal wires ; the closer wire will couple with the noise more strongly and the common - mode rejection of the receiver will fail to eliminate it . This problem is especially apparent in telecommunication cables where pairs in the same cable lie next to each other for many miles . One pair can induce crosstalk in another and it is additive along the length of the cable . Twisting the pairs counters this effect as on each half twist the wire nearest to the noise - source is exchanged . Providing the interfering source remains uniform , or nearly so , over the distance of a single twist , the induced noise will remain common - mode . Differential signaling also reduces electromagnetic radiation from the cable , along with the associated attenuation allowing for greater distance between exchanges . The twist rate ( also called pitch of the twist , usually defined in twists per meter ) makes up part of the specification for a given type of cable . When nearby pairs have equal twist rates , the same conductors of the different pairs may repeatedly lie next to each other , partially undoing the benefits of differential mode . For this reason it is commonly specified that , at least for cables containing small numbers of pairs , the twist rates must differ . In contrast to shielded or foiled twisted pair ( typically F / UTP or S / FTP cable shielding ) , UTP ( unshielded twisted pair ) cable is not surrounded by any shielding . UTP is the primary wire type for telephone usage and is very common for computer networking , especially as patch cables or temporary network connections due to the high flexibility of the cables . History ( edit ) Wire transposition on top of pole The earliest telephones used telegraph lines , or open - wire single - wire earth return circuits . In the 1880s electric trams were installed in many cities , which induced noise into these circuits . Lawsuits being unavailing , the telephone companies converted to balanced circuits , which had the incidental benefit of reducing attenuation , hence increasing range . As electrical power distribution became more commonplace , this measure proved inadequate . Two wires , strung on either side of cross bars on utility poles , shared the route with electrical power lines . Within a few years , the growing use of electricity again brought an increase of interference , so engineers devised a method called wire transposition , to cancel out the interference . In wire transposition , the wires exchange position once every several poles . In this way , the two wires would receive similar EMI from power lines . This represented an early implementation of twisting , with a twist rate of about four twists per kilometre , or six per mile . Such open - wire balanced lines with periodic transpositions still survive today in some rural areas . Twisted - pair cabling was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881 . By 1900 , the entire American telephone line network was either twisted pair or open wire with transposition to guard against interference . Today , most of the millions of kilometres of twisted pairs in the world are outdoor landlines , owned by telephone companies , used for voice service , and only handled or even seen by telephone workers . Unshielded twisted pair ( edit ) Cross-section of cable with four unshielded twisted pairs Unshielded twisted pair ( UTP ) cables are found in many Ethernet networks and telephone systems . For indoor telephone applications , UTP is often grouped into sets of 25 pairs according to a standard 25 - pair color code originally developed by AT&T Corporation . A typical subset of these colors ( white / blue , blue / white , white / orange , orange / white ) shows up in most UTP cables . The cables are typically made with copper wires measured at 22 or 24 American Wire Gauge ( AWG ) , with the colored insulation typically made from an insulator such as polyethylene or FEP and the total package covered in a polyethylene jacket . For urban outdoor telephone cables containing hundreds or thousands of pairs , the cable is divided into small but identical bundles . Each bundle consists of twisted pairs that have different twist rates . The bundles are in turn twisted together to make up the cable . Pairs having the same twist rate within the cable can still experience some degree of crosstalk . Wire pairs are selected carefully to minimize crosstalk within a large cable . Unshielded twisted pair cable with different twist rates UTP cable is also the most common cable used in computer networking . Modern Ethernet , the most common data networking standard , can use UTP cables . Twisted pair cabling is often used in data networks for short and medium length connections because of its relatively lower costs compared to optical fiber and coaxial cable . UTP is also finding increasing use in video applications , primarily in security cameras . Many cameras include a UTP output with screw terminals ; UTP cable bandwidth has improved to match the baseband of television signals . As UTP is a balanced transmission line , a balun is needed to connect to unbalanced equipment , for example any using BNC connectors and designed for coaxial cable . Cable shielding ( edit ) Main article : Electromagnetic shielding F / UTP cable S / FTP cable U / FTP , F / UTP and F / FTP are used in Cat 6a cables Twisted pair cables are often shielded in an attempt to prevent electromagnetic interference . Shielding provides an electrically conductive barrier to attenuate electromagnetic waves external to the shield , and provides a conduction path by which induced currents can be circulated and returned to the source , via ground reference connection . This shielding can be applied to individual pairs or quads , or to the collection of pairs . Individual pairs are foiled , while overall cable may use braided screen , foil , or braiding with foil . When shielding is applied to the collection of pairs , this is usually referred to as screening , but different vendors and authors use `` screening '' , `` shielding '' , and `` STP '' ( shielded twisted pair ) , inconsistently , in attempting to denote various shielded cable types . ISO / IEC 11801 : 2002 ( Annex E ) attempts to internationally standardize the various designations for shielded cables by using combinations of three letters - U for unshielded , S for braided shielding ( in outer layer only ) , and F for foil shielding - to explicitly indicate the type of screen for overall cable protection and for protecting individual pairs or quads , using a two - part abbreviation in the form of x / xTP . Shielded Cat 5e , Cat 6 / 6 , and Cat 8 / 8.1 cables typically have F / UTP construction , while shielded Cat 7 / 7 and Cat 8.2 cables use S / FTP construction . Because the shielding is made of metal , it may also serve as a ground . Usually a shielded twisted pair cable has a special grounding wire added called a drain wire which is electrically connected to the shield or screen . The drain wire simplifies connection to ground at the connectors . Common shield construction types used include : Individual shield ( U / FTP ) Individual shielding with aluminum foil for each twisted pair or quad . Common names : pair in metal foil , shielded twisted pair , screened twisted pair . This type of shielding protects cable from external EMI entering or exiting the cable and also protects neighboring pairs from crosstalk . Overall shield ( F / UTP , S / UTP , and SF / UTP ) Overall foil , braided shield or braiding with foil across all of the pairs within the 100 ohm twisted pair cable . Common names : foiled twisted pair , shielded twisted pair , screened twisted pair . This type of shielding helps prevent EMI from entering or exiting the cable . Individual and overall shield ( F / FTP , S / FTP , and SF / FTP ) Individual shielding using foil between the twisted pair sets , and also an outer foil or braided shielding . Common names : fully shielded twisted pair , screened foiled twisted pair , shielded foiled twisted pair , screened shielded twisted pair , shielded screened twisted pair . This type of shielding helps prevent EMI from entering or exiting the cable and also protects neighboring pairs from crosstalk . An early example of shielded twisted - pair is IBM STP - A , which was a two - pair 150 ohm S / FTP cable defined in 1985 by the IBM Cabling System specifications , and used with token ring or FDDI networks . Common industry abbreviations for cable construction Industry acronyms ISO / IEC 11801 name Cable shielding Pair shielding UTP U / UTP None None STP , ScTP , PiMF U / FTP None Foil FTP , STP , ScTP F / UTP Foil None STP , ScTP S / UTP Braiding None SFTP , S - FTP , STP SF / UTP Braiding , foil None FFTP F / FTP Foil Foil SSTP , SFTP , STP PiMF S / FTP Braiding Foil SSTP , SFTP SF / FTP Braiding , foil Foil The code before the slash designates the shielding for the cable itself , while the code after the slash determines the shielding for the individual pairs : U = unshielded F = foil shielding S = braided shielding ( outer layer only ) TP = twisted pair TQ = twisted pair , individual shielding in quads Common types ( edit ) See also : ISO / IEC 11801 Name Typical construction Bandwidth Applications Notes Level 1 0.4 MHz Telephone and modem lines Not described in EIA / TIA recommendations . Unsuitable for modern systems . Level 2 4 MHz Older terminal systems , e.g. IBM 3270 Not described in EIA / TIA recommendations . Unsuitable for modern systems . Cat 3 UTP 16 MHz 10BASE - T and 100BASE - T4 Ethernet Described in EIA / TIA - 568 . Unsuitable for speeds above 16 Mbit / s . Now mainly for telephone cables Cat 4 UTP 20 MHz 16 Mbit / s Token Ring Not commonly used Cat 5 UTP 100 MHz 100BASE - TX & 1000BASE - T Ethernet Common for current LANs . Superseded by Cat5e , but most Cat5 cable meets Cat5e standards . Cat 5e UTP 100 MHz 100BASE - TX & 1000BASE - T Ethernet Enhanced Cat5 . Common for current LANs . Same construction as Cat5 , but with better testing standards . Cat 6 UTP 250 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . ( 2002 ) , ANSI / TIA 568 - B. 2 - 1 . Most commonly installed cable in Finland according to the 2002 standard EN 50173 - 1 . Cat 6 F / UTP , U / FTP 500 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet Adds cable shielding . ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . Am. 2 . ( 2008 ) , ANSI / TIA - 568 - C. 1 ( 2009 ) Cat 7 S / FTP , F / FTP 600 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable Fully shielded cable . ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . ( 2002 ) Cat 7 S / FTP , F / FTP 1000 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable Uses all four pairs . ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . Am. 2 . ( 2008 ) Cat 8 / 8.1 F / UTP , U / FTP 1600 -- 2000 MHz 40GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable In development ( ANSI / TIA - 568 - C. 2 - 1 , ISO / IEC 11801 3rd Ed . ) Cat 8.2 S / FTP , F / FTP 1600 -- 2000 MHz 40GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable In development ( ISO / IEC 11801 3rd Ed . ) Solid - core cable vs. stranded cable ( edit ) A solid - core cable uses one solid wire per conductor and in a four pair cable there would be a total of eight solid wires . Stranded conductor uses multiple wires wrapped around each other in each conductor and in a four pair with seven strands per conductor cable , there would be a total of 56 wires ( 2 per pair × 4 pairs × 7 strands ) . Solid core cable is intended for permanently installed runs . It is less flexible than stranded cable and is more prone to failure if repeatedly flexed . Stranded cable is used for fly leads at patch panel and for connections from wall - ports to end devices , as it resists cracking of the conductors . Connectors are designed differently for solid core than for stranded . Use of a connector with the wrong cable type can lead to unreliable cabling . Plugs designed for solid and stranded core are readily available , and some vendors even offer plugs designed for use with both types . The punch - down blocks on patch - panel and wall - port jacks are designed for use with solid core cable . Advantages ( edit ) Electrical noise going into or coming from the cable can be prevented . Crosstalk is minimized . Cheapest form of cable available for networking purposes . Easy to handle and install . Disadvantages ( edit ) Deformation : twisted pair 's susceptibility to electromagnetic interference greatly depends on the pair twisting schemes ( sometimes patented by the manufacturers ) staying intact during the installation . As a result , twisted pair cables usually have stringent requirements for maximum pulling tension as well as minimum bend radius . This fragility of twisted pair cables makes the installation practices an important part of ensuring the cable 's performance . Delay skew : different pairs within the cable have different delays , due to different twist rates used to minimize crosstalk between the pairs . This can degrade image quality when multiple pairs are used to carry components of a video signal . Low skew cable is available to mitigate this problem . Imbalance : differences between the two wires in a pair can cause coupling between the common mode and the differential mode . Differential to common mode conversion produces common mode currents that can cause external interference and can produce common mode signals in other pairs . Common mode to differential mode conversion can produce differential mode signals from common mode interference from other pairs or external sources . Imbalance can be caused by asymmetry between the two conductors of the pair from each other and in relationship to other wires and the shield . Some sources of asymmetry are differences in conductor diameter and insulation thickness . In telephone jargon , the common mode is called longitudinal and the differential mode is called metallic . Less common variants ( edit ) Loaded twisted pair A twisted pair that has intentionally added inductance , formerly common practice on telecommunication lines . The added inductors are known as load coils and reduce attenuation for voiceband frequencies but increase it on higher frequencies . Load coils reduce distortion in voiceband on very long lines . In this context a line without load coils is referred to as an unloaded line . Bonded twisted pair A twisted pair variant in which the pairs are individually bonded to increase robustness of the cable . Pioneered by Belden , it means the electrical specifications of the cable are maintained despite rough handling . Twisted ribbon cable A variant of standard ribbon cable in which adjacent pairs of conductors are bonded and twisted together . The twisted pairs are then lightly bonded to each other in a ribbon format . Periodically along the ribbon there are short sections with no twisting to enable connectors and PCB headers to be terminated using the usual ribbon cable IDC techniques . See also ( edit ) Ethernet over twisted pair Balanced line Copper wire and cable Litz wire Registered jack Star quad cable increases cancellation of interference TIA / EIA - 568 - B Tip and ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McBee , David Barnett , David Groth , Jim ( 2004 ) . Cabling : the complete guide to network wiring ( 3rd ed . ) . San Francisco : SYBEX . p. 11 . ISBN 9780782143317 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crosstalk dependence on number of turns / inch for twisted pair versions of the end - cap umbilical cable '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ US 244426 , Bell , Alexander Graham , `` Telephone - circuit '' , issued 1881 . See also TIFF format scans for USPTO 00244426 Jump up ^ Networks : Design and Management ^ Jump up to : Anitech Systems MP 4000 Manual Jump up ^ Grounding for Screened and Shielded Network Cabling - Siemon Jump up ^ Valerie , Maguire ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Size of the Category 7A Installed Base '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.techfest.com/networking/cabling/ibmcs.htm ^ Jump up to : `` CCNA : Network Media Types '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Comparison between CAT5 , CAT5e , CAT6 , CAT7 Cables '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Twisted Pair Testing '' . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of Installation Stresses On Cable Performance '' ( PDF ) . Belden . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7987R Technical Data Sheet ( Metric ) '' ( PDF ) . Belden.com . Belden . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7989R Technical Data Sheet ( Metric ) '' ( PDF ) . Belden.com . Belden . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Whitman D. ( 1995 ) . Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook - Digital ( 1st ed . ) . IEEE Press . pp. 215 -- 220 . ISBN 0 - 7803 - 0440 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Line Impairments '' . Cisco.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Contractor Field - Testing Survey Reveals Performance - Related Cost Savings Using Bonded - Pair Cables '' ( PDF ) . Belden.com . Belden . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3M Twisted Pair Flat Cable '' ( PDF ) . 3M . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twisted - pair cables . 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Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Unshielded and shielded twisted pair cabling standards Categories Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5 / 5e Cat 6 / 6a Cat 7 / 7a Cat 8 / 8.1 / 8.2 See also TIA / EIA - 568 Ethernet over twisted pair Modular connector Twisted pair Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twisted_pair&oldid=819214326 '' Categories : Communication circuits Electromagnetic compatibility Signal cables Video hardware 2 ( number ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 03 : 14 . 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who developed a method for educating the hearing impaired

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Deaf_education&oldid=831904472

Deaf education - wikipedia Deaf education Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the education of deaf students and educators of deaf students . For the study of deaf culture , arts , sign languages , and people , see Deaf studies . For Deaf schools , see Category : Schools for the deaf . For the English art rock / new wave band , see Deaf School . The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Class for deaf students in Kayieye , Kenya Deaf education is the education of students with any degree of hearing loss or deafness which addresses their differences and individual needs . This process involves individually - planned , systematically - monitored teaching methods , adaptive materials , accessible settings and other interventions designed to help students achieve a higher level of self - sufficiency and success in the school and community than they would achieve with a typical classroom education . A number of countries focus on training teachers to teach deaf students with a variety of approaches and have organizations to aid deaf students . Contents ( hide ) 1 Identifying deaf students 2 Individual needs 3 Methods 3.1 Bilingual - bicultural education 3.2 Auditory - oral and auditory - verbal education 3.3 Simultaneous or Total Communication 3.4 Mainstreaming and inclusion 4 History 4.1 France 4.2 Great Britain 4.3 United States 5 Issues 6 National approaches 6.1 United States 6.2 Nepal 7 Teacher training 7.1 Canada 7.2 United States 7.3 United Kingdom 7.4 New Zealand 7.5 The Netherlands 8 Deaf education associations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Identifying deaf students ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) Children may be identified as candidates for deaf education from their audiogram or medical history . Hearing loss is generally described as slight , mild , moderate , severe , or profound , depending upon how well a person can hear the intensities of frequencies . Of the children identified as deaf , only 10 % are born to deaf parents . This percent of deaf students may have a linguistic advantage when entering the education system due to more extensive exposure to a first language . Individual needs ( edit ) Deaf education programs must be customized to each student 's needs , and deaf educators provide a continuum of services to deaf students based on individual needs . For instance , if a student is in a regular class , a note taker or interpreter might be an accommodation provided in their education plan . In the United States , Canada and the UK , education professionals use the acronym IEP when referring to a student 's individualized education plan . Methods ( edit ) Schools use a number of approaches to provide deaf - educational services to identified students . These may be grouped into four categories , according to whether ( and how much ) the deaf student has contact with non-deaf students ( using North American terminology ) : Inclusion : Deaf students spend all , or most , of the school day with non-deaf students . Since inclusion requires considerable curriculum modification , it is considered best practice only for mildly - to - moderately deaf students . Specialized services may be provided inside or outside the regular classroom , and students may leave the regular classroom to attend smaller , intensive instructional sessions in a resource room or to receive other services requiring specialized equipment or which might be disruptive to the rest of the class ( such as speech and language therapy ) . Mainstreaming refers to the education of deaf students in classes with non-deaf students for specified time periods , based on the deaf students ' skills ; deaf students learn in separate classes for the remainder of the school day . Segregation ( in a separate classroom or school ) : In this model , deaf students spend no time in non-deaf classes or with non-deaf students . Segregated students may attend a school where non-deaf classes are provided , but spend their time in a separate classroom for students with special needs . If their special - needs class is in a mainstream school , they may have opportunities for social integration ( for example , eating meals with non-deaf students ) ; alternatively , deaf students may attend a special school . Exclusion : A student unable to receive instruction in any school is excluded from school . Most deaf students have historically been excluded from school , and exclusion may still occur where there is no legal mandate for special - education services ( such as developing countries ) . It may also occur when a student is in hospital or housebound . Excluded students may receive individual or group instruction , and students who have been suspended or expelled are not considered `` excluded '' in this sense . The difference between mainstreaming and inclusion is not made explicit in the law , and use may vary from district to district . Further , within the Deaf community , the term ' mainstreaming ' often refers to any educational setting outside of a residential school . Bilingual - bicultural education ( edit ) Main article : Bilingual - bicultural education Alumni Hall , the middle and high schools at the Indiana School for the Deaf ( a bilingual - bicultural school ) In this method , deafness is approached as a cultural , not a medical , issue . In a bilingual - bicultural program , deaf children are recommended to learn sign language such as American Sign Language ( ASL ) as a first language , followed by a written or spoken language such as English as a second language . Bilingual - bicultural programs consider spoken or written language and sign language equal languages , helping children develop age - appropriate fluency in both . The bilingual - bicultural approach believes that since deaf children learn visually , rather than by ear , classes should be conducted in a visual language . To avoid harming the students ' accuracy and fluency in either language , sign language and spoken language are not used simultaneously , since they use different grammar , syntax , and vocabulary ; sign language is usually used as the language of instruction , though some bilingual - bicultural schools use spoken language in some contexts with some students . Many bilingual - bicultural schools have dormitories ; students may either commute to school or stay in a dormitory as part of a residential program , visiting their families on weekends , holidays and school vacations . Auditory - oral and Auditory - Verbal education ( edit ) Main articles : Auditory - verbal therapy and Oralism Hubbard Hall is the main building on the Northampton campus of Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech , an oral school . The auditory - oral and auditory - verbal methods , known collectively as listening and spoken language , are forms of oral education . These methods are based on the belief that a deaf child can learn to listen and speak . These methods , presented as communication options , rely on parental involvement . Children using this option may be placed in a continuum of educational placement , including oral schools ( such as the Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech ) , classrooms for deaf students in public schools or mainstream classrooms with hearing students . Simultaneous or total communication ( edit ) There is great variety in programs that label themselves as using simultaneous communication or total communication . Some programs consist of teachers and children speaking and signing at the same time , known as simultaneous communication . In these programs , grammatically - correct English is available when speech is paired with Signing Exact English . This method is used in many programs in Texas and in the state of Washington at Northwest School for Deaf and Hard - of - Hearing Children . In total communication programs , however , teachers emphasize learning language and utilizing all means of communication . Most often these programs do not use a grammatically correct form of either English or American Sign Language . Rather , professionals use a mixture of oral languages and signed languages or systems , including natural gestures , fingerspelling , body language , and lip - reading -- most often paired with some degree of listening and speaking practice . Mainstreaming and inclusion ( edit ) Two interpreters at a school Main articles : Mainstreaming ( education ) and Inclusion ( education ) Using this educational method , a deaf child attends public school in regular classes for at least part of the school day . Students may receive accommodation , such as itinerant teachers , interpreters , assistive technology , note - takers and aides . The deaf / hard - of - hearing children that go to mainstream programs have daily interaction with hearing students and typically live at home ; drawbacks include isolation and limited support . History ( edit ) John Bulwer , an English physician , wrote five works on bodily human communication ( particularly gestures ) . He was the first person in England to propose educating deaf people , outlining plans for an academy in Philocophus and The Dumbe mans academie . France ( edit ) Charles - Michel de l'Épée pioneered deaf education in France . He did charitable work for the poor , and on one trip into the Paris slums saw two young , deaf sisters who communicated with a sign language . Épée then decided to dedicate himself to the education of the deaf , and founded a school in 1760 . In line with the philosophy of the time , Épée believed that deaf people were capable of language and developed a system of teaching French and religion . During the early 1760s his shelter became the Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris , the world 's first public school for deaf children . Great Britain ( edit ) The first school for teaching the deaf to speak and read in Britain was Thomas Braidwood 's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb in Edinburgh , established during the 1760s . The school moved to London in 1783 , and was known as the Asylum for the Support and Education of the Deaf and Dumb Children of the Poor . Braidwood used an early form of sign language : the combined system , forerunner of British Sign Language ( recognized as a language in 2003 ) . Under the management of Braidwood 's nephew the school expanded , encouraging the establishment of an Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb in Edgbaston in 1814 and others in Liverpool , Edinburgh , Exeter , Manchester and Doncaster . United States ( edit ) Main article : History of deaf education in the United States Deaf education in the United States began during the early 1800s , when the Cobbs School ( an oral school ) was established by William Bolling and John Braidwood and the Connecticut Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb ( a manual school ) was established by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc . When the Cobbs School closed in 1816 , the manual method ( which used American Sign Language ) became common in deaf schools for most of the rest of the century . During the late 1800s schools began using the oral method , which only allowed the use of speech ( in contrast to the manual method previously in place ) . The oral method was used for many years , until sign - language instruction gradually returned to deaf education . Issues ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) See also : Manualism and Oralism Two general methods of deaf education are manualism and oralism . Manualism is instruction using sign language , and oralism uses spoken language . Although controversy has existed since the early eighteenth century about which method is more effective , many deaf - educational facilities attempt to integrate both approaches . The National Association of the Deaf advocates a bilingual approach , to best support deaf students in their education . National approaches ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : more worldwide coverage . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) United States ( edit ) Main article : Deaf education in the United States Some deaf students receive an individualized education program ( IEP ) outlining how the school will meet the student 's individual needs . The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) requires that students with special needs be provided with Free Appropriate Public Education in the least restrictive environment appropriate to the student 's needs . Government - run schools provide deaf education in varying degrees , from the least - restrictive setting ( full inclusion ) to the most restrictive ( segregation in a deaf school ) . Education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student 's individual needs ; however , schools are not required to maximize the student 's potential or provide the best possible services . Like most developed countries , American schools are required to provide medical services ( such as speech therapy ) if the student needs those services . Nepal ( edit ) Deaf children in Nepal have the right to free , qualified education in line with provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( UNCRPD ) . However , education in a school for the deaf is limited to 13 dedicated schools for the deaf and a slightly - higher number of deaf resource classes in regular schools . All schools and classes are bilingual , with Nepali Sign Language and written Nepali the media of instruction . Teacher training ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : explanations of teacher training in respective countries . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) Deaf education majors and degree programs offer training and certification in the education of students with a variety of hearing abilities , addressing students ' individual differences and needs . Deaf education also includes the study of special education , Deaf studies , education , sign language and Deaf culture ( not all programs include the latter two ) . Canada ( edit ) Additional Qualification : York University University of Ottawa United States ( edit ) For schools for the deaf in the United States , see Category : Schools for the deaf in the United States . Doctoral program : Gallaudet University Washington , D.C. Masters program : Boston University National Center on Deafness , California State University , Northridge , Northridge , California United Kingdom ( edit ) University of Central Lancashire , Lancashire , England University of Bristol , Bristol University of Edinburgh Edinburgh New Zealand ( edit ) Victoria University of Wellington The Netherlands ( edit ) Visual Language , Signs and Gestures , Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics , Nijmegen Deaf education associations ( edit ) United States National Association of the Deaf ( United States ) The Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and Programs for the Deaf ( CEASD ) The American Society for Deaf Children ( ASDC ) Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Volta Bureau United Kingdom British Association of Teachers of the Deaf ( BATOD ) See also ( edit ) Disability portal Education portal Category : Deaf universities and colleges Category : Schools for the deaf Deaf culture Deaf studies History of sign language Language exposure for deaf children Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf Signing Exact English Special education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://nichcy.org/disability/specific/hearingloss Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ross E. ; Karchmer , Michael A. ( 2004 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Chasing the Mythical Ten Percent : Parental Hearing Status of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in the United States '' . Sign Language Studies . 4 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 163 . doi : 10.1353 / sls. 2004.0005 . ISSN 1533 - 6263 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Libby ( 1990 ) . Time and learning in the special education classroom . Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0371 - 8 . OCLC 20635959 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Karen ( August 2012 ) . `` Accommodations for Students with Hearing Loss '' . Supporting Success for Children with Hearing Loss . Jump up ^ Smith , P ( October 2007 ) . `` Have we made any progress , including students with intellectual disabilities in regular education classrooms ? '' . Intellect Dev Disabil. 45 ( 5 ) : 297 -- 309 . doi : 10.1352 / 0047 - 6765 ( 2007 ) 45 ( 297 : HWMAPI ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 17887907 . Jump up ^ James Q. Affleck ; Sally Madge ; Abby Adams ; Sheila Lowenbraun ( January 1988 ) . `` Integrated classroom versus resource model : academic viability and effectiveness '' . Exceptional Children : 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Frank ( 2004 ) . Making Inclusion Work . Upper Saddle River , N.J : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 017603 - 6 . OCLC 54374653 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Zittleman ; Sadker , David Miller ( 2006 ) . Teachers , Schools and Society : A Brief Introduction to Education with Bind - in Online Learning Center Card with free Student Reader CD - ROM . McGraw - Hill Humanities / Social Sciences / Languages . pp. 48 , 49 , 108 , G -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 323007 - 3 . Jump up ^ Warnock Report Archived January 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1978 ) . `` Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People '' , London . Jump up ^ Wolffe , Jerry . ( 20 December 2010 ) What the law requires for disabled students The Oakland Press . Jump up ^ Yell , Mitchell L. ( 2012 ) . The law and special education ( 3rd ed . ) . Upper Saddle River : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0131376090 . Jump up ^ Bat - Chava , Yael ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Diversity of Deaf Identities '' . American Annals of the Deaf. 145 ( 5 ) : 420 -- 428 . doi : 10.1353 / aad. 2012.0176 . ISSN 1543 - 0375 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Sharon ; Baker , Keith ( August 1997 ) . `` Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing : Bilingual - Bicultural Education . ERIC Digest # E553 '' . Education Resources Information Center . ERIC Clearinghouse on Handicapped and Gifted Children . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marschark , Marc ; Lang , Harry G ; Albertini , John A. ( 2002 ) . Educating Deaf Students . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Cole , Elizabeth B. ; Flexer , Carol ( 2011 ) . Children with Hearing Loss : Developing Listening and Talking ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Plural Publishing . p. 348 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59756 - 379 - 6 . The two main Listening and Spoken Language approaches , historically , have been the Auditory - Verbal Approach ( AV ) and the Auditory - Oral Approach ( A-O ) . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Patrick ( August 1997 ) . `` Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing : Auditory - Oral . ERIC Digest # E551 '' . Education Resources Information Center . ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Donald ( August 1997 ) . `` Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing : Auditory - Verbal . ERIC Digest # E552 '' . Education Resources Information Center . ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ There 's a new kid in school . Oral Deaf Education . Archived from the original ( mov ) on 15 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Communication : Learning to Use Different Communication Methods '' . Raising Deaf Kids . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Communication Considerations : Total Communication '' . Hands and Voices . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Marschark , Marc ; Lang , Harry G ; Albertini , John A. ( 2002 ) . Educating Deaf Students . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Nowell , Richard ; Innes , Joseph ( August 1997 ) . `` Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing : Inclusion . ERIC Digest # E557 '' . Education Resources Information Center . ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` School Placement Considerations for Students Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing '' . Hands and Voices. 2005 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Wollock , J ( 1996 ) . John Bulwer and his Italian sources . In Mirko Tavoni ( Ed . ) , Italia ed Europa nella linguisticadel Rinascimento , Atti del convegno internazionale , 20 -- 24 March 1991 , Ferrara , p. 419 Jump up ^ Dekesel , K. ( 1992 ) John Bulwer : The founding father of BSL research , Signpost , Winter 1992 & Spring 1993 P11 - 14 & p36 - 46 Jump up ^ `` The national institute for the Deaf '' . Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Association of the Deaf , Dual Language Development and Use in the Educational Environment Position Statement Archived 2013 - 02 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Master of Education in Education of the Deaf School of Education '' . www.bu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` California State University website '' . Csun.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved May 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` UCLAN - Deaf Studies '' . Uclan.ac2.com . Retrieved May 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bristol University Centre for Deaf Studies Welcome to the Centre for Deaf Studies '' . Bris.ac.uk . Retrieved May 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Deaf Studies '' . Victoria University of Wellington . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) A.A.P.T.S.D. The Association Review : 1906 , Philadelphia , Penn. : American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf . Retrieved from the Internet Archive , June 7 , 2012 . Note : this annual review contains extensive material on deaf education worldwide . It has been inadvertently listed on the Internet Archive as The Association Review : 1899 , although some metadata correctly identifies it as from the year 1906 . R.A.R. Edwards , Words Made Flesh : Nineteenth - Century Deaf Education and the Growth of Deaf Culture . New York : New York University Press , 2012 . External links ( edit ) British Association of Teachers of the Deaf ( BATOD ) List of deaf education teacher preparation programs in the United States and Canada Thomas E. Finegan ( 1920 ) . `` Education of the Physically Handicapped '' . Encyclopedia Americana . This article has a section on deaf children . ( hide ) Deaf education Communication Cued speech Fingerspelling Lip reading Manually coded English Oralism Sign language Simultaneous communication Educators Jean Massieu ( b . 1772 ) Laurent Clerc ( b . 1785 ) Edward Miner Gallaudet ( b . 1837 ) Sophia Alcorn ( b . 1883 ) Andrew Foster ( b . 1925 ) Clayton Valli ( b . 1951 ) Religious organizations Christian Mission for the Deaf ( Africa ) Schools for the deaf Primary Schools Alexander Graham Bell School ( Chicago , Illinois ) Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech Detroit Day School for the Deaf ( closed ) Moog Center for Deaf Education West Tennessee School for the Deaf Wyoming School for the Deaf Secondary Schools Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind Alaska State School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing American School for the Deaf Arkansas School for the Deaf Atlanta Area School for the Deaf Austine School Barbara Jordan High School Beverly School for the Deaf California School for the Deaf , Fremont California School for the Deaf , Riverside Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind Delaware School for the Deaf Eastern North Carolina School for the Deaf Florida School for the Deaf and Blind Georgia School for the Deaf Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Illinois School for the Deaf Indiana School for the Deaf Iowa School for the Deaf Kansas State School For the Deaf Kentucky School for the Deaf The Learning Center for the Deaf Lexington School and Center for the Deaf Louisiana School for the Deaf Marlton School Maryland School for the Deaf Minnesota State Academy for the Deaf Mississippi School for the Deaf Model Secondary School for the Deaf Nebraska School for the Deaf New Mexico School for the Deaf New York School for the Deaf New York State School for the Deaf North Carolina School for the Deaf North Dakota School for the Deaf Ohio School for the Deaf Oklahoma School for the Deaf Oregon School for the Deaf Pennsylvania School for the Deaf Rochester School for the Deaf T.H. 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White Center High School Willie Ross School for the Deaf Wisconsin School for the Deaf Naxal School for the Deaf ( Nepal ) Tertiary Schools Gallaudet University National Technical Institute for the Deaf ( est. 1965 ) Centre for Deaf Studies , Bristol ( closed ) Ungraded Schools Central Institute for the Deaf Project Insight Summit Speech School Wright - Humason School for the Deaf Evangelical School for the Deaf ( Puerto Rico ) NDL : 00569586 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deaf_education&oldid=831904472 '' Categories : Deaf education Deafness Education Education for the deaf Philosophy of education Special education Teaching Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2013 Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2013 Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles to be expanded from April 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Latviešu 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Slovenčina 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 19 : 18 . 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two manners of articulation that do not occur in english

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Manner_of_articulation&oldid=823524737

Manner of articulation - wikipedia Manner of articulation Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2013 ) Manners of articulation Obstruent Stop Affricate Fricative Strident Sibilant Sonorant Nasal Approximant Semivowel Vowel Vibrant Flap / Tap Trill Liquid Rhotic Lateral Occlusive Continuant Airstreams Egressive Ingressive Ejective Implosive Nonexplosive Lingual ( clicks ) Linguo - pulmonic Linguo - ejective Percussive See also Articulatory phonetics Aspirated consonant No audible release Phonation Place of articulation Voice Voicelessness Human vocal tract Play media Articulation visualized by real - time MRI . In articulatory phonetics , the manner of articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators ( speech organs such as the tongue , lips , and palate ) when making a speech sound . One parameter of manner is stricture , that is , how closely the speech organs approach one another . Others include those involved in the r - like sounds ( taps and trills ) , and the sibilancy of fricatives . The concept of manner is mainly used in the discussion of consonants , although the movement of the articulators will also greatly alter the resonant properties of the vocal tract , thereby changing the formant structure of speech sounds that is crucial for the identification of vowels . For consonants , the place of articulation and the degree of phonation of voicing are considered separately from manner , as being independent parameters . Homorganic consonants , which have the same place of articulation , may have different manners of articulation . Often nasality and laterality are included in manner , but some phoneticians , such as Peter Ladefoged , consider them to be independent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Closure ( stricture ) 2 Other parameters 3 Individual manners 4 Broader classifications 5 Other airstream initiations 6 See also 7 Bibliography 8 External links Closure ( stricture ) ( edit ) From greatest to least stricture , speech sounds may be classified along a cline as stop consonants ( with occlusion , or blocked airflow ) , fricative consonants ( with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow ) , approximants ( with only slight turbulence ) , and vowels ( with full unimpeded airflow ) . Affricates often behave as if they were intermediate between stops and fricatives , but phonetically they are sequences of a stop and fricative . Over time , sounds in a language may move along this cline toward less stricture in a process called lenition , or towards more stricture in a process called fortition . Other parameters ( edit ) Sibilants are distinguished from other fricatives by the shape of the tongue and how the airflow is directed over the teeth . Fricatives at coronal places of articulation may be sibilant or non-sibilant , sibilants being the more common . Flaps ( also called taps ) are similar to very brief stops . However , their articulation and behavior are distinct enough to be considered a separate manner , rather than just length . The main articulatory difference between flaps and stops is that , due to the greater length of stops compared to flaps , a build - up of air pressure occurs behind a stop which does not occur behind a flap . This means that when the stop is released , there is a burst of air as the pressure is relieved , while for flaps there is no such burst . Trills involve the vibration of one of the speech organs . Since trilling is a separate parameter from stricture , the two may be combined . Increasing the stricture of a typical trill results in a trilled fricative . Trilled affricates are also known . Nasal airflow may be added as an independent parameter to any speech sound . It is most commonly found in nasal occlusives and nasal vowels , but nasalized fricatives , taps , and approximants are also found . When a sound is not nasal , it is called oral . Laterality is the release of airflow at the side of the tongue . This can be combined with other manners , resulting in lateral approximants ( such as the pronunciation of the letter L in the English word `` let '' ) , lateral flaps , and lateral fricatives and affricates . Individual manners ( edit ) Stop , an oral occlusive , where there is occlusion ( blocking ) of the oral vocal tract , and no nasal air flow , so the air flow stops completely . Examples include English / ptk / ( voiceless ) and / bd ɡ / ( voiced ) . If the consonant is voiced , the voicing is the only sound made during occlusion ; if it is voiceless , a stop is completely silent . What we hear as a / p / or / k / is the effect that the onset of the occlusion has on the preceding vowel , as well as the release burst and its effect on the following vowel . The shape and position of the tongue ( the place of articulation ) determine the resonant cavity that gives different stops their characteristic sounds . All languages have stops . Nasal , a nasal occlusive , where there is occlusion of the oral tract , but air passes through the nose . The shape and position of the tongue determine the resonant cavity that gives different nasals their characteristic sounds . Examples include English / m , n / . Nearly all languages have nasals , the only exceptions being in the area of Puget Sound and a single language on Bougainville Island . Fricative , sometimes called spirant , where there is continuous frication ( turbulent and noisy airflow ) at the place of articulation . Examples include English / f , s / ( voiceless ) , / v , z / ( voiced ) , etc . Most languages have fricatives , though many have only an / s / . However , the Indigenous Australian languages are almost completely devoid of fricatives of any kind . Sibilants are a type of fricative where the airflow is guided by a groove in the tongue toward the teeth , creating a high - pitched and very distinctive sound . These are by far the most common fricatives . Fricatives at coronal ( front of tongue ) places of articulation are usually , though not always , sibilants . English sibilants include / s / and / z / . Lateral fricatives are a rare type of fricative , where the frication occurs on one or both sides of the edge of the tongue . The `` ll '' of Welsh and the `` hl '' of Zulu are lateral fricatives . Affricate , which begins like a stop , but this releases into a fricative rather than having a separate release of its own . The English letters `` ch '' ( t͡ʃ ) and `` j '' ( d͡ʒ ) represent affricates . Affricates are quite common around the world , though less common than fricatives . Flap , often called a tap , is a momentary closure of the oral cavity . The `` tt '' of `` utter '' and the `` dd '' of `` udder '' are pronounced as a flap ( ɾ ) in North American and Australian English . Many linguists distinguish taps from flaps , but there is no consensus on what the difference might be . No language relies on such a difference . There are also lateral flaps . Trill , in which the articulator ( usually the tip of the tongue ) is held in place , and the airstream causes it to vibrate . The double `` r '' of Spanish `` perro '' is a trill . Trills and flaps , where there are one or more brief occlusions , constitute a class of consonant called rhotics . Approximant , where there is very little obstruction . Examples include English / w / and / r / . In some languages , such as Spanish , there are sounds that seem to fall between fricative and approximant . One use of the word semivowel , sometimes called a glide , is a type of approximant , pronounced like a vowel but with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth , so that there is slight turbulence . In English , / w / is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel / u / , and / j / ( spelled `` y '' ) is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel / i / in this usage . Other descriptions use semivowel for vowel - like sounds that are not syllabic , but do not have the increased stricture of approximants . These are found as elements in diphthongs . The word may also be used to cover both concepts . The term glide is newer than semivowel , being used to indicate an essential quality of sounds such as / w / and / j / , which is the movement ( or glide ) from their initial position ( / u / and / i / , respectively ) to a following vowel . Lateral approximants , usually shortened to lateral , are a type of approximant pronounced with the side of the tongue . English / l / is a lateral . Together with the rhotics , which have similar behavior in many languages , these form a class of consonant called liquids . Broader classifications ( edit ) Euler diagram showing a typical classification of sounds ( in IPA ) and their manners of articulation and phonological features Manners of articulation with substantial obstruction of the airflow ( stops , fricatives , affricates ) are called obstruents . These are prototypically voiceless , but voiced obstruents are extremely common as well . Manners without such obstruction ( nasals , liquids , approximants , and also vowels ) are called sonorants because they are nearly always voiced . Voiceless sonorants are uncommon , but are found in Welsh and Classical Greek ( the spelling `` rh '' ) , in Standard Tibetan ( the `` lh '' of Lhasa ) , and the `` wh '' in those dialects of English that distinguish `` which '' from `` witch '' . Sonorants may also be called resonants , and some linguists prefer that term , restricting the word ' sonorant ' to non-vocoid resonants ( that is , nasals and liquids , but not vowels or semi-vowels ) . Another common distinction is between occlusives ( stops , nasals and affricates ) and continuants ( all else ) . Other airstream initiations ( edit ) All of these manners of articulation are pronounced with an airstream mechanism called pulmonic egressive , meaning that the air flows outward , and is powered by the lungs ( actually the ribs and diaphragm ) . Other airstream mechanisms are possible . Sounds that rely on some of these include : Ejectives , which are glottalic egressive . That is , the airstream is powered by an upward movement of the glottis rather than by the lungs or diaphragm . Stops , affricates , and occasionally fricatives may occur as ejectives . All ejectives are voiceless , or at least transition from voiced to voiceless . Implosives , which are glottalic ingressive . Here the glottis moves downward , but the lungs may be used simultaneously ( to provide voicing ) , and in some languages no air may actually flow into the mouth . Implosive stops are not uncommon , but implosive affricates and fricatives are rare . Voiceless implosives are also rare . Clicks , which are lingual ingressive . Here the back of the tongue is used to create a vacuum in the mouth , causing air to rush in when the forward occlusion ( tongue or lips ) is released . Clicks may be oral or nasal , stop or affricate , central or lateral , voiced or voiceless . They are extremely rare in normal words outside Southern Africa . However , English has a click in its `` tsk tsk '' ( or `` tut tut '' ) sound , and another is often used to say `` giddy up '' to a horse . Combinations of these , in some analyses , in a single consonsant : linguo - pulmonic and linguo - glottalic ( ejective ) consonants , which are clicks released into either a pulmonic or ejective stop / fricative . See also ( edit ) Index of phonetics articles Articulatory phonetics Place of articulation Basis of articulation Diction Phonation Airstream mechanism Relative articulation Nonexplosive stop Vocal tract Human voice Source - filter model of speech production Bibliography ( edit ) Ladefoged , Peter ; Maddieson , Ian ( 1996 ) . The Sounds of the World 's Languages . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19814 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Movie clip showing the human articulators in action Interactive place and manner of articulation Interactive Flash website for American English , Spanish and German sounds International Phonetic Alphabet ( chart ) IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the IPA Extensions to the IPA ( extIPA ) Voice Quality Symbols ( VoQS ) Journal of the IPA ( JIPA ) Phonetics Diacritics Segments Tone letter Place of articulation Manner of articulation Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions IPA chart for English dialects World Orthography Encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode WorldBet IPA Braille Consonants ( hide ) Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal / Epiglottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ Stop p p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ d ʈ ɖ ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ ʈʂ ɖʐ t̠ɕ d̠ʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊ ˔ d̠ɹ̠ ˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊ ˔ ɹ̠ ˔ ɻ ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant ʋ̥ ʋ ɹ̥ ɹ ɻ̊ ɻ j̊ j ɰ̊ ɰ ʔ̞ Flap / tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r ɽ̊ɽ̊ ɽɽ ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ ʈɭ̊ ˔ cʎ̝̊ kʟ̝̊ ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ɭ̊ ˔ ʎ̝̊ ʎ̝ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l̥ l ɭ̊ ɭ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral flap / tap ɺ ɭ̆ ʎ̆ ʟ̆ help full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to the left are voiceless . Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible . Non-pulmonic consonants Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Epiglottal Glottal Ejectives Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ Affricate t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ qχʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ cʎ̝̊ʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ Fricative fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Clicks Nasal ʘ̃ ǀ̃ ǃ̃ ǃ̃ ˞ ǂ̃ ◌ ̃ˀ Stop ʘ ʘ̬ ǀ ǀ̬ ǃ ǃ̬ ǃ ˞ ǃ̬ ˞ ǂ ǂ̬ ʞ ◌ ˀ Lateral nasal ǁ̃ Lateral fricative ǁ ǁ̬ Implosive ɓ̥ ɓ ɗ̥ ɗ ᶑ̥ ᶑ ʄ̊ ʄ ɠ̊ ɠ ʛ̥ ʛ help full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasals n͡m Labial -- alveolar ŋ͡m Labial -- velar Stops t͡p Labial -- alveolar ( voiceless ) d͡b Labial -- alveolar ( voiced ) k͡p Labial -- velar ( voiceless ) ɡ͡b Labial -- velar ( voiced ) q͡ʡ Uvular -- epiglottal Fricatives ɧ Sj - sound Approximants ʍ Labialized velar ( voiceless ) w Labialized velar ( voiced ) ɫ Velarized alveolar ( lateral ) ɥ̊ Labialized palatal ( voiceless ) ɥ Labialized palatal ( voiced ) help full chart template Vowels Front Near - front Central Near - back Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ɪ ʏ ɪ̈ ʊ̈ ɯ̽ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o e̞ ø̞ ə ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞ ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɞ̞ ɶ ä ɒ̈ ɑ ɒ Near - close Close - mid Mid Open - mid Near - open Open help full chart template Paired vowels are : unrounded rounded Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manner_of_articulation&oldid=823524737 '' Categories : Phonetics Articulatory phonetics Manner of articulation Speech Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 19 : 52 . 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luis fonsi demi lovato - échame la culpa wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=%C3%89chame_la_Culpa&oldid=822335046

Échame la Culpa - wikipedia Échame la Culpa Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato . For Échame a Mi la Culpa , see José Ángel Espinoza . `` Échame la Culpa '' Single by Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato Language Spanish English English title Put the Blame on Me Released November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Format Digital download Genre Reggaeton - pop Length 2 : 53 Label Universal Latin Republic Island Songwriter ( s ) Luis Fonsi Alejandro Rengifo Mauricio Rengifo Andrés Torres Producer ( s ) Andrés Torres Mauricio Rengifo Luis Fonsi singles chronology `` Kissing Strangers ( Remix ) '' ( 2017 ) `` Échame la Culpa '' ( 2017 ) Demi Lovato singles chronology `` Tell Me You Love Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Échame la Culpa '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Échame la Culpa '' on YouTube `` Échame la Culpa '' ( American Spanish : ( ˈeʧame la ˈkulpa ) ; English : `` Put the Blame on Me '' ) is a song by Puerto Rican singer and songwriter Luis Fonsi and American singer and songwriter Demi Lovato . Fonsi co-wrote the song with Alejandro Rengifo and its producers Andrés Torres and Mauricio Rengifo . The song was released through Universal Music Latin Entertainment , Republic Records and Island Records on November 17 , 2017 . The song will impact the US pop radio on January 30 , 2018 . The song has reached number one in Spain and Lebanon , as well as the top ten in Belgium ( Wallonia ) , Hungary , Italy , Poland , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , Sweden and Switzerland , the top twenty in Austria , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Germany , and Norway , and the top thirty in the Netherlands , and Scotland . It also reached number 46 in the UK and 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and promotion 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Release and promotion ( edit ) Lovato first teased a photo from the music video shot via Instagram on October 21 , 2017 , to which Fonsi commented : `` What 's up Demi ... '' , and later posted a behind - the - scenes picture on his own Instagram , captioned : `` Finished ! It 's a wrap '' , to which Lovato replied : `` Hola Fonsi '' . On November 1 , 2017 , MTV News reported that the collaboration will be titled `` Échame la Culpa '' , a song Fonsi has been performing solo during live shows across the summer . In an interview with Billboard at iHeartRadio Fiesta Latina in Miami , Fonsi admitted : `` It 's a fun song , a fun record , we already filmed the video . '' He also revealed that the song would premiere in two weeks . In a clip shared by Billboard on November 13 , 2017 , Lovato and Fonsi can be seen meeting each other via a FaceTime call to discuss details about their collaboration . On November 14 , 2017 , Lovato took to social media to announce the release date , along with a snippet of the song featuring only her part , as Fonsi posted a shot of himself lying in bed with pillows covered in the song 's title . On November 17 , 2017 , Fonsi published a photo of a truck with him and Lovato on it , as well as short quotes including `` ¿ Qué pasa Demi ? '' ( English : What 's up Demi ? ) and `` Hey Fonsi '' . Fonsi told Viva Latino : `` The lyrics are very joyful . It 's that play on words , that famous cliché of ' It 's not you , it 's me ' that many of us have used . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Jon Caramanica of The New York Times called the song `` a jaunty , celebratory number '' , and felt Lovato singing in clipped Spanish is `` only marginally less comfortable than the bumpy - edged English - language semi-soul she employs elsewhere on the song '' . Deepa Lakshmin of MTV News wrote that it is `` equally infectious '' as `` Despacito '' . Ross McNeilage of the same publication deemed the song `` an absolute powerhouse anthem that goes harder than ' Despacito ' ever did '' , and gave credit to `` Demi 's flawless Spanish and ( Fonsi and Lovato 's ) undeniable chemistry '' . Bianca Gracie of Fuse regarded it as `` a welcomed refresher away from the ongoing ' Despacito ' takeover '' . Music Video ( edit ) The music video first takes place in Lovato 's bedroom , before the duo meet up in an abandoned warehouse and hold a dance party . In its first 24 hours of release , the video accrued more than 17 million views , a record for Lovato . On YouTube , the video became the fifth - fastest music video in history to reach 100 million views , the fourth - fastest to reach 200 million , 300 million and 600 million views , and the third - fastest to reach 400 million and 500 million views , being the fastest collaboration in history to reach each of these milestones . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) 80 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 8 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) 47 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) Bolivia ( Monitor Latino ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35 Chile ( Monitor Latino ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 7 Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) Croatia ( HRT ) 13 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 76 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 18 Ecuador ( National - Report ) El Salvador ( Monitor Latino ) France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) Honduras ( Monitor Latino ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 22 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 40 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 26 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Mexico ( Billboard Espanol Airplay ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Nicaragua ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 14 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 48 Panama ( Monitor Latino ) Paraguay ( Monitor Latino ) Peru ( Monitor Latino ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 13 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 16 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) Venezuela ( National - Report ) 34 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum ( Latin ) 180,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States November 17 , 2017 Digital download Universal Latin Republic Island January 30 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Universal Latin See also ( edit ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Bolivia ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Guatemala ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Lebanon ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Mexico ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Échame la Culpa -- Single by Luis Fonsi on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Échame La Culpa / Luis Fonsi TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . Jump up ^ Prance , Sam ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato Shares Stunning Behind the Scenes Photo From New Music Video Shoot '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeilage , Ross ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato Films Music Video For Rumoured Luis Fonsi Collaboration '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apaza , Kevin ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi Song Confirmed , They 've Shot The Music Video '' . Direct Lyrics . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeilage , Ross ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato and Luis Fonsi 's Collaboration Reportedly Titled ' Échame La Culpa ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Suzette ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi Reveals a ' Fun ' New Song is On the Way : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Suzette ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato Meets Luis Fonsi Via Facetime to Discuss Their New Collab : Watch Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prance , Sam ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato Debuts Incredible Snippet of Luis Fonsi Collaboration '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato and Luis Fonsi tease Spanish - language track '' . CTV News . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato and Luis Fonsi 's Bilingual Duet Drops Friday '' . People . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marti , Diaja ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Sneak Peek of Demi Lovato and Luis Fonsi 's Song `` Echame La Culpa '' `` . E ! News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apaza , Kevin ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hear A Snippet of Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi 's `` Echame La Culpa '' Now ! `` . Direct Lyrics . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borge , Jonathan ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Is Demi Lovato 's New Song with Luis Fonsi the Next xDespacito '' ? `` . InStyle . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi Tease New Song ' Echame La Culpa ' With Video Teaser '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Shirley ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Luis Fonsi Song : Singers Team Up For Secret Collab Reportedly Titled ' Échame La Culpa ' '' . Latin Times . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` WATCH : Demi Lovato and Luis Fonsi 's Hot New Music Video '' . People . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ; Caramanica , Jon ; Russonello , Giovanni ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Playlist : Demi Lovato Seeks Her ' Despacito ' and 9 More New Songs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lakshmin , Deepa ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato Shows Off Her Spanish In Fierce New Song With Luis Fonsi '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeilage , Ross ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato and Luis Fonsi Throw Una Fiesta In ' Échame La Culpa ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato Gets Her ' Wild Thoughts ' On With Luis Fonsi For Steamy ' Échame la Culpa ' Video : Watch '' . Fuse . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Lara ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato Sizzles in Sexy `` Echame la Culpa '' Music Video `` . InStyle . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ogweng , Sylvia ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato And Luis Fonsi Drop Spanish Duet ' Échame La Culpa ( Blame Me ) ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zelman , Kevin ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi ' Echame La Culpa ' Music Video Is Here '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Just saw we broke the @ VEVO 24 hour Latin record ? ! Thank YOU Lovatics # EchameLaCulpa @ luisfonsi demilovato.co/elcvideo '' . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to each milestone '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 27 de Noviembre al 3 de Diciembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 448 '' . auspOp . November 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Échame la culpa '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Échame la culpa '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Échame la culpa '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RANKINGS -- Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Bolivia -- Del 20 al 26 de Noviembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Chile -- Del 20 al 26 de Noviembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia -- Semana 49 del 2017 -- Del 01 / 12 / 2017 al 07 / 12 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . December 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Costa Rica -- Del 8 al 15 de Enero , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 40 '' . HRT . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20182 into search . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Ecuador -- Semana 47 del 2017 -- Del 17 / 11 / 2017 al 23 / 11 / 2017 '' . National - Report . November 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 El Salvador -- Del 8 al 15 de Enero , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 3 , 2018 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Échame la culpa '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Guatemala -- Del 18 al 25 de Diciembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Honduras -- Del 25 al 31 de Diciembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . December 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Luis Fonsi '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 1 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi - Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Espanol Airplay '' . Billboard . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Mexico -- Del 5 al 18 de Enero , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` - MEGA TOP 50 '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Top 50 Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 3 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Échame la culpa '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Nicaragua -- Del 15 al 22 de Enero , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 3 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Panama -- Del 15 al 22 de Enero , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Paraguay -- Del 18 al 25 de Deciembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Peru -- Del 11 al 18 de Deciembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Échame la Culpa '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 50 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20183 into search . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 48 : del 24.11. 2017 al 30.11. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Échame la culpa '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Uruguay -- Del 18 al 25 de Diciembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Venezuela -- Semana 48 del 2017 -- Del 24 / 11 / 2017 al 30 / 11 / 2017 '' . National - Report . December 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Echame La Culpa '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Luis Fonsi -- Echame La Culpa '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato -- Échame La Culpa '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Type Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Échame La Culpa and see certification . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Luis Fonsi -- Echame La Culpa '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click Type , then select Latin , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases -- Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Luis Fonsi Discography Studio albums Comenzaré Eterno Amor Secreto Fight the Feeling Abrazar la Vida Paso a Paso Palabras del Silencio Tierra Firme 8 Compilations albums Remixes Éxitos 98 : 06 Singles `` Nada Es Para Siempre '' `` Tu Amor '' `` No me doy por vencido '' `` Aquí Estoy Yo '' `` Llueve Por Dentro '' `` Despacito '' `` Échame la Culpa '' Featured singles `` Quién Como Tú '' Songs `` Si No Te Hubiera Conocido '' Demi Lovato songs Discography Do n't Forget `` La La Land '' `` Get Back '' `` Do n't Forget '' Here We Go Again `` Here We Go Again '' `` Remember December '' Unbroken `` Fix a Heart '' `` Give Your Heart a Break '' `` Skyscraper '' `` For the Love of a Daughter '' Demi `` Heart Attack '' `` Made in the USA '' `` Neon Lights '' `` Nightingale '' `` Really Do n't Care '' Confident `` Confident '' `` Cool for the Summer '' `` Stone Cold '' `` Waitin for You '' Tell Me You Love Me `` Sorry Not Sorry '' `` Tell Me You Love Me '' Songs as a featured artist `` We Rock '' `` We 'll Be a Dream '' `` Somebody to You '' `` Up '' `` Irresistible '' `` Without a Fight '' `` No Promises '' `` Instruction '' Other songs `` This Is Me '' `` Send It On '' `` Gift of a Friend '' `` Make a Wave '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Me , Myself and Time '' `` My Song for You '' `` Heart by Heart '' `` Let It Go '' `` Body Say '' `` Échame la Culpa '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Échame_la_Culpa&oldid = 822335046 '' Categories : Singlechart usages for Ireland3 2017 songs 2017 singles Demi Lovato songs Luis Fonsi songs Songs written by Luis Fonsi Universal Music Latino singles Republic Records singles Island Records singles Spanglish songs Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 52 . 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what do justices do in the supreme court

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Appointment_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=821839213

Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution , which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition . Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee , which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate . Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to the court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomination 2 Confirmation 3 Recess appointments 4 Tenure and vacancies 5 References Nomination ( edit ) Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and , with Senate confirmation , requires Justices to be appointed . This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders , who wrote : `` he shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court ... '' Upon the election of a new President , incoming White House staff prepare profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court , considering not only judges but also politicians and other individuals whom they consider appropriate for the role . Besides considering national figures whose views are well - known , they consider others who are less recognized . They go through published rulings , articles , speeches , and other background material to get an idea of candidates ' values and views on constitutional issues . Age , health , race , gender , and likelihood of confirmation are also factored into considerations . Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens , the President discusses the candidates with advisors . Senators also call the President with suggestions . After a first choice is decided , the candidate is contacted and called on by the President to serve on the highest court . Staffers send a vetting form for the candidate to fill out . They visit the candidate to go over tax records and payments to domestic help . Candidates whom the President has never met are interviewed by White House officials before being sent to the White House to be interviewed in person by the President . After making a final decision , the President calls the candidate , who is told to prepare a statement for an appearance in front of the national press for the President 's formal announcement . Most Presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views . In many cases , however , a Justice 's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating President anticipated . A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren ; President Dwight D. Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge , but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the Court 's history . Eisenhower later called the appointment `` the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made '' . Another Justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was David Souter , who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by President George H.W. Bush . Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative ; however , after becoming a Justice , his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum . Because the Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a Justice , the President may nominate any individual to serve on the Court . However , that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate . Confirmation ( edit ) In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special - interest groups , many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee , depending on whether the nominee 's track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings , questioning nominees to determine their suitability . By convention , nominees avoid revealing too much about their views on potential cases that may come before the Court . At the close of confirmation hearings , the Committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The Roberts Court ( April 2017 - present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The Committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent , beginning with Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 . Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated . Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions ; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition . The second nominee to appear before the Committee was Felix Frankfurter , who only addressed ( at the Committee 's request ) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him . The modern practice of the Committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 ; the nomination came shortly after the Court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision , and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan 's confirmation , hence the decision to testify . Once the Committee reports out the nomination , the whole Senate considers it . A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee . Prior to 2017 , a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture , which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history . The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987 , when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork . Not everyone nominated by the President has received a floor vote in the Senate . Prior to 2017 a nominee could be filibustered once debate on the nomination had begun in the full Senate . A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate , preventing a final vote on the nominee . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 before Committee hearings had begun , citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel . In 1987 , President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of news reports containing marijuana use allegations . The Senate may also fail to act on the nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , the Senate failed to act on President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland in March 2016 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Before 1981 the approval process of Justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , Justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past . The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism . For example , columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork 's nomination `` unjust '' and , more generally , that the nomination process does `` not delve deeply into the nominee 's jurisprudential thinking . '' Supreme Court nominations have caused media speculation about whether the judge leans to the left , middle , or right . One indication of the politicized selection process is how much time each nominee spends being questioned under the glare of media coverage ; before 1925 , nominees were never questioned ; after 1955 , every nominee has been required to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and answer questions ; and the hours spent being grilled have lengthened from single digits ( before 1980 ) to double digits today . Another example of the politicization of the process was the Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination , which remained before the Senate far longer than any other nominee . Following is a table of the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate were spent on the questioning of Supreme Court nominees : Supreme Court Nominees : Hours Spent Being Questioned Year Nominee Hours 1925 Harlan Fiske Stone 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 1938 Felix Frankfurter * 1955 John Marshall Harlan II * 1957 William J. Brennan , Jr . 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 1967 Thurgood Marshall 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 1971 William H. Rehnquist 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 John Paul Stevens 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Robert Bork ( not confirmed ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Anthony Kennedy 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 David H. Souter 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 1991 Clarence Thomas 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Stephen G. Breyer 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2005 John G. Roberts , Jr . 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2016 Merrick Garland ( not confirmed ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 2017 Neil Gorsuch 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Sources : The New York Times ( 2005 , 2009 ) , MSNBC ( 2005 ) . Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote , the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House . The President then prepares and signs a commission , and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office . The date of commission determines a Justice 's seniority . A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath , which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President , and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office . Recess appointments ( edit ) Potter Stewart , appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower , was the last Supreme Court Justice initially placed on the Court through a recess appointment . Article II , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that : The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . Thus , when the Senate is in recess , the President may make a temporary appointment to any office requiring Senate approval , including filling vacancies on the Supreme Court , without the Senate 's advice and consent . Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session ( always less than two years ) . To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service , the nominee must be formally nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Of the ten Justices who have received recess appointments - two Chief Justices and eight Associate Justices - only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a regular appointment . No president since Dwight Eisenhower ( who made three such appointments ) has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts . During the 110th Congress , the Democratic leadership of the Senate specifically blocked Republican President George W. Bush from making any recess appointments with the use of pro forma sessions . In 1960 the Senate passed a resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances . Being a resolution , it has no legally binding effect , but was intended as an expression of the position of the Senate and as a guide to executive actions . The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines . Following is a list of recess appointments that have been made to the Supreme Court : Justice Appointed by Date of Appointment Date of Nomination Date of Senate action Senate action Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson Washington 000000001791 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1791 000000001791 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1791 000000001791 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1791 Confirmed Rutledge , John John Rutledge ( as Chief Justice ) Washington 000000001795 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1795 Rejected Thompson , Smith Smith Thompson Monroe 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 000000001823 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1823 000000001823 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1823 Confirmed Woodbury , Levi Levi Woodbury Polk 000000001845 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1845 000000001845 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 1845 000000001846 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1846 Confirmed Curtis , Benjamin Robbins Benjamin Robbins Curtis Fillmore 000000001851 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1851 000000001851 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1851 000000001851 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1851 Confirmed Davis , David David Davis Lincoln 000000001862 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1862 000000001862 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1862 000000001862 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1862 Confirmed Holmes , Jr. , Oliver Wendell Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr . T. Roosevelt 000000001902 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1902 000000001902 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1902 000000001902 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1902 Confirmed Warren , Earl Earl Warren ( as Chief Justice ) Eisenhower 000000001953 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1953 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 Confirmed Brennan , Jr. , William J. William J. Brennan , Jr . Eisenhower 000000001956 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1956 000000001957 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1957 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 Confirmed Stewart , Potter Potter Stewart Eisenhower 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 000000001959 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1959 000000001959 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1959 Confirmed Tenure and vacancies ( edit ) The ability of a president to appoint new justices depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court . The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is well understood to mean Justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , although they can voluntarily resign or retire . A Justice can also be removed by Congressional impeachment and conviction . However , only one Justice has been impeached by the House ( Samuel Chase , in 1805 ) and he was acquitted in the Senate . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , once in 1953 and again in 1970 ) , but they have not reached a vote in the House . No mechanism presently exists for removing a Justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , both unable to resign and unable to resume service . Because Justices have indefinite tenure , it is impossible to know when a vacancy will next occur . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William H. Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 and the departures of Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor ( by death and retirement , respectively ) in 2005 and 2006 . It is also theoretically possible for Congress to create additional vacancies by expanding the Court itself . The United States Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court , but in Article III it authorizes the Congress to fix the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six justices . As the country grew geographically , Congress increased the number of justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits . In 1807 , the court was expanded to seven members , allowing Thomas Jefferson to appoint Thomas Todd as a new Justice . The expansion to nine members in 1837 allowed Andrew Jackson to appoint John Catron , and Martin Van Buren to appoint John McKinley ; and the addition of a tenth seat in 1863 allowed Abraham Lincoln to name Stephen Johnson Field to the Court . However , at the request of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act ( 1866 ) which provided that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced ; thus , the size of the Court should have eventually reached seven by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . However , this law did not play out to completion , for in the Judiciary Act of 1869 , also known as the Circuit Judges Act , the number of justices was again set at nine , where it has since remained . The new seat created in 1869 was filled the following year by Ulysses S. Grant 's appointment of Joseph P. Bradley - the last justice to be appointed to a newly created seat on the Court . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 , seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement ; under Roosevelt 's proposal , such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices . Ostensibly , the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly judges , but the President 's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation . This plan , usually called the `` Court - packing Plan '' , failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt . The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937 . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Despite the variability , nearly all Presidents so far have been able to appoint at least one Justice . The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Andrew Johnson , and Jimmy Carter . Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Taylor likewise died early in his presidential term , although his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a Justice by a contraction in the size of the Supreme Court , which Congress may dictate . Jimmy Carter is the only President who completed at least one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Black , Ryan C. ; Owens , Ryan J. `` Courting the President : How Circuit Court Judges Alter Their Behavior for Promotion to the Supreme Court '' . American Journal of Political Science . 60 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / ajps. 12132 . Jump up ^ Todd S. , Purdum ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Presidents , Picking Justices , Can Have Backfires '' . Courts in Transition : Nominees and History . New York Times . p . A4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Tom Curry ( Nov 5 , 2005 ) . `` A guide to the Supreme Court nomination ( quote :) `` ... 1939 , when he went before the Judiciary Committee , nominee Felix Frankfurter told senators ... '' `` . MSNBC.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STEPHEN L. CARTER ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Let the Nominee Stay Home ( quote :) `` ... The first was John Marshall Harlan in 1955 , who declined invitations to discuss either specific cases or judicial philosophy as ' a matter of propriety ' ... '' `` . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist - for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . The Blaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ NEIL A. LEWIS ( June 27 , 1993 ) . `` Balanced Jurist at Home in the Middle '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steve Padilla ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor hearings : The grilling of Supreme Court nominees is a relatively new invention ( quote :) `` Harlan Stone became the first Supreme Court nominee to appear and testify before the Judiciary Committee in 1925 '' ALSO `` Every nominee to the high court since President Eisenhower 's 1955 nomination of John Harlan has testified before the committee . '' `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` COURT IN TRANSITION ; Republicans Speak of Respect of Roberts 's Peers , and Democrats Issue Warnings -- their sources : Courts and Congress by Judge Robert A. Katzmann ; Senate transcripts '' . New York Times . September 16 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rutkus , Supreme Court Nominations , p. 57 Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ See 28 U.S.C. § 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 -- 18 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ Democrats supported the resolution 48 - 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 - 0 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appointment_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=821839213 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States Nomination and appointment of United States federal judges Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 22 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where did the modern era of manufacturing primarily begin

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Modern_history&oldid=807203428

Modern history - Wikipedia Modern history Jump to : navigation , search For timelines of modern history , see Timelines of modern history . Human history ↑ Prehistory Recorded history Ancient Earliest records Africa Americas East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Mediterranean Postclassical Africa Americas Central Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Europe Modern Early modern Late modern See also Contemporary Modernity Futurology ↓ Future Modern history , the modern period or the modern era , is the global historiographical approach to the timeframe after post-classical history . Modern history can be further broken down into periods : The early modern period began approximately in the early 16th century ; notable historical milestones included the European Renaissance , the Age of Discovery , and the Protestant Reformation . The late modern period began approximately in the mid-18th century ; notable historical milestones included the French Revolution , the American Revolution , the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence . It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world 's population to reach 1 billion ; the next billion came just over a century later , in 1927 . Contemporary history is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Study guide 1.1 Source text 1.2 Terminology and usage 1.2. 1 Pre-modern 1.2. 2 Modern 1.2. 3 Contemporary 2 Modern era 2.1 Significant developments 2.1. 1 Early 2.1. 2 Late 3 Early modern period 3.1 Asia 3.1. 1 China 3.1. 2 Japan 3.1. 3 India 3.1. 3.1 British and Dutch colonization 3.2 Europe 3.2. 1 Tsardom of Russia 3.2. 2 Reason and Enlightenment 3.2. 3 Scientific Revolution 3.2. 4 The French Revolutions 3.2. 4.1 National and Legislative Assembly 3.2. 4.2 The Directory and Napoleonic Era 3.2. 5 Italian unification 3.2. 6 End of the early modern period 3.3 North America 3.3. 1 Decolonization of North and South Americas 4 Late modern period 4.1 Timeline 4.2 Industrial revolutions 4.2. 1 Industrialization 4.2. 2 Revolution in manufacture and power 4.2. 3 Notable engineers 4.2. 4 Social effects and classes 4.2. 4.1 Mid-19th - century European revolts 4.2. 4.2 Industrial age reformism 4.2. 5 Imperial Russia 4.3 European dominance and the 19th century 4.3. 1 Imperialism and empires 4.3. 2 British Victorian era 4.3. 3 French governments and conflicts 4.3. 4 Slavery and abolition 4.3. 5 African colonization 4.3. 6 Meiji Japan 4.4 United States 4.4. 1 Antebellum expansion 4.4. 2 Civil War and Reconstruction 4.4. 3 The Gilded Age and legacy 4.5 Science and philosophy 4.5. 1 Notable persons 4.5. 2 Social Darwinism 4.5. 3 Marxist society 4.6 European decline and the 20th century 4.6. 1 Australian Constitution 4.6. 2 Eastern warlords 4.6. 3 World Wars era 4.6. 3.1 Start of the 20th century 4.6. 3.2 Edwardian Britain 4.6. 3.3 World War I 4.6. 3.4 Revolutions and war 4.6. 3.5 The 1920s and the Depression 4.6. 3.6 Nanjing period 4.6. 3.7 The League and crises 4.6. 3.8 Tripartite Pact 4.6. 3.9 World War II 4.6. 4 Post-1945 world 4.6. 4.1 American Peace 4.6. 4.2 Cold War era 4.6. 4.3 Latin America polarization 4.6. 4.4 Space Age 5 Education and schools 5.1 British education 5.2 Universities 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Study Guide ( edit ) Some events , while not without precedent , show a new way of perceiving the world . The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments . Source text ( edit ) Main articles : Historical method and Source text The fundamental difficulty of studying modern history is the fact that a plethora of it has been documented up to the present day . It is imperative to consider the reliability of the information obtained from these records . Further information : Historiography and Philosophy of history Terminology and usage ( edit ) Pre-modern ( edit ) In the pre-modern era , many people 's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity , be it that in a single God or in many gods . Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality , though . Religious officials , who often held positions of power , were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person . It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine . Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced . See also : Ancient history and Post-classical history Modern ( edit ) The term modern was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times ( ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo , meaning `` just now '' ) . The European Renaissance ( about 1420 -- 1630 ) , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge . In contrast to the pre-modern era , Western civilization made a gradual transition from pre-modernity to modernity when scientific methods were developed which led many to believe that the use of science would lead to all knowledge , thus throwing back the shroud of myth under which pre-modern peoples lived . New information about the world was discovered via empirical observation , versus the historic use of reason and innate knowledge . The term `` Early Modern '' was introduced in the English language in the 1930s . to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment ( 1800 ) ( when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form ) . It is important to note that these terms stem from European history . In usage in other parts of the world , such as in Asia , and in Muslim countries , the terms are applied in a very different way , but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery . Contemporary ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary history In the Contemporary era , there were various socio - technological trends . Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world , the Information Age and computers were forefront in use , not completely ubiquitous but often present in everyday life . The development of Eastern powers was of note , with China and India becoming more powerful . In the Eurasian theater , the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed . A concern for Western world , if not the whole world , was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts . Modern era ( edit ) Significant developments ( edit ) The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of science , politics , warfare , and technology . It has also been an age of discovery and globalization . During this time , the European powers and later their colonies , began a political , economic , and cultural colonization of the rest of the world . By the late 19th and 20th centuries , modernist art , politics , science and culture has come to dominate not only Western Europe and North America , but almost every civilized area on the globe , including movements thought of as opposed to the west and globalization . The modern era is closely associated with the development of individualism , capitalism , urbanization and a belief in the possibilities of technological and political progress . The brutal wars and other problems of this era , many of which come from the effects of rapid change , and the connected loss of strength of traditional religious and ethical norms , have led to many reactions against modern development . Optimism and belief in constant progress has been most recently criticized by postmodernism while the dominance of Western Europe and Anglo - America over other continents has been criticized by postcolonial theory . One common conception of modernity is the condition of Western history since the mid-15th century , or roughly the European development of movable type and the printing press . In this context the `` modern '' society is said to develop over many periods , and to be influenced by important events that represent breaks in the continuity . Early ( edit ) Main article : Early modern period The modern era includes the early period , called the early modern period , which lasted from c. 1500 to around c. 1800 ( most often 1815 ) . Particular facets of early modernity include : The Renaissance The Reformation and Counter Reformation . The Age of Discovery The Rise of capitalism The Golden Age of Piracy Important events in the early modern period include : The invention of the printing press The English Civil War The Seven Years ' War Modern Age characteristics The concept of the modern world as distinct from an ancient or medieval world rests on a sense that the modern world is not just another era in history , but rather the result of a new type of change . This is usually conceived of as progress driven by deliberate human efforts to better their situation . Advances in all areas of human activity -- politics , industry , society , economics , commerce , transport , communication , mechanization , automation , science , medicine , technology , and culture -- appear to have transformed an Old World into the Modern or New World . In each case , the identification of the old Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old - fashioned from the modern . Portions of the Modern world altered its relationship with the Biblical value system , revalued the monarchical government system , and abolished the feudal economic system , with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics , science , psychology , sociology , and economics . This combination of epoch events totally changed thinking and thought in the early modern period , and so their dates serve as well as any to separate the old from the new modes . As an Age of Revolutions dawned , beginning with those revolts in America and France , political changes were then pushed forward in other countries partly as a result of upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars and their impact on thought and thinking , from concepts from nationalism to organizing armies . The early period ended in a time of political and economic change as a result of mechanization in society , the American Revolution , the first French Revolution ; other factors included the redrawing of the map of Europe by the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and the peace established by Second Treaty of Paris which ended the Napoleonic Wars . Late ( edit ) As a result of the Industrial Revolution and the earlier political revolutions , the worldviews of Modernism emerged . The industrialization of many nations was initiated with the industrialization of Britain . Particular facets of the late modernity period include : Increasing role of science and technology Mass literacy and proliferation of mass media Spread of social movements Institution of representative democracy Individualism Industrialization Urbanization Total fertility rates and ecological collapses occurring at geometric rates ; Other important events in the development of the Late modern period include : The American Revolution The French Revolution The Revolutions of 1848 The Russian Revolution The First World War and the Second World War Our most recent era -- Modern Times -- begins with the end of these revolutions in the 19th century , and includes the World Wars era ( encompassing World War I and World War II ) and the emergence of socialist countries that led to the Cold War . The contemporary era follows shortly afterward with the explosion of research and increase of knowledge known as the Information Age in the latter 20th and the early 21st century . Today 's Postmodern era is seen in widespread digitality . Early modern period ( edit ) Main article : Early modern period Waldseemüller map with joint sheets , 1507 Historians consider the early modern period to be approximately between 1500 and 1800 . It follows the Late Middle Ages period and is marked by the first European colonies , the rise of strong centralized governments , and the beginnings of recognizable nation - states that are the direct antecedents of today 's states . In Africa and the Ottoman Empire , the Muslim expansion took place in North and East Africa . In West Africa , various native nations existed . The Indian Empires and civilizations of Southeast Asia were a vital link in the spice trade . On the Indian subcontinent , the Great Mughal Empire existed . The archipelagic empires , the Sultanate of Malacca and later the Sultanate of Johor , controlled the southern areas . In Asia , various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere . In Japan , the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period . And in Korea , from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period . In the Americas , Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization , including the Aztec Empire and alliance , the Inca civilization , the Mayan Empire and cities , and the Chibcha Confederation . In the west , the European kingdoms and movements were in a movement of reformation and expansion . Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century . Later religious trends of the period saw the end of the expansion of Muslims and the Muslim world . Christians and Christendom saw the end of the Crusades and end of religious unity under the Roman Catholic Church . It was during this time that the Inquisitions and Protestant reformations took place . Colonial empires in 1800 During the early modern period , an age of discovery and trade was undertaken by the Western European nations . Portugal , Spain , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom and France went on a colonial expansion and took possession of lands and set up colonies in Africa , southern Asia , and North and South America . Turkey colonized Southeastern Europe , and parts of the West Asia and North Africa . Russia took possession in Eastern Europe , Asia , and North America . Asia ( edit ) Main articles : Qing dynasty , Mughal Empire , Maratha Empire , and Tokugawa shogunate China ( edit ) In China , urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex . Large urban centers , such as Nanjing and Beijing , also contributed to the growth of private industry . In particular , small - scale industries grew up , often specializing in paper , silk , cotton , and porcelain goods . For the most part , however , relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country . Town markets mainly traded food , with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil . Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism , China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated . Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world , particularly Japan , increased considerably . Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean , reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He . The Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) was founded after the fall of the Ming , the last Han Chinese dynasty , by the Manchus . The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens . When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng 's peasant rebels in 1644 , the Chongzhen Emperor , the last Ming emperor , committed suicide . The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing , which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty . The Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper . Schoppa , the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues , `` A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical ' reality ' . It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . '' Japan ( edit ) In pre-modern Japan following the Sengoku Period of `` warring states '' , central government had been largely reestablished by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Azuchi -- Momoyama period . After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu who completed this process and received the title of shogun in 1603 . Society in the Japanese `` Tokugawa period '' ( Edo society ) , unlike the shogunates before it , was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi . The daimyōs ( feudal lords ) were at the top , followed by the warrior - caste of samurai , with the farmers , artisans , and traders ranking below . In some parts of the country , particularly smaller regions , daimyōs and samurai were more or less identical , since daimyōs might be trained as samurai , and samurai might act as local lords . Otherwise , the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time . Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value . As a result , the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time . This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well - to - do peasants , ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions . None , however , proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers . India ( edit ) On the Indian subcontinent , the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century . The `` classic period '' ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire , although the dynasty continued for another 150 years . During this period , the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions . All the significant monuments of the Mughals , their most visible legacy , date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent , with brilliant literary , artistic , and architectural results . The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present - day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas , the prime ministers of the Maratha empire . In 1761 , the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states . British and Dutch colonization ( edit ) The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers . The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757 , after the Battle of Plassey , when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company , in 1765 , when the Company was granted the diwani , or the right to collect revenue , in Bengal and Bihar , or in 1772 , when the Company established a capital in Calcutta , appointed its first Governor - General , Warren Hastings , and became directly involved in governance . The Maratha states , following the Anglo - Maratha wars , eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo - Maratha War . The rule lasted until 1858 , when , after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj . In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch . However , their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo - Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia . From the 1850s onwards , the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear . The Dutch East India Company ( 1800 ) and British East India Company ( 1858 ) were dissolved by their respective governments , who took over the direct administration of the colonies . Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule , although , Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers . Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia . While the colonial powers profited much from the region 's vast resources and large market , colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent . Europe ( edit ) Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century , starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492 , and Martin Luther 's Protestant Reformation in 1517 . In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 . Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century , through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries , until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century . Tsardom of Russia ( edit ) Main article : Tsardom of Russia Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century , which was the age of Cossacks . Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities , resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World . In 1648 , the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland - Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising , because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule . In 1654 the Ukrainian leader , Bohdan Khmelnytsky , offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar , Aleksey I. Aleksey 's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 1667 ) . Finally , Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper , leaving the western part ( or Right - bank Ukraine ) under Polish rule and eastern part ( Left - bank Ukraine and Kiev ) under Russian . Later , in 1670 -- 71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region , but the Tsar 's troops were successful in defeating the rebels . In the east , the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory . Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes , and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia , on the Chukchi Peninsula , along the Amur River , and on the Pacific coast . In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov . Reason and Enlightenment ( edit ) Further information : Great Divergence Traditionally , the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era . The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy , and a departure from the medieval approach , especially Scholasticism . Early 17th - century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment , but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy , extending that era to two centuries . The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe , rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution . The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority . Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America . Developing during the Enlightenment era , Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe . The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write ( typically , in the form of a letter ) . The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century . The people were associated with the studia humanitatis , a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic . Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts , and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries ; and humanists were involved in the sciences , philosophies , arts and poetry of classical antiquity . They self - consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin . By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin , they applied the principle of ad fontes , or back to the sources , across broad areas of learning . The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française . The opposing two sides were , the Ancients ( Anciens ) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns ( Modernes ) , who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV . Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes ( 1688 ) , in which he took the Modern side , pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge . Scientific Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics , astronomy , biology , human anatomy , chemistry , and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science . This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics , astronomy , and biology , in institutions supporting scientific investigation , and in the more widely held picture of the universe . Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution , which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields . See also : History of electromagnetism and Science in the Age of Enlightenment The French revolutions ( edit ) Main article : French Revolution Toward the middle and latter stages of the Age of Revolution , the French political and social revolutions and radical change saw the French governmental structure , previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy transform , changing to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights . The first revolution led to government by the National Assembly , the second by the Legislative Assembly , and the third by the Directory . The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king , vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror , and warfare involving every other major European power . Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars , two separate restorations of the monarchy , and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape . In the following century , France would be governed at one point or another as a republic , constitutional monarchy , and two different empires . National and Legislative Assembly ( edit ) Main articles : National Assembly ( French Revolution ) and Legislative Assembly ( France ) During the French Revolution , the National Assembly , which existed from June 17 to July 9 of 1789 , was a transitional body between the Estates - General and the National Constituent Assembly . The Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1 , 1791 to September 1792 . It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law - making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention . The Directory and Napoleonic era ( edit ) Main articles : French Directory and Napoleonic Era The Executive Directory was a body of five Directors that held executive power in France following the Convention and preceding the Consulate . The period of this regime ( 2 November 1795 until 10 November 1799 ) , commonly known as the Directory ( or Directoire ) era , constitutes the second to last stage of the French Revolution . Napoleon , before seizing the title of Emperor , was elected as First Consul of the Consulate of France . The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era . Born on Corsica as the French invaded , and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena , this brilliant commander , controlled a French Empire that , at its height , ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris , while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain , Poland , several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies . The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever , and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and `` Glorious '' surge of Republicanism . Italian unification ( edit ) Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century . There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period , but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and approximately ended with the Franco - Prussian War in 1871 , though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I . End of the early modern period ( edit ) Toward the end of the early modern period , Europe was dominated by the evolving system of mercantile capitalism in its trade and the New Economy . European states and politics had the characteristic of Absolutism . The French power and English revolutions dominated the political scene . There eventually evolved an international balance of power that held at bay a great conflagration until years later . The end date of the early modern period is usually associated with the Industrial Revolution , which began in Britain in about 1750 . Another significant date is 1789 , the beginning of the French Revolution , which drastically transformed the state of European politics and ushered in the Prince Edward Era and modern Europe . North America ( edit ) The French and Indian Wars were a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied the European dynastic wars . In Quebec , the wars are generally referred to as the Intercolonial Wars . While some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces , all pitted Great Britain , its colonies and American Indian allies on one side and France , its colonies and Indian allies on the other . The expanding French and British colonies were contending for control of the western , or interior , territories . Whenever the European countries went to war , there were actions within and by these colonies although the dates of the conflict did not necessarily exactly coincide with those of the larger conflicts . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the five - man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia Beginning the Age of Revolution , the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain , and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America . In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation , and formed self - governing independent states . The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self - governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War ( also called American War of Independence ) . The American Revolution began with fighting at Lexington and Concord . On July 4 , 1776 , they issued the Declaration of Independence , which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union . In June 1776 , Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee , Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson . The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War , the first successful colonial war of independence . While the states had already rejected the governance of Parliament , through the Declaration the new United States now rejected the legitimacy of the monarchy to demand allegiance . The war raged for seven years , with effective American victory , followed by formal British abandonment of any claim to the United States with the Treaty of Paris . North America 1797 The Philadelphia Convention set up the current United States ; the United States Constitution ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a limited central government . The Bill of Rights , comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms , was ratified in 1791 . Decolonization of North and South Americas ( edit ) Main articles : Decolonization of the Americas and Spanish American wars of independence The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule . Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early - to - mid-19th centuries . The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century , from 1808 until 1829 , directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain . The conflict started with short - lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville . Decolonization of the Americas Countries in the Americas by date of independence . Note that the United States did not complete its continental territorial expansion until 1867 Development of Spanish American Independence Map of territories that became independent during those wars ( blue ) . When the Central Junta fell to the French , numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas , eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south , to Mexico in the north . After the death of the king Ferdinand VII , in 1833 , only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule , until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . Unlike the Spanish , the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America . The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador ( later relocated to Rio de Janeiro ) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822 , becoming the Empire of Brazil . See also : Latin American wars of independence and Timeline of the Spanish American wars of independence Late modern period ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of late modern history Dates are approximate range ( based upon influence ) , consult particular article for details Modern Age Other Industrial revolutions ( edit ) Main articles : Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution A Watt steam engine . The development of the steam engine started the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain . The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines , enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels . The date of the Industrial Revolution is not exact . Eric Hobsbawm held that it ' broke out ' in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s , while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 ( in effect the reigns of George III , The Regency , and George IV ) . The great changes of centuries before the 19th were more connected with ideas , religion or military conquest , and technological advance had only made small changes in the material wealth of ordinary people . The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850 , when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam - powered ships and railways , and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation . The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution ; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution . From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two . Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical , electrical , petroleum , and steel industries . Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships , the development of the airplane , the practical commercialization of the automobile , mass production of consumer goods , the perfection of canning , mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques , and the invention of the telephone . Industrialization ( edit ) Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one . It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process , where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation , particularly with the development of large - scale energy and metallurgy production . It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing . Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change , where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature . Revolution in manufacture and power ( edit ) An economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery . It began with the mechanization of the textile industries and the development of iron - making techniques , and trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals , improved roads , and then railways . The introduction of steam power ( fuelled primarily by coal ) and powered machinery ( mainly in textile manufacturing ) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity . The development of all - metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries . The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner . Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner 's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available `` rock oil '' ( `` petr - oleum '' ) seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka , near Krosno in Galicia in the following year . In 1854 , Benjamin Silliman , a science professor at Yale University in New Haven , was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation . These discoveries rapidly spread around the world . Notable engineers ( edit ) Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science . The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life . In the first revolution , Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning , the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill . Matthew Boulton and James Watt 's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world . Nikola Tesla sits in front of the spiral coil of his high - frequency transformer at East Houston Street , New York . In the latter part of the second revolution , Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory . In 1882 , Edison switched on the world 's first large - scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty - nine customers in lower Manhattan . Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution , Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Social effects and classes ( edit ) The Industrial Revolutions were major technological , socioeconomic , and cultural changes in late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world . The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century , eventually affecting the majority of the world . The impact of this change on society was enormous and is often compared to the Neolithic revolution , when mankind developed agriculture and gave up its nomadic lifestyle . It has been argued that GDP per capita was much more stable and progressed at a much slower rate until the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy , and that it has since increased rapidly in capitalist countries . Mid-19th - century European revolts ( edit ) The European Revolutions of 1848 , known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution , were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent . Described as a revolutionary wave , the period of unrest began in France and then , further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848 , soon spread to the rest of Europe . Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down , there was a significant amount of violence in many areas , with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed . While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed , the long - term reverberations of the events were far - reaching . Industrial Age reformism ( edit ) Industrial age reform movements began the gradual change of society rather than with episodes of rapid fundamental changes . The reformists ' ideas were often grounded in liberalism , although they also possessed aspects of utopian , socialist or religious concepts . The Radical movement campaigned for electoral reform , a reform of the Poor Laws , free trade , educational reform , postal reform , prison reform , and public sanitation . Following the Enlightenment 's ideas , the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution . Newton 's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation , yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth . Applied to public life , this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy . Imperial Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian Empire Under Peter I ( the Great ) , Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power . Ruling from 1682 to 1725 , Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War , forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria ( two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles ) , as well as Estland and Livland , securing Russia 's access to the sea and sea trade . On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg , later known as Russia 's Window to Europe . Peter the Great 's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia . Catherine II ( the Great ) , who ruled in 1762 -- 96 , extended Russian political control over the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland , pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe . In the south , after successful Russo - Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire , Catherine advanced Russia 's boundary to the Black Sea , defeating the Crimean khanate . European dominance and the 19th century ( edit ) Main articles : 19th century and International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) `` The World 's Sovereigns '' , 1889 . Historians define the 19th century historical era as stretching from 1815 ( the Congress of Vienna ) to 1914 ( the outbreak of the First World War ) ; alternatively , Eric Hobsbawm defined the `` Long Nineteenth Century '' as spanning the years 1789 to 1914 . Imperialism and empires ( edit ) Main article : Imperialism In the 1800s and early 1900s , once great and powerful Empires such as Spain , Ottoman Turkey , the Mughal Empire , and the Kingdom of Portugal began to break apart . Spain , which was at one time unrivaled in Europe , had been declining for a long time when it was crippled by Napoleon Bonaparte 's invasion . Sensing the time was right , Spain 's vast colonies in South America began a series of rebellions that ended with almost all of the Spanish territories gaining their independence . The once mighty Ottoman Empire was wracked with a series of revolutions , resulting with the Ottoman 's only holding a small region that surrounded the capital , Istanbul . The Mughal empire , which was descended from the Mongol Khanate , was bested by the upcoming Maratha Confederacy . All was going well for the Marathas until the British took an interest in the riches of India and the British ended up ruling not just the boundaries of Modern India , but also Pakistan , Burma , Nepal , Bangladesh and some Southern Regions of Afghanistan . The King of Portugal 's vast territory of Brazil reformed into the independent Empire of Brazil . With the defeat of Napoleonic France , Britain became undoubtedly the most powerful country in the world , and by the end of the First World War controlled a Quarter of the world 's population and a third of its surface . However , the power of the British Empire did not end on land , since it had the greatest navy on the planet . Electricity , steel , and petroleum enabled Germany to become a great international power that raced to create empires of its own . The Meiji Restoration was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure that was taking a firm hold at the beginning of the Meiji Era which coincided the opening of Japan by the arrival of the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry and made Imperial Japan a great power . Russia and Qing Dynasty China failed to keep pace with the other world powers which led to massive social unrest in both empires . The Qing Dynasty 's military power weakened during the 19th century , and faced with international pressure , massive rebellions and defeats in wars , the dynasty declined after the mid-19th century . European powers controlled parts of Oceania , with French New Caledonia from 1853 and French Polynesia from 1889 ; the Germans established colonies in New Guinea in 1884 , and Samoa in 1900 . The United States expanded into the Pacific with Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory from 1898 . Disagreements between the US , Germany and UK over Samoa led to the Tripartite Convention of 1899 . See also : Chronology of colonialism British Victorian era ( edit ) Main articles : British Empire and Victorian era National flag of the United Kingdom . The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign from June 1837 to January 1901 . This was a long period of prosperity for the British people , as profits gained from the overseas British Empire , as well as from industrial improvements at home , allowed a large , educated middle class to develop . Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period -- as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians -- back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832 . The British Empire in 1897 , marked in the traditional colour for imperial British dominions on maps In Britain 's `` imperial century '' , victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival , other than Russia in central Asia . Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been generally characterized as `` informal empire '' . Of note during this time was the Anglo - Zulu War , which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire . British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the Empire . By 1902 , the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables , the so - called All Red Line . Growing until 1922 , around 13,000,000 square miles ( 34,000,000 km ) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire . The British established colonies in Australia in 1788 , New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872 , with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire . French governments and conflicts ( edit ) The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 . The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne . The ensuing period is called the Restoration , following French usage , and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics . The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis - Philippe starting with the July Revolution ( or Three Glorious Days ) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848 . The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 , between the Second Republic and the Third Republic , in France . Napoleon III and Bismarck after the Battle of Sedan The Franco - Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia , while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation , of which it was a member , and the South German states of Baden , Württemberg and Bavaria . The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia . It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire , which was replaced by the Third Republic . As part of the settlement , almost all of the territory of Alsace - Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany , which it would retain until the end of World War I . The French Third Republic was the republican government of France between the end of the Second French Empire following the defeat of Louis - Napoléon in the Franco - Prussian war in 1870 and the Vichy Regime after the invasion of France by the German Third Reich in 1940 . The Third Republic endured seventy years , making it the most long - lasting regime in France since the collapse of the Ancien Régime in the French Revolution of 1789 . Slavery and abolition ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism Slavery was greatly reduced around the world in the 19th century . Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti , Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans , banned slavery throughout its domain , and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade . Slavery was then abolished in Russia , America , and Brazil . African colonization ( edit ) Following the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and propelled by economic exploitation , the Scramble for Africa was initiated formally at the Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884 -- 1885 . The Berlin Conference attempted to avoid war among the European powers by allowing the European rival countries to carve up the continent of Africa into national colonies . Africans were not consulted . The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area . These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate . The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony . The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony 's commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition . With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples , however , this principle remained more theory than practice . There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule , to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as `` hell on earth . '' At the time of the Berlin Conference , Africa contained one - fifth of the world 's population living in one - quarter of the world 's land area . However , from Europe 's perspective , they were dividing an unknown continent . European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century , which included Cape Colony ( Great Britain ) , Angola ( Portugal ) , and Algeria ( France ) , but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession . Until the 1880s most of Africa remained uncharted , with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent 's interior . From the 1880s to 1914 , the European powers expanded their control across the African continent , competing with each other for Africa 's land and resources . Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa . The French gained major ground in West Africa , and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa . Germany , Italy , and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent , which included German East Africa ( Tanganyika ) and German Southwest Africa for Germany , Eritrea and Libya for Italy , and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain . Finally , for King Leopold ( ruled from 1865 to 1909 ) , there was the large `` piece of that great African cake '' known as the Congo , which , unfortunately for the native Congolese , became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa . By 1914 , almost the entire continent was under European control . Liberia , which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s , and Abyssinia ( Ethiopia ) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states . Meiji Japan ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , the 1960s are mentioned in a paragraph about an era that ended in the early 1900s ... ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century , the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor . During this time , Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status . This era name means `` Enlightened Rule '' . In Japan , the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s , marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines . Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period . In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi , reacted against the bureaucratic superstate , and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite , and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes . They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining . They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan . They enlarged history by using the methods of social history . It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously . Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations . The hyobusho ( war office ) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department . The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years . Laws were instituted that required every able - bodied male Japanese citizen , regardless of class , to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves . This action , the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyōs , initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike . The peasant class interpreted the term for military service , ketsu - eki ( `` blood tax '' ) literally , and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary . The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military . The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers . Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto , and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks . After the death of the Meiji Emperor , the Taishō Emperor took the throne , thus beginning the Taishō period . A key foreign observer of the remarkable and rapid changes in Japanese society in this period was Ernest Mason Satow . Representative Western scholars include George Akita , William Beasley , James B. Crowley , John W. Dower , Peter Duus , Carol Gluck , Norman Herbert , John W. Hall , Mikiso Hane , Akira Iriye , Marius Jansen , Edwin O. Reischauer , George B. Sansom , Bernard Silberman , Richard Storry , Karel van Wolfram , and Ezra Vogel . United States ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Further information : Territorial evolution of North America since 1763 See also : Colonial history of the United States and American Indian Wars See also : 19th - century North American Natives Antebellum expansion ( edit ) American westward expansion is idealized in Emanuel Leutze 's famous painting Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way ( 1861 ) . See also : American frontier and Territorial changes of the United States The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861 . The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , although it may have begun as early as 1812 . This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution . `` Manifest destiny '' was the belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent , from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean . During this time , the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean -- `` from sea to shining sea '' -- largely defining the borders of the contiguous United States as they are today . Civil War and Reconstruction ( edit ) Main articles : American Civil War and Reconstruction era of the United States The American Civil War came when seven ( later eleven ) Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America ( the Confederacy ) . Led by Jefferson Davis , they fought against the U.S. federal government ( the Union ) under President Abraham Lincoln , which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states in the north . Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting . Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated . Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals , raising large armies and supplying them , avoiding foreign interference , and making the end of slavery a war goal . The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend , and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear . The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers . Its soldiers , especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864 -- 65 , The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 77 ) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863 , and included freedom , full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks . It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally , politically , socially and economically until the 1960s . The Gilded Age and legacy ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age During the Gilded Age , there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America 's upper - class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era , in the late 19th century . The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion . The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories , and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the `` robber barons '' . An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller , who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry . Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices , later widely criticized , Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition . The creation of a modern industrial economy took place . With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure , the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations . In 1890 , Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act -- the source of all American anti-monopoly laws . The law forbade every contract , scheme , deal , or conspiracy to restrain trade , though the phrase `` restraint of trade '' remained subjective . By the beginning of the 20th century , per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain . Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts . But the courts did protect the marketplace , declaring the Standard Oil group to be an `` unreasonable '' monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911 . It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors . Science and philosophy ( edit ) Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution , modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics , substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure . The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics , but were never complete or self - consistent . The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics . Outside the realm of quantum physics , the various aether theories in classical physics , which supposed a `` fifth element '' such as the Luminiferous aether , were nullified by the Michelson - Morley experiment -- an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether . In biology , Darwinism gained acceptance , promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection . The fields of geology , astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights . In medicine , there were advances in medical theory and treatments . Xinhai Revolution in Shanghai ; Chen Qimei organized Shanghainese civilians to start the uprising and was successful . The picture above is Nanjing Road after the uprising , hung with the Five Races Under One Union Flags then used by the revolutionaries . The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy , as steps toward modernization . By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 , there were many calls , such as the May Fourth Movement , to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China . There were attempts to incorporate democracy , republicanism , and industrialism into Chinese philosophy , notably by Sun Yat - Sen ( Sūn yì xiān , in one Mandarin form of the name ) at the beginning of the 20th century . Mao Zedong ( Máo zé dōng ) added Marxist - Leninist thought . When the Communist Party of China took over power , previous schools of thought , excepting notably Legalism , were denounced as backward , and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution . Starting one - hundred years before the 20th century , the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s . Developed from earlier secular traditions , modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people , based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities , particularly rationality , without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts . For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant , the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny . These ideas were challenged , for example by the young Karl Marx , who criticized the project of political emancipation ( embodied in the form of human rights ) , asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose . For Friedrich Nietzsche , humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism . In his Genealogy of Morals , he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong . On this view , such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life , but rather deny it . In the 20th century , the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires . Notable persons ( edit ) Sigmund Freud is renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life , as well as his therapeutic techniques , including the use of free association , his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship , and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires . Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity . He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics , especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion , his resolution of the paradox of specific heats , and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation . Despite his reservations about its interpretation , Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and , indirectly , quantum field theory , primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon . Social Darwinism ( edit ) At the end of the 19th century , Social Darwinism was promoted and included the various ideologies based on a concept that competition among all individuals , groups , nations , or ideas was a `` natural '' framework for social evolution in human societies . In this view , society 's advancement is dependent on the `` survival of the fittest '' , the term was in fact coined by Herbert Spencer and referred to in `` The Gospel of Wealth '' written by Andrew Carnegie . Marxist society ( edit ) The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx summarized his approach to history and politics in the opening line of the first chapter of The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ) . He wrote : The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles . The Manifesto went through a number of editions from 1872 to 1890 ; notable new prefaces were written by Marx and Engels for the 1872 German edition , the 1882 Russian edition , the 1883 German edition , and the 1888 English edition . In general , Marxism identified five ( and one transitional ) successive stages of development in Western Europe . Primitive Communism : as seen in cooperative tribal societies . Slave Society : which develops when the tribe becomes a city - state . Aristocracy is born . Feudalism : aristocracy is the ruling class . Merchants develop into capitalists . Capitalism : capitalists are the ruling class , who create and employ the true working class . Dictatorship of the proletariat : workers gain class consciousness , overthrow the capitalists and take control over the state . Communism : a classless and stateless society . European decline and the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : 20th century Major political developments saw the former British Empire lose most of its remaining political power over commonwealth countries . The Trans - Siberian Railway , crossing Asia by train , was complete by 1916 . Other events include the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , two world wars , and the Cold War . Australian Constitution ( edit ) In 1901 , the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self - governing colonies of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation . They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation . When the Constitution of Australia came into force , the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia . Eastern warlords ( edit ) The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions . Responding to these civil failures and discontent , the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways , such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906 , the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909 , and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910 . However , many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court , and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright . The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution . In 1912 , the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat - sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President . But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai , who had effective control of the Beiyang Army , the most powerful military force in China at the time . To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic , leaders agreed to Army 's demand that China be united under a Beijing government . On March 10 , in Beijing , Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China . After the early 20th century revolutions , shifting alliances of China 's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government . Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era , this did not constitute a new era of control or governance , because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves . These military - dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government . The warlord era ended around 1927 . World wars era ( edit ) See also : Timeline of World War I and Timeline of World War II Start of the 20th century ( edit ) Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo - Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power . The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean , for their navy as well as for maritime trade . The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea . The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria , specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden , and the seas around Korea , Japan , and the Yellow Sea . The resulting campaigns , in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them , were unexpected by world observers . These victories , as time transpired , would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia , resulting in a reassessment of Japan 's recent entry onto the world stage . The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government . The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political unrest through vast areas of the Russian Empire . Some of it was directed against the government , while some was undirected . It included terrorism , worker strikes , peasant unrests , and military mutinies . It led to the establishment of the limited constitutional monarchy , the establishment of State Duma of the Russian Empire , and the multi-party system . In China , the Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution . The Xinhai Revolution began with the Wuchang Uprising on October 10 , 1911 and ended with the abdication of Emperor Puyi on February 12 , 1912 . The primary parties to the conflict were the Imperial forces of the Qing Dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) , and the revolutionary forces of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance ( Tongmenghui ) . Edwardian Britain ( edit ) The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War , including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic . In the early years of the period , the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti - and pro-war factions . The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide . The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords , which was largely Conservative . Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People 's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910 . The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members . World War I ( edit ) Main article : World War I The causes of World War I included many factors , including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war . The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom , France , and Russia after the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 . The alignment of the three powers , supplemented by various agreements with Japan , the United States , and Spain , constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy , the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments . Militarism , alliances , imperialism , and nationalism played major roles in the conflict . The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914 , the spark ( or casus belli ) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . However , the crisis did not exist in a void ; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high . The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870 . An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern - day Turkey , Syria and Iraq . The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I . Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began , it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War . Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans . Austria - Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties . The Balkan Wars were two wars in South - eastern Europe in 1912 -- 1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria , Montenegro , Greece , and Serbia ) first captured Ottoman - held remaining part of Thessaly , Macedonia , Epirus , Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils , with incorporation of Romania this time . Various periods of World War I ; 1914.07. 28 ( Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary ) , 1914.08. 01 ( Germany declares war on Russia ) , 1914.08. 03 ( Germany declares war on Russia 's ally France ) , 1914.08. 04 ( Britain declares war on Germany ) , 1914.12 ( British and German Christmas truce ) , 1915.12 ( French and German Christmas truce ) , 1916.12 ( Battle of Magdhaba ) , 1917.12 ( British troops take Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire ) , and 1918.11. 11 ( World War I ends : Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies ) . Allies and Central Powers in the First World War Allied powers and areas Central powers and colonies or occupied territory Neutral countries The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918 . The Allied Powers , led by the British Empire , France , Russia until March 1918 , Japan and the United States after 1917 , defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire . The war caused the disintegration of four empires -- the Austro - Hungarian , German , Ottoman , and Russian ones -- as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps . The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente , and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance . Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front , within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications ( separated by a `` No man 's land '' ) running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland . On the Eastern Front , the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing , although the scale of the conflict was just as large . Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and -- for the first time -- from the air . More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields , and nearly that many more in the participating countries ' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts . Notably , more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities . The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war , severe overcrowding in barracks , wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings , and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic . Ultimately , World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars , which was modified by the mid-19th century 's nationalistic revolutions . The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later . More immediate to the time , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia . The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations . The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey . The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine ( which was later divided into two regions : Palestine and Transjordan ) . Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen . Revolutions and War ( edit ) Main articles : Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War National flag of the Soviet Union . The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917 , which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union . Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia , the Russian Provisional Government was established . In October 1917 , a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard , armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party , seized control of Saint Petersburg ( then known as Petrograd ) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire . Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest - Litovsk . As a condition for peace , the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire , greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives . The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers , as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution . Vladimir Lenin 's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II , German Emperor , offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution , Russia would withdraw from World War I . This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry 's sponsorship of Lenin 's return to Petrograd . The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks , upset at : the withdrawal of Russia from the war effort , worried about a possible Russo - German alliance , and galvanized by the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good their threats to assume no responsibility for , and so default on , Imperial Russia 's massive foreign loans . In addition , there was a concern , shared by many Central Powers as well , that the socialist revolutionary ideas would spread to the West . Hence , many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites , including the provision of troops and supplies . Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be `` strangled in its cradle '' . The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power , first in Petrograd ( St. Petersburg ) and then in other places . In the wake of the October Revolution , the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized ; the volunteer - based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks ' main military force , augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka , the Bolshevik state security apparatus . There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army . Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance . Former Tsarist officers were utilized as `` military specialists '' ( voenspetsy ) , taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty . At the start of the war , three - fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers . By its end , 83 % of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers . The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army . Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army , notably the Allied Forces , yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War . Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war , including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army , the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards , and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg . The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920 . Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok , previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government . The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano - Maysky District on the Pacific coast . The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea , but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 ( e.g. , Kronstadt Uprising , Tambov Rebellion , Basmachi Revolt , and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East ) . In 1917 , China declared war on Germany in the hope of recovering its lost province , then under Japanese control . The New Culture Movement occupied the period from 1917 to 1923 . Chinese representatives refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles , due to intense pressure from the student protesters and public opinion alike . The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then - fading cause of republican revolution . In 1917 Sun Yat - sen had become commander - in - chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords . Sun 's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored , however , and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union , which had recently achieved its own revolution . The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism . But for political expediency , the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) . The flag of the Kuomintang , one canton of the flag of the Republic of China . The policy of working with the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai - shek had been recommended by the Dutch Communist Henk Sneevliet , chosen in 1923 to be the Comintern representative in China due to his revolutionary experience in the Dutch Indies , where he had a major role in founding the Partai Komunis Indonesia ( PKI ) -- and who felt that the Chinese party was too small and weak to undertake a major effort on its own ( see Henk Sneevliet 's work for the Comintern ) . In early 1927 , the Kuomintang - CCP rivalry led to a split in the revolutionary ranks . The CCP and the left wing of the Kuomintang had decided to move the seat of the Nationalist government from Guangzhou to Wuhan . But Chiang Kai - shek , whose Northern Expedition was proving successful , set his forces to destroying the Shanghai CCP apparatus and established an anti-Communist government at Nanjing in April 1927 . The 1920s and the Depression ( edit ) Main articles : Interwar period , Roaring Twenties , and Great Depression The interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War . This period was marked by turmoil in much of the world , as Europe struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War . In North America , especially the first half of this period , people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties . The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I . The Roaring Twenties , often called `` The Jazz Age '' , saw an exposition of social , artistic , and cultural dynamism . ' Normalcy ' returned to politics , jazz music blossomed , the flapper redefined modern womanhood , Art Deco peaked . The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity , a break with traditions . Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology . New technologies , especially automobiles , movies and radio proliferated ' modernity ' to a large part of the population . The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality , in architecture as well as in daily life . The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries , extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations , and significant changes in lifestyle . Europe between 1920 and 1938 . Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict . The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe . In Germany , the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil , which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year . When Germany could no longer afford war payments , Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass - produced goods . By the middle of the decade , economic development soared in Europe , and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany , Britain and France , the second half of the decade becoming known as the `` Golden Twenties '' . In France and francophone Canada , they were also called the `` années folles '' ( `` Crazy Years '' ) . Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 . The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era , as The Great Depression set in . The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries . It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century , and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world 's economy can fall . The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country , rich or poor . International trade plunged by half to two - thirds , as did personal income , tax revenue , prices and profits . Cities all around the world were hit hard , especially those dependent on heavy industry . Construction was virtually halted in many countries . Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent . Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs , areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most . The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era . America 's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America 's entry into World War II . The majority of countries set up relief programs , and most underwent some sort of political upheaval , pushing them to the left or right . In some world states , the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues -- the most infamous being Adolf Hitler -- setting the stage for the next era of war . The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism . In Asia , Japan became an ever more assertive power , especially with regards to China . Nanjing period ( edit ) Main article : Nanjing decade With Sino - German cooperation until 1941 , Chinese industry and military was improved just prior to the war against Japan . The `` Nanjing Decade '' of 1928 -- 37 was one of consolidation and accomplishment under the leadership of the Nationalists , with a mixed but generally positive record in the economy , social progress , development of democracy , and cultural creativity . Some of the harsh aspects of foreign concessions and privileges in China were moderated through diplomacy . See also : Sino - German cooperation until 1941 , National Resources Commission , and Chinese Civil War The League and crises ( edit ) The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order , away from the balance of power that had dominated pre -- World War I Europe . One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations , which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries . The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany , Imperial Japan , the Soviet Union , and Mussolini 's Italy , and by the non-participation of the United States , leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy . A series of international crises strained the League to its limits , the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935 / 36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia , one of the only free African nations at that time . The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy , but to no avail . The incident highlighted French and British weakness , exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally . The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini 's Italy towards alliance with Hitler 's Germany anyway . The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles . This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War . Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China . Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population , Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932 . During the Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , the loss of Manchuria , and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries , was a blow to the Kuomintang economy . The League of Nations , established at the end of World War I , was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance . After 1940 , conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control . The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations , administrative reforms , and the land - and tax - reform measures favoring the peasants -- while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence . Tripartite Pact ( edit ) The Second Sino - Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States ; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan . With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940 -- 41 , and with the continuing war in China , the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil , which were vitally needed for the war effort . The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich , European - controlled colonies of South East Asia -- specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) . In 1940 , Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . World War II ( edit ) Main article : World War II National flag of the Third Reich ( Nazi Germany ) . The Second World War was a global military conflict that took place in 1939 -- 1945 . It was the largest and deadliest war in history , culminating in the Holocaust and ending with the dropping of the atom bomb . Even though Japan had been fighting in China since 1937 , the conventional view is that the war began on September 1 , 1939 , when Nazi Germany invaded Poland , the Drang nach Osten . Within two days the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany , even though the fighting was confined to Poland . Pursuant to a then - secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union joined with Germany on September 17 , 1939 , to conquer Poland and to divide Eastern Europe . The Allies were initially made up of Poland , the United Kingdom , France , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , as well as British Commonwealth countries which were controlled directly by the UK , such as the Indian Empire . All of these countries declared war on Germany in September 1939 . Following the lull in fighting , known as the `` Phoney War '' , Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940 . Six weeks later , France , in the mean time attacked by Italy as well , surrendered to Germany , which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain . On September 27 , Germany , Italy , and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement , the Tripartite Pact , and were known as the Axis Powers . Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Nine months later , on June 22 , 1941 , Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union , which promptly joined the Allies . Germany was now engaged in fighting a war on two fronts . This proved to be a mistake by Germany -- Germany had not successfully carried out the invasion of Britain and the war turned against the Axis . On December 7 , 1941 , Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor , bringing it too into the war on the Allied side . China also joined the Allies , as eventually did most of the rest of the world . China was in turmoil at the time , and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla - type warfare . By the beginning of 1942 , the major combatants were aligned as follows : the British Commonwealth , the United States , and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy ; and the British Commonwealth , China , and the United States were fighting Japan . The United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union and China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the `` Four Policemen '' or `` Four Sheriffs '' of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II . From then through August 1945 , battles raged across all of Europe , in the North Atlantic Ocean , across North Africa , throughout Southeast Asia , throughout China , across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan . Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany - occupied puppet state and an Allies - friendly state in the South ; Germany surrendered in May 1945 . Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan surrendered , marking the end of the war on September 2 , 1945 . It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war ; estimates vary greatly . About 60 % of all casualties were civilians , who died as a result of disease , starvation , genocide ( in particular , the Holocaust ) , and aerial bombing . The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties . Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million , while China suffered about 10 million . No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland : approximately 5.6 million , or 16 % , of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died . Flag of the Italian Empire . The Holocaust ( which roughly means `` burnt whole '' ) was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other `` unwanted '' during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany . Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war 's beginning , or if the plans for it came about later . Regardless , persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started , such as in the Kristallnacht ( Night of Broken Glass ) . The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans . After World War II , Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact . There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union . These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War . In Asia , the defeat of Japan led to its democratization . China 's civil war continued through and after the war , resulting eventually in the establishment of the People 's Republic of China . The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence . Post-1945 world ( edit ) The Blue Marble , a photograph of Earth as seen from Apollo 17 . The second half of the 20th century saw an increase of interest in both space exploration and the environmental movement . The mid-20th century is distinguished from most of human history in that its most significant changes were directly or indirectly economic and technological in nature . Economic development was the force behind vast changes in everyday life , to a degree which was unprecedented in human history . Over the course of the 20th century , the world 's per - capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five , much more than all earlier centuries combined ( including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution ) . Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth , as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century , such as improved medicine ( causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades ) and communications technologies , were not available at any price at its beginning . However , the gulf between the world 's rich and poor grew wider , and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide . Still , advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South . Large - scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century , leading to wars that were also unprecedented . However , the increased communications contributed to democratization . Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration , nuclear technology , advancement in genetics , and the dawning of the Information Age . American peace ( edit ) Main article : Pax Americana National flag of the United States . Pax Americana is an appellation applied to the historical concept of relative liberal peace in the Western world , resulting from the preponderance of power enjoyed by the United States of America starting around the start of the 20th century . Although the term finds its primary utility in the latter half of the 20th century , it has been used in various places and eras . Its modern connotations concern the peace established after the end of World War II in 1945 . For more details on this topic , see American Century . Cold War era ( edit ) Main article : Cold War The Cold War began in the mid-1940s and lasted into the early 1990s . Throughout this period , the conflict was expressed through military coalitions , espionage , weapons development , invasions , propaganda , and competitive technological development . The conflict included costly defense spending , a massive conventional and nuclear arms race , and numerous proxy wars ; the two superpowers never fought one another directly . Borders of NATO ( blue ) and Warsaw Pact ( red ) states during the Cold war era . The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied , annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact . The United States and various western European countries began a policy of `` containment '' of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end , including NATO . Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe , including western Germany , which the Soviets opposed . In other regions of the world , such as Latin America and Southeast Asia , the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements , which the United States and many of its allies opposed and , in some cases , attempted to `` roll back '' . Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact , though other movements would also emerge . The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm . International crises arose , such as the Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 1949 ) , the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 1975 ) , the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) , the Soviet war in Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 1989 ) and NATO exercises in November 1983 . There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente . Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons . European trade blocs as of the late 1980s . EEC member states are marked in blue , EFTA -- green , and Comecon -- red . East and West in 1980 , as defined by the Cold War . The Cold War had divided Europe politically into East and West , with the Iron Curtain splitting Central Europe . The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s . The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressure on the Soviet Union , which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation . In the second half of the 1980s , newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 , leaving the United States as the dominant military power , though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal . Latin America polarization ( edit ) In Latin America in the 1970s , leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right - wing , ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country 's upper class to support coups d'état to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat . This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization . Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America . In the 1970s , the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents , including some urban guerrillas . However , by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies . Space Age ( edit ) This high - resolution image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field includes galaxies of various ages , sizes , shapes , and colors . The smallest , reddest galaxies , are some of the most distant galaxies to have been imaged by an optical telescope The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race , space exploration , space technology , and the cultural developments influenced by these events . The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in October 1957 . This was the world 's first artificial satellite , orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg . The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political , scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age . The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union . The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world 's population . The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century . Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union , public attention has largely moved to other areas . Education and schools ( edit ) The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition , using methods that are primarily analytic , critical , or speculative , as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences . Although many of the subjects of modern history coincide with that of standard history , the subject is taught independently by various systems of education in the world . British education ( edit ) Students can choose the subject at university . The material covered includes from the mid-18th century , to analysis of the present day . Virtually all colleges and sixth forms that do teach modern history do it alongside standard history ; very few teach the subject exclusively . Universities ( edit ) At the University of Oxford ' Modern History ' has a somewhat different meaning . The contrast is not with the Middle Ages but with Antiquity . The earliest period that can be studied in the Final Honour School of Modern History begins in 285 . See also ( edit ) Timeline of world map changes History of modern literature Modernism framework : Premodernity , Modernism , Postmodernism References ( edit ) General information Books Earle , Edward Mead . An Outline of Modern History ; A Syllabus with Map Studies . New York : Macmillan Co , 1921 . Grosvenor , Edwin A. Contemporary History of the World . New York and Boston : T.Y. Crowell & Co , 1899 . Taylor , William Cooke , Charles Duke Yonge , and G.W. Cox . The Student 's Manual of Modern History ; Containing the Rise and Progress of the Principal European Nations , Their Political History , and the Changes in Their Social Condition ; with a History of the Colonies Founded by Europeans . 1880 . Bryant , Arthur ( 1950 ) . The Age of Elegance. 2 . New York and Boston . p. 54 . OCLC 14763324 . Websites Internet Modern History Sourcebook , fordham.edu Footnotes Jump up ^ Intrinsic to the English language , `` modern '' denotes ( in reference to history ) a period that is opposed to either ancient or medieval ; modern history is the history of the world since the end of the Middle Ages . Jump up ^ `` The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia '' . Jump up ^ Dunan , Marcel . Larousse Encyclopedia of Modern History , From 1500 to the Present Day . New York : Harper & Row , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Bartleby.com : Great Books Online -- Quotes , Poems , Novels , Classics and hundreds more '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` World Population to Hit Milestone With Birth of 7 Billionth Person '' . PBS.org . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tirosh - Samuelson , H. ( 2003 ) . Happiness in premodern Judaism : Virtue , knowledge , and well - being . Monographs of the Hebrew Union College , no . 29 . Cincinnati , Ohio : Hebrew Union College Press . Jump up ^ Nation , civil society and social movements : essays in political sociology by T.K. Oommen . Page 236 . Jump up ^ Premodern Japan : a historical survey by Mikiso Hane Jump up ^ Griffin , D.R. ( 1990 ) . Sacred interconnections : Postmodern spirituality , political economy , and art . SUNY series in constructive postmodern thought . Albany : State University of New York Press . Jump up ^ Maine , H.S. , & Dwight , T.W. ( 1888 ) . Ancient law : Its connection with the early history of society and its relation to modern ideas . New York : H. Holt and Co . Jump up ^ Boylan , P. ( 1922 ) . Thoth , the Hermes of Egypt : A study of some aspects of theological thought in ancient Egypt . London : H. Milford , Oxford university press Jump up ^ Fordyce , J. ( 1888 ) . The new social order . London : Kegan Paul , Trench & Co . Jump up ^ `` Lectures on the Early History of Institutions '' . Jump up ^ `` Modern '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Baird , F.E. , & Kaufmann , W.A. ( 2008 ) . Philosophic classics : From Plato to Derrida . Upper Saddle River , N.J : Pearson / Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ New Dictionary of the History of ideas , Volume 5 , Detroit 2005 . Modernism and Modern Jump up ^ `` Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts : Late Medieval and Early Modern Medicine '' . ^ Jump up to : National , cultural , and ethnic identities : harmony beyond conflict by Jaroslav Hroch , David Hollan Jump up ^ Capitalism and modernity : the great debate by Jack Goody Jump up ^ Progress and its discontents American Academy of Arts and Sciences . `` Technology and politics . '' Western Center Jump up ^ A companion to the philosophy of technology by Jan - Kyrre Berg Olsen , Stig Andur Pedersen , Vincent F. Hendricks Jump up ^ Marx , Durkheim , Weber : formations of modern social thought by Kenneth L. Morrison . Page 294 . Jump up ^ William Schweiker , The Blackwell companion to religious ethics . 2005 . Page 454 . ( cf. , `` In modernity , however , much of economic activity and theory seemed to be entirely cut off from religious and ethical norms , at least in traditional terms . Many see modern economic developments as entirely secular . '' ) Jump up ^ Early European History by Henry Kitchell Webster Jump up ^ The European Reformations by Carter Lindberg Jump up ^ The new Cambridge modern history : Companion volume by Peter Burke Jump up ^ Plains Indian History and Culture : Essays on Continuity and Change by John C. Ewers Jump up ^ Weber , irrationality , and social order by Alan Sica ^ Jump up to : Contemporary history of the world by Edwin Augustus Grosvenor ^ Jump up to : A summary of modern history by Jules Michelet , Mary Charlotte Mair Simpson Jump up ^ Crawley , C.W. ( 1965 ) . The new Cambridge modern history . Volume 9. , War and peace in an age of upheaval , 1793 -- 1830 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Goldman , E.O. , & Eliason , L.C. ( 2003 ) . The diffusion of military technology and ideas . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Boot , M. ( 2006 ) . War made new : Technology , warfare , and the course of history , 1500 to today . New York : Gotham Books . Jump up ^ Bloy , Marjie ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` The Congress of Vienna , 1 November 1814 -- 8 June 1815 '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hazen , Charles Downer ( 1910 ) . Europe since 1815 . American historical series , H. Holt and Company . Jump up ^ Duruy , V. , & Grosvenor , E.A. ( 1894 ) . History of modern times : From the fall of Constantinople to the French revolution . New York : H. Holt and company . Jump up ^ Johnson , P. ( 2001 ) . Modern times : The world from the twenties to the nineties . New York : HarperPerennial . Jump up ^ Martín Lister , New media : a critical introduction . Psychology Press , 2003 . Page 14 Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200210 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ R. Keith Schoppa ( 2000 ) . The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History . Columbia University Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ or early - modern Jump up ^ `` Manas : History and Politics , Mughals '' . Jump up ^ `` Mughal Empire ( 1500s , 1600s ) '' . bbc.co.uk . London : BBC . Section 5 : Aurangzeb . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bose & Jalal 2003 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , p. 46 , Peers 2006 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf , p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Official , India '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1923 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Commercial agriculture , mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this period . Jump up ^ Helen Miller , Aubrey Newman . Early modern British history , 1485 -- 1760 : a select bibliography , Historical Association , 1970 Jump up ^ Early Modern Period ( 1485 -- 1800 ) , Sites Organized by Period , Rutgers University Libraries Jump up ^ For example , Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds offered an explanation of the heliocentric model of the Universe . Jump up ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller , Humanism , pp. 113 - 4 , in Charles B. Schmitt , Quentin Skinner ( editors ) , The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Watt steam engine image : located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM ( Madrid ) Jump up ^ Eric Hobsbawm , The Age of Revolution : Europe 1789 -- 1848 , Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ltd . ISBN 0 - 349 - 10484 - 0 Jump up ^ Joseph E Inikori . Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Business and Economics . Leading Issues in Economic Development , Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511589 - 9 . Jump up ^ Russell Brown , Lester . Eco-Economy , James & James , Earthscan . ISBN 1 - 85383 - 904 - 3 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis essay Archived 2007 - 11 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved March 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Cayley , E.S. ( 1856 ) . The European revolutions of 1848 . London : Smith , Elder & Co . Vol . I and II . Jump up ^ Harding , S.B. , & Hart , A.B. ( 1918 ) . New medieval and modern history . New York : American book company . Jump up ^ Solovyov , S. ( 2001 ) . History of Russia from the Earliest Times . 9 , ch. 1 . AST . ISBN 5 - 17 - 002142 - 9 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Solovyov , S. ( 2001 ) . History of Russia from the Earliest Times . 15 , ch. 1 . AST . Jump up ^ For more , see Pax Britannica . Jump up ^ Edwards , B.T. ( 2004 ) . Informal empire : Mexico and Central America in Victorian culture . Minneapolis , Minn : Univ. of Minnesota Press Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2001 ) . The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . ISBN 92 - 64 - 18654 - 9 . pp. 98 , 242 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2004 ) . Colossus : The Price of America 's Empire . Penguin . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 013 - 0 . p. 15 Jump up ^ John Merriman , A History of Modern Europe , Volume Two : From the French Revolution to the Present , Third Edition ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2010 ) , pp. 819 -- 859 Jump up ^ Kenneth B. Pyle , `` Profound Forces in the Making of Modern Japan , '' Journal of Japanese Studies ( 2006 ) 32 # 2 pp 393 - 418 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Carol Gluck , `` The People in History : Recent Trends in Japanese Historiography , '' Journal of Asian Studies . ( 1978 ) 38 # 1 pp 25 - 50 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ George Akita , `` Trends in Modern Japanese Political History : The ' Positivist ' '' , Monumenta Nipponica ( 1992 ) 37 # 4 pp 497 - 522 Jump up ^ John Whitney Hall , `` Japanese History : New Dimensions of Approach and Understanding '' ( 2nd ed. 1966 Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Lehmann and Sue Henny , eds . Themes and Theories in Modern Japanese History ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ See generally Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States , 221 U.S. 1 ( 1911 ) . Jump up ^ F.K Richtmyer , E.H Kennard , T. Lauristen ( 1955 ) . `` Introduction '' . Introduction to Modern Physics ( 5th edition ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company . p. 1 . LCCN 55 - 6862 . Jump up ^ The concepts derived are at times abstractions from nature for baselines or reference states . These can be unattainable in practice , such as free space ( electromagnetism ) and practical absolute zero temperature ( ed . Special negative temperatures values are `` colder '' than the zero points of those scales but still warmer than absolute zero ) . ^ Jump up to : ter Haar , D. ( 1967 ) . The Old Quantum Theory . Pergamon Press . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Matrix mechanics and wave mechanics supplanted other studies to end the era of the old - quantum theory . Jump up ^ a substance in early physics considered to be the medium through which light propagates . Jump up ^ The Chinese Enlightenment . By Vera Schwarcz . p4 . Jump up ^ Ralph Adams Cram . `` The Second Coming of Art '' . The Atlantic Monthly , Volume 119 . Philip Gengembre Hubert . p193 Jump up ^ Enlightenment Contested . By Jonathan I. Israel . p765 Jump up ^ Modern Christian Thought : The twentieth century , Volume 2 . By James C. Livingston , Francis Schüssler Fiorenza . p2 . Jump up ^ `` Herman Dooyeweerd '' . Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . By Routledge ( COR ) , Luciano Floridi , Edward Craig . p113 . See also : D.H. Th . Vollenhoven . Jump up ^ Counter-Enlightenments : From the Eighteenth Century to the Present . By Graeme Garrard . Routledge , 2004 . p13 ... Jump up ^ See also : Counter-Enlightenment , Max Weber , and Émile Durkheim . Jump up ^ Known as continental philosophy . Jump up ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2007 . humanism n . 1 a rationalistic system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters . 2 a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholastic - ism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought . Typically , abridgments of this definition omit all senses except # 1 , such as in the Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary , Collins Essential English Dictionary , and Webster 's Concise Dictionary . New York : RHR Press . 2001 . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Collins Concise Dictionary . HarperCollins ( published 1990 ) . 1999 . The rejection of religion in favour of a belief in the advancement of humanity by its own efforts . Jump up ^ In the 1888 English edition of the Communist Manifest , Friedrich Engels added a footnote with the commentary : `` That is , all written history . In 1847 , the prehistory of society , the social organization existing previous to recorded history , was all but unknown . Since then Haxthausen discovered common ownership of land In Russia , Maurer concluded it to be the social foundation from which all Teutonic races started in history , and by and by village communities were found to be , or to have been , the primitive form of society everywhere from India to Ireland . The Inner organization of this primitive Communistic society was laid bare , In its typical form , by Morgan 's work on the true nature of the gens and Its relation to the tribe . With the dissolution of these primaeval communities society begins to be differentiated into separate and finally antagonistic classes . I have attempte to retrace this process of dissolution in `` Der Ursprung der Familie , des Privateigenthums und des Staats '' `` , from Marx , Karl , Friedrich Engels , Leon Trotsky , and Karl Marx . The Communist Manifesto and Its Relevance for Today . Chippendale , N.S.W. : Resistance Books , 1998 . p. 46 , see also Cornelius Castoriadis , Political and Social Writings . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 1993 . p. 204 Jump up ^ Marx makes no claim to have produced a master key to history . Historical materialism is not `` an historico - philosophic theory of the marche generale imposed by fate upon every people , whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself '' . ( Marx , Karl , Letter to editor of the Russian paper Otetchestvennye Zapiskym , 1877 ) His ideas , he explains , are based on a concrete study of the actual conditions that pertained in Europe . Jump up ^ Most notably by dividing the British crown into several sovereignties by the Statute of Westminster , the patriation of constitutions by the Canada Act 1982 and the Australia Act 1986 , and by the independence of countries such as India , Pakistan , South Africa , and Ireland , along with the 1997 return of Hong Kong to the People 's Republic of China . Jump up ^ Joseph , W.A. ( 2010 ) . Politics in China : An introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Page 423 . Jump up ^ Russian Constitution of 1906 Jump up ^ ( Jastrow 1917 ) Jump up ^ Barry , John M. ( 2004 ) . The Great Influenza : The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 89473 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roderic H. Davison ; Review `` From Paris to Sèvres : The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919 -- 1920 . by Paul C. Helmreich '' in Slavic Review , Vol. 34 , No. 1 ( March , 1975 ) , pp. 186 - 187 Jump up ^ Evan Mawdsley ( 2008 ) The Russian Civil War : 42 Jump up ^ the legal notion of Odious debt had not yet been formulated Jump up ^ Cover Story : Churchill 's Greatness . Archived 2006 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Interview with Jeffrey Wallin . ( The Churchill Centre ) Jump up ^ Read , Christopher , From Tsar to Soviets , Oxford University Press ( 1996 ) , p. 237 : By 1920 , 77 % of the Red Army 's enlisted ranks were composed of peasant conscripts . Jump up ^ Williams , Beryl , The Russian Revolution 1917 -- 1921 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ( 1987 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15083 - 1 : Typically , men of conscriptible age ( 17 - 40 ) in a village would vanish when Red Army draft units approached . The taking of hostages and a few exemplary executions usually brought the men back . Jump up ^ Overy , R.J. , The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany and Stalin 's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company ( 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02030 - 4 , p. 446 : By the end of the civil war , one - third of all Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist voenspetsy . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Beryl , The Russian Revolution 1917 -- 1921 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ( 1987 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15083 - 1 Jump up ^ Overy , R.J. , The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany and Stalin 's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company ( 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02030 - 4 , p. 446 : Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . War , Peace , and All That Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 41 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Great Depression '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Charles Duhigg , `` Depression , You Say ? Check Those Safety Nets '' , New York Times , March 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Commodity Data '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Willard W. ( 1958 ) . `` Farm Prices , Myth and Reality '' : 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Survey 1932 -- 33 '' . League of Nations : 43 . Jump up ^ Great Depression and World War II . The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ What Ended the Great Depression of 1929 ? . Source : The Federal Reserve Board web site , `` Remarks by Governor Ben Bernanke at the H. Parket Willis Lecture in Economic Policy '' , March 2 , 2004 , FDR Library Web Site . Jump up ^ Doenecke , Justus D. ; Stoler , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt 's foreign policies , 1933 -- 1945 . Rowman & Littlefield . Jump up ^ Hoopes , Townsend , and Douglas Brinkley . FDR and the Creation of the U.N. ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ J. Bradford DeLong , Cornucopia : Increasing Wealth in the Twentieth Century . 2000 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Wayne . Theoretical criminology : from modernity to post-modernism . Page 53 . Jump up ^ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( Program ) . Ecosystems and Human Well - Being . The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment series . Washington , D.C. : Island Press , 2005 . Page 12 Jump up ^ Victor Flores Olea . `` Editoriales -- El Universal -- 10 de abril 2006 : Operacion Condor '' . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Mexico . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` University of Oxford History Faculty > Website Tools > Page not Found ( 404 Error ) '' . Further reading ( edit ) 21st - century sources Boyd , Andrew , Joshua Comenetz . An atlas of world affairs . Routledge , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39169 - 5 Black , Edwin . Internal Combustion : How Corporations and Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2006 . Briggs , Asa , and Peter Burke . A Social History of the Media : From Gutenberg to the Internet . Cambridge : Polity , 2002 . Barzun , Jacques . From Dawn to Decadence : 500 Years of Western Cultural Life : 1500 to the Present . New York : HarperCollins , 2001 . 20th - century sources Burke , Peter . A Social History of Knowledge : From Gutenberg to Diderot . Cambridge , UK : Polity , 2000 . CBS News . People of the century . Simon and Schuster , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87093 - 2 Wang , Ke - wen . Modern China : an encyclopedia of history , culture , and nationalism . Taylor & Francis , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0720 - 9 Huffman , James L. Modern Japan : an encyclopedia of history , culture , and nationalism . Taylor & Francis , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2525 - 8 Schlesinger , Arthur M. New Viewpoints in American History . New York : Macmillan , 1922 . Nock , Albert Jay . The Myth of a Guilty Nation . B.W. Huebsch , Incorporated , 1922 . Bakeless , John Edwin . The Economic Causes of Modern War ; A Study of the Period : 1878 -- 1918 . New York : Printed for the Department of political science of Williams college , by Moffat , Yard and Co , 1921 Day , Clive . A History of Commerce . New York ( etc . ) : Longmans , Green , and Co , 1921 . Moore , Edward Caldwell . The Spread of Christianity in the Modern World . Chicago , Ill : University of Chicago Press , 1919 . Muir , Ramsay . The Expansion of Europe ; The Culmination of Modern History . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 1917 . Palat , Madhavan K. , Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia , ed . ( Macmillan , Palgrave , UK , and St Martin 's Press , New York , 2001 ) . Palat , Madhavan K. , History of Civilizations of Central Asia , ed. , vol. 6 , Towards the Contemporary Period : From The Mid-Nineteenth Century To The End Of The Twentieth Century , UNESCO , Paris 2005 . Robinson , James Harvey , and Charles Austin Beard . Readings in Modern European History ; A Collection of Extracts from the Sources Chosen with the Purpose of Illustrating Some of the Chief Phases of Development of Europe During the Last Two Hundred Years . Boston : Ginn & Co , 1908 . External links ( edit ) General Vistorica -- Timelines of European modern history Journal of Contemporary History . SAGE Publications . ISSN 1461 - 7250 ( Print ISSN 0022 - 0094 ) Contemporary History Institute ( CHI ) . ohiou.edu ( ed. , Analyzes the contemporary period in world affairs -- the period from World War II to the present -- from an interdisciplinary historical perspective . ) China and Europe , 1500 -- 2000 and Beyond : What is Modern ? . 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when did revelations become part of the bible

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&oldid=838066961

Book of Revelation - wikipedia Book of Revelation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book in the New Testament . For other uses , see Book of Revelation ( disambiguation ) . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John Frontispiece , Book of Revelation , Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura , 9th century The Book of Revelation , often called the Revelation to John , the Apocalypse of John , The Revelation , or simply Revelation or Apocalypse ( and often misquoted as Revelations ) , is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology . Its title is derived from the first word of the text , written in Koine Greek : apokalypsis , meaning `` unveiling '' or `` revelation '' ( before title pages and titles , books were commonly known by their first words , as is also the case of the Hebrew Five Books of Moses ( Torah ) ) . The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon ( although there are short apocalyptic passages in various places in the Gospels and the Epistles ) . The author names himself in the text as `` John '' , but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate . Second century Christian writers such as Justin Martyr , Irenaeus , Melito the bishop of Sardis , and Clement of Alexandria and the author of the Muratorian fragment identify John the Apostle as the `` John '' of Revelation . Modern scholarship generally takes a different view , and many consider that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet . Some modern scholars characterise Revelation 's author as a putative figure whom they call `` John of Patmos '' . The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the emperor Domitian ( AD 81 -- 96 ) , and the evidence tends to confirm this . The book spans three literary genres : the epistolary , the apocalyptic , and the prophetic . It begins with John , on the island of Patmos in the Aegean , addressing a letter to the `` Seven Churches of Asia '' . He then describes a series of prophetic visions , including figures such as the Whore of Babylon and the Beast , culminating in the Second Coming of Jesus . The obscure and extravagant imagery has led to a wide variety of Christian interpretations : historicist interpretations see in Revelation a broad view of history ; preterist interpretations treat Revelation as mostly referring to the events of the apostolic era ( 1st century ) , or , at the latest , the fall of the Roman Empire ; futurists believe that Revelation describes future events ; and idealist or symbolic interpretations consider that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events , but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Title , authorship , and date 1.2 Genre 1.3 Sources 1.4 Setting 1.5 Canonical history 1.6 Synods 1.7 Protestant Reformation 1.8 Texts and manuscripts 2 Structure and content 2.1 Literary structure 2.2 Outline 3 Interpretations 3.1 Eschatological 3.1. 1 Bahá'í Faith 3.1. 2 Eastern Orthodox 3.1. 3 Esoteric 3.1. 4 Latter - day Saints 3.1. 5 Oriental Orthodox 3.1. 6 Paschal liturgical 3.1. 7 Radical discipleship 3.1. 8 Seventh - day Adventist 3.2 Aesthetic and literary 3.3 Academic 4 Old Testament origins 5 Figures in Revelation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) St. John the Evangelist on Patmos by Hieronymous Bosch , circa 1489 Title , authorship , and date ( edit ) St. John receives his Revelation . Saint - Sever Beatus , 11th century . Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The title is taken from the first word of the book in Koine Greek : ἀποκάλυψις apokalypsis , which means `` unveiling '' or `` revelation '' . The author names himself as `` John '' , but it is currently considered unlikely that the author of Revelation was also the author of the Gospel of John . Some of the evidence for this was set out as early as the second half of the 3rd century by Pope Dionysius of Alexandria , who noted that the gospel and the epistles attributed to John , unlike Revelation , do not name their author , and that the Greek of the gospel is correct and elegant while that of Revelation is neither ; some later scholars believe that the two books also have radical differences in theological perspective . Tradition links him to John the Apostle , but it is unlikely that the apostle could have lived into the most likely time for the book 's composition , the reign of Domitian , and the author never states that he knew Jesus . All that is known is that this John was a Jewish Christian prophet , probably belonging to a group of such prophets , and was accepted as such by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter . His precise identity remains unknown , and modern scholarship commonly refers to him as John of Patmos ( Rev. 1 : 9 -- `` I was put on the Island of Patmos '' ) . Early Church tradition dates the book to end of the emperor Domitian ( reigned AD 81 -- 96 ) , and most modern scholars agree , although the author may have written a first version after Nero 's Great Fire in Rome ( AD 64 ) under Vespasian ( AD 69 -- 79 ) and updated it under Domitian . The beast with seven heads and the number 666 seem to allude directly to the emperor Nero ( reigned AD 54 -- 68 ) , but this does not require that Revelation was written in the 60s , as there was a widespread belief in later decades that Nero would return . In her volume in the original Anchor Bible , J. Massyngberde Ford argues that the core of Revelation , chapters 4 -- 11 , was written by John the Baptist and later surrounded with a Christian beginning and ending , although this view is not held by the large majority of scholars . 70 AD is the likely date of writing according to Martha Himmelfarb in the recently published Blackwell series . Genre ( edit ) Revelation is an apocalyptic prophecy with an epistolary introduction addressed to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia . `` Apocalypse '' means the revealing of divine mysteries ; John is to write down what is revealed ( what he sees in his vision ) and send it to the seven churches . The entire book constitutes the letter -- the letters to the seven individual churches are introductions to the rest of the book , which is addressed to all seven . While the dominant genre is apocalyptic , the author sees himself as a Christian prophet : Revelation uses the word in various forms twenty - one times , more than any other New Testament book . Sources ( edit ) The predominant view is that Revelation alludes to the Old Testament although it is difficult among scholars to agree on the exact number of allusions or the allusions themselves . Revelation rarely quotes directly from the Old Testament , yet almost every verse alludes to or echoes older scriptures . Over half of the references stem from Daniel , Ezekiel , Psalms , and Isaiah , with Daniel providing the largest number in proportion to length and Ezekiel standing out as the most influential . Because these references appear as allusions rather than as quotes , it is difficult to know whether the author used the Hebrew or the Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures , but he was clearly often influenced by the Greek . He very frequently combines multiple references , and again the allusional style makes it impossible to be certain to what extent he did so consciously . According to several studies including a review by Dr James Tabor and Dr J. Massyngberde Ford , the Book of Revelation contains ancient pre-Christian texts of Jewish origin dating back to the time of John the Baptist and the communities of Qumran as well as antique Jewish texts . In several verses one can identify the ancient texts and that attributed to John , the latter having just added in the original text the words `` Jesus Christ '' ( Rev 1 : 1 ) , `` testimony of Jesus Christ '' ( Rev. 1 : 2 ) or even `` Jesus '' ( Rev 1 : 9 ) , and similar words in dozens of other verses . Setting ( edit ) Conventional understanding until recently was that Revelation was written to comfort beleaguered Christians as they underwent persecution at the hands of a megalomaniacal Roman emperor , but much of this has now been jettisoned : Domitian is no longer viewed as a despot imposing an imperial cult , and it is no longer believed that there was any systematic empire - wide persecution of Christians in his time . The current view is that Revelation was composed in the context of a conflict within the Christian community of Asia Minor over whether to engage with , or withdraw from , the far larger non-Christian community : Revelation chastises those Christians who wanted to reach an accommodation with the Roman cult of empire . This is not to say that Christians in Roman Asia were not suffering , for withdrawal from , and defiance against , the wider Roman society , which imposed very real penalties ; Revelation offered a victory over this reality by offering an apocalyptic hope : in the words of professor Adela Yarbro Collins , `` What ought to be was experienced as a present reality . '' Canonical History ( edit ) Further information : Development of the New Testament canon Revelation was the last book accepted into the Christian biblical canon , and to the present day some churches that derive from the Church of the East reject it . Eastern Christians became skeptical of the book as doubts concerning its authorship and unusual style were reinforced by aversion to its acceptance by Montanists and other groups considered to be heretical . This distrust of the Book of Revelation persisted in the East through the 15th century . Dionysius ( 248 AD ) , bishop of Alexandria , disciple of Origen wrote that the Book of Revelation could have been written by Cerinthus although he himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer . He regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle ( Eusebius , Church History VII. 25 ) . Eusebius , in his Church History ( c. 330 AD ) mentioned that the Apocalypse of John was accepted as a Canonical book and rejected at the same time : 1 ... it is proper to sum up the writings of the New Testament which have been already mentioned ... After them is to be placed , if it really seem proper , the Apocalypse of John , concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time . These then belong among the accepted writings ( Homologoumena ) . 4 . Among the rejected ( Kirsopp . Lake translation : `` not genuine '' ) writings must be reckoned , as I said , the Apocalypse of John , if it seem proper , which some , as I said , reject , but which others class with the accepted books . The Apocalypse of John , also called Revelation , is counted as both accepted ( Kirsopp . Lake translation : `` Recognized '' ) and disputed , which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so . The disputation perhaps attributed to Origen . Origen seems having accepted it in his writings . Cyril of Jerusalem ( 348 AD ) does not name it among the canonical books ( Catechesis IV. 33 -- 36 ) . Athanasius ( 367 AD ) in his Letter 39 , Augustine of Hippo ( c. 397 AD ) in his book On Christian Doctrine ( Book II , Chapter 8 ) , Tyrannius Rufinus ( c. 400 AD ) in his Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed , Pope Innocent I ( 405 AD ) in a letter to the bishop of Toulouse and John of Damascus ( about 730 AD ) in his work An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith ( Book IV : 7 ) listed `` the Revelation of John the Evangelist '' as a canonical book . Synods ( edit ) The Council of Laodicea ( 363 ) omits it as a canonical book . The Decretum Gelasianum , which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553 , contains a list of books of scripture presented as having been reckoned as canonical by the Council of Rome ( 382 AD ) . This list mentions it as a part of the New Testament canon . The Synod of Hippo ( in 393 ) , followed by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) , classified it as a canonical book . The Apostolic Canons , approved by the Eastern Orthodox Council in Trullo in 692 , omit it . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Doubts resurfaced during the Protestant Reformation . Martin Luther called it `` neither apostolic nor prophetic '' in the 1522 preface to his translation of the New Testament ( he revised his position with a much more favorable assessment in 1530 ) , and it was the only New Testament book on which John Calvin did not write a commentary . As of 2015 it remains the only New Testament work not read in the Divine Liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church , though Catholic and Protestant liturgies include it . Texts and manuscripts ( edit ) There are approximately 300 Greek manuscripts of Revelation . While the Codex Vaticanus does not include it , the other major manuscripts that do are the Codex Sinaiticus ( 4th century ) , Codex Alexandrinus ( 5th century ) , and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus ( 5th century ) . In addition , there are numerous papyri , especially that of p ( 3rd century ) ; the minuscules ( 8th to 10th century ) , plus fragmentary quotations in the Church fathers of the 2nd to 5th centuries and the 6th century Greek commentary on Revelation by Andreas . Structure and content ( edit ) The Apocalypse of St. Sever , circa 1150 The Angel Appears to John . 13th - century manuscript . British Library , London . The angel gives John the letter to the churches of Asia , Beatus Escorial , circa 950 . Literary structure ( edit ) Divisions in the book seem to be marked by the repetition of key phrases , by the arrangement of subject matter into blocks , and around its Christological passages , and much use is made of significant numbers , especially the number seven , which represented perfection according to ancient numerology . Nevertheless , there is a `` complete lack of consensus '' among scholars about the structure of Revelation . The following is therefore an outline of the book 's contents rather than of its structure . Outline ( edit ) Main article : Events of Revelation See also : Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Revelation 6.2 : And I saw , and behold a white horse : and he that sat on him had a bow ; and a crown was given unto him : and he went forth conquering , and to conquer . White Rider from Tolkovy Apocalyps , Moscow , 17th century Apocalypse 7 , the 144,000 elect . Beatus d'Osma , 11th century The Fourth Angel sounds his trumpet , Apocalypse 8 . Beatus Escorial , circa 950 . Apocalypse 12 , the Woman and the Dragon . Beatus d'Osma , 11th century A seven - headed leopard - like beast , Apocalypse 13 , Beatus Escorial An 1880 Baxter process colour plate illustrating Revelation 22 : 17 by Joseph Martin Kronheim `` Thrust in thy sickle , and reap : for the time is come for thee to reap ; for the harvest of the earth is ripe . '' ( 14 : 15 ) , Escorial Beatus The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun ( Rev. 12 1 -- 4 ) -- William Blake Brooklyn Museum The Revelation of Jesus Christ The Revelation of Jesus Christ is communicated to John of Patmos through prophetic visions . ( 1 : 1 -- 9 ) John is instructed by the `` one like a son of man '' to write all that he hears and sees , from the prophetic visions , to Seven churches of Asia . ( 1 : 10 -- 13 ) The appearance of the `` one like a son of man '' is given , and he reveals what the seven stars and seven lampstands represent . ( 1 : 14 -- 20 ) Messages for seven churches of Asia Ephesus : From this church , those `` who overcome are granted to eat from the tree of life , which is in the midst of the Paradise of God . '' ( 2 : 1 -- 7 ) Praised for not bearing those who are evil , testing those who say they are apostles and are not , and finding them to be liars ; hating the deeds of the Nicolaitans ; having persevered and possessing patience . Admonished to `` do the first works '' and to repent for having left their `` first love . '' Smyrna : From this church , those who are faithful until death , will be given `` the crown of life . '' Those who overcome shall not be hurt by the second death . ( 2 : 8 -- 11 ) Praised for being `` rich '' while impoverished and in tribulation . Admonished not to fear the `` synagogue of Satan '' , nor fear a ten - day tribulation of being thrown into prison . Pergamum : From this church , those who overcome will be given the hidden manna to eat and a white stone with a secret name on it . '' ( 2 : 12 -- 17 ) Praised for holding `` fast to My name '' , not denying `` My faith '' even in the days of Antipas , `` My faithful martyr . '' Admonished to repent for having held the doctrine of Balaam , who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the children of Israel ; eating things sacrificed to idols , committing sexual immorality , and holding the `` doctrine of the Nicolaitans . '' Thyatira : From this church , those who overcome until the end , will be given power over the nations in order to dash them to pieces with the rule of a rod of iron ; they will also be given the `` morning star . '' ( 2 : 18 -- 29 ) Praised for their works , love , service , faith , and patience . Admonished to repent for allowing a `` prophetess '' to promote sexual immorality and to eat things sacrificed to idols . Sardis : From this church , those who overcome will be clothed in white garments , and their names will not be blotted out from the Book of Life ; their names will also be confessed before the Father and His angels . ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Admonished to be watchful and to strengthen since their works have not been perfect before God . Philadelphia : From this church , those who overcome will be made a pillar in the temple of God having the name of God , the name of the city of God , `` New Jerusalem '' , and the Son of God 's new name . ( 3 : 7 -- 13 ) Praised for having some strength , keeping `` My word '' , and having not denied `` My name . '' Reminded to hold fast what they have , that no one may take their crown . Laodicea : From this church , those who overcome will be granted the opportunity to sit with the Son of God on His throne . ( 3 : 14 -- 22 ) Admonished to be zealous and repent from being `` lukewarm '' ; they are instructed to buy the `` gold refined in the fire '' , that they may be rich ; to buy `` white garments '' , that they may be clothed , so that the shame of their nakedness would not be revealed ; to anoint their eyes with eye salve , that they may see . Before the Throne of God The Throne of God appears , surrounded by twenty four thrones with Twenty - four elders seated in them . ( 4 : 1 -- 5 ) The four living creatures are introduced . ( 4 : 6 -- 11 ) A scroll , with seven seals , is presented and it is declared that the Lion of the tribe of Judah , from the `` Root of David '' , is the only one worthy to open this scroll. ( 5 : 1 -- 5 ) When the `` Lamb having seven horns and seven eyes '' took the scroll , the creatures of heaven fell down before the Lamb to give him praise , joined by myriads of angels and the creatures of the earth . ( 5 : 6 -- 14 ) Seven Seals are opened First Seal : A white horse appears , whose crowned rider has a bow with which to conquer . ( 6 : 1 -- 2 ) Second Seal : A red horse appears , whose rider is granted a `` great sword '' to take peace from the earth . ( 6 : 3 -- 4 ) Third Seal : A black horse appears , whose rider has `` a pair of balances in his hand '' , where a voice then says , `` A measure of wheat for a penny , and three measures of barley for a penny ; and ( see ) thou hurt not the oil and the wine . '' ( 6 : 5 -- 6 ) Fourth Seal : A pale horse appears , whose rider is Death , and Hades follows him . Death is granted a fourth part of the earth , to kill with sword , with hunger , with death , and with the beasts of the earth . ( 6 : 7 -- 8 ) Fifth Seal : `` Under the altar '' , appeared the souls of martyrs for the `` word of God '' , who cry out for vengeance . They are given white robes and told to rest until the martyrdom of their brothers is completed . ( 6 : 9 - 11 ) Sixth Seal : ( 6 : 12 -- 17 ) There occurs a great earthquake where `` the sun becomes black as sackcloth of hair , and the moon like blood '' ( 6 : 12 ) . The stars of heaven fall to the earth and the sky recedes like a scroll being rolled up ( 6 : 13 -- 14 ) . Every mountain and island is moved out of place ( 6 : 14 ) . The people of earth retreat to caves in the mountains ( 6 : 15 ) . The survivors call upon the mountains and the rocks to fall on them , so as to hide them from the `` wrath of the Lamb '' ( 6 : 16 ) . Interlude : The 144,000 Hebrews are sealed . 144,000 from the Twelve Tribes of Israel are sealed as servants of God on their foreheads ( 7 : 1 -- 8 ) A great multitude stand before the Throne of God , who come out of the Great Tribulation , clothed with robes made `` white in the blood of the Lamb '' and having palm branches in their hands . ( 7 : 9 -- 17 ) Seventh Seal : Introduces the seven trumpets ( 8 : 1 -- 5 ) `` Silence in heaven for about half an hour '' ( 8 : 1 ) . Seven angels are each given trumpets ( 8 : 2 ) . An eighth angel takes a `` golden censer '' , filled with fire from the heavenly altar , and throws it to the earth ( 8 : 3 -- 5 ) . What follows are `` peals of thunder , rumblings , flashes of lightning , and an earthquake '' ( 8 : 5 ) . After the eighth angel has devastated the earth , the seven angels introduced in verse 2 prepare to sound their trumpets ( 8 : 6 ) . Seven trumpets are sounded ( Seen in Chapters 8 , 9 , and 12 ) . First Trumpet : Hail and fire , mingled with blood , are thrown to the earth burning up a third of the trees and green grass . ( 8 : 6 -- 7 ) Second Trumpet : Something that resembles a great mountain , burning with fire , falls from the sky and lands in the ocean . It kills a third of the sea creatures and destroys a third of the ships at sea . ( 8 : 8 -- 9 ) Third Trumpet : A great star , named Wormwood , falls from heaven and poisons a third of the rivers and springs of water . ( 8 : 10 -- 11 ) Fourth Trumpet : A third of the sun , the moon , and the stars are darkened creating complete darkness for a third of the day and the night . ( 8 : 12 -- 13 ) Fifth Trumpet : The First Woe ( 9 : 1 -- 12 ) A `` star '' falls from the sky ( 9 : 1 ) . This `` star '' is given `` the key to the bottomless pit '' ( 9 : 1 ) . The `` star '' then opens the bottomless pit . When this happens , `` smoke ( rises ) from ( the Abyss ) like smoke from a gigantic furnace . The sun and sky ( are ) darkened by the smoke from the Abyss '' ( 9 : 2 ) . From out of the smoke , locusts who are `` given power like that of scorpions of the earth '' ( 9 : 3 ) , who are commanded not to harm anyone or anything except for people who were not given the `` seal of God '' on their foreheads ( from chapter 7 ) ( 9 : 4 ) . The `` locusts '' are described as having a human appearance ( faces and hair ) but with lion 's teeth , and wearing `` breastplates of iron '' ; the sound of their wings resembles `` the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle '' ( 9 : 7 -- 9 ) . Sixth Trumpet : The Second Woe ( 9 : 13 -- 21 ) The four angels bound to the great river Euphrates are released to prepare two hundred million horsemen . These armies kill a third of mankind by plagues of fire , smoke , and brimstone . Interlude : The little scroll. ( 10 : 1 -- 11 ) An angel appears , with one foot on the sea and one foot on the land , having an opened little book in his hand . Upon the cry of the angel , seven thunders utter mysteries and secrets that are not to be written down by John . John is instructed to eat the little scroll that happens to be sweet in his mouth , but bitter in his stomach , and to prophesy . John is given a measuring rod to measure the temple of God , the altar , and those who worship there . Outside the temple , at the court of the holy city , it is trod by the nations for forty - two months ( 3 1 / 2 years ) . Two witnesses prophesy for 1,260 days , clothed in sackcloth. ( 11 : 1 -- 14 ) Seventh Trumpet : The Third Woe that leads into the seven bowls ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) The temple of God opens in heaven , where the ark of His covenant can be seen . There are lightnings , noises , thunderings , an earthquake , and great hail . The Seven Spiritual Figures . ( Events leading into the Third Woe ) A Woman `` clothed with a white robe , with the sun at her back , with the moon under her feet , and on her head a crown of twelve stars '' is in pregnancy with a male child . ( 12 : 1 -- 2 ) A great Dragon ( with seven heads , ten horns , and seven crowns on his heads ) drags a third of the stars of Heaven with his tail , and throws them to the Earth . ( 12 : 3 -- 4 ) . The Dragon waits for the birth of the child so he can devour it . However , sometime after the child is born , he is caught up to God 's throne while the Woman flees into the wilderness into her place prepared of God that they should feed her there for 1,260 days ( 31⁄2 years ) . ( 12 : 5 -- 6 ) . War breaks out in heaven between Michael and the Dragon , identified as that old Serpent , the Devil , or Satan ( 12 : 9 ) . After a great fight , the Dragon and his angels are cast out of Heaven for good , followed by praises of victory for God 's kingdom . ( 12 : 7 -- 12 ) . The Dragon engages to persecute the Woman , but she is given aid to evade him . Her evasiveness enrages the Dragon , prompting him to wage war against the rest of her offspring , who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ . ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) A Beast ( with seven heads , ten horns , and ten crowns on his horns and on his heads names of blasphemy ) emerges from the Sea , having one mortally wounded head that is then healed . The people of the world wonder and follow the Beast . The Dragon grants him power and authority for forty - two months . ( 13 : 1 -- 5 ) The Beast of the Sea blasphemes God 's name ( along with God 's tabernacle and His kingdom and all who dwell in Heaven ) , wages war against the Saints , and overcomes them . ( 13 : 6 -- 10 ) Then , a Beast emerges from the Earth having two horns like a lamb , speaking like a dragon . He directs people to make an image of the Beast of the Sea who was wounded yet lives , breathing life into it , and forcing all people to bear `` the mark of the Beast '' , `` 666 '' . Events leading into the Third Woe : The Lamb stands on Mount Zion with the 144,000 `` first fruits '' who are redeemed from Earth and victorious over the Beast and his mark and image . ( 14 : 1 -- 5 ) The proclamations of three angels . ( 14 : 6 -- 13 ) One like the Son of Man reaps the earth . ( 14 : 14 -- 16 ) A second angel reaps `` the vine of the Earth '' and throws it into `` the great winepress of the wrath of God ... and blood came out of the winepress ... up to one thousand six hundred stadia . '' ( 14 : 17 -- 20 ) The temple of the tabernacle , in Heaven , is opened ( 15 : 1 -- 5 ) , beginning the `` Seven Bowls '' revelation . Seven angels are given a golden bowl , from the Four Living Creatures , that contains the seven last plagues bearing the wrath of God . ( 15 : 6 -- 8 ) Seven bowls are poured onto Earth : First Bowl : A `` foul and malignant sore '' afflicts the followers of the Beast. ( 16 : 1 -- 2 ) Second Bowl : The Sea turns to blood and everything within it dies . ( 16 : 3 ) Third Bowl : All fresh water turns to blood . ( 16 : 4 -- 7 ) Fourth Bowl : The Sun scorches the Earth with intense heat and even burns some people with fire . ( 16 : 8 -- 9 ) Fifth Bowl : There is total darkness and great pain in the Beast 's kingdom . ( 16 : 10 -- 11 ) Sixth Bowl : The Great River Euphrates is dried up and preparations are made for the kings of the East and the final battle at Armageddon between the forces of good and evil . ( 16 : 12 -- 16 ) Seventh Bowl : A great earthquake and heavy hailstorm : `` every island fled away and the mountains were not found . '' ( 16 : 17 -- 21 ) Aftermath : Vision of John given by `` an angel who had the seven bowls '' The great Harlot who sits on a scarlet Beast ( with seven heads and ten horns and names of blasphemy all over its body ) and by many waters : Babylon the Great . The angel showing John the vision of the Harlot and the scarlet Beast reveals their identities and fates ( 17 : 1 -- 18 ) New Babylon is destroyed . ( 18 : 1 -- 8 ) The people of the Earth ( the kings , merchants , sailors , etc . ) mourn New Babylon 's destruction . ( 18 : 9 -- 19 ) The permanence of New Babylon 's destruction . ( 18 : 20 -- 24 ) The Marriage Supper of the Lamb A great multitude praises God . ( 19 : 1 -- 6 ) The marriage Supper of the Lamb. ( 19 : 7 -- 10 ) The Judgment of the two Beasts , the Dragon , and the Dead ( 19 : 11 -- 20 : 15 ) The Beast and the False Prophet are cast into the Lake of Fire . ( 19 : 11 -- 21 ) The Dragon is imprisoned in the Bottomless Pit for a thousand years . ( 20 : 1 -- 3 ) The resurrected martyrs live and reign with Christ for a thousand years . ( 20 : 4 -- 6 ) After the Thousand Years The Dragon is released and goes out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the Earth -- Gog and Magog -- and gathers them for battle at the holy city . The Dragon makes war against the people of God , but is defeated . ( 20 : 7 -- 9 ) The Dragon is cast into the Lake of Fire with the Beast and the False Prophet. ( 20 : 10 ) The Last Judgment : the wicked , along with Death and Hades , are cast into the Lake of Fire , which is the second death . ( 20 : 11 -- 15 ) The New Heaven and Earth , and New Jerusalem A new , glorious Heaven replaces the old Earth . There is no more suffering or death . ( 21 : 1 -- 8 ) God comes to dwell with humanity in the New Jerusalem . ( 21 : 2 -- 8 ) Description of the New Jerusalem . ( 21 : 9 -- 27 ) The River of Life and the Tree of Life appear for the healing of the nations and peoples . The curse of sin is ended . ( 22 : 1 -- 5 ) Conclusion Christ 's reassurance that his coming is imminent . Final admonitions. ( 22 : 6 -- 21 ) Interpretations ( edit ) Christian eschatology Eschatology views Contrasting beliefs ( show ) Historicism Futurism Preterism Idealism Dispensationalism The Millennium ( show ) Amillennialism Postmillennialism Premillennialism Prewrath Rapture Posttribulation Rapture Dispensationalism Biblical texts ( show ) Synoptic Gospels Olivet Discourse Sheep and Goats Book of Revelation Events of Revelation Book of Daniel Seventy Weeks 2 Esdras ( Apocrypha ) Key terms ( show ) Abomination of desolation Antichrist Armageddon The Beast Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Great Tribulation Katechon Kingdom of God Lake of fire Last Judgment Man of sin New Heaven and New Earth New Jerusalem Rapture Resurrection of the dead Second Coming Seven bowls Seven seals Son of perdition Two witnesses War in Heaven Whore of Babylon World to come Christianity portal Revelation has a wide variety of interpretations , ranging from the simple message that we should have faith that God will prevail ( `` symbolic interpretation '' ) , to complex end time scenarios ( `` futurist interpretation '' ) , to the views of critics who deny any spiritual value to Revelation at all . Eschatological ( edit ) Most Christian interpretations fall into one or more of the following categories : Historicism , which sees in Revelation a broad view of history ; Preterism , in which Revelation mostly refers to the events of the apostolic era ( 1st century ) or , at the latest , the fall of the Roman Empire ; Amillennialism , which contends that the millennium has already begun and is identical with the current church age ; Futurism , which believes that Revelation describes future events ( modern believers in this interpretation are often called `` millennialists '' ) ; and Idealism / Allegoricalism , which holds that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events , but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil . Bahá'í faith ( edit ) ` Abdu'l - Bahá has given some interpretations about the 11th and 12th chapters of Revelation in Some Answered Questions . The 1,260 days spoken of in the forms : one thousand two hundred and sixty days , forty - two months , refers to the 1,260 years in the Islamic Calendar ( AH 1260 or 1844 CE ) . The `` two witnesses '' spoken of are Muhammad and Ali . Also , the Bible reads , `` And there appeared a great wonder in heaven ; and behold a great red dragon , having seven heads and ten horns , and seven crowns upon his heads '' . The seven heads of the dragon are symbolic of the seven provinces dominated by the Umayyads : Damascus , Persia , Arabia , Egypt , Africa , Andalusia , and Transoxania . The ten horns represent the ten names of the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty : Abu Sufyan , Muawiya , Yazid , Marwan , Abd al - Malik , Walid , Sulayman , Umar , Hisham , and Ibrahim . Some names were re-used , as in the case of Yazid II and Yazid III and the like , which were not counted for this interpretation . Eastern Orthodox ( edit ) An Orthodox icon of the Apocalypse of St. John , 16th century . Eastern Orthodoxy treats the text as simultaneously describing contemporaneous events ( events occurring at the same time ) and as prophecy of events to come , for which the contemporaneous events were a form of foreshadow . It rejects attempts to determine , before the fact , if the events of Revelation are occurring by mapping them onto present - day events , taking to heart the Scriptural warning against those who proclaim `` He is here ! '' prematurely . Instead , the book is seen as a warning to be spiritually and morally ready for the end times , whenever they may come ( `` as a thief in the night '' ) , but they will come at the time of God 's choosing , not something that can be precipitated nor trivially deduced by mortals . This view is also held by many Catholics , although there is a diversity of opinion about the nature of the Apocalypse within Catholicism . Book of Revelation is the only book of the New Testament that is not read during services by the Byzantine Rite Churches although in the Western Rite Orthodox Parishes , which are under the same bishops as the Byzantine Rite , it is read . Esoteric ( edit ) Christian Gnostics , however , are unlikely to be attracted to the teaching of Revelation because the doctrine of salvation through the sacrificed Lamb , which is central to Revelation , is repugnant to Gnostics . Christian Gnostics `` believed in the Forgiveness of Sins , but in no vicarious sacrifice for sin ... they accepted Christ in the full realisation of the word ; his life , not his death , was the keynote of their doctrine and their practice . '' James Morgan Pryse was an esoteric gnostic who saw Revelation as a western version of the Hindu theory of the Chakra . He began his work , `` The purpose of this book is to show that the Apocalypse is a manual of spiritual development and not , as conventionally interpreted , a cryptic history or prophecy . '' Such diverse theories have failed to command widespread acceptance . But Christopher Rowland argues : `` there are always going to be loose threads which refuse to be woven into the fabric as a whole . The presence of the threads which stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the neat tapestry of our world - view does not usually totally undermine that view . '' Latter - day saints ( edit ) The Book of Mormon affirms that John the Apostle is the author of Revelation and that he was foreordained by God to write it . Latter - day revelation through the Prophet Joseph Smith contained in the Doctrine and Covenants , section 77 , postulates answers to specific questions regarding the symbolism contained in the Book of Revelation . Topics include : the sea of glass , the four beasts and their appearance , the 24 elders , the book with seven seals , certain angels , the sealing of the 144,000 , the little book eaten by John , and the two witnesses in Chapter 11 . Latter - day Saints believe that the warning contained in Revelation 22 : 18 -- 19 does not refer to the biblical canon as a whole . Rather , an open and ongoing dialogue between God and the modern - day Prophet and Apostles of the LDS faith constitute an open canon of scripture . Oriental Orthodox ( edit ) In the Coptic Orthodox Church the whole Book of Revelation is read during Apocalypse Night or Bright Saturday ( 6 days after Pascha ) . Paschal liturgical ( edit ) This interpretation , which has found expression among both Catholic and Protestant theologians , considers the liturgical worship , particularly the Easter rites , of early Christianity as background and context for understanding the Book of Revelation 's structure and significance . This perspective is explained in The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse ( new edition , 2004 ) by Massey H. Shepherd , an Episcopal scholar , and in Scott Hahn 's The Lamb 's Supper : The Mass as Heaven on Earth ( 1999 ) , in which he states that Revelation in form is structured after creation , fall , judgment and redemption . Those who hold this view say that the Temple 's destruction ( AD 70 ) had a profound effect on the Jewish people , not only in Jerusalem but among the Greek - speaking Jews of the Mediterranean . They believe the Book of Revelation provides insight into the early Eucharist , saying that it is the new Temple worship in the New Heaven and Earth . The idea of the Eucharist as a foretaste of the heavenly banquet is also explored by British Methodist Geoffrey Wainwright in his book Eucharist and Eschatology ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) . According to Pope Benedict XVI some of the images of Revelation should be understood in the context of the dramatic suffering and persecution of the churches of Asia in the 1st century . Accordingly , the Book of Revelation should not be read as an enigmatic warning , but as an encouraging vision of Christ 's definitive victory over evil . Radical discipleship ( edit ) The radical discipleship interpretation asserts that the Book of Revelation is best understood as a handbook for radical discipleship ; i . e. , how to remain faithful to the spirit and teachings of Jesus and avoid simply assimilating to surrounding society . In this interpretation the primary agenda of the book is to expose as impostors the worldly powers that seek to oppose the ways of God and God 's Kingdom . The chief temptation for Christians in the 1st century , and today , is to fail to hold fast to the non-violent teachings and example of Jesus and instead be lured into unquestioning adoption and assimilation of worldly , national or cultural values -- imperialism , nationalism , and civil religion being the most dangerous and insidious . This perspective ( closely related to liberation theology ) draws on the approach of Bible scholars such as Ched Myers , William Stringfellow , Richard Horsley , Daniel Berrigan , Wes Howard - Brook , and Joerg Rieger . Various Christian anarchists , such as Jacques Ellul , have identified the State and political power as the Beast . Seventh - day Adventist ( edit ) Main article : Historicism ( Christianity ) § Seventh - day Adventists Adventists maintain a historicist interpretation of the Bible 's predictions of the apocalypse . Seventh - day Adventists believe the Book of Revelation is especially relevant to believers in the days preceding the second coming of Jesus Christ . `` The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ , but in the last days , a time of widespread apostasy , a remnant has been called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus . '' `` Here is the patience of the saints ; here are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus . '' As participatory agents in the work of salvation for all humankind , `` This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour , proclaims salvation through Christ , and heralds the approach of His second advent . '' Aesthetic and literary ( edit ) Many literary writers and theorists have contributed to a wide range of theories about the origins and purpose of the Book of Revelation . Some of these writers have no connection with established Christian faiths but , nevertheless , found in Revelation a source of inspiration . Revelation has been approached from Hindu philosophy and Jewish Midrash . Others have pointed to aspects of composition which have been ignored such as the similarities of prophetic inspiration to modern poetic inspiration , or the parallels with Greek drama . In recent years , theories have arisen which concentrate upon how readers and texts interact to create meaning and which are less interested in what the original author intended . Charles Cutler Torrey taught Semitic languages at Yale University . His lasting contribution has been to show how much more meaningful prophets , such as the scribe of Revelation , are when treated as poets first and foremost . He thought this was a point often lost sight of because most English bibles render everything in prose . Poetry was also the reason John never directly quoted the older prophets . Had he done so , he would have had to use their ( Hebrew ) poetry whereas he wanted to write his own . Torrey insisted Revelation had originally been written in Aramaic . This was why the surviving Greek translation was written in such a strange idiom . It was a literal translation that had to comply with the warning at Revelation 22 : 18 that the text must not be corrupted in any way . According to Torrey , the story is that `` The Fourth Gospel was brought to Ephesus by a Christian fugitive from Palestine soon after the middle of the first century . It was written in Aramaic . '' Later , the Ephesians claimed this fugitive had actually been the beloved disciple himself . Subsequently , this John was banished by Nero and died on Patmos after writing Revelation . Torrey argued that until AD 80 , when Christians were expelled from the synagogues , the Christian message was always first heard in the synagogue and , for cultural reasons , the evangelist would have spoken in Aramaic , else `` he would have had no hearing . '' Torrey showed how the three major songs in Revelation ( the new song , the song of Moses and the Lamb and the chorus at 19 : 6 -- 8 ) each fall naturally into four regular metrical lines plus a coda . Other dramatic moments in Revelation , such as 6 : 16 where the terrified people cry out to be hidden , behave in a similar way . Christina Rossetti was a Victorian poet who believed the sensual excitement of the natural world found its meaningful purpose in death and in God . Her The Face of the Deep is a meditation upon the Apocalypse . In her view , what Revelation has to teach is patience . Patience is the closest to perfection the human condition allows . Her book , which is largely written in prose , frequently breaks into poetry or jubilation , much like Revelation itself . The relevance of John 's visions belongs to Christians of all times as a continuous present meditation . Such matters are eternal and outside of normal human reckoning . `` That winter which will be the death of Time has no promise of termination . Winter that returns not to spring ... -- who can bear it ? '' She dealt deftly with the vengeful aspects of John 's message . `` A few are charged to do judgment ; everyone without exception is charged to show mercy . '' Her conclusion is that Christians should see John as `` representative of all his brethren '' so they should `` hope as he hoped , love as he loved . '' Recently , aesthetic and literary modes of interpretation have developed , which focus on Revelation as a work of art and imagination , viewing the imagery as symbolic depictions of timeless truths and the victory of good over evil . Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza wrote Revelation : Vision of a Just World from the viewpoint of rhetoric . Accordingly , Revelation 's meaning is partially determined by the way John goes about saying things , partially by the context in which readers receive the message and partially by its appeal to something beyond logic . Professor Schüssler Fiorenza believes that Revelation has particular relevance today as a liberating message to disadvantaged groups . John 's book is a vision of a just world , not a vengeful threat of world - destruction . Her view that Revelation 's message is not gender - based has caused dissent . She says we are to look behind the symbols rather than make a fetish out of them . In contrast , Tina Pippin states that John writes `` horror literature '' and `` the misogyny which underlies the narrative is extreme . '' D.H. Lawrence took an opposing , pessimistic view of Revelation in the final book he wrote , Apocalypse . He saw the language which Revelation used as being bleak and destructive ; a ' death - product ' . Instead , he wanted to champion a public - spirited individualism ( which he identified with the historical Jesus supplemented by an ill - defined cosmic consciousness ) against its two natural enemies . One of these he called `` the sovereignty of the intellect '' which he saw in a technology - based totalitarian society . The other enemy he styled `` vulgarity '' and that was what he found in Revelation . `` It is very nice if you are poor and not humble ... to bring your enemies down to utter destruction , while you yourself rise up to grandeur . And nowhere does this happen so splendiferously than in Revelation . '' His specific aesthetic objections to Revelation were that its imagery was unnatural and that phrases like `` the wrath of the Lamb '' were `` ridiculous . '' He saw Revelation as comprising two discordant halves . In the first , there was a scheme of cosmic renewal in `` great Chaldean sky - spaces '' , which he quite liked . After that , Lawrence thought , the book became preoccupied with the birth of the baby messiah and `` flamboyant hate and simple lust ... for the end of the world . '' Lawrence coined the term `` Patmossers '' to describe those Christians who could only be happy in paradise if they knew their enemies were suffering in hell . Academic ( edit ) Modern biblical scholarship attempts to understand Revelation in its 1st - century historical context within the genre of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature . This approach considers the text as an address to seven historical communities in Asia Minor . Under this interpretation , assertions that `` the time is near '' are to be taken literally by those communities . Consequently , the work is viewed as a warning to not conform to contemporary Greco - Roman society which John `` unveils '' as beastly , demonic , and subject to divine judgment . There is further information on these topics in the entries on higher criticism and apocalyptic literature . Although the acceptance of Revelation into the canon has from the beginning been controversial , it has been essentially similar to the career of other texts . The eventual exclusion of other contemporary apocalyptic literature from the canon may throw light on the unfolding historical processes of what was officially considered orthodox , what was heterodox , and what was even heretical . Interpretation of meanings and imagery are anchored in what the historical author intended and what his contemporary audience inferred ; a message to Christians not to assimilate into the Roman imperial culture was John 's central message . Thus , his letter ( written in the apocalyptic genre ) is pastoral in nature ( its purpose is offering hope to the downtrodden ) , and the symbolism of Revelation is to be understood entirely within its historical , literary , and social context . Critics study the conventions of apocalyptic literature and events of the 1st century to make sense of what the author may have intended . Scholar Barbara Whitlock pointed out a similarity between the consistent destruction of thirds depicted in the Book of Revelation ( a third of mankind by plagues of fire , smoke , and brimstone , a third of the trees and green grass , a third of the sea creatures and a third of the ships at sea , etc . ) and the Iranian mythology evil character Zahhak or Dahāg , depicted in the Avesta , the earliest religious texts of Zoroastrianism . Dahāg is mentioned as wreaking much evil in the world until at last chained up and imprisoned on the mythical Mt . Damāvand . The Middle Persian sources prophesy that at the end of the world , Dahāg will at last burst his bonds and ravage the world , consuming one in three humans and livestock , until the ancient hero Kirsāsp returns to life to kill Dahāg . Whitlock wrote : `` Zoroastrianism , the state religion of the Roman Empire 's main rival , was part of the intellectual millieu in which Christianity came into being , just as were Judaism , the Greek - Roman religion , and the worship of Isis and Mithras . A Zoroastrian influence is completely plausible '' . Old Testament origins ( edit ) Much of Revelation employs ancient sources , primarily but not exclusively the Old Testament . For example , Howard - Brook and Gwyther regard the Book of Enoch ( 1 Enoch ) as an equally significant but contextually different source . `` Enoch 's journey has no close parallel in the Hebrew scriptures . '' Revelation , in one section , forms an inverted parallel ( chiasmus ) with the book of Enoch in which 1 En 100 : 1 -- 3 has a river of blood deep enough to submerge a chariot and in Rev 14 : 20 has a river of blood up to the horse 's bridle . There is an angel ascending in both accounts ( 1 En 100 : 4 ; Rev 14 : 14 -- 19 ) and both accounts have three messages ( 1 En 100 : 7 -- 9 ; Rev 14 : 6 -- 12 ) . Academics showed little interest in this topic until recently . This was not , however , the case with popular writers from non-conforming backgrounds , who interspersed the text of Revelation with the prophecy they thought was being promised . For example , an anonymous Scottish commentary of 1871 prefaces Revelation 4 with the Little Apocalypse of Mark 13 , places Malachi 4 : 5 ( `` Behold I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord '' ) within Revelation 11 and writes Revelation 12 : 7 side - by - side with the role of `` the Satan '' in the Book of Job . The message is that everything in Revelation will happen in its previously appointed time . Steve Moyise uses the index of the United Bible Societies ' Greek New Testament to show that `` Revelation contains more Old Testament allusions than any other New Testament book , but it does not record a single quotation . '' Perhaps significantly , Revelation chooses different sources than other New Testament books . Revelation concentrates on Isaiah , Psalms , and Ezekiel , while neglecting , comparatively speaking , the books of the Pentateuch that are the dominant sources for other New Testament writers . Methodological objections have been made to this course as each allusion may not have an equal significance . To counter this , G.K. Beale sought to develop a system that distinguished ' clear ' , ' probable ' , and ' possible ' allusions . A clear allusion is one with almost the same wording as its source , the same general meaning , and which could not reasonably have been drawn from elsewhere . A probable allusion contains an idea which is uniquely traceable to its source . Possible allusions are described as mere echoes of their putative sources . Yet , with Revelation , the problems might be judged more fundamental . The author seems to be using his sources in a completely different way to the originals . For example , he borrows the ' new temple ' imagery of Ezekiel 40 -- 48 but uses it to describe a New Jerusalem which , quite pointedly , no longer needs a temple because it is God 's dwelling . Ian Boxall writes that Revelation `` is no montage of biblical quotations ( that is not John 's way ) but a wealth of allusions and evocations rewoven into something new and creative . '' In trying to identify this `` something new '' , Boxall argues that Ezekiel provides the ' backbone ' for Revelation . He sets out a comparative table listing the chapters of Revelation in sequence and linking most of them to the structurally corresponding chapter in Ezekiel . The interesting point is that the order is not the same . John , on this theory , rearranges Ezekiel to suit his own purposes . Some commentators argue that it is these purposes -- and not the structure -- that really matter . G.K. Beale believes that , however much John makes use of Ezekiel , his ultimate purpose is to present Revelation as a fulfillment of Daniel 7 . Richard Bauckham has argued that John presents an early view of the Trinty through his descriptions of the visions and his identifying Jesus and the Holy Spirit with YHWH . Brandon Smith has expanded on both of their proposals while proposing a `` trinitarian reading '' of Revelation , arguing that John uses Old Testament language and allusions from various sources to describe a multiplicity of persons in YHWH without sacrificing monotheism , which would later be codified in the trinitarian doctrine of Nicene Christianity . One theory , Revelation Draft Hypothesis , sees the book of Revelation constructed by forming parallels with several texts in the Old Testament such as Ezekiel , Isaiah , Zechariah , Deuteronomy , Joshua , Exodus , and Daniel . For example , Ezekiel 's encounter with God is in reverse order as John 's encounter with God ( Ezek 1 : 5 -- 28 ; Rev 4 : 2 -- 7 ; note both accounts have beings with faces of a lion , ox or calf , man , and eagle ( Ezek 1 : 10 ; Rev 4 : 7 ) , both accounts have an expanse before the throne ( Ezek 1 : 22 ; Rev 4 : 6 ) . The chariot 's horses in Zechariah 's are the same colors as the four horses in Revelation ( Zech 6 : 1 -- 8 ; Rev 6 : 1 -- 8 ) . The nesting of the seven marches around Jericho by Joshua is reenacted by Jesus nesting the seven trumpets within the seventh seal ( Josh 6 : 8 -- 10 ; Rev 6 : 1 -- 17 ; 8 : 1 -- 9 : 21 ; 11 : 15 -- 19 ) . The description of the beast in Revelation is taken directly out of Daniel ( see Dan 7 : 2 -- 8 ; Rev 13 : 1 -- 7 ) . The method that John used allowed him to use the Hebrew Scriptures as the source and also use basic techniques of parallel formation , thereby alluding to the Hebrew Scriptures . Figures in Revelation ( edit ) In order of appearance : John of Patmos The angel who reveals the Revelation of Jesus Christ The One who sits on the Throne Twenty - four crowned elders Four living creatures The Lion of Judah who is the seven horned Lamb with seven eyes Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God , each given a white robe Four angels holding the four winds of the Earth The seal - bearer angel ( 144,000 of Israel sealed ) A great multitude from every nation Seven angelic trumpeters The star called Wormwood Angel of Woe Scorpion - tailed Locusts Abaddon Four angels bound to the great river Euphrates Two hundred million lion - headed cavalry The mighty angel of Seven thunders The Two witnesses Beast of the Sea having seven heads and ten horns The woman and her child The Dragon , fiery red with seven heads Saint Michael the Archangel Lamb - horned Beast of the Earth Image of the Beast of the sea Messages of the three angels The angelic reapers and the grapes of wrath Seven plague angels Seven bowls of wrath The False Prophet Whore of Babylon The rider on a white horse The first resurrection and the thousand years Gog and Magog Death and Hades See also ( edit ) Book : Book of Revelation Christianity portal Alpha and Omega Apocalypse of John -- dated astronomically Apocalypse of Peter Apocalypse of Zerubbabel Apocalypticism Arethas of Caesarea Biblical cosmology Biblical numerology Book of Ezekiel Christian eschatological differences Day - year principle English Apocalypse manuscripts Horae Apocalypticae Maccabees Masada Number of the Beast Patmos Textual variants in the Book of Revelation The Apocalypse -- 2000 film The New Earth Vespasian Woman of the Apocalypse Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Other apocalypses popular in the early Christian era did not achieve canonical status , except 2 Esdras ( also known as the Apocalypse of Ezra ) , which is recognized as canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Churches . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carson , Don ( 2005 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament ( 2nd ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . pp. 465ff . ISBN 0 - 310 - 51940 - 3 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Bauckham 1992 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Stuckenbruck 2003 , pp. 1535 -- 1536 . Jump up ^ Stuckenbruck 2003 , p. 1536 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ 1992 , pp. 2 , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Stuckenbruck 2003 , p. 1535 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 503 -- 504 . Jump up ^ Collins 2002 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ J. Massyngberde Ford . Revelation ( The Anchor Bible , Vol. 38 ) . ISBN 9780385008952 . Jump up ^ Himmelfarb , M. ( 2010 ) `` Chronology '' Front Matter , in The Apocalypse : A Brief History , Wiley - Blackwell , Oxford , UK . p.x. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444318210. fmatter . ^ Jump up to : Bauckham 1993 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ McKim 2014 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Couch 2001 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Fekkes , Jan ( 1994 ) . Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation : Visionary Antecedents and their Development ( The Library of New Testament Studies ) . Bloomsbury T&T Clark . pp. 61 -- 63 . ISBN 185075456X . Jump up ^ Beale & McDonough 2007 , pp. 1081 -- 1084 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 143 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Wall 2011 , p. no page number . Jump up ^ Taylor , David G.K. ( 2002 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Christian regional diversity '' . In Esler , Philip F. The Early Christian World . Routledge Worlds . Routledge ( published 2002 ) . p. 338 . ISBN 9781134549191 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 28 . ( ... ) the minor Catholic epistles and Revelation continued to be omitted , and are still not included in the canon of the church of the East which was geographically ( and from the late - fifth century doctrinally ) isolated in the Persian empire . Jump up ^ Pattemore 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 1929 , pp. 138 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Eugenia Scarvelis Constantinou ( editor ) Commentary on the Apocalypse by Andrew of Caesarea ( CUA Press 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 81320123 - 8 ) , p. 3 - 6 Jump up ^ of Caesarea , Eusebius . Church History , Book VII Chapter 25 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Caesarea , Eusebius . Church History , Book III Chapter 25 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalin , ER ( 1990 ) , `` Re-examining New Testament Canon History : 1 . The Canon of Origen '' , Currents in Theology and Mission , 17 : 274 -- 82 Jump up ^ Origen . CHURCH FATHERS : Commentary on John , Book V : 3 ( Origen ) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ of Jerusalem , Cyril . Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Alexandria , Athanasius . Church Fathers : Letter 39 ( Athanasius ) . newadvent . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Hippo , Augustine . On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8 : 2 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Aquileia , Rufinus . Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed # 37 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html Jump up ^ of Damascus , John . An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith , Book IV Chapter 17 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Laodicea , Synod . Synod of Laodicea Canon 60 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Canon XXIV . ( Greek xxvii . ) '' , The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage , Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ Council of Carthage ( 419 ) Canon 24 Jump up ^ in Trullo , Council . The Apostolic Canons . Canon 85 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoekema 1979 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Aune , David ( 1997 ) . Word Biblical Commentary 52A : Revelation 1 -- 5 . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . p. cxxxviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 52177 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pate 2010 , p. no page number . Jump up ^ Tenney 1988 , pp. 32 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Senior & Getty 1990 , pp. 398 -- 399 . Jump up ^ Mounce 1998 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Karris ( ed . ) The Collegeville Bible Commentary Liturgical Press , 1992 p. 1296 . Jump up ^ Ken Bowers , Hiding in plain sight , Cedar Fort , 2000 p. 175 . Jump up ^ Carl Gustav Jung in his autobiography Memories Dream Reflections said `` I will not discuss the transparent prophecies of the Book of Revelation because no one believes in them and the whole subject is felt to be an embarrassing one . '' Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bahá'í Reference Library -- Some Answered Questions , Pages 45 -- 61 '' . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Averky ( Taushev ) , Archbishop ( 1996 ) . Eng . tr . Fr . Seraphim Rose , ed . The Apocalypse : In the Teachings of Ancient Christianity . Platina , California : St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938635 - 67 - 3 . Jump up ^ R. Frances Swiney ( Rosa Frances Emily Biggs ) The Esoteric Teaching of the Gnostics London : Yellon , Williams & Co ( 1909 ) p. 3 & 4 Jump up ^ James M. Pryse Apocalypse Unsealed London : Watkins ( 1910 ) . The theory behind the book is given in Arthur Avalon ( Sir John Woodroffe ) The Serpent Power Madras ( Chennai ) : Ganesh & Co ( 1913 ) . One version of how these beliefs might have travelled from India to the Middle East , Greece and Rome is given in the opening chapters of Rudolf Otto The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man London : Lutterworth ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Rowland Revelation London : Epworth ( 1993 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ `` 1 Nephi 14 : 18 -- 27 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine and Covenants 20 : 35 '' . Jump up ^ `` Revelation 22 : 18 -- 19 '' . Jump up ^ Hunter , Howard W. `` No Man Shall Add to or Take Away '' . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Faith 1 : 9 '' . Jump up ^ Scott Hahn , The Lamb 's Supper : The Mass as Heaven on Earth , ISBN 0 - 385 - 49659 - 1 . New York City : Doubleday , 1999 . Jump up ^ Catholic Online ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` Pope Benedict : Read Book of Revelation as Christ 's victory over evil -- International -- Catholic Online '' . Catholic.org . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard - Brook , Wes ; Gwyther , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Unveiling Empire : Reading Revelation Then and Now . Orbis Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57075 - 287 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rieger , Joerg ( 2007 ) . Christ & Empire : From Paul to Postcolonial Times . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Christoyannopoulos , Alexandre ( 2010 ) . Christian Anarchism : A Political Commentary on the Gospel . Exeter : Imprint Academic . pp. 123 -- 126 . Revelation Jump up ^ Holbrook , Frank ( July 1983 ) . `` What prophecy means to this church '' . Ministry , International Journal for Pastors. 56 ( 7 ) : 21 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seventh - day Adventist 28 Fundamental Beliefs '' ( PDF ) . The Official Site of the Seventh - day Adventist World Church . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revelation 14 : 12 '' . Biblia.com . Logos Research Systems . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Remnant and its Mission '' . The Official Site of the Seventh - day Adventist World Church . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles C. Torrey The Apocalypse of John New Haven : Yale University Press ( 1958 ) . Christopher R. North in his The Second Isaiah London : OUP ( 1964 ) p. 23 says of Torrey 's earlier Isaiah theory , `` Few scholars of any standing have accepted his theory . '' This is the general view of Torrey 's theories . However , Christopher North goes on to cite Torrey on 20 major occasions and many more minor ones in the course of his book . So , Torrey must have had some influence and poetry is the key . Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 7 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 37 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 8 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 137 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 140 Jump up ^ `` Flowers preach to us if we will hear '' , begins her poem ' Consider the lilies of the field ' Goblin Market London : Oxford University Press ( 1913 ) p. 87 Jump up ^ Ms Rossetti remarks that patience is a word which does not occur in the Bible until the New Testament , as if the usage first came from Christ 's own lips . Christina Rossetti The Face of the Deep London : SPCK ( 1892 ) p. 115 Jump up ^ `` Christians should resemble fire - flies , not glow - worms ; their brightness drawing eyes upward , not downward . '' The Face of the Deep p. 26 Jump up ^ ' vision ' lends the wrong emphasis as Ms Rossetti sought to minimise the distinction between John 's experience and that of others . She quoted 1 John 3 : 24 `` He abideth in us , by the Spirit which he hath given us '' to show that when John says , `` I was in the Spirit '' it is not exceptional . Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 301 Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 292 Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 495 Jump up ^ Elisabeth Schuessler Fiorenza Revelation : Vision of a Just World Edinburgh : T&T Clark ( 1993 ) . The book seems to have started life as Invitation to the Book of Revelation Garden City : Doubleday ( 1981 ) ^ Jump up to : Tina Pippin Death & Desire : The rhetoric of gender in the Apocalypse of John Louisville : Westminster - John Knox ( 1993 ) p. 105 Jump up ^ DH Lawrence Apocalypse London : Martin Secker ( 1932 ) published posthumously with an introduction ( p. v -- xli ) by Richard Aldington which is an integral part of the text . Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. xxiii Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. 6 Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. 11 Lawrence did not consider how these two types of Christianity ( good and bad in his view ) might be related other than as opposites . He noted the difference meant that the John who wrote a gospel could not be the same John that wrote Revelation . Jump up ^ D.H. Lawrence ( 1995 ) . Apocalypse and the Writings on Revelation . Penguin Books . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 018781 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dale Martin 2009 ( lecture ) . `` 24 . Apocalyptic and Accommodation '' on YouTube . Yale University . Accessed July 22 , 2013 . Lecture 24 ( transcript ) ^ Jump up to : CosmoLearning . `` Lecture 2 : From Stories to Canon -- CosmoLearning Religious Studies '' . ^ Jump up to : Bart D. Ehrman ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Bart Ehrman Discusses the Apocalypticist '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dr. Barbara Whitlock , `` Tracing out the convoluted sources of Christianity '' in George D. Barnes ( ed . ) , `` Collected New Essays in Comparative Religion '' Jump up ^ Wes Howard - Brook & Anthony Gwyther Unveiling Empire New York : Orbis ( 1999 ) p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Kim ( 2015 ) . How John Wrote the Book of Revelation : From Concept to Publication . Lorton , Virginia : Kim Mark Lewis . pp. 216 , 226 . ISBN 1943325006 . Jump up ^ S Moyise p. 13 reports no work whatsoever done between 1912 and 1984 Jump up ^ Anon An exposition of the Apocalypse on a new principle of literal interpretation Aberdeen : Brown ( 1871 ) Jump up ^ S. Moyise The Old Testament in the Book of Revelation Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press ( 1995 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Ian Boxall The Revelation of St John London : Continuum & Peabody MA : Hendrickson ( 2006 ) p. 254 Jump up ^ G.K. Beale John 's use of the Old Testament in Revelation Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press ( 1998 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ Richard Bauckham , The Theology of the Book of Revelation , Cambridge University Press ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Brandon D. Smith , `` The Identification of Jesus with YHWH in the Book of Revelation , Criswell Theological Review ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Revelation Draft Hypothesis '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Ammannati , Renato ( 2010 ) . Rivelazione e Storia . Ermeneutica dell'Apocalisse . Transeuropa . Bass , Ralph E. , Jr. ( 2004 ) Back to the Future : A Study in the Book of Revelation , Greenville , South Carolina : Living Hope Press , ISBN 0 - 9759547 - 0 - 9 . Bauckham , Richard ( 1993 ) . The Theology of the Book of Revelation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 35691 - 6 . Beale , G.K. ; McDonough , Sean M. ( 2007 ) . `` Revelation '' . In Beale , G.K. ; Carson , D.A. Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament . Baker Academic . ISBN 9780801026935 . Beale G.K. , The Book of Revelation , NIGTC , Grand Rapids -- Cambridge 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2174 - X Bousset W. , Die Offenbarung Johannis , Göttingen 1896 , 1906 . Boxall , Ian , ( 2006 ) The Revelation of Saint John ( Black 's New Testament Commentary ) London : Continuum , and Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7135 - 8 U.S. edition : ISBN 1 - 56563 - 202 - 8 Boxall , Ian ( 2002 ) Revelation : Vision and Insight -- An Introduction to the Apocalypse , London : SPCK ISBN 0 - 281 - 05362 - 6 Brown , Raymond E. ( 3 October 1997 ) . Introduction to the New Testament . Anchor Bible . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521007207 . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 1984 ) . Crisis and Catharsis : The Power of the Apocalypse . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 24521 - 4 . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Revelation , Book of '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 rev . ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780192802903.001. 0001 / acref - 9780192802903 - e-5853 ( inactive 2018 - 03 - 21 ) . Crutchfield , Larry V. ( 2001 ) . `` Revelation in the New Testament Canon '' . In Couch , Mal . A Bible Handbook to Revelation . Kregel Academic . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8254 - 9393 - 5 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Ford , J. Massyngberde ( 1975 ) Revelation , The Anchor Bible , New York : Doubleday ISBN 0 - 385 - 00895 - 3 . Gentry , Kenneth L. , Jr. ( 1998 ) Before Jerusalem Fell : Dating the Book of Revelation , Powder Springs , Georgia : American Vision , ISBN 0 - 915815 - 43 - 5 . Gentry , Kenneth L. , Jr. ( 2002 ) The Beast of Revelation , Powder Springs , Georgia : American Vision , ISBN 0 - 915815 - 41 - 9 . Hahn , Scott ( 1999 ) The Lamb 's Supper : Mass as Heaven on Earth , Darton , Longman , Todd , ISBN 0814658180 Harrington Wilfrid J. ( 1993 ) Sacra Pagina : Revelation , Michael Glazier , ISBN 978 - 0814658185 Hernández , Juan , Scribal habits and theological influences in the Apocalypse , Tübingen 2006 Hoekema , Anthony A ( 1979 ) . The Bible and the future . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3516 - 1 . Hudson , Gary W. ( 2006 ) Revelation : Awakening The Christ Within , Vesica Press , ISBN 0 - 9778517 - 2 - 9 Jennings , Charles A. ( 2001 ) The Book of Revelation From An Israelite and Historicist Interpretation , Truth in History Publications . ISBN 978 - 0979256585 . Kiddle M. , The Revelation of St. John ( The Moffat New Testament Commentary ) , New York -- London 1941 . Kirsch , Thomas . A History of the End of the World : How the Most Controversial Book in the Bible Changed the Course of Western Civilization . New York : HarperOne , 2006 . Lohmeyer , Ernst , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Tübingen 1953 . Muggleton , Lodowicke Works on the Book of Revelation London 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 907466 - 04 - 5 Müller U.B. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Güttersloh 1995 . McDonald , Lee Martin ; Sanders , James A. ( 2002 ) . The Canon Debate . Hendrickson Publishers . McKim , Donald K. ( 2014 ) . The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms , Second Edition . Westminster John Knox Press , . ISBN 9780664238353 . Senior , Donald ; Getty , Mary Ann ( 1990 ) . The Catholic Study Bible . Oxford University Press . Mounce , Robert H. ( 1998 ) . The Book of Revelation . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825377 . Pate , C. Marvin ( 2010 ) . Four Views on the Book of Revelation . Zondervan . Pagels , Elaine ( 2012 ) Revelations : Visions , Prophecy , and Politics in the Book of Revelation , Viking Adult , ISBN 0 - 670 - 02334 - 5 Prigent P. , L'Apocalypse , Paris 1981 . Weor , Samael Aun ( 2004 ) ( 1960 ) . The Aquarian Message : Gnostic Kabbalah and Tarot in the Apocalypse of St. John . Thelema Press . ISBN 0 - 9745916 - 5 - 3 . Pattemore , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The People of God in the Apocalypse . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781441236555 . Roloff J. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Zürich 1987 . Shepherd , Massey H. ( 2004 ) The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse , James Clarke , ISBN 0 - 227 - 17005 - 9 Schnelle , Udo ( 2007 ) . Theology of the New Testament ( tr. 2009 ) . Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 3604 - 0 . Stonehouse , Ned B. , ( c. 1929 ) The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church . A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon , n.d. , Goes : Oosterbaan & Le Cointre . ( Major discussion of the controversy surrounding the acceptance / rejection of Revelation into the New Testament canon . ) Stuckenbruck , Loren T. ( 2003 ) . `` Revelation '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . p. 1535 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 . Stephens , Mark B. ( 2011 ) . Annihilation Or Renewal ? : The Meaning and Function of New Creation in the Book of Revelation . Mohr Siebeck . Sweet , J.P.M. , ( 1979 , Updated 1990 ) Revelation , London : SCM Press , and Philadelphia : Trinity Press International . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02311 - 4 . Tenney , Merrill C. ( 1988 ) . Interpreting Revelation . Eerdmans . Vitali , Francesco ( 2008 ) Piccolo Dizionario dell'Apocalisse , TAU Editrice , Todi Wall , Robert W. ( 2011 ) . Revelation . Baker Books . Wikenhauser A. , Offenbarung des Johannes , Regensburg 1947 , 1959 . Witherington III , Ben , ( 2003 ) Revelation , The New Cambridge Bible Commentary , New York : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00068 - 0 . Zahn Th. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , t . 1 -- 2 , Leipzig 1924 -- 1926 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Revelation at Biblical Studies ( NT ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Revelation . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Revelation Wikisource has original text related to this article : Revelation Early Christian Writings : Apocalypse of John : text , introduction , context `` Revelation to John . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Apocalypse , Book of -- Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia Understanding the Book of Revelation -- Article by L. Michael White from PBS Frontline program `` Apocalypse ! '' The Marvelous Address : The Revelation of the Beloved ( Disciple ) is an 18th - century manuscript about the book of Revelation in Arabic Jewish Encyclopedia Bible : Revelation public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Texts on Wikisource : Biesen , C. van den ( 1913 ) . `` Apocalypse '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Schem , A.J. ( 1879 ) . `` Apocalypse '' . The American Cyclopædia . The Apocalypse , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Martin Palmer , Marina Benjamin & Justin Champion ( In Our Time , Jul. 17 , 2003 ) Book of Revelation Apocalyptic Epistle Preceded by General Epistle of Jude New Testament Books of the Bible End Book of Revelation Bible Revelation 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bible portal Places Armageddon Asia Babylon Egypt Ephesus Euphrates Jerusalem Laodicea Patmos Pergamum Philadelphia Sardis Smyrna Sodom Thyatira Persons Asher Balak Balaam Benjamin David Gad Issachar Jesus Christ Jezebel John Joseph Judah Levi Manasseh Michael Naphtali Reuben Simeon Zebulun Terms / Phrases Abaddon / Apollyon Alpha and Omega Beast Book of Life Events Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Four Living Creatures Lake of Fire Last Judgment Millennialism Number of the Beast Revelation 12 sign prophecy Seven bowls Seven churches of Asia Seven seals Seven trumpets Whore of Babylon ( Scarlet woman ) Woman of the Apocalypse Wormwood Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle of Jude Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Global catastrophic risks Future of the Earth Ultimate fate of the universe Technological Grey goo Kinetic bombardment Mutual assured destruction Dead Hand Doomsday device Synthetic intelligence / Artificial intelligence Existential risk from artificial intelligence AI takeover Technological singularity Transhumanism Sociological Malthusian catastrophe New World Order ( conspiracy theory ) Nuclear holocaust winter famine cobalt Societal collapse World War III Ecological Climate change Extinction risk from global warming Runaway climate change Global terrestrial stilling Ice age Ecocide Human impact on the environment Ozone depletion Cascade effect Earth Overshoot Day Overexploitation Overpopulation Human overpopulation Biological Extinction Extinction event Human extinction Genetic erosion Genetic pollution Others Dysgenics Pandemic Biological agent Transhumanism Physical Big Crunch Big Rip Coronal mass ejection Gamma - 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the return of superman junu and junseo 2017

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Return_of_Superman_(TV_series)&oldid=838528924

The Return of Superman ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Return of Superman ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Return of Superman The Return of Superman newest logo starting from episode 117 . Also known as Superman Is Back Superman Returns Genre Reality television Created by KBS Starring Lee Dong - Gook Sam Hammington Ko Ji - yong Bong Tae - gyu Narrated by Jung Hye - young Opening theme Superman : Main Title March Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 221 ( As of April 15 , 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Kang Bong - gyu Location ( s ) South Korea , Japan Camera setup Multicamera setup Running time Ep. 1 -- 15 ( 85 minutes ) Ep. 16 -- 21 ( 95 minutes ) Ep. 22 -- present ( 100 minutes ) Production company ( s ) Koen Media Corporation Distributor KBS World Release Original network KBS2 Picture format 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release September 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) Chronology Preceded by Star Family Show Mamma Mia ( 패밀리 쇼 맘마미아 ) Related shows Happy Sunday 다녀 오 겠습니다 ( KBS Joy ) External links Official Website The Return of Superman ( Hangul : 슈퍼맨 이 돌아 왔다 ; also known as Superman Is Back ) is a South Korean reality - variety show that airs on KBS2 . The Return of Superman is one of the two segments ( the other segment is 1 Night 2 Days ) on Happy Sunday . The original 3 episodes pilot aired as a Chuseok holiday special from September 19 till September 21 of 2013 , starring Lee Hwi - jae , Choo Sung - hoon , Jang Hyun - sung , The show is narrated by actress Yoo Ho - jeong and also includes entertainer Lee Hyun - woo and his two sons . KBS announced on Oct 17 , 2013 that The Return of Superman will officially become part of the Happy Sunday lineup starting on November 3 , 2013 . The show replaces Star Family Show Mamma Mia , which was moved to Wednesday nights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Format 3 Cast 3.1 Current cast 3.2 Former cast 3.3 Special cast 3.4 Timeline 3.5 Cast history 3.6 Relationships and Profiles 4 Episodes 5 Un-aired X-files 6 Sponsors 7 Controversies 8 International version 9 Awards and nominations 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Celebrity dads are left to care of their kids alone for 48 hours without the help of anyone , while their wives leave the home to enjoy some relaxing time off . The wives are shown leaving the home before the 48 hours begins and coming back to greet their family once the 48 hours have ended . During the 48 hours the dads and children are either doing a task the wives have written out for the dads to complete or the dads exploring new activities with their kids . Occasionally celebrity friends of the dads will stop by to interact with the kids . Format ( edit ) The show is filmed with set up cameras and cameraman hiding in tents and playhouses in each of the celebrities ' actual home . Family and friends of the celebrity dads will occasionally show up in each episode . On each episode , as the show moves from one family to the next , a brief narration by the narrator is given to introduce the next segment of the episode . During each individual family segment the parents ( husband and wife ) , with the exception of Junu , Junseo and Haru who were old enough to answer questions when they started the show , would give a talking head interview while being asked questions by the shows PDs ( producers ) about the current situation being aired . Cast ( edit ) Current cast ( edit ) * Child is listed from oldest to youngest . Families are listed in order of appearance on the show . Duration Dad Children Mom / Wife Filming location 2015 -- Ep 89 -- Present Lee Dong - gook Professional Football ( Soccer ) player Daughter : Lee Jae - si DOB : ( 2007 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 2007 ( age 10 ) ( Fraternal twin ) Lee Su - jin Former Miss Korea contestant Songdo , Incheon , South Korea Daughter : Lee Jae - ah DOB : ( 2007 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 2007 ( age 10 ) ( Fraternal twin ) Daughter : Lee Seola DOB : ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) July 18 , 2013 ( age 4 ) ( Fraternal twin ) Daughter : Lee Su - ah DOB : ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) July 18 , 2013 ( age 4 ) ( Fraternal twin ) Son : Lee Si - an ( Daebak - i.e. ) DOB : ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) November 14 , 2014 ( age 3 ) 2016 -- Ep 154 -- Present Sam Hammington Television Personality Son : William Hammington ( Jung Tae - oh ) DOB : ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) July 12 , 2016 ( age 21 months ) Jung Yu - mi Housewife Gangnam , Seoul , South Korea Son : Bentley Hammington ( Jung Woo - sung ) DOB : ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) November 8 , 2017 ( age 5 months ) 2017 -- Ep 163 -- Present Ko Ji - yong Businessman / Former Idol - Singer Son : Ko Seung - jae DOB : ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) October 6 , 2014 ( age 3 ) Heo Yang - lim Professor / Doctor Bangbae - dong , Seocho - gu , Seoul , South Korea 2018 - Ep. 221 - Present Bong Tae - gyu Actor Son : Bong Si - ha DOB : ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) December 1 , 2015 ( age 2 ) Hasisi Park Photographer Seoul , South Korea Duration Narrator 2015 Episode 60 -- Present Jung Hye - young Former cast ( edit ) * Families and narrators are listed in order of exiting the show . Duration Dad Children Mom / Wife Filming location 2013 Chuseok Special Part 1 -- 3 Lee Hyun - woo Singer / Actor Son : Lee Dong - ha DOB : September 2009 Yi Je - ni Museum Curator Seoul , South Korea Son : Lee Ju - ha DOB : April 2011 2014 Ep 25 -- 31 Kim Jung - tae Actor Son : Kim Ji - hoo ( Yakkung ) DOB : February 2011 Jeon Yeo - jin University Professor Busan , South Korea 2013 -- 2014 Chuseok Special Part 1 -- 3 Ep 1 -- 33 Jang Hyun - sung Actor Son : Jang Jun - woo ( Junu ) DOB : ( 2003 - 07 - 17 ) July 17 , 2003 ( age 14 ) Yang Huijeong Bakery Owner Seoul , South Korea Son : Jang Jun - seo DOB : ( 2007 - 07 - 29 ) July 29 , 2007 ( age 10 ) 2014 Ep 32 -- 39 Do Kyung - wan News Anchor Son : Do Yeon - woo ( Kkom - kkomyi ) DOB : ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) June 13 , 2014 ( age 3 ) Jang Yoon - jung Trot Singer Seoul , South Korea 2013 -- 2015 Ep 1 -- 58 Tablo Rapper / Songwriter Daughter : Lee Ha - ru DOB : ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ) May 2 , 2010 ( age 7 ) Kang Hye - jung Actress Seoul , South Korea 2015 Ep 59 -- 103 Uhm Tae - woong Actor Daughter : Uhm Ji - on DOB : ( 2013 - 06 - 18 ) June 18 , 2013 ( age 4 ) Yoon Hye - jin Ballerina Opo - eup , Gwangju , Gyeonggi , South Korea 2014 -- 2016 Ep 34 -- Ep 116 , 156 Song Il - gook Actor Son : Song Dae - han DOB : ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 2012 ( age 6 ) ( Fraternal triplet ) Jung Seung - yeon High Court Judge Songdo , Incheon , South Korea Son : Song Min - guk DOB : ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 2012 ( age 6 ) ( Fraternal triplet ) Son : Song Man - se DOB : ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 2012 ( age 6 ) ( Fraternal triplet ) 2013 -- 2017 Chuseok Special Part 1 -- 3 Ep 1 -- 122 , 155 -- 158 , 203 - 205 Choo Sung - hoon MMA Fighter Daughter : Choo Sa - rang DOB : ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) October 24 , 2011 ( age 6 ) Shiho Yano Model Minato , Tokyo , Japan 2016 Ep 127 -- Ep 162 Yang Dong - geun Actor / Hip - hop artist Son : Yang Joon - seo DOB : ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) March 28 , 2013 ( age 5 ) Park Ga - ram Office Worker / Former Music Video Model Samseong - dong , Gangnam , Seoul , South Korea Daughter : Yang Joy DOB : ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 2015 ( age 2 ) 2016 Ep 129 -- Ep 162 Oh Ji - ho Actor Daughter : Oh Seo - heun ( Jibong - i.e. ) DOB : ( 2015 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 2015 ( age 2 ) Eun Bo - ah Fashion Designer Seongsu - dong , Seongdong , Seoul , South Korea 2016 -- 2017 Ep 117 -- 182 Lee Beom - soo Actor Daughter : Lee So - eul DOB : ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 2011 ( age 7 ) Lee Yoon - jin English interpreter Gangnam , Seoul , South Korea Son : Lee Da - eul DOB : ( 2014 - 02 - 21 ) February 21 , 2014 ( age 4 ) 2016 , 2017 Ep 130 - 162 ( regular ) Ep 194 ( special appearances ) In Gyo - jin Actor Daughter : In Ha - eun DOB : ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) December 4 , 2015 ( age 2 ) So Yi - hyun Actress Jayang - dong , Gwangjin , Seoul , South Korea Namyang - ju , Gyeonggi - do , South Korea 2016 -- 2018 Ep 114 -- 210 Ki Tae - young Actor Daughter : Kim Ro - hee DOB : ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) April 12 , 2015 ( age 3 ) Eugene Singer / Actress Seoul , South Korea 2013 -- 2018 Chuseok Special Part 1 -- 3 Ep 1 -- 220 Lee Hwi - jae Comedian / Host Son : Lee Seo - eon DOB : ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 2013 ( age 5 ) ( Fraternal twin ) Moon Jeong - won Florist Chuseok Special - Ep 68 , Ep 175 Gangnam , Seoul , South Korea ( Ep 68 - Ep 174 Dongcheon - dong , Suji - gu , Yongin - si , Gyeonggi Province , South Korea ) Son : Lee Seo - jun DOB : ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 2013 ( age 5 ) ( Fraternal twin ) Duration Narrator 2013 Chuseok Special Part 1 -- 2 Yoo Ho - jeong 2013 -- 2014 Ep 1 -- 27 Chae Sira 2014 Ep 28 -- 37 Shin Ae - ra 2014 -- 2015 Ep 38 -- 59 Heo Su - gyeong 2015 Ep 93 Yoona of Girls ' Generation 2015 Ep 96 Yoo In - na 2015 Ep 97 Jang Hyun - sung 2017 Ep 185 -- 188 Kim Hyo - Jin ^ Note 1 : First appearance on episode 20 & 21 . Officially joined cast starting episode 25 . ^ Note 2 : Kim Jung - tae 's younger son Kim Si - hyun , who was only 2 months old when they started filming for the show will not be part of the show . ^ Note 3 : See `` Controversies '' section . ^ Note 4 : Heo Su - gyeong previously guest starred with her daughter Byeol on episode 24 during Lee Hwi - jae 's segment . ^ Note 5 : Song Il - kook wife Jeong Seung - yeon face is blurred whenever she appears on the show to protect her identity due to her occupation as a High Court Judge . She also does not participate in the talking head interviews like the other Moms / Wives of other cast families . ^ Note 6 : Jung Hye - young 's husband Sean from Jinusean previously appeared in numerous episodes of the show during former cast member Tablo and Haru 's segment . Also all four of her children along with her husband appeared on episode 52 during Song Il - kook 's segment . ^ Note 7 : Lee Dong - gook previously guest starred on episode 40 during Lee Hwi - jae 's segment . ^ Note 8 : Lee Hwi - jae and his family moved back to Seoul , shown on episode 175 in order to be closer to his ailing father who is suffering from dementia . Special cast ( edit ) Duration Dad Children Mom / Wife Filming location 2017 Ep 184 Robert Kelly University Professor / Political Analyst Daughter : Marion Kelly ( Ye - na ) DOB : ( 2013 - 03 - 09 ) March 9 , 2013 ( age 5 ) Kim Jung - a Housewife / former Yoga Instructor Busan , South Korea Son : James Kelly ( Yu - seop ) DOB : ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) June 29 , 2016 ( age 21 months ) 2017 Ep 185 -- 186 Park Gun - hyung Actor Son : Park Yi - jun DOB : ( 2015 - 06 - 10 ) June 10 , 2015 ( age 2 ) Lee Chae - rim Office Worker Seoul , South Korea 2017 Ep 191 -- 192 Outsider Rapper / Songwriter Daughter : Shin - Yi Ro - woon DOB : ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 2016 ( age 2 ) Lee Young - bin Dance Director Ilsan , Gyeonggi - do , South Korea 2016 Ep 130 - 162 ( regular ) Ep 194 ( special appearances ) In Gyo - jin Actor Daughter : In Ha - eun DOB : ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) December 4 , 2015 ( age 2 ) So Yi - hyun Actress Jayang - dong , Gwangjin , Seoul , South Korea Namyang - ju , Gyeonggi - do , South Korea 2017 Ep 195 Hong Kyung - min Singer / Actor Daughter : Hong Ra - won DOB : ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 2016 ( age 2 ) Kim Yuna Haegeum Musician Seoul , South Korea 2017 Ep 202 - 203 Viktor Ahn Short - track Speed - skater Athlete Daughter : Jane Ahn DOB : ( 2015 - 12 - 29 ) December 29 , 2015 ( age 2 ) Woo Na - ri Housewife Moscow , Russia 2018 - Ep 213 - 214 Park Hyun - bin Trot singer Son : Park Ha - joon DOB : ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) May 11 , 2017 ( age 11 months ) Kim Joo - hee University Student / Housewife Timeline ( edit ) Cast history ( edit ) Lee Hyun - woo could not participate in the show when it was picked up on Happy Sunday due to conflicting schedule . Yoo Ho - jeong was the original narrator for episode 1 and 2 of the Chuseok Special , there was no narrator for episode 3 of the special episodes . Tablo and his daughter Haru joined the cast starting from episode 1 of season 1 to replace Lee Hyun - woo 's spot . Chae Sira became the narrator starting from season 1 , her last episode was the 27th . Chae decided to leave the show due to her conflicting schedule . Kim Jung - tae and his son Ji - hoo ( Yakkung ) guest starred on episodes 20 and 21 as part of Jang Hyun - sung 's segment , the two were invited to officially join the cast because of the show 's extended time slot . Shin Ae - ra took over as narrator starting from episode 28 . She was approached to join the show because of her reputation as a caring mother in real life . Kim Jung - tae and his son Yakkung opted to leave the show following controversy of them attending a campaign rally for a local politician . Episode 31 is their last . Jang Yoon - jung and Do Kyung - wan will be guest cast from episode 32 . They will fill the spot left open by the departure of Kim Jung - tae and his son Yakkung . The couple will chronicle the birth of their son . Jang Hyun - sung 's agency announced on June 24 , 2014 that the actor and his sons would be leaving the show due to conflicting schedule with filming his drama Ceci Bon and movie Love Wins . He and his family last appearance is episode 33 . Song Il - kook was announced on June 25 , 2014 to be joining the cast of Superman along with his triplet sons . Their first episode will air on July 6 . It was announced on July 20 that Shin Ae - ra would be stepping down as the narrator of the show to concentrate on her studies in the United States . Her last episode will be the 37th . Heo Su - gyeong , who previously guest starred on the show will be taking over as the narrator . On December 1 , 2014 , Tablo and his daughter Haru announced that both will be leaving the show due to Tablo 's conflicting schedule with promoting his music career and filming the show . Episode 58 will be their last . Actor Uhm Tae - woong was announced on December 1 , 2014 to be joining the show with his daughter Uhm Ji - on . The new father / daughter duo will be taking the place of exiting cast family Tablo and Haru . A press release was issued on January 6 , 2015 announcing actress and wife of Sean from Jinusean , Jung Hye - young as the narrator of the show starting from episode 60 . No reason was given for the exiting of most current narrator Heo Su - gyeong . On July 13 , 2015 KBS confirmed professional soccer player Lee Dong - gook will be joining the cast part - time with his five children . On October 14 , 2015 , the shows PD Kang Bong Kyu , confirmed that actor Uhm Tae - woong and his family will be leaving the show so that he and his wife can concentrate on the main careers as an actor and ballerina . When Uhm Tae - woong 's wife Yoon Hye - jin , appeared on the variety show `` Taxi '' in November 2015 she further clarified another reason was that they did n't want Jion growing up in the spotlight thinking she was privileged . On December 21 , 2015 , KBS announced that Song Il - gook and the triplets will be leaving the show for an undisclosed reason . Episode 116 will be their last . On December 9 , 2015 the PD 's of the show confirmed that actor Ki Tae Young had started filming for show . His family replaces Uhm Tae Woong 's who had recently left the show . On January 27 , 2016 , it was confirmed that actor Lee Beom - soo would be joining the show . His family will be taking over the slot of Song Il - gook 's family after they leave the show sometime in February . In later February 2016 an insider informed the media that Choo Sung Hoon and his daughter Sarang would be leaving the show . PD of the show did not confirm the news because Choo and his family did not finish filming yet . On February 28 , 2016 it was confirmed the Choos will be leaving the show after Sung Hoon 's wife Shiho Yano posted an invite for fans to attend their final filming on her Instagram account . The Choos last episode will air in late March 2016 . With Choo Sung Hoon leaving the show , Lee Hwi Jae remains the only original cast member since the show premiered . On April 22 , 2016 , KBS revealed that actors Oh Ji - ho , In Gyo - jin and Yang Dong - geun and their respective children would be joining the show . Yang Dong - geun 's first episode will be on Episode 127 while Oh Ji - ho and In Gyo - jin 's will be on Episode 129 and 130 respectively . On October 2016 , it was announced that Sam Hammington and his son William would be joining the show . Their first episode will be on Episode 154 . On November 2016 , it was revealed that singer Ko Ji - young would be joining the show . Their first episode will be on Episode 163 . On May 10 , 2017 , it was announced that actor Lee Beom - soo and his kids would be leaving the show in order for Lee to focus on directing his film . Episode 182 will be their last. . Lee had originally joined the program as a way to spend time with his children while he recovered from his leg injury . During the previews at the end of episode 183 , Professor Robert Kelly of Pusan National University were shown as the new family joining the show . The Kelly family rose to popularity when his young children 's crashed his live interview with the BBC and the video of the incident went viral . Relationships and profiles ( edit ) * Details based on the show . ( show ) Cast member Relation Details Junu , Junseo Sibling rivalry Junu thinks both of his parents love Junseo more because they pay more attention to Junseo and because he is the youngest . Vice versa , Junseo thinks that his parents love his older brother more because Junu is better than Junseo at everything . Junu , Junseo Afraid of dogs brothers Junu and Junseo are both afraid of dogs . Does n't matter if it is a small Dachshund or a cute Pekingese , as long as it barks they are afraid of it . When both brothers were staying at the Choo family home they were afraid the Choo 's Dachshund would bite them every time it growled . While visiting Kim Jung - tae 's home , Junseo became hysterical when their Pekingese licked his hand and Junu was afraid to even walk into the living room . Junu Baby lover Even though he is only in his pre-teens , Junu has shown that he has a soft spot for babies and toddlers . During Sarang 's visit to the Jang 's home , he doted on her and got Sarang who is extremely shy towards strangers to open up and play with him . Also he could n't keep his eyes and hands off of friendly baby Seojun when he visited the Lees ' home . He loves babies so much that he has told his father that he hopes his future wife makes lots of money so that he can be a stay - at - home father and take care of their children . Hyunsung First time cook Hyunsung has never cooked before doing the show . He ca n't even tell the difference between seaweed and cloud ear fungus . Thinking that the cloud ears were seaweed he made a soup for Sunghoon and told him it was seaweed soup . He also does not know how to boil pasta ; he asked Sunghoon for instructions but did n't understand the concept of throwing the pasta against the wall to see if it was cooked . On episode 27 Hyunsung finally discovers the pre-made sauce aisle at the supermarket and successfully cooked a meal for his father - in - law . Seoeon , Seojun The greedy brother In early episodes , Seoeon snatches everything that Seojun has , it could be food , a toy , a simple plastic bottle or a plain paper fan , as long as it 's in Seojun 's hand Seoeon will want it . Seojun who is no match for Seoeon 's strength ends up giving up , running away and crying . On episode 33 Seojun finally shows signs of fighting back when he bites Seoeon in the leg after a battle over an eyeglass case with a strap . On episode 44 , Seoeon shows his greed beyond Seojun for other peoples things when he fights with Yuto and the Song triplets for their belongings and toys they are playing with . Hwijae , Seoeon The crybaby In early episodes , If Seoeon is far from dad or someone else besides dad is holding him , Seoeon will cry non-stop . The only way to stop his cries are for Hwijae to pick him up and carry him . He does n't even allow his grandparents to hold him . Fans of the show who ran into Hwijae have mentioned that Seoeon is so clingy to his dad that he ca n't be without his dad . Seoeon The flirt Seoeon loves the pretty ladies ; age does not matter . They could be a women the same age as his mother , an older girl or a baby the same age as him , as long as they 're cute females he 'll give them lots of smiles and attention . Even dad Hwijae is put to the side once he sees a cute female . When the Lee 's visited the Uhm 's , Seoeon had no trouble getting along with Jion and playing non-stop with her while younger brother Seojun cried for dad and food . While visiting a traditional Korean sauna , Seoeon pulled on older girls to play with him . Also he showed fear of the personal sauna caves on his own but would enter it without fear when an older girl was with him which caused dad Hwijae to be embarrassed by the incident . Seojun The fearless baby Seojun gives a smile every time his dad greets him . He is not afraid to meet or be carried by his dad friends and always willing to explore new things . When he visits grandma 's house he becomes intrigue with her Maltese puppy and tries to grab it . For his first professional haircut he stayed quietly still for the stylist to quickly cut his hair nicely . When Hwijae brought the twins to a fish market , Soejun showed no fear touching and asking about all the sea creatures at the market . Seojun Kim Jun - hyun look - a-like Ever since Yang Joon - hyuk pointed out to Hwijae that Seojun looks like comedian Kim Jun - hyun , Hwijae has refer Seojun to the comedian . Hwijae will impersonate the way Kim Jun - hyun pronounce the word `` really '' when speaking to Seojun . On episode 31 Kim Jun - hyun is invited to the twins ' home and gets to meet Seojun . Kim Jun - hyun mentions and even shows a picture of himself at Seojun 's current age proving that they both really look - a-like . Seoeon , Moon Jeong - won Mamma 's boy Seoeon is very attached to his mother . He likes to grab her hair whenever she carries him . Hwijae gets a female wig for himself to see if Seoeon will do the same to him when he puts on the long - hair wig , but the sight of his dad with long hair shocks Seoeon . Seoeon also does not like the sight of his mother hugging someone else even if it is his father . The sight of his mother hugging someone else will bring a burst of loudness from Seoeon . Hwijae , Seoeon , Seojun Sports fanatic dad Hwijae is a sports fanatic ; he loves all kinds of sports . His dream is for one of his sons to become a professional athlete since he could n't become one himself . He is willing to make the sacrifice so his sons can become athletes . Hwijae takes his sons to ball games to let them get use to the atmosphere and asks his professional athlete friends to come by his home to interact with his sons hoping some of their energy will pass on to his sons . Hwijae Child rearing expert Everyone thought Hwijae was joking when he self - proclaimed himself a child rearing expert . As the show progressed he has shown he is really one . Besides being a fun dad who plays with his kids , he is able to connect and form a bond with children he has met . Whenever he meets up with a friend that has children he never shows up empty handed , always making sure each child receives a gift . After Haru stayed over at his home the two got on a friendly bases that when they met again during the Jeju Island trip she showed her concern for him when he was too busy to eat . Also when visiting the triplets home , the triplets liked him so much that Minguk begged him not to leave and soon had his brothers also asking him not to leave . While visiting the Uhm 's with the twins , Jion immediately connected with Hwijae because of his funny sense of humor . Seeing how much fun Hwijae and the twins were having at her home she joined in on the fun playing with them as if they are long time friends . Junu , Junseo , Sarang The love triangle Both brothers Junu and Junseo are in a competitive competition to via for cutie Sarang 's attention . Junseo even dresses in a Peter Pan costume hoping to get Sarang 's attention . Sarang tends to lean towards the more mature and sincere Junu since he is good with younger kids , but she also leans on Junseo when he plays nicely with her . Junu , Haru The crush Haru has a crush on Junu , her nickname for him is `` The tall oppa '' . Whenever Junu is in the same room with her she gravitates towards him and calls for `` Junu oppa '' to get his full attention on her . Once in awhile she 'll give him surprise hugs . She likes him for being caring , kind and intelligent . Sarang The big eater Sarang loves food , especially grapes , blueberries , strawberries , bananas , roasted seaweed sheets , yogurt , corn and cake . She gets excited when there is an offering of grapes . But when she 's hungry she 'll wake up crying in the middle of the night . Also she does n't like to share her food , when her daycare boyfriend offers her grapes she takes all of it , refusing to even give one bite to her grandfather when he ask and not even giving a strawberry to her grandmother who brought them for her when Sarang visited their home . Known for her gluttony , she was in fact nominated for a special KBS award for `` big eaters '' and is always up for a challenge when someone wants to compete on who can eat more . The only person that has beaten her in eating so far is Minguk , who is also another big eater . Sarang Minnie Mouse fan Sarang 's favorite character is Minnie Mouse . She has to always eat with her Minnie utensils and packs her Minnie doll with her when she heads out of the house . Even if it is awful constipation medicine , she 'll drink it without complaints if it 's in a Minnie cup . She is overly ecstatic when the Jang 's gift to her a Minnie plush and T - shirt . She teaches her dad the difference between Minnie and Mickey when he is unable to tell which character is which . Sunghoon , Sarang The indulging dad Sunghoon ca n't say no to his cute daughter . If she wants certain foods or a toy , he does n't care about the hassle or cost ; he 'll get it for her no matter what . He 'll take her on a shopping spree to her favorite character store to please her . He 'll spend a fortune on a claw machine just to get an Anpanman toy for her . Sarang , Yuto Toddler love Sarang has a boyfriend named Yuto from her daycare center . The two are in a volatile relationship . Both fight about toys , food and playing with other children but they always end up making up with a kiss at the end . Haru Fish lover Haru loves fish and anything that is fish related . She has a playroom full of toys that is fish - themed . She even knows how to make dolphin sounds . Her favorite place to visit is the aquarium or any place that lets people fish . Haru The kind girl Haru is always thoughtful . Whenever there is another kid in her presence she is always willing to share her toys or favorite foods . If there is an adult in need of help she is always willing to lend a hand . When she sees Hwijae busy feeding the twins and not able to get a bite to eat she offers him a cup of water . Tablo , Haru Daughter 's Daddy Tablo is always trying his best to earn his daughter 's love and attention since she 's so chic and only cares about fish and her mother , Hye Jung . Despite that , Tablo is now being labelled as ' Daughter 's Daddy ' ( direct Korean translation ; term used to describe a Dad who loves his daughter excessively ) . He sometimes brings her into his recording studio and she occasionally raps with him . Hye Jung , Haru Chic mother and daughter More than fish , Haru is really passionate and loves her mother . Tablo has said in interviews that when Hye Jung and Haru are together , they are in their own world and they completely ignore him . Haru , G - Dragon The huge crush Haru has a huge crush on Big Bang 's leader G - Dragon , who 's a label mate of her dad . She sees him as her ideal male . Whenever he is around she becomes shy and silent but also excited when she hears his name or sees his image . Tablo , Hyejung The whipped husband Tablo diligently listens and does everything his wife Hyejung tells him to do . Hyejung is in charge of the family finances and Tablo has to ask her for spending money , even if it 's for ice cream . To show how whipped Tablo is , Hwijae and his wife decide to play a hidden camera joke on Tablo but their joke backfires when Tablo does not say anything about the way Hwijae treats his wife . However , Hyejung admits that she liked Tablo more and chased after him in the beginning of their romance . Sunghoon , Shiho Wants a 2nd child couple Sunghoon 's wife is sometimes jealous of his close father - daughter relationship with Sarang . Shiho wants to have another child and hopes it will be a boy so she can have a close relationship with her child like the one Sunghoon and Sarang have . Yakkung The happy child Yakkung is a happy sunny boy who loves alphabet songs and dancing to the music . His favorite foods are anything that is fried , but he hates dirtiness . He ca n't stand touching or having dirt on him . Yakkung The English Genius Yakkung knows his ABC 's , 123 's and animals in English . He also knows how to write the alphabet . Jung - tae , Yakkung Meal stealer Jung - tae is always looking to have just one bite of Yakkung 's meal . Yakkung not willing to offer a bite to his dad put his cheeks out as an offer to his dad instead . Jung - tae willing to take anything will kiss his cheeks non-stop . Manse The car fanatic Manse seems to have an obsession with cars . Does n't matter if it is a toy car , an actual car or even a child hair salon seat that is shaped like a car as long as there is a steering wheel he will want to get behind it and take control of it . When Il - kook and the triplets run into a family at the park with a fancy ride in toy car Il - kook asked the family if they can ride in it for a moment which the family was nice enough to offer . While his brothers quietly ride in the back as passengers Manse took control of the steering wheel and refuse to let dad steer the car . When it was time to return the toy car to the family Manse refused to let go and threw a tantrum . Il - kook , Daehan Dependable son Even though he was born on the same day as his two younger triplet brothers Daehan is the son that Il - kook depends on the most to look after his brothers when he ca n't . Whenever Il - kook is chasing after either Minguk or Manse , Daehan is always given the responsibility to hold on to or look after one of his brothers while Il - kook looks for the other . Daehan sometimes carries his dad 's backpack to him when he thinks that his dad needs it . Minguk Aegyo prince Unlike his two brothers Daehan and Manse who like to rough house , Minguk communicates with others by showing his cuteness . When playtime is over and dad Il - kook comes to get them instead of rebelling and arguing with dad Minguk will use his cuteness to try to coax dad into letting him play a bit longer . Also when Minguk wakes up earlier than his dad and brothers he will courteously greet the cameraman working behind the tents with a wink and a wave . And then go off to play on his own without waking his family up . Minguk loves to sing songs and dance . He also has shown to get into minor fights with his younger brother , Manse , and then immediately make up by hugging him . Il - kook , Daehan , Minguk , Manse The new big eaters The Song boys have showed that they have really big appetites when father and sons downed 8 orders of dumplings which contained 10 pieces in each serving during one sitting at a mandu restaurant . Eating is their favorite past - time as the usual rumbustious triplets become quiet and sit still whenever they are eating . Il - kook has also said he is thankful that his boys get to eat for free when they are at a buffet . Also during a strawberry eating challenge , Minguk was able to best Sarang at downing the most strawberries . Sarang , Daehan , Minguk , Manse Triplet fanatic Not much came of their first meeting during the taping of the 1 year episode special as Sarang was too busy playing with her friend Yuto , but afterwards Sarang made it known to both of her parents that she liked the triplets , especially Minguk . She liked them more than her dad , best friend Yuto , Pororo and Mickey & Minnie , that Sunghoon invited the Song 's to visit and stay with them in Japan . However upon meeting the triplets again , Manse became her new favorite when he showered her with attention and kisses . Her budding friendship with Manse continued when she visited the Song 's home in South Korea and once again Manse showed his adoration for her . Hwijae , Daehan , Minguk , Manse `` Jae mi eobs eo '' ( It 's not funny `` ) friendship Hwijae used the phrase `` jae mi eobs eo '' ( It 's not funny `` ) when he visited the Songs home in episode 53 and had to look after them himself since Il - kook was running the shop at the flee market to sell off their old children 's clothes . Instead of feeling disciplined the triplets thought Hwijae was hilarious and could n't stop laughing especially Minguk who would copy Hwijae in saying the phrase . The phrase has become a special saying between Hwijae and the triplets . When the Songs visited the Lees ' home in episode 69 , Minguk , Daehan and Manse remembered the phrase and said it to Hwijae , who was very happy that the boys remembered . Manse Mr. Congeniality Manse friendliness and openness to others he just met have won him hearts from many . In episode 57 , when the Songs visited the Choos in Japan , Sarang originally showed more interest in Minguk before meeting them as she would always mention Minguk 's name first but it was Manse 's eagerness to play with her and showering her with love and attention that won her over . During episode 69 when the triplets visited the twins new home to celebrate their birthday together , Minguk who showed adoration for Seojunie when he got excited seeing Seojun pop up during the dads video chat with each other and practicing singing happy birthday only to Seojun during their car ride to the Lees home lost out to his younger brother Manse for Seojun 's love , when Manse was more playful and caring to the twins . Manse even got the usually reserved Seoeon , who does n't like strangers to like him . In episode 76 and 77 when all the families went to Jeju Island , Manse showed his welcomeness to new family Jion and Taewoong by saying good morning to them and choosing to hike with them up Yongnuni Oreum . Sarang , Manse Budding long - distance friendship Every since the triplets visited the Choos in Japan , Manse and Sarang have become best friends , giving her usual best friend Yuto stiff competition . While visiting Japan , Manse could not be apart from Sarang and insisted on holding her hand and sitting next to her . When the Choos visited the Songs in South Korea , Manse showed the same affections he had for Sarang in Japan and extra care when he helped carry her slide when they went snow sliding . To Ilkook 's surprise he did n't realize the usual mischievous and free spirited Manse was such a gentlemen . In episode 68 while playing the comparison game , Sarang tells her dad that Manse is the person she likes the most now , even more than Mom and Dad . Taewoong , Jion Emotional dad First - time father Taewoong sheds a tear at every little thing Jion does . Jion could be copying the family dog Saebom 's movements or mimicking the way Taewoong cooks . Taewoong sheds tears so easily that his wife would ask why he was crying again , in order to avoid answering his wife he would run into the bedroom to wipe his tears . Seolah , Sooah Beagle sisters Seolah and Sooah where nicknamed the `` beagle sisters '' by the PD 's of the show because their energy and mischievous is comparable to beagle puppies when they first appeared on the show . However , since Seolah received punishment for a fight Sooah started she has shown to mature more than her twin sister Sooah and has since started to act as an authority figure to her younger brother Daebak . Donggook Re `` lax '' dad Donggook is a forgiving dad who takes the blame for his kids making a mess . When Seolah and Sooah made a mess of the house and filming cameras by spreading bath soup bubbles everywhere he smiles with a laugh and clean up after them without any complains or lectures to the girls . When Seolah un-bags rice puff all over the living room he blames himself for not securing the rice puff better . Soeul , Daeul SoDa siblings Soeul and Daeul are so close that the PD 's coincidentally named them the `` SoDa siblings '' . Daeul trust and only listens to his older sister Soeul since she has given lots of love since he was born . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Return of Superman episodes Un-aired X-files ( edit ) The X-files are film clips that did n't make it to broadcast on the regular program . These clips can be seen on Korean paid subscription web streaming site Cable TV VOD . The clips are narrated by different guests each time , such as Lee Hyeri from Korean girls idol group Girl 's Day . Sponsors ( edit ) LG is the main sponsor of the show . All the `` Superman '' families prominently display or use the LG 's S Homeboy tablet made by Samsung throughout each episode . Besides the S Homeboy tablet , each Superman family use or display products they individually endorse on the show . NOTE : These are only products shown on the show . Not a complete list of each cast member endorsements . Jang Hyun - sung Tommy Hilfiger Kids Lee Hwi - jae Huggies diaper Fedora baby stroller Manduca baby carriers allo&lugh children 's clothing MOLDIR DAKS Accessories Finden Bebe Lotte Card Babience MoiMoi Kamppi Choo Sung - hoon Jimy 's Charmer lifestyle brand allo&lugh children 's clothing Seoul Milk yogurt DreamB Kidsmat New Balance Del Monte Fruit Tablo Black Yak clothing MOLDIR Song Il Gook Samsung Electronic DUOLAC Skärbarn Hana Financial Group CARNIVAL Limousine Minute Maid LG Aircon Lee Dong - gook Adidas Controversies ( edit ) On June 5 , 2014 netizens on the forum site Daum Agora started a petition to have Kim Jung - tae and his son Yakkung removed from the show due to him and his son attending an election campaign on June 1 , 2014 for Na Dong - yeon who is a candidate for Gyung - Nam , Yangsan mayor . Na Dong - yeon later released a statement apologizing to Kim Jung - tae and his son Yakkung for the controversy and assured people that the actor and his son was not there to campaign for him . On June 10 a rep for Kim Jung - tae confirmed that he and his son Yakkung have decided to leave the show following the political controversy . In June 2014 , an article was published voicing netizens complaints of the show overly promoting YG Entertainment artistes since there were too many guest stars under YG 's management for Jang Hyun - sung and Tablo 's segments , which both are also under YG 's management . On episode 42 which aired on August 31 , 2014 producers took a jab at rival show `` Dad ! Where Are We Going ? '' with captions shown during Tablo 's segment . Viewers voiced their complaints of the mothers showing up on the show too frequently . The complaints were targeted at Tablo 's family due to his wife Hyejung appearing entirely during their segment from episodes 52 to 53 . Viewers voiced their complaints about editing regarding a scene in episode 53 where Song triplets Daehan and Manse are fighting over a toy . The viewers complained that the caption and editing do not show the true facts of what happened . On April 22 , 2015 , an owner of a venue that the show production team had scouted , posted on the shows official forum claiming staff from the show had reserved his venue last minute and then abruptly cancelled the shoot , disregarding for his loss of profit he had taken in order to accommodate the show . After a formal apology was issued by the shows producers the misunderstanding was settled . In July 2015 , the announcement of Lee Dong - gook and his family joining the show was met with negativity and complaints from fans of Song Il - kook and his triplet sons . Fans of Song and his sons saw it as a sign that Song and his family would be leaving the show and complained on KBS 's forum about adding the new family and KBS offering Song an upcoming drama role as a reason for Song to leave the variety show . KBS assured Song 's fans that the decision on whether Song and his family stay or leave the show was entirely up to Song 's decision . International version ( edit ) In April 2014 , China 's Zhejiang Television ( ZJTV ) began airing a Chinese version of The Return of Superman called Dad is Back starring former Taiwanese boy band Fahrenheit member Wu Chun , film producer Zhong Lei Wang , actor Jia Nailiang , and former gymnast Li Xiapeng . The show is in collaboration with the producers of the Korean KBS version and follows the same concept as the Korean version with the exception of a narrator . The title of the Chinese version was renamed in order to clear up plagiarism rumors . In March 2017 , Thailand Channel 7 began airing a Thai version of The Return of Superman called The Return of Superman Thailand . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Ref . 2013 12th KBS Entertainment Awards Top Entertainer Award Choo Sung - hoon Won Best Male Newcomer in a Variety Show Jang Hyun - sung Nominated Producer 's Special Award Lee Hwi - jae Won Excellence Award , Male Entertainer in a Variety Show Choo Sung - hoon Nominated Tablo Nominated Top Excellence Award , Male Entertainer in a Variety Show Choo Sung - hoon Nominated Tablo Nominated Mobile TV Popularity Award Choo Sa - rang , Jang Jun - woo & Jun - seo , Lee Haru , Lee Seo - eon & Seo - jun Won Viewer 's Choice Program of the Year The Return of Superman Nominated Best Eater Choo Sarang Nominated 2014 50th Paeksang Arts Awards Best Entertainment Program The Return of Superman Nominated 13th KBS Entertainment Awards Viewer 's Choice Program of the Year Won Top Excellence Award , Male Entertainer in a Variety Show Choo Sung - hoon Won Producer 's Special Award Lee Hwi - jae Won Song Il - gook Won Mobile TV Popularity Award Choo Sa - rang , Lee Haru , Lee Seo - eon & Seo - jun , Song Dae - han , Min - guk & Man - se Won Best Scriptwriter Kim Jung - sun Won 2015 51st Paeksang Arts Awards Best Entertainment Program The Return of Superman Nominated 14th KBS Entertainment Awards Viewer 's Choice Program of the Year Nominated Male MC Newcomer Award Lee Dong - gook Nominated Best Entertainer -- Entertainment Category Won Hot Issue -- Variety Show Star Award Choo Sung - hoon Won Excellence Award -- Male Variety Category Song Il - gook Won Grand Prize ( Daesang ) Lee Hwi - jae Won 2016 15th KBS Entertainment Awards Viewer 's Choice Program of the Year The Return of Superman Nominated Mobile TV Popularity Award Lee So - eul & Da - eul , Lee Seo - eon & Seo - jun , Lee Jae - si , Jae - ah , Soo - ah , Seol - ah & Si - an , Kim Ro - Hee , Yang Joy , Oh Seo - heun , In Ha - eun Won Excellence Award -- Male Variety Category Ki Tae - young & Lee Beom - soo Won Top Excellence Award -- Male Variety Category Lee Dong - gook Won Grand Prize ( Daesang ) Lee Hwi - jae Nominated See also ( edit ) KBS2 Happy Sunday References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Superman Is Back Confronts Dad Where Are We Going . Retrieved 6 - 25 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) KBS synopsis . Retrieved 5 - 5 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) singer Rain meets Sarang . Retrieved 5 - 28 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) UV & Epik High collaborate on children 's song . Retrieved 5 - 28 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Shoo and twins guest star on Superman is Back . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Lee Hyun - woo talks about his marriage . Retrieved 5 - 6 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Kim Jung - tae `` Strange indeed my baby '' . Retrieved 6 - 8 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Actor Song Il Kook becomes the father of triplets . Retrieved 6 - 25 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) SHIHO , Akiyama Yoshihiro celebrate first child . Retrieved 6 - 8 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) ' BBC Dad ' on Going Viral : ' This Is Now the First Line in My Obituary ' . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Tablo joins cast of KBS Superman is Back . Retrieved 5 - 5 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Kim Jung Tae joins Superman is Back cast . Retrieved 5 - 5 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Chae Sira leaving Superman . Retrieved 5 - 19 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 14 ) ' Superman is Back ' to air a special on Jang Yoon Jung 's pregnancy and childbirth . Retrieved 6 - 25 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jang Hyun Sung and His Sons to Leave `` Superman Returns '' . Retrieved 6 - 25 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Song Il Kook and his triplets to join ' Superman is Back ' . Retrieved 6 - 25 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 17 ) 유학 신애라 , ' 슈퍼맨 이 돌아 왔다 ' 내레이션 하차 ... 후임 허수경 발탁 . Retrieved 8 - 4 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Tablo and Haru to Say Farewell to `` Superman Returns '' . Retrieved 12 - 2 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 19 ) 엄태웅 , 1 년여 만 에 KBS 日 간판 예능 재 입성 . Retrieved 12 - 2 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jung Hye Young to take over as the new narrator for ' Superman is Back ' . Retrieved 01 - 6 - 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 21 ) New Family with Two Sets of Twins Confirmed to Join `` Superman Returns '' ! . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 22 ) Uhm Tae Woong and Daughter Uhm Ji On to Leave `` The Return of Superman '' . Retrieved Feb 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 23 ) Yoon Hye - jin Clarifies Why Uhm Jion Left `` The Return of Superman '' . Retrieved Feb 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 24 ) Song Il Gook and Triplets Announce Departure from `` The Return of Superman '' . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 25 ) Ki Tae Young and Eugene Are the Newest Couple to Join `` The Return of Superman '' . Retrieved Mar 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ ( 26 ) Lee Bum Soo joins ' Return of Superman ' with his family . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( 27 ) `` The Return of Superman '' Confirms Final Filming Date for Choo Sarang and Family . Retrieved Mar 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ ( 28 ) Oh Ji Ho , Yang Dong Geun , and In Gyo Jin to join revamped ' The Return of Superman ' . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( 29 ) Sam Hammington is the latest father to join ' The Return of Superman ' . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( 30 ) SECHSKIES 's non-active member Ko Ji Young to join ' The Return of Superman ' . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( 31 ) Lee Bum Soo and SoDa siblings say goodbye on ' Superman is Back ' plus no new families to join for a while . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ < / Prof Robert Kelly and family - the full interview . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( 32 ) LG S Homeboy tablet . Retrieved 5 - 31 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 33 ) fedora website . Retrieved 6 - 9 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 34 ) Manduca website . Retrieved 6 - 9 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 35 ) Jimy 's Charmer FB page . Retrieved 6 - 9 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 36 ) Choo Sarang follows in her mother 's footsteps as new model for children 's clothing brand ' allo&lugh ' . Retrieved 6 - 9 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 37 ) Chu Sung Hoon and Lovely Daughter Chu Sarang Dress Up Sporty for Cosmopolitan . Retrieved 6 - 9 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 38 ) Chu Sarang Happily Munches Away on Fruits as Newest Delmonte CF Model . Retrieved Feb 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 39 ) Black Yak website . Retrieved 6 - 9 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 40 ) Moldir website . Retrieved 7 - 2 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 41 ) Song Triplets Hana advertisement . Jump up ^ ( 42 ) Song family Carnival commercial . Jump up ^ ( 43 ) Song triplets Minute Maid advertisement . Jump up ^ ( 44 ) Kim Jung - Tae dropping out in the middle of ' Superman ' , even made signature campaign . Retrieved 6 - 9 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 45 ) Kim Jung Tae and his son Jihoo ( ' Yakkungi ' ) to leave ' Superman is Back ' . Retrieved 6 - 9 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 46 ) Superman criticized for too much YG . Retrieved 7 - 1 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 47 ) ' 슈퍼맨 이 돌아 왔다 ' , YG 엔터테인먼트 홍보 방송 인가요 ? . Retrieved 7 - 1 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 48 ) ' Superman ' takes a jab at ' Dad ' through captions . Retrieved 9 - 1 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 49 ) Producers of `` Superman Returns '' Address Criticism about Mothers ' Frequent Appearance . Retrieved 12 - 29 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 50 ) `` Superman Returns '' Sparks Controversy with Questionable Editing . Retrieved 12 - 29 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 51 ) `` Superman Returns '' Under Fire for `` Rude Behavior '' to Owner of Shoot Location . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 52 ) `` Superman Returns '' PD Says They Do Not Know If Song Il Gook Will Step Down From the Show . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 53 ) Fans of `` Superman Returns '' Kept on Edge With Song Il Gook 's Drama Decision Still Up in the Air . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 54 ) full episodes of `` Dad is Back '' . Retrieved 5 - 20 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 55 ) Dad is Back news . Retrieved 5 - 5 - 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 56 ) Jump up ^ ( 57 ) Winners and Performances from the 2013 KBS Entertainment Awards . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 58 ) Children of `` Superman is Back '' receive Popularity Award at 2014 KBS Entertainment Awards Soompi . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 59 ) 2015 KBS Entertainment Awards : Who Are the Big Winners of the Night ? Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 60 ) Winners Of 2016 KBS Entertainment Awards Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Happy Sunday official website ( in Korean ) The Return of Superman at KBS World ( hide ) KBS1 and KBS2 Current programs KBS 1TV Dramas Lovers in Bloom News KBS News 9 Sport KBS Cup Music Music Triangle National Singing Contest Open Concert Golden Oldies Concert 7080 ( hide ) KBS 2TV Drama The Secret of My Love Dal Soon 's Spring Girls ' Generation 1979 Manhole Strongest Deliveryman My Golden Life Entertainment Hello Counselor Housekeeping Men Entertainment Weekly Happy Together Happy Sunday The Return of Superman 2 Days & 1 Night Gag Concert 1 vs. 100 ( Korean franchise ) Battle Trip Music Music Bank You Hee - yeol 's Sketchbook KBS 'S Entertainment Shows Airing 1 vs. 100 Gag Concert Happy Sunday 2 Days & 1 Night The Return of Superman Happy Together Battle Trip Music Bank You Hee - yeol 's Sketchbook Hello Counselor Immortal Songs My Neighbor , Charles Sponge 2.0 Ended Brave Family Invincible Youth Saturday Freedom Sponge 0 Hello Baby KBS Gayo Daechukje Star Golden Bell I Am a Man Singing Battle Let 's Go ! Dream Team Season 2 Vitamin We Like Zines The Human Condition Sister 's Slam Dunk Special KBS Drama Awards KBS Entertainment Awards KBS Music Big Festival Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Return_of_Superman_(TV_series)&oldid=838528924 '' Categories : Korean Broadcasting System television programmes South Korean travel television series South Korean reality television series 2013 South Korean television series debuts 2010s South Korean television series Korean - language television programs South Korean variety television programmes Parenting television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles containing Korean - language text Official website not in Wikidata Articles with Korean - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 Polski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 16 : 00 . 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why was there a war between the hutu and the tutsi

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rwandan_genocide&oldid=838463580

Rwandan genocide - wikipedia Rwandan genocide Jump to : navigation , search `` Tutsi Genocide '' redirects here . For the genocide against the Tutsi in Burundi , see Burundian genocides § 1972 , and § 1990 -- 94 . Rwandan genocide Part of Rwandan Civil War Human skulls at the Nyamata Genocide Memorial Location Rwanda Date 7 April -- 15 July 1994 Target Tutsi population , Twa , and moderate Hutus Attack type Genocide , mass murder Deaths 500,000 -- 1,000,000 Perpetrators Hutu - led government , Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militias Part of a series on Genocide Issues Cultural genocide Democide Ethnic cleansing Ethnic relations Ethnocide Genocide Genocidal rape Utilitarian genocide Double genocide Holocaust uniqueness debate Rwandan genocide Genocide of indigenous peoples European colonization of the Americas Dzungar genocide , 1750s Manifest Destiny Indian Removal , 1830s California Genocide , 1848 -- 1873 Circassian genocide , 1860s Selk'nam genocide , 1890s -- 1900s Herero and Namaqua genocide , 1904 -- 1907 Greek genocide , 1914 -- 1923 Assyrian genocide , 1914 -- 1925 Armenian Genocide , 1915 -- 1923 Libyan Genocide , 1923 -- 1932 Soviet genocide Ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Union Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 Holodomor , 1931 -- 1933 Kazakhstan , 1930 -- 1933 Mass Deportations during World War II Kalmyks , 1943 Chechens and Ingush , 1944 Crimean Tatars , 1944 Nazi Holocaust and genocide ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Final Solution Porajmos Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs Serbian genocide Cold War 1971 Bangladesh genocide ( 1971 ) Burundian genocides ( 1972 & 1993 ) East Timorese genocide ( 1974 -- 1999 ) Cambodian genocide ( 1975 -- 1979 ) Guatemalan genocide ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Kurdish genocide ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Isaaq genocide ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Contemporary genocide Rwandan genocide ( 1994 ) Bosnian genocide ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Srebrenica massacre ( 1995 ) Darfur genocide ( 2003 -- ) Genocides by ISIS ( 2014 -- ) Yazidi genocide Shia genocide Christian genocide Central African genocide Related topics Genocides in history Khmer Rouge Killing Fields Hutu Power Holodomor genocide question Extermination camp Effects of genocide on youth List by death toll Mass killings under Communist regimes Anti-communist mass killings Mass killings compilation Category The Rwandan genocide , also known as the genocide against the Tutsi , was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government . An estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed during the 100 - day period from 7 April to mid-July 1994 , constituting as many as 70 % of the Tutsi population . Additionally , 30 % of the Pygmy Batwa were killed . The genocide and widespread slaughter of Rwandans ended when the Tutsi - backed and heavily armed Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) led by Paul Kagame took control of the country . An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans , mostly Hutus , were displaced and became refugees . The genocide was planned by members of the core political elite , many of whom occupied positions at top levels of the national government . Perpetrators came from the ranks of the Rwandan army , the Gendarmerie , government - backed militias including the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi . The genocide took place in the context of the Rwandan Civil War , a conflict beginning in 1990 between the Hutu - led government and the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) , which largely consisted of Tutsi refugees whose families had fled to Uganda after the 1959 Hutu revolt against colonial rule . Waves of Hutu violence against the RPF and Tutsi followed Rwandan independence in 1962 . International pressure on the Hutu government of Juvénal Habyarimana resulted in a ceasefire in 1993 , with a road - map to implement the Arusha Accords , which would create a power - sharing government with the RPF . This agreement was not acceptable to a number of conservative Hutu , including members of the Akazu , who viewed it as conceding to enemy demands . The RPF military campaign intensified support for the so - called `` Hutu Power '' ideology , which portrayed the RPF as an alien force who were non-Christian , intent on reinstating the Tutsi monarchy and enslaving Hutus . Many Hutus reacted to this prospect with extreme opposition . In the lead - up to the genocide the number of machetes imported into Rwanda increased . On 6 April 1994 , an aeroplane carrying Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down on its descent into Kigali . At the time , the plane was in the airspace above Habyarimana 's house . One person survived but died soon after en route to the hospital . The assassination of Habyarimana ended the peace accords . Genocidal killings began the following day . Soldiers , police , and militia quickly executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders who could have assumed control in the ensuing power vacuum . Checkpoints and barricades were erected to screen all holders of the national ID card of Rwanda ( which contained ethnic classification information introduced by the Belgian colonial government in 1933 ) in order to systematically identify and kill Tutsi . These forces recruited and pressured Hutu civilians to arm themselves with machetes , clubs , blunt objects , and other weapons to rape , maim , and kill their Tutsi neighbors and to destroy or steal their property . The breakdown of the peace accords led the RPF to restart its offensive and rapidly seize control of the northern part of the country before capturing Kigali in mid-July , bringing an end to the genocide . During these events and in the aftermath , the United Nations ( UN ) and countries including the United States , the United Kingdom , and Belgium were criticized for their inaction and failure to strengthen the force and mandate of the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda ( UNAMIR ) peacekeepers . Other observers criticized the government of France for alleged support of the Hutu government after the genocide had begun . The genocide had a lasting and profound impact on Rwanda and its neighboring countries . The pervasive use of rape as a weapon of war caused a spike in HIV infection , including babies born of rape to newly infected mothers ; many households were headed by orphaned children or widows . The destruction of infrastructure and the severe depopulation of the country crippled the economy , challenging the nascent government to achieve rapid economic growth and stabilization . The RPF military victory and installation of an RPF - dominated government prompted many Hutus to flee to neighboring countries , particularly in the eastern portion of Zaire ( now the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , where the Hutu genocidaires began to regroup in refugee camps along the border with Rwanda . Declaring a need to avert further genocide , the RPF - led government - led military incursions into Zaire , including the First ( 1996 -- 97 ) and Second ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Congo Wars . Armed struggles between the Rwandan government and their opponents in DRC have continued to play out through proxy militias in the Goma region , including the M23 rebellion ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . Large Rwandan Hutu and Tutsi populations continue to live as refugees throughout the region . Today , Rwanda has two public holidays mourning the genocide . The national mourning period begins with Kwibuka ( Remembrance ) , the national commemoration , on 7 April and concludes with Liberation Day on 4 July . The week following 7 April is an official week of mourning , known as Icyunamo . The genocide served as an impetus for creating the International Criminal Court to eliminate the need for ad hoc tribunals to prosecute genocide , crimes against humanity , and war crimes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pre-independence Rwanda and origins of Hutu , Tutsi and Twa 1.2 Revolution and Hutu - Tutsi relations after independence 1.3 Rwandan Civil War 1.4 Hutu Power movement 2 Prelude 2.1 Preparation for genocide 2.2 Assassination of Habyarimana 2.3 Killing of moderate leaders 3 Genocide 3.1 Planning and organization 3.2 Death toll and timeline 3.3 Means of killing 3.4 Sexual violence 3.5 Killing of Pygmies 4 Rwandan Patriotic Front military campaign and victory 5 International involvement 5.1 UNAMIR 5.2 France and Opération Turquoise 5.3 United States 5.4 Israel 5.5 Roman Catholic Church 6 Aftermath 6.1 Refugee crisis , insurgency , and two Congo Wars 6.2 Domestic situation 6.3 Justice system after genocide 6.3. 1 Gacaca courts 6.3. 2 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 7 Survivors 7.1 Survivor organizations 7.2 Surf 7.3 IBUKA 7.4 AVEGA 7.5 AOCM 7.6 Uyisenga N'Manzi 7.7 Solace Ministries 7.8 Streets Ahead Rwanda 8 Media and popular culture 9 Revisionist accounts 9.1 Revisionism and the Rwandan constitution 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Part of a series on the Rwandan genocide Human skulls at the Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre Background ( show ) History of Rwanda Origins of Hutu , Tutsi and Twa Kingdom of Rwanda Rwandan Revolution Rwandan Civil War Hutu Power Assassination of Habyarimana and Ntaryamira Events ( show ) Initial events Chronology Gikondo massacre Nyarubuye massacre Parties responsible ( show ) People indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal Genocidaires Akazu Impuzamugambi militia Interahamwe militia Kangura RTLM radio Response ( show ) Rwandan Patriotic Front International community United Nations Mission UN Security Council Resolution 935 Opération `` Turquoise '' Effects ( show ) Great Lakes refugee crisis Gacaca court First Congo War Second Congo War Resources ( show ) Bibliography Filmography Pre-independence Rwanda and origins of Hutu , Tutsi and Twa ( edit ) Main article : Origins of Hutu , Tutsi and Twa A reconstruction of the King of Rwanda 's palace at Nyanza The earliest inhabitants of what is now Rwanda were the Twa , a group of aboriginal pygmy hunter - gatherers who settled in the area between 8000 BC and 3000 BC and remain in Rwanda today . Between 700 BC and 1500 AD , a number of Bantu groups migrated into Rwanda , and began to clear forest land as a way to gain space for agriculture . Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the Bantu migrations : one theory is that the first settlers were Hutu , while the Tutsi migrated later and formed a distinct racial group , possibly of Cushitic origin . An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady from neighbouring regions , with incoming groups bearing high genetic similarity to the established ones , and integrating into rather than conquering the existing society . Under this theory , the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose later and was not a racial one , but principally a class or caste distinction in which the Tutsi herded cattle while the Hutu farmed the land . The Hutu , Tutsi and Twa of Rwanda share a common language and are collectively known as the Banyarwanda . The population coalesced , first into clans ( ubwoko ) , and then , by 1700 , into around eight kingdoms . The Kingdom of Rwanda , ruled by the Tutsi Nyiginya clan , became the dominant kingdom from the mid-eighteenth century , expanding through a process of conquest and assimilation , and achieving its greatest extent under the reign of King Kigeli Rwabugiri in 1853 -- 1895 . Rwabugiri expanded the kingdom west and north , and initiated administrative reforms which caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations . Rwanda and neighbouring Burundi were assigned to Germany by the Berlin Conference of 1884 , and Germany established a presence in the country in 1897 with the formation of an alliance with the king . German policy was to rule the country through the Rwandan monarchy ; this system had the added benefit of enabling colonization with small European troop numbers . The colonists favoured the Tutsi over the Hutu when assigning administrative roles , believing them to be migrants from Ethiopia and racially superior . The Rwandan king welcomed the Germans , using their military strength to widen his rule . Belgian forces took control of Rwanda and Burundi during World War I , and from 1926 began a policy of more direct colonial rule . The Belgians modernised the Rwandan economy , but Tutsi supremacy remained , leaving the Hutu disenfranchised . In 1935 , Belgium introduced identity cards labelling each individual as either Tutsi , Hutu , Twa or Naturalised . While it had previously been possible for particularly wealthy Hutu to become honorary Tutsi , the identity cards prevented any further movement between the groups . Revolution and Hutu - Tutsi relations after independence ( edit ) Main article : Rwandan Revolution After World War II , a Hutu emancipation movement began to grow in Rwanda , fuelled by increasing resentment of the inter-war social reforms , and also an increasing sympathy for the Hutu within the Catholic Church . Catholic missionaries increasingly viewed themselves as responsible for empowering the underprivileged Hutu rather than the Tutsi elite , leading rapidly to the formation of a sizeable Hutu clergy and educated elite that provided a new counterbalance to the established political order . The monarchy and prominent Tutsi sensed the growing influence of the Hutu and began to agitate for immediate independence on their own terms . In 1957 , a group of Hutu scholars wrote the `` Bahutu Manifesto '' . This was the first document to label the Tutsi and Hutu as separate races , and called for the transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu based on what it termed `` statistical law '' . On 1 November 1959 , a Hutu sub-chief , Dominique Mbonyumutwa , was attacked in Kigali by supporters of the pro-Tutsi party . Mbonyumutwa survived , but rumours began spreading that he had been killed . Hutu activists responded by killing Tutsi , both the elite and ordinary civilians , marking the beginning of the Rwandan Revolution . The Tutsi responded with attacks of their own , but by this stage the Hutu had full backing from the Belgian administration who wanted to overturn the Tutsi domination . In early 1960 , the Belgians replaced most Tutsi chiefs with Hutu and organised mid-year commune elections which returned an overwhelming Hutu majority . The king was deposed , a Hutu dominated republic created , and the country became independent in 1962 . As the revolution progressed , Tutsi began leaving the country to escape the Hutu purges , settling in the four neighbouring countries : Burundi , Uganda , Tanzania and Zaire . These exiles , unlike the Banyarwanda who migrated during the pre-colonial and colonial era , were regarded as refugees in their host countries , and began almost immediately to agitate for a return to Rwanda . They formed armed groups , known as inyenzi ( cockroaches ) , who launched attacks into Rwanda ; these were largely unsuccessful , and led to further reprisal killings of Tutsi and further Tutsi exiles . By 1964 , more than 300,000 Tutsi had fled , and were forced to remain in exile for the next three decades . Pro-Hutu discrimination continued in Rwanda itself , although the indiscriminate violence against the Tutsi did decrease somewhat following a coup in 1973 , which brought President Juvenal Habyarimana to power . At 408 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 1,060 / sq mi ) , Rwanda 's population density is among the highest in Africa . Rwanda 's population had increased from 1.6 million people in 1934 to 7.1 million in 1989 , leading to competition for land . Historians such as Gérard Prunier believe that the 1994 genocide can be partly attributed to population density . Rwandan civil war ( edit ) Main article : Rwandan Civil War Paul Kagame , commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Front for most of the Civil War In the 1980s , a group of 500 Rwandan refugees in Uganda , led by Fred Rwigyema , fought with the rebel National Resistance Army ( NRA ) in the Ugandan Bush War , which saw Yoweri Museveni overthrow Milton Obote . These soldiers remained in the Ugandan army following Museveni 's inauguration as Ugandan president , but simultaneously began planning an invasion of Rwanda through a covert network within the army 's ranks . In October 1990 , Rwigyema led a force of over 4,000 rebels from Uganda , advancing 60 km ( 37 mi ) into Rwanda under the banner of the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) . Rwigyema was killed on the third day of the attack , and France and Zaire deployed forces in support of the Rwandan army , allowing them to repel the invasion . Rwigyema 's deputy , Paul Kagame , took command of the RPF forces , organising a tactical retreat through Uganda to the Virunga Mountains , a rugged area of northern Rwanda . From there , he rearmed and reorganised the army , and carried out fundraising and recruitment from the Tutsi diaspora . Kagame restarted the war in January 1991 , with a surprise attack on the northern town of Ruhengeri . The RPF captured the town , benefiting from the element of surprise , and held it for one day before retreating to the forests . For the next year , the RPF waged a hit - and - run style guerrilla war , capturing some border areas but not making significant gains against the Rwandan army . In June 1992 , following the formation of a multiparty coalition government in Kigali , the RPF announced a ceasefire and began negotiations with the Rwandan government in Arusha , Tanzania . In early 1993 , several extremist Hutu groups formed and began campaigns of large scale violence against the Tutsi . The RPF responded by suspending peace talks and launching a major attack , gaining a large swathe of land across the north of the country . Peace negotiations eventually resumed in Arusha ; the resulting set of agreements , known as the Arusha Accords , were signed in August 1993 and gave the RPF positions in a Broad - Based Transitional Government ( BBTG ) and in the national army . The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda ( UNAMIR ) , a peacekeeping force , arrived in the country and the RPF were given a base in the national parliament building in Kigali , for use during the setting up of the BBTG . Hutu Power movement ( edit ) In the early years of Habyarimana 's regime , there was greater economic prosperity and reduced violence against Tutsi . Many hardline anti-Tutsi figures remained , however , including the family of the first lady Agathe Habyarimana , who were known as the akazu or clan de Madame , and the president relied on them to maintain his regime . When the RPF invaded in 1990 , Habyarimana and the hardliners exploited the fear of the population to advance an anti-Tutsi agenda which became known as Hutu Power . A group of military officers and government members founded a magazine called Kangura , which became popular throughout the country . This published anti-Tutsi propaganda , including the Hutu Ten Commandments , an explicit set of racist guidelines , including labelling Hutu who married Tutsi as `` traitors '' . In 1992 , the hardliners created the Coalition for the Defence of the Republic ( CDR ) party , which was linked to the ruling party but more right wing , and promoted an agenda critical of the president 's alleged `` softness '' with the RPF . Following the 1992 ceasefire agreement , a number of the extremists in the Rwandan government and army began actively plotting against the president , worried about the possibility of Tutsi being included in government . Habyarimana attempted to remove the hardliners from senior army positions , but was only partially successful ; akazu affiliates Augustin Ndindiliyimana and Theoneste Bagosora remained in powerful posts , providing the hardline family with a link to power . Throughout 1992 , the hardliners carried out campaigns of localised killings of Tutsi , culminating in January 1993 , in which extremists and local Hutu murdered around 300 people . When the RPF resumed hostilities in February 1993 , it cited these killings as the primary motive , but its effect was to increase support for the extremists amongst the Hutu population . From mid-1993 , the Hutu Power movement represented a third major force in Rwandan politics , in addition to Habyarimana 's government and the traditional moderate opposition . Apart from the CDR , there was no party that was exclusively part of the Power movement . Instead , almost every party was split into `` moderate '' and `` Power '' wings , with members of both camps claiming to represent the legitimate leadership of that party . Even the ruling party contained a Power wing , consisting of those who opposed Habyarimana 's intention to sign a peace deal . Several radical youth militia groups emerged , attached to the Power wings of the parties ; these included the Interahamwe , which was attached to the ruling party , and the CDR 's Impuzamugambi . The youth militia began actively carrying out massacres across the country . The army trained the militias , sometimes in conjunction with the French , who were unaware of their true purpose . Prelude ( edit ) Preparation for genocide ( edit ) Historians do not agree on the precise date on which the idea of a `` final solution '' to kill every Tutsi in Rwanda was first mooted . Gerard Prunier dates it to 1992 , when Habyarimana began negotiating with the RPF , while journalist Linda Melvern dates it to 1990 , following the initial RPF invasion . Also in 1990 , The army began arming civilians with weapons such as machetes , and it began training the Hutu youth in combat , officially as a programme of `` civil defence '' against the RPF threat , but these weapons were later used to carry out the genocide . Rwanda also purchased large numbers of grenades and munitions from late 1990 ; in one deal , future UN Secretary - General Boutros Boutros - Ghali , in his role as Egyptian foreign minister , facilitated a large sale of arms from Egypt . The Rwandan Armed Forces ( FAR ) expanded rapidly at this time , growing from less than 10,000 troops to almost 30,000 in one year . The new recruits were often poorly disciplined ; a divide grew between the elite Presidential Guard and Gendarmerie units , who were well trained and battle ready , and the ordinary rank and file . In March 1993 , the Hutu Power began compiling lists of `` traitors '' whom they planned to kill , and it is possible that Habyarimana 's name was on these lists ; the CDR were publicly accusing the president of treason . The Power groups also believed that the national radio station , Radio Rwanda , had become too liberal and supportive of the opposition ; they founded a new radio station , Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines ( RTLMC ) , which broadcast racist propaganda , obscene jokes and music , becoming very popular throughout the country . One study finds that approximately 10 % of the overall violence during the Rwandan genocide can be attributed to this new radio station . During 1993 , the hardliners imported machetes on a scale far larger than what was required for agriculture , as well as other tools which could be used as weapons , such as razor blades , saws and scissors . These tools were distributed around the country , ostensibly as part of the civil defence network . In October 1993 , the President of Burundi , Melchior Ndadaye , who had been elected in June as the country 's first ever Hutu president , was assassinated by extremist Tutsi army officers . The assassination caused shockwaves , reinforcing the notion among Hutus that the Tutsi were their enemy and could not be trusted . The CDR and the Power wings of the other parties realised they could use this situation to their advantage . The idea of a `` final solution , '' which had first been suggested in 1992 but had remained a fringe viewpoint , was now top of their agenda , and they began actively planning it . They were confident of persuading the Hutu population to carry out killings , given the public anger at Ndadaye 's murder , as well as RTLM propaganda and the traditional obedience of Rwandans to authority . The Power leaders began arming the interahamwe and other militia groups with AK - 47s and other weapons ; previously , they had possessed only machetes and traditional hand weapons . On 11 January 1994 , General Romeo Dallaire , commander of UNAMIR , sent his `` Genocide Fax '' to UN Headquarters . The fax stated that Dallaire was in contact with a high level informant who told him of plans to distribute weapons to Hutu militias to kill Belgian members of UNAMIR in order to guarantee Belgian withdrawal . The informant , a local politician , had been ordered to register all Tutsis in Kigali with an example that they could kill up to 1,000 Tutsis in 20 minutes , leading to the extermination of the Tutsis . Dallaire requested permission for the protection of the informant and his family . Kofi Annan repeatedly forbade the operation until guidance was received from headquarters . He did so even as the genocide had started , despite having the authority for approval . His reason for not doing so was Article 2 ( 4 ) of the Charter , although the intervention would have been by the UN itself , not a member state . The UNAMIR force was established by Resolution 872 on 5 October 1993 with the consent of both parties to the civil war . Thomas Pogge argues that UNAMIR could not have been charged with intervening because both sides requested and consented to it and it was authorized by the UN Security Council . On 20 March 2017 , Pope Francis acknowledged that while some Catholic nuns and priests in the country were killed during the genocide , others were complicit with it and took part in preparing and executing the genocide . Assassination of Habyarimana ( edit ) Main article : Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira Juvénal Habyarimana in 1980 On April 6 , 1994 , the airplane carrying Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira , the Hutu president of Burundi , was shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali , killing everyone on board . Responsibility for the attack was disputed , with both the RPF and Hutu extremists being blamed . A later investigation by the Rwandan government blamed Hutu extremists in the Rwandan army . In January 2012 , a French investigation was widely published as exonerating the RPF , but according to Filip Reyntjens , the report did not in fact exonerate the RPF . Despite disagreements about the perpetrators , many observers believe the attack and deaths of the two Hutu presidents served as the catalyst for the genocide . Following Habyarimana 's death , on the evening of 6 April , a crisis committee was formed ; it consisted of Major General Augustin Ndindiliyimana , Colonel Theoneste Bagosora , and a number of other senior army staff officers . The committee was headed by Bagosora , despite the presence of the more senior Ndindiliyimana . Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana was legally next in the line of political succession , but the committee refused to recognise her authority . Dallaire met with the committee that night and insisted that Uwilingiyimana be placed in charge , but Bagosora refused , saying Uwilingiyimana did not `` enjoy the confidence of the Rwandan people '' and was `` incapable of governing the nation . '' The committee also justified its existence as being essential to avoid uncertainty following the president 's death . Bagosora sought to convince UNAMIR and the RPF that the committee was acting to contain the Presidential Guard , which he described as `` out of control '' , and that it would abide by the Arusha agreement . Killing of moderate leaders ( edit ) UNAMIR sent an escort of ten Belgian soldiers to Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana , with the intention of transporting her to the Radio Rwanda offices to address the nation . This plan was cancelled because the Presidential Guard took over the radio station shortly afterwards and would not permit Uwilingiyimana to speak on air . Later in the morning , a number of soldiers and a crowd of civilians overwhelmed the Belgians guarding Uwilingiyimana , forcing them to surrender their weapons . Uwilingiyimana and her husband were killed , although their children survived by hiding behind furniture and were rescued by Senegalese UNAMIR officer Mbaye Diagne . The ten Belgians were taken to the Camp Kigali military base , where they were tortured and killed . Major Bernard Ntuyahaga , the commanding officer of the Presidential Guard unit which carried out the murders , was sentenced to 20 years ' imprisonment by a court in Belgium in 2007 . In addition to assassinating Uwilingiyimana , the extremists spent the night of 6 -- 7 April moving around the houses of Kigali with lists of prominent moderate politicians and journalists , on a mission to kill them . Fatalities that evening included President of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda , Minister of Agriculture Frederic Nzamurambaho , Parti Liberal leader Landwald Ndasingwa and his Canadian wife , and chief Arusha negotiator Boniface Ngulinzira . A few moderates survived , including prime minister - designate Faustin Twagiramungu , but the plot was largely successful . According to Dallaire , `` by noon on 7 April the moderate political leadership of Rwanda was dead or in hiding , the potential for a future moderate government utterly lost . '' The only exception to this was the new army chief of staff , Marcel Gatsinzi ; Bagosora 's preferred candidate Augustin Bizimungu was rejected by the crisis committee , forcing Bagosora to agree to Gatsinzi 's appointment . Gatsinzi attempted to keep the army out of the genocide , and to negotiate a ceasefire with the RPF , but he had only limited control over his troops and was replaced by the hardline Bizimungu after just ten days . Genocide ( edit ) Planning and organization ( edit ) Over 5,000 people seeking refuge in Ntarama church were killed by grenade , machete , rifle , or burnt alive . The large scale killing of Tutsi on the grounds of ethnicity , began within a few hours of Habyarimana 's death . The crisis committee , headed by Théoneste Bagosora , took power in the country following Habyarimana 's death , and was the principal authority coordinating the genocide . Following the assassination of Habyarimana , Bagosora immediately began issuing orders to kill Tutsi , addressing groups of interahamwe in person in Kigali , and making telephone calls to leaders in the provinces . Other leading organisers on a national level were defence minister Augustin Bizimana ; commander of the paratroopers Aloys Ntabakuze ; and the head of the Presidential Guard , Protais Mpiranya . Businessman Felicien Kabuga funded the RTLM and the Interahamwe , while Pascal Musabe and Joseph Nzirorera were responsible for coordinating the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militia activities nationally . Military leaders in Gisenyi province , the heartland of the akazu , were initially the most organized , convening a gathering of the Interahamwe and civilian Hutus ; the commanders announced the president 's death , blaming the RPF , and then ordered the crowd to `` begin your work '' and to `` spare no one '' , including babies . The killing spread to Ruhengeri , Kibuye , Kigali , Kibungo , Gikongoro and Cyangugu provinces on 7 April ; in each case , local officials , responding to orders from Kigali , spread rumours that the RPF had killed the president , followed by a command to kill Tutsi . The Hutu population , which had been prepared and armed during the preceding months , and maintained the Rwandan tradition of obedience to authority , carried out the orders without question . In Kigali , the genocide was led by the Presidential Guard , the elite unit of the army . They were assisted by the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi , who set up road blocks throughout the capital ; each person passing the road block was required to show the national identity card , which included ethnicity , and any with Tutsi cards were slaughtered immediately . The militias also initiated searches of houses in the city , slaughtering Tutsi and looting their property . Kigali governor Tharcisse Renzaho played a leading role , touring the road blocks to ensure their effectiveness and using his position at the top of the Kigali provincial government to disseminate orders and dismiss officials who were not sufficiently active in the killings . In rural areas , the local government hierarchy was also in most cases the chain of command for the execution of the genocide . The governor of each province , acting on orders from Kigali , disseminated instructions to the district leaders ( bourgmestres ) , who in turn issued directions to the leaders of the sectors , cells and villages within their districts . The majority of the actual killings in the countryside were carried out by ordinary civilians , under orders from the leaders . Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side in their villages , and families all knew each other , making it easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours . Gerard Prunier ascribes this mass complicity of the population to a combination of the `` democratic majority '' ideology , in which Hutu had been taught to regard Tutsi as dangerous enemies , the culture of unbending obedience to authority , and the duress factor -- villagers who refused to carry out orders to kill were often branded as Tutsi sympathisers and they themselves killed . There were few killings in the provinces of Gitarama and Butare during the early phase , as the governors of those areas were moderates opposed to the violence . The genocide began in Gitarama on 9 April , when the interim national government relocated to the province . Butare province was ruled by the only Tutsi governor in the country , Jean - Baptiste Habyalimana . Habyalimana refused to authorise any killings in his territory , and for a while Butare became a sanctuary for Tutsi refugees from elsewhere in the country . This lasted until 18 April , when the interim government dismissed him from his post and replaced him with government loyalist Sylvian Nsabimana . The crisis committee appointed an interim government on 8 April ; using the terms of the 1991 constitution instead of the Arusha Accords , the committee designated Theodore Sindikubwabo as interim president of Rwanda , while Jean Kambanda was the new prime minister . All political parties were represented in the government , but most members were from the `` Hutu Power '' wings of their respective parties . The interim government was sworn in on 9 April , but immediately relocated from Kigali to Gitarama to avoid fighting between the RPF and the Rwandan army in the capital . The crisis committee was officially dissolved , but Bagosora and the senior officers remained the de facto rulers of the country . The government played its part in mobilising the population , giving the regime an air of legitimacy , but was effectively a puppet regime with no ability to halt the army or the Interahamwe 's activities . When Romeo Dallaire visited the government 's headquarters a week after its formation , he found most officials at leisure , describing their activities as `` sorting out the seating plan for a meeting that was not about to convene any time soon . '' Death toll and timeline ( edit ) During the remainder of April and early May , the Presidential Guard , gendarmerie and the youth militia , aided by local populations , continued killing at a very high rate . Gerard Prunier estimates that during the first six weeks , up to 800,000 Rwandans may have been murdered , representing a rate five times higher than during the Holocaust of Nazi Germany . The goal was to kill every Tutsi living in Rwanda and , with the exception of the advancing RPF army , there was no opposition force to prevent or slow the killings . The domestic opposition had already been eliminated , and UNAMIR were expressly forbidden to use force except in self - defence . In rural areas , where Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side and families knew each other , it was easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours . In urban areas , where residents were more anonymous , identification was facilitated using road blocks manned by military and interahamwe ; each person passing the road block was required to show the national identity card , which included ethnicity , and any with Tutsi cards were slaughtered immediately . Many Hutu were also killed for a variety of reasons , including alleged sympathy for the moderate opposition parties , being a journalist or simply having a `` Tutsi appearance . '' The RPF was making slow but steady gains in the north and east of the country , ending the killings in each area occupied . The genocide was effectively ended during April in areas of Ruhengeri , Byumba , Kibungo and Kigali provinces . The killings ceased during April in the akazu heartlands of western Ruhengeri and Gisenyi , as almost every Tutsi had been eliminated . Large numbers of Hutu in the RPF conquered areas fled , fearing retribution for the genocide ; 500,000 Kibungo residents walked over the bridge at Rusumo Falls , into Tanzania , in a few days at the end of April , and were accommodated in United Nations camps effectively controlled by ousted leaders of the Hutu regime , with the former governor of Kibungo province in overall control . In the remaining provinces , killings continued throughout May and June , although they became increasingly low - key and sporadic ; most Tutsi were already dead , and the interim government wished to rein in the growing anarchy and engage the population in fighting the RPF . On 23 June , around 2,500 soldiers entered southwestern Rwanda as part of the French - led United Nations Operation Turquoise . This was intended as a humanitarian mission , but the soldiers were not able to save significant numbers of lives . The genocidal authorities were overtly welcoming of the French , displaying the French flag on their own vehicles , but slaughtering Tutsi who came out of hiding seeking protection . In July , the RPF completed their conquest of the country , with the exception of the zone occupied by Operation Turquoise . The RPF took Kigali on 4 July , and Gisenyi and the rest of the northwest on 18 July . The genocide was over , but as had occurred in Kibungo , the Hutu population fled en masse across the border , this time into Zaire , with Bagosora and the other leaders accompanying them . Given the chaotic situation , there is no consensus on the overall number of people killed during the genocide . Unlike the genocides carried out by Nazi Germany and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia , authorities made no attempts to record deaths . The succeeding RPF government has stated that 1,071,000 were killed , 10 % of whom were Hutu . The journalist Philip Gourevitch agrees with an estimate of one million , while the UN estimates the death toll to be 800,000 . Alison Des Forges of Human Rights Watch estimated that it was `` at least 500,000 . '' James Smith of Aegis Trust notes , `` What 's important to remember is that there was a genocide . There was an attempt to eliminate Tutsis -- men , women , and children -- and to erase any memory of their existence . '' Out of a population of 7.3 million people , 84 % of whom were Hutu , 15 % Tutsi and 1 % Twa , the official figures published by the Rwandan government estimated the number of victims of the genocide to be 1,070,014 in 100 days . It is estimated that about 300,000 Tutsi survived the genocide . Thousands of widows , many of whom were subjected to rape , are now HIV - positive . There were about 400,000 orphans and nearly 85,000 of them were forced to become heads of families . Means of killing ( edit ) Skulls and other bones kept at Murambi Technical School On 9 April , UN observers witnessed the massacre of children at a Polish church in Gikondo . The same day , 1,000 heavily armed and well trained European troops arrived to escort European civilian personnel out of the country . The troops did not stay to assist UNAMIR . Media coverage picked up on the 9th , as the Washington Post reported the execution of Rwandan employees of relief agencies in front of their expatriate colleagues . Butare Province was an exception to the local violence . Jean - Baptiste Habyalimana was the only Tutsi prefect , and the province was the only one dominated by an opposition party . Opposing the genocide , Habyalimana was able to keep relative calm in the province , until he was deposed by the extremist Sylvain Ndikumana . Finding the population of Butare resistant to murdering their fellow citizens , the government flew in militia from Kigali by helicopter , and they readily killed the Tutsi . Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or in towns , often by their neighbors and fellow villagers . The militia typically murdered victims with machetes , although some army units used rifles . The Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches and school buildings , and massacred them . Local officials and government - sponsored radio incited ordinary citizens to kill their neighbors , and those who refused to kill were often murdered on the spot . `` Either you took part in the massacres or you were massacred yourself . '' One such massacre occurred at Nyarubuye . On 12 April , more than 1,500 Tutsis sought refuge in a Catholic church in Nyange , then in Kivumu commune . Local Interahamwe , acting in concert with the authorities , used bulldozers to knock down the church building . The militia used machetes and rifles to kill every person who tried to escape . Local priest Athanase Seromba was later found guilty and sentenced to life in prison by the ICTR for his role in the demolition of his church ; he was convicted of the crime of genocide and crimes against humanity . In another case , thousands sought refuge in the Official Technical School ( École Technique Officielle ) in Kigali where Belgian UNAMIR soldiers were stationed . On 11 April , the Belgian soldiers withdrew , and Rwandan armed forces and militia killed all the Tutsi . Several individuals attempted to halt the Rwandan genocide , or to shelter vulnerable Tutsi . Among them were Romeo Dallaire ( Canadian Lieutenant - General of UNAMIR ) , Henry Kwami Anyidoho ( Ghanaian Deputy Commander of UNAMIR ) , Pierantonio Costa ( Italian diplomat who rescued many lives ) , Antonia Locatelli ( Italian volunteer who in 1992 , two years before the actual genocide , tried to save 300 or 400 Tutsis by calling officials in the international community and was later murdered by the Interahamwe ) , Jacqueline Mukansonera ( Hutu woman who saved a Tutsi during the genocide ) , Paul Rusesabagina ( the Academy Award nominated film Hotel Rwanda is based on his story ) , Carl Wilkens ( the only American who chose to remain in Rwanda during the genocide ) , André Sibomana ( Hutu priest and journalist who saved many lives ) and Captain Mbaye Diagne ( Senegalese army officer of UNAMIR who saved many lives before he was killed ) . Sexual violence ( edit ) Main article : Rape during the Rwandan Genocide Photographs of genocide victims displayed at the Genocide Memorial Center in Kigali Rape was used as a tool by the Interahamwe , the chief perpetrators , to separate the consciously heterogeneous population and to drastically exhaust the opposing group . The use of propaganda played an important role in both the genocide and the gender specific violence . The Hutu propaganda depicted Tutsi women as `` a sexually seductive ' fifth column ' in league with the Hutus ' enemies '' . The exceptional brutality of the sexual violence , as well as the complicity of Hutu women in the attacks , suggests that the use of propaganda had been effective in the exploitation of gendered needs which had mobilized both females and males to participate . Soldiers of the Army for the Liberation of Rwanda and the Rwandan Defence Forces , including the Presidential Guard , and civilians also committed rape against mostly Tutsi women . Although Tutsi women were the main targets , moderate Hutu women were also raped . Along with the Hutu moderates , Hutu women who were married to or who hid Tutsis were also targeted . In his 1996 report on Rwanda , the UN Special Rapporteur Rene Degni - Segui stated , `` Rape was the rule and its absence was the exception . '' He also noted , `` Rape was systematic and was used as a weapon . '' With this thought and using methods of force and threat , the genocidaires forced others to stand by during rapes . A testimonial by a woman of the name Maria Louise Niyobuhungiro recalled seeing local peoples , other generals and Hutu men watching her get raped about 5 times a day . Even when she was kept under watch of a woman , she would give no sympathy or help and furthermore , forced her to farm land in between rapes . Many of the survivors became infected with HIV from the HIV - infected men recruited by the genocidaires . During the conflict , Hutu extremists released hundreds of patients suffering from AIDS from hospitals , and formed them into `` rape squads . '' The intent was to infect and cause a `` slow , inexorable death '' for their future Tutsi rape victims . Tutsi women were also targeted with the intent of destroying their reproductive capabilities . Sexual mutilation sometimes occurred after the rape and included mutilation of the vagina with machetes , knives , sharpened sticks , boiling water , and acid . Men were also the victims of sexual violation , including public mutilation of the genitals . It is estimated by some experts that between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the genocide . Killing of Pygmies ( edit ) The pygmy people called the Batwa ( or ' Twa ' ) made up about 1 % of Rwanda 's population . An estimated 10,000 of the 30,000 strong population was killed . They are sometimes referred to as the `` Forgotten victims '' of the Rwandan genocide . In the months leading up to the genocide , Hutu radio stations accused the Batwa of aiding the RPF and Twa survivors describe Hutu fighters as threatening to kill them all . Rwandan Patriotic Front military campaign and victory ( edit ) Map showing the advance of the RPF during the Rwandan genocide of 1994 On 7 April , as the genocide started , RPF commander Paul Kagame warned the crisis committee and UNAMIR that he would resume the civil war if the killing did not stop . The next day , Rwandan government forces attacked the national parliament building from several directions , but RPF troops stationed there successfully fought back . The RPF then began an attack from the north on three fronts , seeking to link up quickly with the isolated troops in Kigali . Kagame refused to talk to the interim government , believing that it was just a cover for Bagosora 's rule and not committed to ending the genocide . Over the next few days , the RPF advanced steadily south , capturing Gabiro and large areas of the countryside to the north and east of Kigali . They avoided attacking Kigali or Byumba , but conducted manoeuvres designed to encircle the cities and cut off supply routes . The RPF also allowed Tutsi refugees from Uganda to settle behind the front line in the RPF controlled areas . Throughout April , there were numerous attempts by UNAMIR to establish a ceasefire , but Kagame insisted each time that the RPF would not stop fighting unless the killings stopped . In late April , the RPF secured the whole of the Tanzanian border area and began to move west from Kibungo , to the south of Kigali . They encountered little resistance , except around Kigali and Ruhengeri . By 16 May , they had cut the road between Kigali and Gitarama , the temporary home of the interim government , and by 13 June , had taken Gitarama itself , following an unsuccessful attempt by the Rwandan government forces to reopen the road ; the interim government was forced to relocate to Gisenyi in the far north west . As well as fighting the war , Kagame was recruiting heavily to expand the army . The new recruits included Tutsi survivors of the genocide and refugees from Burundi , but were less well trained and disciplined than the earlier recruits . Having completed the encirclement of Kigali , the RPF spent the latter half of June fighting for the city itself . The government forces had superior manpower and weapons , but the RPF steadily gained territory as well as conducting raids to rescue civilians from behind enemy lines . According to Dallaire , this success was due to Kagame 's being a `` master of psychological warfare '' ; he exploited the fact that the government forces were concentrating on the genocide rather than the fight for Kigali , and capitalised on the government 's loss of morale as it lost territory . The RPF finally defeated the Rwandan government forces in Kigali on 4 July , and on 18 July took Gisenyi and the rest of the northwest , forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the genocide . At the end of July 1994 , Kagame 's forces held the whole of Rwanda except for the zone in the south - west which had been occupied by a French - led United Nations force as part of Opération Turquoise . The Liberation Day for Rwanda would come to be marked as 4 July and is commemorated as a public holiday . International involvement ( edit ) Main article : Role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide UNAMIR ( edit ) Main article : UNAMIR A school chalkboard in Kigali . Note the names `` Dallaire '' , UNAMIR Force Commander , and `` Marchal '' , UNAMIR Kigali sector commander . The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda ( UNAMIR ) had been in Rwanda since October 1993 , with a mandate to oversee the implementation of the Arusha Accords . UNAMIR commander Roméo Dallaire learned of the Hutu Power movement during the mission 's deployment , as well as plans for the mass extermination of Tutsi , Dallaire learned of secret weapons caches , but his request to raid them was turned down by the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations ( DPKO ) . UNAMIR 's effectiveness in peacekeeping was also hampered by President Habyarimana and Hutu hardliners , and by April 1994 , the Security Council threatened to terminate UNAMIR 's mandate if it did not make progress . The building in which ten Belgian UNAMIR soldiers were massacred and mutilated . Today the site is preserved as a memorial . Following the death of Habyarimana , and the start of the genocide , Dallaire liaised repeatedly with both the Crisis Committee and the RPF , attempting to re-establish peace and prevent the resumption of the civil war . Neither side was interested in a ceasefire , the government because it was controlled by the genocidaires , and the RPF because it considered it necessary to fight to stop the killings . UNAMIR 's Chapter VI mandate rendered it powerless to intervene militarily , and most of its Rwandan staff were killed in the early days of the genocide , severely limiting its ability to operate . UNAMIR was therefore largely reduced to a bystander role , and Dallaire later labelled it a `` failure . '' Its most significant contribution was to provide refuge for thousands of Tutsi and moderate Hutu at its headquarters in Amahoro Stadium , as well as other secure UN sites , and to assist with the evacuation of foreign nationals . On 12 April , the Belgian government , which was one of the largest troop contributors to UNAMIR , and had lost ten soldiers protecting Prime Minister Uwilingiliyimana , announced that it was withdrawing , reducing the force 's effectiveness even further . In mid-May , the UN finally conceded that `` acts of genocide may have been committed , '' and agreed to reinforcement , which would be known as UNAMIR 2 . The new soldiers did not start arriving until June , and following the end of the genocide in July , the role of UNAMIR 2 was largely confined to maintaining security and stability , until its termination in 1996 . France and operation Turquoise ( edit ) Main article : Role of France in the Rwandan genocide French marine parachutists stand guard at the airport , August 1994 During President Habyarimana 's years in power , France maintained very close relations with him , as part of its Françafrique policy , and assisted Rwanda militarily against the RPF during the Civil War ; France considered the RPF , along with Uganda , as part of a `` plot '' to increase Anglophone influence at the expense of French influence . During the first few days of the genocide , France launched Amaryllis , a military operation assisted by the Belgian army and UNAMIR , to evacuate expatriates from Rwanda . The French and Belgians refused to allow any Tutsi to accompany them , and those who boarded the evacuation trucks were forced off at Rwandan government checkpoints , where they were killed . The French also separated several expatriates and children from their Tutsi spouses , rescuing the foreigners but leaving the Rwandans to likely death . The French did , however , rescue several high - profile members of Habyarimana 's government , as well as his wife , Agathe . In late June 1994 , France launched Opération Turquoise , a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for displaced persons , refugees , and civilians in danger ; from bases in the Zairian cities of Goma and Bukavu , the French entered southwestern Rwanda and established the zone Turquoise , within the Cyangugu -- Kibuye -- Gikongoro triangle , an area occupying approximately a fifth of Rwanda . Radio France International estimates that Turquoise saved around 15,000 lives , but with the genocide coming to an end and the RPF 's ascendancy , many Rwandans interpreted Turquoise as a mission to protect Hutu from the RPF , including some who had participated in the genocide . The French remained hostile to the RPF , and their presence temporarily stalled the RPF 's advance . A number of inquiries have been held into French involvement in Rwanda , including the 1998 French Parliamentary Commission on Rwanda , which accused France of errors of judgement , including `` military cooperation against a background of ethnic tensions , massacres and violence , '' but did not accuse France of direct responsibility for the genocide itself . A 2008 report by the Rwandan government - sponsored Mucyo Commission accused the French government of knowing of preparations for the genocide and helping to train Hutu militia members . United States ( edit ) Convoy of American military vehicles bring fresh water from Goma to Rwandan refugees located at camp Kimbumba , Zaire in August 1994 Intelligence reports indicate that United States president Bill Clinton and his cabinet were aware before the height of the massacre that a `` final solution to eliminate all Tutsis '' was planned . However , fear of a repeat of the events in Somalia shaped US policy at the time , with many commentators identifying the graphic consequences of the Battle of Mogadishu as the key reason behind the US 's failure to intervene in later conflicts such as the Rwandan genocide . After the battle , the bodies of several US casualties of the conflict were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by crowds of local civilians and members of Aidid 's Somali National Alliance . According to the US 's former deputy special envoy to Somalia , Walter Clarke : `` The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt US policy . Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again . '' President Clinton has referred to the failure of the U.S. government to intervene in the genocide as one of his main foreign policy failings , saying `` I do n't think we could have ended the violence , but I think we could have cut it down . And I regret it . '' Eighty percent of the discussion in Washington concerned the evacuation of American citizens . Israel ( edit ) Israel has been accused of selling arms ( guns , bullets and grenades ) to the Rwandan government during the genocide . In 2016 , the Israeli Supreme Court decided that records documenting Israel 's arms sales to Rwanda during the 1994 genocide would remain sealed and concealed from the public . Roman Catholic church ( edit ) The Roman Catholic Church affirms that genocide took place but states that those who took part did so without the permission of the Church . Though religious factors were not prominent , in its 1999 report Human Rights Watch faulted a number of religious authorities in Rwanda , including Roman Catholics , Anglicans , and Protestants , for failing to condemn the genocide -- though that accusation was belied over time . Some in its religious hierarchy have been tried and convicted for their participation by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda . Bishop Misago was accused of corruption and complicity in the genocide , but was cleared of all charges in 2000 . Many other Catholic and other clergy , however , gave their lives to protect Tutsis from slaughter . Some clergy participated in the massacres . In 2006 , Father Athanase Seromba was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment ( increased on appeal to life imprisonment ) by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for his role in the massacre of 2,000 Tutsis . The court heard that Seromba lured the Tutsis to the church , where they believed they would find refuge . When they arrived , he ordered bulldozers to crush the refugees within and Hutu militias to kill any survivors . Aftermath ( edit ) Refugee crisis , insurgency , and two Congo wars ( edit ) Main articles : Great Lakes refugee crisis , First Congo War , and Second Congo War Refugee camp in Zaire , 1994 Following the RPF victory , approximately two million Hutu fled to refugee camps in neighbouring countries , particularly Zaire , fearing RPF reprisals for the Rwandan genocide . The camps were crowded and squalid , and thousands of refugees died in disease epidemics , including cholera and dysentery . The camps were set up by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , but were effectively controlled by the army and government of the former Hutu regime , including many leaders of the genocide , who began rearming in a bid to return to power in Rwanda . By late 1996 , Hutu militants from the camps were launching regular cross-border incursions , and the RPF - led Rwandan government launched a counteroffensive . Rwanda provided troops and military training to the Banyamulenge , a Tutsi group in the Zairian South Kivu province , helping them to defeat Zairian security forces . Rwandan forces , the Banyamulenge , and other Zairian Tutsi , then attacked the refugee camps , targeting the Hutu militia . These attacks caused hundreds of thousands of refugees to flee ; many returned to Rwanda despite the presence of the RPF , while others ventured further west into Zaire . The defeated forces of the former regime continued a cross-border insurgency campaign , supported initially by the predominantly Hutu population of Rwanda 's northwestern provinces . By 1999 , a programme of propaganda and Hutu integration into the national army , succeeded in bringing the Hutu to the government side and the insurgency was defeated . In addition to dismantling the refugee camps , Kagame began planning a war to remove long - time dictator President Mobutu Sese Seko from power . Mobutu had supported the genocidaires based in the camps , and was also accused of allowing attacks on Tutsi people within Zaire . Together with Uganda , the Rwandan government supported an alliance of four rebel groups headed by Laurent - Désiré Kabila , which began waging the First Congo War in 1996 . The rebels quickly took control of the North and South Kivu provinces and later advanced west , gaining territory from the poorly organised and demotivated Zairian army with little fighting , and controlling the whole country by 1997 . Mobutu fled into exile , and Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . However , Rwanda fell out with the new Congolese government in 1998 , and Kagame supported a fresh rebellion , leading to the Second Congo War , which would last up until 2003 and cause millions of deaths and massive damage . A United Nations ( UN ) report in 2010 accused the Rwandan army of committing wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Congo during those wars , charges denied by the Rwandan government . Domestic situation ( edit ) Graph showing the population of Rwanda from 1961 to 2003 . ( Data from U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization ) The infrastructure and economy of the country had suffered greatly during the genocide . Many buildings were uninhabitable , and the former regime had carried with them all currency and moveable assets when they fled the country . Human resources were also severely depleted , with over 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the population having been killed or fled . Many of the remainder were traumatised : most had lost relatives , witnessed killings or participated in the genocide . The long - term effects of war rape in Rwanda for the victims include social isolation , sexually transmitted diseases , unwanted pregnancies and babies , with some women resorting to self - induced abortions . The army , led by Paul Kagame , maintained law and order while the government began the work of rebuilding the country 's structures . Non-governmental organisations began to move back into the country , but the international community did not provide significant assistance to the new regime , and most international aid was routed to the refugee camps which had formed in Zaire following the exodus of Hutu from Rwanda . Kagame strove to portray the government as inclusive and not Tutsi dominated . He directed removal of ethnicity from citizens ' national identity cards , and the government began a policy of downplaying the distinctions among Hutu , Tutsi , and Twa . During the genocide and in the months following the RPF victory , RPF soldiers killed many people they accused of participating in or supporting the genocide . Many of these soldiers were recent Tutsi recruits from within Rwanda , who had lost family or friends and sought revenge . The scale , scope , and source of ultimate responsibility of these killings is disputed . Human Rights Watch , as well as scholars such as Prunier , allege that the death toll might be as high as 100,000 , and that Kagame and the RPF elite either tolerated or organised the killings . In an interview with journalist Stephen Kinzer , Kagame acknowledged that killings had occurred but stated that they were carried out by rogue soldiers and had been impossible to control . The RPF killings gained international attention with the 1995 Kibeho massacre , in which soldiers opened fire on a camp for internally displaced persons in Butare Province . Australian soldiers serving as part of UNAMIR estimated at least 4,000 people were killed , while the Rwandan government claimed that the death toll was 338 . Justice system after genocide ( edit ) The systematic destruction of the judicial system during the genocide and civil war was a major problem . After the genocide , over one million people were potentially culpable for a role in the genocide , nearly one - fifth of the population remaining after the summer of 1994 . After the genocide , the RPF pursued a policy of mass arrests for the genocide , jailing over 100,000 in the two years after the genocide . The pace of arrests overwhelmed the physical capacity of the Rwandan prison system , leading to what Amnesty International deemed `` cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment . '' The country 's nineteen prisons were designed to hold about eighteen thousand inmates , but at their peak in 1998 there were 100,000 people in detention facilities across the country . Government institutions , including judicial courts , were destroyed , and many judges , prosecutors , and employees were murdered . Of 750 judges , 506 did not remain after the genocide -- many were murdered and most of the survivors fled Rwanda . By 1997 , Rwanda only had fifty lawyers in its judicial system . These barriers caused the trials to proceed very slowly : with 130,000 suspects held in Rwandan prisons after the genocide , 3,343 cases were handled between 1996 and the end of 2000 . Of those defendants , twenty percent received death sentences , thirty - two percent received life in prison , and twenty percent were acquitted . It was calculated that it would take over two hundred years to conduct the trials of the suspects in prison -- not including the ones who remained at large . The government began the long - awaited genocide trials , which had an uncertain start at the end of 1996 and inched forward in 1997 . It was not until 1996 that courts finally began trials for genocide cases with the enactment of Organic Law N ° 08 / 96 of 30 on 30 August 1996 . This law initiated the prosecution of genocide crimes committed during the genocide and of crimes against humanity from October 1990 . This law established the regular domestic courts as the core mechanism for responding to genocide until it was amended in 2001 to include the Gacaca courts . The Organic Law established four categories for those involved in the genocide , specifying the limits of punishment for members of each category . The first category was reserved those who were `` planners , organizers , instigators , supervisors and leaders '' of the genocide and any who used positions of state authority to promote the genocide . This category also applied to murderers who distinguished themselves on the basis of their zeal or cruelty , or who engaged in sexual torture . Members of this first category were eligible for the death sentence . While Rwanda had the death penalty prior to the 1996 Organic law , in practice no executions had taken place since 1982 . Twenty - two individuals were executed by firing squad in public executions in April 1997 . After this , Rwanda conducted no further executions , though it did continue to issue death sentences until 2003 . On 25 July 2007 the Organic Law Relating to the Abolition of the Death Penalty came into law , abolishing the death penalty and converting all existing death penalty sentences to life in prison under solitary confinement . Gacaca courts ( edit ) Main article : Gacaca court In response to the overwhelming number of potentially culpable individuals and the slow pace of the traditional judicial system , the government of Rwanda passed Organic Law N ° 40 / 2000 in 2001 . This law established Gacaca Courts at all administrative levels of Rwanda and in Kigali . It was mainly created to lessen the burden on normal courts and provide assistance in the justice system to run trials for those already in prison . The least severe cases , according to the terms of Organic Law N ° 08 / 96 of 30 , would be handled by these Gacaca Courts . With this law , the government began implementing a participatory justice system , known as Gacaca , in order to address the enormous backlog of cases . The Gacaca court system traditionally dealt with conflicts within communities , but it was adapted to deal with genocide crimes . Among the principal objectives of the courts were identification of the truth about what happened during the genocide , speeding up the process of trying genocide suspects , national unity and reconciliation , and demonstrating the capacity of the Rwandan people to resolve their own problems . The Gacaca court system faced many controversies and challenges ; they were accused of being puppets of the RPF - dominated government . The judges ( known as Inyangamugayo , which means `` those who detest dishonesty '' in Kinyarwanda ) who preside over the genocide trials were elected by the public . After election , the judges received training , but there was concern that the training was not adequate for serious legal questions or complex proceedings . Furthermore , many judges resigned after facing accusations of participating in the genocide ; 27.1 % of them were so accused . There was also a lack of defense counsel and protections for the accused , who were denied the right to appeal to ordinary courts . Most trials were open to the public , but there were issues with witness intimidation . The Gacaca courts did not try those responsible for massacres of Hutu civilians committed by members of the RPF , which controlled the Gacaca Court system . On 18 June 2012 , the Gacaca court system was officially closed after facing criticism . It is estimated that the Gacaca court system tried over one million cases during its lifetime . International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ( edit ) Meanwhile , the UN established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , currently based in Arusha , Tanzania . The UN Tribunal has jurisdiction over high - level members of the government and armed forces , while Rwanda is responsible for prosecuting lower - level leaders and local people . Main article : International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Since the ICTR was established as an ad hoc international jurisdiction , the ICTR was scheduled to close by the end of 2014 , after it would complete trials by 2009 and appeals by 2010 or 2011 . Initially , the U.N. Security Council established the ICTR in 1994 with an original mandate of four years without a fixed deadline and set on addressing the crimes committed during the Rwandan genocide . As the years passed , it became apparent that the ICTR would exist long past its original mandate . However , with the announcement of its closing , there was a concern over whether the Rwandan genocide would still have an authority like that of the ICTR in prosecuting high - ranking fugitives and with access to international sources . The ICTR officially closed on 31 December 2015 , and its remaining functions were handed over to the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals . Survivors ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are an estimated 300,000 survivors of the Rwandan genocide . The 2007 report on the living conditions of survivors conducted by the Ministry in charge of Social Affairs in Rwanda reported the following situation of survivors : Category Number of survivors Very vulnerable survivors 120,080 Shelterless 39,685 Orphans living in households headed by children 28,904 Widows 49,656 Disabled during the genocide 27,498 Children and youth with no access to school 15,438 Graduates from high school with no access to higher education 8,000 Survivor organizations ( edit ) There are a number of organizations representing and supporting these survivors of the genocide . These are : Surf ( edit ) SURF ( or the Survivors Fund ) is the main international charity dedicated to aiding and assisting the survivors of the Rwandan genocide . Since 1997 , SURF has been advocating and fundraising internationally in support of the efforts of grassroots survivors organisations in Rwanda , including IBUKA ( National Umbrella of Survivors ' Organisations ) , AVEGA ( Association of Widows of the Genocide ) , AOCM ( Association of Orphan - Headed Households ) , Uyisenga N'Manzi ( Organisation of Child Survivors with HIV / AIDS ) and Solace Ministries ( Christian Survivors Support Organisation ) . Its focus is to ensure that the voices of survivors are listened to and heard , memories of the genocide are kept alive , victims of the genocide are never forgotten and survivors of the genocide are supported in Rwanda , and in the UK where it is based . IBUKA ( edit ) IBUKA is a high - profile lobby group with a particular interest in addressing justice for survivors and coordinating and leading joint survivors ' projects on a national level . A direct translation of IBUKA is `` remember '' , which is the objective of the umbrella association . It is composed of ten member organisations , which work to perpetuate the memory of genocide and provide support to genocide survivors . Speaking out is a sign of confidence of the survivors and being heard increases that confidence , which is what IBUKA strives to achieve . AVEGA ( edit ) AVEGA was founded in 1995 by 50 widowed survivors , who realised after the genocide that there was no one left to care for them or their children . The charity provides a means of support and recovery , and promotes self - fulfilment and self - reliance through many programmes , ranging from social networking to job training and from home construction to peer counselling . AVEGA now has five centres across Rwanda . AOCM ( edit ) AOCM respond to the needs of orphans who survived the genocide , in particular to promote the general welfare of its 40,000 members in 10,000 orphan - headed households . Its staff are all orphans themselves who head households . SURF helped AOCM build its capacity to advocate to give orphaned survivors of the genocide a stronger voice in Rwanda . AOCM is now an established and reputable , growing child - advocacy organisation . Uyisenga N'Manzi ( edit ) Uyisenga N'Manzi is a community - based organization that provides economic , educational and health - related support for child - headed households in Kigali . According to the International Fund for Rwanda , over 120,000 homes became child - headed households as a result of the 1994 genocide , and that number continues to grow as adults succumb to AIDS . In some cases , the head of household is as young as 10 or 12 . Solace Ministries ( edit ) Solace Ministries is an officially registered Christian based charity , which supports traumatized widows and orphans of genocide , especially people living with HIV / AIDS . It helps to restore hope and overcome feelings of despair , loneliness , hatred , anger and resentment among its members . Its programs include counseling ; childcare and development programs ; community development programs ; health and relief ; capacity building and research . More importantly , it provides a vital secure environment for survivors to meet and pray together . Streets Ahead Rwanda ( edit ) Streets Ahead Rwanda supports street children living in Eastern Rwanda who continue to suffer the effects of the Rwandan genocide . The charity works in partnership with the Streets Ahead Children 's Centre which is an NGO based in Rwanda . The centre is based in Kayonza but reintegrates children across the entire country . Media and popular culture ( edit ) See also : List of films about the Rwandan Genocide and Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide Canadian Lieutenant - General Roméo Dallaire became the best - known eyewitness to the genocide after co-writing the 2003 book Shake Hands with the Devil : The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda , describing his experiences with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder . Another firsthand account of the Rwandan genocide is offered by Dr. James Orbinski in his book An Imperfect Offering : Humanitarian Action in the Twenty - first Century . Among survivors , Immaculée Ilibagiza documented her story in Left to Tell : Discovering God Amidst the Rwandan Holocaust . The book recounts how she survived for 91 days with seven other women during the genocide in a damp and small bathroom , no larger than 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) long and 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) wide . Gil Courtemanche , a French - Canadian writer , authored Dimanche à la piscine à Kigali ( A Sunday at the Pool in Kigali ) , which focuses on events in Kigali during the genocide . At the Earth Made of Glass premiere , Rwandan President Paul Kagame stands with , from left , Jenna Dewan , director Deborah Scranton , documentary subject Jean Pierre Sagahutu , producer Reid Carolin and executive producer Channing Tatum . The critically acclaimed and multiple Academy Award - nominated 2004 film Hotel Rwanda is based on the experiences of Paul Rusesabagina , a Kigali hotelier at the Hôtel des Mille Collines who sheltered over a thousand refugees during the genocide . It is listed by the American Film Institute as one of the 100 most inspirational movies of all time . This same story is related in Rusesabagina 's 2006 autobiography An Ordinary Man . In 2005 , HBO produced a television movie named Sometimes in April . The story centers on two brothers : Honoré Butera , working for Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines , and Augustin Muganza , a captain in the Rwandan army ( who was married to a Tutsi woman ) , who bear witness to the killing of close to over a million people in 100 days while becoming divided by politics and losing some of their own family . Dallaire 's book was made into the movie Shake Hands with the Devil in 2007 . Courtemanche 's book was also made into a movie , A Sunday in Kigali ( 2007 ) . The documentary Earth Made of Glass , an independent film , about the personal and political costs of the genocide , focusing on Rwandan President Paul Kagame and genocide survivor Jean - Pierre Sagahutu , premiered at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival . In 2005 , Alison Des Forges wrote that eleven years after the genocide , films for popular audiences on the subject greatly increased the `` widespread realization of the horror that had taken the lives of more than half a million Tutsi '' . In 2007 , Charlie Beckett , Director of POLIS , said : `` How many people saw the movie Hotel Rwanda ? ( It is ) ironically the way that most people now relate to Rwanda . '' Among songs , `` Rwanda '' by the punk - ska band Rancid from the album Rancid is about the Rwandan genocide . So is the punk - ska band Rx Bandits 's song `` In All Rwanda 's Glory '' on their album Progress , which they say contains `` overly political lyrics '' . Brooke Fraser wrote the song `` Albertine '' on her album Albertine about an eponymous orphan from the genocide whom Fraser met one time in Rwanda in 2005 . In 2016 , the Christian metalcore band Fit for a King explained that a song entitled `` Stacking Bodies '' , on their newest album is about the Rwandan genocide . Former journalist and United States Ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power is interviewed about the Rwandan genocide in Watchers of the Sky , a 2014 documentary by Edet Belzberg about genocide throughout history and its eventual inclusion in international law . Juliane Okot Bitek 's book of poetry , 100 Days ( University of Alberta Press , 2016 ) uses the Rwandan genocide as a framework within which to explore `` the senseless loss of life and of innocence '' as well as `` her own family 's experience of displacement under the regime of Idi Amin '' Juliane Okot Bitek is the daughter of Ugandan poet Okot p'Bitek . Memorial in St John 's Gardens , Liverpool Revisionist accounts ( edit ) The context of the 1994 Rwandan genocide continues to be a matter of historical debate . There have been frequent charges of revisionism . A `` double genocides '' theory , accusing the Tutsis of engaging in a `` counter-genocide '' against the Hutus , is promulgated in Black Furies , White Liars , the controversial book by French investigative journalist Pierre Péan . One 2009 study of central and southern Rwanda , based on 8 months of field research in Rwanda over a period of 2 years , found , however , that the absolute number of Tutsis killed was double that for Hutus , and that the patterns of killing for the two groups differed . Jean - Pierre Chrétien , a French historian whom Péan describes as an active member of the `` pro-Tutsi lobby '' , criticized Péan 's `` amazing revisionist passion '' . Another person accused of genocide revisionism is the Montreal writer Robin Philpot , whom Gerald Caplan identified in a 2007 Globe and Mail article as believing that `` many people were killed in 1994 by both sides making those who carried out the genocide and their enemies morally equivalent . '' He further charges that Philpot argued `` ( t ) here was no one - sided conspiracy by armed Hutu forces and militias against a million defenceless Tutsi , he says . '' A great deal of effort has been extended to make sure the focus stays exclusively on the Francophone Tutsi victims and their Hutu executioners . But of the estimated one million people killed , between 300,000 and 500,000 of them were Tutsi , according to best estimates . What about the other 500,000 to 700,000 people ? Who is responsible for their deaths ? -- Christian Davenport Professor of Peace Studies at Michigan In 2009 , Christian Davenport of the University of Michigan and Allan C. Stam , the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth , posed the question : `` What really happened in Rwanda ? '' The pair do not question that an anti-Tutsi genocide took place in 1994 , but their investigation led them to conclude that `` conventional wisdom was only partly correct '' . They argue that the genocide constituted only part of the slaughter of spring and summer 1994 ; that the RPF was `` clearly responsible '' for another major portion of the killings ; that the victims were `` fairly evenly distributed between Tutsi and Hutu '' ; that the majority of the dead were actually Hutu , rather than Tutsi ; and that , `` among other things , it appears that there simply were n't enough Tutsi in Rwanda at the time to account for all the reported deaths . '' In October 2014 , a BBC documentary , Rwanda : The Untold Story , was aired featuring interviews with Davenport and Stam and it suggested that Kagame 's RPF was involved in the shooting down of Habyarimana 's plane . It aroused considerable controversy , as well as earning the ire of the Rwandan government , which banned the BBC 's Kinyarwanda - language radio broadcasts from the country before conducting a three - week inquiry into the documentary . In November 2014 , Emmanuel Mughisa ( also known as Emile Gafarita ) , a former Rwandan soldier who said he had evidence that Kagame had ordered Habyarimana 's plane shot down , was abducted in Nairobi hours after he was called to testify at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , `` join ( ing ) a long list of Mr Kagame 's opponents who have disappeared or died . '' Revisionism and the Rwandan constitution ( edit ) See also : Rwandan genocide denial Under the Rwandan constitution , `` revisionism , negationism and trivialisation of genocide '' are criminal offences . Hundreds of people have been tried and convicted for `` genocide ideology '' , `` revisionism '' , and other laws ostensibly related to the genocide . Of the 489 individuals convicted of `` genocide revisionism and other related crimes '' in 2009 , five were sentenced to life imprisonment , a further five were sentenced to more than 20 years in jail , 99 were sentenced to 10 -- 20 years in jail , 211 received a custodial sentence of 5 -- 10 years , and the remaining 169 received jail terms of less than five years . Amnesty International has criticized the Rwandan government for using these laws to `` criminalize legitimate dissent and criticism of the government . '' In 2010 , an American law professor and attorney , Peter Erlinder , was arrested in Kigali and charged with genocide denial while defending presidential candidate Victoire Ingabire . See also ( edit ) Jacqueline Murekatete Mogadishu Line Our Lady of Kibeho Rwanda portal Human rights portal Genocide portal 1990s portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , Rwanda : How the genocide happened , BBC , 17 May 2011 , which gives an estimate of 800,000 , and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide , Africa Recovery , Vol. 12 1 # 1 ( August 1998 ) , p. 4 , which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000 . Seven out of every 10 Tutsis were killed . Jump up ^ UN decides it is officially ' genocide against Tutsi ' - News ^ Jump up to : Sheshadri , Raja . `` Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict '' . American University . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Pygmies ' '' . Survival International . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide Jump up ^ `` The Machete '' . Imaging Genocide . Michigan State University . 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ M , Mark ( 3 January 2009 ) . `` The Rwandan Genocide : Role of the Media , Local Politics and the International Community '' . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/world/africa/rwanda-france-genocide.html Jump up ^ https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/13/africa/french-officials-rwanda-genocide/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.newsweek.com/rwanda-genocide-french-connection-508940 Jump up ^ http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/06/27/genocide-au-rwanda-des-revelations-sur-le-role-de-la-france_5151690_3212.html Jump up ^ Chrétien 2003 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Mamdani 2002 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Chrétien 2003 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Luis 2004 . Jump up ^ Mamdani 2002 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Chrétien 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Shyaka , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Mamdani 2002 , p. 52 . 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Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Prunier 1999 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Dallaire 2005 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Adams , Smin . `` The UN , Rwanda and the ' Genocide Fax ' -- 20 Years Later '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Stewart . `` Lessons of the Rwandan Genocide '' . The Internationalist . ^ Jump up to : Pogge , Thomas ( 2010 ) . Politics as Usual ( 1 ed . ) . Polity . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3892 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 872 Rwanda ( 5 Oct ) '' . UNSCR . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/pope-francis-asks-for-catholic-church-to-be-forgiven-for-role-in-rwandan-genocide_us_58cff7cee4b0ec9d29dda49e Jump up ^ `` TIME '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 8 March 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuters : French probe exonerates Rwanda leader in genocide , January 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ Melvern , Linda ( 10 January 2012 ) . `` Rwanda : at last we know the truth '' . Jump up ^ Reyntjens , Filip ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Rwanda 's Untold Story . A reply to `` 38 scholars , scientists , researchers , journalists and historians '' `` . African Arguments . Jump up ^ Dallaire 2005 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Dallaire 2005 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Dallaire 2005 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Dallaire 2005 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Dallaire 2005 , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Prunier 1999 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Dallaire 2005 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Gourevitch 2000 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Rwandan convicted of killing Belgian peacekeepers '' . Reuters. 4 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Dallaire 2005 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Dallaire 2005 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Prunier 1999 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Dallaire 2005 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ James , Paul ( 2015 ) . `` Despite the Terrors of Typologies : The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity '' . Interventions : International Journal of Postcolonial Studies . 17 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 195 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369801x. 2014.993332 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Prunier 1999 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , pp. 146 - 147 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Melvern 2004 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , pp. 244 245 . Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , p. 242 243 . ^ Jump up to : Prunier 1999 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Prunier 1999 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Prunier 1999 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Melvern 2004 , pp. 209 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Melvern 2004 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , p. 233 . 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Jump up ^ Records of Israeli arms sales during Rwandan genocide to remain sealed , The Times of Israel , 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Totten , Bartrop & Jacobs 2008 , p. 380 . ^ Jump up to : Des Forges 1999 , `` The Organization '' The Clergy '' Jump up ^ `` Rwandan bishop cleared of genocide '' . BBC News . 15 June 2000 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-priest jailed for Rwanda genocide '' . MSNBC. 13 December 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kimani , Martin ( 29 March 2010 ) . `` For Rwandans , the pope 's apology must be unbearable Comment is free '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ch. 10 : `` The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath '' '' ( PDF ) . in State of the World 's Refugees 2000 , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , pp. 381 -- 382 . ^ Jump up to : Pomfret 1997 . Jump up ^ Prunier 1999 , p. 382 . ^ Jump up to : Prunier 1999 , pp. 384 -- 385 . Jump up ^ Prunier 2009 , p. 118 . 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Human Rights Review . 10 : 99 . ^ Jump up to : Tiemessen 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkin 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Powers 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of the Report Presented at the Closing of Gacaca Courts Activities . '' Republic of Rwanda : National Service of Gacaca Courts . Kigali , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Organic Law No. 08 / 96 of 303 August on the Organization of Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crimes of Genocide or Crimes against Humanity Committed since 1 October 1990 . '' Jump up ^ Organic Law N ° 31 / 2007 of 25 / 07 / 2007 Relating to the Abolition of the Death Penalty Jump up ^ Tully 2003 . Jump up ^ Walker , Robert ( 30 March 2004 ) . `` Rwanda still searching for justice '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rettig 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rwanda ' gacaca ' genocide courts finish work '' . BBC News . 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Des Forges 1999 , `` Justice and Responsibility '' The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda `` . Jump up ^ Akhavan 1996 . Jump up ^ `` UN genocide tribunal in Rwanda swears - in judges selected to finish its work '' . UN News Centre . 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Aptel 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rwanda : International Tribunal Closing Its Doors '' . Human Rights Watch . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jacqueline 's Human Rights Corner '' . Jacqueline 's Human Rights Corner. 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Camouflage and exposure '' , Canadian Medical Association Journal , 29 April 2003 ; 168 ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ' Hotel Rwanda ' Official movie site Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Earth Made of Glass Archived 3 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Tribeca Film Festival guide . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 : Hate media in Rwanda Call to genocide : radio in Rwanda , 1994 : International Development Research Centre '' . Idrc.ca . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Media and the Rwanda Genocide '' . POLISMedia . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fit for a King '' . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Watchers of the Sky ' and the Full Cruelty of Consciousness '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Watchers of the Sky Film Review Slant Magazine '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Watchers of the Sky Human Rights Watch Film Festival '' . ff.hrw.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ 100 Days , cover flap information Jump up ^ Letter by Gasana Ndoba ( President de La Commission Nationale des Droits de L'Homme du Rwanda ) . Conference Mondiale sur Le Racisme , La Discrimation Raciale , La Xenophobie et L'Intolerance qui y est associée . Durban , South Africa , 31 August -- 7 September 2001 . Online posting . Jump up ^ N ° 300 ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE : CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958 : DOUZIÈME LÉGISLATURE : Enregistré à la Présidence de l'Assemblée nationale le 15 octobre 2002 . Online posting . National Assembly of France . Proposition 300 Jump up ^ Jean - Paul Gouteux . `` Mémoire et révisionnisme du génocide rwandais en France : Racines politiques , impact médiatique . '' Online posting . Amnistia.net Archived 11 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine . 12 February 2004 . Jump up ^ Verwimp 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Point de Vue : Un pamphlet teinté d'africanisme colonial . '' Le Monde 9 December 2005 . Qtd . by Thierry Perret in `` Les dossiers de presse : Afrique - France : Rwanda / `` l'affaire '' Péan . '' Online posting . RFI Service Pro Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . 22 December 2005 . Chrétien 's `` Point de Vue '' posted online in Observatoire de l'Afrique centrale 8 ( December 2005 ) Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . 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Asiimwe , Arthur ( 2008 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Rwanda accuses France directly over 1994 genocide '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . `` Rwanda : French accused in genocide '' . New York Times . Associated Press . 2008 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Aptel , Cicile ( 2008 ) . `` Closing the U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda : Completion Strategy and Residual Issues '' ( PDF ) . New England Journal of International and Comparative Law . 14 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 188 . BBC News ( I ) ( 1998 - 03 - 04 ) . `` French parliament inquiry into Rwandan genocide '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . BBC News ( II ) ( 2006 - 11 - 23 ) . `` France issues Rwanda warrants '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . BBC News ( III ) ( 2008 - 08 - 05 ) . `` France accused in Rwanda genocide '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . Chrétien , Jean - Pierre ( 2003 ) . The Great Lakes of Africa : Two Thousand Years of History . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890951 - 34 - 4 . 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( 2012 ) . `` ' She makes me ashamed to be a woman ' : The Genocide Conviction of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko , 2011 '' . Michigan Journal of International Law . 2013 . SSRN 2155937 . Elbe , Stefan ( 2002 ) . `` HIV / AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa '' ( PDF ) . International Security . 27 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / 016228802760987851 . JSTOR 3092146 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2013 . Fassbender , Bardo ( 2011 ) . Securing Human Rights ? : Achievements and Challenges of the UN Security Council . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 964149 - 9 . Ferroggiaro , William , ed. ( 2001 ) . The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994 : Evidence of Inaction . Washington , DC : National Security Archive . Gourevitch , Philip ( 2000 ) . We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families ( Reprint ed . ) . London ; New York , N.Y. : Picador . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 37120 - 9 . Hayden , Robert M. 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 3588 - 4 . Sarkin , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` The Tension between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda : Politics , Human Rights , Due Process , and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with the Genocide '' . Journal of African Law . 45 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 172 . doi : 10.1017 / s0221855301001675 . JSTOR 3558953 . Shyaka , Anastase . `` The Rwandan Conflict : Origin , Development , Exit Strategies '' ( PDF ) . National Unity and Reconciliation Commission , Republic of Rwanda . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Silva - Leander , Sebastian ( 2008 ) . `` On the Danger and Necessity of Democratisation : trade - offs between short - term stability and long - term peace in post-genocide Rwanda '' . Third World Quarterly . 29 ( 8 ) : 1601 -- 1620 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590802528754 . Tiemessen , Alana Erin ( 2004 ) . `` After Arusha : Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda '' ( PDF ) . African Studies Quarterly . 8 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 76 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 December 2012 . Totten , Samuel ; Bartrop , Paul Robert ; Jacobs , Steven L. ( 2008 ) . Dictionary of Genocide , Volume 2 : M -- Z . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34644 - 6 . Tully , L. Danielle ( 2003 ) . `` Human Rights Compliance and the Gacaca Jurisdictions in Rwanda '' . Boston College International and Comparative Law Review . 26 ( 2 ) : 385 -- 411 . United Nations ( I ) . `` Rwanda - UNAMIR Background '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 07 . United Nations ( II ) . `` UNAMIR -- Historical Background '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations ( 2008 ) . `` United Nations Peacekeeping Operations : Principles and Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . New York , N.Y. : United Nations Secretariat . Whitney , Craig R. ( 1998 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Panel Finds French Errors In Judgment On Rwanda '' . New York Times . New York , N.Y . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . Verwimp , Philip ( 2006 ) . `` Machetes and Firearms : The Organization of Massacres in Rwanda '' . Journal of Peace Research . 43 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022343306059576 . JSTOR 27640247 . Verwimp , Philip ( 2009 ) . `` Testing the Double - Genocide Thesis for Central and Southern Rwanda '' . The Journal of Conflict Resolution . 47 ( 4 ) : 423 -- 442 . JSTOR 3176203 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rwandan genocide . Wikiversity has learning resources about Rwandan genocide Genocide Archive Rwanda Through My Eyes Website Imperial War Museum -- online exhibition United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Rwanda Commemoration Project : Genocide in Our Time Rwandan Genocide Background from the Human Rights Watch Step Up ! American Association for Rwandan Women Gacaca Film Series - official site for the documentary film series that includes My Neighbor My Killer ( Official Selection at Cannes Film Festival ) , Gacaca Living Together in Rwanda ? , In Rwanda We Say ... The family that does not speak dies and The Notebooks of Memory by Emmy winner Anne Aghion Rwandan Overview . Committee on Conscience : Rwandan Genocide . 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Bashir Augustin Bizimungu Slobodan Milošević Radovan Karadžić Ratko Mladić Lothar von Trotha Efraín Ríos Montt Saddam Hussein GND : 4360701 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_genocide&oldid=838463580 '' Categories : Rwandan genocide 1994 in Rwanda 1994 in Africa Genocides History of Africa Mass murder in 1994 Massacres in Rwanda Military scandals Peacekeeping operations Massacres of ethnic groups Responsibility to protect United Nations operations in Rwanda Ethnic cleansing in Africa April 1994 events May 1994 events June 1994 events July 1994 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from February 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 05 : 09 . 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3464563710795800365

what is the difference between primary and archaeological sources

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Primary_source&oldid=806502664

Primary source - Wikipedia Primary source Jump to : navigation , search For Wikipedia 's policy on the use of primary sources , see WP : PRIMARY . Not to be confused with Primary sector . This wall painting found in the Roman city of Pompeii is an example of a primary source about people in Pompeii in Roman times . ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) In the study of history as an academic discipline , a primary source ( also called original source or evidence ) is an artifact , a document , diary , manuscript , autobiography , a recording , or any other source of information that was created at the time under study . It serves as an original source of information about the topic . Similar definitions can be used in library science , and other areas of scholarship , although different fields have somewhat different definitions . In journalism , a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation , or a document written by such a person . Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources , which cite , comment on , or build upon primary sources . Generally , accounts written after the fact with the benefit ( and possible distortions ) of hindsight are secondary . A secondary source may also be a primary source depending on how it is used . For example , a memoir would be considered a primary source in research concerning its author or about his or her friends characterized within it , but the same memoir would be a secondary source if it were used to examine the culture in which its author lived . `` Primary '' and `` secondary '' should be understood as relative terms , with sources categorized according to specific historical contexts and what is being studied . Contents ( hide ) 1 The significance of source classification 1.1 History 1.2 Other fields 2 Finding primary sources 3 Using primary sources 4 Strengths and weaknesses 5 Classifying sources 6 Forgeries 7 See also 8 References 9 External links The significance of source classification ( edit ) History ( edit ) From a letter of Philip II , King of Spain , 16th century In scholarly writing , an important objective of classifying sources is to determine their independence and reliability . In contexts such as historical writing , it is almost always advisable to use primary sources and that `` if none are available , it is only with great caution that ( the author ) may proceed to make use of secondary sources . '' Sreedharan believes that primary sources have the most direct connection to the past and that they `` speak for themselves '' in ways that can not be captured through the filter of secondary sources . Other fields ( edit ) In scholarly writing , the objective of classifying sources is to determine the independence and reliability of sources . Though the terms primary source and secondary source originated in historiography as a way to trace the history of historical ideas , they have been applied to many other fields . For example , these ideas may be used to trace the history of scientific theories , literary elements and other information that is passed from one author to another . In scientific literature , a primary source is the original publication of a scientist 's new data , results and theories . In political history , primary sources are documents such as official reports , speeches , pamphlets , posters , or letters by participants , official election returns and eyewitness accounts . In the history of ideas or intellectual history , the main primary sources are books , essays and letters written by intellectuals ; these intellectuals may include historians , whose books and essays are therefore considered primary sources for the intellectual historian , though they are secondary sources in their own topical fields . In religious history , the primary sources are religious texts and descriptions of religious ceremonies and rituals . A study of cultural history could include fictional sources such as novels or plays . In a broader sense primary sources also include artifacts like photographs , newsreels , coins , paintings or buildings created at the time . Historians may also take archaeological artifacts and oral reports and interviews into consideration . Written sources may be divided into three types . Narrative sources or literary sources tell a story or message . They are not limited to fictional sources ( which can be sources of information for contemporary attitudes ) but include diaries , films , biographies , leading philosophical works and scientific works . Diplomatic sources include charters and other legal documents which usually follow a set format . Social documents are records created by organizations , such as registers of births and tax records . In historiography , when the study of history is subject to historical scrutiny , a secondary source becomes a primary source . For a biography of a historian , that historian 's publications would be primary sources . Documentary films can be considered a secondary source or primary source , depending on how much the filmmaker modifies the original sources . The Lafayette College Library , provides a synopsis of primary sources in several areas of study : `` The definition of a primary source varies depending upon the academic discipline and the context in which it is used . In the humanities , a primary source could be defined as something that was created either during the time period being studied or afterward by individuals reflecting on their involvement in the events of that time . In the social sciences , the definition of a primary source would be expanded to include numerical data that has been gathered to analyze relationships between people , events , and their environment . In the natural sciences , a primary source could be defined as a report of original findings or ideas . These sources often appear in the form of research articles with sections on methods and results . '' Finding primary sources ( edit ) Although many primary sources remain in private hands , others are located in archives , libraries , museums , historical societies , and special collections . These can be public or private . Some are affiliated with universities and colleges , while others are government entities . Materials relating to one area might be spread over a large number of different institutions . These can be distant from the original source of the document . For example , the Huntington Library in California houses a large number of documents from the United Kingdom . In the US , digital copies of primary sources can be retrieved from a number of places . The Library of Congress maintains several digital collections where they can be retrieved . Some examples are American Memory and Chronicling America . The National Archives and Records Administration also has digital collections in Digital Vaults . The Digital Public Library of America searches across the digitized primary source collections of many libraries , archives , and museums . The Internet Archive also has primary source materials in many formats . In the UK , the National Archives provides a consolidated search of its own catalogue and a wide variety of other archives listed on the Access to Archives index . Digital copies of various classes of documents at the National Archives ( including wills ) are available from DocumentsOnline . Most of the available documents relate to England and Wales . Some digital copies of primary sources are available from the National Archives of Scotland . Many County Record Offices collections are included in Access to Archives , while others have their own on - line catalogues . Many County Record Offices will supply digital copies of documents . In other regions , Europeana has digitized materials from across Europe while the World Digital Library and Flickr Commons have items from all over the world . Trove has primary sources from Australia . Most primary source materials are not digitized and may only be represented online with a record or finding aid . Both digitized and not digitized materials can be found through catalogs such as WorldCat , the Library of Congress catalog , the National Archives catalog , and so on . Using primary sources ( edit ) History as an academic discipline is based on primary sources , as evaluated by the community of scholars , who report their findings in books , articles and papers . Arthur Marwick says `` Primary sources are absolutely fundamental to history . '' Ideally , a historian will use all available primary sources that were created by the people involved at the time being studied . In practice some sources have been destroyed , while others are not available for research . Perhaps the only eyewitness reports of an event may be memoirs , autobiographies , or oral interviews taken years later . Sometimes the only evidence relating to an event or person in the distant past was written or copied decades or centuries later . Manuscripts that are sources for classical texts can be copies of documents , or fragments of copies of documents . This is a common problem in classical studies , where sometimes only a summary of a book or letter has survived . Potential difficulties with primary sources have the result that history is usually taught in schools using secondary sources . Historians studying the modern period with the intention of publishing an academic article prefer to go back to available primary sources and to seek new ( in other words , forgotten or lost ) ones . Primary sources , whether accurate or not , offer new input into historical questions and most modern history revolves around heavy use of archives and special collections for the purpose of finding useful primary sources . A work on history is not likely to be taken seriously as scholarship if it only cites secondary sources , as it does not indicate that original research has been done . However , primary sources -- particularly those from before the 20th century -- may have hidden challenges . `` Primary sources , in fact , are usually fragmentary , ambiguous and very difficult to analyse and interpret . '' Obsolete meanings of familiar words and social context are among the traps that await the newcomer to historical studies . For this reason , the interpretation of primary texts is typically taught as part of an advanced college or postgraduate history course , although advanced self - study or informal training is also possible . The following questions are asked about primary sources : What is the tone ? Who is the intended audience ? What is the purpose of the publication ? What assumptions does the author make ? What are the bases of the author 's conclusions ? Does the author agree or disagree with other authors of the subject ? Does the content agree with what you know or have learned about the issue ? Where was the source made ? ( questions of systemic bias ) Strengths and weaknesses ( edit ) In many fields and contexts , such as historical writing , it is almost always advisable to use primary sources if possible , and `` if none are available , it is only with great caution that ( the author ) may proceed to make use of secondary sources . '' In addition , primary sources avoid the problem inherent in secondary sources in which each new author may distort and put a new spin on the findings of prior cited authors . `` A history , whose author draws conclusions from other than primary sources or secondary sources actually based on primary sources , is by definition fiction and not history at all . '' -- Kameron Searle However , a primary source is not necessarily more of an authority or better than a secondary source . There can be bias and tacit unconscious views which twist historical information . `` Original material may be ... prejudiced , or at least not exactly what it claims to be . '' -- David Iredale The errors may be corrected in secondary sources , which are often subjected to peer review , can be well documented , and are often written by historians working in institutions where methodological accuracy is important to the future of the author 's career and reputation . Historians consider the accuracy and objectiveness of the primary sources that they are using and historians subject both primary and secondary sources to a high level of scrutiny . A primary source such as a journal entry ( or the online version , a blog ) , at best , may only reflect one individual 's opinion on events , which may or may not be truthful , accurate , or complete . Participants and eyewitnesses may misunderstand events or distort their reports , deliberately or not , to enhance their own image or importance . Such effects can increase over time , as people create a narrative that may not be accurate . For any source , primary or secondary , it is important for the researcher to evaluate the amount and direction of bias . As an example , a government report may be an accurate and unbiased description of events , but it may be censored or altered for propaganda or cover - up purposes . The facts can be distorted to present the opposing sides in a negative light . Barristers are taught that evidence in a court case may be truthful but may still be distorted to support or oppose the position of one of the parties . Classifying sources ( edit ) Many sources can be considered either primary or secondary , depending on the context in which they are examined . Moreover , the distinction between primary and secondary sources is subjective and contextual , so that precise definitions are difficult to make . A book review , when it contains the opinion of the reviewer about the book rather than a summary of the book , becomes a primary source . If a historical text discusses old documents to derive a new historical conclusion , it is considered to be a primary source for the new conclusion . Examples in which a source can be both primary and secondary include an obituary or a survey of several volumes of a journal counting the frequency of articles on a certain topic . Whether a source is regarded as primary or secondary in a given context may change , depending upon the present state of knowledge within the field . For example , if a document refers to the contents of a previous but undiscovered letter , that document may be considered `` primary '' , since it is the closest known thing to an original source ; but if the letter is later found , it may then be considered `` secondary '' In some instances , the reason for identifying a text as the `` primary source '' may devolve from the fact that no copy of the original source material exists , or that it is the oldest extant source for the information cited . Forgeries ( edit ) Historians must occasionally contend with forged documents that purport to be primary sources . These forgeries have usually been constructed with a fraudulent purpose , such as promulgating legal rights , supporting false pedigrees , or promoting particular interpretations of historic events . The investigation of documents to determine their authenticity is called diplomatics . For centuries , Popes used the forged Donation of Constantine to bolster the Papacy 's secular power . Among the earliest forgeries are false Anglo - Saxon charters , a number of 11th - and 12th - century forgeries produced by monasteries and abbeys to support a claim to land where the original document had been lost or never existed . One particularly unusual forgery of a primary source was perpetrated by Sir Edward Dering , who placed false monumental brasses in a parish church . In 1986 , Hugh Trevor - Roper `` authenticated '' the Hitler Diaries , which were later proved to be forgeries . Recently , forged documents have been placed within the UK National Archives in the hope of establishing a false provenance . However , historians dealing with recent centuries rarely encounter forgeries of any importance . See also ( edit ) Examples Monograph Others Archival research Historiography Source criticism Source literature Source text Historical document Library and information science portal Secondary source Tertiary source Original research UNISIST model Scientific journalism Scholarly method References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Primary , secondary and tertiary sources '' . University Libraries , University of Maryland . Jump up ^ `` Primary and secondary sources '' . Ithaca College Library . ^ Jump up to : Oscar Handlin and Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Harvard Guide to American History ( 1954 ) ^ Jump up to : Kragh , Helge ( 1989 ) . An Introduction to the Historiography of Science . Cambridge University Press . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38921 - 6 . ( T ) he distinction is not a sharp one . Since a source is only a source in a specific historical context , the same source object can be both a primary or secondary source according to what it is used for . ^ Jump up to : Cipolla , Carlo M. ( 1992 ) . Between Two Cultures : An Introduction to Economic History . W.W. Norton & Co. p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30816 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sreedharan , E. ( 2004 ) . A Textbook of Historiography , 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 . Orient Longman . p. 302 . ISBN 81 - 250 - 2657 - 6 . ( I ) t is through the primary sources that the past indisputably imposes its reality on the historian . That this imposition is basic in any understanding of the past is clear from the rules that documents should not be altered , or that any material damaging to a historian 's argument or purpose should not be left out or suppressed . These rules mean that the sources or the texts of the past have an integrity and that they do indeed ' speak for themselves ' , and that they are necessary constraints through which past reality imposes itself on the historian . Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources - Religion '' . Research Guides at Tufts University . 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Martha C. ; Prevenier , Walter . ( 2001 ) . From reliable sources : an introduction to historical method . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8560 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Thomas ( 1995 ) . `` Historical Truth : An Interview with Ken Burns '' . American Historical Review . The American Historical Review , Vol. 100 , No. 3 . 100 ( 3 ) : 741 -- 764 . JSTOR 2168603 . doi : 10.2307 / 2168603 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources : what are they ? '' . Lafayette College Library . ^ Jump up to : Marwick , Arthur . `` Primary Sources : Handle with Care '' . In Sources and Methods for Family and Community Historians : A Handbook edited by Michael Drake and Ruth Finnegan . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46580 - X Jump up ^ Ross , Jeffrey Ian ( 2004 ) . `` Taking Stock of Research Methods and Analysis on Oppositional Political Terrorism '' . The American Sociologist. 35 ( 2 ) : 26 -- 37 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02692395 . The analysis of secondary source information is problematic . The further an investigator is from the primary source , the more distorted the information may be . Again , each new person may put his or her spin on the findings . Jump up ^ Iredale , David ( 1973 ) . Enjoying archives : what they are , where to find them , how to use them . Newton Abbot , David and Charles , . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5669 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barbara W. Sommer and Mary Kay Quinlan , The Oral History Manual ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Library of Congress , `` Analysis of Primary Sources '' online 2007 Jump up ^ Dalton , Margaret Stieg ; Charnigo , Laurie ( September 2004 ) . `` Historians and Their Information Sources '' ( PDF ) . College & Research Libraries. 65 ( 5 ) : 419 . doi : 10.5860 / crl. 65.5. 400 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Delgadillo , Roberto ; Lynch , Beverly ( May 1999 ) . `` Future Historians : Their Quest for Information '' ( PDF ) . College & Research Libraries. 60 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 259 , at 253 . ( T ) he same document can be a primary or a secondary source depending on the particular analysis the historian is doing . Jump up ^ Princeton ( 2011 ) . `` Book reviews '' . Scholarly definition document . Princeton . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ( 2011 ) . `` Book reviews '' . Scholarly definition document . Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Duffin , Jacalyn ( 1999 ) . History of Medicine : A Scandalously Short Introduction . University of Toronto Press . p. 366 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7912 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henige , David ( 1986 ) . `` Primary Source by Primary Source ? On the Role of Epidemics in New World Depopulation '' . Ethnohistory . Ethnohistory , Vol. 33 , No. 3 . 33 ( 3 ) : 292 -- 312 , at 292 . JSTOR 481816 . doi : 10.2307 / 481816 . ( T ) he term ' primary ' inevitably carries a relative meaning insofar as it defines those pieces of information that stand in closest relationship to an event or process in the present state of our knowledge . Indeed , in most instances the very nature of a primary source tells us that it is actually derivative. ... ( H ) istorians have no choice but to regard certain of the available sources as ' primary ' since they are as near to truly original sources as they can now secure Jump up ^ Henige 1986 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Ambraseys , Nicholas ; Melville , Charles Peter ; Adams , Robin Dartrey ( 1994 ) . The Seismicity of Egypt , Arabia , and the Red Sea . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39120 - 2 . The same chronicle can be a primary source for the period contemporary with the author , a secondary source for earlier material derived from previous works , but also a primary source when these earlier works have not survived Jump up ^ Everyone has Roots : An Introduction to English Genealogy by Anthony J. Camp , published by Genealogical Pub. Co. , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Introduction to record class R4 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Leppard , David ( 4 May 2008 ) . `` Forgeries revealed in the National Archives -- Times Online '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Benjamin , Jules R ( 2004 ) . A Student 's Guide to History . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 40356 - 9 . Craver , Kathleen W ( 1999 ) . Using Internet Primary Sources to Teach Critical Thinking Skills in History . Westwood , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30749 - 0 . Wood Gray ( 1991 ) ( 1964 ) . Historian 's Handbook : A Key to the Study and Writing of History . 2nd ed . Waveland Press ; 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88133 - 626 - 9 . Marius , Richard ; Page , Melvin Eugene ( 2005 ) . A short guide to writing about history . New York : Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 22716 - 4 . Sebastian Olden - Jørgensen ( 2005 ) . Til kilderne ! : introduktion til historisk kildekritik ( in Danish ) . ( To the sources : Introduction to historical source criticism ) . København : Gads Forlag . ISBN 978 - 87 - 12 - 03778 - 1 . External Links ( edit ) Primary sources repositories Primary Sources from World War One and Two : War-letters.com Database of mailed letters to and from soldiers during major world conflicts from the Napoleonic Wars to World War Two . Fold3.com -- Over 60,000,000 Primary Source Documents created by Ancestry.com A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts , archives , rare books , historical photographs , and other primary sources from the University of Idaho . Find primary sources in the collections of major research libraries using ArchiveGrid Shapell Manuscript Foundation Digitalized Primary Sources and Historical Artifacts from 1786 -- present Sacred Texts.com A collection of religious texts and books from the Internet Sacred Text Archive All sources repositories Wikisource -- The Free Library -- the Wikimedia Foundation project that collects , edits , and catalogs all source texts Essays and descriptions of primary , secondary and other sources `` Research Using Primary Sources '' from the University of Maryland Libraries ( accessed 16 Jul 2013 ) `` How to distinguish between primary and secondary sources '' from the University of California , Santa Cruz Library Joan of Arc : Primary Sources Series -- Example of a publication focusing on primary source documents - the Historical Association of Joan of Arc Studies Finding Historical Primary Sources from the University of California , Berkeley library `` Primary versus secondary sources '' from the Bowling Green State University library Finding primary sources in world history from the Center for History and New Media , George Mason University Guide to Terminology used when describing archival and other primary source materials on Archivopedia Thehistorysite.org Links to many online history archival sources . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_source&oldid=806502664 '' Categories : Works about history Sources Historiography Information science Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 13 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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there is no more massive member of group 2

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dyatlov_Pass_incident&oldid=837602978

Dyatlov Pass incident - wikipedia Dyatlov Pass incident Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the film , see Dyatlov Pass Incident ( film ) . Dyatlov Pass incident The group 's tomb at the Mikhajlov Cemetery in Yekaterinburg , Russia . Native name Гибель тургруппы Дятлова Date 1 -- 2 February 1959 Venue Dyatlov Pass Location Kholat Syakhl , northern Urals , RSFSR , Soviet Union Coordinates 61 ° 45 ′ 17 '' N 59 ° 27 ′ 46 '' E  /  61.75472 ° N 59.46278 ° E  / 61.75472 ; 59.46278 Coordinates : 61 ° 45 ′ 17 '' N 59 ° 27 ′ 46 '' E  /  61.75472 ° N 59.46278 ° E  / 61.75472 ; 59.46278 Type Multiple deaths Cause Undetermined Participants Ski hikers from Ural Polytechnical Institute Outcome Area closed for three years Deaths Nine dead from hypothermia and physical trauma The Dyatlov Pass incident ( Russian : Гибель тургруппы Дятлова ) refers to the unsolved deaths of nine ski hikers in the northern Ural Mountains in the Soviet Union ( now Russia ) between 1 February and 2 February 1959 . The experienced trekking group , who were all from the Ural Polytechnical Institute , had established a camp on the slopes of Kholat Syakhl in an area now named in honor of the group 's leader , Igor Dyatlov . During the night , something caused them to tear their way out of their tents and flee the campsite while inadequately dressed for heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures . After the group 's bodies were discovered , an investigation by Soviet Union authorities determined that six had died from hypothermia while the other three showed signs of physical trauma . One victim had a fractured skull ; two others had major chest fractures . Additionally , another team member was missing her tongue and eyes . The investigation concluded that an `` unknown compelling force '' had caused the deaths . Numerous theories have been put forward to account for the unexplained deaths , including animal attacks , hypothermia , avalanche , infrasound - induced panic , military involvement , or some combination of these . Access to the region was closed to expeditions and hikers for three years after the incident . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Expedition 3 Search and discovery 4 Investigation 5 Related reports 6 Aftermath 7 Theories 7.1 Avalanche 7.2 Infrasound 7.3 Military tests 7.4 Paradoxical undressing 7.5 Discovery Channel menk theory 7.6 Other 8 In popular culture 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) In 1958 , a group was formed for a skiing expedition across the northern Urals in Sverdlovsk Oblast , Soviet Union . Igor Dyatlov , a twenty - three - year - old radio engineering student at the Ural Polytechnical Institute ( Уральский политехнический институт , УПИ ; now Ural Federal University ) was the leader who assembled a group of nine others for the trip , most of whom were fellow students and peers at the university . Each member of the group , which consisted of eight men and two women , were experienced Grade II - hikers with ski tour experience , and would be receiving Grade III certification upon their return . At the time , this was the highest certification available in the Soviet Union , and required candidates to traverse 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) . The goal of the expedition was to reach Otorten ( Отортен ) , a mountain 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) north of the site of the incident . This route , in February , was estimated as Category III , the most difficult . Members of expedition Name ( English ) Russian name ( lit. ) Birthdate Age Notes Ref . Igor Alekseyevich Dyatlov Игорь Алексеевич Дятлов 13 January 1936 23 Leader of group Yuri Nikolayevich Doroshenko Юрий Николаевич Дорошенко 29 January 1938 21 Lyudmila Alexandrovna Dubinina Людмила Александровна Дубинина 12 May 1938 20 Yuri ( Georgiy ) Alexeyevich Krivonischenko Юрий ( Георгий ) Алексеевич Кривонищенко 7 February 1935 23 Alexander Sergeyevich Kolevatov Александр Сергеевич Колеватов 16 November 1934 24 Zinaida Alekseevna Kolmogorova Зинаида Алексеевна Колмогорова 12 January 1937 22 Rustem Vladimirovich Slobodin Рустем Владимирович Слободин 11 January 1936 23 Nikolai Vladimirovich Thibeaux - Brignolles Николай Владимирович Тибо - Бриньоль June -- July 1935 23 Semyon ( Alexander ) Alekseevich Zolotaryov Семён ( Александр ) Алексеевич Золотарёв 2 February 1921 38 Yuri Yefimovich Yudin Юрий Ефимович Юдин 19 July 1937 21 Left expedition 28 January due to illness ; died April 27 , 2013 , aged 75 Expedition ( edit ) Dyatlov Pass Location of the pass in Russia The group arrived by train at Ivdel ( Ивдель ) , a city at the center of the northern province of Sverdlovsk Oblast in the early morning hours of 25 January 1959 . They then took a truck to Vizhai ( Вижай ) -- a lorry village that is the last inhabited settlement to the north . While spending the night in Vizhai , the skiers purchased and ate loaves of bread to keep their energy levels up for the following day 's hike . On 27 January , they began their trek toward Otorten from Vizhai . On 28 January , one of the members , Yuri Yudin , who suffered from several health ailments ( including rheumatism and a congenital heart defect ) was forced to turn back due to knee and joint pain that made him unable to continue the hike . The remaining group of nine people continued the trek . Diaries and cameras found around their last campsite made it possible to track the group 's route up to the day preceding the incident . On 31 January , the group arrived at the edge of a highland area and began to prepare for climbing . In a wooded valley they cached surplus food and equipment that would be used for the trip back . The following day ( February 1 ) , the hikers started to move through the pass . It seems they planned to get over the pass and make camp for the next night on the opposite side , but because of worsening weather conditions -- snowstorms and decreasing visibility -- they lost their direction and deviated west , up towards the top of Kholat Syakhl . When they realized their mistake , the group decided to stop and set up camp there on the slope of the mountain , rather than moving 1.5 kilometres ( 0.93 mi ) downhill to a forested area which would have offered some shelter from the elements . Yudin postulated that `` Dyatlov probably did not want to lose the altitude they had gained , or he decided to practise camping on the mountain slope . '' Search and discovery ( edit ) Before leaving , Dyatlov had agreed he would send a telegram to their sports club as soon as the group returned to Vizhai . It was expected that this would happen no later than February 12 , but Dyatlov had told Yudin , before his departure from the group , that he expected to be longer . When the 12th passed and no messages had been received , there was no immediate reaction , as delays of a few days were common with such expeditions . It was not until the relatives of the travelers demanded a rescue operation on February 20 that the head of the institute sent the first rescue groups , consisting of volunteer students and teachers . Later , the army and militsiya forces became involved , with planes and helicopters being ordered to join the rescue operation . On February 26 , the searchers found the group 's abandoned and badly damaged tent on Kholat Syakhl . The campsite baffled the search party . Mikhail Sharavin , the student who found the tent , said `` the tent was half torn down and covered with snow . It was empty , and all the group 's belongings and shoes had been left behind . '' Investigators said the tent had been cut open from inside . Eight or nine sets of footprints , left by people who were wearing only socks , a single shoe or were even barefoot , could be followed , leading down toward the edge of a nearby woods , on the opposite side of the pass , 1.5 kilometres ( 0.93 mi ) to the north - east . However , after 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) these tracks were covered with snow . At the forest 's edge , under a large cedar , the searchers found the visible remains of a small fire , along with the first two bodies , those of Krivonischenko and Doroshenko , shoeless and dressed only in their underwear . The branches on the tree were broken up to five metres high , suggesting that one of the skiers had climbed up to look for something , perhaps the camp . Between the cedar and the camp the searchers found three more corpses : Dyatlov , Kolmogorova and Slobodin , who seemed to have died in poses suggesting that they were attempting to return to the tent . They were found separately at distances of 300 , 480 and 630 metres from the tree . Searching for the remaining four travelers took more than two months . They were finally found on May 4 under four metres of snow in a ravine 75 metres farther into the woods from the cedar tree . These four were better dressed than the others , and there were signs that those who had died first had apparently relinquished their clothes to the others . Zolotaryov was wearing Dubinina 's faux fur coat and hat , while Dubinina 's foot was wrapped in a piece of Krivonishenko 's wool trousers . Investigation ( edit ) A view of the tent as the rescuers found it on February 26 , 1959 : the tent had been cut open from inside , and most of the skiers had fled in socks or barefoot A legal inquest started immediately after finding the first five bodies . A medical examination found no injuries which might have led to their deaths , and it was eventually concluded that they had all died of hypothermia . Slobodin had a small crack in his skull , but it was not thought to be a fatal wound . An examination of the four bodies which were found in May shifted the narrative as to what had occurred during the incident . Three of the ski hikers had fatal injuries : Thibeaux - Brignolles had major skull damage , and both Dubinina and Zolotaryov had major chest fractures . According to Dr. Boris Vozrozhdenny , the force required to cause such damage would have been extremely high , comparing it to the force of a car crash . Notably , the bodies had no external wounds related to the bone fractures , as if they had been subjected to a high level of pressure . However , major external injuries were found on Dubinina , who was missing her tongue , eyes , part of the lips , as well as facial tissue and a fragment of skullbone ; she also had extensive skin maceration on the hands . It was claimed that Dubinina was found lying face down in a small stream that ran under the snow and that her external injuries were in line with putrefaction in a wet environment , and were unlikely to be related to her death . There was initial speculation that the indigenous Mansi people might have attacked and murdered the group for encroaching upon their lands , but investigation indicated that the nature of their deaths did not support this hypothesis ; the hikers ' footprints alone were visible , and they showed no sign of hand - to - hand struggle . Although the temperature was very low , around − 25 to − 30 ° C ( − 13 to − 22 ° F ) with a storm blowing , the dead were only partially dressed . Some of them had only one shoe , while others had no shoes or wore only socks . Some were found wrapped in snips of ripped clothes that seemed to have been cut from those who were already dead . Journalists reporting on the available parts of the inquest files claim that it states : Six of the group members died of hypothermia and three of fatal injuries . There were no indications of other people nearby on Kholat Syakhl apart from the nine travelers . The tent had been ripped open from within . The victims had died 6 to 8 hours after their last meal . Traces from the camp showed that all group members left the campsite of their own accord , on foot . To dispel the theory of an attack by the indigenous Mansi people , Dr. Boris Vozrozhdenny stated that the fatal injuries of the three bodies could not have been caused by another human being , `` because the force of the blows had been too strong and no soft tissue had been damaged '' . Released documents contained no information about the condition of the skiers ' internal organs . There were no survivors of the incident . At the time the verdict was that the group members all died because of a compelling natural force . The inquest officially ceased in May 1959 as a result of the absence of a guilty party . The files were sent to a secret archive , and the photocopies of the case became available only in the 1990s , although some parts were missing . Related reports ( edit ) 12 - year - old Yury Kuntsevich , who later became the head of the Yekaterinburg - based Dyatlov Foundation ( see below ) , attended five of the hikers ' funerals . He recalled that their skin had a `` deep brown tan '' . Another group of hikers ( about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of the incident ) reported that they saw strange orange spheres in the night sky to the north on the night of the incident . Similar spheres were observed in Ivdel and adjacent areas continually during the period from February to March 1959 , by various independent witnesses ( including the meteorology service and the military ) . However , these sightings were not noted in the initial investigation in 1959 , and these various independent witnesses only came forward years later . Aftermath ( edit ) Tomb of the deceased at Mikhajlov Cemetery in Yekaterinburg , Russia . In 1967 , Sverdlovsk writer and journalist Yuri Yarovoi ( Russian : Юрий Яровой ) published the novel Of the Highest Degree of Complexity , inspired by the incident . Yarovoi had been involved in the search for Dyatlov 's group and at the inquest as an official photographer during both the search and the initial stage of the investigation , and so had insight into the events . The book was written during the Soviet era when details of the accident were kept secret and Yarovoi avoided revealing anything beyond the official position and well - known facts . The book romanticized the accident and had a much more optimistic end than the real events -- only the group leader was found deceased . Yarovoi 's colleagues say that he had alternative versions of the novel , but both were declined because of censorship . Since Yarovoi 's death in 1980 , all his archives , including photos , diaries and manuscripts , have been lost . Anatoly Gushchin ( Russian : Анатолий Гущин ) summarized his research in the book The Price of State Secrets Is Nine Lives ( Цена гостайны -- девять жизней , Sverdlovsk , 1990 ) Some researchers criticized the novel due to its concentration on the speculative theory of a Soviet secret weapon experiment , but its publication led to public discussion , stimulated by interest in the paranormal . Indeed , many of those who had remained silent for thirty years reported new facts about the accident . One of them was the former police officer , Lev Ivanov ( Лев Иванов ) , who led the official inquest in 1959 . In 1990 , he published an article which included his admission that the investigation team had no rational explanation for the accident . He also stated that , after his team reported that they had seen flying spheres , he then received direct orders from high - ranking regional officials to dismiss this claim . In 2000 , a regional television company produced the documentary film The Mystery of Dyatlov Pass ( Тайна перевала Дятлова ) . With the help of the film crew , a Yekaterinburg writer , Anna Matveyeva ( Russian : Анна Матвеева ) , published a fiction / documentary novella of the same name . A large part of the book includes broad quotations from the official case , diaries of victims , interviews with searchers and other documentaries collected by the film - makers . The narrative line of the book details the everyday life and thoughts of a modern woman ( an alter ego of the author herself ) who attempts to resolve the case . Despite its fictional narrative , Matveyeva 's book remains the largest source of documentary materials ever made available to the public regarding the incident . In addition , the pages of the case files and other documentaries ( in photocopies and transcripts ) are gradually being published on a web forum for enthusiastic researchers . A Dyatlov Foundation was founded in Yekaterinburg , with the help of Ural State Technical University , led by Yuri Kuntsevitch ( Юрий Кунцевич ) . The foundation 's stated aim is to convince current Russian officials to reopen the investigation of the case and to maintain the Dyatlov Museum to preserve the memory of the dead hikers . On 1 July 2016 , a memorial plaque was inaugurated in Solikamsk , in Ural 's Perm Region , dedicated to Yuri Yudin ( the sole survivor of the expedition group ) who died in 2013 . Theories ( edit ) Avalanche ( edit ) The theory that an avalanche caused the hikers ' deaths , while initially popular , has since been questioned . Reviewing the sensationalist `` Yeti '' hypothesis ( see below ) , American skeptic author Benjamin Radford suggests as more plausible ; `` that the group woke up in a panic ( ... ) and cut their way out the tent either because an avalanche had covered the entrance to their tent or because they were scared that an avalanche was imminent ( ... ) ( better to have a potentially repairable slit in a tent than risk being buried alive in it under tons of snow ) . They were poorly clothed because they had been sleeping , and ran to the safety of the nearby woods where trees would help slow oncoming snow . In the darkness of night they got separated into two or three groups ; one group made a fire ( hence the burned hands ) while the others tried to return to the tent to recover their clothing , since the danger had apparently passed . But it was too cold , and they all froze to death before they could locate their tent in the darkness . At some point some of the clothes may have been recovered or swapped from the dead , but at any rate the group of four whose bodies were most severely damaged were caught in an avalanche and buried under 4 metres ( 13 ft ) of snow ( more than enough to account for the ' compelling natural force ' the medical examiner described ) . Dubinina 's tongue was likely removed by scavengers and ordinary predation . '' Evidence contradicting the avalanche theory includes : The location of the incident did not have any obvious signs of an avalanche having taken place . An avalanche would have left certain patterns and debris distributed over a wide area . The bodies found within ten days of the event were covered with a very shallow layer of snow and , had there been an avalanche of sufficient strength to sweep away the second party , these bodies would have been swept away as well ; this would have caused more serious and different injuries in the process and would have damaged the tree line . Over 100 expeditions to the region were held since the incident , and none of them ever reported conditions that might create an avalanche . A study of the area using up - to - date terrain - related physics revealed that the location was entirely unlikely for such an avalanche to have occurred . The `` dangerous conditions '' found in another nearby area ( which had significantly steeper slopes and cornices ) were observed in April and May when the snowfalls of winter were melting . During February , when the incident occurred , there were no such conditions . An analysis of the terrain , the slope and the incline indicates that even if there could have been a very specific avalanche that circumvents the other criticisms , its trajectory would have bypassed the tent . It had collapsed laterally but not horizontally . Dyatlov was an experienced skier and the much older Alexander Zolotaryov was studying for his Masters Certificate in ski instruction and mountain hiking . Neither of these two men would have been likely to camp anywhere in the path of a potential avalanche . Infrasound ( edit ) Another hypothesis popularized by Donnie Eichar 's 2013 book Dead Mountain is that wind going around Holatchahl Mountain created a Kármán vortex street , which can produce infrasound capable of inducing panic attacks in humans . According to Eichar 's theory , the infrasound generated by the wind as it passed over the top of the Holatchahl mountain was responsible for causing physical discomfort and mental distress in the hikers . Eichar claims that , because of their panic , the hikers were driven to leave the tent by whatever means necessary , and fled down the slope . By the time they were further down the hill , they would have been out of the infrasound 's path and would have regained their composure , but in the darkness would be unable to return to their shelter . The traumatic injuries suffered by three of the victims were the result of their stumbling over the ledge of a ravine in the darkness and landing on the rocks at the bottom . Military tests ( edit ) Some people believe it was a military accident which was then covered up ; there are records of parachute mines being tested by the Russian military in the area around the time the hikers were there . Parachute mines detonate a meter or two before they hit the ground and produce similar damage to those experienced by the hikers , heavy internal damage with very little external trauma . There were also glowing orbs reported in the sky in that general vicinity , possibly caused by such ordnance . This theory uses animals to account for the missing parts of Dubinina . People believe the bodies were moved ; photos of the tent show that it was apparently erected incorrectly , something that these experienced hikers are unlikely to have done . This theory , in particular when speculating on radiological weapons , is partly based on the discovery of radioactivity on some of the clothing as well as the bodies being described by relatives as having orange skin and grey hair . However , radioactive dispersal would have affected all of the hikers and equipment instead of just some of it , and the skin and hair discolouration can be explained by a natural process of mummification after three months of exposure to the cold and winds . Furthermore , the initial suppression of files regarding the group 's disappearance by Soviet authorities is sometimes mentioned as evidence of a cover - up , but the concealment of information regarding domestic incidents was standard procedure in the USSR and therefore far from peculiar . And by the late 1980s , all Dyatlov files had been released in some manner . Paradoxical undressing ( edit ) International Science Times posited that the hikers ' deaths were caused by hypothermia , which can induce a behavior known as paradoxical undressing in which hypothermic subjects remove their clothes in response to perceived feelings of burning warmth . It is undisputed that six of the nine hikers died of hypothermia . However , others in the group appear to have acquired additional clothing ( from those who had already died ) which suggests that they were of a sound enough mind to try to add layers . Discovery Channel Menk theory ( edit ) The 2014 Discovery Channel special Russian Yeti : The Killer Lives explored the theory that the Dyatlov group was killed by a Menk or Russian Yeti . The show begins with the premise that the skiers ' injuries were such that only a creature with superhuman strength could have caused them . The episode concluded with there being no evidence for their claims . Other ( edit ) Keith McCloskey , who has researched the incident for many years and has appeared in several TV documentaries on the subject , travelled to the Dyatlov Pass in 2015 with Yury Kuntsevich of the Dyatlov Foundation and a group . At the Dyatlov Pass he noted : There were wide discrepancies in distances quoted between the two possible locations of the snow shelter where Dubinina , Kolevatov , Zolotarev & Thibault - Brignolles were found . One location was approximately 80 to 100 metres from the cedar tree where the bodies of Doroshenko & Krivonischenko were found and the other suggested location was so close to the cedar tree that anyone in the snow shelter could have spoken to those at the Cedar tree without raising their voices to be heard . This second location also has a rock in the stream where Dubinina 's body was found and is the more likely location of the two . However , the second suggested location of the two has a topography that is closer to the photos taken at the time of the search in 1959 . The location of the tent near the ridge was found to be too close to the spur of the ridge for any significant build - up of snow to cause an avalanche . Furthermore , the prevailing wind blowing over the ridge had the effect of blowing snow away from the edge of the ridge on the side where the tent was . This further reduced any build - up of snow to cause an avalanche . This aspect of the lack of snow on the top and near the top of the ridge was pointed out by Sergey Sogrin in 2010 McCloskey also noted : Lev Ivanov 's boss , Evgeny Okishev ( Deputy Head of the Investigative Department of the Sverdlovsk Oblast Prosecution Office ) , was still alive in 2015 and had given an interview to former Kemerovo prosecutor Leonid Proshkin in which Okishev stated that he was arranging another trip to the Pass to fully investigate the strange deaths of the last four bodies when Deputy Prosecutor General , Urakov arrived from Moscow and ordered the case shut down . Evgeny Okishev also stated in his interview with Leonid Proshkin that Klinov , head of the Sverdlovsk Prosecutor 's office , was present at the first autopsies in the morgue and spent three days there . Something Okishev regarded as highly unusual and the only time in his experience , it had happened . Donnie Eichar , who investigated and made a documentary about the incident , evaluated several other theories that are deemed unlikely or have been discredited : They were attacked by Mansi or other local tribesmen . The local tribesmen were known to be peaceful and there was no track evidence of anyone approaching the tent . They were attacked and chased by animal wildlife . There were no animal tracks and the group would not have abandoned the relative security of the tent . High winds blew one member away , and the others attempted to rescue the person . A large experienced group would not have behaved like that , and winds strong enough to blow away people with such force would have also blown away the tent . An argument , possibly related to a romantic encounter that left some of them only partially clothed , led to a violent dispute . About this , Eichar states that it is `` highly implausible . By all indications , the group was largely harmonious and sexual tension was confined to platonic flirtation and crushes . There were no drugs present and the only alcohol was a small flask of medicinal alcohol , found intact at the scene . The group had even sworn off cigarettes for the expedition . '' Furthermore , a fight could not have left the massive injuries that one body had suffered . In popular culture ( edit ) Popular interest in Russia was revived in the 1990s in the wake of Gushchin 's 1990 novel , The Price of State Secrets Is Nine Lives . In 2000 , a regional television company produced the documentary film , with a follow - up novella by Anna Matveyeva . Anna Kiryanova wrote a journal - style novel based on a fictionalized account of the incident in 2005 . In 2015 , a russian band named Kauan released an album named ' Sorni Nai ' , that attempts to reconstruct the events that led up to the incident . The incident came to wider attention in popular media outside of Russia in the 2010s . Anatoly Guschin ( Анатолий Гущин ) , The Price of State Secrets Is Nine Lives ( Цена гостайны -- девять жизней ) , 1990 . Матвеева Анна . Перевал Дятлова , 2000 / 01 . Кирьянова Анна . Охота Сорни - Най , 2005 . The Greek author Panayiotis Panagopoulos transported the incident to the slopes of Mt . Olympus for his 2011 novel To Perasma tou Ignatiou ( The Ignatius Pass ) . The Dyatlov Pass Incident ( aka Devil 's Pass ) , a film directed by Renny Harlin , was released on February 28 , 2013 in Russia and Aug 23 , 2013 in the USA . It follows five American students retracing the steps of the victims , but , being a work of fiction , makes several mistakes in describing the initial events , e.g. inverting names of victims . The incident figures prominently in the 2012 novel City of Exiles by Alec Nevala - Lee . Russia 's Mystery Files : Episode 2 -- The Dyatlov Pass Incident , Nov 28 , 2014 , National Geographic The 2015 Polish horror video game Kholat is inspired by the Dead Mountain incident , in which the player goes to Dyatlov Pass in order to trace the steps of the lost expedition , and begins to uncover `` the true cause '' of the hikers ' deaths . Russian / Ukrainian doom metal / post rock band Kauan 's 2015 album Sorni Nai is dedicated to the incident . `` The Strange Deaths of the 9 Hikers of Dyatlov Pass '' , released on April 15 , 2017 , is episode 5 of season 1 of BuzzFeed web series , BuzzFeed Unsolved : True Crime , in which the case and the conspiracy theories that surround it are discussed . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eichar states that Thibeaux - Brignolles ' birthdate was 5 June 1935 , while the Dyatlov Pass reference website states he was born on 8 July . Data from Ancestry.com alternatively lists his birthdate as 5 July based on grave records ; it is possible Eichar 's 5 June claim is a mistake for 5 July . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eicher 2013 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher 2013 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Eichar 2013 , pp. 265 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolai Vladimirovich Thibeaux - Brignolles ( Kolya ) '' . Dyatlov - Pass . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Eichar 2013 , pp. 266 . Jump up ^ Дарья Кезина ( 27 April 2013 ) . `` Умер последний дятловец '' . Rossiyskaya Gazeta . Retrieved 27 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Eichar 2013 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri Yudin '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Eichar 2013 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Eichar 2013 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Osadchuk , Svetlana ( 19 February 2008 ) . `` Mysterious Deaths of 9 Skiers Still Unresolved '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 -- via CryptoZooNews , `` Ural Mystery '' posted by Loren Coleman . Jump up ^ Mead , Derek ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` Russia 's Dyatlov Pass Incident , the Strangest Unsolved Mystery of the Last Century '' . Vice . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eichar 2013 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Eichar 2013 , pp. 221 , 262 . Jump up ^ `` Акт исследования трупа Дубининой -- hibinaud '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Eichar 2013 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Гущин Анатолий . Цена гостайны -- девять жизней , изд - во `` Уральский рабочий '' , Свердловск , 1990 ( lit . Anatoly , Gushchin . The price of state secrets is nine lives , Izdatelstvo `` Uralskyi Rabochyi '' , Sverdlovsk , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ `` I was 12 at that time , but I do remember the deep resonance that the accident had with the public , despite the authorities ' efforts to keep relatives and investigators silent , '' said Yury Kuntsevich , head of the Yekaterinburg - based Dyatlov Foundation , which is trying to unravel the mystery . Jump up ^ 1967 ( Yarovoi , Yuri : Of the Highest Degree of Complexity , Sredneuralskoye knizhnoye izdatelstvo , Sverdlovsk , 1967 ) Jump up ^ Иванов Лев : `` Тайна огненных шаров '' , `` Ленинский путь '' , Кустанай , 22 -- 24 ноября 1990 г . ( Ivanov , Lev : `` Enigma of the fire balls '' , Leninskyi Put , Kustanai , Nov 22 -- 24 1990 ) Jump up ^ Eichar 2013 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Анна , Матвеева . `` Перевал Дятлова '' , `` Урал '' N12 - 2000 , Екатеринбург ( lit . Anna , Matveyeva . `` Dyatlov pass '' , `` Ural '' # 12 - 2000 , Ekaterinburg ) Jump up ^ Перевал Дятлова : форум по исследованию гибели тургруппы И . Дятлова ( Dyatlov Pass : Forum Research death Dyatlova tour group I ) . Pereval 1959 ( in Russian ) . RU : Forum 24 . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler , Phil ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` 1959 Dyatlov Pass Tragedy May Have Been a KGB Experiment '' . Our Russia . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Korbus , Jason ; Nelson , Bobby . `` SFR 291 : The Russian Yeti of Dyatlov Pass w / Benjamin Radford '' . Strange Frequency Radio . Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dyatlov Pass -- Some Answers '' . Curious World . Curious Britannia Ltd . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Brian . `` Skeptoid # 108 : Mystery at Dyatlov Pass '' . Skeptoid . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eichar 2013 , pp. 246 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zasky , Jason ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Return to Dead Mountain '' . Failure magazine . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ McCloskey 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Mountain : The Untold Story Of The Dyatlov Pass Incident . '' Publishers Weekly 260.32 ( 2013 ) : 46 . Business Source Elite . Web . 30 Oct. 2015 . Jump up ^ Nat Geo . `` Russia 's Mystery Files '' . National Geographic Wild . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyatlov Pass : A Mystery Solved ? , Spiked Jump up ^ Smith , Anthony ( 1 August 2012 ) . `` Dyatlov Pass Explained : How Science Could Solve Russia 's Most Terrifying Unsolved Mystery '' . isciencetimes.com Jump up ^ Radford , Benjamin . `` Dyatlov Pass and Mass Murdering Yeti ? A DN Exclusive '' . Doubtful News . Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Discovery 's Mountain of Mystery Mongering : The Mass Murdering Yeti -- CSI Jump up ^ McCloskey 2016 , pp. 52 . Jump up ^ Sogrin , Sergey . `` Was there any mystery in the Dyatlov Incident ? '' . Uralsky Sledopyt . November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McCloskey 2016 , pp. 153 - 171 . Jump up ^ http://www.angrymetalguy.com/best-and-worst-sounding-records-of-2015-angry-metal-fi/ Jump up ^ The disappearance of the nine hikers. ( in Greek ) Archived December 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dyatlov Pass Incident , The '' . A Company Filmed Entertainment . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of Exiles '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Russia 's Mystery Files Show -- National Geographic Channel -- UK '' . National Geographic Channel -- Videos , TV Shows & Photos -- UK . Jump up ^ `` Kholat -- an adventure - horror game inspired by true event known as Dyatlov Pass Incident '' . kholat.com . Works cited ( edit ) Eichar , Donnie ( 2013 ) . Dead Mountain : The Untold True Story of the Dyatlov Pass Incident . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4521 - 2956 - 3 . McCloskey , Keith ( 2013 ) . Mountain of the Dead : The Dyatlov Pass Incident . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0752491486 . McCloskey , Keith ( 2016 ) . Journey to Dyatlov Pass : An Explanation of the Mystery . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1539583028 . Further reading ( edit ) McCloskey , Keith Journey to Dyatlov Pass : An Explanation of the Mystery ( CreateSpace 24 October 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1539583028 ) McCloskey , Keith Mountain of the Dead : The Dyatlov Pass Incident ( The History Press Ltd , 1 July 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 9148 - 6 ) Eichar , Donnie Dead Mountain : The True Story of the Dyatlov Pass Incident ( Chronicle Books , October 22 , 2013 , ISBN 1 - 4521 - 1274 - 6 ) Irina Lobatcheva , Vladislav Lobatchev , Amanda Bosworth Dyatlov Pass Keeps Its Secret ( Parallel Worlds ' Books , August 30 , 2013 ) Oss , Svetlana Do n't Go There : The Mystery of Dyatlov Pass ( CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform Dec 2015 ISBN 978 - 1517755591 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dyatlov Pass incident . Full investigation of the case including original documents , autopsy reports , morgue photos and detailed information on possible causes Map of the Dyatlov Pass region ( sheet P - 40 - 83 , 84 ) scale 1 : 100000 ( in Russian ) Deathly Urals location draws in tourists Complete photo gallery including search party photos ( in Russian ) Some photos and text ( in Russian ) Photo gallery including : party photos , photos of some investigator 's documents including termination of criminal case act ( in Russian ) The Dyatlov Pass Accident Photo - video site with English Atlas Obscura article on the Dyatlov Pass Incident Death on the trail . Controlled delivery theory by A. Rakitin ( in Russian ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyatlov_Pass_incident&oldid=837602978 '' Categories : 1959 in Russia Sport deaths in the Soviet Union Unsolved deaths February 1959 events Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2009 CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with Greek - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Russian - language text Articles needing the year an event occurred from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with Russian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 21 : 26 . 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who is being murdered on days of our lives

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Will_Horton&oldid=821747101

Will Horton - wikipedia Will Horton Jump to : navigation , search For other people named William Horton , see William Horton ( disambiguation ) . Will Horton Chandler Massey as Will Horton Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Shawn and Taylor Carpenter ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Darian Weiss ( 2002 -- 03 ) Christopher Gerse ( 2003 -- 08 ) Dylan Patton ( 2009 -- 10 ) Chandler Massey ( 2010 -- 14 , 2017 -- ) Guy Wilson ( 2014 -- 15 ) Duration 1995 -- 2015 2017 -- First appearance November 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 16 ) Created by James E. Reilly Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1995 ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( 2017 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names William Robert Horton William Reed Roberts William Robert Reed Will Roberts Will Reed EJ DiMera ( amnesiac alias ) Occupation Student Pub worker Business intern Political campaign staffer Screenwriter Journalist Residence Salem , Illinois ( show ) Family Family Horton Brady Roberts Parents Lucas Horton Sami Brady Stepfather Austin Reed ( 1996 -- 97 ) Brandon Walker ( 2003 -- 05 ) EJ DiMera ( 2007 -- 08 , 2014 ) Rafe Hernandez ( 2010 -- 12 ) Stepmother Nicole Walker ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Carrie Brady ( 2006 ) Chloe Lane ( 2009 ) Sisters Allie Horton Grace Brady ( Legal ) Half - brothers Johnny DiMera Half - sisters Sydney DiMera Husband Sonny Kiriakis ( 2014 -- ) Daughters Arianna Horton Grandfathers Bill Horton Roman Brady John Black ( step ) Grandmothers Kate Roberts Marlena Evans Uncles Mike Horton Austin Reed D.J. Craig Eric Brady Rex Brady Philip Kiriakis Aunts Jennifer Horton Billie Reed Carrie Reed Cassie Brady Belle Black First cousins Jeremy Horton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chelsea Brady Claire Brady Tyler Kiriakis Noah Reed Other relatives Nick Fallon Will Horton is a fictional character from the American soap opera Days of Our Lives , known for award - winning storylines including a highly - praised coming out story , award - winning performances by actor Chandler Massey , and as one half of US daytime drama 's first male gay wedding and marriage . The character first appeared on November 16 , 1995 , as a newborn child who is initially called Will Reed . His mother Sami Brady ( Alison Sweeney ) acts as if Austin Reed ( Austin Peck ) is the father so Austin might marry her , and when Sami later realizes that Will must actually be the son of Lucas Roberts ( Bryan Dattilo ) , she tries to prevent others finding out . Two years later the truth comes out , and Will , who is renamed Will Roberts , has a `` tumultuous upbringing '' due to his parents ' ever - changing love lives , and their machinations as they fight each other for custody . As a child , Will does everything he can to bring his parents together , so they can be a `` real family '' ; whereas his grandma Kate Roberts ( Lauren Koslow ) schemes to keep his parents apart . In 2007 , Lucas , now in love with Sami and angry at Kate 's interference , changes his and Will 's surname to Horton ( after Lucas 's father ) . A succession of child actors portrayed Will , with Christopher Gerse taking on the role from 2003 to 2008 , with the character and actor `` growing up on screen '' . After a year hiatus , Will was reintroduced in 2009 with Dylan Patton as a sixteen - year - old , and then Massey ( 2010 to 2014 ) took the character into adulthood . Massey 's portrayal is noted for Will struggling with the discovery of his sexuality , and then coming out as gay , and beginning a same - sex relationship with Sonny Kiriakis ( Freddie Smith ) . Massey 's performance and the coming out storyline received high praise . Glamour Magazine said it `` has never been done better -- not on primetime , daytime , or in feature films '' , and `` it 's raw , it 's touching , and most importantly it 's honest '' ; and soap journalist Michael Fairman called Massey 's performance `` beyond sensational '' . Will and Sonny became the show 's first same - sex supercouple ( commonly referred to by the portmanteau `` WilSon '' ) , and in 2014 Guy Wilson took over the role of Will as Days broadcast the first male gay wedding in US daytime drama history . Patton and Massey were both nominated for Daytime Emmy Awards for their portrayal of Will , and Massey went on to win the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series in 2012 -- the first time the award had been won for a gay character . Massey won again in 2013 and 2014 , becoming the first actor ever to win three consecutive awards in the Younger Actor category . Will was written out of the show a month before its 50th anniversary , with the character being graphically murdered in the episode of October 9 , 2015 . This generated `` major '' fan backlash , and criticism in the soap press , as well as accusations that Days of Our Lives was pandering to anti-gay sentiment in its audience base . Sweeney , who had left the show , but returned to shoot the funeral , said `` it was a huge mistake to kill Will , especially for the show 's 50th anniversary '' . After Days changed headwriters , on May 8 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Massey was returning to Days of Our Lives to play Will . The same day , new headwriter Ron Carlivati indicated Will may not have died after all . Massey 's first new episode was broadcast on September 15 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Development 2.1 Characterization and family 2.2 Sexuality and coming out 2.3 Revival 3 Storyline 3.1 1995 -- 2008 3.2 2009 -- 13 3.3 2014 -- 15 3.4 2017 -- 4 Reception 4.1 Coming out story 4.2 Will and Sonny 's romance 4.3 Wedding 4.4 Marital strife 4.5 Murder 4.6 Return 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Casting ( edit ) Identical twins Shawn and Taylor Carpenter originally played Will . They were only six weeks old when they started , and they portrayed Will from babyhood until six years old ( 1995 to 2002 ) . In 2002 , Days decided they wanted a trained young actor playing Will , and nine - year - old Darian Weiss was cast , and the character was rapidly - aged three years . A year later ( 2003 ) , Christopher Gerse took over as Will . Gerse was able to attend regular school whilst working on Days , including playing on his school 's basketball team , just like his character . In 2005 , Days were again planning to rapidly age Will , and were `` actively seeking out a new actor to play the role '' -- but the plans were shelved when new storyline for the younger Will `` became available '' , and Gerse was retained to `` preserve the believability of Alison Sweeney and Bryan Dattilo as his parents '' . Will was not aged again , and Gerse continued until 2007 when Will was written out ( by having the character go to live with his uncle and aunt in Switzerland ) . In addition , for one episode in January 2008 , Gerse provided Will 's voice for a phonecall . In 2009 , Will now sixteen , was reintroduced with actor Dylan Patton . In 2010 the role was again recast with Chandler Massey , a newcomer to daytime television , reportedly to facilitate a new storyline . Before he started , Massey watched as many episodes of the series as he could find to familiarize himself with the character . Massey 's younger brother Christian was employed to play Will in flashbacks for the episode of February 8 , 2013 . After Massey 's second Emmy win in 2013 , he revealed he would vacate the role to return to university after his current contract expired . Executive Producer Ken Corday said , `` I wish he would stay . I keep telling him to change his mind , do n't go away ... The door will always be open here to Chandler . We are not going to recast Will , but I wish him well '' . Massey expressed he would support a recast , saying `` I do n't want Will and Sonny to break up . I want them to be together forever and go off and get married '' , and `` if they decide to bring someone else to play Will , I wo n't be upset and bitter . I want what is best for WilSon ! '' On August 23 , 2013 , it was reported Massey had left the show effective immediately , and the show would go ahead with a recast due to the character 's current storyline . On September 12 , 2013 , it came out that Guy Wilson was cast in the role of Will . His costar Freddie Smith revealed the switch between Massey and Wilson would happen as quick as the news of the recast , saying , `` If you blink and open your eyes , you 'll be like , ' Wait , there 's a new Will ? ! ' ... It 's literally just ' BOOM ! ' '' Massey made his final appearance on January 2 , 2014 , and Wilson made his first appearance on January 8 , 2014 . Wilson later revealed that when he tested for the role with Smith , Smith did not know that Wilson was reading for the role of Will , saying `` I was n't supposed to tell him '' . Wilson said `` the whole experience was a soap opera , because everyone knew something that someone else did n't know . '' Wilson 's last airdate was October 13 , 2015 , with the character portrayed as dead . On May 8 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly announced that Massey would reprise the role of Will , beginning September 2017 . Massey told the publication : `` I am so excited to be bringing Will back ( ... ) I ca n't wait for the fans to see what we have planned . '' Sweeney , whose return had been previously announced , told Soap Opera Digest : `` I 'm so excited to work with Chandler again . It will be fun to see what they have in store for our characters . '' Massey made his return appearance as Will on September 15 , 2017 . Development ( edit ) Characterization and family ( edit ) In the show , the character is named William Reed at birth -- with `` William '' being after his aunt Billie Reed ( Lisa Rinna ) , who is both the sister of Austin Reed ( who 's believed to be Will 's father when Will is born ) , and half - sister to Lucas ( Will 's real biological father ) . When Will 's real paternity is publicly revealed two years later , Will 's surname is changed to Lucas 's . As Lucas is using his mother 's surname of Roberts , Will becomes Will Roberts - which is the name Will has through most of his childhood . In 2007 , when Will is nearly fifteen , Lucas changes both their surnames to that of his father , Bill Horton . Will is the great grandson of Days of Our Lives original couple , Tom and Alice Horton . Will 's parents , Sami and Lucas , have an on - and off - relationship over the years , and this affects Will . The Sony Pictures web page for Will stated his `` turbulent upbringing '' makes the young Will `` moody and suspicious '' , but About.com 's profile on the character says Will overcame the turmoil of his upbringing , and grew up to be a `` kind - hearted '' and `` level - headed '' teenager . In an early interview , Massey said Will is `` a great guy ... he kind of had an interesting upbringing , but he turned out to be a really good kid , very forgiving . '' Massey added : `` He does n't like being lied to , definitely , but that happens all the time to him . He 's very mature for his age . Sometimes it seems like he is the parent in the relationship '' ( with his mom Sami ) . Will has a streak of optimism , demonstrated in his childhood ambition to get his parents together as a couple , against all odds . He has a `` strong bond '' with his one - time `` father '' , his `` beloved '' Uncle Austin , and his Aunt Carrie . Will also has a close relationship with his Grandma Marlena ( Deidre Hall ) , who helps him through his struggles to come out . She tells Will he is `` one of the bravest men I 've ever known '' . Wilson said Will is `` very passionate about everything he does '' . With his best female - friend , Gabi Hernandez ( Camila Banus ) , Will is the father of Arianna Horton ( played by Harper and Sydnee Udell ) . Arianna 's birth was portrayed on the show , as was Will 's and his mother 's . Will has a long - time best male friend in Tad `` T '' Stevens -- played by Brendan Coughlin , who has played opposite Patton , Massey , and Wilson . Talking about Will and Sonny 's relationship , Massey said Will `` being insecure '' creates drama , but Will and Sonny were `` by far the most stable , most logical and loving '' couple on the show . Wilson called the couple `` great communicators '' , and `` one thing that Will and Sonny have is a sense of humor '' ; and Massey felt `` they compliment each other . They cover each other 's flaws and mesh very well . '' Beginning with the marital conflict storyline that kicked off in the fall of 2014 , commentators thought Will was written as if he had had a sudden `` full - on personality transplant '' . On his 2017 return , Massey noted how the character had developed , saying : `` He has grown up to be very much like his mother Sami , which is fun to play . Will can be bitchy , like Sami , '' adding it would be fun for the audience too , saying `` audacity can be very entertaining '' . Massey enthused about the characteristics of Will that he loves playing , saying `` I love how mad Will can get sometimes ! And I love that Will can yell at people . And I love that he is fearlessly protective of Ari , his daughter . And he 's not afraid to confront and embrace confrontation . In real life that 's discouraged -- yelling at people is largely discouraged -- but on Days of Our Lives that 's how people thrive ! I like being able to explore Will 's wide range of emotions , and really being able to go there in ways that you ca n't always in real life . '' In the show , Will cheats death , but is left with total amnesia of his life before -- and Massey discussed the challenges of playing a character who does not know his own past : `` It was almost like starting with a blank canvas again . Amnesia 's often associated with some pretty drastic personality changes , so it was a chance to completely recreate Will 's personality in some sense ... and yet I also tried to stay faithful to the kind of things that might be hardwired into his body . '' Sexuality and coming out ( edit ) Chandler Massey hoped that Will 's gay storyline would promote tolerance . When Dylan Patton played him , Will was characterized as straight . Will ( aged 16 -- 17 ) had a girlfriend in Mia McCormick ( Taylor Spreitler ) , and Patton was unaware of any intention to make Will gay . At the start of Chandler Massey 's era , Will was also characterized as straight . Massey told Afterbuzz TV `` It was n't till later '' and `` I guess something that I was doing made them think , ' this guy should be gay ! And this will be great ! ' '' . Massey explained : `` They sat me down and told me ' we have this great story for Will -- he 's going to be coming out -- and we want to let you know that 's the direction we 're going in . ' '' After Massey learned of this in February 2011 , uncertainty was cast over the storyline , as Days of Our Lives changed head writers and executive producers . Massey said that , while he was not told whether or not they would proceed , he played Will `` with his sexuality in mind '' . In June 2011 , actor Freddie Smith joined the show to play Sonny Kiriakis , an openly gay character . Will and Sonny quickly become friends , and initially , the two characters share a `` bromance '' . Massey told Jacobs of We Love Soaps that Will has a close relationship with Sonny , and Will looks up to and respects Sonny because Sonny has encountered hate but remains confident and comfortable with who he is . Massey said Will admires these qualities in Sonny as `` they are rare to see . '' In November 2011 , Days of Our Lives announced that Will would be coming out as gay . Both NBC ( the show 's broadcaster in the USA ) and Sony Pictures Entertainment ( its international distributor ) approved of the storyline . Co-Executive Producer Greg Meng said `` we are excited to have the encouragement and support from both NBC and Sony to tell the inspiring story of a young man learning who he is as he defines and creates his relationships with others . '' Massey said that he was `` thrilled '' to play Will in an `` empowering way that will show his struggle to accept who he is '' . He wanted the storyline to help other people to accept themselves for who they are . The Daily Mail reported that the storyline was part of an attempt to attract a younger audience . Massey revealed Will 's struggle with his sexuality would not be romantic . In the show , after Will meets Sonny , he starts rebuffing his then girlfriend Gabi Herdandez 's attempts at intimacy ; and when she ends her relationship with Will , he has an emotional breakdown and smashes up his aunt 's kitchen ( the place where Gabi breaks up with him ) . The scenes were fun to film , according to Massey , but a `` challenge to do them convincingly '' . He said Will had had a lot to deal with throughout his life , and so Will `` has put his sexuality on the back burner and has n't really dealt with it '' ; Massey said Will was `` living with self - loathing and disgust over not being able to accept himself '' , and that Will drinks alcohol to make himself feel `` less awkward '' . Boozed - up , Will does something he would n't have if he were sober : Will kisses one of Sonny 's gay friends , a young man called Neil ( Jesse Kristofferson ) . Sonny sees them at it , and Massey said it 's `` one of those moments when Will wishes he could turn invisible '' . Eventually , with the help of his family and Sonny , Will accepts his sexuality , and learns to live happily as an out gay man . Massey was pleased the storyline would reach a `` big audience '' and he hoped it would promote tolerance . Bryan Dattilo , who plays Will 's dad Lucas , praised Massey 's scenes in the coming - out story , saying `` Chandler just rips up every scene . What a great actor ! Before I left the show we 'd worked together in only one or two scenes . When I came back I 'm going , ' Who the hell is this guy ? ' I did n't know it was the same kid ! '' Revival ( edit ) In reaction to the killing of Will , `` fans were outraged in a way rarely seen before in Days history , not comprehending the purpose of killing a legacy character ... who we watched grow from birth in real time onscreen '' , according to soap journalist Hope Campbell . On January 23 , 2017 news broke that Days of Our Lives had a new headwriter in Ron Carlivati , a Daytime Emmy Award - winner for headwriting at One Life to Live and a two - time Writers Guild of America Award - winner for headwriting at General Hospital . Then on May 8 news broke of Chandler Massey 's return as Will , and Carlivati engaged fans on twitter with an exclaim of `` Whaaaattt ? ? ? Will Horton is dead ! Or is he ! How can this be ? ! Tune in and find out ! '' Carlivati talked about his motivation to bring back Massey in an interview with Soap Opera Digest , saying `` it seemed like the death of Will Horton was not a popular decision and was viewed as a mistake . I wanted to take a look at that and see if there was a way to repair some of that damage . '' Executive producer Ken Corday said : `` People hated the fact that we killed Will , but we did . Now we 're fixing it . '' Shortly before his first new episode in September 2017 , Massey chatted about Will 's revival with the New York Post , saying : `` Soaps have their ways , you know ? Will certainly would n't be the first person to come back from the dead . They have a medically plausible explanation . '' Carlivati later revealed that bringing back Massey was one of the first ideas he pitched to Days , and credited storyline consultant Ryan Quan with the idea of using Susan Banks as the `` villain '' of the story . Storyline ( edit ) See also : Will Horton and Sonny Kiriakis 1995 -- 2008 ( edit ) `` Will 's paternity drove story for DAYS in the 90 's . The character provided a living crucible for the twisted love quadrangle of Sami , Austin , Carrie and Lucas . Will was also a central factor in the delicious , decades - long war Kate and Sami waged against one another . '' Jamey Giddens , Daytime Confidential Will is born to Sami via Caesarean section . Sami has convinced herself , and everyone else , that Austin is the father , and Austin welcomes Will as his own . But when Will has an accident as a child , his blood is tested , and Sami then realizes that Lucas must be Will 's real father . In order not to lose Austin , Sami says nothing , and changes hospital records so no one knows -- but her brother Eric ( Jensen Ackles ) and sister Carrie ( Christie Clark ) uncover the truth , just before she is going to get married to Austin . The wedding is stopped , and over the following years , Will is centric to several custody battles between his parents . In addition , he is caught up in the bitter feud between Sami and Kate Roberts ( Lauren Koslow ) , who is the mother of both Austin and Lucas . Despite his turbulent upbringing , for many years Will is a quiet , eager to please little boy ( played by Shawn and Taylor Carpenter ) . He loves both Austin and Lucas , and he gets upset when he can not see them , and when his father Lucas is in a coma after a fire . However , after Lucas takes him on holiday to Africa in the summer of 2002 , Will ( now Darian Weiss , and nine years old ) becomes spoiled , bold , and obnoxious . He talks back to his parents and calls them by their first names . He also starts to play rough with other children and ends up hurting his cousin Abby on more than one occasion . Everyone worries that his unstable home life is the cause of his antics . Eventually his childish behavior subsides . But when a serial killer ( the Salem Stalker ) begins offing his relatives he gets afraid - and it does n't help that both his parents are , for a time , suspects ! Will ( now Christopher Gerse ) comes home from school one day with a black - eye , after he has gotten into a fight defending his parents honor . Will does everything he can to get his parents together , so that he can be like `` other kids '' with a father and mother who live together . Several times it seems that Will 's dream is going to come true , but Sami , or his grandma Kate , usually manage to throw a spanner in the works . So when Lucas marries Sami 's sister Carrie Brady , and Sami gets engaged to Austin , Will is happy , as he loves both his aunt and uncle , and his parents . But when Sami jilts Austin at the altar , Will can not cope and runs away to Chicago . Sami fears he has been kidnapped and goes onto the news to plea for his safe return . When Will returns , he is surprised to find out the kerfuffle he has caused . Carrie has an affair with Austin and they leave Salem ( the show 's fictional town ) together , and Lucas moves back in with Will and Sami . Will is pleased to have his parents together once more , and to his delight , Lucas and Sami become engaged . They marry despite Kate 's attempts to stop them , and Will is over-the - moon that his dream has finally come true . But his happiness does not last , as crimelord Stefano DiMera ( Joseph Mascolo ) tells Sami she has to divorce Lucas and marry Stefano 's son EJ DiMera ( James Scott ) to end the longstanding Brady - DiMera feud . When she refuses , Sami 's step - dad ( Will 's `` grandpa John '' ) is killed ( or so they think ) . Sami gives birth to twins , and the girl ( Allie ) is Lucas 's , but the boy ( Johnny ) is EJ 's -- and this is due to EJ having raped Sami on a night she made love to Lucas . Sami decides that the only way she can protect the lives of her family is to marry EJ , but Will is furious that his family is being torn apart by EJ . He is so upset that he does something very rash , that is only revealed years later . After Sami and EJ are married , Will is brought home to Lucas by a police office who finds him underage - drinking . Will does n't want to be in Salem any more -- and wants to go live with his Uncle Austin and Aunt Carrie in Switzerland . His dad agrees to this , and Will leaves America . Six weeks later , Sami phones Will to tell him that his dad has been arrested for the shooting of EJ DiMera . 2009 -- 13 ( edit ) Dylan Patton ( pictured ) played Will on his 2009 return from Switzerland . After his dad is released from prison , and his mom divorces EJ , Will ( now Dylan Patton , and aged 16 ) returns to Salem in February 2009 . Disappointed his parents are not back together , Will is stunned when his mom tells him she has adopted a new baby -- Grace Brady . Sami is lying to Will , as in truth , she got pregnant by EJ , and after divorcing EJ , gave birth to a daughter -- and the `` adoption '' is Sami 's way to keep EJ from knowing . Will meets and befriends Mia McCormick ( Taylor Spreitler ) , who like Will , is a new student at school . Mia encourages Will to accept Grace as his sister . Mia and Will start dating , but Will knows she is keeping secrets . Eventually , it comes out that she herself had a baby secretly after getting pregnant by an ex-boyfriend , Chad Peterson - Woods ( Casey Deidrick ) . She gave away her daughter to Nicole Walker ( Arianne Zucker ) , the new wife of EJ DiMera ; the plan being that Nicole would pass the baby off as hers and EJ 's . Grace contracts meningitis and dies , and Will and Sami are distraught . Will is further hit when Sami tells Will that Grace was his biological ( half ) sister . Five months later , everyone is shocked when it is revealed that Nicole Walker secretly swapped Mia 's baby with Sami 's baby ( who she knew was EJ 's child ) , and Nicole has been bringing up Sami 's daughter ( named Sydney ) all along ; whereas Grace was actually Mia and Chad 's . Sami is re-united with her child Sydney , and Mia learns her daughter is dead . After a break , Will and Mia start dating again , but when Mia two - times Will with Chad , Will ( now Chandler Massey ) breaks up with her . Despite starting out as rivals for Mia 's love , Will and Chad become friends . Chad also befriends Will 's best mate − Tad `` T '' Stevens ( Brendan Coughlin ) . Will 's mom marries the former FBI agent and policeman Rafe Hernandez ( Galen Gering ) , and Will loves living with them and his three young siblings as a family . His friend Gabi Hernandez ( Camila Banus ) is Rafe 's young sister , and Will begins dating her . They graduate high school together , and on graduation day , they meet Sonny Kiriakis ( Freddie Smith ) , who has just returned to town after traveling the world . Will and Sonny quickly become friends , and Will learns Sonny is gay . After befriending Sonny , Will avoids being intimate with Gabi , and she ends the relationship . Will catches Sami cheating on Rafe with EJ , and in an angry and upset mood , he goes to a party with Sonny , gets drunk and kisses a young man named Neil ( Jesse Kristofferson ) . Will talks about the kiss with his grandmother Marlena Evans ( Deidre Hall ) , who promises him her support and love . His grandma Kate also supports and accepts him , saying she has known for a long time . Will confides in Sonny that he is not ready to come out as gay , and , trying to resist his sexuality , he has a one - night stand with Gabi that results in a pregnancy . As Will enters into a relationship with Sonny , Gabi , with Will 's agreement , pretends that the baby has been fathered by her new boyfriend Nick Fallon ( Blake Berris ) , who is Will 's second cousin . Will and Sonny split when the paternity of Gabi 's baby is revealed , but soon reunite . Nick does n't want Will involved in the coming baby 's life because he is gay , and when Nick discovers that it was Will , not Lucas , who had shot EJ years before , he blackmails Will to sign away his parental rights . After Will and Nick are both attacked by a former prison - mate of Nick 's , and Will is shot whilst trying to save Nick 's life , Nick relents -- and Will is correctly named as baby Arianna 's father on her birth certificate when she is born . When they leave hospital , Gabi and Arianna move in with Will and Sonny , and together they form a three - parent family , with Gabi , Will and Sonny bringing up Arianna together . 2014 -- 15 ( edit ) Guy Wilson as Will , with Freddie Smith as Sonny . Will ( Guy Wilson ) marries Sonny in April 2014 . Gabi rekindles her relationship with Nick , who pressures Gabi to seek a court decision that will drastically limit Will 's access to his daughter . Shortly after a court date is set , Nick is shot and killed . Thinking that Sonny did it , Will confesses to protect him . This causes Gabi , the real killer , to admit to killing Nick , who she felt was a threat to her and Arianna . Gabi accepts a plea deal and goes to prison , leaving Arianna in the care of Will and Sonny . In October 2014 , Will and Arianna leave Salem temporarily with Sami , who is mourning EJ 's death , but they return in December 2014 . Will 's absence and Sonny 's financial troubles with his new club have strained their relationship . Will finds out that Sonny has spent all their money , and Will plunges himself into his work as a journalist . He is assigned to interview injured star baseball player Paul Narita ( Christopher Sean ) , whom Will soon suspects is gay but closeted . Will sees an opportunity to get an important scoop about what it is like to be a gay professional athlete , and also to help another gay man to come out . Recognizing that Will is keen to confirm that he is gay , Paul seduces Will into bed with him . Will is immediately remorseful , but he continues to interview Paul and encourages Paul to come out to the world in his article , sharing his own coming - out story with him . What Will does n't know is that Paul is Sonny 's ex , to whom Sonny had proposed to before he had met Will , and Paul had only declined because he did n't think he could be an out gay athlete . Paul 's athletic career is now at an end due to his injury , and unbeknownst to Will , he has already tried to get back together with Sonny . Sonny learns that Paul is Will 's interview subject at the same time he hears about Will 's infidelity , but he is stabbed in the park as he goes to confront them . Sonny 's memory is impaired while he recovers , but when he remembers what Will has done , Sonny rejects Will and leaves Salem to convalesce . When he returns , they struggle to mend their relationship , but Will 's infidelity is made public and the Kiriakis family turn against Will . Desperate to repair his marriage and terrified of losing Sonny to Paul , Will does all he can to get Paul to leave town . When this fails , Will tries playing match - maker to pair Paul with Derek ( Spencer Neville ) . To help things along Will shares his interview notes about Paul with Derek , to help him win Paul 's heart . But Paul realizes Derek knows stuff he has only told Will . Sonny is furious when he finds out about Will 's machinations , and leaves town again , ostensibly to take care of Kiriakis family business . Will is distraught , but he holds onto the hope that they will be re-united . Gabi is released from prison on a technicality , and Will and Arianna welcome her back into their lives . Ben Weston ( Robert Scott Wilson ) asks Will to be his best man in his upcoming wedding to Will 's cousin , Abigail Deveraux ( Kate Mansi ) . Will calls on Abby at the apartment she shares with Ben , to give her wedding venue information that he and Sonny had put together when they were engaged . Abby has to go out , but the cable guy is due to come that day , and Will offers to wait in the apartment . Whilst there , Will reminisces about his own wedding , and then phones Sonny ( who is in Paris , and a different time zone ) and leaves him an emotional and loving voice message , fully admitting his fault in their breakup , and expressing his unconditional love . After this Will notices a red necktie in Ben 's trash can . This surprises Will , and makes him think of the serial killer currently at large in town who has murdered two women by strangling them with such a necktie ( which is left with the body ) . Ben arrives just as Will is holding the tie and thinking about this . Ben acts alarmingly , and Will realizes Ben is the Necktie Killer . Will tries to leave , but Ben knocks him out . Just as Will is coming to , Ben strangles Will with the tie . Will is apparently killed on October 9 , 2015 . Sonny is elated to get Will 's message , and immediately gets ready to return to Salem , to reunite with Will . Whilst packing , he is told Will has been murdered . Sonny is devastated , and he returns to Salem to bury his husband rather than reconcile with him . Meanwhile , Ben has made sure Chad DiMera ( Billy Flynn ) is the prime suspect in the murders ; but as Ben 's relationship with Abigail self - destructs , he becomes increasingly violent and unhinged . After he nearly murders Abigail and Chad , Ben is arrested and publicly revealed as the Necktie Killer . 2017 -- ( edit ) In 2017 , it is revealed that Will ( Chandler Massey ) did not die when he was strangled . When Will had entered Ben 's apartment , he was being followed by Susan Banks ( Eileen Davidson ) , who was planning to abduct Will in an act of revenge against Sami , whom she blamed for her son EJ 's death . When Ben slipped out after strangling Will , Susan and her associate Dr Wilhelm Rolf ( who had revived Sami 's step - dad John back when he was thought to be dead ) secretly entered , and Dr Rolf found Will to be unconscious but breathing . He then injected Will with something that would make him appear to be dead . After Lucas and Sami had viewed Will in the morgue , Dr Rolf revived Will . It turns out that Will 's family unwittingly buried an empty coffin at his funeral , and Will , who had lost all his memories , was taken by Susan , who took care of him , but made him believe that he was her son EJ . In the fall of 2017 , Sonny and Paul are to marry , and Ben escapes from Bayview Sanatarium , and crashes their double wedding with Chad and Abigail to announce that Will is alive . This is met with a high degree of skepticism , but Sonny , who thinks Will died thinking Sonny did n't love him , really wants to know the truth , and says he ca n't marry Paul until he knows . Sami returns to Salem to find out the truth . When investigation reveals that the claim that Will is alive originates from Dr Rolf , this ignites hope that it is true . The investigation leads to an address in Memphis , where they find Susan . Will is working at a local bar , and Lucas is the first to see him , but he is inebriated , and thinks he is hallucinating and does not realize he has really seen Will . Paul then sees Will , but is afraid to tell people in case he loses Sonny . Eventually he confesses to Sonny , and Sonny and Sami find Will , and discover that he does not recognise them , and does not believe that they are his real family . But John persuades Susan 's partner Roger , whom Will trusts , to admit to Will what Susan has done . And Will , with some encouragement from Marlena , decides to return to Salem , to find out who he really is . Reception ( edit ) Coming out story ( edit ) Days of Our Lives `` first gay kiss '' was welcomed by critics . Soap journalist Michael Fairman called it `` one of the best daytime television coming out kisses '' , and said the best part was `` Sonny sees the whole thing ! '' Online blogger Perez Hilton described the scenes as `` incredible '' and `` absolutely wonderful '' . Pascal Parvis of Têtu noted Will and Neil 's kiss was `` not a little '' and said `` what could be better '' than the serial 's first gay kiss lasting two episodes . Both The Huffington Post and Perez Hilton remarked favorably on Days showing a hot `` steamy make - out '' session as opposed to just a kiss , and Hilton praised the serial and NBC for not `` bowing down to bigoted pressure '' . Sara Bibel of Xfinity said Will and Neil got the `` full soap treatment '' ( as for heterosexual couples ) claiming daytime soap operas in the past have panned the camera away during same - sex kisses . There were also jibes at Days of Our Lives belated featuring of man - to - man intimacy : Joachim Ohnona from Pure People pointed out it took more than ten thousand episodes for Days to air their first gay kiss ; and Dan Avery of Queerty said the serial `` made television history yesterday when it became the absolutely last show to show two men kissing '' , and `` he 'll get some bed scenes by 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Lynette Rice commented `` a first gay kiss is no longer much of a milestone on broadcast TV , but for Days of Our Lives it represents the latest effort to remain relevant '' , and Xfinity 's Bibel noted it was remarkable for a show with a reputation for being `` socially conservative '' . `` Head writers Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas Jr. developed the character layer by layer , and then bounced him around like a ball in a pinball machine as he had to deal with the ' am I gay ? ' realization ... Having seen friends go through this before , I 've never seen a more honest approach . '' Jessica Radloff , Glamour Magazine Fairman called Will 's coming out story `` excellent '' , `` powerful '' , `` emotionally impactful '' , `` relatable '' , and `` believable '' , and credited Days of Our Lives for keeping it `` edgy , dark , and very raw '' . He said the writers and actors did `` a subtle , compelling and beautiful job relating the struggles of young man trying to face and accept who he is , and the ramifications he fears it will have for him with his family and society '' ; and he also praised the writing for `` addressing what parents fear for their child when they come out '' , saying `` a lot of important points were made throughout the dialog . '' Fairman gave his accolade of `` power performances of the week '' to Chandler Massey and Deidre Hall ( playing Will 's grandma Marlena , who helps Will come out ) , and gave Massey his `` Best Overall Performance '' of a daytime younger actor in 2012 , and praised Massey 's performance as `` remarkable '' , `` fabulous '' , and `` beyond sensational '' . Jessica Radloff of Glamour Magazine , said : `` In any other actors hands , the story would not carry the same weight . Massey brings a pureness to the role of Will that makes you love him . This is a brilliant young actor who will move you to tears based on a look alone . '' Massey submitted the episode where Will kisses Neil and talks to Marlena about it to the Daytime Emmys in 2013 , and won . Anthony D. Langford of AfterElton.com noted the `` terrific chemistry '' of Massey and Hall ; whilst Rick Nelson of the Star Tribune found the storyline to be addictive viewing . Will and Sonny 's romance ( edit ) Chandler Massey and Freddie Smith as Will and Sonny . Will Horton 's romance with Sonny Kiriakis was generally well - received by critics and the audience . TV Guide said that `` while it took 45 years for the show to introduce its first openly gay character ( Sonny ) and another year and a half to have him find a male partner ( Will ) , the wait was well worth it . This steamy , star - crossed saga has had drama to spare ( Paranoia ! Blackmail ! Impossible parents ! ) , but its real success lies in the fresh , easy charm of these two young men . '' TV Source Magazine named Will and Sonny Best Couple of 2012 in the Days of Our Lives series , saying `` One of the most refreshing things about Will and Sonny 's relationship is it 's portrayed just as any heterosexual couple would be . Watching them grow from friends to being in love was one of the highlights of the year for DAYS . '' Jeremy Helligar of The Advocate declared Will and Sonny `` groundbreaking '' because `` their domestic stability ( and sex life ! ) is so front - and - center on Days '' . He compared them favorably with 1992 series Melrose Place , whose gay character Matt Fielding `` never got so much as on onscreen kiss '' , whereas Will and Sonny `` are regularly shown in flagrante delicto and basking shirtless in post-coitus afterglow . '' `` How far we 've come '' , he exclaimed . Wedding ( edit ) Hollywood reporter Greg Hernandez called the wedding `` great , great stuff '' , and said he was `` wiping away tears left and right '' . He confessed , `` I used to get lost in fantasy as a teenager that I would marry a guy '' and explained how his imagined festivities were very much like Will and Sonny 's wedding . He was thrilled that `` with gay marriage becoming legal in a growing number of states '' his fantasy `` can actually come true for young gay people dreaming about that today '' , and he said `` that is why I will be forever grateful to this soap for giving us this episode , this wedding that was filled with love and supportive family and friends . It 's the way it should be and always should have been '' , and he `` loved every minute of it '' . Michael Fairman declared it the `` best wedding '' of 2014 , and praised it for being `` beautifully acted '' , with `` inspired writing '' and `` touching speeches '' , saying `` every time we watch this we need hankies '' . When on June 26 , 2015 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled to make same - sex marriage a right across all states of the USA , soapcentral.com published an article celebrating the Supreme Court 's ruling with a look back at the first same - sex marriages shown in USA soap operas : the first female - female marriage ( Bianca and Reese on All My Children ) and the first male - male marriage ( Will and Sonny on Days of Our Lives ) , saying both were `` incredibly special '' . Commenting on the importance of the couple at the time of Will 's revival , Krystyn Burtt of SheKnows said , `` The storyline began to play out in 2012 , when few states had marriage equality . By the time the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that same - sex marriage was a right in all 50 states on June 26 , 2015 , Will and Sonny were already married . Days of Our Lives had shown fans how important all types of love stories were and how they deserved representation on daytime TV . '' Marital strife ( edit ) In Soap Opera Digest 's `` Best and Worst '' end - of - year reviews , Will and Sonny got `` Worst Marital Conflict '' in both 2014 and 2015 . Digest criticized the writing , saying `` it was not the write stuff '' . Greg Hernandez said it was as if Will had had a `` sudden personality transplant '' and `` none of it feels true '' ; and Fairman said the character became `` unrecognizable '' in his actions . Soap Opera Digest complained that Will `` inexplicably succumbed '' to Paul 's advances and that it added `` insult to injury '' when it was subsequently revealed that Will had a previous episode of infidelity when off the show . They remarked : `` when Will and Sonny tied the knot , it was a groundbreaking moment based in love , which is why it is impossible to comprehend why the show spent the better half of the last two years trying so hard to unravel this historic union '' . Murder ( edit ) Former Days writer Kola Boof , tweeted `` I think the killing of Will Horton is one of the biggest dumbest mistakes in Days history . On many levels . '' Soap Opera Digest condemned the killing , saying it was `` sick and violent '' , and `` it got people talking all right , but not in a good way , '' and whilst realizing the show needed to boost ratings , `` killing off a legacy character like Will was not at all the way to do it . '' They said `` Will holds a special place in the hearts of Days viewers '' , because they watched him `` grow up on - screen after his birth in 1995 '' , and `` his sensitive coming out tale in 2012 '' added to his `` cherished status '' . TV Guide Magazine 's Michael Logan tweeted `` Killing Will is a dumb - ass move . He 's not just a legacy character & LGBT icon , this crazy hot mess was storytelling gold . Insane . '' Logan expanded in his end - of - year review , saying it was `` dead wrong '' and `` idiotic '' and `` the murder of Days of Our Lives ' landmark gay character Will Horton via brutal strangulation meant the loss of an insanely fascinating fire - starter who had kept the show spinning for years , '' adding `` many are calling the move homophobic . '' Michael Fairman labelled the killing as `` The Worst Decision '' in soaps in 2015 , saying `` to kill the legacy character of Will Horton by having him brutally murdered ... sent a message to the LGBT community , and the viewers , that caused a major negative backlash . '' Fairman gave the runner - up for `` Worst Decision 2015 '' to Days not having Will 's husband upfront at his funeral , `` Will 's husband Sonny was relegated to the second row ... Not cool ! '' Tony S. , a columnist at soapcentral.com , said the family photograph of Will , Sonny and Arianna blowing off Will 's grave `` came across as a promise from someone in charge to homophobic fans ... as , ' Congrats , you wo n't have to worry about their kind anymore . ' '' James Lott Jr of AfterBuzz TV said Will 's murder was a `` jump the shark moment '' , and `` I just could n't believe it ! '' He said Will was `` a character that has been on since pre-birth '' , and is `` related to almost everyone on the show '' , and `` I mean this is really ridiculous to me : to kill Will Horton ! '' Lott described his experience watching it happen and thinking `` you 're ruining the show right now - this is the biggest mistake you could have made , '' and `` as the life was coming out of him , the life was coming out of me at the same time , as a long - time viewer . '' Lott 's Afterbuzz TV colleague Tony Moore called Will 's death `` gruesome '' and `` hard to watch '' , and bemoaned `` the whole gay storyline is just going to be done away with . '' He criticized the writing , in that Will did n't run , cry for help , or fight back . Tony S did too , writing `` Will was just as fit as any other Salem heartthrob , but was so discombobulated by a toss to the fridge that he could n't fight back . Alllll riiiggghhhttt '' , and `` he had a child and husband to live for -- to fight for -- yet the writers seemed like he could n't die fast enough . '' Several commentators criticized the lack of repercussions in the story . Laurisa , a columnist at soapcentral.com , wrote `` the people of Salem were no more invested in solving this crime than they were before Will 's death . '' Michael Logan wrote `` Will 's death was pretty much forgotten by the people of Salem within days , even by his own mother , '' and Soap Opera Digest said `` the end game '' was `` nil '' , and `` people were giddily partying to honor Salem 's birthday party mere weeks after his graphic murder ! '' Mark J Freeman of Afterbuzz TV talked in strongly critical terms about pandering to viewers who dislike seeing gay characters on TV : `` instead of just saying ' a majority of middle america does n't like the gay storyline : let 's kill them ' ... how about being the change ? '' Freeman framed it in an historical context , saying , `` there are things in American history , that a majority of people ... thought was right , and it did n't make it right , ... and it does n't mean that change should not have happened . '' `` Does anyone in the TV industry know or care that Days of Our Lives exterminated their iconic gay legacy character and pretty much abolished all things gay on the show , just in time to celebrate 50 years on the air ? '' Question addressed by Matt Roush in TV Insider 's Ask Matt column Fans expressed outrage via social media and letters to Soap Opera Digest . Social media fan reactions were published in Hollywood Life , and 2paragraphs.com , with one fan saying : `` Will Horton was a beacon in the face of bullying and persecution . Today , you expect LGBTQ youth to watch his life strangled away '' . Soap Opera Digest printed a letter saying : `` In my 30 - plus years as a Days viewer , I have never been more disgusted by a storyline than the violent strangulation death of a gay legacy character ... As the mother of a young son who was struggling with his sexuality , we were able to watch Will come out , fall in love , and get married ... Now I regret ever encouraging him to watch . '' In another published tweet a fan thanked Alison Sweeney ( who plays Will 's mother , Sami Brady ) for `` voicing our disgust '' to the killing of Will . Sweeney told Soap Opera Digest : `` I was angry . I felt betrayed and hurt '' , and `` this particular story point is something that I just do n't agree with and I did n't from the moment they told me . And I do n't understand why they did it . '' Sweeney said : `` it breaks my heart that there is no Will anymore . '' Return ( edit ) Will 's revival was welcomed by critics and fans . Kristyn Burtt of SheKnows wrote : `` The return of Chandler Massey to Days of Our Lives this fall has been a huge watershed moment for NBC . The character of Will Horton and his love story with Sonny Kiriakis , played by Freddie Smith , was a groundbreaking one on television . It really is a romance for the ages . '' Hope Campbell of SoapHub said the killing of Will `` ushered in a downward spiral for the soap just before its 50th anniversary that never stopped -- until now . Welcome back , Will , and welcome back , Sami . '' Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Darian Weiss , Christopher Gerse , and Dylan Patton , were all nominated for Young Artist Awards for their portrayal of Will . Gerse was nominated twice -- in 2004 and 2005 . In 2010 , Patton received a nomination for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series , and the next year ( 2011 ) , Chandler Massey was nominated . Massey went on to win the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series -- never before won for a gay character -- three years in a row , in 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Days of Our Lives won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Daily Drama in 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 , in recognition of the characters and stories of Will Horton and Sonny Kiriakis and related characters . After Will 's revival , Days received a nomination in the 2018 awards season , the result of which is expected in April or May 2018 . See also ( edit ) Brady family Roberts family Horton family Will Horton and Sonny Kiriakis Lucas Roberts and Sami Brady Supercouple List of LGBT firsts by year Same - sex marriage in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( Executive producers ) ; Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . Days of Our Lives Transcript Monday 1 / 23 / 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ; Sonia Blangiardo ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Days of our Lives Wins GLAAD Media Award For Outstanding Daily Drama ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps. April 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 06 . 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Soap Opera Digest . September 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kimbra ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' DAYS Freddie Smith Speaks Out About the Chandler Massey / Guy Wilson Recast '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` From Massey to Wilson : Actor Switch Dates Revealed for ' DAYS ' Will Horton '' . Soap Opera Network . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ AfterBuzz TV ( July 17 , 2016 ) , AfterBuzz TV 's Spotlight On : Guy Wilson Interview AfterBuzz TV , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings : Guy Wilson ( Will Horton ) '' . Soap Opera Digest . 40 ( 42 ) : 11 . October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Chandler Massey Back To DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Errol ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Chandler Massey Teases Days of our Lives Return , Reveals Re-Shoots of Will 's Death and More '' . Soap Opera Network . United States . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will Horton ( Chandler Massey ) '' . Sony Pictures Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will Horton ( Chandler Massey ) '' . Sony Pictures Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Will Horton Profile '' . about.com . About , Inc . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gill , Jeff ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Teen takes part in daytime dramatics '' . Gainesville Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) . `` DAYS Deidre Hall On Guy Wilson Taking Over The Role Of Will Horton : `` He deserves our energy and appreciation and he has mine completely ! '' `` . Michael Fairman On Air On Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps Inc . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Days of Our Lives . Season 47 . Episode 11,813. April 5 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ James , Diego ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Days of Our Lives : Will and Sonny Finally Say ' Yes ' '' . out.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who in Salem Arianna Grace Horton '' . soapcentral.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' Days of Our Lives '' Births `` . www.jason47.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . 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Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Amanda ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Days of Our Lives ' spoilers : Will and Sonny 's bachelor party disaster - Hollywood News Daily '' . www.hollywoodnewsdaily.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days Of Our Lives Exclusive Interview Chandler Massey Global TV '' . GlobalTV . November 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Greg ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Days of Our Lives : Ambitious Will Horton suddenly does n't want to have a boring life -- poor Sonny '' . greginhollywood.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Can Killing Off Core Characters Rejuvenate Days of Our Lives ? '' . daytimeconfidential.com . 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( Gay Star News Ltd ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Official : ' Days of Our Lives ' begins gay storyline -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Days of Our Lives ' : Another Salem character comes out of the closet - Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( Time Inc . ) . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Proud , Amelia ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Days of Our Lives makes US daytime soap opera history by featuring gay kiss '' . Daily Mail . ( Associated Newspapers ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chandler Massey Delivers Scoop on His Days of Our Lives Coming Out Plot '' . 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Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` On - Air On - Soaps Names The Best and Worst Of 2012 ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ D. Langford , Anthony ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Langford on Soaps : Is `` General Hospital '' Getting A Gay ? `` . NewNowNext ( originally at AfterElton ) . ( Logo ) . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rick ; Peck , Claude ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` Withering Glance : TV tackles Broadway musical in ' Smash ' '' . Star Tribune . ( The Star Tribune Company ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` According to TV Guide Magazine ' GH ' is ' Hot Again , ' While ' DAYS ' Has ' Hotter Nights ' '' . soapoperanetwork.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TVSource , Team ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Best of 2012 : Soap Opera Edition '' . tvsourcemagazine.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helligar , Jeremy ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Op - ed : Why Days of Our Lives ' Will & Sonny Might Be the Most Important Couple on TV '' . The Advocate . Here Media Inc . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Greg In Hollywood editor Greg Hernandez '' . greginhollywood.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Greg ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Days of Our Lives : Sonny & Will 's very moving & emotional wedding ceremony -- have a Kleenex handy ! '' . greginhollywood.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` On - Air On - Soaps Names Best and Worst In Soaps 2014 ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Supreme Court Ruling Makes Same - Sex Marriage a Right Nationwide '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` FREE TO LOVE : A look back on daytime 's first gay and lesbian weddings '' . soapcentral.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Burtt , Krystyn ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` WilSon needs to be a thing again '' . SheKnows . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best and Worst of 2014 '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media Inc . ( December 22 , 2014 ) . December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Former DAYS scribe , Kola Boof on creation of EJ Dimera & casting James Scott ! '' . michaelfairmansoaps.com . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branco , Nelson ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Soapgeist '' . TV Guide . TC Transcontinental . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boof , Kola ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Writer Kola Boof on Twitter '' . twitter.com/KOLABOOF2 . Archived from the original on Feb 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Logan on Twitter '' . twitter.com/TVGMLogan . Archived from the original on Feb 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : S , Tony ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Alex North Memorial Awards : The Worst of DAYS 2015 '' . soapcentral.com . 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Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` LGBT Icon Will Horton Strangled , Fans Outraged On ' Days Of Our Lives ' '' . 2paragraphs.com . 2paragraphs Productions , LLC. 2015 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sound Off '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media Inc . ( November 2 , 2015 ) . November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Alison ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` to tell the truth '' . Soap Opera Digest . America Media Inc . ( October 19 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Burtt , Krystyn ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Sonny Kiriakis & Will Horton Had the Most Important Relationship in TV '' . SheKnows . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Hope ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Killing Will Was Wrong : Alison Sweeney 's Back To Make It Right '' . Soap Hub . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . 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External links ( edit ) Shaun & Taylor Carpenter at Children of Salem - Will 's story in their era , illustrated with photographs Darian Weiss at Children of Salem - his first episode as Will , illustrated with photographs Character profile at She Knows Soaps Character profile at Soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Horton&oldid=821747101 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional gay males Fictional writers Fictional characters introduced in 1995 Fictional LGBT characters in television Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 11 : 20 . 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where do the great treasures of ancient art belong

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_heritage)&oldid=818823851

Repatriation ( cultural heritage ) - wikipedia Repatriation ( cultural heritage ) Jump to : navigation , search Triumphal procession into Paris of art looted by Napoleon from Italy in 1797 . The Horses of Saint Mark in the centre , themselves taken from Constantinople in 1204 , were returned to Italy in 1815 . Repatriation is the return of art or cultural heritage , usually referring to ancient or looted art , to their country of origin or former owners ( or their heirs ) . The disputed cultural property items are physical artifacts of a group or society that were taken from another group usually in an act of looting , whether in the context of imperialism , colonialism or war . The contested objects range widely from sculptures and paintings to monuments and human remains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 War and looting 1.1. 1 Ancient world 1.1. 2 Modern era 1.2 Modern imperialism and looting 1.3 Demands for restitution 2 Legal issues 2.1 National government laws 2.2 International conventions 2.3 UNESCO 3 Political issues 3.1 Colonialism and identity 3.2 Nationalism and identity 4 Controversy 4.1 Arguments against repatriation 4.2 Arguments for repatriation 5 International examples 5.1 Egypt 5.2 Greece 5.3 Italy 5.4 Canada 5.5 India 5.6 South Korea 5.7 United States 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) War and looting ( edit ) Ancient world ( edit ) Victory Stele of Naram Sin , Akkadian Dynasty , reign of Naram - Sin ( 2254 - 2218 BC ) . Musée du Louvre , Paris . War and the subsequent looting of defeated peoples has been common practice since ancient times . The stele of King Naram - Sin of Akkad , which is now displayed in the Louvre Museum in Paris , is one of the earliest works of art known to have been looted in war . The stele commemorating Naram - Sin 's victory in a battle against the Lullubi people in 2250 BCE was taken as war plunder about a thousand years later by the Elamites who relocated it to their capital in Susa , Iran . There , it was uncovered in 1898 by French archaeologists . The Palladion was the earliest and perhaps the most important stolen statue in western literature . The small carved wooden statue of an armed Athena served as Troy 's protective talisman , which is said to have been stolen by two Greeks who secretly smuggled the statue out of the Temple of Athena . It was widely believed in antiquity that the conquest of Troy was only possible because the city had lost its protective talisman . This myth illustrates the sacramental significance of statuary in Ancient Greece as divine manifestations of the gods that symbolized power and were often believed to possess supernatural abilities . The sacred nature of the statues is further illustrated in the supposed suffering of the victorious Greeks afterward , including Odysseus , who was the mastermind behind the robbery . According to Roman myth , Rome was founded by Romulus , the first victor to dedicate spoils taken from an enemy ruler to the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius . In Rome 's many subsequent wars , blood - stained armor and weaponry were gathered and placed in temples as a symbol of respect toward the enemies ' deities and as a way to win their patronage . As Roman power spread throughout Italy where Greek cities once reigned , Greek art was looted and ostentatiously displayed in Rome as a triumphal symbol of foreign territories brought under Roman rule . However , the triumphal procession of Marcus Claudius Marcellus after the fall of Syracuse in 211 is believed to have set a standard of reverence to conquered sanctuaries as it engendered disapproval by critics and a negative social reaction . According to Pliny the Elder , the Emperor Augustus was sufficiently embarrassed by the history of Roman plunder of Greek art to return some pieces to their original homes . Modern Era ( edit ) One of the most infamous cases of esurient art plundering in wartime was the Nazi appropriation of art from both public and private holdings throughout Europe and Russia . The looting began before World War II with illegal seizures as part of a systematic persecution of Jews , which was included as a part of Nazi crimes during the Nuremberg Trials . During World War II , Germany plundered 427 museums in the Soviet Union and ravaged or destroyed 1,670 Russian Orthodox churches , 237 Catholic churches and 532 synagogues . A well - known recent case of wartime looting was the plundering of ancient artifacts from the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad at the outbreak of the war in 2003 . Although this was not a case in which the victors plundered art from their defeated enemy , it was result of the unstable and chaotic conditions of war that allowed looting to happen and which some would argue was the fault of the invading US forces . Archaeologists and scholars criticized the US military for not taking the measures to secure the museum , a repository for a myriad of valuable ancient artifacts from the ancient Mesopotamian civilization . In the several months leading up to the war , scholars , art directors , and collector met with the Pentagon to ensure that the US government would protect Iraq 's important archaeological heritage , with the National Museum in Baghdad being at the top of the list of concerns . Between April 8 , when the museum was vacated and April 12 , when some of the staff returned , an estimated 15,000 items and an additional 5,000 cylinder seals were stolen . Moreover , the National Library was plundered of thousands of cuneiform tablets and the building was set on fire with half a million books inside ; fortunately , many of the manuscripts and books were preserved . A US task force was able to retrieve about half of the stolen artifacts by organizing and dispatching an inventory of missing objects and by declaring that there would be no punishment for anyone returning an item . In addition to the vulnerability of art and historical institutions during the Iraq war , Iraq 's rich archaeological sites and areas of excavated land ( Iraq is presumed to possess vast undiscovered treasures ) have fallen victim to widespread looting . Hordes of looters disinterred enormous craters around Iraq 's archaeological sites , sometimes using bulldozers . It is estimated that between 10,000 and 15,000 archaeological sites in Iraq have been despoiled . Modern imperialism and looting ( edit ) Paris Louvre ca . 1845 The scale of plundering that took place under Napoleon 's French Empire was unprecedented in modern history with the only comparable looting expeditions taking place in ancient Roman history . In fact , the French revolutionaries justified the large - scale and systematic looting of Italy in 1796 by viewing themselves as the political successors of Rome , in the same way that ancient Romans saw themselves as the heirs of Greek civilization . They also supported their actions with the opinion that their sophisticated artistic taste would allow them to appreciate the plundered art . Napoleon 's soldiers crudely dismantled the art by tearing paintings out of their frames hung in churches and sometimes causing damage during the shipping process . Napoleon 's soldiers appropriated private collections and even the papal collection . Of the most famous artworks plundered included the Bronze Horses of Saint Mark in Venice and the Laocoön and His Sons in Rome ( both since returned ) , with the later being considered the most impressive sculpture from antiquity at the time . Laocoön group , ca . 40 - 20 BCE . Museo Pio Clementino , Vatican The Laocoön had a particular meaning for the French because it was associated with a myth in connection to the founding of Rome . When the art was brought into Paris , the pieces arrived in the fashion of a triumphal procession modeled after the common practice of ancient Romans . Napoleon 's extensive plunder of Italy was criticized by such French artists as Antoine - Chrysostôme Quatremère de Quincy ( 1755 -- 1849 ) , who circulated a petition that gathered the signatures of fifty other artists . With the founding of the Louvre Museum in Paris in 1793 , Napoleon 's aim was to establish an encyclopedic exhibition of art history , which later both Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler would attempt to emulate in their respective countries . L Expedition D Egypte Sous Les Ordres De Bonaparte by Leon Cogniet , ca . 1835 . Musée du Louvre , Paris . Depicts Napoleon and his savants studying Egypt . Napoleon continued his art conquests in 1798 when he invaded Egypt in an attempt to safeguard French trade interests and to undermine Britain 's access to India via Egypt . His expedition in Egypt is noted for the 167 `` savants '' he took with him including scientists and other specialists equipped with tools for recording , surveying and documenting ancient and modern Egypt and its natural history . Among other things , the expedition discoveries included the Rosetta Stone and the Valley of the Kings near Thebes . The French military campaign was short - lived and unsuccessful and the majority of the collected artifacts ( including the Rosetta Stone ) were seized by British troops , ending up in the British Museum . Nonetheless , the information gathered by the French expedition was soon after published in the several volumes of Description de l'Égypte , which included 837 copperplate engravings and over 3,000 drawings . In contrast to the disapproving public reaction to the looting of Italian works of art , the appropriation of Egyptian art saw widespread interest and fascination throughout Europe , inciting a phenomenon which came to be called `` Egyptomania '' . Demands for restitution ( edit ) A precedent for art repatriation was set in Roman antiquity when Cicero prosecuted Verres , a senate member and illegal appropriator of art . Cicero 's speech influenced Enlightenment European thought and had an indirect impact on the modern debate about art repatriation . Cicero 's argument uses military episodes of plunder as `` case law '' and expresses certain standards when it comes to appropriating cultural property of another people . Cicero makes a distinction between public and private uses of art and what is appropriate for each and he also asserts that the primary purpose of art is religious expression and veneration . He also sets standards for the responsibilities of imperial administration abroad to the code of ethics surrounding the collection of art from defeated Greece and Rome in wartime . Later , both Napoleon and Lord Elgin would be likened to Verres in condemnations of their plundering of art . The Allied victory in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo marked the end of the Napoleonic Era . Art was repatriated for the first time in modern history when Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington overturned art plundered by Napoleon to Italy after he and Marshal Bluchers armies defeated the French at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . This decision contrasted sharply to a long - held tradition to the effect that `` to the victors go the spoils . '' This is remarkable considering that in the battle of Waterloo alone , the financial and human costs were colossal ; the decision to not only refrain from plundering France but to repatriate France 's prior seizures from the Netherlands , Italy , Prussia , and Spain , was extraordinary . Moreover , the British paid for the restitution of the papal collection to Rome because the Pope could not finance the shipping himself . When British troops began packing up looted art from the Louvre , there was a public outcry in France . Crowds reportedly tried to prevent the taking of the Horses of Saint Mark and there were throngs of weeping ladies outside the Louvre Museum . Despite the unprecedented nature of this repatriation effort , there are recent estimations that only about 55 percent of what was taken was actually repatriated : the Louvre Director at the time , Vivant Denon , had sent out many important works to other parts of France before the British could take them . Wellington viewed himself as representing all of Europe 's nations and he believed that the moral decision would be to restore the art in its apparently proper context . In a letter to Lord Castlereagh he wrote : `` The Allies then , having the contents of the museum justly in their power , could not do otherwise than restore them to the countries form which , contrary to the practice of civilized warfare , they had been torn during the disastrous period of the French revolution and the tyranny of Bonaparte ... Not only , then , would it , in my opinion , be unjust in the Sovereigns to gratify the people of France on this subject , at the expense of their own people , but the sacrifice they would make would be impolitic , as it would deprive them of the opportunity of giving the people of France a great moral lesson . '' -- Excerpt from letter of Wellington to Viscount Castlereagh , K.G. , Paris , September 23 , 1815 Wellington also forbade pilfering among his troops as he believed that it led to the lack of discipline and distraction from military duty . He also held the view that winning support from local inhabitants was an important break from Napoleon 's practices . The great public interest in art repatriation helped fuel the expansion of public museums in Europe and launched museum - funded archaeological explorations . The concept of art and cultural repatriation gained momentum through the latter decades of the twentieth century and began to show fruition by the end of the century when key works were ceded back to claimants . Legal issues ( edit ) National government laws ( edit ) In 1863 US President Abraham Lincoln summoned Francis Lieber , a German - American jurist and political philosopher , to write a legal code to regulate Union soldiers ' behavior toward Confederation prisoners , noncombatants , spies and property . The resulting General Orders No. 100 or the Lieber Code , legally recognized cultural property as a protected category in war . The Lieber Code had far - reaching results as it became the basis for the Hague Convention of 1907 and 1954 and has led to Standing Rules of Engagement ( ROE ) for US troops today . A portion of the ROE clauses instruct US troops not to attack `` schools , museums , national monuments , and any other historical or cultural sites unless they are being used for a military purpose and pose a threat '' . In 2004 the US passed the Bill HR1047 for the Emergency Protection for Iraq Cultural Antiquities Act , which allows the President authority to impose emergency import restrictions by Section 204 of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act ( CCIPA ) . In 2003 , Britain and Switzerland put into effect statutory prohibitions against illegally exported Iraqi artifacts . In the UK , the Dealing in Cultural Objects Bill was established in 2003 that prohibited the handling of illegal cultural objects . International conventions ( edit ) The Hague Convention of 1907 aimed to forbid pillaging and sought to make wartime plunder the subject of legal proceedings , although in practice the defeated countries did not gain any leverage in their demands for repatriation . The Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict took place in the wake of widespread destruction of cultural heritage in World War II is the first international treaty of a worldwide vocation focusing exclusively on the protection of cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict . The UNIDROIT ( International Institute for the Unification of Private Law ) Convention on Stolen or Illicitly Exported Cultural Objects of 1995 called for the return of illegally exported cultural objects UNESCO ( edit ) The 1970 UNESCO Convention against Illicit Export under the Act to implement the Convention ( the Cultural Property Implementation Act ) allowed for stolen objects to be seized if there were documentation of it in a museum or institution of a state party and the following agreement in 1972 promoted world cultural and natural heritage The 1978 UNESCO Convention strengthened existing provisions ; the Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in case of illicit Appropriation was established . It consists of 22 members elected by the General Conference of UNESCO to facilitate bilateral negotiations for the restitution of `` any cultural property which has a fundamental significance from the point of view of the spiritual values and cultural heritage of the people of a Member State or Associate Member of UNESCO and which has been lost as a result of colonial or foreign occupation or as a result of illicit appropriation '' . It was also created to `` encourage the necessary research and studies for the establishment of coherent programmes for the constitution of representative collections in countries whose cultural heritage has been dispersed '' . In response to the Iraqi National Museum looting , UNESCO Director - General , Kōichirō Matsuura convened a meeting in Paris on April 17 , 2003 in order to assess the situation and coordinate international networks in order to recover the cultural heritage of Iraq . On July 8 , 2003 , Interpol and UNESCO signed an amendment to their 1999 Cooperation Agreement in the effort to recover looted Iraqi artifacts . Political issues ( edit ) Colonialism and identity ( edit ) From early on , the field of archaeology was deeply involved in political endeavors and in the construction of national identities . This early relationship can be seen during the Renaissance and the proto - Italian reactions against the High Gothic movement , but the relationship became stronger during 19th century Europe when archaeology became institutionalized as a field of study furnished by artifacts acquired during the rise of European colonialism led by the British and French . Colonialism and the field of archaeology mutually supported one another as the need to acquire knowledge of ancient artifacts justified further colonial dominance . As further justification for colonial rule , the archaeological discoveries also shaped the way European colonialists identified with the artifacts and the ancient people who made them . In the case of Egypt , colonial Europe 's mission to bring the glory and magnificence of ancient Egypt closer to Europe and incorporate it into knowledge of world history , or better yet , European history placed ancient Egypt in a new spotlight . With the archaeological discoveries , ancient Egypt was adopted into the Western historical narrative and came to take on a significance that had up until that time been reserved for ancient Greek and Roman civilization . The French revolutionaries justified the large - scale and systematic looting of Italy in 1796 by viewing themselves as the political successors of Rome , in the same way that ancient Romans saw themselves as the heirs of Greek civilization ; by the same token , the appropriation of ancient Egyptian history as European history further legitimated Western colonial rule over Egypt . But while ancient Egypt became patrimony of the West , modern Egypt remained a part of the Muslim world . The writings of European archaeologists and tourists illustrate the impression that modern Egyptians were uncivilized , savage , and the antithesis of the splendor of ancient Egypt . Museums furnished by colonial looting have largely shaped the way a nation imagines its dominion , the nature of the human beings under its power , the geography of the land , and the legitimacy of its ancestors , working to suggest a process of political inheriting . It is necessary to understand the paradoxical way in which the objects on display at museums are tangible reminders of the power held by those who gaze at them . Eliot Colla describes the structure of the Egyptian sculpture room in the British Museum as an assemblage that `` form ( s ) an abstract image of the globe with London at the center '' . The British Museum , as Colla describes , presents a lesson of human development and progress : `` the forward march of human civilization from its classical origins in Greece and Rome , through Renaissance Italy , to modern - day London '' . The restoration of monuments was often made in colonial states to make natives feel as if in their current state , they were no longer capable of greatness . Furthermore , sometimes colonial rulers argued that the ancestors of the colonized people did not make the artifacts . Some scholars also argue that European colonialists used monumental archaeology and tourism to appear as the guardian of the colonized , reinforcing unconscious and undetectable ownership . Colonial rulers used peoples , religions , languages , artifacts , and monuments as source for reinforcing European nationalism , which was adopted and easily inherited from the colonial states . Nationalism and identity ( edit ) As a direct reaction and resistance to colonial oppression , archaeology was also used for the purpose of legitimating the existence of an independent nation - state . For example , Egyptian Nationalists utilized its ancient history to invent the political and expressive culture of `` Pharaonism '' as a response to Europe 's `` Egyptomania '' . Masada fortress , Israel Some argue that in colonized states , nationalist archaeology was used to resist colonialism and racism under the guise of evolution . While it is true that both colonialist and nationalist discourse use the artifact to form mechanisms to sustain their contending political agendas , there is a danger in viewing them interchangeably since the latter was a reaction and form of resistance to the former . On the other hand , it is important to realize that in the process of emulating the mechanisms of colonial discourse , the nationalist discourse produced new forms of power . In the case of the Egyptian nationalist movement , the new form of power and meaning that surrounded the artifact furthered the Egyptian independence cause but continued to oppress the rural Egyptian population . Some scholars argue that archaeology can be a positive source of pride in cultural traditions , but can also be abused to justify cultural or racial superiority as the Nazis argued that Germanic people of Northern Europe was a distinct race and cradle of Western civilization that was superior to Jewish race . In some conflicts that involve land ownership , archaeology is used to encourage confrontation by means of constructing of national myth as seen with the ancient fortress of Masada in Israel . In other cases , archaeology allows rulers to justify the domination of neighboring peoples as Saddam Hussein used Mesopotamia 's magnificent past to justify his invasion of Kuwait in 1990 . Some scholars employ the idea that identity is fluid and constructed , especially national identity of modern nation - states , to argue that the post-colonial countries have no real claims to the artifacts plundered from their borders since their cultural connections to the artifacts are indirect and equivocal . This argument asserts that artifacts should be viewed as universal cultural property and should not be divided among artificially created nation - states . Moreover , that encyclopedic museums are a testament to diversity , tolerance and the appreciation of many cultures . Other scholars would argue that this reasoning is a continuation of colonialist discourse attempting to appropriate the ancient art of colonized states and incorporate it into the narrative of Western history . Controversy ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The debate surrounding art repatriation differs case by case due to the specific nature of legal and historical issues surrounding each case , but below are listed general arguments commonly used : Arguments against repatriation ( edit ) Artifacts are a part of a universal human history and encyclopedic museums like the British Museum , Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art cultivate the dissemination of knowledge , tolerance , and broad cultural understanding . Artifacts were frequently excavated or uncovered by looters , who brought to light a piece of artwork that would otherwise never have been seen ; foreign - led excavation teams have uncovered items that contribute to cultural knowledge and understanding . Nationalist retentionist cultural property laws claiming ownership are founded on constructed boundaries of modern nations with weak connections to the culture , spirit , and race to the ancient peoples who produced those antiquities . Cultural identities are dynamic , inter-related and overlapping so no modern nation - state can claim cultural property as their own or else they are promoting a sectarian view of culture . Having artwork disseminated around the world encourages international scholarly and professional exchange . Encyclopedic museums are located in cosmopolitan cities such as London , Paris and New York , and if the artworks were to be moved , they would be seen by far fewer people . If the Rosetta Stone were to be moved from The British Museum to The Cairo Museum , the number of people who view it would drop from about 5.5 million visitors to 2.5 million visitors a year . Arguments for repatriation ( edit ) Encyclopedic museums such as the British Museum , Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art were established as repositories for looted art during imperial and colonial rule , and thus are located in metropolitan cities out of view and reach of the cultures from which they were appropriated . Precedence of repatriated art has already been set in many cases but the artworks that museums currently refuse to repatriate are the most valuable and famous artworks . Foreign - led excavations have justified colonial rule ; in the pursuit of obtaining knowledge about the artifacts , there was a need to establish control over the artifacts and the countries where they were located . The argument that art is a part of a universal human history is a derivative of colonial discourse that appropriated ancient art of other cultures into the Western historical narrative . The encyclopedic museums that house much of the world 's artworks and artifacts are located in Western cities and privilege European scholars , professionals and people . The argument that artwork will not be protected outside of the Western world is hypocritical as much of the artwork transported out of colonized countries was crudely removed and damaged and sometimes lost in transportation . The Elgin marbles for example , were also damaged during the cleaning and `` preservation '' process . Art is best appreciated and understood in its original historical and cultural context . Moreover the Napried , one of the ships commissioned by di Cesnola to transport approximately 35,000 pieces of antiquities that he had collected from Cyprus , was lost at sea carrying about 5,000 pieces in its cargo . Art taken out of the country as a spoil of war , looting , imperialism , and colonialism is unethical , even if it is n't reflected in legislation . The possession of artwork taken under these conditions is a form of continued colonialism . The lack of existing legal recourse for claiming the return of illicitly appropriated cultural property is a result of colonization . Cultural property is a symbol of cultural heritage and identity and the appropriation of historical artworks is an affront to a nation 's pride . International examples ( edit ) The iconic bust of Nefertiti Egypt ( edit ) Egypt is seeking the repatriation of the Rosetta Stone from the British Museum and the Nefertiti bust from the Neues Museum in Berlin . Greece ( edit ) Greece is seeking repatriation of the Elgin Marbles from the British Museum , taken from the Parthenon by Thomas Bruce , 7th Earl of Elgin . Since 1816 , the British Museum has held the Parthenon Marbles ( `` In Britain , the acquisition of the collection was supported by some , while other critics compared The British Consul at Greece Elgin 's actions to vandalism or looting '' , text from the Marbles article ) , and , despite the tortuous and ill explained path from Greece to England , the museum strongly defends its right to own and display the marbles . Euphronios Krater Italy ( edit ) In February 2006 , Metropolitan Museum of Art negotiated the repatriation of the Euphronios krater to Italy , from where it was thought to have been looted in the early 1970s . Canada ( edit ) The Haisla totem Pole of Kitimat , British Columbia was originally prepared for chief G'psgoalux in 1872 . This aboriginal artifact was donated to a Swedish museum in 1929 . According to the donor , he had purchased the pole from the Haisla people while he lived on the Canadian west coast and served as Swedish consul . After being approached by the Haisla people , the Swedish government decided in 1994 to return the pole , as the exact circumstances around the acquisition were unclear . The pole was returned to Kitimat in 2006 after a building had been constructed in order to preserve the pole . India ( edit ) The U.K. has rejected India 's fresh demand to return its priceless artifacts like `` Kohinoor Diamond '' and `` Sultanganj Buddha '' that were stolen / looted / smuggled during British colonial rule citing a law ( The British Museum Act , 1963 ) that prevents it from giving back the items . ASI ( Archaeological Survey of India ) is planning to join a campaign with the support of UNESCO and other countries to regain the artifacts . South Korea ( edit ) In November 2010 , Japan agreed to return some 1,000 cultural objects to South Korea that were plundered during its colonial occupation from 1910 - 45 . The collection includes a collection of royal books called Uigwe from the Joseon Dynasty ( 1392 - 1910 ) . United states ( edit ) During an August 2005 diplomatic session in North Korea , former U.S. Ambassador to South Korea Donald Gregg received verbal indications from high - ranking North Korean officials that the state would be willing to repatriate the USS Pueblo to United States authorities , on the condition that a prominent U.S. government official , such as the Secretary of State , come to Pyongyang for high level talks . While the U.S. government has publicly stated on several occasions that the return of the still commissioned Navy vessel is a priority , the current overall situation of U.S. and North Korean relations makes such an official state visit unlikely . Former Pueblo crew members William Thomas Massie , Dunnie Richard Tuck , Donald Raymond McClarren , and Lloyd Bucher sued the North Korean government for the abuse they suffered at its hands during their captivity . North Korea did not respond to the suit . In December 2008 , U.S. District Judge Henry H. Kennedy , Jr. in Washington , D.C. awarded the plaintiffs $65 million in damages , describing their ill treatment by North Korea as `` extensive and shocking . '' The plaintiffs , as of October 2009 , were attempting to collect the judgment from North Korean assets frozen by the U.S. government . See also ( edit ) Byzantine Fresco Chapel , Houston Repatriation and reburial of human remains Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the Sumerian poem titled Curse of Akkad , Naram - Sin was responsible for the collapse of the Akkadian Empire as he looted and destroyed the Temple of Enlil and incited the wrath of the gods as a result , see Miles , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Miles , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Miles , p. 13 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 65 Jump up ^ Isager , Jacob , Pliny on Art and Society : The Elder Pliny 's Chapters On The History Of Art , p. 173 , 2013 , Routledge , ISBN 1 - 135 - 08580 - 3 , 978 - 1 - 135 - 08580 - 3 , Google Books Jump up ^ See film , Rape of Europa : The Fate of Europe 's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War by L.H. Nicholas , New York , 1994 ^ Jump up to : `` Unplundering Art '' . Economist. 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Barry Meier and James Glanz ( 26 July 2006 ) . `` Looted treasure returning to Iraq national museum '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greenfield , p. 263 ^ Jump up to : Poole , Robert M. ( February 2008 ) . `` Looting Iraq '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greenfield , p. 268 Jump up ^ Greenfield , p. 267 Jump up ^ Well known examples include Lucius Mummius ' sack of Corinth or Marcus Claudius Marcellus ' plunder of Syracuse , See Miles , p. 320 ^ Jump up to : Miles , p. 320 Jump up ^ See Miles , p. 320 ^ Jump up to : Miles , p. 321 Jump up ^ The Laocoön was the fabled Trojan priest who warned the Trojans not to accept the Wooden Horse that the Greeks offered to Athena . A god hostile to Troy sent sea serpents to kill him and his sons , which led to the fall of Troy and heralded the eventual founding of Rome , see Miles , p. 321 Jump up ^ Ironically one of the names included Vivant Denon , the future Director of the Louvre and future facilitator of Napoleon 's despoliation of artifacts from Egypt ( see Miles , p. 326 ) Jump up ^ Miles , p. 328 ^ Jump up to : Miles , p. 329 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 4 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 5 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 5 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 330 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 331 ^ Jump up to : Miles , p. 334 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 341 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 332 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 144 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 350 ^ Jump up to : Miles , p. 352 Jump up ^ Miles , p. 271 Jump up ^ http://www.unidroit.org/english/conventions/1995culturalproperty/1995culturalproperty-e.htm Archived March 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Greenfield , p. 270 ^ Jump up to : Riviere , Francoise ( 2009 ) . `` Editorial '' . Museum International , UNESCO Publishing and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 1 - 2 . 61 . Jump up ^ Bouchenaki , Mounir ( 2009 ) . `` Return and restitution of cultural property in the wake of the 1970 Convention '' . Museum International , UNESCO Publishing and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 1 - 2 . 61 . Jump up ^ Silberman , pp. 249 - 50 Jump up ^ Said 86 ^ Jump up to : Colla 103 Jump up ^ Miles 320 Jump up ^ Anderson 164 Jump up ^ Colla 4 ^ Jump up to : Colla 5 ^ Jump up to : Anderson 181 Jump up ^ Diaz - Andreu , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Colla 12 Jump up ^ Kohl , Fawcett , pp. 3 - 11 Jump up ^ Moss , Paul ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Masada legend galvanizes Israel '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Kohl , Fawcett , p. 5 Jump up ^ Cuno , pp. xx - xxxvi Jump up ^ Cuno , pp. xxxv Jump up ^ Cuno , James ( 2008 ) . Who Owns Antiquity ? The Battle Over Our Ancient Heritage . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Cuno , James ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Who 's Right ? Repatriation of Cultural Property '' . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Egypt demands return of the Rosetta Stone The Telegraph . By Charlotte Edwardes and Catherine Milner , 20 Jul 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Napried Exploration '' . napried.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tong , Xiong ( 8 November 2010 ) . `` S Korea to retrieve stolen cultural property from Japan : media '' . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . References ( edit ) Anderson , Benedict ( 2006 ) . Imagined Communities . Verso . pp. 163 -- 186 . Bouchenaki , Mounir ( 2009 ) . `` Return and restitution of cultural property in the wake of the 1970 Convention '' . Museum International , UNESCO Publishing and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 1 - 2 . 61 . Colla , Elliot ( 2007 ) . Conflicted Antiquities : Egyptology , Egyptomania , Egyptian Modernity . Duke University Press . Cuno , James ( 2008 ) . Who Owns Antiquity ? The Battle Over Our Ancient Heritage . Princeton University Press . Charlotte Edwardes and Catherine Milner ( 20 July 2003 ) . `` Egypt demands return of the Rosetta Stone '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Diaz - Andreu , M. ( 1993 ) . `` Theory and Theology : Spanish Archaeology under the Franco Regime '' . Antiquity. 67 : 74 -- 82 . Kohl , Philip ; Fawcett , Clare ( 1995 ) . Nationalism , Politics , and the Practice of Archaeology . Cambridge University Press . pp. 3 -- 18 . Barry Meier and James Glanz ( 26 July 2006 ) . `` Looted treasure returning to Iraq national museum '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Miles , Margaret M. ( 2008 ) . Art as Plunder : The Ancient Origins of Debate About Cultural Property . Cambridge University Press . Moss , Paul ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Masada legend galvanises Israel '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Poole , Robert M. ( February 2008 ) . `` Looting Iraq '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Riviere , Francoise ( 2009 ) . `` Editorial '' . Museum International , UNESCO Publishing and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 1 - 2 . 61 . Said , Edward ( 1994 ) . Orientalism . Vintage Books . Silberman , N.A. ( 1982 ) . Digging for God and Country . Knoph , New York . Tong , Xiong ( 8 November 2010 ) . `` S Korea to retrieve stolen cultural property from Japan : media '' . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Williams , Daniel ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` Egypt Relics Chief Pulls in Revenue as He Fights for Nefertiti '' . Business Week . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . `` Unplundering Art '' . Economist. 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Jenkins , Tiffany ( 2016 ) . Keeping Their Marbles : how the treasures of the past ended up in museums -- and why they should stay there . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199657599 . Merryman , John Henry ( 2006 ) . Imperialism , Arts and Restitution . Cambridge University Press . Reid , Donald Malcolm ( 2002 ) . Whose Pharaohs ? : archaeology , museums , and Egyptian national identity from Napoleon to World War I. University of California Press . Waxman , Sharon ( 2008 ) . Loot : The Battle Over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World . Times Books . 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which decade saw the development of television and the beginnings of the space race

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Space_Race&oldid=838320130

Space Race - Wikipedia Space Race Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Cold War rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union . For various space races , see List of space races . For other uses of the term , see Space Race ( disambiguation ) . The Soviet Union achieved an early lead in the Space Race by launching the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 ( replica shown ) in 1957 . The United States led during the `` Moon race '' by landing Neil Armstrong ( pictured ) and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon , July 20 , 1969 . Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford and cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov shake hands in space to ease Cold War tensions . The Space Race refers to the 20th - century competition between two Cold War rivals , the Soviet Union ( USSR ) and the United States ( US ) , for dominance in spaceflight capability . It had its origins in the missile - based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II , aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program . The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security , and symbolic of ideological superiority . The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites , uncrewed space probes of the Moon , Venus , and Mars , and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon . The Space Race began on August 2 , 1955 , when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year , by declaring they would also launch a satellite `` in the near future '' . The Soviet Union beat the US to this , with the October 4 , 1957 , orbiting of Sputnik 1 , and later beat the US to the first human in space , Yuri Gagarin , on April 12 , 1961 . The `` race '' peaked with the July 20 , 1969 , US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11 . The USSR tried but failed crewed lunar missions , and eventually canceled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations . A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project , resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew . The end of the Space Race is harder to pinpoint than its beginning , but it was over by the December 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union , after which true spaceflight cooperation between the US and Russia began . The Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites , and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station . It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development , which led to beneficial spin - off technologies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early rocket development 1.1 Germany during World War II 1.2 Soviet rocket development 1.3 American rocket development 1.4 Cold War missile race 2 The Race begins 2.1 First artificial satellite 2.2 US reaction 3 Uncrewed lunar probes 4 First human in space 5 First American in space 6 Kennedy directs the Race toward the Moon 7 Completion of Vostok and Mercury programs 7.1 Mercury 7.2 Vostok 8 Kennedy proposes a joint US - USSR program 9 Gemini and Voskhod 9.1 Voskhod program 9.2 Project Gemini 10 Soviet crewed Moon programs 11 Outer space treaty 12 Disaster strikes both sides 13 Onward to the Moon 14 Apollo 11 15 The Race winds down 15.1 Salyuts and Skylab 15.2 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project 16 Legacy 16.1 Human spaceflight after Apollo 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links Early rocket development ( edit ) Germany during World War II ( edit ) Wernher von Braun ( 1912 -- 1977 ) , technical director of Nazi Germany 's missile program , became the United States ' lead rocket engineer during the 1950s and 1960s The origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany , beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles capable of sub-orbital spaceflight . Starting in the early 1930s , during the last stages of the Weimar Republic , German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid - fueled rockets , with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances . The head of the German Army 's Ballistics and Munitions Branch , Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker , gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen , to figure out how to use rockets as long - range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles ' ban on research and development of long - range cannons . Wernher von Braun , a young engineering prodigy , was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf - West in 1932 . Von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology . During the Second World War , General Dornberger was the military head of the army 's rocket program , Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket center , and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program . They led the team that built the Aggregate - 4 ( A-4 ) rocket , which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943 . By 1943 , Germany began mass - producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ( `` Vengeance Weapon '' 2 , or more commonly , V2 ) , a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers ( 200 mi ) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms ( 2,490 lb ) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour ( 2,500 mph ) . Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it , and radar detection provided little warning . Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied - liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945 . After the war , the V - 2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs . At war 's end , American , British , and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany 's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based . Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team , but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip , recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team , who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs . The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets . Soviet rocket development ( edit ) Further information : Soviet rocketry `` Chief Designer '' Sergei Korolev ( left ) , with the `` father of the Soviet atomic bomb '' Igor Kurchatov , and `` Chief Theoretician '' Mstislav Keldysh in 1956 The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany , which became the Soviet zone of occupation . On Stalin 's orders , the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems . The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev . He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s , but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag . After the war , he became the USSR 's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer , essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun . His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War , and he was identified publicly only as `` the Chief Designer . '' In the West , his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966 . After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde , Soviet officials conducted Operation Osoaviakhim and later moved more than 170 of the top captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger , about 240 kilometers ( 150 mi ) northwest of Moscow . They were not allowed to participate in final Soviet missile design , but were used as problem - solving consultants to the Soviet engineers . They helped in the following areas : the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4 ; work on `` organizational schemes '' ; research in improving the A-4 main engine ; development of a 100 - ton engine ; assistance in the `` layout '' of plant production rooms ; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components . With their help , particularly Helmut Gröttrup 's group , Korolev reverse - engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket , the R - 1 , in 1948 . Later , he developed his own distinct designs , though many of these designs were influenced by the Gröttrup Group 's G4 - R10 design from 1949 . The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951 -- 53 . American rocket development ( edit ) The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid - fuel rockets since 1914 , and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid - fueled rockets in 1921 , yet he had not been taken seriously by the public . Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army 's White Sands Proving Ground , located in New Mexico , in 1945 . They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation . These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space , and the first two - stage rocket , the WAC Corporal - V2 combination , in 1949 . The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army 's new Redstone Arsenal , located in Huntsville , Alabama , in 1950 . From here , von Braun and his team developed the Army 's first operational medium - range ballistic missile , the Redstone rocket , that in slightly modified versions , launched both America 's first satellite , and the first piloted Mercury space missions . It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets . Cold War missile Race ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear arms race The cold war would become the great engine , the supreme catalyst , that sent rockets and their cargoes far above Earth and worlds away . If Tsiolkovsky , Oberth , Goddard , and others were the fathers of rocketry , the competition between capitalism and communism was its midwife . William E. Burrows , This New Ocean , `` The Other World Series '' , p. 147 The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) developed between two former allies , the Soviet Union and the United States , soon after the end of the Second World War . It involved a continuing state of political conflict , military tension , proxy wars , and economic competition , primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states ( often referred to as the Eastern Bloc ) , and the powers of the Western world , particularly the United States . The primary participants ' military forces never clashed directly , but expressed this conflict through military coalitions , strategic conventional force deployments , extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable , proxy wars , espionage , propaganda , a nuclear arms race , and economic and technological competitions , such as the Space Race . In simple terms , the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism . The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949 , when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb . American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb , with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that , for the first time , might devastate its cities . Given this new danger , the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb , as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) capable of delivering nuclear weapons . A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s , which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism . With communism spreading in China , Korea , and Eastern Europe , Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive `` witch - hunts '' to expose communist spies . Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force , under the control of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) . SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers , as well as medium - bombers based close to Soviet airspace ( in western Europe and in Turkey ) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads . For its part , the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion . Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 , the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally , the United States , which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons . The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II , and it could use them again against the Soviet Union , laying waste to its cities and military centers . Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union , and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory , in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) in order to counter the perceived American threat . Soviet R - 7 ICBM , and its derivative launch vehicles for Sputnik , Vostok , Voskhod , and Soyuz In 1953 , Korolev was given the go - ahead to develop the R - 7 Semyorka rocket , which represented a major advance from the German design . Although some of its components ( notably boosters ) still resembled the German G - 4 , the new rocket incorporated staged design , a completely new control system , and a new fuel . It was successfully tested on August 21 , 1957 , and became the world 's first fully operational ICBM the following month . It was later used to launch the first satellite into space , and derivatives launched all piloted Soviet spacecraft . The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services , which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program . The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX - 774 . However , its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947 . In 1950 , von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM - 11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral . In 1951 , the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX - 1593 , and by 1955 this program was receiving top - priority funding . The MX - 1593 program evolved to become the Atlas - A , with its maiden launch occurring June 11 , 1957 , becoming the first successful American ICBM . Its upgraded version , the Atlas - D rocket , later served as a nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote - controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini . With the Cold War as an engine for change in the ideological competition between the United States and the Soviet Union , a coherent space policy began to take shape in the United States during the late 1950s . Korolev took inspiration from the competition as well , achieving many firsts to counter the possibility that the United States might prevail . The Race begins ( edit ) Further information : Soviet space program and Space policy of the United States First artificial satellite ( edit ) In 1955 , with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space , the `` starting line '' was drawn for the Space Race . In separate announcements four days apart , both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958 . On July 29 , 1955 , James C. Hagerty , president Dwight D. Eisenhower 's press secretary , announced that the United States intended to launch `` small Earth circling satellites '' between July 1 , 1957 , and December 31 , 1958 , as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year ( IGY ) . Four days later , at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen , scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy , and announced his country 's intention to launch a satellite as well , in the `` near future '' . On August 30 , 1955 , Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit : this was the de facto start date for the Space Race . The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret . Initially , President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) , might be construed as violating that nation 's sovereign airspace . He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight , thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense . Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation 's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space , acknowledged as the Kármán line , and he used the 1957 -- 58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law . Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a `` warmonger '' if he were to use military missiles as launchers . Therefore , he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory 's Vanguard rocket , which was a research - only booster . This meant that von Braun 's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter - C rocket , because of its intended use as a future military vehicle . On September 20 , 1956 , von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter - C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit , but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology . Korolev received word about von Braun 's 1956 Jupiter - C test , but thinking it was a satellite mission that failed , he expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit . Since his R - 7 was substantially more powerful than any of the American boosters , he made sure to take full advantage of this capability by designing Object D as his primary satellite . It was given the designation ' D ' , to distinguish it from other R - 7 payload designations ' A ' , ' B ' , ' V ' , and ' G ' which were nuclear weapon payloads . Object D dwarfed the proposed American satellites , by having a weight of 1,400 kilograms ( 3,100 lb ) , of which 300 kilograms ( 660 lb ) would be composed of scientific instruments that would photograph the Earth , take readings on radiation levels , and check on the planet 's magnetic field . However , things were not going along well with the design and manufacturing of the satellite , so in February 1957 , Korolev sought and received permission from the Council of Ministers to create a prosteishy sputnik ( PS - 1 ) , or simple satellite . The Council also decreed that Object D be postponed until April 1958 . The new sputnik was a shiny sphere that would be a much lighter craft , weighing 83.8 kilograms ( 185 lb ) and having a 58 - centimeter ( 23 in ) diameter . The satellite would not contain the complex instrumentation that Object D had , but had two radio transmitters operating on different short wave radio frequencies , the ability to detect if a meteoroid were to penetrate its pressure hull , and the ability to detect the density of the Earth 's thermosphere . Beep ... beep ... beep The signals of Sputnik 1 continued for 22 days Problems playing this file ? See media help . Korolev was buoyed by the first successful launches of his R - 7 rocket in August and September , which paved the way for him to launch his sputnik . Word came that the Americans were planning to announce a major breakthrough at an International Geophysical Year conference at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D.C. , with a paper entitled `` Satellite Over the Planet '' , on October 6 , 1957 . Korolev anticipated that von Braun might launch a Jupiter - C with a satellite payload on or around October 4 or 5 , in conjunction with the paper . He hastened the launch , moving it to October 4 . The launch vehicle for PS - 1 , was a modified R - 7 -- vehicle 8K71PS number M1 - PS -- without much of the test equipment and radio gear that was present in the previous launches . It arrived at the Soviet missile base Tyura - Tam in September and was prepared for its mission at launch site number one . On Friday , October 4 , 1957 , at exactly 10 : 28 : 34 pm Moscow time , the R - 7 , with the now named Sputnik 1 satellite , lifted off the launch pad , and placed this artificial `` moon '' into an orbit a few minutes later . This `` fellow traveler , '' as the name is translated in English , was a small , beeping ball , less than two feet in diameter and weighing less than 200 pounds . But the celebrations were muted at the launch control center until the down - range far east tracking station at Kamchatka received the first distinctive beep ... beep ... beep sounds from Sputnik 1 's radio transmitters , indicating that it was on its way to completing its first orbit . About 95 minutes after launch , the satellite flew over its launch site , and its radio signals were picked up by the engineers and military personnel at Tyura - Tam : that 's when Korolev and his team celebrated the first successful artificial satellite placed into Earth - orbit . US reaction ( edit ) Main article : Sputnik crisis The Soviet success raised a great deal of concern in the United States . For example , economist Bernard Baruch wrote in an open letter titled `` The Lessons of Defeat '' to the New York Herald Tribune : `` While we devote our industrial and technological power to producing new model automobiles and more gadgets , the Soviet Union is conquering space ... It is Russia , not the United States , who has had the imagination to hitch its wagon to the stars and the skill to reach for the moon and all but grasp it . America is worried . It should be . '' Eisenhower ordered project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned . The December 6 , 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida , broadcast live in front of a US television audience . It was a monumental failure , exploding a few seconds after launch , and it became an international joke . The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik , Stayputnik , Kaputnik , and Dudnik . In the United Nations , the Russian delegate offered the US representative aid `` under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations . '' Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun 's Redstone team get the go - ahead to launch their Jupiter - C rocket as soon as they could . In Britain , the US 's Western Cold War ally , the reaction was mixed : some celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first , while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring . William Hayward Pickering , James Van Allen , and Wernher von Braun display a full - scale model of Explorer 1 at a Washington , DC news conference after confirmation the satellite was in orbit On January 31 , 1958 , nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1 , von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four - stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army 's Redstone missile , at Cape Canaveral . The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.66 pounds ( 13.91 kg ) in mass . The payload of Explorer 1 weighed 18.35 pounds ( 8.32 kg ) . It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger - Müller tube . It passed in and out of the Earth - encompassing radiation belt with its 194 - by - 1,368 - nautical - mile ( 360 by 2,534 km ) orbit , therefore saturating the tube 's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen , a space scientist at the University of Iowa , had theorized . The belt , named the Van Allen radiation belt , is a doughnut - shaped zone of high - level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1 . The satellite measured three phenomena : cosmic ray and radiation levels , the temperature in the spacecraft , and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites . The satellite had no memory for data storage , therefore it had to transmit continuously . In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments . On April 2 , 1958 , President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite , by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities . Congress , led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act , which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29 , 1958 . This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . It also created a Civilian - Military Liaison Committee , chaired by the President , responsible for coordinating the nation 's civilian and military space programs . On October 21 , 1959 , Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army 's remaining space - related activities to NASA . On July 1 , 1960 , the Redstone Arsenal became NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center , with von Braun as its first director . Development of the Saturn rocket family , which when mature , gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability , was thus transferred to NASA . Uncrewed lunar probes ( edit ) In 1958 , Korolev upgraded the R - 7 to be able to launch a 400 - kilogram ( 880 lb ) payload to the Moon . Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1 - class impactor probes failed . The fourth attempt , Luna 1 , launched successfully on January 2 , 1959 , but missed the Moon . The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch . The 390 - kilogram ( 860 lb ) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14 , 1959 . The 278.5 - kilogram ( 614 lb ) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6 , 1959 . The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959 , managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory . The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas - Agena launch failures in August and November 1961 . The 727 - pound ( 330 kg ) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26 , 1962 , but missed the Moon . The 730 - pound ( 330 kg ) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon , but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data . Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers ( 391 nmi ) on October 21 , 1962 . The first successful Ranger mission was the 806 - pound ( 366 kg ) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31 , 1964 . First human in space ( edit ) Yuri Gagarin , the first person in space , 1961 By 1959 , American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space , because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury 's first launch . On April 12 , 1961 , the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1 . They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut , roughly translated from Russian and Greek as `` sailor of the universe '' . Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his capsule in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer , it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution ; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space . Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union , with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters ( 23,000 ft ) , and landing by parachute . The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( International Federation of Aeronautics ) credited Gagarin with the world 's first human space flight , although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft . For this reason , the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule . When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov 's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique , the FAI committee decided to investigate , and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch , orbiting , and return , rather than the manner of landing , and revised their rules , keeping Gagarin 's and Titov 's records intact . Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , and a worldwide celebrity . Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations , the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945 . April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR , and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official `` Commemorative Dates of Russia . '' In 2011 , it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations . Poyekhali ! Gagarin 's voice Problems playing this file ? See media help . The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch : Korolev : `` Preliminary stage ... intermediate ... main ... lift off ! We wish you a good flight . Everything is all right . '' Gagarin : `` Поехали ! '' ( Poyekhali ! - Let 's go ! ) . Gagarin 's informal poyekhali ! became a historical phrase in the Eastern Bloc , used to refer to the beginning of the human space flight era . First American in space ( edit ) Alan Shepard , the first American in space , 1961 The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space , named Man in Space Soonest . This program studied several different types of one - man space vehicles , settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile , and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots . After NASA 's creation , the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26 , 1958 . NASA selected a new group of astronaut ( from the Greek for `` star sailor '' ) candidates from Navy , Air Force and Marine test pilots , and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program . Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately , working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile , followed by orbital flights on the Atlas . Each flight series would first start uncrewed , then carry a non-human primate , then finally humans . On May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American in space , launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury - Redstone 3 , in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7 . Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin , he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft 's attitude and retro - rocket firing . After his successful return , Shepard was celebrated as a national hero , honored with parades in Washington , New York and Los Angeles , and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy . Kennedy directs the Race toward the Moon ( edit ) See also : Moon landing These are extraordinary times . And we face an extraordinary challenge . Our strength , as well as our convictions , have imposed upon this nation the role of leader in freedom 's cause . ... if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny , the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all , as did the Sputnik in 1957 , the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere , who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take ... Now it is time to take longer strides -- time for a great new American enterprise -- time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement , which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth . ... Recognizing the head start obtained by the Soviets with their large rocket engines , which gives them many months of lead - time , and recognizing the likelihood that they will exploit this lead for some time to come in still more impressive successes , we nevertheless are required to make new efforts on our own . ... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal , before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind , or more important for the long - range exploration of space , and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish . John F. Kennedy , Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs , May 25 , 1961 Before Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy 's support for America 's crewed space program was lukewarm . Jerome Wiesner of MIT , who served as a science advisor to presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy , and himself an opponent of crewed space exploration , remarked , `` If Kennedy could have opted out of a big space program without hurting the country in his judgment , he would have . '' As late as March 1961 , when NASA administrator James E. Webb submitted a budget request to fund a Moon landing before 1970 , Kennedy rejected it because it was simply too expensive . Some were surprised by Kennedy 's eventual support of NASA and the space program because of how often he had attacked the Eisenhower administration 's inefficiency during the election . Gagarin 's flight changed this ; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead . Additionally , the Bay of Pigs invasion , planned before his term began but executed during it , was an embarrassment to his administration due to the colossal failure of the American forces . Looking for something to save political face , he sent a memo dated April 20 , 1961 , to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , asking him to look into the state of America 's space program , and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up . The two major options at the time seemed to be , either establishment of an Earth orbital space station , or a crewed landing on the Moon . Johnson , in turn , consulted with von Braun , who answered Kennedy 's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability . Based on this , Johnson responded to Kennedy , concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership , and recommending that the crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first . Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program , and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled `` Special Message on Urgent National Needs '' . Full text He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security , and its focus of the nation 's energies on other scientific and social fields . He rallied popular support for the program in his `` We choose to go to the Moon '' speech , on September 12 , 1962 , before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium , in Houston , Texas , near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility . Full text Khrushchev responded to Kennedy 's implicit challenge with silence , refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a `` Moon race '' . As later disclosed , they pursued such a program in secret over the next nine years . Completion of Vostok and Mercury programs ( edit ) Mercury ( edit ) John Glenn , the first American in orbit , 1962 American Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom repeated Shepard 's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21 , 1961 . Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit , astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth , on February 20 , 1962 . His Mercury - Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft , and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean , after a tense reentry , due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat - shield . As the first American in orbit , Glenn became a national hero , and received a ticker - tape parade in New York City , reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh . On February 23 , 1962 , President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal . The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn 's : Aurora 7 on May 24 , 1962 , duplicated Glenn 's three orbits ; Sigma 7 on October 3 , 1962 , six orbits ; and Faith 7 on May 15 , 1963 , 22 orbits ( 32.4 hours ) , the maximum capability of the spacecraft . NASA at first intended to launch one more mission , extending the spacecraft 's endurance to three days , but since this would not beat the Soviet record , it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini . Vostok ( edit ) Replica of the Vostok capsule Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6 , 1961 . The Soviet Union demonstrated 24 - hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft , Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 , in essentially identical orbits , on August 11 and 12 , 1962 . The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers ( 4.0 mi ) of one another , close enough for radio communication . Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space . Though the two craft 's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket 's guidance system , slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers ( 3.5 nautical miles ) , then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers ( 1,540 nautical miles ) . There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous , required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart . Valentina Tereshkova The Soviet Union duplicated its dual - launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 ( June 16 , 1963 ) . This time they launched the first woman ( also the first civilian ) , Valentina Tereshkova , into space on Vostok 6 . Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev 's idea , and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value . Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists , but Tereshkova was the only one to fly . The USSR did n't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980 , two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women . The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition , where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule . The `` Vostok spaceship '' had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show , mounted on its launch vehicle 's third stage , with the nose cone in place . A tail section with eight fins was also added , in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers . This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary . Kennedy proposes a joint US - USSR program ( edit ) On September 20 , 1963 , in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly , President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in an effort to reach the Moon . Kennedy thus changed his mind regarding the desirability of the space race , preferring instead to ease tensions with the Soviet Union by cooperating on projects such as a joint lunar landing . Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy 's proposal . However , on October 2 , 1997 , it was reported that Khrushchev 's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy 's proposal at the time of Kennedy 's assassination on November 22 , 1963 . During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture , and decided to accept Kennedy 's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world 's two superpowers , but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy 's successor , Lyndon Johnson . As President , Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs , promoting them as Kennedy 's legacy to the American public . One week after Kennedy 's death , he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy . Gemini and Voskhod ( edit ) Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing , in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini , a two - man spacecraft that would support the later three - man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft , flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back , and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft . Meanwhile , Korolev had planned further , long - term missions for the Vostok spacecraft , and had four Vostoks in various stages of fabrication in late 1963 at his OKB - 1 facilities . At that time , the Americans announced their ambitious plans for the Project Gemini flight schedule . These plans included major advancements in spacecraft capabilities , including a two - person spacecraft , the ability to change orbits , the capacity to perform an extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , and the goal of docking with another spacecraft . These represented major advances over the previous Mercury or Vostok capsules , and Korolev felt the need to try to beat the Americans to many of these innovations . Korolev already had begun designing the Vostok 's replacement , the next - generation Soyuz spacecraft , a multi-cosmonaut spacecraft that had at least the same capabilities as the Gemini spacecraft . Soyuz would not be available for at least three years , and it could not be called upon to deal with this new American challenge in 1964 or 1965 . Political pressure in early 1964 -- which some sources claim was from Khrushchev while other sources claim was from other Communist Party officials -- pushed him to modify his four remaining Vostoks to beat the Americans to new space firsts in the size of flight crews , and the duration of missions . Voskhod program ( edit ) Main article : Voskhod programme The Voskhod 1 and 2 space capsules The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts , including the first EVA `` spacewalk '' and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt - sleeves . Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight , allowing the Soviets to achieve another first , launching Voskhod 1 on October 12 , 1964 , the first spacecraft with a three - cosmonaut crew . The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission : it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt - sleeve - environment . However , flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft 's environmental systems ; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft 's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits . Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization . This feat was not repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968 ; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt - sleeve environment while in space . Between October 14 -- 16 , 1964 , Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high - ranking Communist Party officials , deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed , in what was called the `` Wednesday conspiracy '' . The new political leaders , along with Korolev , ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program , cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4 , which were in the planning stages , and started concentrating on the race to the Moon . Voskhod 2 ended up being Korolev 's final achievement before his death on January 14 , 1966 , as it became the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR 's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s . According to historian Asif Siddiqi , Korolev 's accomplishments marked `` the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program , one never , ever attained since . '' There was a two - year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod 's replacement , the Soyuz spacecraft , was designed and developed . On March 18 , 1965 , about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight , the USSR accelerated the competition , by launching the two - cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov . Voskhod 2 's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , also known as a spacewalk , while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule 's electronics would not overheat . Leonov performed the first - ever EVA as part of the mission . A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov 's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space , preventing him from re-entering the airlock . In order to overcome this , he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level . He succeeded in safely re-entering the ship , but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft 's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45 % pure oxygen , which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry . The reentry involved two more challenges : an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers ( 240 mi ) off its designated target area , the town of Perm ; and the instrument compartment 's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry . Progress in the Space Race , showing the US passing the Soviets in 1965 Project Gemini ( edit ) Main article : Project Gemini Rendezvous of Gemini 6 and 7 , December 1965 Though delayed a year to reach its first flight , Gemini was able to take advantage of the USSR 's two - year hiatus after Voskhod , which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight . Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions : On Gemini 3 ( March 1965 ) , astronauts Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom and John W. Young became the first to demonstrate their ability to change their craft 's orbit . On Gemini 5 ( August 1965 ) , astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles `` Pete '' Conrad set a record of almost eight days in space , long enough for a piloted lunar mission . On Gemini 6A ( December 1965 ) , Command Pilot Wally Schirra achieved the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7 , accurately matching his orbit to that of the other craft , station - keeping for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) . Gemini 7 also set a human spaceflight endurance record of fourteen days for Frank Borman and James A. Lovell , which stood until both nations started launching space laboratories in the early 1970s . On Gemini 8 ( March 1966 ) , Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft , his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle . Gemini 11 ( September 1966 ) , commanded by Conrad , achieved the first direct - ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit , and used the Agena 's rocket to achieve an apogee of 742 nautical miles ( 1,374 km ) , the crewed Earth orbit record still current as of 2015 . On Gemini 12 ( November 1966 ) , Edwin E. `` Buzz '' Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three ( EVA ) sessions , finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft . This proved to be the most difficult goal to achieve . Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions . In this way , Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts for the Apollo lunar missions . Soviet crewed Moon programs ( edit ) Main article : Soviet crewed lunar programs Soyuz 7K - L3 ( Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl ) , alongside the Apollo Command / Service Module to scale LK lunar lander ( Lunniy Korabl ) , alongside the Apollo Lunar Module to scale Korolev 's design bureau produced two prospectuses for circumlunar spaceflight ( March 1962 and May 1963 ) , the main spacecraft for which were early versions of his Soyuz design . Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Command 655 - 268 officially established two secret , competing crewed programs for circumlunar flights and lunar landings , on August 3 , 1964 . The circumlunar flights were planned to occur in 1967 , and the landings to start in 1968 . The circumlunar program ( Zond ) , created by Vladimir Chelomey 's design bureau OKB - 52 , was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped - down Soyuz 7K - L1 , launched by Chelomey 's Proton UR - 500 rocket . The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment , by omitting the Soyuz orbital module . Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family . Korolev 's lunar landing program was designated N1 / L3 , for its N1 super rocket and a more advanced Soyuz 7K - L3 spacecraft , also known as the lunar orbital module ( `` Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl '' , LOK ) , with a crew of two . A separate lunar lander ( `` Lunniy Korabl '' , LK ) , would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface . The N1 / L3 launch vehicle had three stages to Earth orbit , a fourth stage for Earth departure , and a fifth stage for lunar landing assist . The combined space vehicle was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the three - stage US Apollo / Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28 % , but had only roughly half the translunar injection payload capability . Following Khruschev 's ouster from power , Chelomey 's Zond program was merged into the N1 / L3 program . Outer space Treaty ( edit ) The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958 , presenting issues for debate to the United Nations , which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959 . On May 10 , 1962 , Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962 , which not only urged member nations to `` extend the rules of international law to outer space , '' but to also cooperate in its exploration . Following the passing of this resolution , Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American / Soviet space program . The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space , including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies , which was signed by the United States , USSR , and the United Kingdom on January 27 , 1967 , and went into force the following October 10 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Outer Space Treaty of 1967 This treaty : bars party States from placing weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit , on the Moon , or any other celestial body ; exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes , and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind , conducting military maneuvers , or establishing military bases , installations , and fortifications ; declares that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States ; explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet , claiming that they are the common heritage of mankind , `` not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty , by means of use or occupation , or by any other means '' . However , the State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object ; holds any State liable for damages caused by their space object ; declares that `` the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty '' , and `` States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities '' ; and `` A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment . '' The treaty remains in force , signed by 107 member states . -- As of July 2017 Disaster strikes both sides ( edit ) In 1967 , both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts . Both had been rushing at full - speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz , without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems . The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews . Charred interior of the Apollo 1 spacecraft after the fire that killed the first crew On January 27 , 1967 , the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty , the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission , Command Pilot Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom , Senior Pilot Ed White , and Pilot Roger Chaffee , were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test , less than a month before the planned February 21 launch . An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark , and quickly grew out of control , fed by the spacecraft 's pure oxygen atmosphere . Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater - than - atmospheric internal pressure . The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft , and procedural failings , including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure - oxygen atmosphere , as well as inadequate safety procedures . All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty - two months until the first piloted flight could be made . Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton , NASA 's Director of Flight Crew Operations , to make the first piloted landing . Commemorative plaque and the `` Fallen Astronaut '' sculpture left on the Moon in 1971 by the crew of Apollo 15 in memory of 14 deceased NASA astronauts and USSR cosmonauts On April 24 , 1967 , the single pilot of Soyuz 1 , Vladimir Komarov , became the first in - flight spaceflight fatality . The mission was planned to be a three - day test , to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2 , but the mission was plagued with problems . Early on , Komarov 's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed . Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely , resulting in the craft spinning wildly . Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system , which was only partially effective . The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day . During the emergency re-entry , a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail , and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute ; Komarov was killed on impact . Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen - month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume . Onward to the Moon ( edit ) The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire , fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module . The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle ( Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 ) and the Lunar Module ( Apollo 5 ) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968 . Apollo 1 's mission to check out the Apollo Command / Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom 's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7 , launched on October 11 , 1968 . The eleven - day mission was a total success , as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission , paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule . Artist view of Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 after docking The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz , and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26 , 1968 . The goal was to complete Komarov 's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2 . Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters ( 660 ft ) of each other , then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control . He got within 40 meters ( 130 ft ) of his target , but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel , due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft . The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realized in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions . It was the first - ever docking of two crewed spacecraft , and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another . Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond spacecraft . Artist view The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968 , after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches : Cosmos 146 on March 10 , 1967 ; Cosmos 154 on April 8 , 1967 ; Zond 1967A September 27 , 1967 ; Zond 1967B on November 22 , 1967 . Zond 4 was launched on March 2 , 1968 , and successfully made a circumlunar flight . After its successful flight around the Moon , Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9 , and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters ( 49,000 ft ) over the Gulf of Guinea . The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction , due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR . Earthrise as seen from Apollo 8 , December 24 , 1968 ( NASA ) During the summer of 1968 , the Apollo program hit another snag : the first pilot - rated Lunar Module ( LM ) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch . NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order , delaying the first LM flight until March 1969 , and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December . This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968 . In September 1968 , Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth , accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean . It also scared NASA planners , as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight , not piloted , because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon . On November 10 , 1968 , another automated test flight , Zond 6 was launched , but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry , and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early , causing it to crash - land only 16 kilometers ( 9.9 mi ) from where it had been launched six days earlier . It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968 , due to the unreliability of the Zonds . The Lunar Module flew in lunar orbit on Apollo 10 , May 22 -- 23 , 1969 On December 21 , 1968 , Frank Borman , James Lovell , and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8 . They also became the first to leave low - Earth orbit and go to another celestial body , and entered lunar orbit on December 24 . They made ten orbits in twenty hours , and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history , with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit , that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis . Two and a half hours after the broadcast , they fired their engine to perform the first trans - Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth . Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 27 , in NASA 's first dawn splashdown and recovery . The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969 . The next mission , Apollo 10 , conducted a `` dress rehearsal '' for the first landing in May 1969 , flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) above the surface , the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin . With the LM proven to work well , the next step was to attempt the landing . Unknown to the Americans , the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble . After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969 , Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay . The launch pad explosion of the N - 1 on July 3 , 1969 , was a significant setback . The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown , destroying itself and the launch facility . Without the N - 1 rocket , the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely . Apollo 11 ( edit ) Main article : Apollo 11 American Buzz Aldrin during the first Moon walk in 1969 Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility . The crew , selected in January 1969 , consisted of commander ( CDR ) Neil Armstrong , Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) Michael Collins , and Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin . They trained for the mission until just before the launch day . On July 16 , 1969 , at exactly 9 : 32 am EDT , the Saturn V rocket , AS - 506 , lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida . The trip to the Moon took just over three days . After achieving orbit , Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module , named Eagle , and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command / Service Module Columbia , began their descent . After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position , and a slight downrange error , Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters ( 590 ft ) , and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20 : 18 : 04 UTC , July 20 , 1969 ( 3 : 17 : 04 pm CDT ) . The first humans on the Moon waited six hours before they left their craft . At 02 : 56 UTC , July 21 ( 9 : 56 pm CDT July 20 ) , Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon . Neil Armstrong 's historic first words on the Moon . `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The first step was witnessed by at least one - fifth of the population of Earth , or about 723 million people . His first words when he stepped off the LM 's landing footpad were , `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later . Altogether , they spent just under two and one - quarter hours outside their craft . The next day , they performed the first launch from another celestial body , and rendezvoused back with Columbia . Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth , landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 , 1969 . When the spacecraft splashed down , 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy 's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade ; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare . With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission , the Americans won the race to the Moon . The Race winds down ( edit ) Apollo 17 's Saturn V in 1972 Moonwalk , December 13 , 1972 NASA had ambitious follow - on human spaceflight plans as it reached its lunar goal , but soon discovered it had expended most of its political capital to do so . The first landing was followed by another , precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969 . NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow - on lunar landings through Apollo 20 , conducting extended - endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five . They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer - duration Earth orbital workshop ( later named Skylab ) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S - IVB upper stage , using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle . But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S - IVB ( which was also the Saturn V third stage ) , which immediately removed Apollo 20 . Belt - tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well , but keep three extended / Lunar Rover missions . Apollo 13 encountered an in - flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970 , returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again . It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 ( February 1971 ) , Apollo 15 ( July 1971 ) , Apollo 16 ( April 1972 ) , and Apollo 17 ( December 1972 ) . In February 1969 , President Richard M. Nixon convened a Space Task Group to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program , headed by his Vice President Spiro T. Agnew . Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA 's follow - on plans , and the STG recommended plans to develop a reusable Space Transportation System including a Space Shuttle , which would facilitate development of permanent space stations in Earth and lunar orbit , perhaps a base on the lunar surface , and the first human flight to Mars as early as 1986 or as late as 2000 . Nixon had a better sense of the declining political support in Congress for a new Apollo - style program , which had disappeared with the achievement of the landing , and he intended to pursue detente with the USSR and China , which he hoped might ease Cold War tensions . He cut the spending proposal he sent to Congress to include funding for only the Space Shuttle , with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future . The USSR continued trying to perfect their N1 rocket , finally canceling it in 1976 , after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972 . Salyuts and Skylab ( edit ) The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background , in a Soviet commemorative stamp Having lost the race to the Moon , the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations . During 1969 and 1970 , they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3 , then launched the first space station , the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov , on April 19 , 1971 . Three days later , the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it , but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station . The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov , Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7 , and completed a record 22 - day stay . The crew became the second in - flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30 . They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft 's cabin lost all pressure , shortly after undocking . The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve , that allowed all the air to vent into space . The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred . Salyut 1 's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry , but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem . The station re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on October 11 , after 175 days in orbit . The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut - class station designated Durable Orbital Station - 2 ( DOS - 2 ) on July 29 , 1972 , but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit . After the DOS - 2 failure , the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut - class stations up to 1975 , with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage , which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it would not hold pressure . All of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories , but some of them were covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations . The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14 , 1973 . It weighed 169,950 pounds ( 77,090 kg ) , was 58 feet ( 18 m ) long by 21.7 feet ( 6.6 m ) in diameter , with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet ( 280 m ) . Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit , losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield . Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station , and the final mission 's crew , Skylab 4 , set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8 , 1974 . Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth 's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11 , 1979 . Apollo -- Soyuz test Project ( edit ) Main article : Apollo - Soyuz Test Project Apollo - Soyuz crew : From left to right : Donald `` Deke '' Slayton , Thomas Patten Stafford , Vance Brand , Alexey Leonov , and Valeri Kubasov In May 1972 , President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente , creating a temporary `` thaw '' in the Cold War . In the spirit of good sportsmanship , the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition , and the notion of a continuing `` race '' began to subside . The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz , known as the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project ( ASTP ) . To prepare , the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system , which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other ( e.g. Soyuz / Soyuz as well as Soyuz / Salyut ) . The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other 's craft , which had incompatible cabin atmospheres . The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP . The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15 , 1975 , at 12 : 20 UTC , and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later . The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16 : 19 UTC . The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts , and the crew shook hands , exchanged gifts , and visited each other 's craft . Legacy ( edit ) Human spaceflight after Apollo ( edit ) International Space Station in 2010 In the 1970s , the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle , and launched a range of uncrewed probes . The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ( ' Peace ' or ' World ' , depending on the context ) space station , supported by Soyuz spacecraft . They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program . The USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program mainly passed to Russia . The United States and Russia worked together in space with the Shuttle -- Mir Program , and again with the International Space Station . The Russian R - 7 rocket family , which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the Space Race , is still in use today . It services the International Space Station ( ISS ) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft . It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station . See also ( edit ) Space portal Spaceflight portal Robotics portal Cold War portal Cold War playground equipment Comparison of Asian national space programs -- a so - called `` Asian space race '' History of spaceflight List of space exploration milestones , 1957 -- 1969 Moon Landing Moon Shot Space advocacy Space exploration Space policy Space propaganda Spaceflight records Timeline of Solar System exploration Timeline of space exploration Timeline of the Space Race Woods Hole Conference Mars race Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neufeld , Michael J ( 1995 ) . The Rocket and the Reich : Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era . New York : The Free Press . pp. 158 , 160 -- 162 , 190 . Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 147 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2004 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 148 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 96 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Stocker ( 2004 ) , pp. 12 -- 24 Jump up ^ Gainor ( 2001 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 24 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 24 -- 34 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 4 , 11 , 16 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 7 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Gatland ( 1976 ) , pp. 100 -- 101 ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Early Russian Ballistic Missiles '' . Encyclopedia Astronautix . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2006 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Goddard 's 1919 research paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes was famously ridiculed in a New York Times editorial . Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 129 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , ( 1999 ) , pp. 149 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 2012 ) , pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Polmer and Laur ( 1990 ) , pp. 229 -- 241 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Hall & Shayler ( 2001 ) , p. 56 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 468 -- 469 ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Atlas '' . Encyclopedia Astronautix . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Koman , Rita G. ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Man on the Moon : The U.S. Space Program as a Cold War Maneuver '' . OAH Magazine of History . 8 ( 2 ) : 42 -- 50 . JSTOR 25162945 . Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 3 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 15 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Cadbury ( 2006 ) , pp. 154 -- 157 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 151 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 155 Jump up ^ Garber , Steve ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age '' . Sputnik 50th Anniversary . Washington : NASA History Website . Jump up ^ Hardesty ( 2007 ) , pp. 72 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 163 -- 168 ^ Jump up to : Cadbury ( 2006 ) , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Hardesty ( 2007 ) , p. 74 Jump up ^ Cadbury ( 2006 ) , p. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Crompton , Samuel ( July 1 , 2007 ) . Sputnik / Explorer I : The Race to Conquer Space . New York City : Chelsea House Publications . p. 4 . ISBN 0791093573 . ^ Jump up to : Brzezinski ( 2007 ) , pp. 254 -- 267 Jump up ^ O'Neill , Terry . The Nuclear Age . San Diego : Greenhaven , Inc. , 2002 . ( 146 ) Jump up ^ Knapp , Brian . Journey into Space . Danbury : Grolier , 2004. ( 17 ) Jump up ^ O'Neill , Terry . The Nuclear Age . San Diego : Greenhaven , Inc. , 2002. ( 146 ) Jump up ^ Barnett , Nicholas . ' `` Russia Wins Space Race '' : The British Press and the Sputnik Moment ' , Media History , ( 2013 ) 19 : 2 , 182 - 195 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space Biology and Medicine : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC. : American Institute of Aeronautics . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space and Biology : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC. : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space Biology and Medicine : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Joseph , A. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy . New York , NY : Facts on Files , Inc. p. 634 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Joseph , A. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy . New York , NY : Facts on Files , Inc. p. 225 . Jump up ^ Bello , Francis ( 1959 ) . `` The Early Space Age '' . Fortune . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall ( 2001 ) , pp. 149 -- 157 Jump up ^ `` Why Yuri Gagarin Remains the First Man in Space , Even Though He Did Not Land Inside His Spacecraft '' . April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pervushin ( 2011 ) , 7.1 Гражданин мира Jump up ^ Государственная Дума . Федеральный закон No 32 - ФЗ от 13 марта 1995 г . `` О днях воинской славы и памятных датах России '' , в ред . Федерального закона No 59 - ФЗ от 10 апреля 2009 г `` О внесении изменения в статью 1.1 федерального закона `` О днях воинской славы и памятных датах России '' '' . Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования . Опубликован : `` Российская Газета '' , No 52 , 15 марта 1995 г . ( State Duma . Federal Law # 32 - FZ of March 13 , 1995 On the Days of Military Glory and the Commemorative Dates in Russia , as amended by the Federal Law # 59 - FZ of April 10 , 2009 On Amending Article 1.1 of the Federal Law `` On the Days of Military Glory and the Commemorative Dates in Russia '' . Effective as of the day of the official publication . ) . Jump up ^ `` UN Resolution A / RES / 65 / 271 , The International Day of Human Space Flight ( 12 April ) '' . 2011 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hall and Shayler , p. 150 Jump up ^ Душенко , Константин ( 2014 ) . Большой словарь цитат и крылатых выражений ( in Russian ) . Litres . ISBN 978 - 5 - 699 - 40115 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pervushin ( 2011 ) , 6.2 Он сказал `` Поехали ! '' Jump up ^ Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 138 -- 143 Jump up ^ Gatland ( 1976 ) , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ As World Watched . Spaceman Hailed After U.S. Triumph , 1961 / 05 / 08 ( 1961 ) ( Motion picture ) . Universal - International Newsreel. 1961 . OCLC 709678549 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John F. ( May 25 , 1961 ) . Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs ( Motion picture ( excerpt ) ) . Boston , MA : John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Accession Number : TNC : 200 ; Digital Identifier : TNC - 200 - 2 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quoted in John M. Logsdon , The Decision to Go to the Moon : Project Apollo and the National Interest ( Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 1970 ) p. 111 . Jump up ^ David E. Bell , Memorandum for the President , `` National Aeronautics and Space Administration Budget Problem , '' 22 March 1961 , NASA Historical Reference Collection ; U.S. Congress , House , Committee of Science and Astronautics , NASA Fiscal 1962 Authorization , Hearings , 87th Cong. , 1st . sess. , 1962 , pp. 203 , 620 ; Logsdon , Decision to go to the Moon , pp. 94 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Tom . The Right Stuff . New York : Picador , 1979. ( 179 ) Jump up ^ Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy , eds , Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership ( Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press , 1997 ) , 56 . Jump up ^ Kennedy to Johnson , `` Memorandum for Vice President , '' 20 April 1961 . Jump up ^ von Braun to Johnson , Untitled , 29 April 1961 . Jump up ^ Johnson to Kennedy , `` Evaluation of Space Program , '' 28 April 1961 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , John F. ( 12 September 1962 ) . `` Address at Rice University on the Nation 's Space Effort '' . Historical Resources . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 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UPI . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 199 -- 200 Jump up ^ Gayn , Mark ( 16 October 1964 ) . `` Kremlin summit probably greased skids for Mr. K '' . The Toronto Star . Toronto : Torstar . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 510 -- 511 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 460 Jump up ^ Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 207 ^ Jump up to : Tanner , Henry ( 19 March 1965 ) . `` Russian Floats in Space for 10 Minutes ; Leaves Orbiting Craft With a Lifeline ; Moscow Says Moon Trip Is ' Target Now ' '' . The New York Times . New York . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 448 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 205 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 454 -- 460 Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S FIRST SPACE RENDEZVOUS '' . Apollo to the Moon ; To Reach the Moon -- Early Human Spaceflight . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Portree , Part 1 - 1.2 Historical Overview Jump up ^ inesap.org Archived March 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and International Law . Jump up ^ Google books Nuclear Weapons and Contemporary International Law N. Singh , E. WcWhinney ( p. 289 ) Jump up ^ UN website UN Resolution 1348 ( XIII ) . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space '' . United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs . Jump up ^ Papers of John F. Kennedy . Presidential Papers . National Security Files . Subjects . Space activities : US / USSR cooperation , 1961 - 1963 . http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKNSF-308-006.aspx ^ Jump up to : Seamans , Robert C. , Jr. ( 5 April 1967 ) . `` Findings , Determinations And Recommendations '' . Report of Apollo 204 Review Board . NASA History Office . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003b ) , pp. 665 & 832 -- 834 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003b ) , pp. 690 -- 693 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 144 -- 151 Jump up ^ Chaikin ( 1994 ) , p. 138 Jump up ^ Chaikin ( 1994 ) , pp. 163 -- 183 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 38 -- 44 Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . p. 33 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Murray ( 1990 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Paterson , Chris ( 2010 ) . `` Space Program and television '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . p . MET 109 : 43 : 16 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Mission elapsed time ( MET ) from when Armstrong states that he will step off the LM at 109hrs : 24mins : 13secs to when Armstrong was back inside the LM at 111hrs : 38mins : 38sec Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 252 -- 262 Jump up ^ Murray ( 1990 ) , p. 347 Jump up ^ Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , p. 186 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , p. 123 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 136 - 150 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 150 - 177 Jump up ^ Portree , 1.2. 4 Manned Lunar Program ( 1964 - 1976 ) References ( edit ) Bilstein , Roger E. ( 1996 ) . Stages to Saturn : A Technological History of the Apollo / Saturn Launch Vehicles . Washington : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , National Aeronautics and Space Administration , . ISBN 0 - 16 - 048909 - 1 . Brugess , Colin ; Kate Doolan ; Bert Vis ( 2003 ) . Fallen Astronauts : Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6212 - 4 . Brzezinski , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Red Moon Rising : Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ingnited the Space Race . New York : Times Books , Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8147 - 3 . Burrows , William E. ( 1998 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 44521 - 0 . ASIN 0679445218 . Cadbury , Deborah ( 2006 ) . Space Race : The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for Dominance of Space . New York : Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084553 - 7 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Triumphant Story of the Apollo Space Program . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0140272011 . Cornwell , John ( 2003 ) . Hitler 's Scientists : Science , War , and the Devil 's Pact . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03075 - 9 . Dallek , Robert ( 2003 ) . An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17238 - 3 . Gainor , Chris ( 2001 ) . Arrows to the Moon : Avro 's Engineers and the Space Race . Burlington , Ontario : Apogee Books . ISBN 1 - 896522 - 83 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Gatland , Kenneth ( 1976 ) . Manned Spacecraft , Second Revision . New York , NY , USA : Macmillan Publishing Co. , Inc . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 542820 - 9 . Hall , Rex ; David J. Shayler ( 2001 ) . The Rocket Men : Vostok & Voskhod , The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights . New York : Springer -- Praxis Books . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 391 - X . Hall , Rex ; David J. Shayler ( 2003 ) . Soyuz : A Universal Spacecraft . New York : Springer -- Praxis Books . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 657 - 9 . Hardesty , Von ; Gene Eisman ( 2007 ) . Epic Rivalry : The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race . Foreword by Sergei Khrushchev . Washington : National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0119 - 6 . Harford , James J. ( 1997 ) . Korolev : How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon ( 1 ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 14853 - 9 . Hepplewhite , T.A. ( 1999 ) . The Space Shuttle Decision : NASA 's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle . Washington , DC : NASA . Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Internet . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Kraft , Chris ; James Schefter ( 2001 ) . Flight : My Life in Mission Control . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 94571 - 7 . Murray , Charles ; Catherine Bly Cox ( 1990 ) . Apollo : The Race to the Moon . New York : Touchstone ( Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70625 - X . The link is to the 2004 edition , pages differ , but content the same . Parry , Dan ( 2009 ) . Moonshot : The Inside Story of Mankind 's Greatest Adventure . Chatham , United Kingdom : Ebury Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192837 - 7 . Polmar , Norman ; Timothy M. Laur ( 1990 ) . Strategic Air Command : People , Aircraft , and Missiles ( 2 ed . ) . Baltimore : Nautical and Publishing Company of America . ISBN 0 - 933852 - 77 - 0 . Poole , Robert ( 2008 ) . Earthrise : How Man First Saw the Earth . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13766 - 8 . Portree , David S.F. ( March 1995 ) , `` Mir Hardware Heritage '' , Reference Publication , NASA Reference Publication 1357 , Houston TX : NASA , 95 : 23249 , Bibcode : 1995STIN ... 9523249P chapter = ignored ( help ) Schefter , James ( 1999 ) . The Race : The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49253 - 7 . Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Seamans , Robert C. , Jr. ( 5 April 1967 ) . `` Findings , Determinations And Recommendations '' . Report of Apollo 204 Review Board . NASA History Office . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003a ) . Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2627 - X . Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003b ) . The Soviet Space Race with Apollo . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2628 - 8 . Stocker , Jeremy ( 2004 ) . Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence , 1942 -- 2002 . London : Frank Case . pp. 12 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5696 - 8 . Turnhill , Reginald ( 2004 ) . The Moonlandings : An Eyewitness Account . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81595 - 9 . Первушин , Антон ( 2011 ) . 108 минут , изменившие мир . Эксмо . ISBN 978 - 5 - 699 - 48001 - 2 . ( Anton Pervushin. 108 minutes which changed the world ; in Russian ) External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Space Race '' dated 2005 - 07 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Scanned letter from Wernher Von Braun to Vice President Johnson `` America 's Space Program : Exploring a New Frontier '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Why Did the USSR Lose the Moon Race ? from Pravda , 2002 - 12 - 03 Space Race Exhibition at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum TheSpaceRace.com -- Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo space programs Timeline of the Space Race to the Moon 1960 -- 1969 Shadows of the Soviet Space Age , Paul Lucas Chronology : Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com John F. 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is this the last nascar race of the season

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2017_Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series&oldid=817667935

2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series - wikipedia 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Previous : 2016 Next : 2018 Champions Seasons Martin Truex Jr. , the 2017 champion Kyle Busch , finished 5 points behind Martin Truex Jr. in second place Kevin Harvick , finished 7 points behind Martin Truex Jr. in third place Brad Keselowski , finished 10 points behind Martin Truex Jr. in fourth place The 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series was the 69th season of professional stock car racing in the United States , and the 46th modern - era Cup series season . The season began at Daytona International Speedway with the Advance Auto Parts Clash , the Can - Am Duel qualifying races and the 59th running of the Daytona 500 . The season ended with the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead - Miami Speedway . Jimmie Johnson entered the season as the defending champion , having won his record - tying seventh Cup championship that he shares with Richard Petty and Dale Earnhardt . Martin Truex Jr. of Furniture Row Racing won the championship , his first in the series . Toyota won the Manufacturers ' Championship for the second year in a row . This was the third season of the current 10 - year television contract with Fox Sports and NBC Sports and the second of a five - year race sanctioning agreement with all tracks . Monster Energy became the entitlement sponsor for the series in 2017 after Sprint Corporation decided not to remain as the sponsor . Sprint had been the title sponsor since 2004 when their partner Nextel replaced Winston after the 2003 season , but Sprint became the official sponsor for the 2008 season after buying out Nextel in late 2005 . Monster Energy is the third title sponsor for NASCAR 's top series since it first established such a sponsorship in 1971 . This was the last full - time season for several drivers ; two - time Daytona 500 winner and two - time Xfinity Series champion Dale Earnhardt Jr. , who announced his intention to retire at season 's end , 2003 champion and two - time Daytona 500 winner Matt Kenseth , who announced he would be taking a break from the sport , and Danica Patrick . It also marked the last season for road - course ringer Boris Said and two - time Daytona 500 winner Michael Waltrip . It was also the last season Chevrolet fielded the Chevrolet SS , replacing it in 2018 with the Camaro ZL1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams and drivers 1.1 Chartered teams 1.2 Non-chartered teams 1.2. 1 Complete schedule 1.2. 2 Limited schedule 1.3 Changes 1.3. 1 Teams 1.3. 2 Drivers 1.3. 3 Crew chiefs 1.3. 4 Manufacturers 2 Offseason changes 2.1 New race format and points system 2.2 Damaged vehicle policy 2.3 Technical changes 2.4 Safety 3 Schedule 4 Season summary 4.1 Race reports 5 Results and standings 5.1 Race results 5.2 Driver standings 5.3 Manufacturers ' Championship 5.4 Contingency Awards 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Teams and drivers ( edit ) All 36 full - time teams in 2017 were chartered teams . Chartered teams ( edit ) Manufacturer Team No . Race driver Crew chief Chevrolet Chip Ganassi Racing Jamie McMurray Matt McCall 42 Kyle Larson Chad Johnston 33 Tony Lunders 3 Circle Sport -- The Motorsports Group 33 Jeffrey Earnhardt 34 Pat Tryson 15 Frank Stoddard 2 Eddie Pardue 19 Boris Said 2 Germain Racing 13 Ty Dillon ( R ) Bootie Barker Hendrick Motorsports 5 Kasey Kahne Keith Rodden 27 Darian Grubb 9 24 Chase Elliott Alan Gustafson 35 Kenny Francis 1 48 Jimmie Johnson Chad Knaus 88 Dale Earnhardt Jr . Greg Ives 35 Travis Mack 1 JTG Daugherty Racing 37 Chris Buescher Trent Owens 47 A.J. Allmendinger Randall Burnett 8 Ernie Cope 28 Leavine Family Racing 95 Michael McDowell Todd Parrott 31 Jon Leonard 5 Richard Childress Racing Austin Dillon Slugger Labbe 10 Sammy Johns 1 Justin Alexander 25 27 Paul Menard Matt Borland 31 Ryan Newman Luke Lambert Ford Front Row Motorsports 34 Landon Cassill Donnie Wingo 17 Seth Barbour 19 38 David Ragan Derrick Finley Go Fas Racing 32 Matt DiBenedetto Gene Nead Richard Petty Motorsports 43 Aric Almirola 29 Drew Blickensderfer 33 Scott McDougall 3 Regan Smith 2 Darrell Wallace Jr. 4 Billy Johnson 1 Roush Fenway Racing 6 Trevor Bayne Matt Puccia 17 Ricky Stenhouse Jr . Brian Pattie Stewart - Haas Racing Kevin Harvick Rodney Childers 35 Daniel Knost 1 10 Danica Patrick Billy Scott 14 Clint Bowyer Mike Bugarewicz 35 Richard Boswell 1 41 Kurt Busch Tony Gibson 35 Johnny Klausmeier 1 Team Penske Brad Keselowski Paul Wolfe 32 Brian Wilson 4 22 Joey Logano Todd Gordon 33 Miles Stanley 3 Wood Brothers Racing 21 Ryan Blaney Jeremy Bullins Toyota BK Racing 23 Joey Gase 4 Patrick Donahue 14 Randy Cox 22 Gray Gaulding ( R ) 14 Ryan Sieg 1 Alon Day 1 Corey LaJoie ( R ) 16 Furniture Row Racing 77 Erik Jones ( R ) Chris Gayle 34 James Small 2 78 Martin Truex Jr . Cole Pearn Joe Gibbs Racing 11 Denny Hamlin Mike Wheeler 34 Chris Gabehart 2 18 Kyle Busch Adam Stevens 32 Ben Beshore 3 Jacob Canter 1 19 Daniel Suárez ( R ) Dave Rogers 5 Scott Graves 31 20 Matt Kenseth Jason Ratcliff Chevrolet 35 Ford 1 TriStar Motorsports 72 Cole Whitt Frank Kerr Chevrolet 28 Toyota 8 Premium Motorsports 15 Michael Waltrip 1 Mark Hillman 24 Tommy Baldwin Jr. 12 Reed Sorenson 23 Joey Gase 2 Ross Chastain 2 Kevin O'Connell 1 D.J. Kennington 2 Gray Gaulding ( R ) 1 Gary Klutt 1 Derrike Cope 2 Mark Thompson 1 Source : Non-chartered teams ( edit ) Complete schedule ( edit ) No non-chartered teams ran full schedule in 2017 . Originally , BK Racing 's No. 83 Toyota , Rick Ware Racing 's No. 51 Chevrolet , and Premium Motorsports ' No. 55 Chevrolet / Toyota planned to run full schedule . However , they skipped occasional races . Limited schedule ( edit ) Manufacturer Team No . Race driver Crew chief Round ( s ) Chevrolet Beard Motorsports 75 Brendan Gaughan Darren Shaw Rick Ware Racing 51 Timmy Hill Carlos Contreras 1 Joe Lax 8 Jeff Spraker 1 Tony Furr 15 Jonas Bell 5 10 Cody Ware 5 Josh Bilicki B.J. McLeod 8 Ray Black Jr . Kyle Weatherman Tommy Baldwin Racing 7 Elliott Sadler Kenneth Davis J.J. Yeley Premium Motorsports Justin Marks Hermie Sadler Joey Gase StarCom Racing 00 Derrike Cope Tony Furr Toyota BK Racing 83 Corey LaJoie ( R ) Doug Richert 22 Ryan Dubois 3 Randy Cox 8 Doug George 1 16 Ryan Sieg Stephen Leicht Brett Moffitt 7 Gray Gaulding ( R ) Joey Gase Gaunt Brothers Racing 96 D.J. Kennington Keith Hinkein 1 Mike Ford 1 Chevrolet 12 Toyota 1 MBM Motorsports 66 Carl Long George Church Timmy Hill 7 David Starr Chevrolet 10 Toyota 17 Premium Motorsports 55 Reed Sorenson Wayne Carroll 19 Pat Tryson 12 6 Derrike Cope 11 Tommy Regan Gray Gaulding ( R ) 8 D.J. Kennington Changes ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Furniture Row Racing will expand to a two - car team with the addition of Erik Jones in the No. 77 , who was previously with Joe Gibbs Racing in the No. 20 in the Xfinity Series in 2016 . Sponsorship will come from 5 - Hour Energy . Circle Sport -- Leavine Family Racing split following the 2016 season , with Circle Sport taking the charter . Leavine Family Racing purchased the charter from the No. 7 Tommy Baldwin Racing team to continue running the full season in 2017 . JTG Daugherty Racing will expand to a two - car operation , leasing the charter from the No. 16 Roush Fenway Racing team . Roush Fenway Racing will downsize to a two - car team , shutting down the No. 16 team . HScott Motorsports will not run in 2017 . The team 's leased charter for 2016 returned to Premium Motorsports , who sold its charter to Furniture Row Racing . Premium would subsequently purchase the HScott No. 15 charter . Go Fas Racing leased their charter to Wood Brothers Racing in order for the former charter to not be revoked . Immediately after , Richard Petty Motorsports would lease their No. 44 team charter to Go Fas Racing for 2017 . Richard Petty Motorsports announced on December 16 that they would downsize to only the No. 43 Ford for the 2017 season . Circle Sport and The Motorsports Group will merge in 2017 after splitting with Leavine Family Racing following the 2016 season . They will run the No. 33 car full - time , and may enter the No. 30 car in some races . Tommy Baldwin Racing will field a part - time schedule with Elliott Sadler for the Daytona 500 . They also drove at Texas with J.J. Yeley and with Elliott Sadler again at Talladega and was going to in Charlotte in May , but gave the ride to J.J. Yeley for unknown reasons . On September 21 , 2017 , Premium Motorsports ' owner , Jay Robinson announced that he has acquired all assets from Tommy Baldwin Racing . The acquisition includes Baldwin 's entire cup series inventory including everything from the team 's race vehicles to their equipment . It also includes the trucks that were leased by TBR to the No. 52 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Team but Baldwin says there remains a few obligations from his # 7 team to be fulfilled in future races ... Beard Motorsports will attempt to make the Daytona 500 with driver Brendan Gaughan . In late March , they announced they will run the other 3 plate races . Gaunt Brothers Racing will attempt to make their Cup Series debut with driver D.J. Kennington . They will also run the other 3 plate races in 2017 . However , they were not entered in Daytona , possibly because D.J. Kennington is running for Premium Motorsports , and they did n't hire another driver . Rick Ware Racing announced that it would return to the Cup Series full - time in 2017 as an open team , with the No. 51 Chevrolet . TriStar Motorsports announced that it would return to the Cup Series full - time in 2017 after leasing a charter from Front Row Motorsports acquired from BK Racing , with the No. 72 Ford . Florida Lottery , RTIC Coolers , Rinnai and Carolina Skiff will be the sponsors of the team throughout the 2017 season . They also did get other sponsors for some races this season . MBM Motorsports announced that they will be running the No. 66 Chevrolet at Kansas . They also ran the Monster Energy Open and several other points - paying races . StarCom Racing announced that they would make their debut at the fall Dover race with Derrike Cope , but they withdrew . The team instead made their debut in the fall Kansas race . Drivers ( edit ) Clint Bowyer will drive for Stewart - Haas Racing in the No. 14 car as Tony Stewart retired at the conclusion of the 2016 season . Bowyer drove for the now closed HScott Motorsports in 2016 . Brian Scott , who drove the No. 44 Richard Petty Motorsports Ford in 2016 , announced on November 10 , 2016 that he was going to step away from NASCAR competition . Richard Petty Motorsports announced on December 16 that they will not hire a replacement driver . Greg Biffle , who had been with Roush since 1998 , left Roush Fenway Racing at the end of 2016 . Biffle ended up not getting a full time ride for 2017 and instead became an analyst for NBC . Michael McDowell will run full - time in 2017 after sharing the car with Ty Dillon last year . Ty Dillon replaced Casey Mears in the No. 13 Germain Racing Chevrolet in 2017 , competing for Rookie of the Year honors. Ty substituted and drove part time for a couple teams last season . Chris Buescher will drive for JTG Daugherty Racing in the No. 37 car in 2017 on loan from Roush Fenway Racing . Buescher ran the No. 34 Ford Fusion for Front Row Motorsports in 2016 . Matt DiBenedetto will drive the No. 32 Go FAS Racing Ford , replacing Jeffrey Earnhardt and various drivers . DiBenedetto drove multiple cars for BK Racing in 2016 . On December 16 , it was announced that David Ragan would return to Front Row Motorsports to drive the No. 38 , for who he drove the No. 34 from 2012 to 2015 . Ragan drove the No. 23 car for BK Racing in 2016 . Landon Cassill will replace Chris Buescher in the No. 34 . Cassill drove the No. 38 in 2016 . Joey Gase drove the No. 23 for BK Racing for the Daytona 500 , Kentucky in July , and Bristol in August and the No. 15 for Premium Motorsports at Talladega in April . Gase drove six races for Go FAS Racing in 2016 . Elliott Sadler returned to the Cup series to drive for Tommy Baldwin Racing in the Daytona 500 . In December 2016 , NASCAR medically cleared Dale Earnhardt Jr. to compete in competition again for 2017 after missing the last 18 races in 2016 . Alex Bowman drove in place of Earnhardt in the Advance Auto Parts Clash . On January 11 , 2017 , Carl Edwards , who finished fourth in the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , announced his immediate retirement from the sport . That same day , Joe Gibbs Racing announced that 2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion Daniel Suárez would replace Edwards in the No. 19 Toyota Camry beginning at Daytona and running for Rookie of the Year honors . Brendan Gaughan successfully attempted to qualify for the Daytona 500 for Beard Motorsports . Timmy Hill will drive for Rick Ware Racing in the Daytona 500 . Cody Ware , Kevin O'Connell , Stanton Barrett , and Josh Bilicki will split the ride throughout the season . However , the team skipped Talladega in April for unknown reasons . They also skipped Michigan in June because Cody Ware suffered back issues and could n't run the race . They did n't find a replacement driver in time . Reed Sorenson will drive for Premium Motorsports in the No. 55 Toyota in the Daytona 500 . The team will drive Toyota in the restrictor plate races and Chevrolet in the remaining races . As of now , Sorenson will attempt to qualify for the 500 and Talladega in May in the No. 55 and in the No. 15 Toyota for probably the rest of the season . Although he surprisingly did n't run the 55 at Dover when Ross Chastain was in the 15 . Gray Gaulding will run for Rookie of the Year driving the No. 23 Toyota for BK Racing for 33 races and the No. 83 Toyota for two races . He was not approved to run the Daytona 500 . However he was replaced by Ryan Sieg at Michigan and by Alon Day at Sonoma . BK Racing alleged financial decision . However he returned to BK Racing in the fall and has been running the No. 83 lately . Michael Waltrip announced he will run the Daytona 500 , driving the No. 15 Aaron 's , Inc . Toyota for Premium Motorsports . It was his final start in NASCAR - sanctioned racing . Cole Whitt will drive the No. 72 Ford for TriStar Motorsports full - time in 2017 . Whitt drove multiple cars for Premium Motorsports in 2016 . Corey LaJoie will drive the No. 83 Toyota for BK Racing in 14 races . Ryan Sieg drove at Dover . Former Daytona 500 winner Derrike Cope returned to the Cup Series , driving the No. 55 in a limited schedule for Premium Motorsports , with the possibility of a full schedule dependent on sponsorship beginning in Atlanta in March . Cope left the team after the fall Richmond race . Aric Almirola suffered a compression fracture in his back in a crash at Kansas , taking him out for 8 to 12 weeks . Regan Smith drove Almirola 's No. 43 at Charlotte and Dover while Xfinity series regular Darrell Wallace Jr. drove until Almirola returns from full recovery with the exception of Sonoma which was run by Billy Johnson , who previously ran road course races in the Xfinity Series for Roush - Fenway . Roush - Fenway Racing 's operations are suspended for the No. 6 Xfinity team after the Xfinity race at Pocono . Billy Johnson drove the No. 43 at Sonoma . Almirola returned at New Hampshire . Josh Bilicki , Tommy Regan , Kevin O'Connell , Billy Johnson and Alon Day all made their Cup debut at Sonoma . Gary Klutt made his Cup debut at Watkins Glen driving for Premium Motorsports in the # 15 On August 2 , 2017 , Brett Moffitt returned to the Cup Series , driving the No. 83 Toyota Camry for BK Racing , for 2 races at Watkins Glen and Michigan . Moffitt last competed in the Cup Series in 2015 , driving the No. 55 Toyota Camry for the now defunct Michael Waltrip Racing , and the No. 34 Ford Fusion for Front Row Motorsports , while also winning Rookie of the Year honors . In 2017 , Moffitt was supposed to run the full NASCAR Camping World Truck Series schedule , driving the No. 7 Toyota Tundra for Red Horse Racing , but the team shut down in Mid-May . Moffitt also made an NASCAR Xfinity Series appearance in 2017 , driving the No. 96 Chevrolet Camaro for GMS Racing at Iowa in July . On August 30 , 2017 , it was announced that Hermie Sadler will drive the 7 car for Tommy Baldwin Racing at Martinsville after a 5 year absence from the cup series . After leaving Premium Motorsports after the fall Richmond race , Derrike Cope returned to the cup series with StarCom Racing in the No. 00 at Kansas . On October 10 , 2017 , it was announced that Justin Marks would drive the No. 7 car for Tommy Baldwin Racing at Talladega . Crew chiefs ( edit ) Chris Gayle will be the crew chief of the No. 77 Furniture Row Racing Toyota for Erik Jones in 2017 . Gayle previously crew chiefed the No. 18 team in the Xfinity Series in 2016 . Matt Borland will take over crew chief duties of the No. 27 Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet with Paul Menard , replacing Danny Stockman . Borland was the vice president of technology for Stewart - Haas Racing in 2016 . Brian Pattie will move over from the No. 16 team to the No. 17 team to crew chief . Wayne Carroll will become crew chief for the No. 55 team . Pat Tryson , who was the crew chief for the team in 2016 , will move to crew chief the No. 33 team . On March 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Dave Rogers , the crew chief of the No. 19 team , would take an indefinite personal leave of absence , with Scott Graves replacing him . On May 22 , 2017 , it was announced that Slugger Labbe , the crew chief of the No. 3 team , would be leaving Richard Childress Racing to pursue other opportunities . Justin Alexander , who is the crew chief of RCR 's No. 2 NASCAR Xfinity Series team will replace Labbe . On June 10 , 2017 , it was announced that Patrick Donahue , the crew chief of the No. 23 team , would be leaving BK Racing to pursue other opportunities . Randy Cox will replace Donahue at Michigan . On July 3 , 2017 , it was announced that Donnie Wingo , the crew chief of the No. 34 team , would be named the new competition director of Front Row Motorsports starting at Kentucky . Seth Barbour , who was the crew chief of Roush 's No. 6 Xfinity Series team ( that shut down a month before at that time ) will replace Wingo . On September 18 , 2017 , it was announced that Keith Rodden , the crew chief of the No. 5 team , would be replaced by Hendrick Motorsports vehicle production director , Darian Grubb , for the remainder of the 2017 season beginning at Loudon . It will be Grubb 's first start as a crew chief since the 2015 season , when he was crew chief for Carl Edwards at Joe Gibbs Racing . Manufacturers ( edit ) Stewart - Haas Racing will switch from Chevrolet to Ford . As part of the transition , Roush - Yates will provide engines to the team . For the 2017 season , Toyota updated its body on January 9 at the North American International Auto Show to match the new 2018 Camry , marking the first time that Toyota developed production and racing versions of a vehicle concurrently . Offseason changes ( edit ) New race format and points system ( edit ) The 2017 season introduced major changes to the format of races and the points system in all three of NASCAR 's national series , announced during a press conference on January 23 , 2017 . Most races are divided into three stages , with most races seeing the first two segments consisting of roughly a quarter distance with the third stage being half distance . The only points race exception is the Coca - Cola 600 , which is split into 4 100 - lap stages . In case of inclement weather , curfew , or darkness , the third segment may be cancelled and the race be complete after the first two segments . A competition caution is held at the end of each stage , during which drivers may optionally take a pit stop before the restart for the next stage . The pit stop at the end of each stage is optional and teams risk losing track position if they have a slow pit stop or if teams elect not to pit . Additionally , pit road is closed once the leader of the race crosses the start - finish - line with 2 laps to go in the stage . The top 10 drivers at the end of the first and second stages receive championship points , awarded on a descending scale from 10 to 1 . The overall winner of each race following the final stage receives 40 points , and the remaining drivers are awarded points on a descending scale from 35 for a 2nd - place finish , to 2 for 35th , and 1 for 36th through 40th . The winner of each stage also receives a `` playoff point '' , and the overall winner receives five . For the first time since 1971 , the Can - Am Duel qualifying races for the Daytona 500 became points - paying races ; the top - ten finishers in each of the two races received points . Following the 26 - race regular season , the 16 drivers with the most wins , with championship points as a tiebreaker , will qualify for the playoffs ( re-branded from the `` Chase for the Championship '' ) . At this point the top 10 drivers on the championship points standings will be awarded additional playoff points ; the regular - season champion will receive 15 , second place will receive 10 , and the remainder descending from 8 to 1 . If a driver qualifies for the post-season , their championship points will be reset to 2000 , and their banked playoff points will be added to this total . The playoffs will continue to use the existing multi-round elimination format ; playoff points will be carried over through all but the final race of the season . NASCAR 's executive vice president and chief racing development officer Steve O'Donnell stated that the new format was designed to `` ( put ) a premium on every victory and every in - race position over the course of the season . Each point can eventually result in winning or losing a championship . '' Damaged vehicle Policy ( edit ) On February 8 , 2017 , NASCAR announced a new Damaged Vehicle Policy , also taking effect in the 2017 season across all three national series . Cars may return to pit road for up to five minutes for minor repairs if they are involved in accidents , including repairing sheet metal , use of fasteners and / or tape to re-attach body panels , and reinforcing body panels . The five - minute interval begins when the car crosses the pit road commitment line , and ends once the car reaches minimum speed after exiting pit road ; the car may return for another five - minute repair window if further repairs are still necessary . If a car is not able to return to pit road unassisted , the car is immediately deemed retired from the race . Crews may no longer replace vehicle body parts that are damaged via contact or accidents . If the damage is significant enough that the car must be taken to the garage , more than six crew members work on the car , or the five - minute time limit expires , the car will be removed from the race and may not return . If the driver commits a pit road infraction , 15 seconds are deducted from the repair time as a penalty . Mechanical or electrical failures not caused by an on - track incident are exempt from these rules ; they may be repaired on pit road or in the garage with no time restrictions . Senior vice president of competition Scott Miller explained that the new rule was meant to improve safety , explaining that `` It 's more about crashed vehicles and all that is involved with that , from the crew guys to the drivers to dropping more debris on the track , which always happens . So there are exceptions for mechanical failures , those things can be rectified in the garage . That 's going to be up to the series director 's discretion to make those calls , but it 's not going to be that difficult . These rules severely restrict the ability for cars to return to the race multiple laps down in hopes of gaining minimal points . Technical changes ( edit ) Besides the new points system and stage structure , other rule changes were announced over the off - season ; Teams must start a race using the same tires that were used during qualifying . Based on usage research by Goodyear and NASCAR , tire allocations have changed for some races . Teams will have one fewer set of tires for Daytona ( 500 ) , Phoenix , Fontana , Martinsville ( Spring ) , Bristol , Kansas , Kentucky , and Chicagoland . Homestead will have two fewer sets allocated , down from twelve . Talladega , Sonoma , Daytona ( 400 ) , New Hampshire , Watkins Glen , and Darlington will have an additional tire set allocated . In response to increasing speeds at Daytona and Talladega , restrictor plate sizes were reduced from 57 / 64 of an inch to 7 / 8 of an inch . For non-restrictor plate races , the rear spoiler dimensions were reduced from 3 1 / 2 x 61 inches to 2 3 / 8 inches x 61 inches . Restrictor plate races ( Daytona and Talladega ) will continue to use the previous size ( 3 1 / 2 x 53 inches ) . However , in Kentucky and Michigan , the rear spoiler dimensions were 2 1 / 2 x 53 inches . Safety ( edit ) Several vehicle safety changes are mandatory on all races , including revised steering column mounting , and garage - only fuel couplers . Anti-intrusion plating , escape hatches and toeboard foam are also required on all restrictor plate races , but are optional on all other races . NASCAR partnered with American Medical Response to form a traveling medical team for the series . Additionally , NASCAR has expanded the concussion protocol which will see drivers involved in accidents undergo additional concussion testing before being allowed to return to the race track . Schedule ( edit ) The final calendar -- comprising 36 races , as well as exhibition races , which are the Advance Auto Parts Clash , Can - Am Duel qualifying duel races for the Daytona 500 and the All - Star Race -- was released on May 5 , 2016 . At the beginning of the 2017 season , Atlanta Motor Speedway will host NASCAR 's 2,500 th race , one week after the Daytona 500 . Key changes from 2016 include : The Daytona 500 is held one week later . The O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 at Texas Motor Speedway will move from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon . The AAA Texas 500 at Texas Motor Speedway will move from Sunday night to Sunday afternoon . The AAA 400 Drive for Autism will move after the Coca - Cola 600 and before the Axalta presents the Pocono 400 . Bristol and Michigan swap their August race dates , returning to the order that was used through 2015 ( the 2016 swap was necessitated by NBC 's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics ) . Talladega and Kansas swap their October race dates , moving the Round of 12 elimination race from Talladega to Kansas . The August off week moves back between Bristol and Darlington . It was between Watkins Glen and Bristol in 2016 . In broadcasting changes , the races at Indianapolis , Bristol ( summer ) , and Talladega ( fall ) will move from NBCSN to NBC , while the races at Darlington , Kansas ( fall ) , and Texas ( fall ) will move from NBC to NBCSN . With the move , all four restrictor - plate races will be broadcast over-the - air for the first time since 2006 . Watkins Glen will return to NBCSN after the 2016 running aired on USA due to NBC 's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics . The ISM Connect 300 will be the final Playoff race for New Hampshire Motor Speedway as a second race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway will take its place . At the time of the schedule announcement , the Bank of America 500 was scheduled for Saturday , October 7 . On April 20 , the race was rescheduled for Sunday , October 8 and moved from a night race to a day race . The race broadcast was also moved to NBC , while Texas ' November race was moved to NBCSN . The Monster Energy Open was originally scheduled for May 19 . But the race was moved to May 20 , marking the first time since 2013 when the Open is right before the All - Star Race . Both events also started slightly earlier in the evening , with the All - Star Race starting at 8 : 00 PM ET , due to FS1 programming commitments . The Bank of America 500 will be the final playoff race at Charlotte held on the 1 and half mile oval as the 2018 race will be held on the track 's infield road course ( Roval ) . No Race Title Track Date Time TV Advance Auto Parts Clash Daytona International Speedway , Daytona Beach , Florida February 19 11 : 35 a.m. FS1 Can - Am Duel February 23 7 : 00 p.m. FS1 Daytona 500 February 26 2 : 30 p.m. Fox Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 Atlanta Motor Speedway , Hampton , Georgia March 5 2 : 30 p.m. Fox Kobalt 400 Las Vegas Motor Speedway , Las Vegas , Nevada March 12 3 : 30 p.m. Fox Camping World 500 Phoenix International Raceway , Avondale , Arizona March 19 3 : 30 p.m. Fox 5 Auto Club 400 Auto Club Speedway , Fontana , California March 26 3 : 30 p.m. Fox 6 STP 500 Martinsville Speedway , Ridgeway , Virginia April 2 2 : 00 p.m. FS1 7 O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 Texas Motor Speedway , Fort Worth , Texas April 9 1 : 30 p.m. Fox 8 Food City 500 Bristol Motor Speedway , Bristol , Tennessee April 24 1 : 00 p.m. Fox 9 Toyota Owners 400 Richmond Raceway , Richmond , Virginia April 30 2 : 00 p.m. Fox 10 GEICO 500 Talladega Superspeedway , Lincoln , Alabama May 7 2 : 00 p.m. Fox 11 Go Bowling 400 Kansas Speedway , Kansas City , Kansas May 13 7 : 30 p.m. FS1 Monster Energy Open Charlotte Motor Speedway , Concord , North Carolina May 20 6 : 00 p.m. FS1 Monster Energy NASCAR All - Star Race May 20 8 : 00 p.m. FS1 12 Coca - Cola 600 May 28 6 : 00 p.m. Fox 13 AAA 400 Drive for Autism Dover International Speedway , Dover , Delaware June 4 1 : 00 p.m. FS1 14 Axalta presents the Pocono 400 Pocono Raceway , Long Pond , Pennsylvania June 11 3 : 00 p.m. FS1 15 FireKeepers Casino 400 Michigan International Speedway , Brooklyn , Michigan June 18 3 : 00 p.m. FS1 16 Toyota / Save Mart 350 Sonoma Raceway , Sonoma , California June 25 3 : 00 p.m. FS1 17 Coke Zero 400 Daytona International Speedway , Daytona Beach , Florida July 1 7 : 30 p.m. NBC 18 Quaker State 400 Kentucky Speedway , Sparta , Kentucky July 8 7 : 30 p.m. NBCSN 19 Overton 's 301 New Hampshire Motor Speedway , Loudon , New Hampshire July 16 3 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 20 Brantley Gilbert Big Machine Brickyard 400 Indianapolis Motor Speedway , Speedway , Indiana July 23 2 : 30 p.m. NBC 21 Overton 's 400 Pocono Raceway , Long Pond , Pennsylvania July 30 3 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 22 I Love New York 355 at The Glen Watkins Glen International , Watkins Glen , New York August 6 3 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 23 Pure Michigan 400 Michigan International Speedway , Brooklyn , Michigan August 13 3 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 24 Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race Bristol Motor Speedway , Bristol , Tennessee August 19 7 : 30 p.m. NBC 25 Bojangles ' Southern 500 Darlington Raceway , Darlington , South Carolina September 3 6 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 26 Federated Auto Parts 400 Richmond Raceway , Richmond , Virginia September 9 7 : 30 p.m. NBCSN Cup Championship Playoffs Round of 16 27 Tales of the Turtles 400 Chicagoland Speedway , Joliet , Illinois September 17 3 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 28 ISM Connect 300 New Hampshire Motor Speedway , Loudon , New Hampshire September 24 2 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 29 Apache Warrior 400 Dover International Speedway , Dover , Delaware October 1 2 : 00 p.m. NBCSN Round of 12 30 Bank of America 500 Charlotte Motor Speedway , Concord , North Carolina October 8 1 : 00 p.m. NBC 31 Alabama 500 Talladega Superspeedway , Lincoln , Alabama October 15 2 : 00 p.m. NBC 32 Hollywood Casino 400 Kansas Speedway , Kansas City , Kansas October 22 3 : 00 p.m. NBCSN Round of 8 33 First Data 500 Martinsville Speedway , Ridgeway , Virginia October 29 3 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 34 AAA Texas 500 Texas Motor Speedway , Fort Worth , Texas November 5 2 : 00 p.m. NBCSN 35 Can - Am 500 Phoenix International Raceway , Avondale , Arizona November 12 2 : 30 p.m. NBC Championship 4 36 Ford EcoBoost 400 Homestead - Miami Speedway , Homestead , Florida November 19 2 : 30 p.m. NBC Season summary ( edit ) Race reports ( edit ) Speedweeks 2017 Daytona Speedweeks started with the Advance Auto Parts Clash . It was originally scheduled to take place on Saturday , but was postponed until Sunday due to rain . Defending winner Denny Hamlin led the most laps . Multiple wrecks took out some of the field including Kurt Busch getting into the wall after contact with Jimmie Johnson , Johnson would also get into the wall later on , and Martin Truex Jr. got into the wall after contact with Kyle Larson . On the last lap , Brad Keselowski tried to make a pass on Hamlin , but Hamlin came down and got into Keselowski and the two wrecked . Joey Logano sneaked through to win . Chase Elliott won the pole for the Daytona 500 in qualifying . It was the second consecutive 500 pole for Elliott and the third consecutive for the No. 24 team . ( Jeff Gordon won the pole in 2015 ) . It first time since Ken Schrader in 1989 and 1990 that a driver won back - to - back Daytona 500 poles . Elliott 's teammate Dale Earnhardt Jr. qualified second . The Can - Am Duels were held on Thursday . Chase Elliott started on the pole in the first duel . Reed Sorenson made contact with Corey LaJoie and hit the wall . On the restart , Elliott held off Jamie McMurray to win . In the second Duel , Dale Earnhardt Jr. started on pole and led the most laps . Ryan Blaney and Jimmie Johnson made contact after both had tire problems . On the restart , Denny Hamlin took the lead from Earnhardt with two laps to go and held off Clint Bowyer to win . Elliott Sadler , Brendan Gaughan , Corey LaJoie , and D.J. Kennington all qualified for the Daytona 500 while Reed Sorenson and Timmy Hill failed to qualify . Round 1 : Daytona 500 Chase Elliott started the race on the pole . The race was plagued with a number of wrecks , with 35 of the 40 cars involved in wrecks during the race . The race also featured the debut of stage racing . Kyle Busch won Stage 1 of the race . Dale Earnhardt Jr. took the lead in stage two after pit stops and was leading when Kyle Busch had a tire go down . Busch spun and collected Erik Jones , Matt Kenseth , Earnhardt , and Ty Dillon in a multicar wreck . Kevin Harvick won Stage 2 of the race . Toward the beginning of the third stage , a multicar wreck that started with Jimmie Johnson that also involved Harvick , Danica Patrick , Denny Hamlin , Chris Buescher , Trevor Bayne , and other drivers . Another multicar wreck with 50 laps to go involved Jamie McMurray , Ryan Newman , Brad Keselowski , Landon Cassill , and other drivers . Elliott was leading the race as it headed into the closing laps . In the final few laps , the lead would shuffle , with Kyle Larson taking the lead after passing Martin Truex Jr . On the final lap , Kurt Busch passed Larson for the lead and won the race , his first Daytona 500 win and the first Daytona 500 win for Stewart - Haas Racing . Round 2 : Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 Kevin Harvick started on pole . Multiple drivers had tire problems and pit road speeding issues during the race . Drivers such as Chase Elliott , Martin Truex Jr. , Dale Earnhardt Jr. , Jimmie Johnson , and other drivers had these problems during the race . Harvick dominated the race and won both Stage 1 and Stage 2 . On the final round of pit stops , Harvick got caught for speeding on pit road and had to come back losing the lead . Brad Keselowski held off Kyle Larson to get his first career win at Atlanta . Round 3 : Kobalt 400 Brad Keselowski started on pole . Keselowski led the first 60 laps , but Martin Truex Jr. took the lead on pit road . Corey LaJoie and Kevin Harvick crashed in different incidents in the first stage . Truex dominated the race by leading the most laps and winning Stage 1 and Stage 2 . Keselowski took the lead from Truex with 24 laps to go . Keselowski had a power issue and it allowed Truex to regain the lead and hold off Kyle Larson to win as Kyle Busch was spun after contact with Joey Logano . Busch and Logano got into an altercation afterwards until Logano was pulled away . Round 4 : Camping World 500 Joey Logano started on pole . In the first stage , Logano led most of the laps and had some opponents for the lead within the final laps of Stage 1 . Logano , Kyle Larson , Chase Elliott , Jamie McMurray , and Kyle Busch were all in a pack racing for the win , but Logano was able to hold on to win the stage . For the second stage , Logano started to pull away , however ; he got three wide with Larson and Elliott and allowed Elliott to take the lead . Logano got a pit road speeding penalty and Elliott was able to hold off Larson to win the second stage . In the third and final stage , Elliott pulled away , but it was Kyle Busch eventually took the lead . Busch there on dominated the race , leading 114 laps , and was heading toward the win , but a caution came out with six laps to go when Logano had a flat tire and ran into the wall , setting up an overtime finish . Ryan Newman , who stayed out , pulled away from Larson to score the win for his first win with Richard Childress Racing and his first win since 2013 . Round 5 : Auto Club 400 Kyle Larson started on pole . Denny Hamlin , who started second , could not get going and that held up his lane which caused Brad Keselowski to receive damage after running into the back of Hamlin . Keselowski made contact with Jimmie Johnson , which sent him spinning bringing out the first caution . Larson and Martin Truex Jr. were the two dominant cars of the race with Larson winning Stage 1 and Truex winning Stage 2 . Truex had the lead , but green - flag pit stops allowed Larson to regain the lead . Gray Gaulding spun bringing out the caution with 20 laps to go , but on the restart the caution would come out again after Matt Kenseth hit the backstretch wall after getting hit in the back by Truex . On the restart , Ricky Stenhouse Jr. spun on the backstretch , which sent the race into overtime . Larson held off Keselowski , who made a comeback after his early spin , to get his second career win and also sweeping the weekend . Round 6 : STP 500 Brad Keselowski celebrates his win in the STP 500 at Martinsville Speedway Kyle Larson started on pole after qualifying was rained out on Friday . Larson led the first few laps , but began to fall back . Stage 1 was won by Martin Truex Jr . In the second stage , Kyle Busch led most of the laps , but a run - in with Ricky Stenhouse Jr. allowed Chase Elliott to pass Busch on the final lap . In the final stage , multiple drivers were involved in wrecks including Dale Earnhardt Jr. , Kurt Busch , Daniel Suárez , and others . The last 150 laps were a battle between Kyle Busch and Brad Keselowski . Keselowski was able to get around Busch and lead the final laps to get his second win of the season . Round 7 : O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 Kevin Harvick started on pole . Harvick led early until he got passed by Ryan Blaney on a restart for a caution for a wreck between Gray Gaulding and Jeffrey Earnhardt . Blaney then dominated the race , leading 148 laps and winning Stage 1 and Stage 2 however , trouble on pit road kept him from winning . Joey Logano used pit strategy to have the lead in the final laps . Jimmie Johnson took the lead from Logano with 16 laps to go and held off a hard charging Kyle Larson for his seventh career win at Texas . Round 8 : Food City 500 Kyle Larson started on pole after qualifying was rained out . The race was postponed from Sunday afternoon to Monday afternoon because of rain . Larson dominated the race , leading 203 laps and winning Stage 1 . Martin Truex Jr. won Stage 2 . Several drivers had problems including Ryan Blaney having fuel pump problems , Brad Keselowski having multiple issues , and wrecks for Dale Earnhardt Jr. , Kyle Busch , Danica Patrick , and Erik Jones . Larson and Truex both received speeding penalties . Johnson held off Clint Bowyer to get his second straight win and second at Bristol . Round 9 : Toyota Owners 400 Matt Kenseth started on pole . A few laps into the race , Erik Jones crashed into the wall . Kenseth led every lap to win Stage 1 . Kenseth led half way into the second stage , but was passed by Brad Keselowski . Keselowski pulled away to win the second stage . In the final stage during green flag pit stops , teammates Jimmie Johnson and Dale Earnhardt Jr. got together , putting Earnhardt into the wall . On the restart , Earnhardt had a tire go down and again got into the wall . On the restart , Logano took the lead from Keselowski , but Ryan Blaney had a tire go down and got into the wall . Logano took the lead from Kyle Larson , and held off a hard charging Keselowski for his first win of the season and second at Richmond . Days later , it was announced that Logano 's win had been encumbered due to a penalty when it was discovered that the car had a higher rear - end suspension . Round 10 : GEICO 500 Ricky Stenhouse Jr. started on pole . Stenhouse led early , but fell back after having trash on his grill . There were various different leaders throughout the race including Denny Hamlin , Kyle Busch , Joey Logano , Brad Keselowski , and others . Kyle Larson got into the wall early as Keselowski won stage one and Hamlin won stage two after leading most of the stage . Ryan Blaney was involved in an accident after hitting the wall . There was a big wreck that involved Chase Elliott , AJ Allmendinger , Logano , Kevin Harvick , Keselowski , Matt Kenseth , and others . On the restart , Landon Cassill had a tire go down and brought out the caution because he was n't able to make it to pit road . On the restart , Ryan Newman got into the wall , sending the race to overtime . On the two - lap shootout , Stenhouse drove past Kyle Busch and held off Jamie McMurray for his first career win and the first for Roush Fenway Racing since 2014 and the first for the 17 team since Matt Kenseth in 2012 . Round 11 : Go Bowling 400 Ryan Blaney started on pole for the first time in his career . Blaney led early and swapped the lead with Kyle Busch and Martin Truex Jr. in the early stages . Busch won the first stage and Blaney won the second . Landon Cassill , Erik Jones , Corey Lajoie , and Gray Gaulding all had trouble . Ryan Newman suffered a blown engine and Paul Menard and AJ Allmendinger crashed together . In the late part of the race , Joey Logano had a tire go down and crashed into Danica Patrick , causing Patrick to hit the wall extremely hard . Aric Almirola crashed head on into Logano and had to be cut from the car and taken to the hospital with a T5 Vertebra compression fracture in his back . Kurt Busch and Jimmie Johnson got together on a restart . On the last restart , Truex held off Brad Keselowski for his second win of the season . Exhibition : Monster Energy NASCAR All - Star Race In the Monster Energy Open , Clint Bowyer started on pole and led all 20 laps in stage one to transfer to the All - Star Race as Ryan Blaney did the same in stage two to transfer . In the final stage , Landon Cassill took two tires , but spun on the restart . The battle for the win came down to Chase Elliott , Daniel Suárez , and Erik Jones . Jones attempted to make a pass as Elliott and Suárez were side - by - side for the lead , but got into the grass and destroyed the front end of his car . On the restart , Suárez pulled away from Elliott to win and transfer to the All - Star Race . Elliott also transferred by winning the fan vote . Kyle Larson started on pole and won the first two stages . Jimmie Johnson made a pass on Clint Bowyer and headed to the stage three win . Johnson , Larson , Kevin Harvick , Denny Hamlin , Kyle Busch , Brad Keselowski , Joey Logano , Jamie McMurray , Kurt Busch , and Chase Elliott were the ten drivers that advanced to the final ten lap stage . Keselowski stayed off pit road and led off the restart , but was passed by Kyle Busch and Busch held off a battle between Johnson and Larson to win the All - Star Race in his twelfth try . Round 12 : Coca - Cola 600 Kevin Harvick started on pole . Harvick and Kyle Busch traded the lead early . Jeffrey Earnhardt got oil on the track and Chase Elliott got into it and slowed down and was from behind by Brad Keselowski . Kyle Busch led most of stage one and passed Martin Truex Jr. to claim the stage win . Truex pulled away on the restart , but Matt DiBenedetto crashed into the wall . After a delay due to thunderstorms , Truex won the second stage . Denny Hamlin got the lead off pit road and won the third stage . Fuel mileage played a factor as Jimmie Johnson ran out of fuel with two laps to go and it allowed Austin Dillon to get his first career win and the first for the # 3 since Dale Earnhardt at Talladega in 2000 . Round 13 : AAA 400 Drive for Autism Polesitter Kyle Busch leads early in the AAA 400 Drive for Autism at Dover International Speedway in June Kyle Busch started on pole and led early , but had trouble during pit stops . Kurt Busch got loose and crashed into Brad Keselowski , taking Keselowski out for the second straight week and later on Busch would wreck again . The race was dominated between Kyle Larson and Martin Truex Jr. as Truex won both stages and Larson led the most laps . Jimmie Johnson also ran up front , but got into the wall and began to drop back , but was the leader during pit stops when a caution came out . On the ensuing pit stops , Ty Dillon got out before Johnson and led the field to green . Dillon led a lot of laps before being passed for the lead by Larson . Larson was heading to the win , but David Ragan got into the wall . In overtime , Johnson took the lead from Larson and was in front when a caution came out . Johnson got his third win of the year and his 11th career win at Dover . He also tied Cale Yarborough in stock car 's most all - time winning list with 83 career wins . Round 14 : Axalta presents the Pocono 400 Kyle Busch started on pole for the second straight race . Busch and Erik Jones swapped the lead with Busch winning stage 1 . Busch continued to lead , but Kyle Larson had the lead as he won stage 2 . Jimmie Johnson and Jamie McMurray were involved in a two car accident near the end of stage 2 and both got into the wall hard and McMurray 's car caught fire . Busch continued to lead before he pitted and Brad Keselowski had the lead and was heading to the win until he pitted right before a caution came out . Busch and Keselowski stayed out under the caution and Kyle Busch pulled away until he was passed for the lead by Ryan Blaney . Blaney held off Kevin Harvick to get his first career win and the first win for Wood Brothers Racing since 2011 , and the 3rd first time winner of the season . Round 15 : FireKeepers Casino 400 Kyle Larson and Chase Elliott battle for the lead in the later stages of the FireKeepers Casino 400 at Michigan International Speedway Kyle Larson started on pole . Larson led early until Martin Truex Jr. got to the lead and won stage one . Larson got back in the lead , but Truex got the lead after pit stops and won stage two . In the final stage , Clint Bowyer got into the wall after having a tire go down . Ryan Blaney had a tire go down and caused a stack up which saw Darrell Wallace Jr. get into Daniel Suárez , who crashed into Danica Patrick . On the restart , Larson drove away from Chase Elliott for his second win of the season . Round 16 : Toyota / Save Mart 350 Kyle Larson started on pole and led early . Dale Earnhardt Jr. spun early and collected Danica Patrick and polesitter Larson . Martin Truex Jr. got by A.J. Allmendinger and won stage one . Danica Patrick was involved in another incident when she spun and collected Ricky Stenhouse Jr . Jimmie Johnson got the lead off the caution and won stage two . In the final stage , both Daniel Suarez and Austin Dillon spun . Brad Keselowski had the lead late until he finally had to pit . Truex began having engine problems and continued to run up front until his engine expired . Kevin Harvick took the lead and held off teammate Clint Bowyer to win under caution after Kasey Kahne crashed into the wall for his first win of the season and his first career Sonoma win . Round 17 : Coke Zero 400 Dale Earnhardt Jr. started on pole for possibly his final Daytona race of his career . Brad Keselowski led most of stage one . Cole Whitt and DJ Kennington both spun early . Keselowski held off Earnhardt to win stage one . Denny Hamlin led most of stage two . Earnhardt Jr. had a tire go down and got two laps down . Jeffrey Earnhardt 's engine expired early , taking him to the garage . The `` Big One '' happened that took out Joey Logano , Kyle Busch , Austin Dillon and Martin Truex Jr . Matt Kenseth won stage two after passing Hamlin for the lead . On a restart , Chase Elliott spun and collected Trevor Bayne . Kevin Harvick spun and took Earnhardt Jr . out of the race . On the restart , Keselowski got into the wall , costing him from going back - to - back in the July Daytona race . Coming into the closing laps , Kyle Larson , Kurt Busch , and Kenseth got into a multi-car accident that brought out the red flag . On the restart , Erik Jones spun and collected Denny Hamlin , sending the race into overtime . On the restart , Ricky Stenhouse Jr. drove past David Ragan and held off Clint Bowyer for his second win of the season . Round 18 : Quaker State 400 Kyle Busch started on pole after qualifying was rained out . Busch led early , but Martin Truex Jr. challenged him for the lead a few times and won Stage 1 and Stage 2 . Brad Keselowski spun and collected Jimmie Johnson while Kasey Kahne crashed with Trevor Bayne in Stage 2 . Truex dominated and led the most laps . With two laps remaining , Kurt Busch blew an engine and spilled oil on the track , sending the race to overtime . On the restart , Truex held of Kyle Larson to win under caution for his third win of the year after Daniel Suárez , Matt Kenseth , and Austin Dillon crashed coming to the white flag . Round 19 : Overton 's 301 Martin Truex Jr. started the race on pole after Kyle Larson 's qualifying time was disallowed for failing post-qualifying inspection . Erik Jones cut a tire and hit the wall early in the race . Truex Jr. won Stage 1 of the race . In Stage 2 , Kyle Busch took the lead and won the stage . Joey Logano had a tire rub and a mechanical problem that sent him to the garage for several laps . Kyle Busch had two pit road speeding penalties late in the race . On the final restart , Denny Hamlin passed Matt Kenseth , who took two tires on the final pit stop while the other leaders took four tires . Hamlin would hold off Kyle Larson to win the race , his first win of the season as well as the first win of the season for Joe Gibbs Racing . Round 20 : Brantley Gilbert Big Machine Brickyard 400 Kyle Busch started on pole . Busch led all of stage one to win after a wreck by Corey LaJoie , a red flag from thunderstorms , and a blown engine by Chase Elliott . Busch continued to dominate and win stage two after a three car wreck with David Ragan , Jeffrey Earnhardt , and JJ Yeley and a wreck by Dale Earnhardt Jr ... On the restart after a caution for a wreck from Ricky Stenhouse Jr. , Busch and Martin Truex Jr. got together and crashed , ending their respective days and ending Busch 's chances of winning three consecutive Brickyard 400 's . Matt Kenseth took the lead and led until he had to pit during green flag stops . Brad Keselowski and Jimmie Johnson stayed out hoping for a caution . With 10 laps to go , Clint Bowyer and Kurt Busch got together and collected Erik Jones and Jamie McMurray . On the restart , Kyle Larson crashed and caught fire . On the next restart , Jimmie Johnson got three wide and got loose and crashed into the wall . There were two more wrecks that featured Ryan Blaney , Trevor Bayne , Michael McDowell , Aric Almirola , and others . On the final restart in overtime , Kasey Kahne took the lead from Keselowski and was leading when another big wreck took place after Kahne had passed the overtime line for his first win of the year and his first since 2014 . Round 21 : Overton 's 400 Kyle Busch started on pole . On the opening lap , Matt Kenseth spun and caused others to spin and took out Aric Almirola . Busch would win Stage 1 after leading most of the laps . In Stage 2 , Jimmie Johnson spun after contact with Kasey Kahne . Kyle Larson and Ryan Blaney both had problems . Martin Truex Jr. got to the lead , but pitted before the stage ending . Clint Bowyer took the lead and won Stage 2 . Truex and Denny Hamlin battled for the lead , but it was Kyle Busch who was able to take the lead from Kevin Harvick and get his first win of the season and his first career win at Pocono . Round 22 : I Love New York 355 at The Glen Kyle Busch started on pole for the third consecutive race . Busch dominated to win Stage 1 . In Stage 2 , Chase Elliott ran up front until he had to pit giving the lead to Daniel Suarez and Suarez was able to hold off Martin Truex Jr. to get his first stage win . On the restart , Kyle Busch and Brad Keselowski got together and spun . Also , Landon Cassill had a tire go down which brought out the caution . Danica Patrick would spin after making contact with Kyle Busch . Even with the incident , Keselowski was able to get out front and was able to take the lead from Truex and pulled away as most of the field was trying to save fuel . With three laps to go , Keselowski had to come in for fuel , handing the lead to Ryan Blaney , but Blaney ran out of fuel on the next lap give them to lead back to Truex . Truex was able to save enough fuel to hold off a hard - charging Matt Kenseth for his fourth win of the season . Round 23 : Pure Michigan 400 Brad Keselowski started on pole and immediately pulled away from the field and led all 60 laps to win stage 1 . In stage 2 , Keselowski led most of the laps . Martin Truex Jr. had to come in early on pit road for a problem and it ended up helping him stay out when everybody else pitted to get his 15th stage win of the season . On the restart , Kasey Kahne and Daniel Suarez made contact with him both of them into the wall . Multiple drivers including Denny Hamlin and Kyle Busch all tried to stay out to win the race on fuel mileage , but they had to pit when a caution came out after Joey Logano had a tire go down . On the restart , Michael McDowell spun and made contact with Paul Menard which put oil down on the track and put the race under a red flag . After the red flag was lifted in overtime , Kyle Larson zoomed past Truex with fresh tires to take his third win of the season and his third consecutive race at Michigan . Round 24 : Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race Erik Jones won his first career pole . Jones started out leading a bunch of laps and battled with Kyle Busch and Kyle Larson at the end of Stage 1 . Brad Keselowski and Aric Almirola both had tire problems early and Kyle Busch was able to win Stage 1 . In the second stage , Ricky Stenhouse Jr. had a tire go down and Austin Dillon spun and collected Jeffrey Earnhardt . Matt Kenseth , who stayed off pit road , was able to stay out front and win Stage 2 . Erik Jones continued leading for most of the third stage , but Kyle Busch was able to get around both Kenseth and Jones and continue to lead and held off the dominant Jones for his second win of the season and also sweeping all three races in a weekend for the second time in his career . Round 25 : Bojangles ' Southern 500 Kevin Harvick started on pole . Harvick led early until he lost the lead after the first caution . Kyle Larson , Martin Truex Jr. , and Denny Hamlin led the majority of the laps . Clint Bowyer had to exit the race early after mechanical issues . Ricky Stenhouse Jr. , Trevor Bayne , AJ Allmendinger , and others were involved in incidents . Truex was able to win both the stages and had passed Kurt Busch for the lead . In the final stint of the race , Denny Hamlin began closing the gap on the 78 due to fresher tires gained by running longer on his penultimate set ( and despite losing time as he missed pit road coming in for his last stop ) . Hamlin brushed the wall and got into Landon Cassill in the closing laps , but was able to take the lead after Truex had a tire go down , picking up both his second win of the season and his second at Darlington . Despite losing the race after winning both stages , Martin Truex Jr. clinched the 2017 Regular Season Championship after finishing 8th and leaving with a 107 - point lead going into the final race . Days later , it was announced that Hamlin 's win had been encumbered due to a penalty when it was discovered that the car had a higher rear - end suspension . Round 26 : Federated Auto Parts 400 Matt Kenseth started on pole . Landon Cassill got into the wall and Kenseth led most of Stage 1 , but locked up the breaks and brought out a caution . Kyle Busch won Stage 1 by edging out Kyle Larson . Martin Truex Jr. led most of the second stage and won the stage . In the final stage , Danica Patrick spun after contact with Austin Dillon . While under caution , Kenseth got into Clint Bowyer as the field stacked up due to an ambulance at the entry of pit road . Martin Truex Jr. had the lead , but a caution came out with three laps to go after Derrick Cope got into the wall . In overtime , Truex got into the wall after contact with Denny Hamlin . Kyle Larson was able to hold off Joey Logano as the race ended under caution for his fourth win of the season . Chase Elliott , Jamie McMurray , and Kenseth gained the final three playoff spots . Round 27 : Tales of the Turtles 400 Kyle Busch started on pole . Early in Stage 1 , Martin Truex Jr. , Austin Dillon , Ricky Stenhouse Jr. , Matt DiBenedetto , Corey LaJoie , and others got speeding penalties as Busch dominated to win Stage 1 . In the second stage , Busch began to fall back after pitting for a loose wheel and getting a penalty . Chase Elliott took the lead from Kevin Harvick and won Stage 2 . In the final stage , Jamie McMurray and Erik Jones spun and Martin Truex Jr. was able to get out front and pull away from Chase Elliott for his fifth win of the season and advancing to the `` Round of 12 . '' Round 28 : ISM Connect 300 Kyle Busch started on pole for the second consecutive week and led early , but it was Martin Truex Jr. who is able to get by to win stage 1 . Coming to the end of the second stage , Truex had the lead , but on the last lap Kevin Harvick got into the wall after contact with Austin Dillon and caused a big cloud of smoke and drivers including Truex , Kurt Busch , Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Jeffrey Earnhardt all had trouble and Kyle Busch was able to sneak through and was credited for the Stage 2 victory . The final stage was mostly dominated by Kyle Busch as a caution would come out for Kasey Kahne after he stopped on the racetrack after receiving a broken track bar . On the restart , David Ragan got into the wall and the caution again came out after Trevor Bayne got into the wall . After the restart , Kyle Busch was able pull away and hold off Kyle Larson for his third win of the season and moving to the next round of the playoffs . Also , Kyle Larson and Brad Keselowski advanced to the next round based on being more than 60 points over the cut line . Round 29 : Apache Warrior 400 Kyle Busch leads at the beginning of Stage 2 in the Apache Warrior 400 at Dover International Speedway in October , a race he wins Martin Truex Jr. started on pole . Truex and Kyle Larson traded the lead for most of Stage 1 , but after a red flag caused by Jeffrey Earnhardt spinning and hitting the barrels at the entrance to pit road , Brad Keselowski got out front to win the stage . Larson dominated and won the second stage , but had problems that cost him the lead . Chase Elliott took over the lead and dominated the remainder of the race , but Kyle Busch got by Elliott coming to the white flag to score his second consecutive win and his fourth win of the season . Austin Dillon , Kasey Kahne , Ryan Newman , and Kurt Busch were eliminated from the playoffs . Round 30 : Bank of America 500 Denny Hamlin started on pole . Hamlin led to the competition caution and Kevin Harvick took over . Harvick dominated the race by leading the most laps and winning both stages . A few incidents occurred including Ryan Newman hitting the wall with Clint Bowyer and Joey Logano and Kyle Busch hitting the wall while running near the front . On the final round of green flag pit stops , Martin Truex Jr. got out front . Danica Patrick and David Ragan got together for the caution . On the restart , Kurt Busch got into Kyle Larson , causing an overtime restart . On the restart , teammates AJ Allmendinger and Chris Buescher wrecked as Truex held off Chase Elliott for his sixth win of the season and advancing to the Round of 8 . Round 31 : Alabama 500 Dale Earnhardt Jr. started on pole for his final career Talladega race . Jamie McMurray and Erik Jones got together trying to come to pit road and also collected Jeffrey Earnhardt . Joey Logano led early and dominated the race as teammate Brad Keselowski won the first stage . A wreck happened , but Ryan Blaney was able to win the second stage . In the final stage , there were multiple multicar wrecks that took out several top contenders including Kevin Harvick , Clint Bowyer , Ricky Stenhouse Jr. , Kyle Busch , Daniel Suarez , Blaney , Chase Elliott , Kurt Busch , Kyle Larson , Jimmie Johnson , and Martin Truex Jr . On the restart , Keselowski made a last lap pass on Ryan Newman to advance in the `` Round of 8 '' for his third win of the season and fifth at Talladega . Dale Earnhardt Jr. finished his career at Talladega with a seventh place finish . Round 32 : Hollywood Casino 400 Martin Truex Jr. started on pole . Truex led early , but got a restart violation . Kyle Busch was able to win the first stage as Kyle Larson blew an engine , taking him out of the playoffs . Denny Hamlin won the second stage on a one lap restart . Jimmie Johnson spun twice , but was able to recover . There was a big wreck that took out Erik Jones , Jamie McMurray , Clint Bowyer , Daniel Suarez , Matt Kenseth , and others . Kenseth was disqualified for having too many crew members working on his car after the wreck , taking him out of the playoffs . Martin Truex Jr. was able to regain the lead and held off Kurt Busch for his seventh win of the season . McMurray , Ricky Stenhouse Jr. , Kenseth , and Larson were eliminated from the playoffs . Round 33 : First Data 500 Joey Logano started on pole . Logano led early as there was spins from Ricky Stenhouse Jr. , Ty Dillon , David Ragan , and AJ Allmendinger . Brad Keselowski was able to win Stage 1 and won Stage 2 after battling with Kyle Busch . Kyle Larson got into the wall , taking him out for the second consecutive race . Chase Elliott was out front for the majority of the last 120 laps . Towards the end , Logano spun after having a flat tire . On the restart , Keselowski got loose , which allowed Elliott to take the lead . Elliott was on the way to the win , but spun after contact with Denny Hamlin , sending the race to overtime . Hamlin spun and caused a huge pile - up behind Kyle Busch who edged Martin Truex Jr. for his fifth win of the season and second at Martinsville to punch his ticket to the `` Championship 4 '' for α third consecutive year . Round 34 : AAA Texas 500 Kurt Busch won the pole with a new track record . Kyle Busch and Brad Keselowski made contact early , cutting the tire of Keselowski 's car and causing damage to Busch 's car . Denny Hamlin and others led early as Kevin Harvick won the first stage . Kyle Larson dominated the second stage to win . During the final stage , Daniel Suarez spun after contact with Kasey Kahne . Dale Earnhardt , Jr. was running well in his final Texas race until he suffered a broken hub and went to the garage . Larson made heavy contact with the wall , bringing out a several minute red flag . On the restart , Martin Truex Jr. took the lead from Hamlin , but ran into problems late in the race . Kevin Harvick took the lead from Truex and led the final nine laps for his second win of the season and first career win at Texas to clinch a `` Championship 4 '' spot , while Truex Jr. clinched a spot based on points . Round 35 : Can - Am 500 Ryan Blaney started on pole . Kyle Larson managed to pass Blaney to win Stage 1 , though engine problems forced Larson out of the race for the fourth consecutive time . Jimmie Johnson blew a tire , causing severe damage to his car and forcing him out of the playoffs . Denny Hamlin took the lead and won Stage 2 , also leading the most laps . Hamlin had a problem on pit road , but able to stay out front . Hamlin had a tire go down and got into the wall after contact with Chase Elliott . Elliot led into the closing laps , but was passed by Matt Kenseth . Kenseth held off Elliott for his first win of the season and second at Phoenix . Brad Keselowski clinched the final Championship 4 spot as Denny Hamlin , Ryan Blaney , Chase Elliott , and Jimmie Johnson were eliminated from the playoffs . Round 36 : Ford EcoBoost 400 Denny Hamlin started on pole . Kyle Larson dominated the race , leading the most laps and winning both stages . Joey Gase got into the wall and Danica Patrick , in her final full - time Cup race , crashed along with Kasey Kahne . Martin Truex Jr. dominated the second half of the race and held off Kyle Busch for his eighth win of the season and win his first Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series championship . Dale Earnhardt Jr. , in his final Cup start , finished 25th . Results and standings ( edit ) Race results ( edit ) No . Race Pole position Most laps led Winning driver Manufacturer Report 001 ! Advance Auto Parts Clash Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin Logano , Joey Joey Logano Ford Report 002 ! Can - Am Duel 1 Elliott , Chase Chase Elliott Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Elliott , Chase Chase Elliott Chevrolet Report 003 ! Can - Am Duel 2 Earnhardt Jr. , Dale Dale Earnhardt Jr . Earnhardt Jr. , Dale Dale Earnhardt Jr . Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin Toyota 01 ! 1 Daytona 500 Elliott , Chase Chase Elliott Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Busch , Kurt Kurt Busch Ford Report 02 ! 2 Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Ford Report 03 ! 3 Kobalt 400 Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Toyota Report 04 ! 4 Camping World 500 Logano , Joey Joey Logano Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Newman , Ryan Ryan Newman Chevrolet Report 05 ! 5 Auto Club 400 Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Chevrolet Report 06 ! 6 STP 500 Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Ford Report 07 ! 7 O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Blaney , Ryan Ryan Blaney Johnson , Jimmie Jimmie Johnson Chevrolet Report 08 ! 8 Food City 500 Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Johnson , Jimmie Jimmie Johnson Chevrolet Report 09 ! 9 Toyota Owners 400 Kenseth , Matt Matt Kenseth Kenseth , Matt Matt Kenseth Logano , Joey Joey Logano Ford Report 10 ! 10 GEICO 500 Stenhouse Jr. , Ricky Ricky Stenhouse Jr . Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Stenhouse Jr. , Ricky Ricky Stenhouse Jr . Ford Report 11 ! 11 Go Bowling 400 Blaney , Ryan Ryan Blaney Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Toyota Report 003 ! Monster Energy Open Bowyer , Clint Clint Bowyer Bowyer , Clint Clint Bowyer Blaney , Ryan Ryan Blaney Suárez , Daniel Daniel Suárez Toyota Report 004 ! Monster Energy NASCAR All - Star Race Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Toyota 12 ! 12 Coca - Cola 600 Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Dillon , Austin Austin Dillon Chevrolet Report 13 ! 13 AAA 400 Drive for Autism Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Johnson , Jimmie Jimmie Johnson Chevrolet Report 14 ! 14 Axalta presents the Pocono 400 Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Blaney , Ryan Ryan Blaney Ford Report 15 ! 15 FireKeepers Casino 400 Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Chevrolet Report 16 ! 16 Toyota / Save Mart 350 Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Ford Report 17 ! 17 Coke Zero 400 Earnhardt Jr. , Dale Dale Earnhardt Jr . Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Stenhouse Jr. , Ricky Ricky Stenhouse Jr . Ford Report 18 ! 18 Quaker State 400 Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Toyota Report 19 ! 19 Overton 's 301 Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin Toyota Report 20 ! 20 Brantley Gilbert Big Machine Brickyard 400 Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Kahne , Kasey Kasey Kahne Chevrolet Report 21 ! 21 Overton 's 400 Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Toyota Report 22 ! 22 I Love New York 355 at The Glen Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Toyota Report 23 ! 23 Pure Michigan 400 Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Chevrolet Report 24 ! 24 Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race Jones , Erik Erik Jones Jones , Erik Erik Jones Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Toyota Report 25 ! 25 Bojangles ' Southern 500 Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin Toyota Report 26 ! 26 Federated Auto Parts 400 Kenseth , Matt Matt Kenseth Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Chevrolet Report Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Playoffs Round of 16 27 ! 27 Tales of the Turtles 400 Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Toyota Report 28 ! 28 ISM Connect 300 Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Toyota Report 29 ! 29 Apache Warrior 400 Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Elliott , Chase Chase Elliott Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Toyota Report Round of 12 30 ! 30 Bank of America 500 Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Toyota Report 31 ! 31 Alabama 500 Earnhardt Jr. , Dale Dale Earnhardt Jr . Logano , Joey Joey Logano Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski Ford Report 32 ! 32 Hollywood Casino 400 Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Toyota Report Round of 8 33 ! 33 First Data 500 Logano , Joey Joey Logano Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch Toyota Report 34 ! 34 AAA Texas 500 Busch , Kurt Kurt Busch Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick Ford Report 35 ! 35 Can - Am 500 Blaney , Ryan Ryan Blaney Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin Kenseth , Matt Matt Kenseth Toyota Report Championship 4 36 ! 36 Ford EcoBoost 400 Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . Toyota Report Driver standings ( edit ) Further information : List of NASCAR points scoring systems ( key ) Bold -- Pole position awarded by time . Italics -- Pole position set by final practice results or owner 's points . * -- Most laps led . -- Stage 1 winner . -- Stage 2 winner . -- Stage 3 winner . - Regular season top 10 finishers . . -- Eliminated after Round of 16 . -- Eliminated after Round of 12 . -- Eliminated after Round of 8 Pos . Driver DAY ATL LVS PHO CAL MAR TEX BRI RCH TAL KAN CLT DOV POC MCH SON DAY KEN NHA IND POC GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH CHI NHA DOV CLT TAL KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM Pts . Stage Bonus D1 D2 500 Martin Truex Jr . 7 13 8 1 * 11 16 8 8 10 35 1 * 3 * 6 6 37 * 34 1 * 3 * 33 1 * 21 8 20 * 5 23 2 * 5040 -- 69 Kyle Busch 12 38 16 22 3 * 8 2 * 15 35 16 3 * 5 16 9 * 7 5 20 5 12 34 * 1 * 7 10 9 15 * 1 * 29 27 10 * 1 * 19 7 5035 -- 42 Kevin Harvick 22 * 9 * 38 6 13 20 5 23 8 9 14 33 9 5 6 17 13 8 9 15 36 17 3 * 20 8 5 5 5033 -- 17 Brad Keselowski 4 * 27 5 5 6 34 7 39 38 5 16 31 * 39 9 5 15 17 * 29 15 11 6 10 15 13 5 16 7 5030 -- 26 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Championship Playoffs cut - off Pos . Driver DAY ATL LVS PHO CAL MAR TEX BRI RCH TAL KAN CLT DOV POC MCH SON DAY KEN NHA IND POC GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH CHI NHA DOV CLT TAL KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM Pts . Stage Bonus D1 D2 500 5 Chase Elliott 14 5 12 10 9 7 24 30 29 38 5 8 8 22 11 39 10 13 8 18 11 10 11 2 * 16 27 8 5 2377 95 6 6 Denny Hamlin 17 38 6 10 14 30 25 10 11 23 5 8 12 24 17 16 1 * 5 12 35 6 5 7 35 * 9 2353 89 33 7 Matt Kenseth 5 40 9 37 36 9 16 23 * 24 12 12 10 11 20 27 17 5 9 24 6 38 9 11 11 14 37 9 8 2344 71 5 8 Kyle Larson 9 12 1 * 17 6 * 14 12 6 33 2 * 7 1 * 26 29 28 33 23 9 14 * 5 5 10 13 39 37 37 40 3 * 2320 98 34 9 Ryan Blaney 20 18 7 23 9 25 12 * 33 36 39 24 32 25 9 26 10 19 23 30 8 15 10 31 18 11 9 23 8 18 8 6 17 29 2305 58 9 10 Jimmie Johnson 13 34 19 11 9 21 15 11 8 24 17 36 10 13 12 40 10 27 35 29 19 11 12 8 8 14 7 24 11 12 27 39 27 2260 42 17 11 Austin Dillon 5 19 32 25 18 11 5 33 13 20 36 16 13 13 27 18 36 19 15 21 21 26 7 39 21 16 19 16 16 29 14 13 13 14 11 2224 10 5 12 Jamie McMurray 28 10 8 15 6 38 7 12 6 8 12 7 37 5 10 14 7 17 15 26 14 9 12 10 14 10 16 9 5 37 34 29 18 6 13 2224 27 13 Ricky Stenhouse Jr . 13 31 13 33 22 10 14 9 11 15 39 11 8 38 14 14 35 16 20 18 14 29 19 25 15 19 13 26 29 10 12 8 15 2222 14 10 14 Kurt Busch 7 30 25 24 37 10 25 8 6 19 6 37 12 7 28 30 8 29 13 6 11 5 19 37 20 22 25 22 9 21 22 2217 40 5 15 Kasey Kahne 14 7 12 20 20 14 38 20 22 5 15 35 17 35 21 24 18 38 28 11 16 38 24 24 12 21 35 14 9 8 15 16 11 19 33 2198 5 16 Ryan Newman 8 21 35 17 15 8 26 14 7 25 40 9 14 15 15 5 22 27 14 25 6 7 23 13 13 40 33 14 20 20 10 2196 5 5 17 Joey Logano 9 6 6 31 5 5 32 37 21 25 23 12 35 8 37 27 24 28 13 18 7 10 15 26 4 * 21 24 7 12 6 930 160 18 Clint Bowyer 32 11 10 13 7 11 15 14 9 14 31 17 26 13 7 30 6 5 23 19 40 24 13 7 6 27 35 19 36 13 12 871 93 19 Erik Jones ( R ) 19 39 14 15 8 12 12 22 17 38 33 22 7 15 13 25 9 6 39 31 8 10 2 * 5 6 33 6 12 17 36 35 26 10 21 863 162 -- 20 Daniel Suárez ( R ) 11 29 21 20 7 7 32 19 18 12 19 7 11 6 15 24 16 17 18 6 7 7 37 15 38 7 12 8 8 6 15 36 15 14 18 34 777 25 21 Dale Earnhardt Jr . 6 * 37 30 16 14 16 34 5 38 30 22 20 10 11 38 9 6 32 12 18 36 12 37 14 23 22 13 17 34 7 12 7 7 11 35 10 25 668 44 -- 22 Trevor Bayne 6 10 12 13 19 23 13 13 11 13 37 10 16 21 21 17 27 23 37 20 20 20 35 5 7 35 25 22 24 24 14 20 6 28 38 19 660 20 -- 23 Paul Menard 20 5 25 19 21 29 19 36 16 25 9 35 13 33 20 22 11 21 22 16 19 18 34 16 16 28 14 20 26 19 12 12 20 23 15 16 631 6 -- 24 Ty Dillon ( R ) 10 30 15 21 16 18 22 17 15 26 13 14 36 14 18 20 28 16 33 16 19 17 19 21 36 13 22 28 22 22 21 11 16 30 24 11 26 593 5 -- 25 Chris Buescher 16 35 24 23 27 25 11 21 39 17 15 18 20 23 19 36 19 10 16 25 9 28 11 6 27 17 32 27 21 30 18 17 6 21 22 37 20 564 -- -- 26 Michael McDowell 12 15 29 18 24 33 26 23 26 29 34 13 19 19 24 23 14 23 26 18 18 12 27 20 19 16 30 23 27 35 30 18 19 21 22 24 542 11 -- 27 A.J. Allmendinger 26 24 26 17 6 20 30 37 31 30 18 18 22 18 35 8 20 21 10 23 9 20 22 34 26 26 17 28 20 22 32 40 16 23 14 531 21 -- 28 Danica Patrick 7 33 17 36 22 26 23 24 36 18 38 36 25 10 16 37 17 25 15 13 11 15 22 22 25 26 23 18 18 18 38 21 38 17 17 25 37 511 24 -- 29 Aric Almirola 8 27 14 17 19 18 18 22 9 38 24 13 38 21 12 37 20 17 24 26 25 24 5 9 18 15 9 18 502 -- -- 30 David Ragan 11 25 23 29 35 31 24 28 23 19 10 17 23 30 25 29 31 6 24 29 38 22 27 30 17 25 27 29 29 21 37 10 17 28 30 33 17 447 9 -- 31 Landon Cassill 15 16 22 27 28 27 27 29 32 21 29 21 28 36 27 32 30 19 26 23 22 29 36 25 35 21 39 20 25 29 25 28 23 23 26 24 23 382 -- -- 32 Matt DiBenedetto 14 9 28 26 29 29 35 31 19 28 18 32 37 29 32 28 23 13 25 30 8 37 28 26 26 27 31 31 31 31 23 31 22 39 25 27 30 363 -- -- 33 Cole Whitt 10 18 20 28 34 32 21 30 21 27 16 26 34 22 30 31 21 39 34 38 12 24 34 29 33 23 33 35 30 32 34 34 24 25 29 36 28 322 -- -- 34 Gray Gaulding ( R ) 37 34 36 37 29 34 29 31 20 34 27 24 29 35 35 24 31 31 36 35 38 33 36 9 28 31 40 164 -- -- 35 Reed Sorenson 21 DNQ 31 31 30 34 31 35 28 33 40 25 30 31 34 30 28 34 33 38 39 30 32 28 39 31 25 32 31 35 150 -- -- 36 Jeffrey Earnhardt 18 26 33 32 39 39 36 40 27 35 28 33 40 27 34 35 37 29 33 26 36 35 40 30 33 34 38 37 30 38 26 38 33 29 32 145 -- -- 37 Derrike Cope 36 35 33 38 37 31 39 31 33 34 39 32 36 40 32 42 -- -- 38 Michael Waltrip 17 8 29 -- -- 39 D.J. Kennington 15 36 DNQ 38 33 26 17 -- -- 40 Billy Johnson 22 15 -- -- 41 Boris Said 29 30 15 -- -- 42 Gary Klutt 31 6 -- -- 43 Cody Ware 39 35 39 37 39 6 -- -- 44 Alon Day 32 5 -- -- 45 Kyle Weatherman 35 34 5 -- -- 46 Kevin O'Connell 33 -- -- 47 Tommy Regan 34 -- -- 48 Hermie Sadler 34 -- -- Ineligible for Monster Energy NASCAR Cup driver points Pos . Driver DAY ATL LVS PHO CAL MAR TEX BRI RCH TAL KAN CLT DOV POC MCH SON DAY KEN NHA IND POC GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH CHI NHA DOV CLT TAL KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM Pts . Stage Bonus D1 D2 500 49 Brendan Gaughan 19 11 26 7 19 50 Darrell Wallace Jr . 26 19 15 11 51 Corey LaJoie ( R ) 18 24 34 39 38 30 28 32 24 32 27 27 32 28 30 11 31 40 25 33 31 28 28 29 36 27 34 28 27 33 39 31 31 52 Timmy Hill 21 DNQ 37 32 35 33 39 37 34 28 29 28 31 14 DNQ 39 40 33 53 Elliott Sadler 16 20 17 21 54 Ross Chastain 20 38 55 Joey Gase 17 23 21 36 25 34 32 32 30 39 56 Regan Smith 22 34 57 Ryan Sieg 26 33 40 27 32 58 J.J. Yeley 27 26 37 30 59 David Starr 38 28 36 60 B.J. McLeod 32 32 36 32 37 36 32 30 61 Brett Moffitt 32 32 37 32 33 39 31 62 Carl Long 31 33 36 63 Stephen Leicht 32 64 Ray Black Jr . 40 34 38 65 Josh Bilicki 36 36 66 Mark Thompson 39 67 Justin Marks 40 68 Daniel Hemric QL -- Allmendinger and Truex lost their Duel points for failing post-race inspection . Notes Jump up ^ Stage 3 Winner only for Coca - Cola 600 . Manufacturers ' Championship ( edit ) Pos Manufacturer Wins Points Toyota 16 1292 Ford 10 1254 Chevrolet 10 1247 Contingency Awards ( edit ) Award Recipient 3M Hard Charger Award Kasey Kahne ( Segment 1 ) Aric Almirola ( Segment 2 ) American Ethanol Green Flag Restart Award Kyle Larson Coors Light Pole Award Kyle Busch Ingersoll Rand Power Move Award Daniel Suárez MAHLE Engine Builder Award Toyota Racing Development Mechanix Wear Most Valuable Pit Crew # 19 Joe Gibbs Racing ( Q1 ) # 22 Team Penske ( Q2 ) MOOG Go the Extra Mile Award Tony Gibson Sherwin - Williams Fastest Lap Award Kyle Busch NASCAR Rookie of the Year Erik Jones Most Popular Driver Dale Earnhardt Jr . Mobil 1 Driver of the Year Kyle Larson See also ( edit ) NASCAR portal 2017 NASCAR Xfinity Series 2017 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series 2017 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East 2017 NASCAR K&N Pro Series West 2017 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour 2017 NASCAR Pinty 's Series 2017 NASCAR PEAK Mexico Series 2017 NASCAR Whelen Euro Series Notes ( edit ) ^ 1 The Advance Auto Parts Clash at Daytona was postponed from February 18 to February 19 because of inclement weather . ^ 2 The Food City 500 was postponed from April 23 to April 24 because of inclement weather . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monster Energy replaces Sprint as title sponsor for NASCAR 's top series '' . USA Today . Las Vegas : Gannett Company . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Albert , Zack ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Earnhardt Jr. to retire following 2017 season '' . NASCAR.com . Concord , North Carolina : NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Truex Jr. inks two - year extension with Furniture Row Racing '' . NASCAR.com . Denver : NASCAR Media Group , LLC . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Team / Driver Chart '' . Jayski.com . Jayski 's Silly Season Site . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Brant ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Erik Jones lands Sprint Cup ride , will join Furniture Row Racing in 2017 '' . USA Today . Watkins Glen , New York : Gannett Company . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Kenny ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Leavine Family Racing secures Sprint Cup Series charter '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pockrass , Bob ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Roush Fenway cuts to two Cup teams for ' 17 season '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Inc . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` HScott Motorsports will not compete in NASCAR in 2017 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Inc . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Kenny ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wood Brothers lease charter from Go Fas Racing for 2017 '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pockrass , Bob ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Richard Petty Motorsports downsizes to one car for 2017 Cup season '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Circle Sport , The Motorsports Group join forces for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Mooresville , North Carolina : NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Naibert , Jordan ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sadler Joins TBR and Golden Corral for Daytona 500 '' . 140buzz.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : 140Buzz . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premium Motorsports Acquires TBR '' ( Press release ) . Mooresville , North Carolina : Motor Racing Network . September 21 , 2017 . 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NASCAR.com . NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Front Row Motorsports Sets 2017 Lineup '' . MRN.com . Statesville , North Carolina : Motor Racing Network . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Gase to drive in Daytona 500 for BK Racing '' ( Press release ) . NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albert , Zack ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Dale Jr. : Bowman ' deserves ' to run The Clash '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Carl Edwards wo n't race in 2017 '' . Foxsports.com . Fox Sports Digital Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crandall , Kelly ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Suarez to replace Edwards in Cup series '' . Racer.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : Racer Media & Marketing , Inc . 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Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Godwin ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR changes points and playoffs systems '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . GateHouse Media . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR implements stage - based race format , playoff - point incentives '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Wire Service . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fryer , Jenna ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR overhauls race and playoff format '' . Associated Press . Charlotte , North Carolina : AP Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR unveils new damaged vehicle policy '' . ESPN.com . Concord , North Carolina : ESPN Inc . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , Kenny ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR announces updated Damaged Vehicle Policy '' . NASCAR.com . Concord , North Carolina : NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bianchi , Jordan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR unveils tighter restrictions on damaged vehicles returning to the track '' . SBNation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hembree , Mike ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` New rule : NASCAR wo n't allow some race car repairs '' . USA Today . Concord , North Carolina : Gannett Company . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR revamps points system to reward drivers within race '' . ESPN.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : ESPN Inc . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , Kenny ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` NASCAR announces 2017 Premier Series rules package '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Dustin ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR reduces number of tires Cup teams can use in half of Chase races '' . NASCARTalk.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , David ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR to use traveling medical team for Cup races '' . The Charlotte Observer . Concord , North Carolina : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR expands concussion protocol '' ( Press release ) . Daytona Beach , Florida : NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR announces 2017 national series schedules '' ( Press release ) . Daytona Beach , Florida : NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR reveals start times for 2017 races '' ( Press release ) . Daytona Beach , Florida : NASCAR Digital Media , LLC . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pistone , Pete ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Logano Captures Clash Win '' . MRN.com . Motor Racing Network . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . 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Associated Press . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ( hide ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series seasons 1940s 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series&oldid=817667935 '' Categories : 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series seasons 2017 in NASCAR Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when do the kansas city chiefs play their first game

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_Chiefs&oldid=807198967

Kansas City Chiefs - wikipedia Kansas City Chiefs Jump to : navigation , search Kansas City Chiefs Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in Arrowhead Stadium Kansas City , Missouri Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Red , Gold , White Mascot Warpaint ( 1963 -- 1988 , 2009 -- present ) K.C. Wolf ( 1989 -- present ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Hunt family Chairman Clark Hunt CEO Clark Hunt President Mark Donovan General manager Brett Veach Head coach Andy Reid Team history Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1963 -- present ) Team nicknames Redwood Forest ( Defense , 1969 -- 1971 ) Championships League championships ( 2 ) † AFL Championships ( 3 ) 1962 , 1966 , 1969 AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1969 ( IV ) Conference championships ( 0 ) Division championships ( 9 ) AFL West : 1962 , 1966 AFC West : 1971 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2010 , 2016 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 19 ) AFL : 1962 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1971 , 1986 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Municipal Stadium ( 1963 -- 1971 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1972 -- present ) The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ( they are not associated with an earlier Dallas Texans NFL team that only played for one season in 1952 ) . In 1963 , the team relocated to Kansas City and assumed their current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $2 billion . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 and became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL -- NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , remains the club 's last championship game victory and appearance to date , and occurred in the final such competition prior to the leagues ' merger coming into full effect . The Chiefs were also the second team , after the Green Bay Packers , to appear in more than one Super Bowl ( the first AFL team to do so ) and the first to appear in the championship game in two different decades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980 -- 1988 1.4 1989 -- 2008 1.5 2009 -- 2012 1.6 2013 -- 2014 1.7 2015 1.8 2016 1.9 Season - by - season records 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Arrowhead Stadium 4 Training camp and practice facility 5 Mascots and cheerleaders 6 Notable players 6.1 Roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees 6.4 Chiefs Hall of Fame 7 Head coaches 8 Ownership and administration 8.1 Staff 9 Media 9.1 Radio and television 9.1. 1 Radio affiliates 9.2 Preseason game affiliates 10 Culture 10.1 Fan base 10.2 Tony DiPardo 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Franchise History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Kansas City Chiefs 1960s ( edit ) In 1959 , Lamar Hunt began discussions with other businessmen to establish a professional football league that would rival the National Football League . Hunt 's desire to secure a football team was heightened after watching the 1958 NFL Championship Game between the New York Giants and Baltimore Colts . After unsuccessful attempts to purchase and relocate the NFL 's Chicago Cardinals to his hometown of Dallas , Texas , Hunt went to the NFL and asked to create an expansion franchise in Dallas . The NFL turned him down , so Hunt then established the American Football League and started his own team , the Dallas Texans , to begin play in 1960 . Hunt hired a little - known assistant coach from the University of Miami football team , Hank Stram , to be the team 's head coach after the job offer was declined by Bud Wilkinson and Tom Landry . After Stram was hired , Don Klosterman was hired as head scout , credited by many for bringing a wealth of talent to the Texans after luring it away from the NFL , often hiding players and using creative means to land them . Len Dawson led the Chiefs to victory in Super Bowl IV and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987 The Texans shared the Cotton Bowl with the NFL 's cross-town competition Dallas Cowboys for three seasons . The Texans were to have exclusive access to the stadium until the NFL put an expansion team , the Dallas Cowboys , there . While the team averaged a league - best 24,500 at the Cotton Bowl , the Texans gained less attention due to the AFL 's relatively lower profile compared to the NFL . In the franchise 's first two seasons , the team managed only a 14 -- 14 record . In their third season , the Texans strolled to an 11 -- 3 record and a berth in the team 's first American Football League Championship Game , against the Houston Oilers . The game was broadcast nationally on ABC and the Texans defeated the Oilers 20 -- 17 in double overtime . The game lasted 77 minutes and 54 seconds , which still stands as the longest championship game in professional football history . It turned out to be the last game the team would play as the Dallas Texans . Despite competing against a Cowboys team that managed only a 9 -- 28 -- 3 record in their first three seasons , Hunt decided that the Dallas -- Fort Worth media market could not sustain two professional football franchises . He considered moving the Texans to either Atlanta or Miami for the 1963 season . However , he was ultimately swayed by an offer from Kansas City Mayor Harold Roe Bartle . Bartle promised to triple the franchise 's season ticket sales and expand the seating capacity of Municipal Stadium to accommodate the team . Hunt agreed to relocate the franchise to Kansas City on May 22 , 1963 , and on May 26 the team was renamed the Kansas City Chiefs . Hunt and head coach Hank Stram initially planned to retain the Texans name , but a fan contest determined the new `` Chiefs '' name in honor of Mayor Bartle 's nickname that he acquired in his professional role as Scout Executive of the St. Joseph and Kansas City Boy Scout Councils and founder of the Scouting Society , the Tribe of Mic - O - Say . A total of 4,866 entries were received with 1,020 different names being suggested , including a total of 42 entrants who selected `` Chiefs . '' The two names that received the most popular votes were `` Mules '' and `` Royals '' ( which , 6 years later , would be the name of the city 's Major League Baseball expansion franchise in 1969 , after the Athletics left Kansas City for Oakland following the 1967 season ) . The franchise became one of the strongest teams in the now thriving American Football League , with the most playoff appearances for an AFL team ( tied with the Oakland Raiders ) , and the most AFL Championships ( 3 ) . The team 's dominance helped Lamar Hunt become a central figure in negotiations with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle to agree on an AFL -- NFL merger . In the meetings between the two leagues , a merged league championship game was agreed to be played in January 1967 following the conclusion of the leagues ' respective 1966 seasons . Hunt insisted on calling the game the `` Super Bowl '' after seeing his children playing with a popular toy at the time , a Super Ball . While the first few games were designated the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , the Super Bowl name became its officially licensed title in years to come . The Chiefs topped the Raiders in the 1969 AFL championship game ( left ) and went on to defeat the Vikings in Super Bowl IV ( right ) . The Chiefs cruised to an 11 -- 2 -- 1 record in 1966 , and defeated the defending AFL Champion Buffalo Bills in the AFL Championship Game . The Chiefs were invited to play the NFL 's league champion Green Bay Packers in the first AFL -- NFL World Championship Game . Kansas City and Green Bay played a close game for the first half , but Green Bay took control in the final two quarters , winning the game by a score of 35 -- 10 . The Chiefs lost the game but gained the respect of several Packers opponents following the game . The Chiefs ' interleague match - up with the Packers was not the last time that they would face an NFL opponent , especially on the championship stage . The following August , Kansas City hosted the NFL 's Chicago Bears in the 1967 preseason and won the game 66 -- 24 . Despite losing to the division rival Oakland Raiders twice in the regular season in 1969 , the two teams met for a third time in the AFL Championship Game where Kansas City won 17 -- 7 . Backup quarterback Mike Livingston led the team in a six - game winning streak after Len Dawson suffered a leg injury which kept him out of most of the season 's games . While getting plenty of help from the club 's defense , Dawson returned from the injury and led the Chiefs to Super Bowl IV . Against the NFL champion Minnesota Vikings , who were favored by 121⁄2 , the Chiefs dominated the game 23 -- 7 to claim the team 's first Super Bowl championship . Dawson was named the game 's Most Valuable Player after completing 12 - of - 17 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown , with 1 interception . The following season , the Chiefs and the rest of the American Football League merged with the National Football League after the AFL -- NFL merger became official . The Chiefs were placed in the American Football Conference 's West Division . From 1960 to 1969 , the Chiefs / Texans won 87 games , which is the most in the 10 - year history of the AFL . 1970s ( edit ) In 1970 , the Chiefs won only seven games in their first season in the NFL and missed the playoffs . The following season , the Chiefs tallied a 10 -- 3 -- 1 record and won the AFC West Division . Head coach Hank Stram considered his 1971 Chiefs team as his best , but they failed to capture their championship dominance from 1969 . Most of the pieces of the team which won Super Bowl IV two years earlier were still in place for the 1971 season . The Chiefs tied with the Miami Dolphins for the best record in the AFC , and both teams met in a Christmas Day playoff game which the Chiefs lost 27 -- 24 in double overtime . The Dolphins outlasted the Chiefs with a 37 - yard field goal . The game surpassed the 1962 AFL Championship Game as the longest ever at 82 minutes and 40 seconds . The game was also the final football game at Kansas City 's Municipal Stadium . In 1972 , the Chiefs moved into the newly constructed Arrowhead Stadium at the Truman Sports Complex outside of Downtown Kansas City . The team 's first game at Arrowhead was against the St. Louis Cardinals , a preseason game which the Chiefs won 24 -- 14 . Linebacker Willie Lanier and quarterback Len Dawson won the NFL Man of the Year Award in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . The Chiefs would not return to the post-season for the remainder of the 1970s , and the 1973 season was the team 's last winning effort for seven years . Hank Stram was fired following a 5 -- 9 season in 1974 , and many of the Chiefs ' future Hall of Fame players would depart by the middle of the decade . From 1975 to 1988 , the Chiefs had become a laughing stock of the NFL and provided Chiefs fans with nothing but futility . Five head coaches struggled to achieve the same success as Stram , compiling an 81 -- 121 -- 1 record . 1980 -- 1988 ( edit ) In 1980 , Coach Marv Levy cut future Hall of Fame Kicker Jan Stenerud for little known Nick Lowery , who would become the most accurate kicker in NFL History over the next 14 years . In 1981 , running back Joe Delaney rushed for 1,121 yards and was named the AFC Rookie of the Year . The Chiefs finished the season with a 9 -- 7 record and entered the 1982 season with optimism . However , the NFL Players Association strike curbed the Chiefs ' chances of returning to the postseason for the first time in over a decade . The Chiefs tallied a 3 -- 6 record and in the off - season , Joe Delaney died while trying to save several children from drowning in a pond near his home in Louisiana . The Chiefs made a mistake in drafting quarterback Todd Blackledge over future greats such as Jim Kelly and Dan Marino in the 1983 NFL Draft . Blackledge never started a full season for Kansas City while Kelly and Marino played Hall of Fame careers . While the Chiefs struggled on offense in the 1980s , the Chiefs had a strong defensive unit consisting of Pro Bowlers such as Bill Maas , Albert Lewis , Art Still and Deron Cherry . John Mackovic took over head coaching duties for the 1983 season after Marv Levy was fired . Over the next four seasons , Mackovic coached the Chiefs to a 30 -- 34 record , but took the team to its first post-season appearance in 15 years in the 1986 NFL playoffs . Following the team 's loss to the New York Jets in the playoffs , Mackovic was fired . Frank Gansz served as head coach for the next two seasons , but won only eight of 31 games . 1989 -- 2008 ( edit ) On December 19 , 1988 , owner Lamar Hunt hired Carl Peterson as the team 's new president , general manager , and chief executive officer . Peterson fired head coach Frank Gansz two weeks after taking over and hired Marty Schottenheimer as the club 's seventh head coach . In the 1988 and 1989 NFL Drafts , the Chiefs selected both defensive end Neil Smith and linebacker Derrick Thomas , respectively . The defense that Thomas and Smith anchored in their seven seasons together was a big reason why the Chiefs reached the postseason in six straight years . In Schottenheimer 's tenure as head coach , ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , the Chiefs became a perennial playoff contender , featuring offensive players including Steve DeBerg , Christian Okoye , Stephone Paige and Barry Word , a strong defense , anchored by Thomas , Smith , Albert Lewis and Deron Cherry , and on special teams , Nick Lowery , most accurate kicker in NFL History . The team recorded a 101 -- 58 -- 1 record , and clinched seven playoff berths . The Chiefs ' 1993 season was the franchise 's most successful in 22 years . With newly acquired quarterback Joe Montana and running back Marcus Allen , two former Super Bowl champions and MVPs , the Chiefs further strengthened their position in the NFL . The 11 -- 5 Chiefs defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Houston Oilers on their way to the franchise 's first and to date only AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills . The Chiefs were overwhelmed by the Bills and lost the game by a score of 30 -- 13 . The Chiefs ' victory on January 16 , 1994 , against the Oilers remained the franchise 's last post-season victory for 21 years until their 30 -- 0 victory over the Houston Texans on January 9 , 2016 . In the 1995 NFL playoffs , the 13 -- 3 Chiefs hosted the Indianapolis Colts in a cold , damp late afternoon game at Arrowhead Stadium . Kansas City lost the game 10 -- 7 against the underdog Colts , after kicker Lin Elliot missed three field goal attempts and quarterback Steve Bono threw three interceptions . The Chiefs selected tight end Tony Gonzalez with the 13th overall selection in the 1997 NFL Draft , a move which some considered to be a gamble being that Gonzalez was primarily a basketball player at California . During a 1997 season full of injuries to starting quarterback Elvis Grbac , backup quarterback Rich Gannon took the reins of the Chiefs ' offense as the team headed to another 13 -- 3 season . Head coach Marty Schottenheimer chose Grbac to start the playoff game against the Denver Broncos despite Gannon 's successes in previous weeks . Grbac 's production in the game was lacking , and the Chiefs lost to the Broncos 14 -- 10 . Denver went on to capture their fifth AFC Championship by defeating Pittsburgh , and then defeated the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Coach Schottenheimer announced his resignation from the Chiefs following the 1998 season , and defensive coordinator Gunther Cunningham took over coaching duties for the next two seasons , compiling a 16 -- 16 record . By the end of the Chiefs ' decade of regular - season dominance , Gannon had signed with the Oakland Raiders , Neil Smith signed with the Denver Broncos , and Derrick Thomas was paralyzed from a car accident on January 23 , 2000 . Thomas died from complications of his injury weeks later . After allegedly reading online that he would be relieved of duties , head coach Gunther Cunningham was fired . Tony Gonzalez at the 2005 Pro Bowl Priest Holmes became one of the league 's top backs in the early 2000s Looking to change the Chiefs ' game plan which relied on a tough defensive strategy for the past decade , Carl Peterson contacted Dick Vermeil about the Chiefs ' head coaching vacancy for the 2001 season . Vermeil previously led the St. Louis Rams to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIV . Vermeil was hired on January 12 . The Chiefs then traded a first round draft pick in the 2001 NFL Draft to St. Louis for quarterback Trent Green and signed free agent running back Priest Holmes to be the team 's cornerstones on offense . In 2003 , Kansas City began the season with nine consecutive victories , a franchise record . They finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record and the team 's offense led the NFL in several categories under the direction of USA Today 's Offensive Coach of the Year honoree , Al Saunders . Running back Priest Holmes surpassed Marshall Faulk 's single - season touchdown record by scoring his 27th rushing touchdown against the Chicago Bears in the team 's regular season finale . The team clinched the second seed in the 2004 NFL playoffs and hosted the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional Playoffs . In a game where neither team punted , the Chiefs lost the shoot - out 38 -- 31 . It was the third time in nine seasons that the Chiefs went 8 -- 0 at home in the regular season , only to lose their post-season opener at Arrowhead . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2004 , the 2005 Chiefs finished with a 10 -- 6 record but no playoff berth . They were the fourth team since 1990 to miss the playoffs with a 10 -- 6 record . Running back Larry Johnson started in place of the injured Priest Holmes and rushed for 1,750 yards in only nine starts . Prior to the Chiefs ' final game of the season , head coach Dick Vermeil announced his retirement . The Chiefs won the game 37 -- 3 over the playoff - bound Cincinnati Bengals . Damon Huard ( left ) and Brodie Croyle ( right ) both served as the Chiefs ' starting quarterback after Trent Green 's departure Within two weeks of Vermeil 's resignation , the Chiefs returned to their defensive roots with the selection of its next head coach . The team introduced Herman Edwards , a former Chiefs scout and head coach of the New York Jets , as the team 's tenth head coach after trading a fourth - round selection in the 2006 NFL Draft to the Jets . Quarterback Trent Green suffered a severe concussion in the team 's season opener to the Cincinnati Bengals which left him out of play for eight weeks . Backup quarterback Damon Huard took over in Green 's absence and led the Chiefs to a 5 -- 3 record . Kansas City was awarded a Thanksgiving Day game against the Denver Broncos in response to owner Lamar Hunt 's lobbying for a third Thanksgiving Day game . The Chiefs defeated the Broncos 19 -- 10 in the first Thanksgiving Day game in Kansas City since 1969 . Hunt was hospitalized at the time of the game and died weeks later on December 13 due to complications with prostate cancer . The Chiefs honored their owner for the remainder of the season , as did the rest of the league . By defeating the Jaguars on December 31 , 2006 , the Chiefs clinched a playoff berth after multiple other teams lost throughout the day Trent Green returned by the end of the season , but struggled in the final stretch , and running back Larry Johnson set an NFL record with 416 carries in a season . Kansas City managed to clinch their first playoff berth in three seasons with a 9 -- 7 record and a bizarre sequence of six losses from other AFC teams on New Year 's Eve , culminating with a Broncos loss to the 49ers . The Indianapolis Colts hosted the Chiefs in the Wild Card playoffs and defeated Kansas City 23 -- 8 . Larry Johnson in 2006 In 2007 , Trent Green was traded to the Miami Dolphins leaving the door open for either Damon Huard or Brodie Croyle to become the new starting quarterback . After starting the season with a 4 -- 3 record , the Chiefs lost the remaining nine games when running back Larry Johnson suffered a season - ending foot injury and the quarterback position lacked stability with Huard and Croyle . Despite the team 's 4 -- 12 record , tight end Tony Gonzalez broke Shannon Sharpe 's NFL record for touchdowns at the position ( 63 ) and defensive end Jared Allen led the NFL in quarterback sacks with 15.5 . The Chiefs began their 2008 season with the youngest team in the NFL . The starting lineup had an average of 25.5 years of age . By releasing several veteran players such as cornerback Ty Law and wide receiver Eddie Kennison and trading defensive end Jared Allen , the Chiefs began a youth movement . The Chiefs had a league - high thirteen selections in the 2008 NFL Draft and chose defensive tackle Glenn Dorsey and offensive lineman Branden Albert in the first round . Analysts quickly called Kansas City 's selections as the best of the entire draft . Entering the season , the Chiefs were unsure if injury - prone quarterback Brodie Croyle , who was the incumbent starter , could be their quarterback in the long - term . Croyle was injured in the team 's first game of the season and Damon Huard started in Croyle 's absence . Tyler Thigpen become the third Chiefs starting quarterback in as many games for a start against the Atlanta Falcons . After a poor performance by Thigpen , in which he threw three interceptions against the Falcons defense , Huard was retained as the starting quarterback . The Chiefs struggled off the field as much as on as tight end Tony Gonzalez demanded a trade and running back Larry Johnson was involved in legal trouble . Croyle returned for the Chiefs ' game against the Tennessee Titans , but both he and Damon Huard suffered season - ending injuries in the game . The Chiefs reorganized their offense to a new spread offense game plan focused around Tyler Thigpen . The Chiefs ' new offense was implemented to help Thigpen play to the best of his abilities and also following the absence of Larry Johnson , who was suspended for his off - field conduct . The Chiefs made a huge gamble by using the spread offense , as most in the NFL believe that it can not work in professional football , and also head coach Herman Edwards was traditionally in favor of more conservative , run - oriented game plans . 2009 -- 2012 ( edit ) The Chiefs hosting the Buffalo Bills in 2009 ; Quarterback Matt Cassel , wearing # 7 The 2008 season ended with a franchise worst 2 -- 14 record , where the team suffered historic blowout defeats nearly week - in and week - out . a 34 -- 0 shut - out to the Carolina Panthers , and allowed a franchise - high 54 points against the Buffalo Bills . The team 's general manager , chief executive officer , and team president Carl Peterson resigned at the end of the season , and former New England Patriots vice president of player personnel Scott Pioli was hired as his replacement for 2009 . Upon his arrival , Pioli made an effort to bring in coaches and administrators from his successful past with the New England Patriots , where he won three Super Bowl titles . Dwayne Bowe On January 23 , 2009 , Herman Edwards was fired as head coach , and two weeks later Todd Haley signed a four - year contract to become Edwards ' successor . Haley had a background with Pioli , which made him an attractive hire for Pioli 's first coach in Kansas City . In April 2009 Tony Gonzalez was traded to the Atlanta Falcons after failed trade attempts over the previous two seasons . Notably , head coach Todd Haley fired offensive coordinator Chan Gailey just weeks before the start of the 2009 season and chose to take on the coordinator duties himself . Throughout 2009 the Chiefs acquired veterans to supplement the Chiefs ' young talent including Matt Cassel , Mike Vrabel , Bobby Engram , Mike Brown , Chris Chambers , and Andy Alleman . The team finished with a 4 -- 12 record , just a two - game improvement upon their record from the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , the Chiefs made significant hires for their coaching staff , bringing on former Patriots assistant coaches Charlie Weis and Romeo Crennel to coach the offense and defense , respectively . The coaching additions proved to be very successful , as the Chiefs would go on to secure their first AFC West title since 2003 . Their ten victories in the 2010 season combined for as many as the team had won in their previous three seasons combined . On January 9 , 2011 , the Chiefs lost their home Wild Card playoff game to the Baltimore Ravens 30 -- 7 . Six players were chosen for the Pro Bowl : Dwayne Bowe , Jamaal Charles , Brian Waters , Tamba Hali , Matt Cassel and rookie safety Eric Berry . Jamaal Charles won the FEDEX ground player of the year award and Dwayne Bowe led the NFL in Touchdown Receptions . For their first pick in the 2011 NFL draft , and 26th overall , the team selected Jonathan Baldwin , Wide Receiver from Pitt . After a poor start , Haley was relieved of duties as Head Coach on December 12 . Clark Hunt made note of `` bright spots at different points this season '' , but felt that overall the Chiefs were not progressing . The highest point of the 2011 season was an upset win against the Packers , who at that time , were undefeated with a 13 -- 0 record . The Chiefs became the first team since the 1929 Buffalo Bisons to not lead in regulation through any of their first nine games . The Chiefs tied their franchise worst record of 2 -- 14 and clinched the No. 1 overall pick in the 2013 NFL Draft . It is the first time in since the merger they have held the first overall pick . 2013 -- 2014 ( edit ) Following the 2012 season , the Chiefs fired head coach Romeo Crennel and general manager Scott Pioli . Former Philadelphia Eagles head coach Andy Reid was brought in as head coach to work with new general manager John Dorsey , a former Green Bay Packers head scout . The Chiefs acquired quarterback Alex Smith from the San Francisco 49ers for the Chiefs ' second - round pick , 34th overall , in the 2013 draft and a conditional pick in 2014 draft . Matt Cassel was released shortly after . The Chiefs selected Eric Fisher with the first overall pick of the 2013 NFL Draft . The Chiefs started 9 -- 0 for the second time in team history . They would lead their wildcard game against the Indianapolis Colts 38 -- 10 shortly after halftime , but they would collapse late and lose , 45 -- 44 . In 2014 , the Chiefs attempted to make the playoffs for the second straight season for the first time since 1995 , however they finished 9 -- 7 and were eliminated in Week 17 . 2015 ( edit ) After a promising win for the Chiefs against Houston in Week 1 , Kansas City went on a five - game losing streak culminating in a 16 -- 10 loss to Minnesota and the loss of Jamaal Charles to a torn ACL . However , they managed one of the most improbable season comebacks in the NFL and won ten straight to improve their record from 1 -- 5 to 11 -- 5 . The team clinched a playoff berth after a 17 -- 13 win over Cleveland in Week 16 to become only the second NFL team to do so after the merger . The streak achieved by the Chiefs broke a franchise record for 9 straight ( 2003 , 2013 ) and second 9 plus game win streak under Reid . After a Week 17 win over Oakland 23 -- 17 , the Chiefs achieved their longest winning streak in franchise history at ten games . They qualified for the playoffs , playing in the 2015 AFC Wild - Card playoff game , held at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on January 9 , 2016 . The Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 to earn their first NFL playoff win in 23 seasons , dating back to the 1993 -- 94 NFL playoffs , a win that also came in Houston . The Chiefs ' Wild - Card playoff victory ended what was at the time the third - longest drought in the NFL , and it also ended a then NFL record eight - game playoff losing streak . Riddled with injuries , they were defeated by the New England Patriots 27 -- 20 in the AFC Divisional Round . 2016 ( edit ) After facing a 24 -- 3 deficit with 6 minutes left in the 3rd quarter , the Chiefs engineered a 33 -- 27 comeback win against the San Diego Chargers ending with a 2 - yard touchdown run by Alex Smith in overtime to give the Chiefs their largest regular season comeback to start the season at 1 -- 0 . On Christmas Day , the Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos 33 -- 10 to give Kansas City their tenth straight win against divisional opponents . On January 1 , 2017 , the Chiefs clinched the AFC West and the second seed going into the playoffs that year . They clinched the 2nd seed in the AFC but fell to the Pittsburgh Steelers 18 - 16 as Chris Boswell hit 6 field goals . Season - by - season Records ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons ( 2012 -- 16 ) completed by the Chiefs . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Kansas City Chiefs seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Record as of the end of the 2015 NFL season Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Post-season results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2012 2012 NFL AFC West 4th 14 0 2013 2013 NFL AFC West 2nd 11 5 0 Lost AFC Wild Card round ( Colts ) 45 -- 44 2014 2014 NFL AFC West 2nd 9 7 0 2015 2015 NFL AFC West 2nd 11 5 0 Won AFC Wild Card Round ( Texans ) 30 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Round ( Patriots ) 20 -- 27 Marcus Peters ( Defensive Rookie of the Year ) Eric Berry ( Comeback Player of the Year ) 2016 2016 NFL AFC West 1st 12 0 Lost AFC Divisional round ( Steelers ) 18 -- 16 Total 472 424 12 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes only regular season ) 9 17 0 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes only playoffs ) 481 441 12 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes both regular season and playoffs ; 3 AFL Championships , 1 Super Bowl Championship ) Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Main article : Logos and uniforms of the Kansas City Chiefs When the Texans began playing in 1960 , the team 's logo consisted of the state of Texas in white with a yellow star marking the location of the city of Dallas . Originally , Hunt chose Columbia blue and orange for the Texans ' uniforms , but Bud Adams chose Columbia blue and scarlet for his Houston Oilers franchise . Hunt reverted to red and gold for the Texans ' uniforms , which even after the team relocated to Kansas City , remain as the franchise 's colors to this day . The state of Texas on the team 's helmet was replaced by an arrowhead design originally sketched by Lamar Hunt on a napkin . Hunt 's inspiration for the interlocking `` KC '' design was the `` SF '' inside of an oval on the San Francisco 49ers helmets . Unlike the 49ers ' logo , Kansas City 's overlapping initials appear inside a white arrowhead instead of an oval and are surrounded by a thin black outline . From 1960 to 1973 , the Chiefs had grey facemask bars on their helmets , but changed to white bars in 1974 , making them one of the first teams in the NFL to use a non-gray facemask . The Chiefs ' uniform design has essentially remained the same throughout the club 's history . It consists of a red helmet , and either red or white jerseys with the opposite color numbers and names . White pants were used with both jerseys from 1960 to 1967 and 1989 to 1999 . Beginning in 2009 , during the Pioli / Haley era , the team has alternated between white and red pants for road games during the season . Prior to September 15 , 2013 , the Chiefs always wore white pants with their red jerseys . The Chiefs have never worn an alternate jersey in a game , although custom jerseys are sold for retail . The Chiefs wore their white jerseys with white pants at home for the 2006 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals . The logic behind the uniform selection that day was that the Bengals would be forced to wear their black uniforms on a day that forecasted for steamy temperatures . The only other time the Chiefs wore white at home was throughout the 1980 season under Marv Levy . In 2007 , the Kansas City Chiefs honored Lamar Hunt and the AFL with a special patch . It features the AFL 's logo from the 1960s with Hunt 's `` LH '' initials inside the football . In 2008 , the patch became permanently affixed to the left chest of both Kansas City 's home and away jerseys . In select games for the 2009 season , the Chiefs , as well as the other founding teams of the American Football League , wore `` throwback '' uniforms to celebrate the AFL 's 50th anniversary . For the first time in team history , the Chiefs wore their red jersey with red pants forming an all red combo in their home opener against the Dallas Cowboys on September 15 , 2013 . Arrowhead Stadium ( edit ) Further information : Arrowhead Stadium Arrowhead Stadium upon completion of renovations , July 2010 Arrowhead Stadium has been the Chiefs ' home field since 1972 and has a capacity of 76,416 , which makes it the sixth - largest stadium in the NFL . The stadium underwent a $375 million renovation , completed in mid-2010 , which included new luxury boxes , wider concourses and enhanced amenities . The stadium renovation was paid for by $250 million in taxpayer money and $125 million from the Hunt Family . The stadium cost $53 million to build in 1972 , and an average ticket in 2009 costs $81 . Centerplate serves as the stadium 's concession provider and Sprint Nextel , Anheuser - Busch and Coca - Cola are major corporate sponsors . Dating back to the Chiefs ' home opener in 1991 to mid-2009 , the Chiefs had 155 consecutive sellout games . The streak ended with the final home game of the 2009 season against the Cleveland Browns , resulting in the first local TV blackout in over 19 years . Arrowhead has been called one of the world 's finest stadiums and has long held a reputation for being one of the toughest and loudest outdoor stadiums for opposing players to play in . All noise is directly attributed to its fans and was once measured at 116 decibels by the Acoustical Design Group of Mission , Kansas . By way of comparison , take - off of aircraft may lead to a sound level of 106 decibels at the ground . Sports Illustrated named Arrowhead Stadium the `` toughest place to play '' for opposing teams in 2005 . The tailgate party environment outside the stadium on gameday has been compared to a `` college football '' atmosphere . Arrowhead Stadium features frequent fly - overs from a B - 2 Spirit stealth bomber from nearby Whiteman Air Force Base . Since the 1994 NFL season , the stadium has had a natural grass playing surface . From 1972 to 1993 , the stadium had an artificial AstroTurf surface . During the game against the Oakland Raiders on October 13 , 2013 , Arrowhead Stadium once again became the loudest stadium in the world when the fans set the Guinness Book of World Records record for loudest crowd in an outdoor stadium ( 137.5 dB ) , breaking the record set by the Seattle Seahawks just four weeks prior . A few weeks after , Seattle re-gained the record by reaching a noise level of 137.6 decibels . Chiefs fans have reclaimed the record once again ; on September 29 , 2014 , on Monday Night Football against the New England Patriots , the fans recorded a sound reading of 142.2 decibels . As of the end of the 2014 season , the Chiefs are unbeaten at Arrowhead against the Arizona Cardinals ( 4 -- 0 ) and Washington Redskins ( 3 -- 0 ) , but winless there against the Baltimore Ravens ( 0 -- 3 ) . Training camp and practice facility ( edit ) Summer camp at Spratt Stadium at Missouri Western When the franchise was based in Dallas , the team conducted their inaugural training camp at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell , New Mexico . They moved camp to Southern Methodist University , owner Lamar Hunt 's alma mater , for 1961 and continued to practice there until 1965 . From 1966 to 1971 , the Chiefs practiced in Swope Park in Kansas City , and from 1972 to 1991 held camp at William Jewell College in Clay County , Missouri -- where Lamar Hunt had extensive business dealings including Worlds of Fun , Oceans of Fun and SubTropolis . Chiefs Practice Facility near Arrowhead Stadium From 1992 to 2009 the Chiefs conducted summer training camp at the University of Wisconsin -- River Falls in River Falls , Wisconsin . The Chiefs ' 2007 training camp was documented in the HBO / NFL Films documentary reality television series , Hard Knocks . Following the passage of a $25 million state tax credit proposal , the Chiefs moved their training camp to Missouri Western State University in St. Joseph , Missouri , in 2010 . The bulk of the tax credits went for improvements to Arrowhead Stadium with $10 million applied to the move to Missouri Western . A climate - controlled , 120 - yard NFL regulation grass indoor field , and office space for the Chiefs was constructed at Missouri Western adjacent to the school 's Spratt Stadium before the 2010 season . Outside of training camp and during the regular season , the Chiefs conduct practices at their own training facility nearby Arrowhead Stadium . The facility is located near the Raytown Road entrance to the Truman Sports Complex just east of Interstate 435 and features three outdoor fields ( two grass and one artificial turf ) as well as an indoor facility with its own full - size field . Mascots and Cheerleaders ( edit ) Further information : Native American mascot controversy § Kansas City Chiefs K.C. Wolf , the Chiefs ' mascot since 1989 The Chiefs ' first mascot was Warpaint , a nickname given to several different breeds of pinto horse . Warpaint served as the team 's mascot from 1963 to 1988 . The first Warpaint ( born in 1955 , died in 1992 ) was ridden bareback by rider Bob Johnson who wore a full Native American headdress . Warpaint circled the field at the beginning of each Chiefs home game and performed victory laps following each Chiefs touchdown . On September 20 , 2009 , a new Warpaint horse was unveiled at the Chiefs ' home opener which was won by Oakland Raiders . Warpaint is now ridden by a cheerleader , Susie . In the mid-1980s , the Chiefs featured a short - lived unnamed `` Indian man '' mascot which was later scrapped in 1988 . Since 1989 the cartoon - like K.C. Wolf , portrayed by Dan Meers in a wolf costume , has served as the team 's mascot . The mascot was named after the Chiefs ' `` Wolfpack '' , a group of rabid fans from the team 's days at Municipal Stadium . K.C. Wolf is one of the most popular NFL mascots and was the league 's first mascot inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame in 2006 . The Chiefs have employed a cheerleading squad since the team 's inception in 1960 . In the team 's early days , the all - female squad was referred to as the Chiefettes . In addition to the Cheerleaders , in the early 1970s , there was also a dance / drill team that performed for pre-game and halftime . From 1986 to 1992 , the cheerleader squad featured a mix of men and women . Since 1993 , the all - female squad has been known as the Chiefs Cheerleaders . Notable players ( edit ) Further information : List of Kansas City Chiefs players , Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks , and List of Kansas City Chiefs first - round draft picks Roster ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Tyler Bray 15 Patrick Mahomes II 11 Alex Smith Running backs 31 Akeem Hunt 27 Kareem Hunt 42 Anthony Sherman FB 35 Charcandrick West Wide receivers 80 Jehu Chesson 10 Tyreek Hill 14 Demarcus Robinson 13 De'Anthony Thomas 12 Albert Wilson Tight ends 84 Demetrius Harris 87 Travis Kelce 88 Ross Travis Offensive linemen 65 Jordan Devey G 76 Laurent Duvernay - Tardif G 79 Parker Ehinger G 75 Cameron Erving T 72 Eric Fisher T 73 Zach Fulton C 61 Mitch Morse C 71 Mitchell Schwartz T 70 Bryan Witzmann T Defensive linemen 97 Allen Bailey DE 94 Jarvis Jenkins DE 95 Chris Jones DE 96 Bennie Logan NT 98 Roy Miller NT 99 Rakeem Nuñez - Roches DE Linebackers 45 Ukeme Eligwe ILB 55 Dee Ford OLB 50 Justin Houston OLB 56 Derrick Johnson ILB 92 Tanoh Kpassagnon OLB 57 Kevin Pierre - Louis ILB 59 Reggie Ragland ILB 48 Terrance Smith ILB 53 Ramik Wilson ILB 51 Frank Zombo OLB Defensive backs 25 Kenneth Acker CB 23 Phillip Gaines CB 39 Terrance Mitchell CB 21 Eric Murray SS 38 Ron Parker SS 22 Marcus Peters CB 49 Daniel Sorensen FS 30 Steven Terrell FS 24 D.J. White CB Special teams 7 Harrison Butker K 2 Dustin Colquitt P 41 James Winchester LS Reserve lists 46 Keith Baxter CB ( IR ) 29 Eric Berry FS ( IR ) 46 Devin Chappell SS ( IR ) 17 Chris Conley WR ( IR ) 91 Tamba Hali OLB ( PUP ) 77 Donald Hawkins OT ( IR ) 6 Ashton Lampkin CB ( IR ) 20 Steven Nelson CB ( IR ) 52 Dadi Nicolas OLB ( PUP ) 32 Spencer Ware RB ( IR ) Practice squad 43 George Atkinson III RB -- Nick Becton OT 82 Orson Charles TE 4 Gehrig Dieter WR 85 Amba Etta - Tawo WR 19 Marcus Kemp WR 64 Damien Mama G 34 Leon McQuay III FS 40 Keith Reaser CB 90 Daniel Ross NT Rookies in italics Roster updated October 25 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 52 Active , 10 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Jan Stenerud 1967 - 79 16 Len Dawson QB 1962 - 75 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 - 78 28 Abner Haynes RB 1960 - 64 33 Stone Johnson RB 1963 36 Mack Lee Hill RB 1964 - 65 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 - 99 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 - 77 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 - 74 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 - 75 Never officially on a Chiefs season roster . His number was retired after his death in training camp in 1963 . Number was posthumously retired . Names in bold spent entire playing career with the Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs . The number 37 has not been worn since the death of Joe Delaney . Number 58 was not issued after the death of Derrick Thomas until it was officially retired in 2009 . The numbers 16 and 28 are the only numbers to have been worn by a single player ( both Dawson and Haynes respectively ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees ( edit ) Nineteen members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent at least some portion of their career with the Chiefs . Eleven spent the majority of the career with the Chiefs . Nine of the Chiefs in the Hall of Fame were involved with the Chiefs during their Super Bowl Championship season of 1969 . The Chiefs have 2 contributors , 2 coaches , and 15 players in the Hall of Fame . In addition , Hall of Fame safety Ronnie Lott had a contract with the Chiefs during the 1995 season , but only played for the Chiefs in the preseason and spent the regular season on injured reserve and is not recognized by the Hall of Fame as having played for the Chiefs . Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame enshrinees No . Player Position Tenure Inducted - Lamar Hunt Founder of franchise and American Football League 1960 -- 2006 1972 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 -- 1974 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 -- 1977 1986 16 Len Dawson QB 1963 -- 1975 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 -- 1975 1990 Jan Stenerud 1967 -- 1979 1991 53 Mike Webster 1989 -- 1990 1997 19 Joe Montana QB 1993 -- 1994 2000 - Marv Levy Head coach 1978 -- 1982 2001 - Hank Stram Head coach 1960 -- 1974 2003 32 Marcus Allen RB 1993 -- 1997 2003 Warren Moon QB 1999 -- 2000 2006 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 -- 1978 2008 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 -- 1999 2009 77 Willie Roaf OT 2002 -- 2005 2012 61 Curley Culp DT 1968 -- 1974 2013 68 Will Shields OG 1993 -- 2006 2015 - Bill Polian Contributor 1978 -- 1982 2015 8 Morten Andersen 2002 -- 2003 2017 Began career in the American Football League . Member of 1969 Super Bowl championship team Spent majority of their career with the Chiefs Posthumously inducted Names in bold spent entire career with the Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs . Chiefs Hall of Fame ( edit ) Jan Stenerud 's name was honored at Arrowhead Stadium 's ring of honor The Chiefs are one of 16 organizations that honor their players , coaches and contributors with a team Hall of Fame or Ring of Honor . Established in 1970 , the Chiefs Hall of Fame has inducted a new member in an annual ceremony with the exception of the 1983 season . Several of the names were featured at Arrowhead Stadium in the stadium 's architecture prior to renovations in 2009 . The requirements for induction are that a player , coach , or contributor must have been with the Chiefs for four seasons and been out of the NFL for four seasons at the time of induction . There are some exceptions , such as Joe Delaney and Derrick Thomas , Delaney was with the team for only two seasons before his death , Thomas was inducted 1 year after his death in January 2000 ( 2 years after his final season ) . The Chiefs have the second-most enshrinees of any NFL team in their team Hall of Fame behind the Green Bay Packers , who have enshrined over 100 players and team contributors over the years in the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame . Chiefs Hall of Fame Inducted No . Player Position Tenure 1970 -- Lamar Hunt Team founder / Owner 1960 -- 2006 1971 36 Mack Lee Hill RB 1964 -- 1965 1972 75 Jerry Mays DT 1961 -- 1970 1973 84 Fred Arbanas TE 1962 -- 1970 42 Johnny Robinson 1960 -- 1971 88 Chris Burford WR 1960 -- 1967 1976 55 E.J. Holub C / LB 1961 -- 1970 1977 77 Jim Tyrer OT 1961 -- 1973 1978 21 Mike Garrett RB 1966 -- 1970 1979 16 Len Dawson QB 1963 -- 1975 1980 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 -- 1974 1981 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 -- 1975 1982 89 Otis Taylor WR 1965 -- 1975 No induction 1984 71 Ed Budde 1963 -- 1976 1985 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 -- 1977 1986 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 -- 1978 -- Hank Stram Coach 1960 -- 1974 1988 44 Jerrel Wilson 1963 -- 1977 1989 14 Ed Podolak RB 1969 -- 1977 1990 51 Jim Lynch LB 1967 -- 1977 1991 28 Abner Haynes RB 1960 -- 1964 1992 Jan Stenerud 1967 -- 1979 1993 69 Sherrill Headrick LB 1960 -- 1967 1994 58 Jack Rudnay 1969 -- 1982 1995 32 Curtis McClinton RB 1962 -- 1969 20 Deron Cherry 1981 -- 1991 1997 73 Dave Hill OT 1963 -- 1974 1998 67 Art Still DE 1978 -- 1987 1999 34 Lloyd Burruss 1981 -- 1991 2000 35 Christian Okoye RB 1987 -- 1992 2001 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 -- 1999 2002 76 John Alt OT 1984 -- 1996 2003 59 Gary Spani LB 1978 -- 1986 37 Joe Delaney RB 1981 -- 1982 2005 -- Jack Steadman President / GM 1960 -- 1989 2006 90 Neil Smith DE 1988 -- 1996 2007 29 Albert Lewis CB 1983 -- 1993 2008 61 Curley Culp DT 1968 -- 1974 2009 8 Nick Lowery 1980 -- 1993 -- Marty Schottenheimer Coach 1989 -- 1998 2011 31 Kevin Ross CB 1984 -- 1993 , 1997 2012 68 Will Shields OG 1993 -- 2006 2013 26 Gary Barbaro 1976 -- 1982 2014 31 Priest Holmes RB 2001 -- 2007 2015 24 Gary Green CB 1977 -- 1983 2016 49 Tony Richardson FB 1995 -- 2005 Head coaches ( edit ) Andy Reid ( pictured in 2010 ) , began his first season as the Chiefs ' head coach in 2013 Main article : List of Kansas City Chiefs head coaches Thirteen head coaches have served the Texans / Chiefs franchise since their first season in 1960 . Hank Stram , the team 's first head coach , led the Chiefs to three AFL championship victories and two appearances in the Super Bowl . Stram was the team 's longest - tenured head coach , holding the position from 1960 to 1974 . Marty Schottenheimer was hired in 1989 and led Kansas City to seven playoff appearances in his 10 seasons as head coach . Schottenheimer had the best winning percentage (. 634 ) of all Chiefs coaches . Gunther Cunningham was on the Chiefs ' coaching staff in various positions from 1995 to 2008 , serving as the team 's head coach in between stints as the team 's defensive coordinator . Dick Vermeil coached the team to a franchise - best 9 -- 0 start in the 2003 season . Of the ten Chiefs coaches , Hank Stram and Marv Levy have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Herman Edwards served as the team 's head coach from 2006 to 2008 , compiling a 15 -- 33 record and a franchise worst 6 -- 26 record over a two - year span . Todd Haley compiled a 19 -- 26 record with the team from 2009 -- 2011 , including an AFC West division title in 2010 . Haley was fired with three games left in the 2011 season . Romeo Crennel was named interim coach , and was promoted to full - time coach in January 2012 . Crennel was fired on Monday , December 31 , 2012 , after finishing the 2012 season with a 2 -- 14 record . On January 5 , 2013 , the Chiefs hired Andy Reid to be their next head coach . In Reid 's first season with the Chiefs , they started the season with a 9 -- 0 record while having the No. 1 defense in the league . Ownership and administration ( edit ) Chairman of the Board Clark Hunt The franchise was founded in 1959 by Lamar Hunt after a failed attempt by Hunt to purchase an NFL franchise and relocate them to Texas . remained the team 's owner until his death in 2006 . The Hunt family kept ownership of the team following Lamar 's death and Clark Hunt , Lamar 's son , represents the family 's interests . While Hunt 's official title is Chairman of the Board , he serves as the franchise 's de facto owner . In 2010 , Hunt assumed role as CEO alongside his role as Chairman of the Board . According to Forbes , the team is valued at just under $1 billion and ranks 20th among NFL teams in 2010 . Owner Lamar Hunt served as the team 's president from 1960 to 1976 . Because of Lamar Hunt 's contributions to the NFL , the AFC Championship trophy is named after him . He promoted general manager Jack Steadman to become the team 's president in 1977 . Steadman held the job until Carl Peterson was hired by Hunt in 1988 to replace him . Peterson resigned the title as team president in 2008 . Denny Thum became the team 's interim president following Peterson 's departure and was officially given the full position in May 2009 . Thum resigned from his position on September 14 , 2010 . Don Rossi served as the team 's general manager for half of the 1960 season , resigning in November 1960 . Jack Steadman assumed duties from Rossi and served in the position until 1976 . Steadman was promoted to team president in 1976 and despite being relieved of those duties in 1988 , he remained with the franchise until 2006 in various positions . Jim Schaaf took over for Steadman as general manager until being fired in December 1988 . Carl Peterson was hired in 1988 to serve as the team 's general manager , chief executive officer and team president . Peterson remained in the position for 19 years until he announced his resignation from the team in 2008 . Denny Thum served as interim general manager until January 13 , 2009 , when the Chiefs named New England Patriots executive Scott Pioli the team 's new general manager . Pioli was released in early January after the hiring of Andy Reid , and was replaced by John Dorsey . Pioli 's record as the Chief 's general manager was 23 -- 41 . On June 22 , 2017 , it was announced that the Chiefs had parted ways with Dorsey . They hired Brett Veach on July 10 , 2017 . Staff ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Clark Hunt President -- Mark Donovan General Manager -- Brett Veach Director of Football Administration -- Brandt Tilis Salary Cap & Legal Executive - Chris Shea Director of Player Personnel -- Mike Borgonzi Director of College Scouting -- Ryan Poles Assistant Director of College Scouting - Ryne Nutt Director of Pro Personnel -- Tim Terry Head Coaches Head Coach -- Andy Reid Assistant Head Coach - Brad Childress Statistical Analysis Coordinator -- Mike Frazier Special Projects -- Tommy Brasher Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Matt Nagy Assistant Quarterbacks / Assistant OL -- Corey Matthaei Running Backs -- Eric Bieniemy Wide Receivers -- Greg Lewis Tight Ends -- Tom Melvin Offensive Line -- Andy Heck Offensive Quality Control - Joe Blaymeir Offensive Quality Control - Mike Kafka Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Bob Sutton Defensive Line -- Britt Reid Assistant Defensive Line -- Mike Smith Linebackers -- Gary Gibbs Assistant Linebackers -- Mark DeLeone Defensive Backs -- Emmitt Thomas Secondary / Cornerbacks -- Al Harris Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Dave Toub Assistant Special Teams -- Rod Wilson Support Staff Director of Video Operations -- Pat Brazil Assistant Director of Video Operations -- Ken Radino Video Assistant -- Colin Clark Video Assistant -- Josh Schmidt Special Projects -- Tommy Basher Statistical Analysis Coordinator -- Mike Frazier Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Barry Rubin Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Travis Crittenden Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Devin Woodhouse Sports Science / Conditioning -- Ryan Reynolds → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media ( edit ) Radio and television ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs radio play - by - play announcers 1960 -- 1962 Charlie Jones 1963 Merle Harmon 1964 -- 1970 Tom Hedrick 1971 -- 1973 Dick Carlson 1974 -- 1975 Ray Scott 1976 Al Wisk 1977 Tom Hopkins 1978 -- 1984 Wayne Larrivee 1985 -- 1993 Kevin Harlan 1994 -- Mitch Holthus Since 1989 , KCFX , a.k.a. `` 101 The Fox '' , has broadcast all Chiefs games on FM radio under the moniker of The Chiefs Fox Football Radio Network . Since 1994 , Mitch Holthus has served as play - by - play announcer and former Chiefs quarterback Len Dawson serves as color commentator . Former Chiefs longsnapper Kendall Gammon serves as the field reporter . Former Chiefs broadcaster Bob Gretz also contributes to the broadcasts . KCFX holds broadcast rights to Chiefs games through the 2009 season . Starting in the 2016 season , Dawson will only serve as color commentator during home games , and Gammon will be color commentator during road games , with Dani Welniak assuming Gammon 's sideline reporting role for away games . The Chiefs and KCFX hold the distinction of being the longest FM radio broadcast partnering tenure in the NFL . The Chiefs Radio Network extends throughout the six - state region of Missouri , Kansas , Iowa , Nebraska , Oklahoma , and Arkansas , with 61 affiliate stations . KCTV Channel 5 ( CBS ) broadcasts most Chiefs regular season games , with exceptions as following . KCTV also broadcasts all Chiefs pre-season games . WDAF Channel 4 ( Fox ) broadcasts games in which the Chiefs host an NFC opponent . KSHB Channel 41 ( NBC ) broadcasts all games in which the Chiefs play on NBC Sunday Night Football or NBC 's NFL playoffs coverage . KMBC Channel 9 ( ABC ) has aired Monday Night Football games locally since 1970 . Prior to the 1994 season , WDAF was the primary station for the Chiefs as an NBC affiliate ( they aired on KMBC when ABC had the AFL package through 1964 ) , since NBC had the AFC package . The inter-conference home games aired on KCTV starting in 1973 ( when the NFL allowed local telecasts of home games ) . After week one of the 1994 season , WDAF switched to Fox ( which got the NFC package ) , and has aired the Chiefs ' inter-conference home games since . The bulk of the team 's games moved to KSHB through the end of the 1997 season . Since that time , they have aired on KCTV , save for the 2015 Week 17 game vs. the Oakland Raiders , which aired on WDAF when the NFL cross-flexed the game from CBS to FOX . As of the 2015 preseason , the Chiefs preseason broadcasters were Paul Burmeister who serves as the play - by - play announcer , former Chiefs quarterback Trent Green serves as the color commentator , and KCChiefs.com insider B.J. Kissel is the sideline reporter . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . Chiefs games are broadcast in Missouri and Kansas as well as parts of Iowa , Oklahoma , Nebraska , Arkansas , and South Dakota . Stations in major cities are listed below . City Call sign Frequency Kansas City , Missouri KCFX 101.1 MHz Jefferson City , Missouri KBBM 100.1 MHz Springfield , Missouri KXUS 97.3 MHz Springfield , Missouri KGMY 1400 kHz Joplin , Missouri KKOW 860 kHz Manhattan , Kansas KMAN 1350 kHz Salina , Kansas KINA 910 kHz / 94.5 MHz Salina , Kansas KSKG 99.9 MHz Topeka , Kansas KDVV 100.3 MHz Wichita , Kansas KTHR 107.3 MHz Des Moines , Iowa KBGG 1700 kHz Omaha , Nebraska KXSP 590 kHz City of St. Louis Greater St. Louis Missouri United States of America Architecture Airport Culture Crime Economy Education Fire Flag Geography History Timeline Hospitals Landmarks Neighborhoods Parks People Police Skyscrapers Sports Sheriff Transportation Wards Template : KMOX 1120AM & 98.1 FM HD3 Preseason game affiliates ( edit ) Metro area Call sign Affiliation Kansas City metro KCTV5 / KSMO CBS / MyTV Columbia , Missouri Jefferson City , Missouri KMIZ / KQFX / KZOU ABC / FOX / MyTV Des Moines , Iowa Ames , Iowa KDSM FOX Ft. Smith , Arkansas Fayetteville , Arkansas Springdale , Arkansas Rogers , Arkansas KNWA / KFTA NBC / FOX Joplin , Missouri Pittsburg , Kansas KODE / KSNF ABC / NBC Lincoln , Nebraska Hastings , Nebraska Kearney , Nebraska KFXL / KHGI FOX / ABC Ottumwa , Iowa Kirksville , Missouri KTVO / KTVO 3.2 CBS / ABC Springfield , Missouri KOLR / KOZL CBS / Indy St. Joseph , Missouri KQTV ABC Topeka , Kansas WIBW / EIBW CBS / MyTV Tulsa , Oklahoma KOTV / KQCW CBS / CW Wichita metro Ensign , Kansas Hays , Kansas Goodland , Kansas KWCH / KSCW - DT / KDCU CBS / CW / Univision Culture ( edit ) Fan base ( edit ) Arrowhead Stadium The Chiefs boast one of the most loyal fan bases in the NFL . Kansas City is the sixth - smallest media market with an NFL team , but they have had the second - highest attendance average over the last decade . Studies by Bizjournals in 2006 gave the Chiefs high marks for consistently drawing capacity crowds in both good seasons and bad . The Chiefs averaged 77,300 fans per game from 1996 to 2006 , second in the NFL behind the Washington Redskins . The franchise has an official fan club called Chiefs Kingdom which gives members opportunities to ticket priority benefits and VIP treatment . At the end of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' before home games , many Chiefs fans intentionally yell out `` CHIEFS ! '' rather than singing `` brave '' as the final word . In 1996 , general manager Carl Peterson said `` We all look forward , not only at Arrowhead , but on the road , too , to when we get to that stanza of the National Anthem ... Our players love it . '' After the September 11 , 2001 attacks , Chiefs fans refrained from doing so in honor of those who lost their lives in the tragedy and continued to do so for the remainder of the 2001 season . At the Chiefs ' September 23 , 2001 , home game against the New York Giants , fans gave the opposing Giants a standing ovation . After every Chiefs touchdown at home games , fans chant while pointing in the direction of the visiting team and fans , `` We 're gon na beat the hell outta you ... you ... you , you , you , you ! '' over the song `` Rock and Roll Part 2 . '' The chant starts after the third `` hey ! '' in the song . The original version of the song by Gary Glitter was previously used until the NFL banned his music from its facilities in 2006 following the British rocker 's conviction on sexual abuse charges in Vietnam . A cover version of the song played by Tube Tops 2000 has been played since 2006 at every home game . Chiefs fans also carry on a tradition that began at Florida State University in the mid 1980s by using the Seminole WarChant as a rallying cry during key moments in their football games . Prior to each home game , a former Chiefs player , called the honorary drum leader , bangs on a drum with a large drum stick to start the Tomahawk chop . The Chiefs ' fan base has expanded across the world like many other NFL teams . However , there is a Twitter account dedicated to Chiefs fans in the UK and has been recognized by the Kansas City Chiefs and is their official UK fan page . They have many dedicated fans writing articles and interviewing players of the team such as Tamba Hali . Arrowhead Stadium is also recognized by Guinness World Records as having the loudest outdoor stadium in the world . This was achieved on September 29 , 2014 in a Monday Night Football game against the New England Patriots when the crowd achieved a roar of 142.2 decibels which is comparable to standing 100 feet from a jet engine , which even with short term exposure , can cause permanent damage . Tony DiPardo ( edit ) From various periods between 1963 and the 2008 season , trumpeter Tony DiPardo and The T.D. Pack Band played live music at every Chiefs home game . The band was known as The Zing Band when the team was located at Municipal Stadium . DiPardo was honored by head coach Hank Stram in 1969 with a Super Bowl ring for the team 's victory in Super Bowl IV . When his health was declining , DiPardo took a leave of absence from the band from 1983 to 1988 . DiPardo 's daughter took over as bandleader in 1989 , by which time DiPardo returned to the band by popular demand . For the 2009 season , due to renovations at Arrowhead Stadium , the band did not return to perform at the stadium . DiPardo died on January 27 , 2011 , at age 98 . He had been hospitalized since December 2010 after suffering a brain aneurysm . See also ( edit ) American football portal Chiefs -- Raiders rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History - AFL Origins - Kansas City Chiefs '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uniform History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs History -- 1960 's '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL team valuations : # 20 Kansas City Chiefs '' . Forbes . August 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Football Hall of Fame : Kansas City Chiefs '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- AFL Origins '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1960s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhbander , Brad ( February 8 , 2008 ) . `` Kuhbander : This Week in Chiefs History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gruver , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Maske , p. 325 Jump up ^ Rex W. Huppke ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` Legends of the Bowl '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Lamar Hunt , who died in December , coined the term Super Bowl in the late 1960s after watching his kids play with a Super Ball , the bouncy creation of iconic toy manufacturer Wham - O . Jump up ^ Gruver , p. 167 Jump up ^ Gruver , p. 179 Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . 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Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards helps Bills score most against Chiefs in history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs GM Peterson to step down at end of season '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Pioli to join Kansas City Chiefs '' . ESPN.com . January 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs fire Edwards ; Shanahan next ? '' . ESPN.com . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Herm Edwards relieved of duties as Chiefs head coach '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 23 , 2009 . 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Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lamar Hunt patch becomes a permanent part of the Chiefs ' uniform '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs to unveil `` throwback '' AFL uniforms in 2009 `` . Kansas City Chiefs . March 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arrowhead Stadium '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to the Steelers ( barely ) '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stadiums of the NFL -- Arrowhead Stadium '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arrowhead Stadium Quotes '' . 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Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs promote Brett Veach to GM spot '' . Espn.com . July 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : `` 101 The Fox extends Kansas City Chiefs radio broadcast rights through 2009 season '' . Kansas City Chiefs . August 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hall Of Famer Len Dawson Reducing Role With Chiefs Radio Network '' . SunFlowerRadio.com . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Radio Network Affiliate Team '' . Cumulus Media , Inc . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schein , Adam ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Ranking the NFL : Insider grading on every franchise '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Cleveland is No. 1 in ranking of NFL fan loyalty '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Chiefs Nation ! '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lamar Hunt announces birth of Chiefs Nation '' . Kansas City Chiefs . April 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 132 Jump up ^ `` Giants beat Chiefs 13 -- 3 in defensive struggle '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . September 24 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pahigian , Josh ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 133 Jump up ^ `` The Tomahawk Chop - it ` s No Longer Just Fsu ` s '' . tribunedigital - sunsentinel . Jump up ^ `` Game Day Activities : Chiefs vs. Giants '' . Chiefs.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrowheads Abroad ( KCChiefsUK ) on Twitter . Twitter.com . Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs break Guinness crowd noise record at Arrowhead against the Patriots '' . USAToday.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Decibel ( Loudness ) Comparison Chart '' . GCAudio.com . ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 137 Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 100 Jump up ^ Justin Unell ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Chiefs band leader Tony DiPardo dies '' . KSHB 41 News , Kansas City . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Althaus , Bill ( 2007 ) . The Good , The Bad , and The Ugly : Kansas City Chiefs : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments in Kansas City Chiefs History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 928 - 9 Gruver , Ed ( 1997 ) . The American Football League : A Year - by - year History , 1960 -- 1969 . McFarland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0399 - 3 Herb , Patrick ; Kuhbander , Brad ; Looney , Josh ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . 2008 Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide . Kansas City Chiefs Football Club , Inc Hoskins , Alan ( 1999 ) . Warpaths : The Illustrated History of the Kansas City Chiefs . Taylor Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 156 - 5 Maske , Mark ( 2007 ) . War Without Death : A Year of Extreme Competition in Pro Football 's NFC East . Penguin Group . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 141 - 2 McKenzie , Michael ( 1997 ) . Arrowhead : Home of the Chiefs . Addax Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 886110 - 11 - 5 Peterson , John E. ( 2003 ) . The Kansas City Athletics : A Baseball History , 1954 -- 1967 . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1610 - 6 Stallard , Mark ( 2004 ) . Kansas City Chiefs Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 834 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kansas City Chiefs . Official website Kansas City Chiefs Founded in 1960 Formerly the Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based and headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players First - round picks Coaches Logos and uniforms Awards Records Starting quarterbacks ( list ) Stadiums Cotton Bowl Municipal Stadium Arrowhead Stadium Personnel Owner : Clark Hunt President : Mark Donovan General Manager : Brett Veach Head Coach : Andy Reid Co-Offensive Coordinator : Brad Childress Co-Offensive Coordinator : Matt Nagy Defensive Coordinator : Bob Sutton Special Teams Coach : Dave Toub Culture Lamar Hunt H. Roe Bartle Warpaint K.C. 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in the archie comics who does archie end up with

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Archie_Marries_Veronica/Archie_Marries_Betty&oldid=800873614

Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty - Wikipedia Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' Cover of Archie 600 ( Oct 2009 ) . Art by Stan Goldberg . Publisher Archie Comics Publication date October 2009 -- April 2010 Genre Romantic comedy Title ( s ) Archie # 600 -- 606 Creative team Writer ( s ) Michael Uslan Artist ( s ) Stan Goldberg Bob Smith `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' is an American comic book story by writer Michael Uslan and artists Stan Goldberg and Bob Smith that was originally presented in Archie # 600 -- 606 . In issues # 600 -- 602 , the story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews in the years that follow his college graduation when Archie makes his ultimate decision to marry Veronica Lodge instead of Betty Cooper . In Issues # 603 -- 605 , the story switches and Archie proposes marriage to Betty instead of to Veronica . Issue # 606 serves as the epilogue to the story and ties the previous six issues together . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 2.1 Part 1 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` The Proposal '' 2.1. 1 Synopsis 2.2 Part 2 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` The Wedding '' 2.2. 1 Synopsis 2.3 Part 3 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` It 's Twins ! '' 2.3. 1 Synopsis 2.4 Part 4 : Archie Marries Betty : `` Will You Marry Me ? '' 2.4. 1 Synopsis 2.5 Part 5 : Archie Marries Betty : `` You May Kiss The Bride ! '' 2.5. 1 Synopsis 2.6 Part 6 : Archie Marries Betty : `` Happily Ever After '' 2.6. 1 Synopsis 2.7 Epilogue : Archie Gets Married : `` Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' 2.7. 1 Synopsis 3 Spin - offs 3.1 Life with Archie : The Married Life 3.2 Archie Marries Valerie 4 Sources Background ( edit ) In May 2009 , Archie Comics released plans for what they would call `` The Archie Story Of The Century '' and announced that Archie Andrews would ask Veronica Lodge to marry him in Archie Comics # 600 , the first issue of a six - part story arc detailing their engagement , marriage and life together . The publishers of Archie Comics did not expect the response they would get from readers and longtime fans telling them they made a mistake in Archie 's choice . The New York Times would later reveal that the whole story is simply a fantasy and that the first half of the story would show Archie 's life with Veronica , and the second half would show his life with Betty . Plot ( edit ) Part 1 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` the proposal '' ( edit ) `` The Proposal '' is Part 1 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 600 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Veronica Lodge after his college graduation . Synopsis ( edit ) The night before the gang 's graduation from Riverdale High , The Archies play their final concert and mourn the oncoming changes . Archie comes home and after getting heat from his father about picking a college , he takes a walk down Memory Lane ... literally . Archie realizes he 's never walked up Memory Lane before and switches directions . After traveling through a yellow wood , Memory Lane splits into two dirt roads . He chooses the left one and `` saves the right one for another day . '' Archie is then cast four years into the future on the eve of his college graduation . Archie soon makes it back to his house no longer wearing his high school lettermen 's jacket but one that reads `` State U '' on the back . His mother exclaims how excited she is for her son 's graduation and Fred states how he wishes Archie had majored in business instead of history and that he 's still excited he 's graduating from college . Archie dismisses this when Mary states that Veronica Lodge is waiting for him inside the house . He and Veronica discuss the changes in their lives , but both accept growing up . After a successful graduation , Veronica hosts a party at her mansion with Josie and the Pussycats headlining . Archie learns that Veronica is planning to work for her father 's company in either London or Hong Kong . As for the rest of the gang , Moose Mason is going to manage his uncle 's burger joint on Staten Island while his girlfriend Midge Klump will be running her own nail salon in Bayonne , New Jersey . Dilton Doiley is going to M.I.T. for his doctorate in quantum mechanics , Reggie Mantle will fulfill his destiny as a used car salesman in Atlanta and Jughead Jones will stick around Riverdale grilling burgers at Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe until he figures things out . Finally , Betty Cooper will be working as a buyer at Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City . After the party , Archie is given a large sum of money by his parents . A few weeks later , he uses it for the down payment on an engagement ring for Veronica . He proposes to her in `` Spiffany 's '' just as Betty and Jughead happen to walk by and witness . Veronica accepts and Betty runs weeping in an unknown direction . Jughead later chastises Archie for not telling him his plan . Eventually , Archie and Veronica tell Mr. Lodge , who accepts Archie as his future son - in - law as long as he works for Lodge Industries . Without any other jobs lined up , Archie goes along with it as his fiancee plans the biggest wedding Riverdale has ever seen . The residents of Riverdale are overwhelmed with shock that Archie finally chose between his two favorite gals , but also concerned with Betty 's well being . In the end , Veronica calls Betty and asks her to be her maid of honor . Instead of answering , Betty simply leaves the phone on her bed . Part 2 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` the wedding '' ( edit ) `` The Wedding '' is Part 2 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 601 . The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his wedding to longtime girlfriend Veronica Lodge . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie is preparing for his upcoming nuptials with his groomsmen , Reggie Mantle , Moose Mason , Dilton Doiley , and best man Jughead Jones . Meanwhile , Veronica is treating her bridesmaids Midge Klump , Ethel Muggs , and Nancy Woods to a day at the spa . Veronica is sad that Betty Cooper is not there . However , Betty shows up at that moment and her position as Veronica 's maid of honor is cemented . Betty brings along a `` friend '' of hers named Henry who works with her . Ethel states that he reminds her of Archie as Betty rushes him out the door . On the eve of the wedding , Archie and Veronica discuss their future . The big day comes and everything seems to be going as planned . All of Riverdale is attending the wedding . Before the ceremony , Archie asks Betty to take a walk with him . He tells her that she was his first friend when his family moved to Riverdale and how he always enjoyed dating her , but then Veronica moved to town . Archie tells Betty that he loves her like a sister and asks her to promise to always be his friend . Betty obliges after they tell each other they love one another . The wedding goes smoothly . Mr. and Mrs. Lodge walk Veronica down the aisle as all of Riverdale watches . Archie and Veronica become husband and wife as Betty looks on tearfully , but happily . At the reception , Archie and Veronica share their first dance to `` Sugar , Sugar '' , speeches are made , the cake is cut , and the bouquet is tossed . Betty catches it and walks away trying to hide her tears . Veronica catches up to her to make sure she 's okay . Archie and Veronica then depart on their honeymoon to a remote island in the Caribbean owned by the Lodges . One year later , Archie is a big executive at Lodge Enterprises . Reggie shows up and asks for a job after he 's been laid off and Archie gives him a job in sales . It 's obvious that he 's running himself ragged with work . When he comes home exhausted , Veronica reminds him of a dinner date they have with Ethel and her fiancé . Archie is simply too tired and refuses to move , until Veronica announces that she 's pregnant and he promptly faints . Part 3 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` it 's twins ! '' ( edit ) `` It 's Twins '' is Part 3 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 602 . The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Veronica Lodge as they raise a pair of fraternal twins . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie announces Veronica 's pregnancy to his parents , Fred and Mary . At that moment , Jughead , Reggie , and Moose burst in with congratulations and mention the various ways they will add to `` Little Archie '' or `` Little Veronica 's '' life . Archie then breaks the news to Mr. Lodge who immediately has his will changed to bestow his most prized possession , a sled named `` Rosebuddy '' to his grandchild . Meanwhile , Veronica flies to New York City to meet with Betty at a run down diner . Betty has n't been faring well in the city . She 's recently been laid off and her relationship with Henry has ended because it 's `` hard to meet nice guys in the city . '' Veronica announces that she is pregnant and asks Betty to be the godmother , to which she agrees . Two trimesters later , Archie and Veronica begin Lamaze class , which proves to be a slapstick disaster for Archie . One night when Veronica 's ill , Jughead fills in for her replete with a pillow under his shirt and hilarity ensues . Despite all of this , Archie promises to be calm when the big day arrives . Shortly thereafter , Veronica goes into labor and he drives her to the hospital with minimal drama . Soon , Veronica delivers a redheaded boy named Archie , and a black haired girl named Veronica . Time passes and Archie and Veronica move back to Riverdale and buy a minivan . Parenting is exhausting for both of them , but they lovingly raise their children past diapers and bottles . When the children are around three , the Andrews and the Lodges celebrate Christmas together . The children are sent to bed and Archie and Veronica discuss their happiness . Archie claims that he would be just as happy without the money . `` All you need is love , '' he says . Archie tucks his children to bed and reads them `` The Road Not Taken '' by Robert Frost in its entirety . Before wrapping up the rest of the presents , Archie insists on going for a walk during the first snow of the season . He and Veronica exchange `` I Love You 's '' and he heads out the door , looking distraught . He walks up Memory Lane and comes to the yellow wood and begins walking down the right fork in the road . Part 4 : Archie Marries Betty : `` will You marry Me ? '' ( edit ) `` Will You Marry Me ? '' is Part 4 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 603 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Betty Cooper after college in an alternate reality . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie , still in his winter coat from his walk during the first snow of the season , arrives back in time right before his college graduation and meets Jughead , Reggie , and Moose . He is confused at first by the summer heat and his apparent time travel . Archie then rushes home to get ready for graduation , and the ceremony proceeds much as it did in Part 1 , with Dilton giving the valedictorian address . After graduation , Archie , Reggie , and Jughead drive to Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe for a party . Reggie comments on how unlikely marriage is after college . Jughead is relieved at this statistic , but Archie seems optimistic and announces that he has finally made his choice between Veronica and Betty , but he refuses to tell `` until he talks to the girls first . '' Upon entering Pop 's , Betty asks Archie for a dance , but he has Veronica on the brain and Betty points him in her direction . Veronica , surrounded by a group of handsome young men , is telling about a graduation trip around the world in 80 days . Archie asks to speak with her privately and starts to reminisce about the day she moved to Riverdale , but she keeps interrupting him . Reggie and Jughead spy from afar and are unclear if he 's `` proposing or letting her down easy . '' Before anything serious can be said , Moose demands that The Archies play a few songs . Even though the group has n't played since high school , they entertain everyone with one of their hits , `` Jingle Jangle '' . Moose then starts a food fight that Jughead thoroughly enjoys . After the gang cleans up their mess , Archie attempts to resume his conversation with Veronica , but she interrupts him again to tell him she 's moving to Paris after her trip to run her father 's fashion holdings . After this news , Archie has no need to continue his speech and asks Betty to share a malt with him while Veronica goes back to her bastion of beaux . Archie reminds Betty of how they first met and were always friends ... sometimes more . He claims he can never fit into Veronica 's high society world . Betty assumes he 's going to ask her to `` go steady , '' but he claims that 's not what he 's thinking . Betty beats herself up and calls herself a jerk for assuming Archie wants to just date her . Archie laughs and calls her `` the nicest , most loveable and beautiful jerk in Riverdale '' and then pops the question . Betty , in shock for a moment , jumps for joy and answers yes . Archie and Betty kiss as Veronica watches in awe and disgust . Midge swoons at the romantic moment and prods her longtime boyfriend , Moose for a similar proposal , but he makes a joke instead . She slams his mortarboard over his head . Meanwhile , Reggie tries to make his move on Veronica , pretending to comfort her . She also breaks his mortarboard over his head . Veronica screams at Archie , claiming he missed his chance , but Archie defends his engagement to Betty in turn claiming that `` she '' was the one who missed her chance with him . Later that evening , Archie and Betty tell both their parents about the engagement . The Andrews are very pleased with their son 's choice of `` marrying for love , not money . '' The Coopers are also very happy . Betty then tells them that they plan to have a small , inexpensive wedding at Pop Tate 's . Meanwhile , Veronica cries on her father 's shoulder , but he assures her that there are plenty of men out there and `` things always work out for the best . '' All of Riverdale is gossiping about the upcoming nuptials , and whether Veronica 's fortune should be a factor . On the night of Archie 's bachelor party at Pop Tate 's , his groomsmen , Jughead , Reggie , Moose , Dilton , and Chuck express concern for Veronica and her place among Betty 's bridesmaids . Meanwhile , Betty goes to the Lodge estate and asks Veronica to be her maid of honor , who promptly slams the door in her face . But after seeing her so upset , Veronica agrees and tells Betty `` she won Archie fair and square '' . Later that night , Archie and Betty go for a walk . Archie has been sending out resumes , but is finding it difficult to find a job during the recession . He apologizes for not offering a better honeymoon than at the Blue Roof Inn in Centerville . Betty is entirely satisfied with it , however , and claims it 's all part of `` life with Archie . '' Part 5 : Archie Marries Betty : `` You May kiss the Bride ! '' ( edit ) `` You May Kiss The Bride ! '' is Part 5 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 604 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and his wedding to Betty Cooper . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie continues to search for work with no luck . In desperation , he goes to meet with Mr. Lodge at his office . Mr. Lodge tells him that despite jilting his daughter , he thinks Archie is a bright fellow but that his company is not hiring . Archie tells Mr. Lodge that he did n't jilt Veronica , he chose Betty . Archie thanks Mr. Lodge for his time and goes back to his job search , but after applying for work everywhere from a recording studio to a coffee bar , he still has no success . In the midst of their wedding preparations , Betty reveals to Archie that she has received a job offer as a buyer for Saks 5th Avenue in New York City . She had applied before they became engaged because it was something she wanted to try , but plans to turn down the job in order to be a teacher and to be with Archie . He is shocked at first , but tells her that instead of putting everyone else first , she needs to follow her dreams for once , and decides they should move up their wedding day to the following weekend and then move to New York . Everyone arrives to celebrate the party of the year . When Veronica arrives , escorted by Reggie , some expect trouble at first . Just as she is about to reveal the dress she bought hoping to draw attention away from the bride , the wedding cake that Betty made herself collapses and is ruined . Seeing this , Veronica decides to save the day by ordering the biggest most expensive wedding cake money can buy and changes into something she feels is more appropriate for the occasion , a waitress 's uniform . Archie and Betty exchange their vows . The Bride and Groom then invite all the guests to join them in their first dance . When Betty tosses the bouquet , Miss Grundy catches it while Mr. Weatherbee looks on . The biggest surprise of the night comes when the wedding cake Veronica ordered arrives . Everyone is very proud of her , and Archie and Betty thank her for her very generous gift . Veronica asks them where they plan to go for their honeymoon , but they tell her that they ca n't afford one yet . She takes Archie aside and tells him that she will pay for a honeymoon for them . He thanks her for the offer but turns her down , saying that he is responsible for Betty now . They say goodbye to their families , friends and Riverdale , and set off for New York City . Betty impresses Cassie , her new boss on her very first day on the job . Archie 's efforts to find a job continue to be unsuccessful until he has a chance encounter with a club owner who is looking for someone who can play the guitar and sing . Several months pass and the Andrews attend Betty 's first corporate dinner with Cassie and her boss , Mr. Hugo . When they first meet him he makes a crack about Archie 's clothes and talent . Archie tries to defend himself , but Betty tries to pass it off as a joke . He tries to insult Archie again , but Betty loses it and tells him she would punch him if she was n't as classy as her husband , and quits her job on the spot . Betty apologizes to Archie for not standing up for him sooner , and Archie calls her his hero . They decide to move back to Riverdale . The next day while packing their bags , Cassie shows up at their apartment with flowers , asking them to stay and tells Betty she still has a great future with the company . Betty thanks her and says she already has a great future with Archie back in their hometown . Cassie tells them both how lucky they are and wishes them well . Back in Riverdale , Archie and Betty move in with Archie 's parents , but Betty assures him it is temporary . She has found out from Mr. Weatherbee that a teaching position is available at Riverdale High , and lets Archie know that he wishes to speak to him about something important . Mr. Weatherbee offers him the position of the school 's music teacher , and Archie accepts . That night , Archie and Betty celebrate their first anniversary with a romantic dinner and share a malt with three straws in it . Archie , confused and thinking that Veronica would be joining them , is told that the third straw is n't for her , but for someone he will love . Betty tells him she 's pregnant , and Archie immediately faints . Part 6 : Archie Marries Betty : `` happily ever after '' ( edit ) `` Happily Ever After '' is Part 6 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 605 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Betty Cooper as they raise a pair of fraternal twins . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie & Betty discover many things have changed in Riverdale in the year they were in New York City . They run into Jughead & Midge and are shocked to learn that they are now married . Moose is now the custodian at Riverdale High and practises yoga and meditation and is `` at peace with his inner self . '' When they all decide to go for dinner , Archie and Betty learn that Pop Tate is retiring and has sold the Chok'lit Shoppe to Jughead and Midge and it has been renamed `` Juggie 's '' . At the new Juggie 's , the gang runs into Veronica & Reggie , and learn they have a surprise of their own ; they are engaged . On their ride home , Archie & Betty argue about the news of their friends ' engagement . Archie believes it is wrong , but Betty thinks that he is wishing it was him . He assures Betty that he thinks it is wrong of them to marry because he believes it will end badly , and that he only wants her money . Betty accepts his statement and they make up . As the next few months pass , Archie & Betty become two of the most popular teachers at Riverdale High , and as Betty 's pregnancy advances , they start to have less time for the rest of the old gang . Then one fall day , as Archie plans to go for a bike ride , Betty goes into labor while he goes into a panic . Instead of calling an ambulance , Archie calls the water department . Archie then drives Betty to the hospital , but they end up getting a flat tire . Luckily , Archie had his bike in the trunk , and takes her the rest of the way by bike . After a few misunderstandings at the admitting desk , Betty is rushed to the maternity ward , and soon gives birth to twins ; a red haired boy named Archie and a blonde haired girl named Betty . Soon , Mr. & Mrs. Cooper and Mr. & Mrs. Andrews arrive along with all their friends and colleagues . Archie and Betty ask Jughead , Veronica and Reggie to be the twins ' godparents , while Reggie & Veronica ask them to be their best man and maid of honor at their wedding . The next weekend they fly the whole gang out to Las Vegas for the star studded ceremony . As Archie & Betty adjust to parenthood , life goes on in Riverdale . Jughead & Midge are soon expecting a child of their own . Mr. Weatherbee & Miss Grundy along with Miss Beazley & Mr. Svenson have started dating . Archie & Betty receive a postcard from Veronica & Reggie detailing all of their world travels and new ventures . Betty comments to him that could have been his life , but Archie tells her he does n't want that life when he already has the best life with her . Betty suggests they go to bed early , but Archie says he 's not tired and decides to go for a walk in the woods . He tells her not to wait up , and she says she 'll be waiting no matter how long . He then decides to walk up Memory Lane , and soon finds himself back in the present ... he is once again a teenager . On his way home , he runs into Jughead who reminds him of the poetry recital in Miss Grundy 's class the next day . Archie tells him he worries too much , while Jughead tells him to be prepared . As the two best friends walk home , he reads his part of the poetry reading , the last stanza of `` The Road Not Taken '' by Robert Frost . Epilogue : Archie gets married : `` yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' ( edit ) `` Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' is the epilogue that ties together Part 1 through 6 of the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline that was originally presented in Archie # 606 . Archie is left in a vision of the future and struggles to explain it to his friends ... and Betty and Veronica . Synopsis ( edit ) After his experiences walking up Memory Lane , Archie is left in a bewildered state . He tries talking about it to Betty and Veronica , but they are both too busy to talk to him . Needing to talk to someone about it he tells Reggie and Jughead about his strange visions . Reggie immediately thinks that he has gone nuts , but Jughead believes him . In order to clear his mind Archie decides to go bowling with Reggie and Jughead . When Betty arrives Archie asks her if she wants to go on a date Saturday night , which she accepts . However , as he was overwhelmed with a kiss moments ago , Archie somehow mishears Betty and thinks she said `` Friday '' . Later he goes to Lodge Mansion to ask Veronica for a date on the same night and she says yes . When Saturday night arrives Archie realizes he asked both Betty and Veronica out on the same night . When the girls find out they respond by pouring two milkshakes on his head . The next day , Betty and Veronica are still mad at Archie , but he vows that he will make it up to both of them . When talking about the future , Archie asks Jughead if he ever thought about buying Pop 's place after he retires . Jughead however denies this , because he would have to think about the future and prefers to live in the present . Spin - offs ( edit ) The success of the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline led to the comic series , Life with Archie : The Married Life , and a similar storyline called `` Archie Marries Valerie '' , depicting Archie marrying Valerie from Josie and the Pussycats , shown in Archie # 631 - 634 . Life with Archie : the married life ( edit ) Life with Archie : The Married Life was based on the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline , but was not a direct continuation on it . The series lasted from 2010 to 2014 , ending with 37 issues . Issues 1 - 35 contained two stories each , the first story was Archie Marries Veronica and the second one was Archie Marries Betty . The last two issues , on the other hand , were structured differently . Instead of having two stories both issues had one , but were twice as long as the others . Also , neither issue made it clear whether Archie was married to Betty or Veronica . Together both issues make up The Death of Archie storyline . Archie Marries Valerie ( edit ) The `` Archie Marries Valerie '' storyline was similar to the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline , but had some major differences . For instance , Valerie was the one who walked up Memory Lane instead of Archie and she could see the future in portals rather than actually experiencing it . She sees a future in where she marries Archie , then they both quit their respective bands due to their touring schedules keeping them apart , and later have a little girl named Star who is gifted with her parents ' musical talent . However , she decides to stop watching it after she sees that they can not get a moment 's peace due to Star becoming an object of attention for the media . Then she witness glimpses of other futures and in each one Archie is married to a different woman . Some of these futures had Archie being married to Cheryl Blossom , Sabrina Spellman , and even Josie . Seeing these futures Valerie runs out of Memory Lane and happily reunites with Archie . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comic suspense : Archie Andrews pops question '' . CNN.com. 2009 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This time , Archie plans to marry Betty '' ... canada.com. 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Issue no . 600 , October 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 601 , November 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 602 , December 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 603 , January 2010 Jump up ^ Issue no . 604 , February 2010 Jump up ^ Issue no . 605 , March 2010 ( hide ) Archie Comics publications Imprints Mighty Comics / Red Circle Comics / Dark Circle Comics Archie Horror Archies Archie Archie ( 2 volumes ) Little Archie Life with Archie ( 2 volumes ) Archie and Me Everything 's Archie Archie at Riverdale High Archie Meets the Punisher Afterlife with Archie Archie vs. Predator Archie vs. Sharknado Archie ( comic strip ) Betty and Veronica Archie 's Girls Betty and Veronica Jughead Archie 's Pal Jughead Comics ( 2 volumes ) Jughead ( 3 volumes ) Jughead 's Double Digest Reggie Archie 's Rival Reggie Reggie Reggie and Me Anthologies Laugh Comics ( 2 volumes ) Pep Comics Archie 's Pals ' n ' Gals Archie 's Mad House Archie Giant Series Laugh Comics Digest Archie 's TV Laugh - Out Archie Americana Series Archie 's Holiday Fun Digest Tales from Riverdale Related titles Josie and The Pussycats ( 2 volumes ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 2 volumes ) Sabrina Chilling Adventures of Sabrina See also New Riverdale Licensed properties Sonic Sonic the Hedgehog issues Knuckles the Echidna Sonic X Sonic Universe Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures ( 3 volumes ) Mighty Mutanimals ( 2 volumes ) Other Wild West C.O.W. - Boys of Moo Mesa ( 2 volumes ) Street Sharks ( 2 volumes ) Nights into Dreams Mega Man Superhero Blue Ribbon Comics ( 2 volumes ) Top - Notch Comics Shield - Wizard Comics Zip Comics Hangman Comics Black Hood Comics The Adventures of The Fly Adventures of the Jaguar Fly Man Mighty Crusaders ( 2 volumes ) Black Hood The Comet Anthologies Pep Comics Jackpot Comics Others Super Duck Comics Wilbur Comics Katy Keene ( 2 volumes ) Li'l Jinx Cosmo the Merry Martian That Wilkin Boy Storylines `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' `` Bad Boy Trouble '' `` Love Showdown '' See also : List of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch books , CDs and DVDs Spire Christian Comics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archie_Marries_Veronica/Archie_Marries_Betty&oldid=800873614 '' Categories : Storylines in comics 2009 in comics Humor comics Romance comics Archie Comics titles Works about wedding Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2009 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Comics infobox image less alt text Story arc pop Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 57 . 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when was the vietnam war broadcasted on tv

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=815631915

United States news media and the Vietnam war - wikipedia United States news media and the Vietnam war Jump to : navigation , search The role of media in outbreaks of news played a vital role in dramatic shifts of opinion during the Vietnam War . In the beginning of the war , the U.S. media was not interested in covering stories out of Vietnam with only the most breaking news covered . After the death of civilians against President Ngo Dinh Diem of Vietnam , the U.S. media began to take more interest in the war . Journalists began arriving in Vietnam to be the first to cover any stories that emerged . As the war went on , the U.S. media began to change its main source of information . Journalists began to focus more on research , interviews and analytical essays to obtain information instead of press conferences , official news releases and reports of official proceedings . With an increase in American households that obtained a television set , more and more citizens were able to keep up with the war . Although it was useful to have all information acquired during the war , the media played a huge role in what the American people saw and believed . Journalists that visited Vietnam during the war were not interested in the culture of Vietnam or any aspect of the way of life practiced in that area . Instead , they only focused on the negative and reinforced the American people with the worst of Vietnam . The media played the information to look like Vietnam was in the wrong and the only one at fault . The United States government was painting one picture of the war , while the media was painting another . The government made the war to look more glorious and optimistic than reality . Once media 's view on the war was accessible to citizens , they began to see a difference in the way the war was being portrayed . The media allowed the audience to see the reality of the war and what was going on politically . US citizens felt betrayed by their government for painting a wrongful picture of the war . The people felt they were n't being told the full truth , which ultimately led to an increase in public pressure to end the war . Vietnam War Contents ( hide ) 1 Early days , 1960 -- 1965 1.1 Ap Bac 1.2 Buddhist Crisis 1.3 Problems 2 Escalation , 1965 -- 1967 3 The Tet Offensive , 1968 4 Withdrawal , 1969 -- 1973 4.1 Changes 4.2 Last years 5 References Early days , 1960 -- 1965 ( edit ) Before the 1960s , The U.S. media had no interest in Vietnam . American journalists followed events only when breaking news happened in the region . Those who covered the beginning of the war in Vietnam were reporting only the rise of communism in the country . The official agencies that handled the press in Vietnam during the early years had little control over what the reporters wrote . The French colonial government set up a system of censorship , but correspondents who traveled to Singapore or Hong Kong said what they wanted . American reporters who went to Vietnam at the beginning of the 1960s were reporting the story , while the government in America was telling them to get on the field . During this period , what was published in the news reflected what America was most preoccupied with : communism and the Cold War . If one asks instead how the United States got into Vietnam , attention must be paid to the enormous strength of the Cold War consensus in the early 1960s shared by journalists and policymakers alike and to the great power of the administration to control the agenda and the framing of foreign affairs reporting . The first editorial about the rise of communism in Vietnam was published by The New York Times in January 1955 . In the same way after the United States threw its weight behind Ngo Dinh Diem , who became South Vietnam 's president in 1955 , journals in the United States ignored the new leader 's despotic tendencies and instead highlighted his anticommunism . The death of civilians in a coup against President Diem at the end of 1960 started to change how Vietnam was viewed by the media . As a result , the New York Times sent the first reporter to Saigon , the capital of South Vietnam . This was followed by other journalists arriving from Reuters , AFP , Time and Newsweek . The basic policy governing how the US mission in Saigon handled these reporters reflected the way the administration of President John F. Kennedy conceived of the American role in the war . Under that framework , the Americans ' role in South Vietnam was only to render advice and support in that nation 's war against the Communists . Ap Bac ( edit ) In January 1963 , South Vietnamese forces engaged the communists at the Battle of Ap Bac . The reporting of what became a debacle for the South Vietnamese military and the condemnation heaped upon it by the Western press became a cause célèbre at the time . Both the US mission and Washington condemned the reports and questioned the motives of the correspondents involved . The Kennedy administration then went on the offensive , bombarding news editors in the US with complaints concerning the accuracy of the reporting of the Saigon press corporations . The chain of events led to the interesting conundrum of American periodicals attacking the accuracy of their own on - the - spot reporters . The correspondents , however , did not question the black - and - white assumptions of the time that the war was a part of the larger struggle between the free world and totalitarianism or whether the war was beyond America 's ability to win . They perceived their issues with the Saigon government as a conflict over tactics , not principles ; Diem 's government and military were hindering a positive solution to the problem . According to the reporters , the solution was for the US to get rid of Diem or take over direct control of the war itself . Although the US mission was irate over the reporting of the battle , even the U.S. Public Information Office ( PIO ) in Saigon had to admit , from partial information on an emotional subject , the reporting was `` two - thirds accurate '' and that the correspondents had done quite respectably . Ap Bac and the controversy surrounding it , however , marked a permanent divide in the relations between the official U.S. position and the news media in Vietnam . Before the battle , the media had criticized Diem and argued for more U.S. control of the war , but they were still agreeable to the position of the diplomats and the U.S. military assistance command . After it , correspondents became steadily more convinced that they ( and , by extension , the American people ) were being lied to and withdrew , embittered , into their own community . Buddhist crisis ( edit ) This situation was only exacerbated during the Buddhist Crisis of May 1963 , when the Diem government considered the foreign press as its enemy and was unwilling to communicate its side of the story effectively . While the top levels of the U.S. mission in Saigon were inordinately closemouthed around reporters during this period , others , especially those who disagreed with the policy of supporting Diem , were not . They leaked information from discussions with Diem to the press , embarrassing him and thwarting the embassy 's vigorous efforts to win and end to the anti-Buddhist repressions . Once again , however , despite occasional factual errors and conflict between the press and the embassy , most of the news commentaries were reasonably accurate . The U.S. Army 's official history of military - media relations reported that `` Although marred at times by rhetoric and mistaken facts , they often probed to the heart of the crisis . '' During the Buddhist Crisis the number of correspondents in South Vietnam swelled from an original nucleus of eight to a contingent of over 60 . By 1964 the leadership of both the U.S. and South Vietnam had changed hands . President John F. Kennedy had been felled by an assassin 's bullets and Diem had been murdered during a U.S. - backed military coup . Instead of paving the way for political stability , however , Diem 's demise only unleashed a maelstrom of political unrest . Coup followed coup as South Vietnamese generals vied for power . There were seven governments in Saigon during 1964 - three between 16 August and 3 September alone . The war in South Vietnam ground on and the communists were making serious headway . Following the recommendations of an internal report , the new U.S. headquarters , the Military Assistance Command , Vietnam ( MACV ) , made the decision that since news correspondents were `` thoroughly knowledgeable '' about the war , its Joint United States Public Affairs Office ( JUSPAO ) would attempt to woo reporters by providing them with `` up to date , factual information on current operations and policies . '' Problems ( edit ) Although Operation Candor was a welcome relief for correspondents , it did not halt the media 's dubiousness concerning the efficacy of the Saigon government or further American involvement with it . Reporters had also become quite aware that all sides ( the South Vietnamese and American governments , the U.S. mission , MACV , the Buddhists , and the communists ) were trying to manipulate them . It did not help matters that JUSPAO was also MACV 's propaganda arm , a fact that was well known to news correspondents . The American public was also dissatisfied with the course of events in Vietnam . A January 1965 Gallup poll indicated that two out of three Americans agreed that the country would never form a stable government and that four out of five Americans felt that the communists were winning . Few , however , wanted a unilateral U.S. withdrawal and 50 percent believed that the U.S. was obliged to defend independent nations from communist aggression . At this early stage of the war ( and continuing to its end ) the South Vietnamese people themselves were viewed by the media with the condescension , contempt , and disdain that characterized the American attitude toward them . The media exhibited the `` Cold War myopia , ethnocentrism , cultural bias , and racism embedded in American ideology . '' American journalists arrived in Vietnam with almost no knowledge of its culture , history , society , or language , nor did they attempt to learn . This was due in part to the short 6 - 12 month period most newspeople spent on rotation in South Vietnam , providing little incentive for reporters to learn the language . Although the U.S. Department of Defense offered a brief introductory course for journalists on the history and culture of Vietnam , few attended it . Meanwhile , none of the networks trained their correspondents to understand military matters . Although the `` pacification '' of South Vietnam 's villages was the continuously touted supreme goal of the Saigon government , the U.S. Mission , MACV , and the media , there was little real discussion within the media as to why it was so difficult to convince the Vietnamese peasantry to join the side of the Saigon government . As for the armed forces of the North Vietnamese and National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) , American readers rarely encountered the argument that the communists were waging a war of reunification rather than `` a campaign to further the interests of a communist conspiracy masterminded by the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union . '' The domino theory was utilized to justify the American intervention in order to prevent regional domination by China , overlooking centuries of hostility between the Vietnamese and the Chinese . Throughout the war communist troops were continuously portrayed as `` brutal , cruel , fanatic , sinister , untrustworthy , and warlike '' . Most depictions of ( them ) employed hateful imagery or reinforced racial stereotypes of the era associated with Asians . '' Asian stereotypes extended to the American soldiers ' view of their South Vietnamese allies too ; most effectively never met a South Vietnamese soldier or really knew the farmer and peasant in the field . The media went so far as to follow the lead of the American military by refusing to refer to communist forces by their correct titles . NLF forces were referred to by the term Viet Cong ( despite its wide usage , `` Viet Cong '' , which means `` Vietnamese Communist '' , is considered pejorative ) and northern troops of the People 's Army of Vietnam as the North Vietnamese Army , or NVA . Escalation , 1965 -- 1967 ( edit ) From 40 in 1964 , the press corps in South Vietnam had grown to 282 by January 1966 . By August that number had jumped to 419 . Of the 282 at the beginning of the year , only 110 were Americans . 67 were South Vietnamese , 26 Japanese , 24 British , 13 Korean , 11 French , and seven German . Of the Americans present , 72 were more than thirty - one years old , and 60 of them were over the age of thirty - six . The same was true of the 143 non-Americans . Correspondents with valid accreditations had to show their credentials in order to receive a card that gave them access to military transportation and facilities . All other correspondents had to present a letter from their editors stating that they represented a bona - fide news - gathering organization which would take responsibility for their conduct . Freelance correspondents were required to produce a letter from one of their clients affirming that agency 's willingness to purchase their work . The U.S. Mission and MACV also installed an `` information czar '' , the U.S. Mission 's Minister - Counselor for Public Affairs , Barry Zorthian , to advise Westmoreland on public affairs matters and who had theoretical responsibility under the ambassador for the development of all information policy . He maintained liaison between the embassy , MACV , and the press ; publicized information to refute erroneous and misleading news stories ; and sought to assist the Saigon correspondents in covering the side of the war most favorable to the policies of the U.S. government . Zorthian possessed both experience with the media and a great deal of patience and tact while maintaining reasonably good relations with the press corps . Media correspondents were invited to attend nightly MACV briefings covering the day 's events that became known as the Five O'Clock Follies , most correspondents considering these briefings to be a waste of time . The Saigon bureau chiefs were also often invited to closed sessions at which presentations would be made by a briefing officer , the CIA station chief , or an official from the embassy who would present background or off - the - record information on upcoming military operations or Vietnamese political events . According to Daniel Hallin , the dramatic structure of the uncensored `` living room war '' as reported during 1965 -- 1967 remained simple and traditional : `` the forces of good were locked in battle once again with the forces of evil . What began to change in 1967 ... was the conviction that the forces of good would inevitably prevail . '' During late 1967 MACV had also begun to disregard the decision it had made at the Honolulu Conference that the military should leave the justification of the war to elected officials in Washington . The military found itself drawn progressively into politics , to the point that it had become as involved in `` selling '' the war to the American public as the political appointees it served . This change would have far - reaching detrimental effects . The Tet Offensive , 1968 ( edit ) An American man and woman watching footage of the Vietnam War on television in their living room , February 1968 By 1968 , America had officially been at war with Vietnam for four years , but U.S. involvement in Vietnamese affairs went back as far as the early 1950s , when France required aid from the U.S. , as well as South Vietnam , essentially a puppet state of the U.S. , in maintaining control over French Indochina , and public support of the war had begun to wane . In January 1968 , Vietcong troops launched a surprise attack in South Vietnam , known as the Tet Offensive ; one of the points of attack was the U.S. embassy at Saigon . Though U.S. troops were able to fend off the Vietcong and ultimately prevailed militarily , this attack signaled a turning point in both U.S. troop morale and in public trust of the government 's reports on the progress of the war , as many Americans had no idea that the Vietcong were capable of infiltrating American and South Vietnamese headquarters the way that they did . Many Americans were unaware of the extent of the brutality involved in the war , but the Tet Offensive changed that , and American television cameras were available firsthand to record footage of the bombing of cities and the execution of prisoners of war . Although admittance to North Vietnam by western correspondents was difficult , it was possible , especially when the authorities , who heavily oversaw and restricted any such visit saw an advantage in the situation . During a bombing halt in September 1967 , Harrison E. Salisbury of the New York Times became the first correspondent from a major US newspaper to go to North Vietnam . His reporting of the bombing damage to civilian targets forced the Pentagon to admit that accidents and `` collateral damage '' had occurred during the bombing campaign . For his effort , Salisbury received heavy condemnation and criticism from his peers , the administration , and the Pentagon . Other correspondents who later made the journey to North Vietnam included Mary McCarthy , Anthony Lewis , and Michael McLear from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and R.K. Karanjia from India , and Agence France Presse maintained a bureau there throughout the war . The highly dangerous task of reporting with the NLF and North Vietnamese forces in the South was left to Wilfred Burchett , an Australian who had begun reporting on the war in 1963 . He freelanced for the Japanese Mainichi group , the British communist daily The Morning Star , and the American National Guardian . Burchett made no pretense of his communist sympathies , but his reporting of communist schools , arsenals , hospitals , administrative structure , and logistics made what Phillip Knightley called `` intriguing reading . '' Because he reported from the Communist side , Burchett was regarded by many in Australia as a traitor and was persona non grata with the Australian government , but he also possessed extraordinary information . He was later joined by Madeleine Riffaud , of the French communist newspaper L'Humanité . Perhaps the most famous image of the Tet Offensive , a photo that was taken by Eddie Adams , was the photograph that depicted a Vietnamese man being executed by the Southern Vietnamese General , General Nguyen Ngoc Loan . The photo shows the moment of death for the young man . Adams won a prize for his iconic photo , which was said to be more influential than the video that was released of the same execution . The impact that the photos had on the American public was astounding . Support for the war plummeted , and though two hundred thousand troops were requested at the beginning of the Offensive , the request was denied . Adams had another photo published that , while not making as big as an impact as his other photo , was certainly gruesome . The image depicted a soldier , who appears to be a child , dead and lying on the side of the road , with a group of civilians looking down at the body . It was published on May 5 , 1968 . The media 's role in bringing a strikingly different depiction of the war into American homes than the government had done signaled a shift in where the American public lay its trust , increasingly toward media reports about the war and increasingly away from federal reports about the war . Many researchers now agree that `` across the political spectrum , the relation between the media and the government during Vietnam was in fact one of conflict : the media contradicted the more positive view of the war officials sought to project , and for better or for worse it was the journalists ' view that prevailed with the public , whose disenchantment forced an end to American involvement . '' Withdrawal , 1969 -- 1973 ( edit ) Many Americans felt betrayed by the government for withholding or deliberately manipulating information about the progress of the war , and once they saw on their televisions and read in their newspapers firsthand a less optimistic version of the war than the government had painted , public pressure to withdraw American power from Vietnam mounted until the government yielded and began to withdraw troops under Nixon in July 1969 ( though the last troops would not be withdrawn until 1973 ) . Additionally , a study authorized by the Trilateral Commission in 1975 to examine the `` governability '' of American democracy found that `` the most notable new source of national power in 1970 , as compared to 1950 , was the national media , '' suggesting also that there was `` considerable evidence to suggest that the development of television journalism contributed to the undermining of governmental authority . '' Although this report was commissioned on the heels of the messy conflict of the war itself , the sentiment that the development of new journalistic media such as television supplanted governmental authority in attaining the support of the American public during the Vietnam War has been accepted and upheld by many scholars through present day . On 3 November 1969 President Richard M. Nixon made a televised speech laying out his policy toward Vietnam . He promised to continue to support the South Vietnamese government ( through Vietnamization ) and held out a plan for the withdrawal of American combat troops . This `` silent majority '' speech , not the Tet Offensive , marked the real watershed of the American involvement . In it , Nixon permanently altered the nature of the issue . `` No longer was the question whether the United States was going to get out , but rather how and how fast . '' Nixon 's policy toward the media was to reduce as far as possible the American public 's interest in and knowledge of the war in Vietnam . He began by sharply limiting the press 's access to information within Vietnam itself . Changes ( edit ) The peace talks in Paris , the viability of South Vietnam , of its military and its government , and its effect on American disengagement , became the prime stories during this period for the news media . The reportage of the Tet / Khe Sanh period had been unique , and after it was over reportage settled back into its normal routines . According to Clarence Wyatt , the American disengagement was : like watching a film running backward . American troops were leaving , until there were only a handful of advisers left . The communists were once again on the advance , spreading their influence closer and closer to the major cities . The South Vietnamese military was once again on the defensive , and the leadership of the nation was isolated and increasingly paranoid ... Nixon 's goal , like Kennedy 's , was for the press to have nothing to report . One of Ronald Haeberle 's photos taken at My Lai which helped expose the massacre four years after it occurred The gradual dissipation of American support for the war was apparent in changes in the source of news stories . The traditional sources - press conferences , official news releases , and reports of official proceedings were less utilized than ever before . Reporters were doing more research , conducting more interviews , and publishing more analytical essays . There was also an increase in the number of American homes that acquired a television set which led to a rise in people gaining their knowledge of the war from television . The media never became `` acutely critical ... but more sober , and more skeptical It did not , however , examine or reexamine its basic assumptions about the nature of the war it had helped to propagate . Never , for example , did historian Daniel Hallin hear an American correspondent or commentator utter the word imperialism in connection with the U.S. commitment on television . On those rare occasions when the underlying reasons for the American intervention were explicitly questioned , journalists continued to defend the honorableness of American motives . Television 's image of the war , however , had been permanently altered : the `` guts and glory '' image of the pre-Tet period was gone forever . For the most part , television remained a follower rather than a leader . According to Daniel Hallin , It was not until the collapse of consensus was well under way that coverage began to turn around ; and when it did turn , it only turned so far . The later years of Vietnam were `` a remarkable testimony to the restraining power of the routines and ideology of objective journalism ... ' advocacy journalism ' made no real inroads into network television . '' As the American commitment waned there was an increasing media emphasis on Vietnamization , the South Vietnamese government , and casualties - both American and Vietnamese . There was also increasing coverage of the collapse of morale , interracial tensions , drug abuse , and disciplinary problems among American troops . These stories increased in number as U.S. soldiers `` began to worry about being the last casualty in the lame - duck war . '' The U.S. military resented the attention and at first refused to believe that the problems were as bad as correspondents portrayed them . The media demonstrated , however , `` that the best reporters , by virtue of their many contacts , had a better grasp of the war 's unmanageable human element than the policy makers supposedly in control . '' The next `` big story '' to come out of Vietnam occurred in May 1969 with the Battle of Hamburger Hill ( Dong Ap Bia or Hill 937 ) . The high number of American casualties ( 70 dead and 372 wounded ) produced an unusual burst of explicit questioning of military tactics from correspondents in the field and from Congressmen in Washington . After the battle 's conclusion , major battles of attrition involving American ground forces became rare - as did commentaries from correspondents like those surrounding Hamburger Hill . News from two fronts : American soldier reading Stars and Stripes , the official U.S. armed forces newspaper , while in Cambodia Tensions between the news media and the Nixon administration only increased as the war dragged on . In September and October 1969 , members of the administration openly discussed methods by which the media could be coerced into docility . Possible methods included Internal Revenue Service audits , Justice Department antitrust lawsuits against major television networks and newspapers that could be accused of monopolistic business practices , and the monitoring incidents of `` unfairness '' by television broadcasters that would be turned over to the Federal Communications Commission for possible legal action . Last years ( edit ) As the war lengthened and the withdrawals continued , the two sides became more and more antagonistic toward one another and they battled constantly over the issues of combat refusals and the drug and morale problems of American troops . Fatigue with the war and each other have been cited for this escalating antagonism . Although MACV officially remained dedicated to providing evenly balanced public affairs information , the situation was exacerbated by the manpower drawdowns at the Public Affairs Office itself . The Easter Offensive of 1972 , a conventional North Vietnamese invasion of South Vietnam was generally depicted by MACV and Washington as a `` true test '' of the policy of Vietnamization . It was also readily apparent to the media that American airpower had saved the day . The press reported heavily on the `` mixed '' capabilities of the South Vietnamese defense and on the retaliatory U.S. bombing effort in North Vietnam , Operation Linebacker . Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird declined to criticize the negative reporting of the press , which he described as `` generally balanced . '' By the end of 1971 the number of accredited American correspondents had declined to fewer than 200 . By September 1973 that number had dwindled to only 59 . As the war became more and more a South Vietnamese affair , the Saigon government tried to silence unofficial news sources , tightening its information guidelines and stringently punishing any who violated them . Even as the Easter Offensive waned , President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu passed a martial law decree that made circulating news or images `` detrimental to the national security '' a criminal offense . With the breakdown of peace negotiations with Hanoi , President Nixon launched Operation Linebacker II , an extensive aerial campaign by B - 52 bombers and tactical aircraft that began on 16 December 1972 . Nixon , in an effort to conceal the fact that the talks had broken down , ordered that the public explanation for the bombing be linked to `` a possible enemy offensive in the South . '' With no information flowing from the White House , the Pentagon , or MACV , North Vietnam 's propaganda was all that correspondents had to go on and it was extensively reported by the media . The American people , however , were unconvinced . According to a Harris poll , fewer than 50 percent agreed that it was `` inhuman and immoral for the U.S. to have bombed Hanoi 's civilian center '' and an impressive 71 percent believed `` what we did in bombing Hanoi was no worse than what the communists have done in the Vietnam War . '' Following the campaign Hanoi returned to the negotiating table and ( after some wrangling with the Saigon government ) the Paris Peace Accords were signed on 27 January 1973 . For the United States , the Vietnam War was over . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : William M. Hammond , Reporting Vietnam : Media & Military at War ( United States of America : University Press of Kansas , 1998 ) , 1 Jump up ^ Daniel C. Hallin , The Uncensored War : The Media and Vietnam ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1986 ) , 9 Jump up ^ William M. Hammond , Reporting Vietnam : Media & Military at War ( United States of America : University Press of Kansas , 1998 ) , 2 Jump up ^ Landers , p. 43 . See also Wyatt , pgs. 105 - 110 . Jump up ^ Knightly , pgs. 416 & 417 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Douglas Kinnard , The War Managers . Hanover NH : University Press of New England , 1977 , pgs 126 & 127 . See also Wyatt , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Diem 's beliefs and accusations against the press , however , had little basis in fact . Of 33 stories with Vietnam datelines appearing in the New York Times in the four months preceding the crisis , only three could have been said to have dealt primarily with South Vietnamese politics . None dealt with the non-communist opposition to the Diem regime . These four months were typical . Hallin , Uncensored War , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Landers , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Venanzi Jump up ^ Landers , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Landers , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Landers , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Bowden , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Bowden , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Leslie Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 197 . These numbers , however , were deceiving . Fully half of those accredited were not reporters but were instead technicians , secretaries , drivers , translators , and wives . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Knightley Jump up ^ Ron Stienmann , Inside Television 's First War . Columbia MO : University of Missouri Press , 2002 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Hallin , Uncensored War , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1962 -- 1968 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ `` 55c . The Tet Offensive . '' http://www.ushistory.org/us/55c/asp Jump up ^ Moise , Edwin . `` The Tet Offensive and its Aftermath . '' http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/Faculty/Pages/EdMoise/viet8.html Jump up ^ Knightley , p. 457 & 458 . ^ Jump up to : Knightley , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Bowden , p. 187 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.ushistory.org/us/55c.asp Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102112403 Jump up ^ Hallin , Daniel . The Uncensored War : the Media and Vietnam . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Timeline . '' http://history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/vietnamtimeline.htm Jump up ^ Hallin , Daniel . `` The Media , the War in Vietnam , and Political Support : a Critique of the Thesis of an Oppositional Media . '' Jump up ^ Hallin , Daniel . The Uncensored War : the Media and Vietnam , 3 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , pgs. 198 & 199 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Hallin , Media Conference . Jump up ^ Hallin , Uncensored War , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Hallin , Uncensored War , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Hallin , Uncensored War , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Hallin , Uncensored War , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Hallin , Uncensored War , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Samuel Zaffiri , Hamburger Hill . Novato CA : Presidio Press , 1988 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Landers , pgs. 191 & 102 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , pgs. 161 & 231 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , pgs. 525 - 589 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , p. 548 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , p. 603 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1968 -- 1973 , p. 610 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=815631915 '' Categories : Vietnam War and the media Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 01 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where is 12 pack from i love new york from

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I Love New York ( season 1 ) - wikipedia I Love New York ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search I Love New York ( season 1 ) The cast of I Love New York Created by Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Starring Tiffany Pollard Mauricio Sanchez Michelle Patterson Composer ( s ) Adam Zelking Dan Radlauer Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Production Executive producer ( s ) Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Ben Samek Jill Holmes ( VH1 ) Kristen Kelly ( VH1 ) Michael Hirschorn ( VH1 ) Jeff Olde ( VH1 ) Cinematography Dave Miller Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Production company ( s ) 51 Minds Entertainment VH1 Release Original network VH1 Original release January 8 -- April 15 , 2007 Chronology Preceded by Flavor of Love Followed by I Love New York 2 I Love Money Real Chance of Love External links Website I Love New York ( season 1 ) is first season of the VH1 reality television series entitled I Love New York . The first season consisted of 12 episodes , which first aired weekly from January 8 , 2007 to April 15 , 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Contestants 3 Elimination Order 4 Episodes 4.1 Do You Have Love For New York ? 4.2 The Mangeant 4.3 Big Ballers 4.4 What 's Up Dog ? 4.5 Who 's Got Game ? 4.6 Momma Said Knock You Out 4.7 Guess Who 's Coming To Dinner 4.8 Gettin ' Hot In The Desert 4.9 Momma 's Boys 4.10 Clip Show 4.11 The Final Adios 4.12 The Reunion 5 DVD release 6 After the show 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) In July 2006 , VH1 published a casting call looking for contestants for their new series tentatively titled The Flavorette . Various blogs speculated that the star of this program could be Flavor of Love season one contestants `` Rain '' ( Thela Brown ) , `` Hoopz '' ( Nicole Alexander ) or Pollard . Before the second season finale of Flavor of Love , Pollard denied having her own show but when the Flavor of Love season 2 finale aired , she confirmed she was the `` Flavorette '' and that she was already down to the final three contestants . On November 3 , 2006 , VH1 announced the show 's official title : I Love New York . The first commercial for the series aired on December 3 , 2006 during the VH1 2006 Big Awards show . The show premiered on Monday , January 8 , 2007 and is the most watched series debut in VH1 history . Contestants ( edit ) Contestant Nickname Real name Eliminated Tango Patrick Hunter 11bold ! Winner Chance Kamal Givens 10 ! Runner - Up Real Ahmad Givens 09 ! Episode 9 Whiteboy Joshua Gallander 08 ! Episode 8 12 Pack David Amerman 07 ! Episode 7 Mr. Boston Lee Marks 06 ! Episode 6 Rico Sandro Padrone 05 ! Episode 5 Heat Jason Rosell 04 ! Episode 4 Onix William Lash 04 ! Episode 4 Bonez Kevin Peters 03 ! Episode 3 Pootie Lamonty Council 03 ! Episode 3 ( Quit ) T - Weed Kevin Watson 03 ! Episode 3 Romance Ricky Perillo 02 ! Episode 2 Token Chase Irwin 02 ! Episode 2 Trendz Hashim Smith 02 ! Episode 2 Ace Darin Darnell 01 ! Episode 1 Jersey Bryant Covert 01 ! Episode 1 T - Bone Tyrone Ellis 01 ! Episode 1 T - Money Thomas Young 01 ! Episode 1 Wood Randy Richwood 01 ! Episode 1 Left in episode 3 due to mental distress . Elimination order ( edit ) New York 's Call - out Order # Naming Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 11 Rico Whiteboy Whiteboy Tango Chance Real 12 Pack Chance Chance Chance Tango Pootie Tango Real Real 12 Pack 12 Pack Real Whiteboy Real Tango Chance Tango Onix T - Weed Rico Real Whiteboy Whiteboy Real Tango Real Wood Real Rico Onix Whiteboy Chance Tango Tango Whiteboy 5 Whiteboy Heat Mr. Boston 12 Pack Tango Mr. Boston Chance 12 Pack 6 12 Pack Bonez Tango Chance Rico Tango Mr. Boston 7 Heat Trendz Heat Whiteboy Mr. Boston Rico 8 T - Bone 12 Pack Pootie Mr. Boston Heat 9 Jersey Pootie Bonez Heat Onix 10 Mr. Boston Token Chance Bonez 11 Onix T - Weed Onix T - Weed 12 T - Weed Romance 12 Pack Pootie 13 Ace Rico Trendz 14 Trendz Mr. Boston Token 15 Bonez Chance Romance 16 T - Money Jersey 17 Real Wood 18 Chance T - Bone 19 Token Ace 20 Romance T - Money Episode 10 was a clip show Episode 8 New York eliminated Whiteboy , no chains were handed out and the remaining contestants ' names are listed in alphabetical order . The contestant won the competition . The contestant voluntarily withdrew from the competition . The contestant was eliminated . The following numbers indicate which type of date the contestant won : The contestant won a group date with New York . On Episode 9 , New York has a date with Tango , and another with Real and Chance . Their parents joined their sons on dates . The contestant won a solo date with New York . Episodes ( edit ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article appears to contain a large number of buzzwords . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . Please help improve this article if you can . ( July 2011 ) Do You have Love for New York ? ( edit ) First aired January 8 , 2007 ( 4.426 M viewers ) This was the first episode of I Love New York . New York talked about her Flavor of Love experiences and how she got her own show . Chamo was introduced as New York 's personal stylist and assistant , while New York 's mother , `` Sister Patterson '' , served as New York 's `` consigliere '' during this episode , especially during the naming ceremony . Unlike Flavor Flav in Flavor of Love , New York allowed the contestants to give themselves names with her final approval . Five men were selected for elimination during a mixer held in New York 's backyard . Afterwards , Mr. Boston got into a fight with Chance , Romance scared New York by telling her he wanted to replace his dead dog , Rico called New York `` mi negrita '' ( my little black girl ) -- a term of endearment in Spanish - speaking countries that greatly offended New York , and Chance got into an argument with New York 's mother and yelled at her in a drunken stupor . Token was pointed out as a spy for New York 's mother . New York eliminated Ace , Jersey , T - Bone , T - Money , and Wood for the following reasons : Wood was there to advance his acting career , having told New York that he did reality TV ; New York called T - Money a `` fucking pansy '' ; T - Bone was physically unattractive for New York ; Jersey and Ace were not `` good enough '' for New York . Eliminated : Ace , Jersey , T - Bone , T - Money , and Wood The Mangeant ( edit ) First aired January 15 , 2007 In the episode 2 , season 1 of I Love New York , New York brought various beauty pageant queens to the mansion to train the guys for the `` Mangeant '' . Round 1 of the Mangeant was a swimsuit contest . Mr. Boston wore a spotted thong to show off his `` bulge '' . In the end , New York chose five finalists to participate in a question and answer round ; Real , 12 Pack , Onix , Whiteboy , and Romance , with Onix , 12 Pack and Whiteboy winning the reward of a date with New York . Onix won third place , 12 Pack came in second , and Whiteboy was the official Mangeant winner . Later that night , Pootie told New York that Trendz was passing out his demo CDs while she was in the hot tub with Rico . The next day , in a letter delivered by Chamo , New York told the guys she would take the top three to the Santa Monica Pier for the afternoon . Whiteboy received some extra time with New York , which included a ride on the ferris wheel . New York confronted 12 Pack about allegations that Romance made about 12 Pack having a girl back at home . When the guys returned home , New York sat 12 Pack and Romance down to talk about the allegations . At the elimination , Romance is sent home because he `` needs Prozac , '' Trendz because New York thought he was trying to boost his music career , and Token because he did n't want to kiss New York . Challenge : Compete in a pageant for men . Challenge Winners : 12 Pack , Whiteboy , Onix Eliminated : Trendz , Romance , Token Big ballers ( edit ) First aired January 22 , 2007 The one contestants were set to New York 's test to see who had the best capability to earn money by evaluating each contestant 's business portfolio . Whiteboy chose to participate in the challenge even after finding out that his best friend had died . They headed to a boardroom where New York had invited a special guest to help her judge , Omarosa . One of the contestants , known as Heat pissed off New York by telling her that his family would eat first before her . Obviously New York 's mom got furious of this . Unable to impress New York and her mother by telling them that he was broke , Pootie had a nervous breakdown -- he collapsed and was tended to by EMTs . On the way back to the house , Whiteboy got into a heated argument with Tango on Tango following Pootie , and should have left him alone , or otherwise , Pootie would n't have had his meltdown . Tango tells Whiteboy he wants to settle this outside the van , to which Whiteboy stands outside , while the rest of the guys hold back Tango . Tired of waiting for Tango , Whiteboy goes into the other van . Back at the mansion , the results of the challenge were announced : T - Weed was the supposed winner by promising that he had a net worth of $100 million . Sister Patterson forced T - Weed to sign a sheet that would allow her to do a background check . T - Weed drove New York in a Benz to their solo date and Pootie got a date with New York 's mom ; she noticed Pootie 's unstable behavior and later , with the help of Tango , was convinced to willingly leave the competition . The next day , the contestants threw a barbecue for New York and impressed her with massages and lap dances . New York was pleasantly surprised by Mr. Boston 's lap dance and Tango 's back massage . During elimination , Tango was given his chain first . Before giving out her last chain , Sister Patterson announced T - Weed 's financial information . T - Weed was in financial debt rather than his claims of having over $100 million in assets . In the end , Heat received the last chain and therefore , Bonez and T - Weed were sent home . Bonez was eliminated because New York said she did n't want to corrupt him . However , T - Weed was eliminated for not being honest with New York . This was the first ( and only ) episode in which someone had left the competition before elimination . Challenge : Create portfolio showing capability to earn money . Challenge Winner : T - Weed Eliminated : T - Weed , Bonez Withdrew : Pootie What 's up dog ? ( edit ) First aired January 29 , 2007 The remaining nine men constructed a dog house for New York 's Chihuahua , `` Her Majesty . '' Each team had to appoint a foreman and the team that won would receive a date with New York . The black team had Chance , Mr. Boston and Rico as the foreman , the white team had Real , Heat , and 12 Pack as the foreman , and the gray team had Tango as the foreman , Onix , and Whiteboy . During construction , Rico and Chance complained that Mr. Boston was n't working . After construction was over , New York and Her Majesty chose the white team 's pink zebra - striped painted doghouse as the best . Later that night , the reward for Real was to have cocktails with New York and Heat 's reward was to have dinner with New York , but New York did n't like how much he was into his family and was still upset about how Heat 's grandmother ( Yaya ) came before her . Meanwhile , back at the mansion , Mr. Boston talks badly about his team behind their backs and Chance ca n't take it and after giving Whiteboy a haircut , he , Whiteboy , Real , and Rico gang up on Mr. Boston and try to shave his head , but Tango saved Mr. Boston , and Chance declares it is n't over and says `` next time we throwin ' this shit ( bandanna ) in your mouth . '' Mr. Boston likes that they see him as a threat . 12 Pack was New York 's `` dessert '' and as the foreman , he got an extra treat : a session with a sex coach and an opportunity to get closer to New York . As it turns out , 12 Pack was more interested in pursuing a relationship with Heat . After the session , 12 Pack paraded about the house in speedos with Heat notoriously staring at him . Heat and 12 Pack then shared some drunken , romantic moments in the hot tub . Heat admitted that he admired 12 Pack 's body and began making sexually suggestive drunken compliments . The next morning , Sister Patterson took all of the men to church ( even Mr. Boston and Whiteboy , who are Jewish ) and Sister Patterson testified in front of the church members . After the service , Onix told Rico and Tango that he thought New York 's mother was `` not real '' and that she was faking it at the service . After the day was over , the elimination ceremony was held . Onix was eliminated for accusing Sister Patterson for being fake , and Heat was eliminated for prioritizing his family ( and 12 Pack ) over New York . Challenge : Build a doghouse for New York 's dog , Her Majesty . Teams Black : Chance , Mr. Boston , Rico White : Real , Heat , 12 Pack Gray : Tango , Onix , Whiteboy Challenge Winners : Real , Heat , 12 Pack Eliminated : Heat , Onix Who 's got game ? ( edit ) First aired February 12 , 2007 The remaining seven contestants participated in a basketball game against a professional WNBA basketball player , Tamara Moore from the Los Angeles Sparks . Chamo served as the cheerleader . Tango dislocated his arm and went to the hospital . Whiteboy won the competition and was awarded more quality time with New York . They had a romantic dinner . Soon after , everyone was having lunch in the backyard and Sister Patterson suspected that someone was in love with New York . Tango and Whiteboy got into a heated discussion . While New York stood out on her balcony , Tango revealed that he had strong feelings for New York , which made her cry . In the end , Rico was eliminated . In a confessional interview at the end of the episode , New York explained that `` I had to let Rico go , because , simply , this competition is not for him . Rico is ... a young kid , he 's a young boy ... He was n't stepping it up . '' Challenge : Score a point against Tamara Moore in basketball , remaining two play against each other and the first to three points wins the date . Challenge Winner : Whiteboy Eliminated : Rico Momma said knock You out ( edit ) First aired February 19 , 2007 New York emerged in a tiara and asked the six remaining men if they were ready to party . The men said they were . At that time , a group of thirteen young girls ran through the front door . New York left the girls alone with the men to look after them at a `` princess party . '' Chance did n't deal well , calling the girls `` Oompa - Loompas '' and insulting some of them . Real and White Boy both stayed aloof , and later the girls gave all three of them ( Chance , Real , and White Boy ) the thumbs down . 12 - Pack allowed the girls to put makeup on him , saying that he hoped that they 'll notice that he 's attractive - but they painted his face red , making him look `` scary . '' The girls later gave him a thumbs down , too ; because , as they explain , `` he 's ugly . '' The girls did like Mr. Boston , who allowed them to dress him in a girl 's dress and smashed his face in cake . Tango was also a success , because he was attentive . New York chose Mr. Boston to go on a date with her . Mr. Boston noted to himself that this was his first date with New York - and his first date with a black woman . They went on a horse - drawn carriage ride and had a dinner outside by a lake , with a harpist playing music nearby . New York told Mr. Boston that she found him `` way more attractive . '' In the limo ride on the way home , they fed each other treats , then began kissing . Meanwhile , back at the mansion , the remaining contestants tried cooking dinner for Sister Patterson . She handed out index cards with recipes , and said that they had one hour to make the dinner . She hated all the food they made , except Real 's salad . At dinner , Sister told Chance that he was n't ready for kids , and this spurred Chance to reveal that he has a son . Soon , Chance began to shout that it was time for him to leave , so that he could be with his son . Sister encouraged him to do so . He went upstairs to pack , and Tango told Sister that if he had a child himself , he would n't go on a reality show . New York arrived home with Mr. Boston , and they planned to go into the hot tub together , but New York noticed Chance packing . She asked him not to go , and eventually -- after an altercation with Tango -- he decided to stay . Boston was annoyed because he did n't get to have sex in the hot tub with New York . In the morning , the men were sent to a boxing ring for a series of boxing matches . White Boy knocked out Real in the first match ; in the second round , 12 - Pack knocked Tango 's mouthpiece out and accused Tango of making excuses as to why he had lost the boxing match ; and in the final round , despite Mr. Boston 's boasts , Chance knocked Mr. Boston over the ropes . New York attended to Mr. Boston 's bloody nose , and Mr. Boston said that would probably help him in the competition . Chance approached Mr. Boston at the mansion to `` check on him . '' Boston conceded the moral victory in the bout to Chance , as well , when he submitted to Chance 's `` lesson '' in oneupmanship . Where Boston would have otherwise carried the day , his concession to Chance 's overt psychological dress - down cost him his on - screen dignity . At the elimination , it came down to Mr. Boston and Chance . New York scolded Chance about hiding his son from her , and about being so rude to the girls at the party . However , she said that she `` is n't done with him yet . '' She gave him the chain , eliminating Mr. Boston . She explained that he `` had to leave because he was taking a beat - down , and because I knew in my heart I would never end up with him . '' However , she told the remaining contestants that Mr. Boston was the best kisser in the house . Challenge : Watch and entertain 13 girls at a `` Princess Party . '' Challenge Winner : Mr. Boston Eliminated : Mr. Boston Guess who 's coming to dinner ( edit ) First aired March 5 , 2007 ( 4.06 M viewers ) The episode began with New York receiving a letter from Tango . In it , he expressed how much he liked her . Chamo then escorted the remaining five men into the living room where she had them lined up . One by one , New York sent in all of the men 's ex-girlfriends , except Whiteboy , whose sister came instead . New York then told the men that while they stay at home , she would take the girls out . In the limo on the way to the salon , New York and her mom asked the girls the concerns they had for each man . 12 Pack 's ex-girlfriend said that her parents thought he was gay , and noted that he had performed striptease for gay men at a New Jersey gay club called Feathers . Chance 's ex-girlfriend talked about how drugs are basically a trend in the rap industry . New York 's mom questioned if Chance had used drugs . Real 's ex-girlfriend talked about their relationship , but New York thought that Real may have still had feelings for her . Tango 's ex-girlfriend told her that they broke up due to Tango 's obsession with his job . Whiteboy 's sister talked about how Whiteboy was in a five - year relationship with a girl . 12 Pack 's ex also said that 12 Pack had a girlfriend before he came to do the show . At dinner that night , 12 Pack confessed that he did have a girlfriend before he came to do the show , but he said that they had already broken up . When New York talked about 12 Pack working at a gay strip club , he said he only worked there for the money . New York talked about how she thought there was a vibe between Real and his ex-girlfriend . She became disappointed in Whiteboy , because she wished she knew about his relationship earlier . New York started to get jealous that Tango had supposedly only been paying attention to his ex-girlfriend . Once outside , New York overheard 12 Pack talking to his ex-girlfriend , saying that he would be famous because he would be on the number one show in America . New York then fought with Tango , for she was jealous , and Tango became tempted to leave the show . New York then realized her anger came out due to her feelings for Tango . She talked to Tango and he decides to stay . The next day , New York 's mother told her to go on a date with Real , but when she left , New York took Chance on a date instead . She took Chance to Chez Cherie cooking school . They had a great time and kissed then went back to the house . At elimination , New York eliminated 12 Pack because she felt that he had too many secrets-most of them involving his sexual orientation . They end on good terms and she wished 12 Pack the best of luck , saying that she hoped he would become famous , though this comment was likely sarcastic . Eliminated : 12 Pack Gettin ' hot in the desert ( edit ) First aired March 12 , 2007 ( 4.7 M viewers ) The remaining four men went to Palm Springs , California , with New York , where each night a different contestant took New York on a date . On New York , Tango and Real 's date , the trio went to the golf course . While driving the Cadillac - styled golf cart , New York drove into a sprinkler system and wrecked into another cart . During New York 's date with Chance and Whiteboy , the three went on a hot air balloon ride . New York was afraid to get in the hot air balloon , in fear of getting her synthetic hair caught on fire . In the end , Whiteboy was eliminated , because New York `` does n't want to be a rebound girl '' , as Whiteboy had recently broken up with his girlfriend of five years . Dates Tango and Real : Trip to the golf course . Chance and Whiteboy : Hot air balloon ride . Eliminated : Whiteboy Momma 's boys ( edit ) First aired March 19 , 2007 ( 4.2 M viewers ) With the three remaining men , the mothers of the brothers , Chance and Real , and of Tango met New York and Sister Patterson . On the first date , New York and Sister Patterson went to Real , Chance , and their mother 's horse ranch in California . During the excursion on the ranch , Real and Chance 's mother impressed upon her sons that affection for New York should not drive their brotherhood to odds . Later , New York and Sister Patterson went with Tango and his mother for tango lessons . New York and Sister Patterson remarked that Tango 's mother was old . After the date and before the elimination ceremony , Sister Patterson offered Chance $10,000 to give up his chain and go home . However , when New York gave Chance the chain , he took the chain off at first and wondered if Sister Patterson will follow up with her offer . New York got mad as a result . Later , Chance told New York of Sister Patterson 's offer . In the end , Chance decided to stay . New York gave her second chain to Tango , because he is `` hot and sexy . '' New York eliminated Real because she felt that he was too sensitive for her . After being eliminated , Real cried and confessed his love for New York . Dates Real and Chance : Trip to Real and Chance 's ranch . Tango : Tango lessons . Eliminated : Real Clip show ( edit ) First aired March 26 , 2007 In this episode , never - before - scenes were shown . They included : New York and Sister Patterson viewing the casting tapes Romance sliding down the `` ghetto Slip ' n Slide '' naked . Mr. Boston getting an `` ass - tan '' in a thong More scenes of Chance bullying Mr. Boston Sister Patterson commented on contestants she believed to be gay 12 Pack almost giving Chamo a lap dance New York has laryngitis during her commentary The final adios ( edit ) First aired April 2 , 2007 ( 4.8 M viewers ) The two finalists traveled with New York to Playacar resort in Playa del Carmen , Mexico . Later , New York made her final decision in Hollywood , California for her potential mate . This episode was the final episode where Chance and Tango were split into two separate rooms , because Chance and Tango were in a heated argument while at dinner with New York . In the end , New York chose Tango over Chance , to much of Chance 's shock . New York claims she would have to bet on Tango , because Chance was beginning to remind her too much of Flav . Tango then kneeled and proposed to her . New York was taken aback by this proposal , and seemed to experience a mix of reluctance and elation , but she finally answered yes . Sister Patterson was pleased with New York 's decision and said to the camera , `` Praise God she did n't pick Chance ! '' On Chance 's way out , Sister Patterson asks Chance if she can give him a hug before he leaves and Chance replies , `` I sho as f * * k ai n't huggin ' yo ass . '' Chance gets in a limousine and calls New York and Sister Patterson a ' hoe ' . Winner : Tango Patrick S. Hunter Runner Up : Chance The reunion ( edit ) First aired April 15 , 2007 ( 5.01 M viewers ) 17 of the original 20 contestants came together to discuss issues that arose from the series , and the audience discovered what had happened with Tango and New York after the show . The reunion was taped on April 9 , 2007 so the cast would have already seen all of the episodes and had issues that were addressed . The host for the reunion ( also the host for both Flavor of Love reunions ) La La Vasquez revealed that Pootie was n't invited because of his issues , Jersey was on crutches , and Rico was in jail for driving without a license because his father was having a heart attack . First , Romance and New York argued over 12 Pack getting to stay and him leaving . Romance then boasted his new `` love '' , a dog named Bella , looked better than New York 's chihuahua , Your Majesty . New York learned Mr. Boston has a twin brother , Ben and was surprised when she kissed him and not Mr. Boston . She also found out that Mr. Boston and Pumkin , from Flavor of Love , were then dating . New York and Pumkin were not amicable on stage . New York and Pumkin start going at it . When Pumkin leaves the stage , New York says , `` Bye , skank . Back to the trailer park . '' Rumor is that Pumkin called New York a `` nigger '' causing Sister Patterson to assault Pumkin . Pumkin backstage takes out her cell phone and shows a picture of her and New York making out , in attempt to embarrass New York . Heat and 12 Pack revealed that they have formed a partnership . Sister Patterson replied sarcastically that they make a `` nice couple . '' Chance and Whiteboy had an argument with Tango , to which he told them to act on their threats ( even telling Real to come up ) and approach the stage . Chance stood up but almost immediately sat back down and even tried to tell Whiteboy to sit back down , but Whiteboy walked up to the stage and the security guards held him back . Wood came up to calm Whiteboy down as well . Tango was taken backstage where he made a threat to give them a `` Tampa Bay ass - whupin ' '' . This was similar to the way the girls on the Flavor of Love ( season 2 ) reunion brawled in an attempt to attack at New York . Tango Patrick S. Hunter and New York reunited to Macy Gray 's `` Glad You 're Here '' after not being able to see each other after the finale . Never before seen clips were shown of New York 's reaction to Tango 's proposal . He then went to get his `` mother - in - law '' while she still was confused and requested a drink . In an attempt to not tell her mother about the engagement , she hid the ring in her mouth . Sister Patterson found the ring and said it was too small . Tango became upset after watching the show and the comments New York made about his mother being too plain and overweight . He broke up with New York on stage , declaring that he originally came on the show to get to know Tiffany , the person ; however , he received the notorious persona of `` New York , '' which he had always dreaded . New York attempted to attack him and then made insulting comments about his appearance and physical assets , specifically calling him out on his inadequate penis size . She then cried onstage and said that she will not let it hurt her . She then told Chance that she should have chose him . La La comforted her by asking if she really wanted to be with someone like Tango . La La then ask New York if she knew in advance about Tango 's decision to end the relationship to which New York replied `` No '' . It was later revealed on VH1 's website that Tango had already forgiven New York , before the reunion , for her remarks about his mother ; however , the sudden angry attitude about her disrespecting his mother during the reunion show was just a plot to get himself out of the relationship he had committed to New York . DVD release ( edit ) The complete first season DVD was released October 2 , 2007 for publicity for the second season . It contains all eleven episodes including the reunion special . An Australian DVD was released on November 1 , 2008 . After the show ( edit ) 12 Pack ( David Amerman ) , Heat ( Jason Rosell ) , Chance ( Kamal Givens ) , Real ( Ahmad Givens ) , Mr. Boston ( Lee Marks ) and Whiteboy ( Joshua Gallander ) appeared on the first season of I Love Money . Bonez ( Kevin Peters ) , Heat ( Jason Rosell ) , Onix ( William Lash ) , and T - Weed ( Kevin Watson ) appeared on the second season of I Love Money . 12 Pack ( David Amerman ) appeared on Daisy of Love . Jason Rosell ( `` Heat '' ) has appeared on Gilmore Girls , also competed in I Love Money 1 and 2 , as well as appearing in several movies and currently working on a 2011 film . Mr. Boston ( Lee Marks ) made a guest appearance on I Love New York 2 and New York Goes to Work . Real ( Ahmad Givens ) and Chance ( Kamal Givens ) made a guest appearance on I Love New York 2 . The duo later appeared on their own VH1 dating game show entitled Real Chance of Love . T - Weed ( Kevin Watson ) appeared in several films . Rico ( Sandro Padrone ) has starred in several pornographic videos under the alias `` Marco Rivera '' . He also appeared on an episode of Judge Joe Brown where he was ordered to pay his roommate ( who claimed Padrone had stiffed him on rent for their Hollywood apartment ) $3,130 . Bonez ( Keven Peters ) was a contestant on an episode of Excused he was the last man standing out of all the three rounds of men who came to the door and in the end was Excused . On February 20 , 2015 , Real ( Ahmad Givens ) died after his battle with stage 4 colon cancer at the age of 35 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Casting Call '' . RealityWanted.com . July 24 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's ' The Flavorette ' Now Casting '' . ConcreteLoop.com . July 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Karu F. ( 13 October 2006 ) . `` Miss New York : In Her Own Words '' . AOL Black Voices . Archived from the original on 16 February 2007 . Retrieved 16 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( 16 October 2006 ) . `` More ' Love ' - ' New York ' Snags Own Show '' . New York Post . p. 100 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Development Update : October 30 - November 3 '' . the futon critic . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York , White Rapper Make VH1 Sing '' . Multichannel News . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I Love New York : Series Characters '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( 17 February 2007 ) . `` Stepping up to celebrity status '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Kinon , Cristina ( 30 June 2008 ) . `` VH1 celebs will get ' money ' hungry '' . New York Daily News . p. 72 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Muther , Christopher ( 28 March 2007 ) . `` Man about town '' . The Boston Globe . p. F. 3 . Retrieved 9 Mar 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Smart SMS Corp . Launches T - Weed Wireless Visa '' . Cardline. 7 ( 15 ) : 1 . 13 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ` Jump In ! ' Tops Cable Ratings '' . Associated Press . 18 January 2007 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wrestling in Top Spot in Cable Ratings '' . Associated Press . 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wrestling Takes Top Cable Ratings Spot '' . Associated Press . 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wrestling in Top Spot in Cable Ratings '' . Associated Press . 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( 6 April 2007 ) . `` Viewers Love VH1 's New York ; Flavor of Love Spinoff Draws Series - Best 4.8 M Viewers '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( 17 April 2007 ) . `` USA Tops Weekly Ratings Race '' . Mediaweek . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ http://shop.vh1.com/I-Love-New-York--The-Complete-Unrated-First-Season--3-Discs--Front-Page_stcVVproductId21391790VVcatId422762VVviewprod.htm Jump up ^ `` I Love New York - Series 1 '' . Shock Records . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gilmore Girls : Just Like Gwen and Gavin '' . Jump up ^ Kevin Watson on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Reality Star Turned Porn Star '' . Jump up ^ `` ' I Love New York ' Contestant ' Rico ' -- Not So Suave Read more : http://www.tmz.com/2009/06/21/i-love-new-york-contestant-rico-not-so-suave/#ixzz46M2bsoFM '' . www.tmz.com . TMZ. 21 June 2009 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Find A Grave - Ahmad Jamal `` Real '' Givens ( 1982 - 2015 ) External links ( edit ) I Love New York at VH1.com I Love New York at TV.com I Love New York on IMDb ( hide ) The Surreal Life franchise The Surreal Life The Surreal Life ( 2004 -- 06 ) Strange Love ( 2005 ) My Fair Brady ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Surreal Life : Fame Games ( 2007 ) ... of Love Flavor of Love Flavor of Love ( 2006 ) Flavor of Love 2 ( 2006 ) Flavor of Love 3 ( 2008 ) I Love New York I Love New York ( 2007 ) I Love New York 2 ( 2007 -- 08 ) New York Goes to Hollywood ( 2008 ) New York Goes to Work ( 2009 ) Frank the Entertainer in a Basement Affair ( 2010 ) Rock of Love Rock of Love ( 2007 ) Rock of Love 2 ( 2008 ) Rock of Love Bus ( 2009 ) Daisy of Love ( 2009 ) Megan Wants a Millionaire ( 2009 ) Bret Michaels : Life as I Know It ( 2010 ) Real Chance of Love Real Chance of Love ( 2008 -- 09 ) Real Chance of Love 2 ( 2009 ) Real and Chance : The Legend Hunters ( 2010 ) For the Love of Ray J For the Love of Ray J ( 2009 ) For the Love of Ray J 2 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Brandy & Ray J : A Family Business ( 2010 -- 11 ) Related Flavor of Love Girls : Charm School ( 2007 ) I Love Money ( 2008 ) Rock of Love : Charm School ( 2008 -- 09 ) I Love Money 2 ( 2009 ) Charm School with Ricki Lake ( 2009 ) I Love Money 3 ( cancelled ) I Love Money 4 ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_New_York_(season_1)&oldid=825233190 '' Categories : 2007 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : missing author or editor CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2007 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles containing buzzwords from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 05 : 58 . 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what was the reaction of kulaks to collectivizing agriculture be specific

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=836868973

Collectivization in the Soviet Union - wikipedia Collectivization in the Soviet Union Jump to : navigation , search `` Strengthen working discipline in collective farms '' -- Soviet propaganda poster issued in Uzbekistan , 1933 The Soviet Union enforced the collectivization ( Russian : Коллективизация ) of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940 during the ascendancy of Joseph Stalin . It began during and was part of the first five - year plan . The policy aimed to consolidate individual landholdings and labour into collective farms : mainly kolkhozy and sovkhozy . The Soviet leadership confidently expected that the replacement of individual peasant farms by collective ones would immediately increase the food supply for the urban population , the supply of raw materials for processing industry , and agricultural exports . Planners regarded collectivization as the solution to the crisis of agricultural distribution ( mainly in grain deliveries ) that had developed from 1927 . This problem became more acute as the Soviet Union pressed ahead with its ambitious industrialization program . In the early 1930s over 91 % of agricultural land became `` collectivized '' as rural households entered collective farms with their land , livestock , and other assets . The sweeping collectivization often involved tremendous human and social costs . Recent historians have estimated the death toll in the range of six to 13 million . Mass repression in the Soviet Union Economic repression Collectivization Dekulakization Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 Political repression Red Terror Great Purge Gulag Psychiatric Ideological repression Religion 1917 - 1921 1921 -- 28 1928 -- 41 1958 -- 64 1975 -- 87 Christianity Islam Legislation Science Censorship Images Ethnic repression Antisemitism Holodomor NKVD Polish Operation Population transfers Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Crisis of 1928 3 All - out drive , winter 1929 -- 30 4 `` Dizzy with Success '' 5 Peasant resistance 5.1 Collectivization as a `` second serfdom '' 5.2 Women 's role in resistance 5.3 Religious persecution 6 Results 6.1 Resistance to collectivization and consequences 6.2 Siberia 6.3 Central Asia and Kazakhstan 6.4 Ukraine 6.5 Latvia 7 Progress of collectivization in the USSR 1927 -- 1940 8 Decollectivization under German occupation 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) After the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 , peasants gained control of about half of the land they had previously cultivated , and began to ask for the redistribution of all land . The Stolypin agricultural reforms between 1905 and 1914 gave incentives for the creation of large farms , but these ended during World War I . The Russian Provisional Government accomplished little during the difficult World War I months , though Russian leaders continued to promise redistribution . Peasants began to turn against the Provisional Government and organized themselves into land committees , which together with the traditional peasant communes became a powerful force of opposition . When Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia on April 16 , 1917 , he promised the people `` Peace , Land and Bread , '' the latter two appearing as a promise to the peasants for the redistribution of confiscated land and a fair share of food for every worker respectively . During the period of war communism , however , the policy of Prodrazvyorstka meant that the peasantry was obligated to surrender the surpluses of almost any kind of agricultural produce for a fixed price . When the Russian Civil War ended , the economy changed with the New Economic Policy ( NEP ) and specifically , the policy of prodnalog or `` food tax . '' This new policy was designed to re-build morale among embittered farmers and lead to increased production . The pre-existing communes , which periodically redistributed land , did little to encourage improvement in technique , and formed a source of power beyond the control of the Soviet government . Although the income gap between wealthy and poor farmers did grow under the NEP , it remained quite small , but the Bolsheviks began to take aim at the wealthy kulaks . Clearly identifying this group was difficult , though , since only about 1 % of the peasantry employed laborers ( the basic Marxist definition of a capitalist ) , and 82 % of the country 's population were peasants . Illustration to the Soviet categories of peasants : bednyaks , or poor peasants ; serednyaks , or mid-income peasants ; and kulaks , the higher - income farmers who had larger farms than most Russian peasants . Published Projector May 1926 . The small shares of most of the peasants resulted in food shortages in the cities . Although grain had nearly returned to pre-war production levels , the large estates which had produced it for urban markets had been divided up . Not interested in acquiring money to purchase overpriced manufactured goods , the peasants chose to consume their produce rather than sell it . As a result , city dwellers only saw half the grain that had been available before the war . Before the revolution , peasants controlled only 2,100,000 km2 divided into 16 million holdings , producing 50 % of the food grown in Russia and consuming 60 % of total food production . After the revolution , the peasants controlled 3,140,000 km2 divided into 25 million holdings , producing 85 % of the food , but consuming 80 % of what they grew ( meaning that they ate 68 % of the total ) . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union had never been happy with private agriculture and saw collectivization as the best remedy for the problem . Lenin claimed `` Small - scale production gives birth to capitalism and the bourgeoisie constantly , daily , hourly , with elemental force , and in vast proportions . '' Apart from ideological goals , Joseph Stalin also wished to embark on a program of rapid heavy industrialization which required larger surpluses to be extracted from the agricultural sector in order to feed a growing industrial work force and to pay for imports of machinery ( by exporting grain ) . Social and ideological goals would also be served through mobilization of the peasants in a co-operative economic enterprise which would produce higher returns for the State and could serve a secondary purpose of providing social services to the people . Crisis of 1928 ( edit ) Main article : Soviet grain procurement crisis of 1928 This demand for more grain resulted in the reintroduction of requisitioning which was resisted in rural areas . In 1928 there was a 2 - million - ton shortfall in grains purchased by the Soviet Union from neighbouring markets . Stalin claimed the grain had been produced but was being hoarded by `` kulaks . '' Instead of raising the price , the Politburo adopted an emergency measure to requisition 2.5 million tons of grain . The seizures of grain discouraged the peasants and less grain was produced during 1928 , and again the government resorted to requisitions , much of the grain being requisitioned from middle peasants as sufficient quantities were not in the hands of the `` kulaks . '' In 1929 , especially after the introduction of the Ural - Siberian Method of grain procurement , resistance to grain seizures became widespread with some violent incidents of resistance . Also , massive hoarding ( burial was the common method ) and illegal transfers of grain took place . Faced with the refusal to hand grain over , a decision was made at a plenary session of the Central Committee in November 1929 to embark on a nationwide program of collectivization . Several forms of collective farming were suggested by the People 's Commissariat for Agriculture ( Narkomzem ) , distinguished according to the extent to which property was held in common : Association for Joint Cultivation of Land ( Товарищество по совместной обработке земли , ТОЗ / TOZ ) , where only land was in common use ; agricultural artel ( initially in a loose meaning , later formalized to become an organizational basis of kolkhozes , via The Standard Statute of an Agricultural Artel adopted by Sovnarkom in March 1930 ) ; agricultural commune , with the highest level of common use of resources . Also , various cooperatives for processing of agricultural products were installed . In November 1929 , the Central Committee decided to implement accelerated collectivization in the form of kolkhozes and sovkhozes . This marked the end of the New Economic Policy ( NEP ) , which had allowed peasants to sell their surpluses on the open market . Stalin had many so - called `` kulaks '' transported to collective farms in distant places to work in agricultural labor camps . In response to this , many peasants began to resist , often arming themselves against the activists sent from the towns . As a form of protest , many peasants preferred to slaughter their animals for food rather than give them over to collective farms , which produced a major reduction in livestock . Collectivization had been encouraged since the revolution , but in 1928 , only about one percent of farm land was collectivized , and despite efforts to encourage and coerce collectivization , the rather optimistic first five - year plan only forecast 15 percent of farms to be run collectively . All - out drive , winter 1929 -- 30 ( edit ) Yakov Yakovlev , People 's Commissar for Agriculture appointed in 1929 The situation changed incredibly quickly in the fall of 1929 and winter of 1930 . Between September and December 1929 , collectivization increased from 7.4 % to 15 % , but in the first two months of 1930 , 11 million households joined collectivized farms , pushing the total to nearly 60 % almost overnight . To assist collectivization , the Party decided to send 25,000 `` socially conscious '' industry workers to the countryside . This was accomplished during 1929 -- 1933 , and these workers have become known as twenty - five - thousanders ( `` dvadtsat'pyat'tysyachniki '' ) . Shock brigades were used to force reluctant peasants into joining the collective farms and remove those who were declared kulaks and their `` agents '' . Collectivization sought to modernize Soviet agriculture , consolidating the land into parcels that could be farmed by modern equipment using the latest scientific methods of agriculture . It was often claimed that an American Fordson tractor ( called `` Фордзон '' in Russian ) was the best propaganda in favor of collectivization . The Communist Party , which adopted the plan in 1929 , predicted an increase of 330 % in industrial production , and an increase of 50 % in agricultural production . The means of production ( land , equipment , livestock ) were to be totally `` socialized '' , i.e. removed from the control of individual peasant households . Not even any private household garden plots were allowed for . Agricultural work was envisioned on a mass scale . Huge glamorous columns of machines were to work the fields , in total contrast to peasant small - scale work . The peasants traditionally mostly held their land in the form of large numbers of strips scattered throughout the fields of the village community . By an order of 7 January 1930 , `` all boundary lines separating the land allotments of the members of the artel are to be eliminated and all fields are to be combined in a single land mass . '' The basic rule governing the rearrangement of the fields was that the process would have to be completed before the spring planting. The new kolkhozy were initially envisioned as giant organizations unrelated to the preceding village communities . Kolkhozy of tens , or even hundreds , of thousands of hectares were envisioned in schemes which were later to become known as gigantomania . They were planned to be `` divided into ' economies ( ekonomii ) ' of 5,000 -- 10,000 hectares which were in turn divided into fields and sections ( uchastki ) without regard to the existing villages -- the aim was to achieve a ' fully depersonalized optimum land area ' ... '' Parallel with this were plans to transfer the peasants to centralized ' agrotowns ' offering modern amenities . In the prevailing socio - economic conditions , little could become of such utopian schemes . The giant kolkhozy were always exceptional , existing mainly on paper , and in any case they were mostly soon to disappear . The peasants chose to remain in their traditional , primitive , villages . `` Dizzy with success '' ( edit ) The price of collectivization was so high that the March 2 , 1930 issue of Pravda contained Stalin 's article Dizzy with success , in which he called for a temporary halt to the process : It is a fact that by February 20 of this year 50 percent of the peasant farms throughout the U.S.S.R. had been collectivized . That means that by February 20 , 1930 , we had overfulfilled the five - year plan of collectivization by more than 100 per cent ... some of our comrades have become dizzy with success and for the moment have lost clearness of mind and sobriety of vision . After the publication of the article , the pressure for collectivization temporarily abated and peasants started leaving collective farms . According to Martin Kitchen , the number of members of collective farms dropped by 50 % in 1930 . But soon collectivisation was intensified again , and by 1936 , about 90 % of Soviet agriculture was collectivized . Peasant resistance ( edit ) Theoretically , landless peasants were to be the biggest beneficiaries from collectivization , because it promised them an opportunity to take an equal share in labor and its rewards . In fact , however , rural areas did not have many landless peasants , given the wholesale redistribution of land following the Revolution . Alternatively , for those with property , collectivization meant forfeiting land up to the collective farms and selling most of the harvest to the state at minimal prices set by the state itself . This , in turn , engendered opposition to the idea . Furthermore , collectivization involved significant changes in the traditional village life of Russian peasants within a very short time frame , despite the long Russian rural tradition of collectivism in the village obshchina or mir . The changes were even more dramatic in other places , such as in Ukraine , with its tradition of individual farming , in the Soviet republics of Central Asia , and in the trans - Volga steppes , where for a family to have a herd of livestock was not only a matter of sustenance , but of pride as well . YCLers seizing grain from `` kulaks '' which was hidden in the graveyard , Ukraine Peasants viewed collectivization as the end of the world . By no means was joining the collective farm ( also known as the kolkhoz ) voluntary . The drive to collectivize came without peasant support . The intent was to increase state grain procurements without giving the peasants the opportunity to withhold grain from the market . Collectivization would increase the total crop and food supply but the locals knew that they were not likely to benefit from it . Peasants tried to protest through peaceful means by speaking out at collectivization meetings and writing letters to the central authorities . When their strategies failed , villagers turned to violence : committing arson , and lynching and murdering local authorities , kolkhoz leaders , and activists . Others responded with acts of sabotage , including the burning of crops and the slaughter of draught animals . According to Party sources , there were also some cases of destruction of property , and attacks on officials and members of the collectives . Isaac Mazepa , prime minister of the Ukrainian National Republic ( UNR ) in 1919 -- 1920 , claimed `` ( t ) he catastrophe of 1932 '' was the result of `` passive resistance ... which aimed at the systematic frustration of the Bolsheviks ' plans for the sowing and gathering of the harvest '' . In his words , `` ( w ) hole tracts were left unsown , ... ( and as much as ) 50 per cent ( of the crop ) was left in the fields , and was either not collected at all or was ruined in the threshing '' . Fueled by fear and anxiety , rumors spread throughout the villages leading to these acts . Rumors associated the Soviet government with the Antichrist ( godless and evil ) , threatened an end to traditional ways of peasant life , and worked to unite the peasants to protest against collectivization . Collectivization as a `` second serfdom '' ( edit ) Rumours circulated in the villages warning the rural residents that collectivization would bring disorder , hunger , famine , and the destruction of crops and livestock . Readings and reinterpretations of Soviet newspapers labeled collectivization as a second serfdom . Villagers were afraid the old landowners / serf owners were coming back and that the villagers joining the collective farm would face starvation and famine . More reason for peasants to believe collectivization was a second serfdom was that entry into the kolkhoz had been forced . Farmers did not have the right to leave the collective without permission . The level of state procurements and prices on crops also enforced the serfdom analogy . The government would take a majority of the crops and pay extremely low prices . The serfs during the 1860s were paid nothing but collectivization still reminded the peasants of serfdom . To them , this `` second serfdom '' became code for the Communist betrayal of the revolution . To the peasants , the revolution was about giving more freedom and land to the peasants , but instead they had to give up their land and livestock to the collective farm which to some extent promoted communist policies . Women 's role in resistance ( edit ) Women were the primary vehicle for rumors that touched upon issues of family and everyday life . Fears that collectivization would result in the socialization of children , the export of women 's hair , communal wife - sharing , and the notorious common blanket affected many women , causing them to revolt . For example , when it was announced that a collective farm in Crimea would become a commune and that the children would be socialized , women killed their soon - to - be socialized livestock , which spared the children . Stories that the Communists believed short hair gave women a more urban and industrial look insulted peasant women . After local activists in a village in North Caucasus actually confiscated all blankets , more fear dispersed among villagers . The common blanket meant that all men and women would sleep on a seven - hundred meter long bed under a seven - hundred - meter long blanket . Historians argue that women took advantage of these rumors without actually believing them so they could attack the collective farm `` under the guise of irrational , nonpolitical protest . '' Women were less vulnerable to retaliation than peasant men , and therefore able to get away with a lot more . Peasant women were rarely held accountable for their actions because of the officials ' perceptions of their protests . They `` physically blocked the entrances to huts of peasants scheduled to be exiled as kulaks , forcibly took back socialized seed and livestock , and led assaults on officials . '' Officials ran away and hid to let the riots run their course . When women came to trial , they were given less harsh punishments as the men because women , to officials , were seen as illiterate and the most backward part of the peasantry . One particular case of this was a riot in a Russian village of Belovka where protestors were beating members of the local soviet and setting fire to their homes . The men were held exclusively responsible as the main culprits . Women were given sentences to serve as a warning , not as a punishment . Because of how they were perceived , women were able to play an essential role in the resistance to collectivization . Religious persecution ( edit ) The removal of the bell from St Volodymyr 's Cathedral Central Kiev USSR 1930 Collectivization did not just entail the acquisition of land from farmers but also the closing of churches , burning of icons , and the arrests of priests . Associating the church with the tsarist regime , the Soviet state continued to undermine the church through expropriations and repression . They cut off state financial support to the church and secularized church schools . Peasants began to associate Communists with atheists because the attack on the church was so devastating . The Communist assault on religion and the church angered many peasants , giving them more reason to revolt . Riots exploded after the closing of churches as early as 1929 . Identification of Soviet power with the Antichrist also decreased peasant support for the Soviet regime . Rumors about religious persecution spread mostly by word of mouth , but also through leaflets and proclamations . Priests preached that the Antichrist had come to place `` the Devil 's mark '' on the peasants . and that the Soviet state was promising the peasants a better life but was actually signing them up for Hell . Peasants feared that if they joined the collective farm they would be marked with the stamp of the Antichrist . They faced a choice between God and the Soviet collective farm . Choosing between salvation and damnation , peasants had no choice but to resist policies of the state . These rumors of the Soviet state as the Antichrist functioned to keep peasants from succumbing to the government . The attacks on religion and the Church affected women the most because they were upholders of religion within the villages . Dovzhenko 's film , Earth , gives example of peasants ' skepticism with collectivization on the basis that it was an attack on the church . Results ( edit ) Resistance to collectivization and consequences ( edit ) Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 . Areas of most disastrous famine marked with black . Due to high government production quotas , peasants received , as a rule , less for their labor than they did before collectivization , and some refused to work . Merle Fainsod estimated that , in 1952 , collective farm earnings were only one fourth of the cash income from private plots on Soviet collective farms . In many cases , the immediate effect of collectivization was to reduce output and cut the number of livestock in half . The subsequent recovery of the agricultural production was also impeded by the losses suffered by the Soviet Union during World War II and the severe drought of 1946 . However the largest loss of livestock was caused by collectivization for all animals except pigs . The numbers of cows in the USSR fell from 33.2 million in 1928 to 27.8 million in 1941 and to 24.6 million in 1950 . The number of pigs fell from 27.7 million in 1928 to 27.5 million in 1941 and then to 22.2 million in 1950 . The number of sheep fell from 114.6 million in 1928 to 91.6 million in 1941 and to 93.6 million in 1950 . The number of horses fell from 36.1 million in 1928 to 21.0 million in 1941 and to 12.7 million in 1950 . Only by the late 1950s did Soviet farm animal stocks begin to approach 1928 levels . Despite the initial plans , collectivization , accompanied by the bad harvest of 1932 -- 1933 , did not live up to expectations . Between 1929 and 1932 there was a massive fall in agricultural production resulting in famine in the countryside . Stalin and the CPSU blamed the prosperous peasants , referred to as ' kulaks ' ( Russian : fist ) , who were organizing resistance to collectivization . Allegedly , many kulaks had been hoarding grain in order to speculate on higher prices , thereby sabotaging grain collection . Stalin resolved to eliminate them as a class . The Soviet government responded to these acts by cutting off food rations to peasants and areas where there was opposition to collectivization , especially in Ukraine . Many peasant families were forcibly resettled in Siberia and Kazakhstan into exile settlements , and most of them died on the way . Estimates suggest that about a million so - called ' kulak ' families , or perhaps some 5 million people , were sent to forced labor camps . On August 7 , 1932 , the Decree about the Protection of Socialist Property proclaimed that the punishment for theft of kolkhoz or cooperative property was the death sentence , which `` under extenuating circumstances '' could be replaced by at least ten years of incarceration . With what some called the Law of Spikelets ( `` Закон о колосках '' ) , peasants ( including children ) who hand - collected or gleaned grain in the collective fields after the harvest were arrested for damaging the state grain production . Martin Amis writes in Koba the Dread that 125,000 sentences were passed for this particular offense in the bad harvest period from August 1932 to December 1933 . During the Famine of 1932 - 33 it 's estimated that 7.8 - 8.1 million people died from starvation . The implication is that the total death toll ( both direct and indirect ) for Stalin 's collectivization program was on the order of 12 million people . It is said that in 1945 , Joseph Stalin confided to Winston Churchill at Yalta that 10 million people died in the course of collectivization . Siberia ( edit ) Main article : History of Siberia Since the second half of the 19th century , Siberia had been a major agricultural region within Russia , espеcially its southern territories ( nowadays Altai Krai , Omsk Oblast , Novosibirsk Oblast , Kemerovo Oblast , Khakassia , Irkutsk Oblast ) . Stolypin 's program of resettlement granted a lot of land for immigrants from elsewhere in the empire , creating a large portion of well - off peasants and stimulating rapid agricultural development in 1910s . Local merchants exported large quantities of labeled grain , flour and butter into central Russia and Western Europe . In May 1931 , a special resolution of the Western - Siberian Regional Executive Committee ( classified `` top secret '' ) ordered the expropriation of property and the deportation of 40,000 kulaks to `` sparsely populated and unpopulated '' areas in Tomsk Oblast in the northern part of the Western - Siberian region . The expropriated property was to be transferred to kolkhozes as indivisible collective property and the kolkhoz shares representing this forced contribution of the deportees to kolkhoz equity were to be held in the `` collectivization fund of poor and landless peasants '' ( фонд коллективизации бедноты и батрачества ) . It has since been perceived by historians such as Lynne Viola as a Civil War of peasant against Bolshevik Government and the attempted colonisation of the countryside . Central Asia and Kazakhstan ( edit ) In areas where the major agricultural activity was nomadic herding , collectivization met with massive resistance and major losses and confiscation of livestock . Livestock in Kazakhstan fell from 7 million cattle to 1.6 million and from 22 million sheep to 1.7 million . Restrictions on migration proved ineffective and half a million migrated to other regions of Central Asia and 1.5 million to China . Of those who remained , as many as a million died in the resulting famine . In Mongolia , a so - called ' Soviet dependency ' , attempted collectivization was abandoned in 1932 after the loss of 8 million head of livestock . Ukraine ( edit ) See also : Holodomor and Collectivization in the Ukrainian SSR Most historians agree that the disruption caused by collectivization and the resistance of the peasants significantly contributed to the Great Famine of 1932 -- 1933 , especially in Ukraine , a region famous for its rich soil ( chernozem ) . This particular period is called `` Holodomor '' in Ukrainian . During the similar famines of 1921 -- 1923 , numerous campaigns -- inside the country , as well as internationally -- were held to raise money and food in support of the population of the affected regions . Nothing similar was done during the drought of 1932 -- 1933 , mainly because the information about the disaster was suppressed by Stalin . Stalin also undertook a purge of the Ukrainian communists and intelligentsia , with devastating long - term effects on the area . Many Ukrainian villages were blacklisted and penalized by government decree for perceived sabotage of food supplies . Moreover , migration of population from the affected areas was restricted . According to Stalin in his conversation with the prize - winning writer Mikhail Sholokhov , the famine was caused by the excesses of local party workers and sabotage , I 've thanked you for the letters , as they expose a sore in our Party - Soviet work and show how our workers , wishing to curb the enemy , sometimes unwittingly hit friends and descend to sadism ... the esteemed grain - growers of your district ( and not only of your district alone ) carried on an ' Italian strike ' ( sabotage ! ) and were not loath to leave the workers and the Red Army without bread . That the sabotage was quiet and outwardly harmless ( without blood ) does not change the fact that the esteemed grain - growers waged what was in fact a ' quiet ' war against Soviet power . A war of starvation , dear com ( rade ) Sholokhov . This , of course , can in no way justify the outrages , which , as you assure me , have been committed by our workers ... And those guilty of those outrages must be duly punished . Starved peasants on a street in Kharkiv , 1933 About 40 million people were affected by the food shortages including areas near Moscow where mortality rates increased by 50 % . The center of the famine , however , was Ukraine and surrounding regions , including the Don , the Kuban , the Northern Caucasus and Kazakhstan where the toll was one million dead . The countryside was affected more than cities , but 120,000 died in Kharkiv , 40,000 in Krasnodar and 20,000 in Stavropol . The declassified Soviet archives show that there were 1.54 million officially registered deaths in Ukraine from famine . Alec Nove claims that registration of deaths largely ceased in many areas during the famine . However , it 's been pointed out that the registered deaths in the archives were substantially revised by the demographics officials . The older version of the data showed 600,000 fewer deaths in Ukraine than the current , revised statistics . In The Black Book of Communism , the authors claim the number of dead was at least 4 million , and characterize the Great Famine as `` a genocide of the Ukrainian people '' . Latvia ( edit ) After the Soviet Occupation of Latvia in June 1940 , the country 's new rulers were faced with a problem : the agricultural reforms of the inter-war period had expanded individual holdings . The property of `` enemies of the people '' and refugees , as well as those above 30 hectares , was nationalised in 1940 -- 44 , but those who were still landless were then given plots of 15 hectares each . Thus , Latvian agriculture remained essentially dependent on personal smallholdings , making central planning difficult . In 1940 -- 41 the Communist Party repeatedly said that collectivization would not occur forcibly , but rather voluntarily and by example . To encourage collectivization high taxes were enforced and new farms given no government support . But after 1945 the Party dropped its restrained approach as the voluntary approach was not yielding results . Latvians were accustomed to individual holdings ( viensētas ) , which had existed even during serfdom , and for many farmers the plots awarded to them by the interwar reforms were the first their families had ever owned . Furthermore , the countryside was filled with rumours regarding the harshness of collective farm life . Pressure from Moscow to collectivize continued and the authorities in Latvia sought to reduce the number of individual farmers ( increasingly labelled kulaki or budži ) through higher taxes and requisitioning of agricultural products for state use . The first kolkhoz was established only in November 1946 and by 1948 , just 617 kolkhozes had been established , integrating 13,814 individual farmsteads ( 12.6 % of the total ) . The process was still judged too slow , and in March 1949 just under 13,000 kulak families as well as a large number of individuals were identified . Between March 24 and March 30 , 1949 , about 40,000 people were deported and resettled at various points throughout the USSR . After these deportations , the pace of collectivization increased as a flood of farmers rushed into kolkhozes . Within two weeks 1740 new kolkhozes were established and by the end of 1950 , just 4.5 % of Latvian farmsteads remained outside the collectivized units ; about 226,900 farmsteads belonged to collectives , of which there were now around 14,700 . Rural life changed as farmers ' daily movements were dictated to by plans , decisions and quotas formulated elsewhere and delivered through an intermediate non-farming hierarchy . The new kolkhozes , especially smaller ones , were ill - equipped and poor -- at first farmers were paid once a year in kind and then in cash , but salaries were very small and at times farmers went unpaid or even ended up owing money to the kholhoz . Farmers still had small pieces of land ( not larger than 0.5 ha ) around their houses where they grew food for themselves . Along with collectivization , the government tried to uproot the custom of living in individual farmsteads by resettling people in villages . However this process failed due to lack of money since the Soviets planned to move houses as well . Progress of collectivization in the USSR 1927 -- 1940 ( edit ) Year Number of collective farms Percent of farmsteads in collective farms Percent of sown area in collective use 1927 14,800 0.8 -- 1928 33,300 1.7 2.3 1929 57,000 3.9 4.9 1930 85,900 23.6 33.6 1931 211,100 52.7 67.8 1932 211,100 61.5 77.7 1933 224,500 65.6 83.1 1934 233,300 71.4 87.4 1935 249,400 83.2 94.1 1936 -- 90.5 98.2 1937 243,700 93.0 99.1 1938 242,400 93.5 99.8 1939 235,300 95.6 -- 1940 236,900 96.9 99.8 Sources : Sotsialisticheskoe sel'skoe khoziaistvo SSSR , Gosplanizdat , Moscow - Leningrad , 1939 ( pp. 42 , 43 ) ; supplementary numbers for 1927 -- 1935 from Sel'skoe khoziaistvo SSSR 1935 , Narkomzem SSSR , Moscow , 1936 ( pp. 630 , 634 , 1347 , 1369 ) ; 1937 from Great Soviet Encyclopedia , vol. 22 , Moscow , 1953 ( p. 81 ) ; 1939 from Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR 1917 -- 1987 , Moscow , 1987 ( pp. 35 ) ; 1940 from Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR 1922 -- 1972 , Moscow , 1972 ( pp. 215 , 240 ) . The official numbers for collectivized area ( the column with percent of sown area in collective use in the table above ) are biased upward by two technical factors . First , these official numbers are calculated as percent of sown area in peasant farmsteads , excluding the area cultivated by sovkhozes and other agricultural users . Estimates based on total sown area ( including state farms ) reduce the share of collective farms between 1935 -- 1940 to about 80 % . Second , the household plots of kolkhoz members ( i.e. , collectivized farmsteads ) are included in the land base of collective farms . Without the household plots , arable land in collective cultivation in 1940 was 96.4 % of land in collective farms , and not 99.8 % as shown by official statistics . Although there is no arguing with the fact that collectivization was sweeping and total between 1928 and 1940 , the table below provides different ( more realistic ) numbers on the extent of collectivization of sown areas . Distribution of sown area by land users , 1928 and 1940 Land users 1928 1940 All farms , ' 000 hectares 113,000 150,600 State farms ( sovkhozy ) 1.5 % 8.8 % Collective farms ( kolkhozy ) 1.2 % 78.2 % Household plots ( in collective and state farms ) 1.1 % 3.5 % Peasant farms and other users 96.2 % 9.5 % Source : Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR 1922 -- 1972 , Moscow , 1972 ( p. 240 ) . Decollectivization under German occupation ( edit ) During World War II , Alfred Rosenberg , in his capacity as the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories , issued a series of posters announcing the end of the Soviet collective farms in areas of the USSR under German occupation . He also issued an Agrarian Law in February 1942 , annulling all Soviet legislation on farming , restoring family farms for those willing to collaborate with the occupiers . But decollectivization conflicted with the wider demands of wartime food production , and Hermann Göring demanded that the kolkhoz be retained , save for a change of name . Hitler himself denounced the redistribution of land as ' stupid . ' In the end , the German occupation authorities retained most of the kolkhozes and simply renamed them `` community farms '' ( Russian : obshchinnye khoziaystva , a throwback to the traditional Russian commune ) . German propaganda described this as a preparatory step toward ultimate dissolution of the kolkhozes into private farms , which would be granted to peasants who had loyally delivered compulsory quotas of farm produce to the Germans . By 1943 , the German occupation authorities had converted 30 % of the kolkhozes into German - sponsored `` agricultural cooperatives '' , but as yet had made no conversions to private farms . See also ( edit ) History of the Soviet Union ( 1927 -- 53 ) Dekulakization Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 Holodomor Decree on Land Collectivization in Hungary OZET Eastern Bloc economies Collectivization in Yugoslavia Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCauley , Martin , Stalin and Stalinism , p. 25 , Longman Group , England , ISBN 0 - 582 - 27658 - 6 Jump up ^ Davies , R.W. , The Soviet Collective Farms , 1929 -- 1930 , Macmillan , London ( 1980 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Constantin Iordachi ; Arnd Bauerkamper ( 2014 ) . The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe : Comparison and Entanglements . Central European University Press . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : A History of the Soviet Union from Beginning to End . Kenez , Peter . Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ page 87 , Harvest of Sorrow ISBN 0 - 19 - 504054 - 6 , Conquest cites Lewin pages 36 -- 37 and 176 Jump up ^ Fainsod , Merle ( 1970 ) . How Russia is Ruled ( revised ed . ) . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . p. 526 . Jump up ^ Fainsod ( 1970 ) , p. 529 . Jump up ^ James W. Heinzen , `` Inventing a Soviet Countryside : State Power and the Transformation of Rural Russia , 1917 -- 1929 '' , University of Pittsburgh Press ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 8229 - 4215 - 1 , Chapter 1 , `` A False Start : The Birth and Early Activities of the People 's Commissariat of Agriculture , 1917 -- 1920 '' Jump up ^ James R Millar , ed. , The Soviet Rural Community ( University of Illinois Press , 1971 ) , pp. 27 -- 8 . Jump up ^ RW Davies , The Soviet Collective Farm 1929 -- 1930 ( Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1980 ) , pp. ix , 42 -- 50 , 60 ; cf . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lynne Viola , Peasant Rebels Under Stalin : Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance ( Oxford University Press , 1996 ) , 3 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Sheila ( 1994 ) . Stalin 's Peasants : Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization . Oxford University Press . pp. 3 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick ( 1994 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Viola , Peasant Rebels Under Stalin Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick ( 1994 ) , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Mazepa , Isaac ( 1933 - 19 - 34 ) . Ukrainia Under Bolshevist Rule . 12 . pp. 342 -- 343 . ISBN 9780919396517 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lynne Viola . `` The Peasant Nightmare : Visions of Apocalypse in the Soviet Countryside . '' The Journal of Modern History 62 , no . 4 ( 1990 ) : 751 . Jump up ^ Viola , Peasant Rebels Under Stalin , 60 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick ( 1994 ) , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Viola , Peasant Rebels Under Stalin , 3 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick ( 1994 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick ( 1994 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Viola , `` The Peasant Nightmare , '' 760 . Jump up ^ Lynne Viola , `` Bab'i bunti and peasant women 's protest during collectivization , '' in The Stalinist Dictatorship , ed . Chris Ward . ( London ; New York : Arnold , 1998 ) , 218 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Viola , `` The Peasant Nightmare , '' 765 . Jump up ^ Viola , `` Bab'i bunti , '' 218 - 19 . Jump up ^ Viola , `` Bab'i bunti , '' 224 - 25 . Jump up ^ Viola , `` Bab'i bunti , '' 220 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick ( 1994 ) , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Viola , Peasant Rebels Under Stalin , 49 . Jump up ^ Viola , Peasant Rebels under Stalin , 157 . Jump up ^ Viola , `` The Peasant nightmare , '' 762 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick ( 1994 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Viola , Peasant Rebels Under Stalin , 63 . Jump up ^ Viola , `` The Peasant nightmare , '' 767 . Jump up ^ Viola , `` Bab'i bunti '' , 217 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dovzhenko , Aleksandr ( 1930 - 10 - 17 ) , Earth , Stepan Shkurat , Semyon Svashenko , Yuliya Solntseva , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 Jump up ^ Fainsod ( 1970 ) , p. 542 . ^ Jump up to : Fainsod ( 1970 ) , p. 541 . Jump up ^ Fainsod ( 1970 ) , p. 526 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Leonard E. ( 1939 ) . The Economics of Soviet Agriculture . Macmillan and Co. pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Martin ( 2013 ) . Stalin and Stalinism . Routledge . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Joseph Stalin : A Biographical Companion by Helen Rappaport , p. 53 Jump up ^ Commerce in the Siberian town of Berdsk , early 20th century . Archived 2004 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Western - Siberian resolution of deportation of 40,000 kulaks to northern Siberia , May 5 , 1931 . Jump up ^ Viola , Lynne , Peasant Rebels Under Stalin : Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance , Oxford University Press , Oxford ( 1996 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stéphane , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Black Book of Communism : Crimes , Terror , Repression . Harvard University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 07608 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pannier , Bruce ( 28 December 2007 ) . `` Kazakhstan : The Forgotten Famine '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . Jump up ^ Conquest , Robert ( 9 October 1986 ) . `` Central Asia and the Kazakh Tragedy '' . Harvest of Sorrow : Soviet Collectivization and the Terror - Famine . Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504054 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Black Book of Communism ( 1995 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian Famine '' . Excerpts from the Original Electronic Text at the web site of Revelations from the Russian Archives ( Library of Congress ) . Hanover College . Jump up ^ `` Grain Problem '' . Addendum to the minutes of Politburo ( meeting ) No. 93 . Library of Congress . 6 December 1932 . Jump up ^ The Black Book of Communism ( 1995 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ `` Revelations from the Russian Archives : Ukrainian Famine '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Correspondence between Joseph Stalin and Mikhail Sholokhov published in Вопросы истории , 1994 , No 3 , с. 9 -- 24 Jump up ^ Courtois , Stéphane , Werth Nicolas , Panné Jean - Louis , Paczkowski Andrzej , Bartošek Karel , Margolin Jean - Louis Czarna księga komunizmu . Zbrodnie , terror , prześladowania . Prószyński i S - ka , Warszawa 1999 . 164 -- 165 ^ Jump up to : The Black Book of Communism ( 1995 ) , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Wheatcroft , Stephen ; Davies , RW ( 2004 ) . The Years of Hunger : Soviet Agriculture , 1931 -- 1933 . Palgrave MacMillan . Jump up ^ Nove , Alec ( 1993 ) . `` Victims of Stalinism : How Many ? '' . In Getty , J. Arch ; Manning , Roberta T. Stalinist Terror : New Perspectives . Cambridge University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44670 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Black Book of Communism ( 1995 ) , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Merl , S. ( 1995 ) . `` Golod 1932 -- 1933 -- Genotsid Ukraintsev dlya osushchestvleniya politiki russifikatsii ? ( The famine of 1932 -- 1933 : Genocide of the Ukrainians for the realization of the policy of Russification ? ) '' . Otechestvennaya istoriya. 1 . pp. 49 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Plakans , Andrejs ( 1995 ) . The Latvians : A Short History . Stanford : Hoover Institution Press . pp. 155 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Freibergs , J. ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . Jaunako laiku vesture 20 . gadsimts . Zvaigzne ABC . ISBN 9984 - 17 - 049 - 7 . Jump up ^ Leonid Grenkevich , The Soviet Partisan Movement , 1941 -- 1945 : A Critical Historiographical Analysis , Routledge , New York ( 1999 ) , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Memorandum by Brautigam concerning conditions in occupied areas of the USSR , 25 October 1942 . Archived 24 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joseph L. Wieczynski , ed. , The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History , Academic International Press , Gulf Breeze , FL , 1978 , vol. 7 , pp. 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Alexander Dallin , German Rule in Russia , 1941 -- 1945 : A Study of Occupation Politics ( London , Macmillan , 1957 ) , pp. 346 -- 51 ; Karl Brandt , Otto Schiller and Frantz Anlgrimm , Management of Agriculture and Food in the German - Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe ( Stanford , California , Stanford University Press , 1953 ) , pp. 92ff . Ibid. , pp. 96 -- 9 , gives an interesting case study of the dissolution process . Further reading ( edit ) Ammende , Ewald . `` Human life in Russia '' , ( Cleveland : J.T. Zubal , 1984 ) , Reprint , Originally published : London , England : Allen & Unwin , 1936 , ISBN 0 - 939738 - 54 - 6 Conquest , Robert . The Harvest of Sorrow : Soviet Collectivization and the Terror - Famine , Oxford University Press , 1986 . Davies , R.W. The Socialist Offensive ( Volume 1 of The Industrialization of Soviet Russia ) , Harvard University Press ( 1980 ) , hardcover , ISBN 0 - 674 - 81480 - 0 Davies , R.W. The Soviet Collective Farm , 1929 -- 1930 ( Volume 2 of the Industrialization of Soviet Russia ) , Harvard University Press ( 1980 ) , hardcover , ISBN 0 - 674 - 82600 - 0 Davies , R.W. , Soviet Economy in Turmoil , 1929 -- 1930 ( volume 3 of The Industrialization of Soviet Russia ) , Harvard University Press ( 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 674 - 82655 - 8 Davies , R.W. and Stephen G. Wheatcroft . Years of Hunger : Soviet Agriculture , 1931 -- 1933 , ( volume 4 of The Industrialization of Soviet Russia ) , Palgrave Macmillan ( April , 2004 ) , hardcover , ISBN 0 - 333 - 31107 - 8 Davies , R.W. and S.G. Wheatcroft . Materials for a Balance of the Soviet National Economy , 1928 -- 1930 , Cambridge University Press ( 1985 ) , hardcover , 467 pages , ISBN 0 - 521 - 26125 - 2 Dolot , Miron . Execution by Hunger : The Hidden Holocaust , W.W. Norton ( 1987 ) , trade paperback , 231 pages , ISBN 0 - 393 - 30416 - 7 ; hardcover ( 1985 ) , ISBN 0 - 393 - 01886 - 5 Kokaisl , Petr . Soviet Collectivisation and Its Specific Focus on Central Asia Agris Volume V , Number 4 , 2013 , pp. 121 -- 133 , ISSN 1804 - 1930 . Hindus , Maurice . Red Bread : Collectivization in a Russian Village ( 1931 ) . Bllomingtonm , IN : Indiana University Press , 1988 . Laird , Roy D. `` Collective Farming in Russia : A Political Study of the Soviet Kolkhozy '' , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS ( 1958 ) , 176pp . Lewin , Moshe . Russian Peasants and Soviet Power : A Study of Collectivization , W.W. Norton ( 1975 ) , trade paperback , ISBN 0 - 393 - 00752 - 9 Library of Congress Revelations from the Russian Archives : Collectivization and Industrialization ( primary documents from the period ) Martens , Ludo . Un autre regard sur Staline , Éditions EPO , 1994 , 347 pages , ISBN 2 - 87262 - 081 - 8 . See the section `` External links '' for an English translation . Nimitz , Nancy . `` Farm Development 1928 -- 62 '' , in Soviet and East European Agricultures , Jerry F. Karcz , ed . Berkeley , California ( US ) : University of California , 1967 . Satter , David . Age of Delirium : The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union , Yale University Press ( 1996 . Taylor , Sally J. Stalin 's Apologist : Walter Duranty : The New York Times Man in Moscow , Oxford University Press ( 1990 ) , hardcover , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505700 - 7 Tottle , Douglas . Fraud , Famine and Fascism : The Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard . Toronto : Progress Books , 1987 Wesson , Robert G. `` Soviet Communes . '' Rutgers University Press , 1963 Zaslavskaya , Tatyana . The Second Socialist Revolution , ISBN 0 - 253 - 20614 - 6 External links ( edit ) `` The Collectivization ' Genocide ' '' , in Another View of Stalin , by Ludo Martens . Translated from the French book Un autre regard sur Staline , listed above under `` References and further reading '' . `` Reply to Collective Farm Comrades '' by Stalin Ukrainian Famine : Excerpts from the Original Electronic Text at the web site of Revelations from the Russian Archives `` Soviet Agriculture : A critique of the myths constructed by Western critics '' , by Joseph E. Medley , Department of Economics , University of Southern Maine ( US ) . `` The Ninth Circle '' , by Olexa Woropay Prize - winning essay on FamineGenocide.com 1932 -- 34 Great Famine : documented view by Dr. Dana Dalrymple COLLECTIVIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION Revelations from the Russian Archives at the Library of Congress Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - 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who won the war of the grand alliance

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Nine Years ' war - wikipedia Nine Years ' war Jump to : navigation , search For the Irish war of 1594 to 1603 , see Nine Years ' War ( Ireland ) . Nine Years ' War Siege of Namur , June 1692 by Jean - Baptiste Martin Date 27 September 1688 -- 20 September 1697 Location Mainland Europe , Ireland , Scotland , North America , South America , Asia Result Treaty of Ryswick Territorial changes France retains Alsace ( including Strasbourg ) and returns Freiburg , Breisach and Philippsburg to the Holy Roman Empire , regains Pondichéry ( after paying the Dutch a sum of 16,000 pagodas ) and Acadia . Spain recovers Catalonia from France , and the barrier fortresses of Mons , Luxembourg and Kortrijk . The Duchy of Lorraine is restored to Leopold Joseph from France . Belligerents Grand Alliance : Dutch Republic England Scotland Holy Roman Empire Spanish Empire Duchy of Savoy Swedish Empire ( until 1691 ) France Jacobites Commanders and leaders William III Prince Waldeck Godert de Ginkell Mary II Frederick Schomberg Leopold I Duke of Lorraine Elector of Bavaria Margrave of Baden Elector of Brandenburg Eugene of Savoy Duke of Savoy Marquis of Gastañaga Duke of Villahermosa Louis XIV Duc de Luxembourg Marquis de Vauban Duc de Boufflers Duc de Lorges Nicolas Catinat Duc de Noailles Duc de Duras Duc de Villeroi Duc de Vendôme Duc de Lauzun James VII and II Earl of Tyrconnell Nine Years ' War : Mainland Europe Flanders and the Lower Rhine Kaisersworth Walcourt Bonn Fleurus Mons Leuze 1st Namur Steenkerque Landen 1st Huy Charleroi 2nd Huy Diksmuide 2nd Namur Brussels Ath Upper Rhine Philippsburg Mannheim Frankenthal Mainz Piedmont Staffarda Susa Nice Cuneo Pinerolo Marsaglia Valenza Catalonia Roses Torroella Gerona Sant Esteve d'en Bas Barcelona Naval battles Beachy Head Barfleur & La Hogue Barfleur Cherbourg La Hogue Lagos Camaret Texel Dogger Bank Nine Years ' War : North America Hudson Bay Hudson Bay ( 1686 ) 1st Fort Albany 2nd Fort Albany York Factory Hudson Bay ( 1697 ) Quebec and New York Lachine Schenectady Quebec La Prairie Mohawk Valley New England , Acadia and Newfoundland Dover 1st Pemaquid Salmon Falls Port Royal Falmouth Chedabucto 1st St. John York Wells Placentia Oyster River Groton 2nd St. John 2nd Pemaquid Chignecto Fort Nashwaak Newfoundland Haverhill Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 17 1242 -- 43 1294 -- 1303 1337 -- 1453 ( 1337 -- 60 , 1369 -- 89 , 1415 -- 53 ) 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 59 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 Fourth Anglo - Dutch War 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 14 1815 The Nine Years ' War ( 1688 -- 97 ) -- often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg -- was a conflict between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of Austria , the Holy Roman Empire , the Dutch Republic , Spain , England and Savoy . It was fought in Europe and the surrounding seas , Ireland , North America and in India . It is sometimes considered the first global war . The conflict encompassed the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobite risings in Scotland , where William III and James II struggled for control of England and Ireland , and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Indian allies , today called King William 's War by Americans . Louis XIV of France had emerged from the Franco - Dutch War in 1678 as the most powerful monarch in Europe , an absolute ruler who had won numerous military victories . Using a combination of aggression , annexation , and quasi-legal means , Louis XIV set about extending his gains to stabilize and strengthen France 's frontiers , culminating in the brief War of the Reunions ( 1683 -- 84 ) . The Truce of Ratisbon guaranteed France 's new borders for twenty years , but Louis XIV 's subsequent actions -- notably his Edict of Fontainebleau ( the revocation of the Edict of Nantes ) in 1685 -- led to the deterioration of his military and political dominance . Louis XIV 's decision to cross the Rhine in September 1688 was designed to extend his influence and pressure the Holy Roman Empire into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims . Leopold I and the German princes resolved to resist , and when the States General and William III brought the Dutch and the English into the war against France , the French King faced a powerful coalition aimed at curtailing his ambitions . The main fighting took place around France 's borders in the Spanish Netherlands , the Rhineland , the Duchy of Savoy and Catalonia . The fighting generally favoured Louis XIV 's armies , but by 1696 his country was in the grip of an economic crisis . The Maritime Powers ( England and the Dutch Republic ) were also financially exhausted , and when Savoy defected from the Alliance , all parties were keen to negotiate a settlement . By the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick ( 1697 ) Louis XIV retained the whole of Alsace but was forced to return Lorraine to its ruler and give up any gains on the right bank of the Rhine . Louis XIV also accepted William III as the rightful King of England , while the Dutch acquired a Barrier fortress system in the Spanish Netherlands to help secure their borders . With the ailing and childless Charles II of Spain approaching his end , a new conflict over the inheritance of the Spanish Empire embroiled Louis XIV and the Grand Alliance in the War of the Spanish Succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1678 -- 87 1.1 Reunions 1.2 Fighting on two fronts 1.3 Persecution of the Huguenots 2 Prelude : 1687 -- 88 3 Nine years of war : 1689 -- 97 3.1 Rhineland and the Empire 3.2 Britain 3.3 Ireland 3.4 War aims and the Grand Alliance 3.5 Expanding war : 1690 -- 91 3.6 Heavy fighting : 1692 -- 93 3.7 War and diplomacy : 1694 -- 95 3.8 Road to Ryswick : 1696 -- 97 4 North American theatre ( King William 's War ) 5 Asia and the Caribbean 6 Treaty of Ryswick 7 Weapons , technology , and the art of war 7.1 Military developments 7.2 Naval developments 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background 1678 -- 87 ( edit ) In the years following the Franco - Dutch War ( 1672 -- 78 ) Louis XIV of France -- now at the height of his powers -- sought to impose religious unity in France , and to solidify and expand his frontiers . Louis XIV had already won his personal glory by conquering new territory , but he was no longer willing to pursue an open - ended militarist policy of the kind he had undertaken in 1672 , and instead relied upon France 's clear military superiority to achieve specific strategic objectives along his borders . Proclaimed the ' Sun King ' , a more mature Louis -- conscious he had failed to achieve decisive results against the Dutch -- had turned from conquest to security , using threats rather than open war to intimidate his neighbours into submission . Louis XIV , along with his chief advisor Louvois , his foreign minister Colbert de Croissy , and his technical expert , Vauban , developed France 's defensive strategy . Vauban had advocated a system of impregnable fortresses along the frontier that would keep France 's enemies out . To construct a proper system , however , the King needed to acquire more land from his neighbours to form a solid forward line . This rationalisation of the frontier would make it far more defensible while defining it more clearly in a political sense , yet it also created the paradox that while Louis 's ultimate goals were defensive , he pursued them by hostile means . The King grabbed the necessary territory through what is known as the Réunions : a strategy that combined legalism , arrogance , and aggression . Reunions ( edit ) Equestrian Portrait of Louis XIV ( 1638 -- 1715 ) by René - Antoine Houasse . The ' Sun King ' was the most powerful monarch in Europe . The Treaty of Nijmegen ( 1678 ) and the earlier Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648 ) provided Louis XIV with the justification for the Reunions . These treaties had awarded France territorial gains , but because of the vagaries of the language ( as with most treaties of the period ) they were notoriously imprecise and self - contradictory , and never specified exact boundary lines . This imprecision often led to differing interpretations of the text resulting in long - standing disputes over the frontier zones -- one gained a town or area and its ' dependencies ' , but it was often unclear what these dependencies were . The machinery needed to determine these territorial ambiguities was already in place through the medium of the Parlements at Metz ( technically the only ' Chamber of Reunion ' ) , Besançon , and a superior court at Breisach , dealing respectively with Lorraine , Franche - Comté , and Alsace . Unsurprisingly , these courts usually found in Louis XIV 's favour . By 1680 the disputed County of Montbéliard ( lying between Franche - Comté and Alsace ) had been separated from the Duchy of Württemberg , and by August , Louis XIV had secured the whole of Alsace with the exception of Strasbourg . The Chamber of Reunion of Metz soon laid claims to land around the Three Bishoprics of Metz , Toul , and Verdun , and most of the Spanish Duchy of Luxembourg . The fortress of Luxembourg itself was subsequently blockaded with the intention of it becoming part of Louis XIV 's defensible frontier . Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I ( 1640 -- 1705 ) , artist unknown On 30 September 1681 , French troops also seized Strasbourg and its outpost , Kehl , on the right bank of the Rhine , a bridge which Imperial troops had regularly exploited during the latter stages of the Dutch War . By forcibly taking the Imperial city the French now controlled two of the three bridgeheads over the Rhine ( the others being Breisach , which was already in French hands , and Philippsburg , which Louis XIV had lost by the Treaty of Nijmegen ) . On the same day that Strasbourg fell French forces marched into Casale in northern Italy . The fortress was not taken through the process of the Reunions but had earlier been purchased from the Duke of Mantua , which , together with the French possession of Pinerolo , enabled France to tie down Victor Amadeus II , the Duke of Savoy , and threaten the Spanish Duchy of Milan ( see map below ) . All Reunion claims and annexations were important strategic points of entry and exit between France and its neighbours , and all were immediately fortified by Vauban and incorporated into his fortress system . Thus , the Reunions were carving territory from the frontiers of future Germany , while annexations were establishing French power in Italy . Yet by seeking to construct his impregnable border , Louis XIV so alarmed the other European states that he made the war he sought to avoid inevitable : his fortresses not only covered his frontiers , they projected French power . Only two statesmen might hope to oppose Louis XIV : William of Orange , Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic and the natural leader of Protestant opposition ; and Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I , obvious leader of anti-French forces in the Holy Roman Empire and Catholic Europe . But while William and Leopold I wanted to act , effective opposition in 1681 -- 82 was out of the question : Amsterdam 's burghers wanted no further conflict with France ; moreover , Leopold I and William were fully aware of the current weaknesses , not only of Spain , but also the Empire , whose important German princes from Mainz , Trier , Cologne , Saxony , Bavaria and , significantly , Frederick William I of Brandenburg , remained in French pay . Fighting on two fronts ( edit ) Main articles : Great Turkish War and War of the Reunions Since Leopold I 's intervention in the Franco - Dutch War Louis XIV had considered the Emperor his most dangerous enemy ; yet the French king had little reason to fear him . Leopold I was weak , and was in grave danger along his Hungarian borders where the Ottoman Turks were threatening to overrun all central Europe from the south . Louis had encouraged and assisted the Ottoman drive against Leopold I 's Habsburg lands , and had assured the Porte that he would not support the Emperor . He had also urged King Sobieski of Poland ( unsuccessfully ) not to side with Leopold I , and pressed the malcontent princes of Transylvania and Hungary to join with the Sultan 's forces and free their territory from Habsburg rule . When the Turks besieged Vienna in the spring of 1683 Louis did nothing to help the defenders . Taking advantage of the Ottoman threat in the east Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands on 1 September 1683 and renewed the siege of Luxembourg , which had been abandoned the previous year . The French required of the Emperor and Charles II of Spain a recognition of the legality of the recent Reunions , but the Spanish were unwilling to see any more of their holdings fall under Louis 's jurisdiction . Spain 's military options were highly limited , yet the Ottoman defeat before Vienna on 12 September had emboldened them . In the hope that Leopold I would now make peace in the east and come to their assistance , Charles II declared war on France on 26 October . However , the Emperor had decided to continue the Turkish war in the Balkans and , for the time being , compromise in the west . With Leopold I unwilling to fight on two fronts ; with a strong neutralist party in the Dutch Republic tying William 's hands ; and with the Elector of Brandenburg stubbornly holding to his alliance with Louis , there was no possible outcome but complete French victory . The War of the Reunions was brief and devastating . With the fall of Courtrai in early November 1683 , followed by Dixmude in December and Luxembourg in June 1684 , Charles II was compelled to accept Louis XIV 's peace deal . The Truce of Ratisbon ( Regensburg ) signed on 15 August by France on one side and the Emperor and Spain on the other , rewarded the French with Strasbourg , Luxembourg and the Reunion gains ( Courtrai and Dixmude returned to Spain ) . The resolution was not a definitive peace , but only a truce for 20 years . Yet Louis had sound reasons to feel satisfied : the Emperor and German princes were fully occupied in Hungary -- while in the Dutch Republic , William of Orange remained isolated and powerless , largely because of the pro-French mood in Amsterdam . Persecution of the Huguenots ( edit ) William of Orange ( 1650 -- 1702 ) , portrayed here as King William III of England by Sir Godfrey Kneller . At Ratisbon in 1684 France had been in a position to impose its will on Europe ; however , after 1685 its dominant military and diplomatic position began to deteriorate . One of the main factors for this diminution was Louis XIV 's revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the subsequent dispersal of France 's Protestant community . As many as 200,000 Huguenots fled to England , the Dutch Republic , Switzerland , and Germany , spreading tales of brutality at the hands of the monarch of Versailles . The direct effect on France of the loss of this community is debatable , but the flight helped destroy the pro-French group in the Dutch Republic , not only because of their Protestant affiliations , but with the exodus of Huguenot merchants and the harassment of Dutch merchants living in France , it also greatly affected Franco - Dutch trade . The persecution had another effect on Dutch public opinion -- the conduct of the Catholic King of France made them look more anxiously at James II , now the Catholic King of England . Many in The Hague believed James II was closer to his cousin Louis XIV than to his son - in - law and nephew William , thus engendering suspicion , and in turn hostility , between the two states . Louis 's seemingly endless territorial claims , coupled with his Protestant persecution , enabled William of Orange and his party to gain the ascendancy in the Republic and finally lay the groundwork for his long - sought alliance against France . Frederick William , Elector of Brandenburg ( 1620 -- 88 ) . He was succeeded by his son , Frederick , who proved to be one of William of Orange 's most loyal allies . Although James II had permitted the Huguenots to settle in England , he had enjoyed an amicable relationship with his co-religionist Louis XIV , realising the importance of the friendship for his own Catholicising measures at home against the suspicions of his Protestant majority . But the Huguenot presence gave an immense boost to anti-French discourse , and they joined forces with elements in England already highly suspicious of James . However , conflicts between French and English commercial interests in North America had caused severe friction between the two governments : the French had grown antagonistic towards the Hudson 's Bay Company and the New England colonies , while the English looked upon French pretensions in New France as encroaching upon their own possessions . This rivalry had spread to the other side of the world where English and French East India companies had already embarked upon hostilities . Many in Germany reacted negatively to the persecution of the Huguenots , disabusing the Protestant princes of the idea that Louis XIV was their ally against the intolerant practices of the Catholic Habsburgs . The Elector of Brandenburg answered the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by promulgating the Edict of Potsdam , and invited the fleeing Huguenots to Brandenburg . But there were motivations other than religious adherence that disabused him ( and other German Princes ) of his allegiance to France . Louis XIV had pretensions in the Palatinate in the name of his sister - in - law , Elizabeth Charlotte , threatening further annexations of the Rhineland . Thus Frederick - William , spurning his French subsidies , ended his alliance with France and reached agreements with William of Orange , the Emperor , and , temporarily putting aside his differences over Pomerania , with King Charles XI of Sweden . The consequences of the flight of the Huguenots in southern France brought outright war in the Alpine districts of Piedmont in the Duchy of Savoy ( a northern Italian state nominally part of the Empire ) . From their fort at Pinerolo the French were able to exert considerable pressure on the Duke of Savoy and force him to persecute his own Protestant community , the Vaudois ( Valdesi ) . This constant threat of interference and intrusion into his domestic affairs was a source of concern for Victor Amadeus , and from 1687 the Duke 's policy became increasingly anti-French as he searched for a chance to assert his aspirations and concerns . This criticism for Louis XIV 's regime was spreading all over Europe . The Truce of Ratisbon , followed by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes , was a cause of suspicion as to Louis 's true intentions ; many were also fearful of the King 's supposed designs on universal monarchy -- the uniting of the Spanish and German crowns with that of France . In response , representatives from the Emperor , the south German princes , Spain ( motivated by the French attack in 1683 and the imposed truce of 1684 ) , and Sweden ( in their capacity as princes within the Empire ) met in Augsburg to form a defensive league of the Rhine in July 1686 . Pope Innocent XI -- angered in part at Louis 's failure to go on crusade against the Turks -- gave secret support . Prelude : 1687 -- 88 ( edit ) Louvois ( 1641 -- 1691 ) , Louis XIV 's belligerent secretary of state at the height of his powers , by Pierre Mignard . The League of Augsburg had little military power -- the Empire and its Allies in the form of the Holy League were still busy fighting the Ottoman Turks in Hungary . Many of the petty princes were reluctant to act due to the fear of French retaliation . Nevertheless , Louis XIV watched with apprehension Leopold I 's advances against the Ottomans . Habsburg victories along the Danube at Buda in September 1686 , and Mohács a year later had convinced the French that the Emperor , in alliance with Spain and William of Orange , would soon turn his attention towards France and retake what had recently been won by Louis 's military intimidation . In response , Louis XIV sought to guarantee his territorial gains of the Reunions by forcing his German neighbours into converting the Truce of Ratisbon into a permanent settlement . However , a French ultimatum issued in 1687 failed to gain the desired assurances from the Emperor whose victories in the east made the Germans less anxious to compromise in the west . Max Emanuel ( 1662 -- 1726 ) by Joseph Vivien . Another testing point concerned the pro-French Archbishop - Elector , Maximilian Henry , and the question of his succession in the state of Cologne . The territory of the archbishopric lay along the left bank of the Rhine and included three fortresses of the river - line : Bonn , Rheinberg , and Kaiserswerth , besides Cologne itself . Moreover , the archbishop was also prince - bishop of Liège , the small state astride the strategic highway of the river Meuse . When the Elector died on 3 June 1688 Louis XIV pressed for the pro-French Bishop of Strasbourg , William Egon of Fürstenberg , to succeed him . The Emperor , however , favoured Joseph Clement , the brother of Max Emanuel , Elector of Bavaria . With neither candidate able to secure the necessary two - thirds of the vote of the canons of the cathedral chapter , the matter was referred to Rome . There was no prospect of the Pope , already in deep conflict with Louis , favouring the French candidate , and on 26 August 1688 he awarded the election to Clement . On 6 September 1688 , Leopold I 's forces under the Elector of Bavaria secured Belgrade for the Empire . With the Ottomans appearing close to collapse Louis XIV 's ministers , Louvois and Colbert de Croissy , felt it essential to have a quick resolution along the German frontier before the Emperor turned from the Balkans to lead a comparatively united German Empire against France on the Rhine and reverse the Ratisbon settlement . On 24 September Louis published his manifesto , his Mémoire de raisons , listing his grievances : he demanded that the Truce of Ratisbon be turned into a permanent resolution , and that Fürstenburg be appointed Archbishop - Elector of Cologne . He also proposed to occupy the territories that he believed belonged to his sister - in - law regarding the Palatinate succession . The Emperor and the German princes , the Pope , and William of Orange were quite unwilling to grant these demands . For the Dutch in particular , Louis 's control of Cologne and Liège would be strategically unacceptable , for with these territories in French hands the Spanish Netherlands ' buffer - zone ' would be effectively bypassed . The day after Louis issued his manifesto -- well before his enemies could have known its details -- the main French army crossed the Rhine as a prelude to investing Philippsburg , the key post between Luxembourg ( annexed in 1684 ) and Strasbourg ( seized in 1681 ) , and other Rhineland towns . This pre-emptive strike was intended to intimidate the German states into accepting his conditions , while encouraging the Ottoman Turks to continue their own struggle with the Emperor in the east . Louis XIV and his ministers had hoped for a quick resolution similar to that secured from the War of the Reunions , but by 1688 the situation was drastically different . In the east an Imperial army , now manned with veteran officers and men , had dispelled the Turkish threat and crushed Imre Thököly 's revolt in Hungary ; while in the west and north , William of Orange was fast becoming the leader of a coalition of Protestant states , anxious to join with the Emperor and Spain , and end the hegemony of France . Louis wanted a short defensive war , yet by crossing the Rhine that summer he began a long war of attrition ; a war framed by interests of the state , its defensible frontiers , and the balance of power in Europe . Nine Years of war : 1689 -- 97 ( edit ) Rhineland and the Empire ( edit ) Rhine campaign 1688 -- 89 . French forces cross the Rhine at Strasbourg and proceed to invest Philippsburg -- the key to the middle Rhine -- on 27 September 1688 . Marshal Duras , Vauban , and 30,000 men -- all under the nominal command of the Dauphin -- besieged the Elector of Trier 's fortress of Philippsburg on 27 September 1688 ; after a vigorous defence it fell on 30 October . Louis XIV 's army proceeded to take Mannheim , which capitulated on 11 November , shortly followed by Frankenthal . Other towns fell without resistance , including Oppenheim , Worms , Bingen , Kaiserslautern , Heidelberg , Speyer and , above all , the key fortress of Mainz . After Coblenz failed to surrender Boufflers put it under heavy bombardment , but it did not fall to the French . Louis XIV now mastered the Rhine south of Mainz to the Swiss border , but although the attacks kept the Turks fighting in the east , the impact on Leopold I and the German states had the opposite effect of what had been intended . The League of Augsburg was not strong enough to meet the threat , but on 22 October the powerful German princes , including the Elector of Brandenburg , John George III , Elector of Saxony , Ernest Augustus of Hanover , and Charles I , Landgrave of Hesse - Kassel , reached an agreement in Magdeburg that mobilised the forces of north Germany . Meanwhile , the Emperor recalled the Bavarian , Swabian , and Franconian troops under the Elector of Bavaria from the Ottoman front to defend south Germany . The French had not prepared for such an eventuality . Realising that the war in Germany was not going to end quickly and that the Rhineland blitz would not be a brief and decisive parade of French glory , Louis XIV and Louvois resolved upon a scorched - earth policy in the Palatinate , Baden and Württemberg , intent on denying enemy troops local resources and prevent them from invading French territory . By 20 December 1688 Louvois had selected all the cities , towns , villages and châteaux intended for destruction . On 2 March 1689 Count of Tessé torched Heidelberg ; on 8 March Montclar levelled Mannheim . Oppenheim and Worms were finally destroyed on 31 May , followed by Speyer on 1 June , and Bingen on 4 June . In all , French troops burnt over 20 substantial towns as well as numerous villages . The Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire declared war on France on 11 February 1689 , beginning a unified imperial war effort . The Germans prepared to take back what they had lost , and in 1689 formed three armies along the Rhine . The smallest of these , initially under the Elector of Bavaria , protected the upper Rhine between the lines north of Strasbourg to the Black Forest . On the middle Rhine stood the largest army under the best Imperial general , and commander - in - chief , Charles V , Duke of Lorraine . Charles V cleared away the French threat on Frankfurt and opened trenches around Mainz on 22 / 23 July . After a bloody two months siege the Marquis of Huxelles finally yielded the town on 8 September . Meanwhile , on the lower Rhine stood the Elector of Brandenburg who , aided by the celebrated Dutch engineer Menno van Coehoorn , besieged Kaiserswerth . Kaiserswerth fell on 26 June before the Elector led his army on Bonn , which , having endured a heavy bombardment , finally capitulated on 10 October . The invasion of the Rhineland had united the German princes in their opposition to Louis XIV who had lost more than he had gained that year along the Rhine . The campaign had also created a diversion of French forces and sufficient time for William of Orange to invade England . Britain ( edit ) Main article : Glorious Revolution James II 's ill - advised attempts to Catholicise the army , government and other institutions had proved increasingly unpopular with his mainly Protestant subjects . His open Catholicism and his dealings with Catholic France had also strained relations between England and the Dutch Republic , but because his daughter Mary was the Protestant heir to the English throne , her husband William of Orange had been reluctant to act against James II for fear it would ruin her succession prospects . Yet if England was left to itself the situation could become desperate for the Dutch Republic : Louis XIV might intervene and so make James II his vassal ; or James , wishing to distract his subjects , might even join with Louis in a repetition of the attack made on the Dutch Republic in 1672 . By the end of 1687 , therefore , William had envisaged intervention , and by early 1688 he had secretly begun to make active preparations . The birth of a son to James 's second wife in June 1688 displaced William 's wife Mary as James 's heir apparent . With the French busy creating their cordon sanitaire in the Palatinate ( too busy to consider serious intervention in the Spanish Netherlands or to move against the south - eastern Dutch provinces along the Rhine ) the States General unanimously gave William their full support in the knowledge that the overthrow of James II was in the security interests of their own state . Louis XIV had considered William 's invasion as a declaration of war between France and the Dutch Republic ( officially declared on 26 November ) ; but he did little to stop the invasion -- his main concern was the Rhineland . Moreover , French diplomats had calculated that William 's action would plunge England into a protracted civil war that would either absorb Dutch resources or draw England closer to France . However , after landing his forces unhindered at Torbay on 5 November ( O.S ) 1688 , many welcomed William with open arms , and the subsequent Glorious Revolution brought a rapid end to James II 's reign . On 13 February 1689 ( O.S. ) William of Orange became King William III of England -- reigning jointly with his wife Mary -- and bound together the fortunes of England and the Dutch Republic . Yet few people in England suspected that William had sought the crown for himself or that his aim was to bring England into the war against France on the Dutch side . The Convention Parliament did not see that the offer of joint monarchy carried with it the corollary of a declaration of war , but the subsequent actions of the deposed king finally swung Parliament behind William 's war policy . British historian J.R. Jones states that King William was given : supreme command within the alliance throughout the Nine Years war . His experience and knowledge of European affairs made him the indispensable director of Allied diplomatic and military strategy , and he derived additional authority from his enhanced status as king of England -- even the Emperor Leopold ... recognized his leadership . William 's English subjects played subordinate or even minor roles in diplomatic and military affairs , having a major share only in the direction of the war at sea . Parliament and the nation had to provide money , men and ships , and William had found it expedient to explain his intentions ... but this did not mean that Parliament or even ministers assisted in the formulation of policy . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Williamite War in Ireland Irish campaign 1689 -- 1691 . The majority of Irish people supported James II due to his 1687 Declaration of Indulgence , granting religious freedom to all denominations in England and Scotland . James II also promised the Irish Parliament the eventual right to self - determination . Williamite -- Jacobite War in Ireland Bandon Dromore Derry Bantry Bay Newtownbutler Carrickfergus Newry Cavan Boyne 1st Athlone Waterford 1st Limerick Cork and Kinsale 2nd Athlone Aughrim 2nd Limerick Jacobite rising of 1689 Loup Hill Killiecrankie Dunkeld Cromdale Glencoe James II had fled to France to the welcoming arms of Louis XIV . In March 1689 ( supported by French gold , troops , and generals ) he sailed from his exile at St Germain to rally Catholic support in Ireland as a first step to regaining his thrones . The French King supported James for two reasons : first , Louis XIV fervently believed in his God - ordained right to the throne ; and second , he wished to divert William III 's forces away from the Low Countries . James II 's initial aim , and that of his deputy the Duke of Tyrconnell , was to pacify the northern Protestant strongholds . However , his ill - equipped army of around 40,000 could do little more than besiege Derry . Derry mounted a determined defence that lasted 105 days , and the city was finally relieved by the Royal Navy at the end of July . In the meantime the first major naval engagement of the war was fought off Bantry Bay on 11 May ( O.S. ) -- before England 's declaration of war -- resulting in a minor French success for Châteaurenault , who managed to land supplies for James II 's campaign . For their part , Williamite forces were supplied from the north , and in August the Duke of Schomberg arrived with 15,000 Danish , Dutch , Huguenot , and English reinforcements . However , after taking Carrickfergus his army stalled at Dundalk , suffering through the winter months from sickness and desertion . On 30 June 1690 ( O.S. ) the French navy secured victory off Beachy Head in the English Channel where Admiral Tourville defeated Admiral Torrington 's inferior Anglo - Dutch fleet . However , Louis XIV 's decision not to use his main fleet as a subsidiary to the Irish campaign had enabled William III to land in Ireland with a further 15,000 men earlier that month . With these reinforcements William III secured decisive victory at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July ( O.S. ) , and once again forced James II to flee back to France . Following the Earl of Marlborough 's capture of the southern ports of Cork and Kinsale in October 1690 , -- thereby confining French and Jacobite troops to the west of the country -- William III now felt confident enough to return to the Continent at the beginning of 1691 to command the coalition army in the Low Countries , leaving Baron van Ginkell to lead his troops in Ireland . After Ginkell 's victory over the Marquis of Saint - Ruth at the Battle of Aughrim on 12 July ( O.S. ) , the remaining Jacobite strongholds fell in rapid succession . Without prospect of further French assistance the capitulation at Limerick finally sealed victory for William III and his supporters in Ireland with the signing of the Treaty of Limerick on 3 October ( O.S. ) . English troops could now return to the Low Countries in strength . War aims and the Grand Alliance ( edit ) James II ( 1633 -- 1701 ) c. 1690 , artist unknown The success of William 's invasion of England rapidly led to the coalition he had long desired . On 12 May 1689 the Dutch and the Holy Roman Emperor had signed an offensive compact in Vienna , the aims of which were no less than to force France back to her borders as they were at the end of the Franco - Spanish War ( 1659 ) , thus depriving Louis XIV of all his gains since his assumption of power . This meant for the Emperor and the German princes the reconquest of Lorraine , Strasbourg , parts of Alsace , and some Rhineland fortresses . Leopold I had tried to disentangle himself from the Turkish war to concentrate on the coming struggle , but the French invasion of the Rhineland had encouraged the Turks to stiffen their terms for peace and make demands the Emperor could not conceivably accept . Leopold I 's decision to side with the coalition ( against the opposition of many of his advisers ) was , therefore , a decision to intervene in the west while continuing to fight the Ottomans in the Balkans . Although the Emperor 's immediate concerns were for the Rhineland , the most important parts of the treaty were the secret articles pledging England and the States - General to assist him in securing the Spanish succession should Charles II die without an heir , and to use their influence to secure his son 's election to succeed him as Emperor . Marshal Vauban ( 1633 -- 1707 ) , Louis XIV 's greatest military engineer and one of his most trusted advisers William III regarded the war as an opportunity to reduce the power of France and protect the Dutch Republic , while providing conditions that would encourage trade and commerce . Although there remained territorial anomalies , Dutch war aims did not involve substantial alterations to the frontier ; but William did aim to secure his new position in Britain . By seeking refuge in France and subsequently invading Ireland , James II had given William III the ideal instrument to convince the English parliament that entry into a major European war was unavoidable . With the support of Parliament , William III and Mary II declared war on 17 May 1689 ( O.S. ) . This Anglo - Dutch alignment was the basis for the Grand Alliance , ratified on 20 December by William III representing England , Anthonie Heinsius and Treasurer Jacob Hop representing the Dutch Republic , and Königsegg and Stratman representing Emperor Leopold I. Like the Dutch the English were not preoccupied with territorial gains on the Continent , but were deeply concerned with limiting the power of France to defend against a Jacobite restoration ( Louis XIV threatened to overthrow the Glorious Revolution and the precarious political settlement by supporting the old king over the new one ) . William III had secured his goal of mobilising Britain 's resources for the anti-French coalition , but the Jacobite threat in Scotland and Ireland meant only a small English expeditionary force could be committed to assist the Dutch States Army in the coalition in the Spanish Netherlands for the first three years of the war . The Duke of Lorraine also joined the Alliance at the same time as England , while the King of Spain ( who had been at war with France since April 1689 ) and the Duke of Savoy signed in June 1690 . The Allies had offered Victor Amadeus handsome terms to join the Grand Alliance , including the return of Casale to Mantua ( he hoped it would revert to him upon the death of the childless Duke of Mantua ) and of Pinerolo to himself . His adhesion to the Allied cause would facilitate the invasion of France through Dauphiné and Provence , where the naval base of Toulon lay . In contrast Louis XIV had embarked on a policy of overt military intimidation to retain Savoy in the French orbit , and had envisaged the military occupation of parts of Piedmont ( including the citadel of Turin ) to guarantee communications between Pinerolo and Casale . French demands on Victor Amadeus , and their determination to prevent the Duke from achieving his dynastic aims , were nothing less than an attack on Savoyard independence , convincing the Duke that he had to stand up to French aggression . The Elector of Bavaria consented to add his name to the Grand Alliance on 4 May 1690 , while the Elector of Brandenburg joined the anti-French coalition on 6 September . However , few of the minor powers were as devoted to the common cause , and all protected their own interests ; some never hesitated to exact a high price for continuing their support . Charles XI of Sweden supplied the contingents due from his German possessions to the Allied cause ( 6,000 men and 12 warships ) , while in August 1689 Christian V of Denmark agreed to a treaty to supply William III with 7,000 troops in return for a subsidy . However , in March 1691 Sweden and Denmark put aside their mutual distrust and made a treaty of armed neutrality for the protection of their commerce and to prevent the war spreading north . To the annoyance of the Maritime Powers the Swedes now saw their rôle outside the great power - struggle of the Nine Years ' War , exploiting opportunities to increase their own maritime trade . Nevertheless , Louis XIV at last faced a powerful coalition aimed at forcing France to recognise Europe 's rights and interests . Expanding war : 1690 -- 91 ( edit ) The Low Countries c. 1700 : the principal theatre during the Nine Years ' War The main fighting of the Nine Years ' War took place around France 's borders : in the Spanish Netherlands ; the Rhineland ; Catalonia ; and Piedmont - Savoy . The importance of the Spanish Netherlands was the result of its geographic position , sandwiched between France and the Dutch Republic . Initially Marshal Humières commanded French forces in this theatre but in 1689 , while the French concentrated on the Rhine , it produced little more than a stand - off -- the most significant engagement occurred when William 's second - in - command , the Prince of Waldeck , defeated Humières in a skirmish at the Battle of Walcourt on 25 August . However , by 1690 the Spanish Netherlands had become the main seat of the war where the French formed two armies : Boufflers ' army on the Moselle , and a larger force to the west under Humières ' successor -- and Louis XIV 's greatest general of the period -- Marshal Luxembourg . On 1 July Luxembourg secured a clear tactical victory over Waldeck at the Battle of Fleurus ; but his success produced little benefit -- Louis XIV 's concerns for the dauphin on the Rhine ( where Marshal de Lorge now held actual command ) overrode strategic necessity in the other theatres and forestalled a plan to besiege Namur or Charleroi . For the Emperor and the German princes , though , the most serious fact of 1690 was that the Turks had been victorious on the Danube , requiring them to send reinforcements to the east . The Elector of Bavaria -- now Imperial commander - in - chief following Lorraine 's death in April -- could offer nothing on the lower or upper Rhine , and the campaign failed to produce a single major battle or siege . Battle of Fleurus , 1690 The smallest front of the war was in Catalonia . In 1689 the Duke of Noailles had led French forces there aimed at bringing further pressure to bear on the Spanish by re-igniting a peasant rising against Charles II , which initially broke out in 1687 . Exploiting the situation , Noailles captured Camprodon on 22 May , but a larger Spanish army under the Duke of Villahermosa forced him to withdraw back to Roussillon in August . The Catalan campaign settled down in 1690 , but a new front in Piedmont - Savoy proved more eventful . A ferment of religious animosities and Savoyard hatred of the French produced a theatre characterised by massacres and atrocities : constant guerrilla attacks by the armed populace were met by draconian reprisals . In 1690 Saint - Ruth took most of the Victor Amadeus II 's exposed Duchy of Savoy , routing the Savoyard army in the process until only the great fortress of Montmélian remained in ducal hands ; while to the south in Piedmont , Nicolas Catinat led 12,000 men and soundly defeated Victor Amadeus at the Battle of Staffarda on 18 August . Catinat immediately took Saluzzo , followed by Savigliano , Fossano , and Susa , but lacking sufficient troops , and with sickness rife within his army , Catinat was obliged to withdraw back across the Alps for the winter . Siege of Mons 1691 . While he never commanded a battle in the open field , Louis XIV attended many sieges ( at a safe distance ) until advancing age limited his activities . French successes in 1690 had checked the Allies on most of the mainland fronts , yet their victories had not broken the Grand Alliance . With the hope of unhinging the coalition French commanders in 1691 prepared for an early double - blow : the capture of Mons in the Spanish Netherlands , and Nice in northern Italy . Boufflers invested Mons on 15 March with some 46,000 men , while Luxembourg commanded a similar force of observation . After some of the most intense fighting of all of Louis XIV 's wars the town inevitably capitulated on 8 April . Luxembourg proceeded to take Halle at the end of May , while Boufflers bombarded Liège ; but these acts proved to have no political nor strategic consequence . The final action of note in the Low Countries came on 19 September when Luxembourg 's cavalry surprised and defeated the rear of the Allied forces in a minor action near Leuze . Now that the defence of the Spanish Netherlands depended almost wholly on the Allies William III insisted on replacing its Spanish governor , the Marquis of Gastañaga , with the Elector of Bavaria , thus overcoming delays in getting decisions from Madrid . North Italian campaign 1690 -- 96 . The territories of Victor Amadeus II , the Duke of Savoy , comprised the County of Nice , Duchy of Savoy and the Principality of Piedmont , which contained the capital city , Turin . In 1691 there was little significant fighting in the Catalan and Rhineland fronts . In contrast , the northern Italian theatre was very active . Villefranche fell to French forces on 20 March , followed by Nice on 1 April , forestalling any chance of an Allied invasion of France along the coast . Meanwhile , to the north , in the Duchy of Savoy , the Marquis of La Hoguette took Montmélian ( the region 's last remaining stronghold ) on 22 December -- a major loss for the Grand Alliance . However , by comparison the French campaign on the Piedmontese plain was far from successful . Although Carmagnola fell in June , the Marquis of Feuquières , on learning of the approach of Prince Eugene of Savoy 's relief force , precipitously abandoned the Siege of Cuneo with the loss of some 800 men and all his heavy guns . With Louis XIV concentrating his resources in Alsace and the Low Countries , Catinat was forced onto the defensive . The initiative in northern Italy now passed to the Allies who , as early as August , had 45,000 men ( on paper ) in the region , enabling them to regain Carmagnola in October . Louis XIV offered peace terms in December , but anticipating military superiority for the following campaign Amadeus was not prepared to negotiate seriously . Heavy fighting : 1692 -- 93 ( edit ) After the sudden death of the influential Louvois in July 1691 Louis XIV had assumed a more active role in the direction of military policy , relying on advice from experts such as the Marquis of Chamlay and Vauban . Louvois ' death also brought changes to state policy with the less adventurous Duke of Beauvilliers and the Marquis of Pomponne entering Louis XIV 's government as ministers of state . From 1691 onwards Louis XIV and Pomponne pursued efforts to unglue the Grand Alliance , including secret talks with Emperor Leopold I and , from August , attempts of religious solidarity with Catholic Spain . The approaches made to Spain came to naught ( the Nine Years ' War was not a religious war ) , but the Maritime Powers were also keen for peace . Talks were hampered , however , by Louis XIV 's reluctance to cede his earlier gains ( at least those made in the Reunions ) and , in his deference to the principle of the divine right of kings , his unwillingness to recognise William III 's claim to the English throne . For his part William III was intensely suspicious of Louis XIV and his supposed designs for universal monarchy . Over the winter of 1691 -- 92 the French devised a grand plan to gain the ascendancy over their enemies -- a design for the invasion of England in one more effort to support James II in his attempts to regain his kingdoms ; and a simultaneous assault on Namur in the Spanish Netherlands . The French hoped that Namur 's seizure might inspire the Dutch to make peace , but if not , its capture would nevertheless be an important pawn at any future negotiations . With 60,000 men ( protected by a similar force of observation under Luxembourg ) , Marshal Vauban invested the stronghold on 29 May . The town soon fell but the citadel -- defended by van Coehoorn -- held out until 30 June . Endeavouring to restore the situation in the Spanish Netherlands William III surprised Luxembourg 's army near the village of Steenkirk on 3 August . The Allies enjoyed some initial success , but as French reinforcements came up William III 's advance stalled . The Allies retired from the field in good order , and both sides claimed victory : the French because they repulsed the assault ; the Allies because they had saved Liège from the same fate as Namur . However , due to the nature of late 17th century warfare the battle , like Fleurus before it , produced little of consequence . ( See below ) . Battle of La Hogue , ( 1692 ) by Adriaen van Diest . The last act of the battle -- French ships set on fire at La Hogue . While French arms had proved successful at Namur the proposed descent on England was a failure . James II believed that there would be considerable support for his cause once he had established himself on English soil , but a series of delays and conflicting orders ensured a very uneven naval contest in the English Channel . The engagement was fought at the tip of the Cherbourg peninsula , and lasted six days . At the action off Cape Barfleur on 29 May , the French fleet of 44 rated vessels under Admiral Tourville put up stern resistance against Admirals Rooke 's and Russell 's 82 rated English and Dutch vessels . Nevertheless , the French were forced to disengage : some escaped , but the 15 ships that had sought safety in Cherbourg and La Hogue were destroyed by English seamen and fireships on 2 -- 3 June . With the Allies now dominant in the English Channel James II 's invasion was abandoned . Yet the battle itself was not the death - blow for the French navy : the subsequent mismanagement and underfunding of the fleet under Pontchartrain , coupled with Louis XIV 's own personal lack of interest , were central to the French losing naval superiority over the English and Dutch during the Nine Years ' War . Meanwhile , in southern Europe the Duke of Savoy with 29,000 men ( substantially exceeding Catinat 's number who had sent some troops to the Netherlands ) invaded Dauphiné via the mountain trails shown to them by the Vaudois . The Allies invested Embrun , which capitulated on 15 August , before sacking the deserted town of Gap . However , with their commander falling ill with smallpox , and concluding that holding Embrun was untenable , the Allies abandoned Dauphiné in mid-September , leaving behind seventy villages and châteaux burned and pillaged . The attack on Dauphiné had required Noailles give up troops to bolster Catinat , condemning him to a passive campaign in Catalonia ; but on the Rhine the French gained the upper hand . De Lorge devoted much of his effort imposing contributions on German lands , spreading terror far and wide in Swabia and Franconia . In October the French commander relieved the siege of Ebernburg on the left bank of the Rhine before returning to winter quarters . By 1693 the French army had reached an official size of over 400,000 men ( on paper ) , but Louis XIV was facing an economic crisis . France and northern Italy witnessed severe harvest failures resulting in widespread famine which , by the end of 1694 , had accounted for the deaths of an estimated two million people . Nevertheless , as a prelude to offering generous peace terms before the Grand Alliance Louis XIV planned to go over to the offensive : Luxembourg would campaign in Flanders , Catinat in northern Italy , and in Germany , where Louis XIV had hoped for a war - winning advantage , Marshal de Lorge would attack Heidelberg . In the event , Heidelberg fell on 22 May before Luxembourg 's army took to the field in the Netherlands , but the new Imperial commander on the Rhine , Prince Louis of Baden , provided a strong defence and prevented further French gains . Luxembourg had better luck in the Low Countries , however . After taking Huy on 23 July , the French commander outmanoeuvred William III , catching him off - guard between the villages of Neerwinden and Landen . The ensuing engagement on 29 July was a close and costly encounter but French forces , whose cavalry once again showed their superiority , prevailed . Luxembourg and Vauban proceeded to take Charleroi on 10 October which , together with the earlier prizes of Mons , Namur and Huy , provided the French with a new and impressive forward line of defence . Catalan campaign 1689 -- 97 . The Catalan front was the smallest of the Nine Years ' War . In northern Italy , meanwhile , Catinat marched on Rivoli ( with reinforcements from the Rhine and Catalan fronts ) , forcing the Duke of Savoy to abandon the siege and bombardment of Pinerolo ( 25 September -- 1 October ) before withdrawing to protect his rear . The resultant Battle of Marsaglia on 4 October 1693 ended in a resounding French victory . Turin now lay open to attack but further manpower and supply difficulties prevented Catinat from exploiting his gain , and all the French could get out of their victory was renewed breathing - space to restock what was left of Pinerolo . Elsewhere , Noailles secured the valuable sea port of Rosas in Catalonia on 9 June before withdrawing into Roussillon . When his opponent , Medina - Sidonia , abandoned plans to besiege Bellver , both sides entered winter quarters . Meanwhile , the French navy achieved victory in its final fleet action of the war . On 27 June Tourville 's combined Brest and Toulon squadrons ambushed the Smyrna convoy ( a fleet of between 200 -- 400 Allied merchant vessels travelling under escort to the Mediterranean ) as it rounded Cape St. Vincent . The Allies lost approximately 90 merchantmen with a value of some 30 million livres . War and Diplomacy : 1694 -- 95 ( edit ) French arms at Heidelberg , Rosas , Huy , Landen , Charleroi and Marsaglia had achieved considerable battlefield success , but with the severe hardships of 1693 continuing through to the summer of 1694 France was unable to expend the same level of energy and finance for the forthcoming campaign . The crisis reshaped French strategy , forcing commanders to redraft plans to fit the dictates of fiscal shortfalls . In the background Louis XIV 's agents were working hard diplomatically to unhinge the coalition but the Emperor , who had secured with the Allies his ' rights ' to the Spanish succession should Charles II die during the conflict , did not desire a peace that would not prove personally advantageous . The Grand Alliance would not come apart as long as there was money available and a belief that the growing strength of their armies would soon be much greater than those of France . Bombardment of Dieppe , 1694 In the Spanish Netherlands Luxembourg still had 100,000 men ; but he was outnumbered . Lacking sufficient supplies to mount an attack Luxembourg was unable to prevent the Allies garrisoning Dixmude and , on 27 September 1694 , recapturing Huy , an essential preliminary to future operations against Namur . Elsewhere , de Lorge marched and manoeuvred against Baden on the Rhine with undramatic results before the campaign petered out in October ; while in Italy , the continuing problems with French finance and a complete breakdown in the supply chain prevented Catinat 's push into Piedmont . However , in Catalonia the fighting proved more eventful . On 27 May Marshal Noailles , supported by French warships , soundly defeated the Marquis of Escalona 's Spanish forces at the Battle of Torroella on the banks of the river Ter ; the French proceeded to take Palamós on 10 June , Gerona on 29 June , and Hostalric , opening the route to Barcelona . With the Spanish King threatening to make a separate peace with France unless the Allies came to his assistance William III prepared the Anglo - Dutch fleet for action . Part of the fleet under Admiral Berkeley would remain in the north , first leading the disastrous amphibious assault on Brest on 18 June , before bombarding French coastal defences at Dieppe , Saint - Malo , Le Havre , and Calais . The remainder of the fleet under Admiral Russell was ordered to the Mediterranean , linking up with Spanish vessels off Cadiz . The Allied naval presence compelled the French fleet back to the safety of Toulon , which , in turn , forced Noailles to withdraw to the line of the Ter , harassed en route by General Trinxería 's miquelets . By shielding Barcelona in this way the Allies kept Spain in the war for two more years . Siege of Namur ( 1695 ) by Jan van Huchtenburg . In the foreground William III , dressed in grey , confers with the Elector of Bavaria . In 1695 French arms suffered two major setbacks : first was the death on 5 January of Louis XIV 's greatest general of the period , Marshal Luxembourg ( to be succeeded by the Duke of Villeroi ) ; the second was the loss of Namur . In a role reversal of 1692 Coehoorn conducted the siege of the stronghold under William III , and the Electors of Bavaria and Brandenburg . The French had attempted diversions with the bombardment of Brussels , but despite Boufflers ' stout defence Namur finally fell on 5 September . The siege had cost the Allies a great deal in men and resources , and had pinned down William III 's army through the whole summer campaign ; but the recapture of Namur , together with the earlier prize of Huy , had restored the Allied position on the Meuse , and had secured communications between their armies in the Spanish Netherlands and those on the Moselle and Rhine . Meanwhile , the recent fiscal crisis had brought about a transformation in French naval strategy -- the Maritime Powers now outstripped France in shipbuilding and arming , and increasingly enjoyed a numerical advantage . Suggesting the abandonment of fleet warfare , guerre d'escadre , in favour of commerce - raiding , guerre de course , Vauban advocated the use of the fleet backed by individual shipowners fitting out their own vessels as privateers , aimed at destroying the trade of the Maritime Powers . Vauban argued that this strategic change would deprive the enemy of its economic base without costing Louis XIV money that was far more urgently needed to maintain France 's armies on land . Privateers cruising either as individuals or in complete squadrons from Dunkirk , St Malo and the smaller ports , achieved significant success . For example , in 1695 , the Marquis of Nesmond , with seven ships of the line , captured vessels from the English East India Company that were said to have yielded 10 million livres . In May 1696 , Jean Bart slipped the blockade of Dunkirk and struck a Dutch convoy in the North Sea , burning 45 of its ships ; on 18 June 1696 he won the battle at Dogger Bank ; and in May 1697 , the Baron of Pointis with another privateer squadron attacked and seized Cartagena , earning him , and the king , a share of 10 million livres . Duke of Noailles ( 1650 -- 1708 ) . Due to illness Vendôme replaced Noailles as French commander in Catalonia in 1695 . For their part , the Allied navy expended more shells on St Malo , Granville , Calais , and Dunkirk ; likewise on Palamos in Catalonia where Charles II had appointed the Marquis of Gastañaga as the governor - general . The Allies sent Austrian and German reinforcements under Prince George of Hesse - Darmstadt , a cousin of the Queen of Spain , while the French replaced the ailing Noailles with the Duke of Vendôme who would become one of Louis XIV 's best generals . But the balance of military power was turning dangerously against the French . In Spain , in the Rhineland , and in the Low Countries , Louis XIV 's forces only barely held their own : the bombardment of the French channel ports , the threats of invasion , and the loss of Namur were causes of great anxiety for the King at Versailles . In the meantime the diplomatic breakthrough was made in Italy . For two years the Duke of Savoy 's Minister of Finance , Gropello , and the Count of Tessé ( Catinat 's second - in - command ) , had secretly been negotiating a bi-lateral agreement to end the war in Italy . Central to the discussions were the two French fortresses that flanked the Duke 's territory -- Pinerolo and Casale , the latter now completely cut off from French assistance . By now Victor Amadeus had come to fear the growth of Imperial military power and political influence in the region ( now more than he feared the French ) and the threat it posed to Savoyard independence . Knowing , therefore , that the Imperials were planning to besiege Casale the Duke proposed that the French garrison surrender to him following a token show of force , after which the fortifications would be dismantled and handed back to the Duke of Mantua . Louis XIV was compelled to accept , and after a sham siege and nominal resistance Casale surrendered to Amadeus on 9 July 1695 ; by mid-September the place had been razed . Road to Ryswick : 1696 -- 97 ( edit ) Most fronts were relatively quiet throughout 1696 : the armies in Flanders , along the Rhine , and in Catalonia , marched and counter-marched but little was achieved . Louis XIV 's hesitancy to engage with the Allies ( despite the confidence of his generals ) may have reflected his knowledge of the secret talks that had begun more than a year earlier -- with François de Callières acting for Louis XIV , and Jacob Boreel and Everhard van Weede Dijkvelt representing the Dutch . By the spring of 1696 the talks covered the whole panorama of problems that were proving an obstacle to peace . The most difficult of these were the recognition of the Prince of Orange as the King of England and the subsequent status of James II in France ; the Dutch demand for a barrier against future French aggression ; French tariffs on Dutch commerce ; and the territorial settlements in the Rhine -- Moselle areas regarding the Reunions and the recent conquests , particularly the strategically important city of Strasbourg . Louis XIV had succeeded in establishing the principle that a new treaty would be fixed within the framework of the Treaties of Westphalia and Nijmegen , and the Truce of Ratisbon , but with the Emperor 's demands for Strasbourg , and William III 's insistence that he be recognized as King of England before the conclusion of hostilities , it hardly seemed worthwhile in calling for a peace conference . In Italy the secret negotiations were proving more productive , with the French possession of Pinerolo now central to the talks . When Amadeus threatened to besiege Pinerolo the French , concluding that its defence was not now possible , agreed to hand back the stronghold on condition that its fortifications were demolished . The terms were formalised as the Treaty of Turin on 29 August 1696 , by which provision Louis XIV also returned , intact , Montmélian , Nice , Villefranche , Susa , and other small towns . Amongst other concessions Louis XIV also promised not to interfere in Savoy 's religious policy regarding the Vaudois , provided the Duke prevents any communication between them and French Huguenots . In return , Amadeus agreed to abandon the Grand Alliance and join with Louis XIV -- if necessary -- to secure the neutralisation of northern Italy . The Emperor , diplomatically outmanoeuvred , was compelled to accept peace in the region by signing the Treaty of Vigevano of 7 October , to which the French immediately acceded . Italy was neutralised and the Nine Years ' War in the peninsula came to an end . Savoy had emerged as an independent sovereign House and a key second - rank power : the Alps , rather than the River Po , would be the boundary of France in the south - east . The Treaty of Turin started a scramble for peace . With the continual disruption of trade and commerce politicians from England and the Dutch Republic were desirous for an end to the war . France was also facing economic exhaustion , but above all Louis XIV was becoming convinced that Charles II of Spain was near death and he knew that the break - up of the coalition would be essential if France was to benefit from the dynastic battle ahead . The contending parties agreed to meet at Ryswick ( Rijswijk ) and come to a negotiated settlement . But as talks continued through 1697 , so did the fighting . The main French goal that year in the Spanish Netherlands was Ath . Vauban and Catinat ( now with troops freed from the Italian font ) invested the town on 15 May while Marshals Boufflers and Villeroi covered the siege ; after an assault on 5 June the Count of Roeux surrendered and the garrison marched out two days later . The Rhineland theatre in 1697 was again quiet : the French commander , Marshal Choiseul ( who had replaced the sick de Lorge the previous year ) , was content to remain behind his fortified lines . Although Baden took Ebernberg on 27 September , news of the peace brought an end to the desultory campaign , and both armies drew back from one another . In Catalonia , however , French forces ( now also reinforced with troops from Italy ) achieved considerable success when Vendôme , commanding some 32,000 troops , besieged and captured Barcelona . The garrison , under Prince George of Hesse - Darmstadt , capitulated on 10 August . Yet it had been a hard fought contest : French casualties amounted to about 9,000 , and the Spanish had suffered some 12,000 killed , wounded or lost . North American theatre ( King William 's war ) ( edit ) 19th - century print showing Quebec batteries firing on William Phips ' squadron during October 1690 . The European war was reflected in North America , where it was known as King William 's War , though the North American contest was very different in meaning and scale . The European war declaration arrived amid long - running tensions over control of the fur trade , economically vital to both French and English colonies , and influence over the Iroquois , who controlled much of that trade . The French were determined to hold the St. Lawrence country and to extend their power over the vast basin of the Mississippi . Moreover , Hudson Bay was a focal point of dispute between the Protestant English and Catholic French colonists , both of whom claimed a share of its occupation and trade . Although important to the colonists , the North American theatre of the Nine Years ' War was of secondary importance to European statesmen . Despite numerical superiority , the English colonists suffered repeated defeats as New France effectively organised its French troops , local militia and Indian allies ( notably the Algonquins and Abenakis ) , to attack frontier settlements . Almost all resources sent to the colonies by England were to defend the English West Indies , the crown jewels of the empire . Friction over Indian relations worsened in 1688 with French incursions against the Iroquois in upstate New York , and with Indian raids against smaller settlements in Maine . The Governor General of New France , Louis de Buade de Frontenac , capitalising on disorganisation in New York and New England following the collapse of the Dominion of New England , expanded the war with a series of raids on the northern borders of the English settlements : first was the destruction of Dover , New Hampshire , in July 1689 ; followed by Pemaquid , Maine , in August . In February 1690 Schenectady in New York was attacked ; massacres at Salmon Falls and Casco Bay followed . In response , on 1 May 1690 at the Albany Conference , colonial representatives elected to invade Canada . In August a land force commanded by Colonel Winthrop set off for Montreal , while a naval force , commanded by the future governor of Massachusetts , Sir William Phips ( who earlier on 11 May had seized the capital of French Acadia , Port Royal ) , set sail for Quebec via the Saint Lawrence River . They were repulsed in Battle of Quebec and the expedition on the St Lawrence failed , while the French retook Port Royal . The war dragged on for several years longer in a series of desultory sallies and frontier massacres : neither the leaders in England nor France thought of weakening their position in Europe for the sake of a knock - out blow in North America . By the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick the boundaries and outposts of New France , New England , and New York remained substantially unchanged . In Newfoundland and Hudson 's Bay French influence now predominated but William III , who had made the interests of the Bay Company a cause of war in North America , was not prepared to hazard his European policy for the sake of their pursuit . The Iroquois Five Nations , abandoned by their English allies , were obliged to open separate negotiations , and by the treaty of 1701 they agreed to remain neutral in any future Anglo - French war . Asia and the Caribbean ( edit ) When the news of the European war reached Asia , English , French , and Dutch colonial governors and merchants quickly took up the struggle . In October 1690 the French Admiral Abraham Duquesne - Guitton sailed into Madras to bombard the Anglo - Dutch fleet . It proved to be a foolhardy attack , but initiated the extension of the war to the Far East . In 1693 the Dutch launched an expedition against their French commercial rivals at Pondichéry on the south - eastern coast of India , overwhelming the small French garrison under François Martin who surrendered on 6 September . Elsewhere , in the Caribbean , Saint Kitts changed hands twice , while Jamaica , Martinique , and Hispaniola saw sporadic conflict . The Allies had the naval advantage in these isolated areas , though it proved impossible to keep the French from supplying their colonial forces . Treaty of Ryswick ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Ryswick Map of European borders as they stood after the Treaty of Ryswick and just prior to Louis XIV 's last great war , the War of the Spanish Succession . The peace conference opened in May 1697 in William III 's palace at Ryswick near The Hague . The Swedes were the official mediators , but it was through the private efforts of Boufflers and William Bentinck , the Earl of Portland that the major issues were resolved . William III had no intention of continuing the war or pressing for Leopold I 's claims in the Rhineland or for the Spanish succession : it seemed more important for Dutch and British security to obtain Louis XIV 's recognition of the 1688 revolution . By the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick , Louis XIV kept the whole of Alsace , including Strasbourg . Lorraine returned to its duke ( although France retained rights to march troops through the territory ) , and the French abandoned all gains on the right bank of the Rhine -- Philppsburg , Breisach , Freiburg and Kehl . Additionally , the new French fortresses of La Pile , Mont Royal and Fort Louis were to be demolished . To win favour with Madrid over the Spanish succession question , Louis XIV evacuated Catalonia in Spain and Luxembourg , Chimay , Mons , Courtrai , Charleroi and Ath in the Low Countries . The Maritime Powers asked for no territory , but the Dutch were given a favourable commercial treaty , of which the most important provision was to relax regulations to favour Dutch trade and return to the French tariff of 1664 . Although Louis XIV continued to shelter James II , he now recognised William III as King of England , and undertook not to actively support the candidature of James II 's son . He also gave way over the Palatinate and Cologne issues . Beyond this , the French gained recognition of their ownership of the western half of the island of Hispaniola . The representatives of the Dutch Republic , England , and Spain signed the treaty on 20 September 1697 . Emperor Leopold I , desperate for a continuation of the war so as to strengthen his own claims to the Spanish succession , initially resisted the treaty , but because he was still at war with the Turks , and could not face fighting France alone , he also sought terms and signed on 30 October . The Emperor 's finances were in a bad state , and the dissatisfaction aroused by the raising of Hanover to electoral rank had impaired Leopold I 's influence in Germany . The Protestant princes had also blamed him for the religious clause in the treaty , which stipulated that the lands of the Reunions that France was to surrender would remain Catholic , even those that had been forcibly converted -- a clear defiance of the Westphalia settlement . However , the Emperor had netted an enormous accretion of power : Leopold I 's son , Joseph , had been named King of the Romans ( 1690 ) , and the Emperor 's candidate for the Polish throne , August of Saxony , had carried the day over Louis XIV 's candidate , the Prince of Conti . Additionally , Prince Eugene of Savoy 's decisive victory over the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Zenta -- leading to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 -- consolidated the Austrian Habsburgs and tipped the European balance of power in favour of the Emperor . The war had allowed William III to destroy militant Jacobitism and helped bring Scotland and Ireland under more direct control . England emerged as a great economic and naval power and became an important player in European affairs , allowing her to use her wealth and energy in world politics to the fullest advantage . William III also continued to prioritise the security of the Dutch Republic , and in 1698 the Dutch garrisoned a series of fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands as a barrier to French attack -- future foreign policy would centre on the maintenance and extension of these barrier fortresses . However , the question of the Spanish inheritance was not discussed at Ryswick , and it remained the most important unsolved question of European politics . Within three years Charles II of Spain would be dead , and Louis XIV and the Grand Alliance would again plunge Europe into conflict -- the War of the Spanish Succession . Weapons , technology , and the Art of war ( edit ) Military developments ( edit ) Siege of Mainz 1689 . Many of the larger fortified complexes had citadels . Once the town had been captured the garrison would withdraw into the citadel , which then had to be separately reduced . The campaign season typically lasted through May to October ; due to lack of fodder campaigns in winter were rare , but the French practice of storing food and provisions in magazines brought them considerable advantage , often enabling them to take to the field weeks before their foes . Nevertheless , military operations during the Nine Years ' War did not produce decisive results . The war was dominated by what may be called ' positional warfare ' -- the construction , defence , and attack of fortresses and entrenched lines . Positional warfare played a wide variety of roles : fortresses controlled bridgeheads and passes , guarded supply routes , and served as storehouses and magazines . However , fortresses hampered the ability to follow success on the battlefield -- defeated armies could flee to friendly fortifications , enabling them to recover and rebuild their numbers from less threatened fronts . Many lesser commanders welcomed these relatively predictable , static operations to mask their lack of military ability . As Daniel Defoe observed in 1697 , `` Now it is frequent to have armies of 50,000 men of a side ( who ) spend the whole campaign in dodging -- or , as it is genteelly called -- observing one another , and then march off into winter quarters . '' In fact , during the Nine Years ' War field armies had waxed to nearly 100,000 men in 1695 , the strain of which had reduced the Maritime Powers to a fiscal crisis while the French struggled under the weight of a shattered economy . Yet there were aggressive commanders : William III , Boufflers , and Luxembourg had the will to win but their methods were hampered by numbers , supply , and communications . The French commanders were also restricted by Louis XIV and Louvois who distrusted field campaigns , preferring Vauban , the taker of fortifications , rather than campaigns of movement . Bombardment of Brussels 1695 . Fortifications consisted of low - level , geometric earthworks ; the ground plan was polygonal with a pentangle bastion at each salient angle , covered by ravelins , hornworks , crownworks , demi - lunes . Another contributing factor for the lack of decisive action was the necessity to fight for secure resources . Armies were expected to support themselves in the field by imposing contributions ( taxing local populations ) upon a hostile , or even neutral , territory . Subjecting a particular area to contributions was deemed more important than pursuing a defeated army from the battlefield to destroy it . It was primarily financial concerns and availability of resources that shaped campaigns , as armies struggled to outlast the enemy in a long war of attrition . The only decisive action during the whole war came in Ireland where William III crushed the forces of James II in a campaign for legitimacy and control of Britain and Ireland . But unlike Ireland , Louis XIV 's Continental wars were never fought without compromise : the fighting provided a foundation for diplomatic negotiations and did not dictate a solution . The major advancement in weapon technology in the 1690s was the introduction of the flintlock musket . The flintlock firing mechanism provided superior rates of fire and accuracy over the cumbersome matchlocks . But the adoption of the flintlock was not initially universal . Until 1697 for every three Allied soldiers that were equipped with the new flintlocks , two soldiers were still handicapped by matchlocks : French second - line troops were issued matchlocks as late as 1703 . These weapons were further enhanced with the development of the socket - bayonet . Its predecessor , the plug bayonet -- jammed down the firearm 's barrel -- not only prevented the musket from firing but was also a clumsy weapon that took time to fix properly , and even more time to unfix . In contrast , the socket - bayonet could be drawn over the musket 's muzzle and locked into place by a lug , converting the musket into a short pike yet leaving it capable of fire . The disadvantage of the pike came to be widely recognised : at the Battle of Fleurus in 1690 , German battalions armed only with the musket repulsed French cavalry attacks more effectively than units conventionally armed with the pike , while Catinat had abandoned his pikes altogether before undertaking his Alpine campaign against Savoy . Naval developments ( edit ) In 1688 the most powerful navies were the French , English , and Dutch ; the Spanish and Portuguese navies had suffered serious declines in the 17th century . The largest French ships of the period were the Soleil Royal and the Royal Louis . Each rated for 120 guns , they never carried their full complement . These ships were too large for practical purposes . The former only sailed on one campaign and was destroyed at La Hogue ; the latter languished in port until sold in 1694 . By the 1680s , French ship - design was at least equal to its English and Dutch counterparts , and by the Nine Years ' War the French fleet had surpassed ships of the Royal Navy , whose designs stagnated in the 1690s . Innovation in the Royal Navy , however , did not cease . At some stage in the 1690s , for example , English ships began to employ the steering wheel , greatly improving their performance , particularly in heavy weather . ( The French navy did not adopt the wheel for another thirty years . ) French warship Soleil Royal Combat between naval fleets was decided by cannon duels delivered by ships in line of battle ; fireships were also used but were mainly successful against anchored and stationary targets , while the new bomb vessels operated best in bombarding targets on shore . Sea battles rarely proved decisive . Fleets faced the almost impossible task of inflicting enough damage on ships and men to win a clear victory : ultimate success depended not on tactical brilliance but on sheer weight of numbers . Here Louis XIV was at a disadvantage : without as large a maritime commerce as benefited the Allies , the French were unable to supply as many experienced sailors for their navy . Most importantly , though , Louis XIV had to concentrate his resources on the army at the expense of the fleet , enabling the Dutch , and the English in particular , to outdo the French in ship construction . However , naval actions were comparatively uncommon and , just like battles on land , the goal was generally to outlast rather than to destroy one 's opponent . Louis XIV regarded his navy as an extension of his army -- the French fleet 's most important role was to protect the French coast from enemy invasion . Louis used his fleet to support land and amphibious operations or the bombardment of coastal targets , designed to draw enemy resources from elsewhere and thus aid his land campaigns on the continent . Once the Allies had secured a clear superiority in numbers the French found it prudent not to contest them in fleet action . At the start of the Nine Years ' War the French fleet had 118 rated vessels and a total of 295 ships of all types . By the end of the war the French had 137 rated ships . In contrast the English fleet started the war with 173 vessels of all types , and ended it with 323 . Between 1694 and 1697 the French built 19 first - to fifth - rated ships ; the English built 58 such vessels , and the Dutch constructed 22 . Thus the maritime powers outbuilt the French at a rate of four vessels to one . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All dates in the article are in the Gregorian calendar ( unless otherwise stated ) . The Julian calendar as used in England until 1700 differed by ten days ( after 1700 the calendar differed by 11 days until Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752 ) . In this article ( O.S. ) is used to annotate Julian dates with the year adjusted to 1 January . Jump up ^ Older texts may refer to the war as the War of the Palatine Succession , the War of the English Succession , or in North American historiography as King William 's War . This varying nomenclature reflects the fact that contemporaries -- as well as later historians -- viewed the general conflict from particular national or dynastic viewpoints . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 499 . Although not technically belonging to France , Louis XIV had integrated Lorraine into his kingdom after occupying it in 1670 . Jump up ^ Doyle : Short Oxford History of France -- Old Regime France , 182 Jump up ^ Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Piedmont was now hemmed in by two massive French - occupied fortresses : Casale on the eastern flank , and , on its western edge , Pinerolo , annexed by France fifty years earlier in defiance of the 1631 Treaty of Cherasco . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : McKay ; Scott : p. 38 . Frederick William would not move against France . With French aid he hoped to conquer Pomerania . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 18 . To John Baptist Wolf , Louis 's determination to break the power of Leopold I was a sign that the French King 's ultimate aim was European hegemony . With the Austrian Habsburgs defeated France would be the only power capable of driving the Turks from Germany whose princes , perhaps , would reward Louis XIV by electing him , or one of his progeny , to be the Holy Roman Emperor . To the historian John Lynn this is a compelling argument but not absolutely conclusive : distracting the Austrians by encouraging the Turks was an old French stratagem , and does not in itself prove Louis XIV 's lust for universal monarchy . Jump up ^ With the growing Ottoman threat in the east , Louis XIV , the Most Christian King , had deemed it impolitic , cynically to some , for him to continue the assault in 1682 , which could be seen as aiding the infidel . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 513 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 167 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Miller : James II , 144 . James II 's mother Henrietta Maria was the sister of Louis XIV 's father Louis XIII ; William 's mother , Mary , Princess Royal , was James II 's sister . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Miller : James II , 145 Jump up ^ Simms : Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire , 34 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 520 Jump up ^ Simms , p. 35 Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Lord Kinross , The Ottoman Centuries : The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire ( Morrow Quill Paperbacks : New York , 1977 ) p. 350 . Jump up ^ Lord Kinross , The Wars of Louis XIV : 1667 -- 1714 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 529 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , p. 192 . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 42 . The Bavarian Wittelsbachs traditionally provided the electoral bishop . Jump up ^ Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 15 . The New Cambridge Modern History VI states Clement was awarded the election on 18 September . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Lynn , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , pp. 542 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , p. 194 . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Wilson ( 2016 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Mckay ; Scott , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Bromley , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 21 -- 2 . Jump up ^ J.R. Jones , Britain and the World , 1649 - 1815 ( 1980 ) p. 157 . Jump up ^ Harris , Tim ( 2006 ) . Revolution : The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy , 1685 -- 1720 . London : Allen Lane . p. 440 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9759 - 0 . Jump up ^ Magennis , Eoin ( 1998 ) . `` A ' Beleaguered Protestant ' ? : Walter Harris and the Writing of Fiction Unmasked in Mid-18th - Century Ireland '' . Eighteenth - Century Ireland . 13 : 6 -- 111 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Kinross : The Boyne and Aughrim : The War of the Two Kings , 27 -- 28 ^ Jump up to : Lynn , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Kinross : The Boyne and Aughrim : The War of the Two Kings , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Spielman : Leopold I of Austria , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Rowlands ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ The Duke of Savoys ' dynastic pretensions included a serious claim on the Spanish succession that provided an alternative to the rival claims of the Grand Dauphin and the Austrian Habsburgs . ^ Jump up to : Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Bromley , pp. 650 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Spielman : Leopold I of Austria , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 2003 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 2003 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Bromley , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 568 . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 573 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Aubrey : The Defeat of James Stuart 's Armada 1692 , 175 -- 79 . Fleet strengths taken from Aubrey . Sources vary . Jump up ^ Aubrey : The Defeat of James Stuart 's Armada 1692 , 118 -- 21 Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , pp. 574 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Doyle : Short Oxford History of France -- Old Regime France , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Chandler , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 236 Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Roger : The Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain 1649 -- 1815 , p. 153 . 30 million livres was equivalent to the entire French naval budget for 1692 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 2003 ) , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 246 . Jump up ^ John Childs calls the recapture of Namur the most important event of the Nine Years ' War . Jump up ^ Childs ( 2003 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Symcox : War , Diplomacy , and Imperialism : 1618 -- 1763 , 236 : For Vauban 's Memorandum on Privateering , 1695 , and Memorandum on the French Frontier , 1678 , see Symcox Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 2003 ) , p. 198 . Victor Amadeus thought it would be to his advantage to have Casale dismantled and neutralized . Because of its position it would then be at the mercy of Savoy . ^ Jump up to : Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 591 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , pp. 591 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Rowlands describes this as little short of a humiliation for Louis XIV when set alongside French demands in the summer of 1690 . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Childs states 25,000 French troops . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy : The Glorious Revolution in America , 215 -- 18 Jump up ^ Elson : History of the United States of America , I , 226 -- 27 ^ Jump up to : Taylor : The Thirteen Colonies : The Settling of North America , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy : The Glorious Revolution in America , p. 218 Jump up ^ Lovejoy : The Glorious Revolution in America , p. 315 . Jump up ^ Elson : History of the United States of America , I , p. 227 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Bromley , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Bromley , pp. 489 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : McKay ; Scott , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 2003 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 252 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Bromley , p. 473 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1970 ) , p. 594 . Jump up ^ McKay ; Scott , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 80 -- 81 . ^ Jump up to : Chandler , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Childs ( 1991 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Wolf ( 1962 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Lynn , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Lynn , pp. 264 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Chandler , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Bromley , p. 747 . Jump up ^ Childs ( 2003 ) , p. 155 . Different authorities credit both Hugh Mackay and Vauban for the socket bayonet . Jump up ^ Bromley , p. 790 . Jump up ^ Roger : The Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain 1649 -- 1815 , p. 219 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Roger : The Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain 1649 -- 1815 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Lynn , p. 97 . References ( edit ) Aubrey , Philip . The Defeat of James Stuart 's Armada 1692 . Leicester University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0718511689 . Bromley , J.S. ( ed . ) . The New Cambridge Modern History VI : The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688 -- 1725 . Cambridge University Press , 1971 . ISBN 0521075246 . Chandler , David G . The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough . Spellmount Limited , 1990 . ISBN 0946771421 . Childs , John . The Nine Years ' War and the British Army . Manchester University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0719034612 . Childs , John . Warfare in the Seventeenth Century . Cassell , 2003 . ISBN 0304363731 . Clark , George . The Nine Years War , 1688 -- 1697 in J.S. Bromley ( ed . ) The New Cambridge Modern History , VI , 223 -- 53 . Doyle , William . Short Oxford History of France -- Old Regime France . Oxford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0198731299 . Elson , Henry William . History of the United States of America , Volume 1 . The MacMillan Company , 1908 . Kinross , John . The Boyne and Aughrim : The War of the Two Kings . The Windrush Press , 1998 . ISBN 1900624079 . Lovejoy , David . The Glorious Revolution in America . Wesleyan University Press , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . Lynn , John A . The Wars of Louis XIV : 1667 -- 1714 . Longman , 1999 . ISBN 0582056292 . McKay , Derek . Prince Eugene of Savoy . Thames and Hudson Ltd , 1997 . ISBN 0500870071 . McKay , Derek and Scott , H.M. The Rise of the Great Powers : 1648 -- 1815 . Longman , 1984 . ISBN 0582485541 . Miller , John . James II . Yale University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0300087284 . Rodger N.A.M. . The Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain 1649 -- 1815 , Penguin , 2006 . ISBN 0141026901 . Rowlands , Guy . Louis XIV , Vittorio Amedeo II and French Military Failure in Italy , 1689 -- 96 . The English Historical Review , 2000 , 115 ( 462 ) : 534 -- 69 . Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire . Penguin , 2008 . ISBN 9780140289848 . Spielman , John . Leopold I of Austria . Thames and Hudson Ltd , 1977 . ISBN 0500870055 . Storrs , Christopher War , Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy , 1690 -- 1720 . Cambridge University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0521551463 . Symcox , Geoffrey ( ed . ) . War , Diplomacy , and Imperialism : 1618 -- 1763 . Harper & Row , 1973 . ISBN 0061395005 . Taylor , Alan . American Colonies : The Settling of North America . Penguin , 2002 . ISBN 0142002100 . Wolf , John B . The Emergence of the Great Powers : 1685 -- 1715 . Harper & Row , 1962 . ISBN 0061330108 pp 15 - 53 . Wolf , John B. Louis XIV . W.W. Norton & Company , 1968 . ISBN 0575000880 . Further reading ( edit ) Baxter , Stephen . William III and the Defence of European Liberty . London , 1966 Childs , John . The Army , James II and the Glorious Revolution . ( Manchester University Press , 1980 ) online review Childs , John . The British Army of William III 1698 -- 1702 . Manchester University Press , 1987 . Clark , George . The Nine Years ' War '' in J.S. Bromley , ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , VI : The Rise of Great Britain and Russia , 1688 -- 1725 ( 1970 ) pp 223 -- 67 . Clark , George . `` From the Nine Years War to the War of the Spanish Succession . '' The New Cambridge Modern History VI : 1688 - 1725 pp 381 -- 409 . Lynn , John A. Giant of Grand the Siècle : The French Army 1610 -- 1715 . Cambridge University Press , 1997 . Symcox , Geoffrey . The Crisis of French Sea Power 1688 -- 1697 : From the guerre d'escadre to the guerre de course . The Hague , 1974 Wilson , Peter ( 2016 ) . Heart of Europe : A History of the Holy Roman Empire . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nine Years ' War . GND : 4173975 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nine_Years%27_War&oldid=811608364 '' Categories : Nine Years ' War 1688 in Europe 1689 in Europe 1690 in Europe 1691 in Europe 1692 in Europe 1693 in Europe 1694 in Europe 1695 in Europe 1696 in Europe 1697 in Europe 17th century in Europe 17th century in France 17th - century conflicts 17th - century military history of the Kingdom of England Global conflicts Wars involving England Wars involving France Wars involving Scotland Wars involving Spain Wars involving Sweden Wars involving the Dutch Republic Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire Wars involving the Netherlands Wars of succession William III of England Electoral Palatinate Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2013 Use British English from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 19 : 12 . 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where did they find the heart of the ocean

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Heart_of_the_Ocean&oldid=803417551

Heart of the Ocean - wikipedia Heart of the Ocean Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Heart of the Ocean ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Original Heart of the Ocean Necklace on Display in James Cameron 's office . The Heart of the Ocean ( also known as Le Cœur de la Mer ) is the name of a fictional blue diamond featured prominently in the 1997 film Titanic . In the story , the diamond was originally owned by Louis XVI and cut into a heart shape after the French Revolution . In the film the necklace was purchased by Caledon Hockley , played by Billy Zane , a week before he sailed on the ill - fated ocean liner Titanic . The necklace was meant to be given as an engagement present to his fiancée Rose , played by Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart . It is believed that both Rose and the necklace went down with the ship , leading some of the main characters to believe the necklace lies somewhere within the wreckage of the Titanic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 1997 film 3 Design 3.1 The Original Necklace 3.2 The J. Peterman Necklace 3.3 The Asprey & Garrard Necklace 4 Reproductions 5 References Origin ( edit ) The story of the Hope Diamond bears many similarities to the story of the Heart of the Ocean with the obvious exception of the Hope Diamond not actually having been on board the Titanic . In the 1943 film Titanic , a blue diamond plays an important role in a love affair as well . A primary plot point in this earlier film is the theft of the diamond , which creates a dramatic break in a romantic relationship which is similar to the 1997 film . 1997 film ( edit ) The drawing of Rose wearing the Heart of the Ocean . In the 1997 film a fictional treasure hunter , Brock Lovett ( Bill Paxton ) , searches for a priceless blue diamond necklace which he believes lies within the wreck of the RMS Titanic . Lovett explains that the necklace was fashioned from a large blue diamond worn by Louis XVI in his royal crown . Shortly after the King 's execution in 1793 , the diamond was cut into a heart shape and became known as the Heart of the Ocean . The story of the Heart of the Ocean is similar to the story of the Hope Diamond , except the Hope Diamond was worn by Louis XIV in a royal necklace . Lovett 's hunch about the diamond 's whereabouts seems to be confirmed when his team salvages a drawing in which a nude woman is wearing the necklace . The drawing is dated April 14 , 1912 , the day the Titanic sank . Later on an elderly woman ( Gloria Stuart ) watches Lovett 's discovery on the news and immediately contacts the salvage team . Claiming to be both the woman in the picture and Rose Dewitt Bukater she is immediately flown out to Lovett 's salvage ship . Rose requests to view the recovered drawing and Lovett shows her some artifacts salvaged from the wreck , specifically those recovered from her stateroom on Titanic . During this scene Lovett reveals the origins of the diamond and that if it is recovered the Heart of the Ocean would be worth more than the Hope Diamond . While examining an ornate butterfly comb , Rose becomes emotional and begins detailing her time aboard the Titanic . During the film the audience 's perspective alternates between the past and present as Rose shares her memories . Rose divulges the intimate details of her relationship with the artist of the drawing , Jack Dawson ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) , which leads up to the night of the sinking . On the night of the sinking the diamond changes hands a few times between Rose and Jack , resulting in Jack being framed of its theft by Rose 's fiancé Cal . As the ship starts to lean dramatically it becomes quite clear that the unsinkable Titanic will indeed sink . With this in mind Rose 's fiancé , Cal , returns to the suite and empties the safe placing the precious gem in his overcoat . Later on Cal puts this same coat on Rose as she enters a lifeboat , forgetting about the diamond in its pocket . It is not thoroughly stated whether or not Rose ( Gloria Stuart ) tells Brock Lovett about Cal emptying his safe along with the diamond , it is assumed she does n't as Lovett does n't have any follow up questions . At the end of the film , Rose walks alone to the stern of the salvage ship and opens her hands revealing both the necklace and Rose 's identity as Rose Dewitt Bukater . While examining the necklace , Rose has a flashback to 1912 on her arrival in New York and discovers the necklace in the overcoat . Returning to the present , Rose , with a smile , drops the necklace from her hand into the water presumably above the Titanic wreck site . Design ( edit ) London - based jewelers Asprey & Garrard used cubic zirconias set in white gold to create an Edwardian - style necklace to be used as a prop in the film . Asprey & Garrard produced and designed the necklaces : the result was three different and unique designs . Two of their designs were used in the film while the other went unused until after the film had been released . The three necklaces are commonly known as the original prop , the J. Peterman necklace , and the Asprey necklace . The three necklaces are all very similar but have distinguishable differences . A replica inspired by the original prop . The original necklace ( edit ) The original necklace was the necklace seen throughout the film . This necklace has a large London - blue stone cut into a trillion / cleftless heart surrounded by white round cut cubic zirconias set in white gold . The chain is composed of a mix of round , pear , and marquise cut white cubic zirconias . The bail on this necklace was a heart cut white cubic zirconia attached to a white round cut stone which was attached to the cage on the main stone . The necklace is owned today by a private collector , and is currently being lent to James Cameron to display next to props from his other films . The necklace is available to view during tours of his office in California . The J. Peterman necklace ( edit ) Due to The J. Peterman Company 's acquisition of this particular necklace through the sale of props from the film , this design is often referred to as the J. Peterman design , though officially the necklace does not hold this designation . This particular design is another blue cubic zirconia ; however , it is cut into the shape of a heart rather than a trillion cut . The main stone is surrounded by round cut cubic zirconias and features a white round cut stone at the top where it attaches to the chain . The chain is composed of white round cut cubic zirconias , with a larger inverted pear cut cubic zirconia as the bail . This particular design is featured in the film for a brief moment when Caledon retrieves the necklace from his safe during the sinking , this is the only time the necklace is seen on screen . This particular necklace is believed to still be in the possession of the J. Peterman Company . The Asprey & Garrard necklace ( edit ) The third and final design was not used in the film . After the film 's success , Asprey & Garrard were commissioned to create an authentic Heart of the Ocean necklace using the original design . The result was a platinum - set , 171 - carat ( 34.2 g ) heart - shaped Ceylon sapphire surrounded by 103 diamonds . This design featured a much larger inverted pear shaped Ceylon sapphire with a subtle cleft to resemble a heart . The chain for this necklace also featured a mix of round , pear , and marquise cut white diamonds . The bail also featured a heart cut white diamond with another round cut diamond attached to an inverted pear shape diamond which was then attached to the cage of the main stone . The necklace was donated to Sotheby 's auction house in Beverly Hills for an auction benefiting the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and Southern California 's Aid For AIDS . It was sold to an unidentified Asprey client for $1.4 million , under the agreement that Celine Dion would wear it two nights later at the 1998 Academy Awards ceremony . This necklace has since not been made available for public viewing . Reproductions ( edit ) An example of one of the many replicas made by the J. Peterman Company back in 1998 . After the release of the film in 1998 , The J. Peterman Company sold less expensive reproductions . Their necklace consisted of 137 Austrian crystals and a detachable , inauthentic `` blue diamond '' pendant packaged in a navy blue , hinged presentation box . This is the only officially licensed reproduction of the necklace . This particular replica can still be found on the secondary market , although likely in used condition . There are many other unofficial inspired reproductions available on the secondary market ranging from as little as five dollars to thousands of dollars . Replicas An example of an unofficial inspired replica . An unofficial inspired replica made by an American Jeweler . An example of the replicas made by the J. Peterman Company in 1998 . These remain the only official replicas licensed by 20th Century Fox . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clarke , James ( 14 May 2014 ) . The Cinema of James Cameron : Bodies in Heroic Motion . Columbia University Press . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 85062 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Terry ( March 11 , 1998 ) . `` Real ' Titanic ' Necklace to Benefit Diana 's Trust : Movie 's Paste Necklace Recreated with Real Jewels '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Diane Sawyer . Jump up ^ costumes , yourprops.com , movie props and . `` Titanic Heart of the Ocean original movie prop '' . www.yourprops.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Van Der Voort , Jane ( February 11 , 2001 ) . `` Heart Of The Matter '' . The Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` J. Peterman Co . Finds Merchandising ' Jewel ' in ' Titanic ' ; ' Heart of the Ocean ' Necklace To Be Sold Through Company 's Catalog '' . Business Wire . March 23 , 1998 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_of_the_Ocean&oldid=803417551 '' Categories : Fictional gemstones and jewelry Titanic ( 1997 film ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Íslenska Italiano Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Banksy&oldid=799737597

Banksy - wikipedia Banksy Jump to : navigation , search Banksy art in Brick Lane , East End , 2004 Grin Reaper Banksy is an anonymous England - based graffiti artist , political activist and film director of unverified identity . Their satirical street art and subversive epigrams combine dark humour with graffiti executed in a distinctive stenciling technique . Banksy 's works of political and social commentary have been featured on streets , walls , and bridges of cities throughout the world . Banksy 's work grew out of the Bristol underground scene , which involved collaborations between artists and musicians . Banksy says that they were inspired by 3D , a graffiti artist who later became a founding member of the English musical group Massive Attack . Banksy displays their art on publicly visible surfaces such as walls and self - built physical prop pieces . Banksy does not sell photographs or reproductions of their street graffiti , but art auctioneers have been known to attempt to sell the street art on location and leave the problem of its removal in the hands of the winning bidder . Banksy created a documentary film , Exit Through the Gift Shop , billed as `` the world 's first street art disaster movie '' , which made its debut at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . The film was released in the UK on 5 March 2010 . In January 2011 , Banksy was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary for the film . In 2014 , Banksy was awarded Person of the Year at the 2014 Webby Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Early career ( 1990 -- 2001 ) 1.2 Exhibitions ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 1.3 £ 10 notes to Barely Legal ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 1.4 The Banksy effect ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 1.5 2008 1.5. 1 The Cans Festival ( 2008 ) 1.6 2009 1.7 Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) 1.8 2011 1.9 2012 1.10 2013 1.10. 1 Better Out Than In ( 2013 ) 1.11 2015 1.11. 1 ' Banksy in Gaza ' clip 1.11. 2 Dismaland 1.11. 3 The Son of a Migrant from Syria 2 Identity 3 Cultural icon 4 Other notable artworks 4.1 Damaged artwork 5 Technique 6 Political and social themes 7 Criticism 8 Bibliography 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Career See also : List of works by Banksy Early career ( 1990 -- 2001 ) Stencil on the waterline of The Thekla , an entertainment boat in central Bristol -- ( wider view ) . The section of the hull with this picture has now been removed and is on display at the M Shed museum . The image of Death is based on a nineteenth - century etching illustrating the pestilence of The Great Stink . Banksy started as a freehand graffiti artist in 1990 -- 1994 as one of Bristol 's DryBreadZ Crew ( DBZ ) , with two other artists known as Kato and Tes . Banksy was inspired by local artists and their work was part of the larger Bristol underground scene with Nick Walker , Inkie and 3D . During this time Banksy met Bristol photographer Steve Lazarides , who began selling Banksy 's work , later becoming their agent . By 2000 Banksy had turned to the art of stencilling after realising how much less time it took to complete a work . Banksy claims they changed to stencilling while hiding from the police under a rubbish lorry , when they noticed the stencilled serial number and by employing this technique , they soon became more widely noticed for their art around Bristol and London . Banksy was the goalkeeper for the Easton Cowboys and Cowgirls football team in the 1990s , and toured with the club to Mexico in 2001 . Banksy 's first known large wall mural was The Mild Mild West painted in 1997 to cover advertising of a former solicitors ' office on Stokes Croft in Bristol . It depicts a teddy bear lobbing a Molotov cocktail at three riot police . Banksy 's stencils feature striking and humorous images occasionally combined with slogans . The message is usually anti-war , anti-capitalist or anti-establishment . Subjects often include rats , apes , policemen , soldiers , children , and the elderly . In July 2011 one of Banksy 's early works , Gorilla in a Pink Mask , which had been a prominent landmark on the exterior wall of a former social club in Eastville for over ten years , was unwittingly painted over after the premises became a Muslim cultural centre . Exhibitions ( 2002 -- 2003 ) On 19 June 2002 , Banksy 's first Los Angeles exhibition debuted at 33 ⁄ Gallery , a tiny Silver Lake venue owned by Frank Sosa . The exhibition , entitled Existencilism , was curated by 33 ⁄ Gallery , Malathion LA 's Chris Vargas , Funk Lazy Promotions ' Grace Jehan , and B+ . In 2003 , at an exhibition called Turf War , held in a London warehouse , Banksy painted on animals . At the time they gave one of their very few interviews , to the BBC 's Nigel Wrench . Although the RSPCA declared the conditions suitable , an animal rights activist chained herself to the railings in protest . An example of Banksy 's subverted paintings is Monet 's Water Lily Pond , adapted to include urban detritus such as litter and a shopping trolley floating in its reflective waters ; another is Edward Hopper 's Nighthawks , redrawn to show that the characters are looking at a British football hooligan , dressed only in his Union Flag underpants , who has just thrown an object through the glass window of the cafe . These oil paintings were shown at a twelve - day exhibition in Westbourne Grove , London in 2005 . Banksy , along with Shepard Fairey , Dmote and others created work at a warehouse exhibition in Alexandria , Sydney for Semi-Permanent in 2003 . Approximately 1,500 people attended . £ 10 notes to Barely legal ( 2004 -- 2006 ) A stencil of Charles Manson in a prison suit , hitchhiking to anywhere , Archway , London In August 2004 , Banksy produced a quantity of spoof British £ 10 notes replacing the picture of the Queen 's head with Diana , Princess of Wales 's head and changing the text `` Bank of England '' to `` Banksy of England '' . Someone threw a large wad of these into a crowd at Notting Hill Carnival that year , which some recipients then tried to spend in local shops . These notes were also given with invitations to a Santa 's Ghetto exhibition by Pictures on Walls . The individual notes have since been selling on eBay for about £ 200 each . A wad of the notes were also thrown over a fence and into the crowd near the NME signing tent at the Reading Festival . A limited run of 50 signed posters containing ten uncut notes were also produced and sold by Pictures on Walls for £ 100 each to commemorate the death of Princess Diana . One of these sold in October 2007 at Bonhams auction house in London for £ 24,000 . In August 2005 , Banksy , on a trip to the Palestinian territories , created nine images on the Israeli West Bank wall . Banksy held an exhibition called Barely Legal , billed as a `` three - day vandalised warehouse extravaganza '' in Los Angeles , on the weekend of 16 September 2006 . The exhibition featured a live `` elephant in a room '' , painted in a pink and gold floral wallpaper pattern , which , according to leaflets handed out at the exhibition , was intended to draw attention to the issue of world poverty . Although the Animal Services Department had issued a permit for the elephant , after complaints from animal rights activists , the elephant appeared unpainted on the final day . Its owners rejected claims of mistreatment and said that the elephant had done `` many , many movies . She 's used to makeup . '' Banksy also made artwork displaying Queen Victoria as a lesbian and satirical pieces that incorporated art made by Andy Warhol and Leonardo da Vinci . The Banksy effect ( 2006 -- 2007 ) There are crimes that become innocent and even glorious through their splendour , number and excess . Banksy After Christina Aguilera bought an original of Queen Victoria as a lesbian and two prints for £ 25,000 , on 19 October 2006 , a set of Kate Moss paintings sold in Sotheby 's London for £ 50,400 , setting an auction record for Banksy 's work . The six silk - screen prints , featuring the model painted in the style of Andy Warhol 's Marilyn Monroe pictures , sold for five times their estimated value . Their stencil of a green Mona Lisa with real paint dripping from her eyes sold for £ 57,600 at the same auction . In December , journalist Max Foster coined the phrase , `` the Banksy effect '' , to illustrate how interest in other street artists was growing on the back of Banksy 's success . Naked Man image by Banksy , on the wall of a sexual health clinic in Park Street , Bristol . Following popular support , the City Council has decided it will be allowed to remain . ( wider view ) On 21 February 2007 , Sotheby 's auction house in London auctioned three works , reaching the highest ever price for a Banksy work at auction : over £ 102,000 for Bombing Middle England . Two of Banksy 's other graffiti works , Balloon Girl and Bomb Hugger , sold for £ 37,200 and £ 31,200 respectively , which were well above their estimated prices . The following day 's auction saw a further three Banksy works reach soaring prices : Ballerina with Action Man Parts reached £ 96,000 ; Glory sold for £ 72,000 ; Untitled ( 2004 ) sold for £ 33,600 ; all significantly above estimated values . To coincide with the second day of auctions , Banksy updated their website with a new image of an auction house scene showing people bidding on a picture that said , `` I Ca n't Believe You Morons Actually Buy This Shit . '' In February 2007 , the owners of a house with a Banksy mural on the side in Bristol decided to sell the house through Red Propeller art gallery after offers fell through because the prospective buyers wanted to remove the mural . It is listed as a mural that comes with a house attached . In 2008 , Nathan Wellard and Maev Neal , a couple from Norfolk , UK , made headlines in Britain when they decided to sell their mobile home that contains a 30 - foot mural , entitled Fragile Silence , done by Banksy a decade prior to their rise to fame . According to Nathan Wellard , Banksy had asked the couple if they could use the side of their home as a `` large canvas '' , to which they agreed . In return for the `` canvas '' , the Bristol stencil artist gave them two free tickets to the Glastonbury Festival . The mobile home purchased by the couple 11 years ago for 1,000 GBP , is now being sold for 500,000 GBP . In April 2007 , Transport for London painted over Banksy 's image of a scene from Quentin Tarantino 's film Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , featuring Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta clutching bananas instead of guns . Although the image was very popular , Transport for London claimed that the graffiti created `` a general atmosphere of neglect and social decay which in turn encourages crime '' and their staff are `` professional cleaners not professional art critics '' . Banksy painted the same site again and , initially , the actors were portrayed as holding real guns instead of bananas , but they were adorned with banana costumes . Some time later , Banksy made a tribute artwork over this second Pulp Fiction work . The tribute was for 19 - year - old British graffiti artist Ozone who , along with fellow artist Wants , was hit by an underground train in Barking , east London on 12 January 2007 . Banksy depicted an angel wearing a bullet - proof vest holding a skull . They also wrote a note on their website saying : Ozone 's Angel The last time I hit this spot I painted a crap picture of two men in banana costumes waving hand guns . A few weeks later a writer called Ozone completely dogged it and then wrote `` If it 's better next time I 'll leave it '' in the bottom corner . When we lost Ozone we lost a fearless graffiti writer and as it turns out a pretty perceptive art critic . Ozone -- rest in peace . On 27 April 2007 , a new record high for the sale of Banksy 's work was set with the auction of the work Space Girl and Bird fetching £ 288,000 ( US $576,000 ) around 20 times the estimate at Bonhams of London . On 21 May 2007 Banksy gained the award for Art 's Greatest living Briton . Banksy , as expected , did not turn up to collect their award and continued with their anonymous status . On 4 June 2007 , it was reported that Banksy 's The Drinker had been stolen . In October 2007 , most of Banksy 's works offered for sale at Bonhams auction house in London sold for more than twice their reserve price . Banksy 's `` Stonehenge '' from portable toilets at the Glastonbury Festival , June 2007 Banksy has published a `` manifesto '' on their website . The text of the manifesto is credited as the diary entry of British Lieutenant Colonel Mervin Willett Gonin , DSO , which is exhibited in the Imperial War Museum . It describes how a shipment of lipstick to the Bergen - Belsen concentration camp immediately after its liberation at the end of World War II helped the internees regain their humanity . However , as of 18 January 2008 , Banksy 's Manifesto has been substituted with Graffiti Heroes No. 03 that describes Peter Chappell 's graffiti quest of the 1970s that worked to free George Davis of his imprisonment . By 12 August 2009 Banksy was relying on Emo Philips ' `` When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new bicycle . Then I realised God does n't work that way , so I stole one and prayed for forgiveness . '' A small number of Banksy 's works can be seen in the movie Children of Men , including a stenciled image of two policemen kissing and another stencil of a child looking down a shop . Banksy , who `` is not represented by any of the commercial galleries that sell his ( sic ) work second hand ( including Lazarides Ltd , Andipa Gallery , Bank Robber , Dreweatts etc . ) '' , claims that the exhibition at Vanina Holasek Gallery in New York City ( Banksy 's first major exhibition in that city ) is unauthorised . The exhibition featured 62 of their paintings and prints . 2008 Banksy `` Swinger '' in New Orleans In March , a stencilled graffiti work appeared on Thames Water tower in the middle of the Holland Park roundabout , and it was widely attributed to Banksy . It was of a child painting the tag `` Take this -- Society ! '' in bright orange . London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham spokesman , Councillor Greg Smith branded the art as vandalism , and ordered its immediate removal , which was carried out by H&F council workmen within three days . Work on building in the Lower 9th Ward of New Orleans , August 2008 In late August 2008 , marking the third anniversary of Hurricane Katrina and the associated levee failure disaster , Banksy produced a series of works in New Orleans , Louisiana , mostly on buildings derelict since the disaster . A stencil painting attributed to Banksy appeared at a vacant petrol station in the Ensley neighbourhood of Birmingham , Alabama on 29 August as Hurricane Gustav approached the New Orleans area . The painting , depicting a hooded member of the Ku Klux Klan hanging from a noose , was quickly covered with black spray paint and later removed altogether . Banksy 's first official exhibition in New York City , `` The Village Pet Store and Charcoal Grill '' , opened 5 October 2008 . The animatronic pets in the store window include a mother hen watching over her baby Chicken McNuggets as they peck at a barbecue sauce packet , and a rabbit putting makeup on in a mirror . The Westminster City Council stated in October 2008 that the work One Nation Under CCTV , painted in April 2008 would be painted over as it was graffiti . The council said it would remove any graffiti , regardless of the reputation of its creator , and specifically stated that Banksy `` has no more right to paint graffiti than a child '' . Robert Davis , the chairman of the council planning committee told The Times newspaper : `` If we condone this then we might as well say that any kid with a spray can is producing art . '' The work was painted over in April 2009 . In December 2008 , The Little Diver , a Banksy image of a diver in a duffle coat in Melbourne Australia was destroyed . The image had been protected by a sheet of clear perspex ; however , silver paint was poured behind the protective sheet and later tagged with the words `` Banksy woz ere '' . The image was almost completely obliterated . The Cans Festival ( 2008 ) In London , over the weekend 3 -- 5 May 2008 , Banksy hosted an exhibition called The Cans Festival . It was situated on Leake Street , a road tunnel formerly used by Eurostar underneath London Waterloo station . Graffiti artists with stencils were invited to join in and paint their own artwork , as long as it did not cover anyone else 's . Banksy invited artists from around the world to exhibit their works . 2009 The location of the damaged 1985 graffiti by Robbo in Camden , London allegedly painted over by Banksy and subsequently painted over by Robbo in retaliation . In May 2009 , Banksy parted company with agent Steve Lazarides and announced that Pest Control , the handling service who act on their behalf , would be the only point of sale for new works . On 13 June 2009 , the Banksy vs Bristol Museum show opened at Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery , featuring more than 100 works of art , including animatronics and installations ; it is Banksy 's largest exhibition yet , featuring 78 new works . Reaction to the show was positive , with over 8,500 visitors to the show on the first weekend . Over the course of the twelve weeks , the exhibition was visited over 300,000 times . In September 2009 , a Banksy work parodying the Royal Family was partially destroyed by Hackney Council after they served an enforcement notice for graffiti removal to the former address of the property owner . The mural had been commissioned for the 2003 Blur single `` Crazy Beat '' and the property owner , who had allowed it to be painted , was reported to have been in tears when she saw it was being painted over . In December 2009 , Banksy marked the end of the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference by painting four murals on global warming . One included the phrase , `` I do n't believe in global warming ; '' the words were submerged in water . A feud and graffiti war between Banksy and King Robbo broke out when Banksy allegedly painted over one of Robbo 's tags . The feud has led to many of Banksy 's works being altered by graffiti writers . Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) The world premiere of the film Exit Through the Gift Shop occurred at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City , Utah , on 24 January . Banksy created 10 street artworks around Park City and Salt Lake City to tie in with the screening . In February , The Whitehouse public house in Liverpool , England , was sold for £ 114,000 at auction . The side of the building has an image of a giant rat by Banksy . In March 2010 , the work `` Forgive Us Our Trespassing '' was displayed at the London Bridge in conjunction with Art Below an arts company that put on art shows on the London Underground . The work was censored by the Transport for London ( TfL ) , forbidding display of the work with its halo , because of the prevalence of graffiti in the underground . It was displayed without the halo over the boy 's head , but after a few days the halo was repainted by a graffitist , so the TfL disposed of the poster . This decline went through the press and several articles were published remarking on the progress of the poster . Banksy paints over the line between aesthetics and language , then stealthily repaints it in the unlikeliest of places . His works , whether he stencils them on the streets , sells them in exhibitions or hangs them in museums on the sly , are filled with wit and metaphors that transcend language barriers . Shepard Fairey writing for Time on Banksy 's entry in the Time 100 list , April 2010 In April , to coincide with the premiere of Exit Through the Gift Shop in San Francisco , five of Banksy 's works appeared in various parts of the city . Banksy reportedly paid a San Francisco Chinatown building owner $50 for the use of their wall for one of their stencils . In May 2010 , seven new Banksy works of art appeared in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , though most have been subsequently painted over or removed . In May , to coincide with the premiere of Exit Through the Gift Shop in Royal Oak , Banksy visited the Detroit area and left their mark in several places in Detroit and Warren . Shortly after , their work depicting a little boy holding a can of red paint next to the words `` I remember when all this was trees '' was excavated by the 555 Nonprofit Gallery and Studios . They claim that they do not intend to sell the work but plan to preserve it and display it at their Detroit gallery . There was also an attempted removal of one of the Warren works known as `` Diamond Girl '' . In late January 2011 , Exit Through the Gift Shop was nominated for a 2010 Oscar for Best Documentary Feature . Banksy released a statement about the nomination , stating , `` This is a big surprise ... I do n't agree with the concept of award ceremonies , but I 'm prepared to make an exception for the ones I 'm nominated for . The last time there was a naked man covered in gold paint in my house , it was me . '' Leading up to the Oscars , Banksy blanketed Los Angeles with street art . Many people speculated if Banksy would show up at the Oscars in disguise and make a surprise appearance if Banksy won the Oscar . Exit Through the Gift Shop did not win the award , which went to Inside Job . In early March 2011 , Banksy responded to the Oscars with an artwork in Weston - super-Mare , UK , of a little girl holding the Oscar and pouting . Many people think that it is in reference to 15 - month - old Lara , who dropped and damaged her father 's ( The King 's Speech co-producer Simon Egan ) Oscar statue . Exit Through the Gift Shop was broadcast on British public television station Channel 4 on 13 August 2011 . Banksy was also credited with the opening couch gag for the 2010 The Simpsons episode `` MoneyBart '' , depicting people working in deplorable conditions and using endangered or mythical animals to make both the episodes cel - by - cel and the merchandise connected with the program . Their name appears several times throughout the episode 's opening sequence , spray - painted on assorted walls and signs . Fox sanitised parts of the opening `` for taste '' and to make it less grim . In January 2011 , Banksy published the original storyboard on its website . According to Banksy , the storyboard `` led to delays , disputes over broadcast standards and a threatened walk out by the animation department . '' Executive director Al Jean jokingly said , `` This is what you get when you outsource . '' 2011 In May 2011 Banksy released a lithographic print which showed a smoking petrol bomb contained in a ' Tesco Value ' bottle . This followed a long running campaign by locals against the opening of a Tesco Express supermarket in Banksy 's home city of Bristol . Violent clashes had taken place between police and demonstrators in the Stokes Croft area . Banksy produced the poster ostensibly to raise money for local groups in the Stokes Croft area and to raise money for the legal defence of those arrested during the riots . The posters were sold exclusively at the Bristol Anarchists Bookfair in Stokes Croft for £ 5 each . In December , Banksy unveiled Cardinal Sin at the Walker Art Gallery , Liverpool . The bust , which replaces a priest 's face with a `` pixelated '' effect , was a statement on the child abuse scandal in the Catholic Church . 2012 In May Banksy 's Parachuting Rat , painted in Melbourne in the late 1990s , was accidentally destroyed by plumbers installing new pipes . In July , prior to the 2012 Olympic Games Banksy posted photographs of paintings with an Olympic theme on their website but did not disclose their location . 2013 On 18 February , BBC News reported that a recent Banksy mural , known as the Slave Labour mural portraying a young child sewing Union Flag bunting ( created around the time of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II ) had been removed from the side of a Poundland store in Wood Green , north London , and soon appeared for sale in Fine Art Auctions Miami 's catalogue ( a US auction site based in Florida ) . News of this has reportedly caused `` lots of anger '' in the local community and is considered by some to be a theft . Fine Art Auctions Miami has rejected claims of theft , saying it had signed a contract with a `` well - known collector '' and that `` everything was above board '' ; despite this , the local Councillor for Wood Green is campaigning for the work 's return . On the scheduled day of the auction , Fine Art Auctions Miami announced that it had withdrawn the work of art from the sale . On 11 May , BBC News reports that the same Banksy mural is up for auction again in Covent Garden by the Sincura Group . The auction is scheduled to take place in June . It is expected to fetch up to £ 450,000 . On 24 September , after over a year since Banksy 's previous piece , a new mural went up on their website along with the subtitle Better Out Than In . Better out than in ( 2013 ) Main article : Better Out Than In On 1 October , Banksy began a one - month `` show on the streets of New York ( City ) '' , for which they opened a separate website and granted an interview to The Village Voice via their publicist . A pop - up boutique of about 25 spray - art canvases appeared on Fifth Avenue near Central Park on 12 October . Tourists were able to buy Banksy art for just $60 each . In a note posted to their website , the artist wrote : `` Please note this was a one - off . The stall will not be there again . '' The BBC estimated that the street - stall art pieces could be worth as much as $31,000 . The booth was manned by an unknown elderly man who went about four hours before making a sale , yawning and eating lunch as people strolled by without a second glance at the work . Banksy chronicled the surprise sale in a video posted to their website noting , `` Yesterday I set up a stall in the park selling 100 % authentic original signed Banksy canvases . For $60 each . '' Two of the canvasses sold at a July 2014 auction for $214,000 . It was reported that then - New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg called Banksy a vandal whose work is not the definition of art , and that the NYPD 's vandal squad was on the hunt for Banksy over their various graffiti art and installations . One creation was a fiberglass sculpture of Ronald McDonald and a real person , barefoot and in ragged clothes , shining the oversized shoes of Ronald McDonald . The sculpture was unveiled in Queens but moved outside a different McDonald 's around the city every day . Other works included a YouTube video showing what appears to be footage of jihadist militants shooting down an animated Dumbo the Elephant ; travelling installations that toured the city including a slaughterhouse delivery truck full of stuffed animals and a waterfall ; and a modified painting donated to a charity shop which was later sold in an online auction for $615,000 . Banksy also posted a mock - up of a New York Times op - ed attacking the design of the One World Trade Center after the Times rejected their submission . The residency in New York concluded on 31 October 2013 ; many of the pieces , though , were either vandalised , removed or stolen . 2015 ' Banksy in Gaza ' clip In February 2015 Banksy published a 2 - minute video titled `` Make this the year YOU discover a new destination '' about their trip to Gaza Strip . During the visit they painted a few artworks including a kitten on the remains of a house destroyed by an Israeli air strike . ( `` I wanted to highlight the destruction in Gaza by posting photos on my website -- but on the internet people only look at pictures of kittens '' ) and a swing hanging off a watchtower . In a statement to The New York Times Banksy 's publicist said , I do n't want to take sides . But when you see entire suburban neighbourhoods reduced to rubble with no hope of a future -- what you 're really looking at is a vast outdoor recruitment centre for terrorists . And we should probably address this for all our sakes . Dismaland Main article : Dismaland Dismaland ( 2015 ) , a `` bemusement park '' in Weston - super-Mare Banksy opened Dismaland , a large scale group show lampooning Disneyland on 21 August 2015 and permanently closed on 27 September 2015 . The `` theme park '' was located in Weston - super-Mare , United Kingdom . According to the Dismaland website , artists Damien Hirst and Jenny Holzer were represented in the show . The Son of a migrant from Syria Main article : The Son of a Migrant from Syria In December 2015 , Banksy created several murals in the vicinity of Calais , France , including the so - called `` Jungle '' where migrants live as they attempt to enter the United Kingdom . One of the pieces , The Son of a Migrant from Syria , depicts Steve Jobs as a migrant . Identity He does all this and he stays anonymous . I think that 's great . These days everyone is trying to be famous . But he has anonymity . -- Brad Pitt . Banksy 's name and identity remain unknown -- it has been stated that the reason for this secrecy is that graffiti is a crime . A commonly cited 2008 Mail on Sunday investigation of several former schoolmates and associates stated that the artist is believed to be Robin Gunningham , a former pupil at the public Bristol Cathedral School . This suggestion was corroborated in 2016 by a study of the locations in which Banksy 's art has been found , which found that the incidence of Banksy 's works correlated with the known movements of Gunningham . There has also been speculation that Banksy is a team of seven artists . In October 2014 an internet hoax circulated that Banksy had been arrested and their identity revealed . In August 2016 , Scottish journalist Craig Williams published an investigative piece in which he connected the timing of Banksy 's murals with the touring schedule of the trip hop band Massive Attack . Williams put forward the suggestion that Banksy 's work could be the work of a collective , and that Banksy themselves may be Massive Attack 's frontman , Robert Del Naja . Del Naja had been a graffiti artist during the 1980s prior to forming the band and had previously been identified as a personal friend of Banksy . In June 2017 , English musician Goldie referred to Banksy as Rob ( or Robert ) , during an interview with Scroobius Pip . It has been argued that Goldie could have been referring to either Robert Del Naja , Robin Gunningham , or neither of them . Cultural icon As of 2014 , Banksy was regarded as a British cultural icon , with young adults from abroad naming the artist among a group of people that they most associated with UK culture , which included William Shakespeare , Queen Elizabeth II , David Beckham , The Beatles , Charlie Chaplin , J.K. Rowling , Elton John and Adele . Other notable artworks Near Bethlehem -- 2005 Show me the Monet . A reworking of Claude Monet 's Water Lilies , showing the juxtaposition between nature and mankind 2014 work in Cheltenham In addition to their artwork , Banksy has claimed responsibility for a number of high - profile artworks , including the following : At London Zoo , Banksy climbed into the penguin enclosure and painted `` We 're bored of fish '' in 7 - foot - high ( 2.1 m ) letters . At London Zoo , Banksy left the message `` I want out . This place is too cold . Keeper smells . Boring , boring , boring . '' in the elephant enclosure . In March 2005 , they placed subverted artworks in the Museum of Modern Art , Metropolitan Museum of Art , and American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan as well as the Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn . In May 2005 Banksy 's version of a primitive cave painting depicting a human figure hunting wildlife while pushing a shopping trolley was hung in gallery 49 of the British Museum , London . In August 2005 , Banksy painted nine images on the Israeli West Bank barrier , including an image of a ladder going up and over the wall and an image of children digging a hole through the wall . In October 2005 , Banksy designed six station IDs for Nickelodeon . In April 2006 , Banksy created a sculpture based on a crumpled red phone box with a pickaxe in its side , apparently bleeding , and placed it in a side street in Soho , London . It was later removed by Westminster Council . '' In June 2006 , Banksy created an image of a naked man hanging out of a bedroom window on a wall visible from Park Street in central Bristol . The image sparked `` a heated debate '' , with the Bristol City Council leaving it up to the public to decide whether it should stay or go . After an internet discussion in which 97 % of the 500 people surveyed supported the stencil , the city council decided it would be left on the building . The mural was later defaced with blue paint . In August / September 2006 , Banksy placed up to 500 copies of Paris Hilton 's debut CD , Paris , in 48 different UK record stores with the artist 's own cover art and remixes by Danger Mouse . Music tracks were given titles such as `` Why Am I Famous ? '' , `` What Have I Done ? '' and `` What Am I For ? '' . Several copies of the CD were purchased by the public before stores were able to remove them , some going on to be sold for as much as £ 750 on online auction websites such as eBay . The cover art depicted Hilton digitally altered to appear topless . Other pictures feature her with her chihuahua Tinkerbell 's head replacing her own , and one of her stepping out of a luxury car , edited to include a group of homeless people , which included the caption `` 90 % of success is just showing up . '' In September 2006 , Banksy dressed an inflatable doll in the manner of a Guantanamo Bay detainment camp prisoner ( orange jumpsuit , black hood , and handcuffs ) and then placed the figure within the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad ride at the Disneyland theme park in Anaheim , California . The artist makes stickers ( the Neighbourhood Watch subvert ) and was responsible for the cover art of Blur 's 2003 album Think Tank . In September 2007 , Banksy covered a wall in Portobello Road with a French artist painting graffiti of Banksy 's name . In July 2012 , in the run up to the London 2012 Olympic games they created several pieces based upon this event . One included an image of an athlete throwing a missile instead of Javelin , evidently taking a poke at the Surface to Air missile sites positioned in the Stratford area to defend the games . In April 2014 , Banksy created a piece in Cheltenham , near the Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) headquarters , which depicts three men wearing sunglasses and using listening devices to `` snoop '' on a telephone box , evidently criticising the recent Global surveillance disclosures of 2013 . This was only confirmed by Banksy as their work later in June 2014 . This piece ' disappeared ' on 20 August 2016 during renovations to the building it was on , and may have been destroyed . In June 2016 , a 14 ft painting of a child with a stick chasing a burning tyre was found in the Bridge Farm Primary School in Bristol with a letter from Banksy thanking the school for naming one of its houses after him . BBC News reported that a spokesman for Banksy confirmed that the artwork was genuine . In the letter , Banksy wrote that if the members of the school did not like the painting , they should add their own elements . Damaged artwork Main article : Works by Banksy that have been damaged or destroyed Several artworks by Banksy were vandalised , painted over or destroyed . In 2008 , in Melbourne , paint was poured over a stencil of an old - fashioned diver wearing a trench coat . In April 2010 , the Melbourne City Council reported that they had inadvertently ordered private contractors to paint over a rat descending in a parachute adorning the wall of an old council building behind the Forum Theatre . Many works that make up the Better Out Than In series in New York City have been defaced , some just hours after the piece was unveiled . At least one defacement was identified as done by a competing artist , OMAR NYC , who spray - painted over Banksy 's red mylar balloon piece in Red Hook . OMAR NYC also defaced some of Banksy 's work in May 2010 . Technique ATM attacking a girl , Rosebery Avenue , London , January 2008 Stencils are traditionally hand drawn or printed onto sheets of acetate or card , before being cut out by hand . Because of the secretive nature of Banksy 's work and identity , it is uncertain what techniques they use to generate the images in the stencils , though it is assumed they use computers for some images due to the photographic quality of much of the work . Banksy mentions in their book Wall and Piece that as they were starting to do graffiti , they were always too slow and were either caught or could never finish the art in one sitting . So the artist devised a series of intricate stencils to minimise time and overlapping of the colour . There is dispute in the street art world over the legitimacy of stencils , with many artists criticising their use as `` cheating '' . Political and social themes Shop Until You Drop in Mayfair , London . Banksy has said `` We ca n't do anything to change the world until capitalism crumbles . In the meantime we should all go shopping to console ourselves . '' Banksy once characterised graffiti as a form of underclass `` revenge '' , or guerilla warfare that allows an individual to snatch away power , territory and glory from a bigger and better equipped enemy . Banksy sees a social class component to this struggle , remarking `` If you do n't own a train company then you go and paint on one instead . '' Banksy 's work has also shown a desire to mock centralised power , hoping that their work will show the public that although power does exist and works against you , that power is not terribly efficient and it can and should be deceived . Banksy 's works have dealt with various political and social themes , including anti-war , anti-consumerism , anti-fascism , anti-imperialism , anti-authoritarianism , anarchism , nihilism , and existentialism . Additionally , the components of the human condition that the works commonly critique are greed , poverty , hypocrisy , boredom , despair , absurdity , and alienation . Although Banksy 's works usually rely on visual imagery and iconography to put forth their message , Banksy has made several politically related comments in their various books . In summarising their list of `` people who should be shot '' , they listed `` Fascist thugs , religious fundamentalists , ( and ) people who write lists telling you who should be shot . '' While facetiously describing their political nature , Banksy declared that `` Sometimes I feel so sick at the state of the world , I ca n't even finish my second apple pie . '' During the United Kingdom general election , 2017 , Banksy offered voters a free print if they cast a ballot against the Conservative candidates standing in the Bristol North West , Bristol West , North Somerset , Thornbury , Kingswood and Filton constituencies . According to a note posted on Banksy 's website , an emailed photo of a completed ballot paper showing it marked for a candidate other than the Conservative candidate would result in the voter being mailed a limited edition piece of Banksy art . On June 5 , 2017 , the Avon and Somerset Constabulary announced it had opened an investigation into Banksy for the suspected corrupt practice of bribery , and the following day Banksy withdrew the offer stating `` I have been warned by the Electoral Commission that the free print offer will invalidate the election result . So I regret to announce that this ill - conceived and legally dubious promotion has now been cancelled . '' Criticism Peter Gibson , a spokesman for Keep Britain Tidy , asserts that Banksy 's work is simple vandalism , and Diane Shakespeare , an official for the same organisation , was quoted as saying : `` We are concerned that Banksy 's street art glorifies what is essentially vandalism . '' In his column for The Guardian , satirist Charlie Brooker wrote of Banksy `` ... his work looks dazzlingly clever to idiots . '' Banksy has also been long criticised for copying the work of Blek le Rat , who created the life - sized stencil technique in early 1980s Paris and used it to express a similar combination of political commentary and humorous imagery . Blek has praised Banksy for their contribution to urban art , but said in an interview for the documentary Graffiti Wars that some of Banksy 's more derivative work makes him `` angry '' , saying that `` It 's difficult to find a technique and style in art so when you have a style and you see someone else is taking it and reproducing it , you do n't like that . '' Some have criticised the `` obviousness '' of Banksy 's work , and accused it of being `` anarchy - lite '' geared towards a middle class `` hipster '' audience . Much of this criticism came forward during Banksy 's series of works in New York in 2013 . Many New York street artists , such as TrustoCorp , criticised Banksy , and much of Banksy 's work was defaced . Bibliography Banksy has self - published several books that contain photographs of their work in various countries as well as some of their canvas work and exhibitions , accompanied by their own writings : Banksy , Banging Your Head Against a Brick Wall ( 2001 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9541704 - 0 - 0 Banksy , Existencilism ( 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9541704 - 1 - 7 Banksy , Cut It Out ( 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9544960 - 0 - 5 Banksy , Wall and Piece ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 786 - 2 Banksy , Pictures of Walls ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9551946 - 0 - 3 Banksy , You Are an Acceptable Level of Threat ( 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 1908211088 Random House published Wall and Piece in 2005 . It contains a combination of images from their three previous books , as well as some new material . The book was a best seller in the arts category for several years after its release . See also Biography portal Visual arts portal Above , American stencil artist with social and political themes List of urban artists Street installation References Jump up ^ Holzwarth , Hans W. ( 2009 ) . 100 Contemporary Artists A-Z ( Taschen 's 25th anniversary special ed . ) . Köln : Taschen . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8365 - 1490 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Banksy Paradox : 7 Sides to the World 's Most Infamous Street Artist , 19 July 2007 Jump up ^ Baker , Lindsay ( 28 March 2008 ) . `` Banksy : off the wall -- Telegraph '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Statement does not appear in current URL , only archived URL . Jump up ^ `` Banksy fans fail to bite at street art auction '' . meeja.com.au. 30 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Child , Andrew ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` Urban Renewal : Steve Lazarides continues to expand his street art empire '' . Financial Times . London . Archived from the original on 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . He had discovered Banksy on a chance photo shoot in Bristol in 2001 while working as picture editor of Sleaze Nation magazine , and brought him to public attention along with a roster of other urban artists ... Lazarides and Banksy parted company in 2009 , a mysterious split about which both parties have remained tight - lipped . ^ Jump up to : Banksy ( 2005 ) . Wall and Piece . Random House . Archived from the original on 28 September 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Onyanga - Omara , Jane ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Banksy in goal : The story of the Easton Cowboys and Cowgirls '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Banksy 's mild mild west piece , Stokes Croft , Bristol '' . 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Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hinton , Patrick ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` Is Banksy actually a member of Massive Attack ? '' . Mixmag . Archived from the original on 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nash . `` Is Banksy Actually Massive Attack 's Robert Del Naja ? '' . TIME.com . Archived from the original on 4 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaworski , Michael ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` Is Banksy actually a member of Massive Attack ? '' . The Daily Dot . Archived from the original on 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Has Goldie just revealed Banksy 's true identity ? '' . NME. 22 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Culture , attraction and soft power '' ( PDF ) . British Council . 3 December 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare ' a cultural icon ' abroad '' . BBC . 15 November 2016 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Langley , William ( 18 March 2007 ) . `` For the Gauguin of graffiti it was all about tagging . Now he 's into six - figure price tags '' . London : The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Randy ( 24 March 2005 ) . `` Need Talent to Exhibit in Museums ? Not This Prankster '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Wooster Exclusive : Banksy Hits New York 's Most Famous Museums ( All of them ) '' . 23 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Howe , Jeff ( August 2005 ) . `` Art Attack '' . Wired ( 13.08 ) . Archived from the original on 2 September 2006 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Art prankster sprays Israeli wall '' . BBC News . 5 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Parry , Nigel ( 10 October 2006 ) . `` British Graffiti Artist , Banksy , Hacks the Wall '' . Nigel Parry , from MIT Thresholds journal . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Parry , Nigel ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` Well - known UK graffiti artist Banksy hacks the Wall '' . Electronic Intifada . Archived from the original on 16 February 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ loveforlogos ( 29 July 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon Next ID ( 2005 ) '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Artist 's cold call cuts off phone '' . BBC News . 7 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Banksy 's Bristol : Home Sweet Home by Steve Wright ( 2007 ) , p. 93 Jump up ^ `` Artist 's saucy stencil for city '' . BBC News . 21 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Banksy mural defaced with paint '' . BBC News . 23 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Hilton targeted in CD prank '' . BBC News . 4 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Truscott , Claire ; Hodgson , Martin ( 3 September 2006 ) . `` Banksy targets Paris Hilton '' . London : The Independent on Sunday . Archived from the original on 5 September 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Prank Confirmed '' . 7 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : The story Disneyland does n't want you to know '' . 8 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Banksy targets Disneyland '' . BBC News . 11 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` £ 208,100 eBay bid for Banksy wall '' . BBC News . 14 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Eurosport ( 25 July 2012 ) . `` London could destroy Banksy 's valuable Olympic graffiti London Spy -- Yahoo ! Eurosport UK '' . Uk.eurosport.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ 24 July 2012 Updated : 26 July 2012 23 : 37 . `` London 2012 : Street Artist Banksy 's Olympic Graffiti Unveiled ( PICTURES ) '' . Huffingtonpost.co.uk . Archived from the original on 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Banksy confirms he is creator of the ' Spy Booth ' wall art near GCHQ '' . Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Banksy mural mocking government surveillance vanishes from UK wall '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . AFP . 22 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ 6 June 2016 Updated : 6 June 2016 12 : 57 . `` Banksy mural appears at primary school -- with a letter from the artist himself '' . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Archived from the original on 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 6 June 2016 Updated : 6 June 2016 12 : 00 . `` Banksy paints Bridge Farm Primary Bristol wall as ' present ' '' . British Broadcast Corporation . Archived from the original on 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-graffiti crew accidentally paints over Banksy art in CBD '' . The Melbourne Leader . 27 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Banksy 's New York Welcome '' . New York Times . 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Janeczko , Jane ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Banksy Piece In Queens Defaced By Other Graffiti Artists '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Janeczko , Jane ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` Banksy Hater , OMAR NYC , Defaces Art In Red Hook '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Turco , Bucky . `` BANKSY THOROUGHLY RAGGED '' . Animal New York . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dobkin , Jake . `` Banksy Gets Dissed '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Graffiti Wars '' . Graffiti Wars . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wall and Piece , by Banksy , 2006 , Century , ISBN 1 - 84413 - 787 - 2 , pg 204 Jump up ^ Jonathon Keats ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Why Banksy Deserves An Olympic Gold More Than Usain Bolt -- Forbes '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wall and Piece , by Banksy , 2006 , Century , ISBN 1 - 84413 - 787 - 2 , pg 110 Jump up ^ Wall and Piece , by Banksy , 2006 , Century , ISBN 1 - 84413 - 787 - 2 , pg 155 Jump up ^ `` Banksy makes election print - for - vote offer '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin . `` Banksy cancels General Election print giveaway after police launch investigation '' . Independent.co.uk . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Banksy biography '' . Brian Sewell Art Directory ( briansewell.com ) . 4 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Supposing ... Subversive genius Banksy is actually rubbish '' . Charlie Brooker ( guardian.co.uk ) . London . 22 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blek le Rat : This is not a Banksy '' . The Independent . London . 19 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Wells , Jeff ( 15 August 2011 ) . `` Guerrilla artists at war over style accusations '' . Western Daily Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Making Sense of the Banksy Backlash '' . Time . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom Tivnan , Art of the matter Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , The Book Seller , 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Further Reading Ulrich Blanché , Something to s ( pr ) ay : Der Street Artivist Banksy . Eine kunstwissenschaftliche Untersuchung ( 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8288 - 2283 - 2 Martin Bull , Banksy Locations and Tours : A Collection of Graffiti Locations and Photographs in London ( 2006 -- with new editions in 2007 , 2008 and 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9554712 - 4 - 7 . Will Elsworth - Jones , Banksy , the Man behind the Wall ( 2012 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 8451369 - 9 - 4 . Paul Gough ( ed ) , Banksy , the Bristol Legacy ( 2012 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 906593 - 96 - 4 . Steve Wright , Banksy 's Bristol : Home Sweet Home , Tangent Books ( 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 906477 - 00 - 4 Reisser , Mirko ; Peters , Gerrit ; Zahlmann , Heiko , eds. ( 2002 ) . Urban Discipline 2002 : Graffiti - Art . Urban Discipline : Graffiti - Art ( in German ) . 3 ( 1st ed . ) . Hamburg ( Germany ) : getting - up . p. 144 . ISBN 3 - 00 - 009421 - 0 . External links Find more aboutBanksyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official websites : Official website Pest Control -- official Banksy authentication Banksy Street Art Photographs Slideshows and galleries : Banksy Images -- from Flickr Banksy Gallery -- by BBC News Banksy v Bristol Museum -- slideshow by BBC Stencil Revolution About Banksy News items `` Police thwart attempt to steal Bethlehem Banksy mural '' , Ma'an News Agency , April 21 , 2015 Will - Ellsworth - Jones , `` The Story Behind Banksy '' , The Smithsonian Magazine , February 2013 ( hide ) Banksy List of works by Banksy Works by Banksy that have been damaged or destroyed Works The Mild Mild West ( 1997 ) Pulp Fiction Gorilla in a Pink Mask Bombing Middle England Balloon Girl Bomb Hugger Ballerina with Action Man Parts Parachuting Rat ( 2003 ) Untitled ( 2004 ) Fragile Silence Space Girl and Bird The Drinker One Nation Under CCTV ( 2008 ) Forgive Us Our Trespassing Cardinal Sin ( 2011 ) Slave Labour ( 2012 ) Art Buff Self Portrait Spy Booth ( 2014 ) Dismaland ( 2015 ) The Son of a Migrant from Syria ( 2015 ) Exhibitions Turf War ( 2003 ) Barely Legal ( 2006 ) The Village Pet Store and Charcoal Grill Related Bankrobber London Leake Street Think Tank ( 2003 ) Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) `` MoneyBart '' ( 2010 ) The Antics Roadshow ( 2011 ) Better Out Than In ( 2013 ) The Banksy Job ( 2016 ) Culture of Bristol Venues Bierkeller Theatre Bristol Arena ( proposed ) Bristol Hippodrome Bristol Old Vic Colston Hall list of artists Cube Microplex O2 Academy Bristol QEH Theatre Redgrave Theatre St George 's , Brandon Hill The Thekla Tobacco Factory Victoria Rooms Watershed Whiteladies Picture House Wickham Theatre Winston Theatre Festivals Bristol Festival of Ideas Bristol Festival of Nature Bristol Harbour Festival Bristol International Balloon Fiesta Bristol International Kite Festival Bristol Shakespeare Festival St Pauls Carnival Museums , galleries , archives and public art Arnolfini Blaise Castle Blaise Hamlet At - Bristol Banksy Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery Bristol Harbour Railway Bristol Archives Bristol Zoo Georgian House Glenside Museum Kings Weston Roman Villa M Shed Clifton Observatory Red Lodge Museum Royal West of England Academy See No Evil SS Great Britain Parks Parks of Bristol Ashton Court Blaise Castle Brandon Hill College Green The Downs Redland Green Queen Square Snuff Mills St George 's Park Creative industries Bristol record labels Past attractions Ashton Court Festival British Empire and Commonwealth Museum Industrial Museum Churches All Saints ' Church Bristol Cathedral Bristol Community Church Buckingham Baptist Chapel Chapel of the Three Kings of Cologne Christ Church , Clifton Down Christ Church with St Ewen Church of All Saints , Clifton Church of Holy Trinity , Hotwells Church of Holy Trinity , Stapleton Church of the Holy Trinity with St Edmund Church of St John the Baptist City Road Baptist Church Cotham Church Counterslip Baptist Church Clifton Cathedral Crofts End Church Holy Trinity Church , Kingswood Holy Trinity Church , Westbury on Trym New Room Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Apostles St Mary Redcliffe Redland Chapel St. Augustine 's Church , Whitchurch St Augustine the Less Church St George 's Church St James ' Priory St John the Baptist St Luke 's Church St Mark 's Church St Mary le Port Church St Mary on the Quay St Mary 's Church , Henbury St Matthew 's Church St Michael on the Mount Without St Nicholas St Peter and St Paul St Peter 's Church , Bishopsworth St Peter 's Church , Castle Park St Philip and St Jacob St Stephen 's Church St Thomas the Martyr St Werburgh 's Church St Paul 's Church Temple Church Trinity Centre Whitefield 's Tabernacle , Kingswood Whitefield 's Tabernacle , Penn Street Woodlands Christian Centre Pubs Black Castle The Lido Hatchet Inn King William Ale House Llandoger Trow Mauretania Public House Nova Scotia Old Post Office Palace Hotel Printers Devil Pump House Seven Stars Shakespeare Inn Shakespeare Public House Stag and Hounds Public House The Coronation Tap The Crown The Famous Royal Naval Volunteer The Old Duke VIAF : 51384525 LCCN : no2003094902 ISNI : 0000 0001 2025 6343 GND : 131787225 SUDOC : 120807319 BNF : cb16534346k ( data ) ULAN : 500126137 NDL : 01234386 RKD : 276847 IATH : w64471b0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banksy&oldid=799737597 '' Categories : Banksy Living people 20th - century English painters English male painters 21st - century English painters Artists from Bristol Culture jamming English activists English anarchists English contemporary artists English film directors English graffiti artists Guerilla artists Political artists Pseudonymous artists Street artists Anti-consumerists Unidentified people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2016 EngvarB from March 2017 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles prone to spam from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 15 : 14 . 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who is not against us is for us

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=You%27re_either_with_us,_or_against_us&oldid=830115809

You 're either with us , or against us - wikipedia You 're either with us , or against us Jump to : navigation , search In political communication , the phrase `` you 're either with us , or against us '' and similar variations are used to depict situations as being polarized and to force witnesses , bystanders , or others unaligned with some form of pre-existing conflict to either become allies of the speaking party or lose favor . The implied consequence of not joining the team effort is to be deemed an enemy . An example would be the former US President George W. Bush , who famously used the phrase after 9 / 11 at the launch of his anti-terrorism campaign in the form `` Every nation , in every region , now has a decision to make . Either you are with us , or you are with the terrorists . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Use of the phrase 2.1 Historical quotations 2.2 In literature and popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Background ( edit ) The statement generally is a descriptive statement identifying the beliefs of the speaker ( s ) , and thus state a basic assumption , not a logical conclusion . It may also be interpreted as a speech act . Sometimes but not always interpreted as a splitting or a false dilemma , which is an informal fallacy . Some see the statement as a way of persuading others to choose sides in a conflict which does not afford the luxury of neutrality . Only when there are no alternatives like a middle ground does the phrase hold validity as a logical conclusion . The phrases are a form of argumentation . Use of the phrase ( edit ) Historical quotations ( edit ) From the Book of Joshua ( Chap. 5 : 13 ) : `` It happened , when Joshua was by Jericho , that he lifted up his eyes and looked , and behold , a man stood in front of him with his sword drawn in his hand . Joshua went to him , and said to him , `` Are you for us , or for our adversaries ? '' `` . The Synoptic Gospels attribute the following quote to Jesus : `` Whoever is not with me is against me , and whoever does not gather with me scatters '' ( Matthew 12 : 30 ) , as well as its contrapositive , `` Whoever is not against us is for us '' ( Luke 9 : 50 ; Mark 9 : 40 ) . Marcus Tullius Cicero , in an oration before Julius Caesar in 46 BCE , published as Pro Ligario , made the following distinction : `` For we heard you say that we looked upon all as enemies that were not with us ; but that you looked upon all as friends that were not against you . '' Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , in a speech discussing the Chief Committee for Political Education , told the assembled delegates that `` It is with absolute frankness that we speak of this struggle of the proletariat ; each man must choose between joining our side or the other side . Any attempt to avoid taking sides in this issue must end in fiasco . '' George Orwell wrote in his 1942 essay `` Pacifism and the War '' , `` If you hamper the war effort of one side you automatically help that of the other . Nor is there any real way of remaining outside such a war as the present one . In practice , ' he that is not with me is against me ' . The idea that you can somehow remain aloof from and superior to the struggle , while living on food which British sailors have to risk their lives to bring you , is a bourgeois illusion bred of money and security . '' Benito Mussolini declared in speeches across fascist Italy : `` O con noi o contro di noi '' -- You 're either with us or against us . János Kádár , in an effort to unite Hungary after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , announced in December 1961 , `` those who are not against us are with us . '' Common form of Cold War terminology . On 30 September 1970 , the Milwaukee Journal quoted a police official of the Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 as saying to his political prisoners : `` You make yourself ridiculous ( sic ) by thinking you can do anything . The word is divided in two . The Russians and the Americans , no one else . What are we ? Americans . Behind me there is the government , behind the government is NATO , behind NATO is the US . You ca n't fight us , we are Americans . '' Hillary Clinton said on September 13 , 2001 : `` Every nation has to either be with us , or against us . Those who harbor terrorists , or who finance them , are going to pay a price . '' President George W. Bush , in an address to a joint session of Congress on September 20 , 2001 said , `` Every nation , in every region , now has a decision to make . Either you are with us , or you are with the terrorists . '' Vic Toews Canadian Public Safety Minister said on February 13 , 2012 : `` ... either stand with us or with the child pornographers '' in response to questions from Quebec MP Francis Scarpaleggia ( Lac - Saint - Louis ) regarding extensive Privacy Commission concerns about ' warrant-less access ' to all Canadian Internet and Cell phone accounts under the proposed legislation contained in bill C - 30 `` Protecting Children from Internet Predators Act '' introduced the following day ( February 14 , 2012 ) in the House of Commons of Canada . Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , in a speech after a suicide bomb explosion in Istanbul on January 12 , 2016 , said : `` Pick a side . You are either on the side of the Turkish government , or you 're on the side of the terrorists . '' Sarah Palin , in a speech criticizing Republicans who did n't support Donald Trump 's 2016 election campaign , said : `` You 're either with us or you 're against us . `` That gang , they call themselves Never hashtag , whatever , I just call ' em Republicans Against Trump , or RAT for short , And you know it was really funny , to me , the ' splodey heads keep ' sploding over this movement because it seems so obvious ... '' In literature and popular culture ( edit ) In the movie Beauty and the Beast , Gaston tells fellow citizens of his village that `` If you 're not with us , you 're against us , '' and thereafter locks up Belle and her father so he can hunt the Beast . In the Dirty Harry movie Magnum Force , one of the suspects tells Harry Callahan , `` Either you 're for us or you 're against us . '' In the movie The Matrix , when Morpheus introduces the matrix to Neo using training program , he tells him , regarding to agents , that `` If you are not one of us , you are one of them . '' In the climax of the film Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Anakin Skywalker ( aka Darth Vader ) says to Obi - Wan Kenobi , `` If you 're not with me , then you 're my enemy . '' Obi - Wan responds , `` Only a Sith deals in absolutes . '' His response , ironically , is an absolute statement , although linguists are divided as to whether the `` deals '' part of the phrase makes this not a contradictory statement . Towards the end of Joseph Heller 's Catch - 22 , Colonels Korn and Cathcart equate fighting for their country with fighting for the benefit of the two of them . Korn tells the protagonist Yossarian : `` You 're either for us or against your country . It 's as simple as that . '' A reviewer of Catch - 22 found this `` flawless '' logical indulgence by the commanding colonels to be comparable to Heller 's parody of Charles Erwin Wilson 's statement , often paraphrased as , `` What 's good for General Motors is good for the country '' . In a 1912 edition of John Bull 's Other Island by George Bernard Shaw , an advertisement for The Clarion , a socialist newspaper , used the phrase to attract those interested in the debate on socialism . In the movie Ben - Hur , the protagonist meets with his childhood friend Messala . He has barely said hello to Ben - Hur when he is dunning him for the names of those Jews who are speaking out against the Roman occupation . Ben - Hur refuses to act as informer , and Messala utters , `` You 're either with me or against me '' . In Act III of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible , Deputy Governor John Danforth states , `` But you must understand , sir , that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it , there is no road between . '' A professional wrestling faction in WWE , called The Nexus , used the slogan `` You 're either Nexus , or you 're against us '' . Stephen Colbert has parodied the sentence on several occasions , for instance with `` Either you are for the war ( in Iraq ) or you hate America '' and `` George W. Bush : great president or the greatest president ? '' , after which he usually adds `` It 's that simple ! '' In the Smallville episode `` Shattered '' , Lex Luthor tells Clark Kent , `` You 're either with me or against me , Clark . Choose right now . '' In the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2003 TV series episode `` The Shredder Strikes , Part One '' The Shredder tells the Turtles `` Those who are not with me are against me , and I crush anyone who stands against me ! '' right before facing them for the first time . In the film X-Men : First Class , Dr. Klaus Schmidt / Sebastian Shaw tells the X-Men , `` If you are not with us , then by definition , you are against us . '' Futurama makes a parody of this concept , when the character Zapp Brannigan expresses disdain about the members of the Neutral Planet who did n't take side in a conflict by commenting concerns like `` With enemies you know where they stand but with neutrals ? Who knows ? It sickens me '' or `` What makes a man turn neutral ? Lust for gold ? Power ? Or were you just born with a heart full of neutrality ? '' See also ( edit ) False dilemma Informal logic Principle of bivalence Splitting ( psychology ) Thought - terminating cliché References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bush : ' You Are Either With Us , Or With the Terrorists ' - 2001 - 09 - 21 , Voice of America Jump up ^ `` Your logical fallacy is black or white '' . Jump up ^ Orwell , George ( 1968 ) . George Orwell : The Collected Essays , Journalism & Letters Volume 2 - My Country left or right . p. 226 . Jump up ^ Schiappa , Edward ( 1995 ) . Warranting Assent : Case Studies in Argument Evaluation . State University of New York . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2363 - 8 . Jump up ^ New Revised Standard Version Jump up ^ Pro Ligario 11 ( 33 ) , translation from Cicero , Marcus Tullius ; Duncan , William ( 1811 ) . Cicero 's Select Orations , Translated Into English . Sidney 's Press . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Speech Delivered At An All - Russia Conference Of Political Education Workers Of Gubernia and Uyezd Education Departments November 3 , 1920 Jump up ^ `` Il Duce : Benito Mussolini e La Storia del Fascismo - Frasi e Motti '' . Jump up ^ `` Bolstering Tyranny '' . Milwaukee Journal . Journal Company . 30 September 1970 . p. 18 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 -- via Google News Archive . You make yourself ridiculous by thinking you can do anything . The word is divided in two . The Russians and the Americans , no one else . What are we ? Americans . Behind me there is the government , behind the government is NATO , behind NATO is the US . You ca n't fight us , we are Americans . Jump up ^ FreedomAgenda.com Quotes and Facts on Iraq Jump up ^ WhiteHouse.gov Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Hansard , No. 79 of the 41st Parliament ( 1st Session ) of Canada Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Canadian Broadcasting Corp - surveillance critics siding with child porn : Toews Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Bill C30 Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ; Yuhas , Alan ; Shaheen , Kareem ; Abdul - Ahad , Ghaith ; Letsch , Constanze ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Istanbul blast : nine of the 10 killed were German , reports claim - as it happened '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Palin rips Never Trump Republicans : ' You are either with us or against us ' '' . Politico. 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ H. Bruce Franklin ( 1988 ) . War Stars : The Superweapon and the American Imagination . Oxford University Press . pp. 124 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506692 - 8 . Jump up ^ Walter Sinnott - Armstrong ; Robert J. Fogelin ( 2009 ) . Understanding Arguments : An Introduction to Informal Logic ( 8th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 391 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 60395 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Ajami , Fouad . `` With Us or Against Us , '' New York Times Book Review 156.53817 ( 1 / 7 / 2007 ) : 14 - 15 . Bethune , Brian . `` Are You With Us or Against Us ? '' in Maclean 's 119.45 ( 11 / 13 / 2006 ) : 21 . `` For us , or against us ? '' in Economist 376.8444 ( 9 / 17 / 2005 ) : 44 . Seymour , Richard . `` With us or against us -- Iran talks tough , '' Middle East 364 ( Feb 2006 ) : 18 - 19 . Singh , Anita Inder . `` With Us or Against Us , '' World Today 61.8 / 9 ( Aug / Sep 2005 ) : 25 . `` With us or against us , '' Economist 385.8555 ( 11 / 17 / 2007 ) : 42 . `` You 're Either With Us or Against Us , '' Maclean 's 121.6 ( 3 / 10 / 2008 ) : 23 - 29 . Bially Mattern , Janice . `` Why Soft Power Is n't So Soft : Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics . '' Millennium - Journal of International Studies 33 , no . 3 ( 2005 ) : 583 - 612 . ( hide ) Psychological manipulation Rewarding : pleasant ( positive reinforcement ) Attention Bribery Child grooming Flattery Gifts Ingratiation Love bombing Nudging Praise Seduction Smiling Superficial charm Superficial sympathy Aversive : unpleasant ( positive punishment ) Anger Character assassination Crying Emotional blackmail Fearmongering Frowning Glaring Guilt trip Inattention Intimidation Nagging Nit - picking criticism Passive aggression Relational aggression Sadism Shaming Silent treatment Social rejection Swearing Threats Victim blaming Victim playing Yelling Intermittent or partial negative reinforcement Climate of fear Traumatic bonding Other techniques Bait - and - switch Deception Denial Deprogramming Disinformation Distortion Diversion Divide and rule Double bind Entrapment Evasion Exaggeration Gaslighting Good cop / bad cop Indoctrination Low - balling Lying Minimisation Moving the goalposts Pride - and - ego down Rationalization Reid technique Setting up to fail Trojan horse You 're either with us , or against us Contexts Abuse Abusive power and control Advertising Bullying Catholic guilt Confidence trick Guilt culture Interrogation Jewish guilt Jewish mother stereotype Moral panic Media manipulation Mind control Mind games Mobbing Propaganda Salesmanship Scapegoating Shame culture Smear campaign Social engineering ( blagging ) Spin Suggestibility Whispering campaign Related topics Antisocial personality disorder Assertiveness Blame Borderline personality disorder Carrot and stick Dumbing down Enabling Fallacy Femme fatale Gaming the system Gullibility Histrionic personality disorder Impression management Machiavellianism Narcissism Narcissistic personality disorder Personal boundaries Persuasion Popularity Projection Psychopathy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_either_with_us,_or_against_us&oldid=830115809 '' Categories : Dichotomies Dilemmas Political catchphrases George W. Bush Propaganda Clichés Fanaticism Psychological manipulation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 21 : 05 . About Wikipedia

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lego dc comics super heroes the flash age rating

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Lego_DC_Comics_Super_Heroes:_The_Flash&oldid=836342898

Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : the Flash - Wikipedia Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : the Flash Jump to : navigation , search Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash Blu - ray cover Directed by Ethan Spaulding Written by Jim Krieg Jeremy Adams Starring Dee Bradley Baker Troy Baker Eric Bauza Grey Griffin Tom Kenny Phil LaMarr Vanessa Marshall Nolan North Khary Payton Kevin Michael Richardson Dwight Schultz Jason Spisak James Arnold Taylor Audrey Wasilewski Music by Tim Kelly Edited by Chris Mertens Production company The Lego Group DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Animation Distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Release date February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) ( Digital ) March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) ( DVD and Blu - ray ) Running time 78 minutes Country United States Language English Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash is an American direct - to - video animated film . It is a superhero action - adventure comedy , based on the DC Comics and Lego brands . It is produced by DC Entertainment , The Lego Group and Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment , and was released digitally on February 13 , 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 13 , 2018 . It is the seventh Lego DC Comics Super Heroes film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) As The Atom is being introduced into the Justice League they receive word that The Joker is invading Metropolis with the intent of poisoning the city with his Joker gas and remodeling the Daily Planet . As the Justice League arrive at Metropolis , they notice the absence of The Flash , much to Batman 's chagrin . Meanwhile Flash is busy getting snacks across the country and catching criminals ( including stopping Captain Cold from robbing a bank and stopping Captain Boomerang in a car chase ) along the way and is horrified when he discovers he missed the trouble alert and by the time he arrives at Metropolis , although The Atom was able to create an antidote for the Joker Gas , Joker succeeded in redecorating the Daily Planet with his `` Fun Cannon '' ( though Flash is able to undo this ) . The Justice League is upset with Flash 's impulsive decisions and state that he needs to slow down and put more thought into his actions . Right at that moment , a yellow , vibrating speedster taunts Flash for his inferior speed and a chase ensues that ends with Flash waking up in his bed the next day . After realizing how similar the events to this day are to the previous , Flash realizes he had been sent back to the morning of that day and thus is able to prevent Joker from firing his Fun Cannon . But the yellow speedster returns and taunts Flash again which results in Flash repeatedly having to chase the speedster in the form of a time loop and prevent the various crimes that occurred on that day . When Batman realizes that Flash is in a time loop he gives him advice on how to stop it , but once again the yellow speedster returns and gives Flash the chase . Following the speedster into a dimensional gateway , Flash has had enough of his taunts and pushes his own power past its maximum which results in him overtaking the speedster and breaking the loop , but at a cost . Flash returns to Central City having unknowingly been sent five days into the future and to his surprise , the city has turned against him , his powers are gone and he has been framed for various pranks pulled on the Justice League ( to the point where Batman revokes his membership ) . Crestfallen and depowered , Flash ponders about what to do now . At that moment , the speedster that continuously taunted him ( and the true perpetrator of the pranks on the Justice League ) reveals himself as the Reverse Flash , a speedster from the future who grew envious of Flash 's fame in the past and traveled back in time to steal Flash 's fame and purpose and plans to do the same to the rest of the Justice League . Atom , having shrunk down and followed Flash home overhears everything , but as Reverse Flash rushes off and restrains Flash , his suit short circuits , preventing him from returning to his normal size . Fortunately , Atom manages to free Flash and phone Doctor Fate in order to help the Flash regain his powers . While Flash is teleported to Doctor Fate 's residence , Atom attempts to return to the Hall of Justice to reveal Reverse Flash 's plan to his fellow Leaguers , which at his small size is much easier said than done . Meanwhile Reverse Flash is able to prevent crime and commit acts of heroism at a rate quicker than the Justice League can get to them . This allows Reverse Flash to gain the popularity of the public and render the Justice League obsolete . Elsewhere , Flash finds himself at Doctor Fate 's tower and is introduced to Doctor Fate and his assistant Zatanna . After Flash explains his predicament to Doctor Fate , Doctor Fate reveals that by overloading his powers , he broke his connection to the Speed Force which he proceeds to explain to the Flash . Doctor Fate and Zatanna then proceed to send Flash into the Speed Force where Flash will be placed with various trials in order to prove his worthiness of his powers . Remembering the advice of his fellow Justice Leaguers , Flash is able to complete the trials and is introduced to the Speed Force Nexus , the primary source of power in the Speed Force . Right at that moment , Reverse Flash arrives and reveals that he planned for Flash to complete the trials so that he could acquire the Nexus without having to deal with the trials himself . As Reverse Flash steals the Nexus and places it into his suit , his powers become increased exponentially and he is able to leave Flash trapped in the Speed Force . As the Justice League face retiring , Reverse Flash arrives and using the power of the Speed Force Nexus , he is able to encase the Hall of Justice in an oversized statue of himself which is made of bricks from the Speed Force impervious to their powers . Atom is able to arrive at the Hall of Justice just as the statue is completed and with the help of Ace the Bat - Hound , Krypto and the Green Lantern B'dg , he is able to repair his suit ( returning him to his normal size ) , help the Justice League fend off the security robots Reverse Flash reprogrammed and help the Justice League escape to the Batcave . Flash also manages to return from the Speed Force by creating a vehicle out of the same material as Reverse Flash 's statue . Believing to have rightfully defeated the Justice League , Reverse Flash builds more statues of himself around multiple international landmarks and declares himself the ruler of Earth , threatening that those who disobey him will meet the same fate as the Justice League . However , to his surprise the Justice League arrive to defeat him and using the bricks Flash brought with him from the Speed Force , they are able to rival Reverse Flash 's speed and destroy his statues ( thus sending the bricks he used to build them back to the Speed Force ) before he can prevent this , allowing Flash to steal the Speed Force Nexus from him , allowing him to not only regain his powers , but also acquire greater speed than Reverse Flash . Flash then proceeds to taunt Reverse Flash much like he did during the time loop , prompting Reverse Flash to exceed the use of his own powers , resulting in him returning to the Hall of Justice depowered and arrested by the Justice League . With his powers restored , Flash returns the Nexus to the Speed Force in order to avoid its power from ever falling into the wrong hands again and is reinstated into the Justice League . Batman then reveals that he was fully aware of the time loop and the fact that Reverse Flash was responsible for the pranks pulled on the Justice League and fired Flash so that Atom could spy on him to prove him right and notify Doctor Fate . Flash is grateful for the restoration of his powers and the advice the Justice League gave him and the Justice League celebrate their victory as Doctor Fate overlooks everything . Cast ( edit ) Dee Bradley Baker as Captain Boomerang / Aquaman Troy Baker as Batman Eric Bauza as The Atom / B'dg / Jimmy Olsen Grey Griffin as Wonder Woman / Lois Lane Tom Kenny as Plastic Man / Penguin Phil LaMarr as Firestorm Vanessa Marshall as Poison Ivy Kate Micucci as Zatanna Nolan North as Superman / Killer Croc Khary Payton as Cyborg Kevin Michael Richardson as Doctor Fate / Captain Cold Dwight Schultz as Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash Jason Spisak as Joker James Arnold Taylor as The Flash / Barry Allen Audrey Wasilewski as Mayor Release ( edit ) The film was released digitally on February 13 , 2018 and on DVD and Blu - ray on March 13 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LEGO DC Super Heroes : The Flash - Exclusive Trailer Debut - IGN Video Jump up ^ Amazon.com link Jump up ^ `` The Flash Gets Fired In New Lego DC Super Heroes Trailer '' . Jump up ^ The Flash Gets His Own LEGO Movie External links ( edit ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash on IMDb Justice League franchise media Animated television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Justice League Unlimited Batman : The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles Justice League Action Animated featured films Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark Animated shorts DC Super Friends DC Nation Shorts DC Super Hero Girls Live - action television Justice League ( Smallville ) Live - action featured films Legends of the Superheroes Justice League of America DC Extended Universe Justice League Video games Justice League Task Force Justice League : Injustice for All Justice League : Chronicles Justice League Heroes Justice League Heroes United Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Injustice 2 Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure Young Justice : Legacy Attractions Justice League : Alien Invasion 3D Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Lego related Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite Batman Be-Leaguered Justice League vs. Bizarro League Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom Justice League : Cosmic Clash Justice League : Gotham City Breakout Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham The Lego Batman Movie The Flash Animated films based on DC Comics Stand - alone films Superman Gen13 The Batman vs. Dracula Superman : Brainiac Attacks Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Batman Ninja Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies DC Animated Universe Batman : Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero The Batman Superman Movie : World 's Finest Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman Batman and Harley Quinn DCU Animated Original Movies Stand - alone feature films Superman : Doomsday Justice League : The New Frontier Batman : Gotham Knight Wonder Woman Green Lantern : First Flight Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Batman : Under the Red Hood All - Star Superman Green Lantern : Emerald Knights Batman : Year One Justice League : Doom Superman vs. The Elite Batman : The Dark Knight Returns Superman : Unbound Batman : Assault on Arkham Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman : The Killing Joke Batman and Harley Quinn Batman : Gotham by Gaslight Superman / Batman Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Superman / Batman : Apocalypse DC Animated Movie Universe Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Son of Batman Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman vs. Robin Batman : Bad Blood Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark Teen Titans : The Judas Contract Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay The Death of Superman DC Showcase The Spectre Jonah Hex Green Arrow Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam Catwoman Batman ( 1960s TV series ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders Batman vs. Two - Face Batman Unlimited Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants Lego DC Comics films Lego DC Comics Super Heroes Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash Lego DC Super Hero Girls Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Super-Villain High The Lego Movie franchise The Lego Batman Movie DC Super Hero Girls DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games Warner Bros. Animation Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny Show The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters Taz - Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs ' n ' Daffy Space Jam ( 1996 ) Baby Looney Tunes Duck Dodgers characters Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) Loonatics Unleashed characters The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes DC Comics Batman : The Animated Series Superman : The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman : The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Green Lantern : The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go ! Beware the Batman Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls TV series Scooby - Doo What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! `` Scoobynatural '' ( Supernatural episode ) Animaniacs Animaniacs characters Pinky and the Brain Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs ( reboot ) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show The Lego Movie The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Unikitty ! The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Theatrical feature - length films The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie ( 1979 ) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) Space Jam ( 1996 ) Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame ( 1999 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Storks ( 2016 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ( 2018 ) Smallfoot ( 2018 ) The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Films , distribution only Magic Boy ( 1961 ) Gay Purr - ee ( 1962 ) The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) Treasure Island ( 1973 ) Oliver Twist ( 1974 ) Hugo the Hippo ( 1976 ) The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) Watership Down ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Animalympics ( 1980 ) Hey Good Lookin ' ( 1982 ) The Flight of Dragons ( 1982 ) Heidi 's Song ( 1982 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer ( 1985 ) The Wind in the Willows ( 1987 ) Babar : The Movie ( 1989 ) The Nutcracker Prince ( 1990 ) Rover Dangerfield ( 1991 ) Thumbelina ( 1994 ) A Troll in Central Park ( 1994 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) The Fearless Four ( 1997 ) Pippi Longstocking ( 1997 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) The King and I ( 1999 ) Babar : King of the Elephants ( 1999 ) Pokémon : The First Movie ( 1999 ) Pokémon : The Movie 2000 ( 2000 ) The Scarecrow ( 2000 ) Pokémon 3 : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Little Polar Bear ( 2001 ) The Powerpuff Girls Movie ( 2002 ) Caillou 's Holiday Movie ( 2003 ) Laura 's Star ( 2004 ) Clifford 's Really Big Movie ( 2004 ) Yu - Gi - Oh ! The Movie : Pyramid of Light ( 2004 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) The Little Polar Bear 2 -- The Mysterious Island ( 2005 ) The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) Happy Feet ( 2006 ) TMNT ( 2007 ) Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters ( 2007 ) Lottie and Lisa ( 2007 ) Appleseed Ex Machina ( 2007 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Top Cat : The Movie ( 2011 ) Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) Top Cat Begins ( 2015 ) Regular Show : The Movie ( 2015 ) Other TV series Freakazoid ! Histeria ! Coconut Fred 's Fruit Salad Island Detention Baby Blues Ozzy & Drix ¡ Mucha Lucha ! ( characters ) 3 South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Johnny Test characters Road Rovers Mad ThunderCats Waynehead Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Wacky Races Green Eggs and Ham Television specials A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! 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Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High ( 2016 ) Direct - to - video films Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( 1992 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Baby Looney Tunes ' Eggs - traordinary Adventure ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! ( 2004 ) ¡ Mucha Lucha ! : The Return of El Maléfico ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year ( 2016 ) Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants ( 2016 ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) Justice League Dark ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! ( 2017 ) Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games ( 2017 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash ( 2018 ) Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay ( 2018 ) Batman Ninja ( 2018 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Super-Villain High ( 2018 ) Short films The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) Chase Me ( 2003 ) The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ) Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ) Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) The Master ( 2016 ) See also Warner Animation Group Warner Bros. 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south park fractured but whole number of days

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=South_Park:_The_Fractured_but_Whole&oldid=819185977

South Park : the Fractured but Whole - Wikipedia South Park : the Fractured but Whole Jump to : navigation , search South Park : The Fractured but Whole Developer ( s ) Ubisoft San Francisco Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Trey Parker Christopher Brion Jason V. Schroeder Producer ( s ) Eric Stough Adrien Beard Bruce Howell Elena - Diana Sfecia Designer ( s ) Ken Strickland Writer ( s ) Trey Parker Jolie Menzel Demian Linn Marc Fortier Composer ( s ) Jamie Dunlap Engine Snowdrop Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : October 17 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player South Park : The Fractured but Whole is a 2017 role - playing video game developed by Ubisoft San Francisco and published by Ubisoft in collaboration with South Park Digital Studios . Based on the American adult animated television series South Park , it is the sequel to the 2014 video game South Park : The Stick of Truth . The game 's narrative occurs one day after the events of its predecessor ; it follows the New Kid , who has recently moved to South Park and becomes involved in an epic roleplay involving two rival superhero factions vying to create their own superhero media franchises . The superheroes ' game unintentionally uncovers a conspiracy to raise crime in the town , bringing them into conflict with supervillains , genetically engineered monsters , the police , crime families , and the new kingpin of crime . The game is played from a 2.5 D third - person perspective , replicating the aesthetic of the television series . The New Kid is able to freely explore South Park , interacting with characters , undertaking quests , and accessing new areas by progressing through the main story . The player can choose from up to ten superhero archetypes ranging from high - speed Speedsters , close - combat Brutalists , powerful Psychics , and healing Plantmancers ; each offering unique abilities . The New Kid and up to four allies fight their enemies using attacks including melee , ranged , and powerful farts . Battles take place on a grid , around which participants can move freely . Attacks have specific areas of effect , requiring tactical positioning for attack and defense . Following Ubisoft 's purchase of the rights to The Stick of Truth in 2013 , the company moved development of the sequel from Obsidian Entertainment to Ubisoft San Francisco . South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone were unsure whether to make a sequel to the 2014 game or work on a new film project , opting for the game . Parker and Stone were involved throughout the game 's production ; they wrote its script , consulted on the design , and voiced many of the characters . The show 's composer Jamie Dunlap worked on the game 's soundtrack alongside Ubisoft San Francisco , creating music that was heavily inspired by the scores of several superhero films . Like its predecessor , the release of The Fractured but Whole was subject to several delays . The game was initially set for release in December 2016 but it was postponed for nearly a year . On October 17 , 2017 , it was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . The game was released to generally positive reviews , which praised the improvements and creativity of combat scenarios and faithfulness to the source material . Some elements of the game received mixed reviews ; reviewers said the story was a hilarious improvement although the plot was less effective and overloaded with toilet humour . The game is scheduled to receive post-release , supplemental story missions as downloadable content ( DLC ) in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Writing 3.2 Design 3.3 Sound 4 Release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Accolades 6 References 6.1 Documents 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole is a role - playing video game that is viewed from a 2.5 D , third - person perspective . The player controls the New Kid as they explore the fictional Colorado town of South Park , around which the player - character can be freely moved . A fast - travel system allows the character to be moved between unlocked travel points . The game allows the player to select one of ten archetypal superhero player - characters ; the nimble Speedster , the short - range , high damage Brutalist , the long range , moderate damage Blaster , the weather - based Elementalist , the offense - attracting Cyborg , the long - range , status effecting Psychic , the stealthy Assassin , the gadget - using Gadgeteer , the healing Plantmancer , and the high - damage , swift Martial Artist . At first only three choices are available ( Blaster , Speedster , and Brutalist ) ; the New Kid can eventually access all ten classes , freely matching powers from the available classes , for example , the player can use the Blaster 's fire blasts , the Assassin 's knives , and the Martial Artist 's kicks . The player can assign four powers from the classes , three regular attacks and one ultimate attack . Ultimate attacks can only be used after filling the Ultimate bar , a pool of points shared between the New Kid and their allies that is increased by completing timed button presses during attacking and defending phases . Throughout the game , the player can select up to three allies from twelve characters to accompany them in battle , each possessing three powers and an ultimate attack . `` The New Kid '' ( bottom right ) and their allies ( right ) in a battle against Raisins girls ( left ) ; the bottom left shows the available attacks while the bottom right shows the turn order . The blue outline on the grid highlights the movable area , and the red area shows the current attacks area of effect . An indicator shows how much damage it will inflict on the opponent . The Fractured but Whole retains the turn - based combat of the previous game in the series , South Park : The Stick of Truth . Instead of taking place on a static plane , battles are fought on a variable - size grid on which the player and enemies can move freely to create strategic advantages . The grid can contain environmental hazards such as exploding chemical barrels , and red Lego . The player selects attacks from a menu . Attacks can be augmented with contextual button presses for extra damage . Timed button presses during enemy attacks can recover some health after being hit and increase the Ultimate meter . Attacks offer effects including abilities with `` knockback '' damage , which can be used to forcibly move an opponent around the battlefield and inflict status effects such as poisoning , freezing , burning , and bleeding , which inflict damage over time . Each attack affects a different area of the grid , requiring strategic positioning to hit enemies and avoid attacks . The attacker can increase damage by knocking targets into each other or into an ally . Healing items can be used in battle , requiring one turn per use . The player can collect artifacts and equipment to boost the player 's Might , making them stronger in battle and offering benefits such as increased defense ; more artifacts can be used as the player 's level increases . The player - character has a DNA slot , allowing them to use strands of DNA to boost attributes called Brawn , Brains , Health , Spunk , and Move . The non-player character , PC Principal , can teach the player to recognize microaggressions , which allows the player a free in - battle attack against an enemy . Some characters , such as Jimbo and Ned , Classi , Gerald Broflovksi , and Moses , can be summoned during battle ; Moses heals all allies while the others deliver powerful attacks . The New Kid can manipulate time with their farts ; this ability can be used in battle to skip an opponent 's turn , pause time to move around the grid and inflict out - of - turn damage , or summon a past version of the New Kid to join the battle . The New Kid 's farting power can also be used to reverse time , fix objects , and pause time to avoid obstacles or fast - moving targets . Some areas of the town are inaccessible until the player gains specific allies who can use the New Kid 's farting power to overcome the obstacle : Captain Diabetes can be sent into a rage that allows him to move heavy objects ; the Human Kite can fly the New Kid to otherwise unreachable heights ; Toolshed 's sandblaster can clear paths that are blocked by lava ( red Lego bricks ) that cause the player to combust ; and Professor Chaos can launch a hamster from the New Kid 's rectum to reach and sabotage electrical panels . The player can modify the New Kid 's appearance , superpowers , gender , sexuality , race , and ethnicity at any time in the game . Gender choices include male , female , and trigender . Costume items can be collected , mixed together and recolored but have no influence on the New Kid 's abilities . The New Kid 's race selector is represented as a difficulty level slider , with lighter skin being easy and darker skin being harder . The slider does not affect combat but affects the amount of money the player can receive and the way some characters speak to the New Kid . The game has three combat difficulty levels , which affect the power of enemies in relation to the player ; `` Casual '' ( weaker enemies ) , `` Heroic '' ( normal enemies ) , and `` Mastermind '' ( stronger enemies ) . A crafting system allows the player to use recovered or purchased resources such as duct tape , glue , sports drink bottles , and taco - related products to craft items such as healing burritos and quesadillas , costumes , and artifacts . The player is encouraged to explore the wider game world to defecate in toilets in a mini-game , find Yaoi art depicting intimate moments between the characters Tweek and Craig , or take self - portraits with town residents to increase their followers on the player - character 's Instagram - like social media feed , Coonstagram . The player must amass a certain number of social media followers to complete certain story missions . The character 's cellphone serves as the game 's main menu , containing items including the inventory , character profiles , and active quests . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) See also : List of South Park characters South Park : The Fractured but Whole is set in South Park , a fictional town in the Colorado Rocky Mountains . The game 's events occur one day after those of its precursor , The Stick of Truth ; the player again controls the New Kid , a silent protagonist . The children abandon their fantasy role - playing game to become superheroes and create a superhero media franchise . Unable to agree on who will get a movie or Netflix series , the characters split into two rival factions , Coon and Friends and the Freedom Pals , and vy to create their own franchise first . Led by the raccoon - clawed Coon ( Eric Cartman ) , Coon and Friends operates from the Coon Cave , the Coon 's basement . The group includes The Human Kite ( Kyle Broflovski ) , the life - leeching Mosquito ( Clyde Donovan ) , the super-fast Fastpass ( Jimmy Valmer ) , the powerful Super Craig ( Craig Tucker ) , and the New Kid . The Freedom Pals are led by the telekinetic Dr. Timothy ( Timmy Burch ) , and includes Mysterion ( Kenny McCormick ) , Toolshed ( Stan Marsh ) , the weather - wielding Wonder Tweek ( Tweek Tweak ) , and mechanized Tupperware ( Token Black ) . Other heroes include the hacker Call Girl ( Wendy Testaburger ) and Captain Diabetes ( Scott Malkinson ) . The heroes ' journey brings them into conflict with groups including the local elderly population , ninjas , the sixth graders , the Hooters - parodying Raisins girls , hobos , Kyle 's cousin Kyle Schwartz , and the supervillain Professor Chaos ( Butters Stotch ) . The Fractured but Whole features characters from the series ' history , including ; Stan 's father Randy , Butters ' father Stephen , Kyle 's father Gerald , the school principal PC Principal , Moses , Seaman , school counselor Mr Mackey , Detective Yates , strippers Spontaneous Bootay and Classi , Big Gay Al , gun enthusiasts Ned and Jimbo , Father Maxi , Jesus , the Crab people , the Memberberries , Towelie , and a Kanye West - inspired Gay Fish . The game also features Morgan Freeman as a taco shop owner . Locations from the show featured include the City Wok restaurant , the Peppermint Hippo strip club , Kenny 's House in the abandoned , gentrified district SoDoSoPa , the classier Shi Tpa Town containing Skeeter 's Bar and Jimbo 's Guns . The Memberberry Farm and the road to Canada are also featured in the game . Many of the characters are voiced by South Park co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone . Plot ( edit ) Cartman and the other children decide to play superheroes with the goal of launching a superhero media franchise by finding a missing cat and claiming the $100 reward . The New Kid joins the game and Cartman provides them with a tragic backstory ; seeing their father have sex with their mother . The children 's search uncovers a conspiracy led by a new kingpin who has united the police ; the Italian , Chinese , and Russian crime families ; and the sixth graders to steal cats and use their urine to contaminate drugs and alcohol , making the townspeople act crazily and raising crime , which will be blamed on the mayor . Coon and Friends defeat the kingpin 's henchman Professor Chaos and Cartman surmises that the mastermind is Mitch Conner , a crude hand puppet drawn on Cartman 's left hand . The New Kid and Chaos are sent to infiltrate the Freedom Pals to gain more information , culminating in the two groups co-operating to take down the police department , who are helping Mitch become the new mayor so they can have fewer restrictions on fighting crime . Afterwards , the children join Freedom Pals after learning they have developed a franchise plan that is more inclusive than Cartman 's . The next day , Mitch kidnaps the New Kid 's parents and destroys the Freedom Pals ' franchise plan . The Freedom Pals capture Cartman , who insists he has no control over Mitch and reveals that the New Kid 's parents are being held at a genetic engineering lab . There , the Freedom Pals learn Mitch has been funding the creation of an army of mutated cats and sixth graders , which Mitch unleashes on the children . Battling through the mutants , the New Kid finds their parents and is forced to kill one of them to continue . At the exit , the Freedom Pals are ambushed by Kyle -- the mutated clone of Kyle 's cousin -- and Mitch . The New Kid uses a powerful fart to defeat the clone , which accidentally transports the Freedom Pals one week into the future , where Mitch is the mayor . Cartman ( as The Coon ) with his hand puppet , Mitch Conner With aid from Morgan Freeman , the New Kid learns to time travel with their farts . They travel to the future where Mitch has completed his master plan to make every day Christmas Day , causing drunken anarchy throughout the town . They then travel to the past and confront Cartman before he can start the superhero game . Mitch reveals himself and punches the New Kid , causing a fart that sends them back to the New Kid 's superhero origin . Cartman and the New Kid 's interference prevents the New Kid 's father from having sex with their mother , changing the past . The New Kid 's parents reveal their secret ; they have the superhuman ability to amass social media followers . The government kidnapped the parents to harness their powers , during which time they fell in love and had the New Kid . They escaped to protect their child and gave them medicine to suppress their powers , causing extreme flatulence . Knowing the truth , the New Kid time travels with Cartman to the day of Mitch 's inauguration . Cartman escapes a confrontation with the Freedom Pals and prepares to be sworn in as Mitch . The Freedom Pals use social media to publicly reveal Mitch 's plot and accuse Cartman of raising crime so the Coon would have more crime to fight , giving him a bigger franchise . Mitch confesses he was traumatized by seeing his father having sex . Mitch 's mother appears on Cartman 's right hand and reveals that she had sex with his father . They fight and both `` die '' , ending Mitch 's plot , while the townspeople resolve to obtain clean drugs and alcohol from the neighboring town . After the credits , the New Kid returns home to find both parents are alive and , unburdened by the secret they were keeping , their relationship is happier . While the New Kid 's parents go upstairs to have sex , Professor Chaos confronts the New Kid with the truth that no matter how much they change the past , the New Kid 's parents will have had sex . Chaos offers the New Kid a chance to take an alternative path . Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , Matt Stone and Trey Parker stated they were open to making a sequel , depending on the reception for South Park : The Stick of Truth . When Ubisoft offered to develop a new game , Parker and Stone discussed the proposed game sequel or the possibility of making a film , including a new South Park movie . They wanted to ensure quality control and decided that because of commitments to the television series and their families , they could only work on one big project and chose to work on the game . During development of the previous game by Obsidian Entertainment for publisher THQ , Ubisoft bought the rights to the game after THQ went into bankruptcy . Ubisoft chose to develop the sequel internally , replacing Obsidian Entertainment with the nearly 100 - member team at Ubisoft San Francisco ( USF ) . The team , which was responsible for the Rocksmith series of music video games , recruited experts in role - playing games and their related systems . Additional support work was done by Ubisoft Osaka , Massive Entertainment , Ubisoft Annecy , Ubisoft Reflections , Blue Byte , and Ubisoft Quebec . Parker and Stone were involved throughout the development cycle . At the beginning of development , they met with the team at Ubisoft to determine the game 's storyline and elements of The Stick of Truth they were unhappy about . Ubisoft game developers , including senior producer Jason Schroeder , visited South Park studios twice monthly for a few days or conducted teleconferencing meetings . Schroeder was responsible for declining Stone and Parker 's requests when necessary . Although meetings still took place , Parker and Stone became less available to the Ubisoft team during production of South Park , which had a tight production schedule . Ubisoft adapted Snowdrop , its proprietary game engine , to allow the importing of the Autodesk Maya art assets used in the show rather than emulating them as in The Stick of Truth . This allowed the Ubisoft team to iterate and implement changes to the game and storyline late into the development schedule , meaning it could satirize recent events that occurred only months before release and incorporate elements from South Park episodes produced during the game 's development , including the character PC Principal , and the gentrification areas of the town . Of last - minute changes , Schroeder said , `` If it does n't mess with our age rating ? It should n't be a problem '' . Senior animator Lucas Walker said the changes to the engine took approximately a year to implement , but they were necessary to allow more seamless collaborations with South Park Digital Studios , including the use of the original animation rigs to emulate movement . Even with the ability to easily import the South Park series ' assets , the engine was designed for the development of 3D environments not 2D animation . The game required an amount of detailed work to match the movement style of the show and the expressions used by the characters . The game 's executive producer , Nao Higo , said building all of the game 's content would have been impossible for the relatively small team , believing they would need three - or - four times the staff to accommodate the project . USF worked extensively with South Park Digital Studios , which helped create animations and assets for the game . The Fractured but Whole , was publicly revealed on June 15 , 2015 , at Ubisoft 's press conference at the 2015 Electronic Entertainment Expo , and in June 2016 a release date of December 6 was set . In September that year , the game 's release was postponed to early 2017 . In February 2017 , it was again postponed to between April 2017 and March 2018 . In May 2017 it received its eventual release date of October 17 . Discussing the delays , Higo said USF was unhappy with the game 's quality and wanted more time to refine it . These refinements often led to story changes -- sometimes for pacing or comedy purposes -- which meant entire sections of the game and their assets needed to be reworked . Some missions were completely removed despite being far into development . Unlike more typical videogame prototyping , in which designers experiment with simple gameplay demos , USF relied more heavily on interactive storyboards of the script to gain a sense of the location and the narrative . Parker and Stone provided feedback and the designers would change the storyboard until it was considered to be perfect . The Fractured but Whole was officially released to manufacturing on September 22 , 2017 . Writing ( edit ) Parker and Stone wrote the script in Movie Magic Screenwriter , complete with stage directions that were edited or translated into gameplay by narrative designer Jolie Menzel and her team . The game script is 360 pages long , which is twice the size of that of the previous game , and equivalent to four or five feature films , according to the show 's executive producer Frank C. Agnone II . Between them , Stone and Parker recorded approximately 20,000 lines of dialogue . During production , Parker became ill and had to undergo emergency gallbladder surgery . Parker persuaded his doctor to allow him to temporarily leave the hospital to record dialogue . On his return to the hospital , Parker told Agnone , `` I just want this game to be sweet '' . Parker and Stone considered it important to prevent the superhero setting from overwhelming the main focus of the story , which is fourth - grade children playing together and dressing up as heroes to enhance that experience . Stone said it is important to retain the game 's charm and remind the player the characters are children playing . Parker 's and Stone 's original concept for the title was The Butthole of Time , but Ubisoft told them retailers would not stock a product bearing the word `` butthole '' . Parker said he sat at his desk for hours working out a way to sneak the word into the title . Parker said , `` how do I get butthole , butthole , butt hole , butt hole , but hole , but whole ! '' Design ( edit ) The levels were designed to allow combat ; when battles take place the player is not taken to an abstract map as in The Stick of Truth . Schroeder said , `` when we have to cut away from a certain background for the fighting it kind of broke the feeling of I 'm fighting where I 'm exploring so we thought about what can we do to make the place I 'm exploring also the combat space ? '' The team considered removing movement from a previously explorable area did not work , so they added movement to combat , which in turn led to the more tactical combat in The Fractured but Whole . Schroeder described the concept as a mixture of Parker 's affection for board games and Stone 's preference for shooter , action , and sports games . The design team retained the turn - based combat system of The Stick of Truth because it better enabled the implementation of timing for jokes . Parker invited Schroeder and lead designer Ken Strickland to play the board game Star Wars : Imperial Assault , which helped them develop a unified jargon language and a common understanding of the game 's campaign . Later in development , Parker and Stone played early builds of the game , helping them visualize their planned changes . They wrote out ideas for changes and feedback on a whiteboard , which the Ubisoft team used to understand what was required of them . Parker and Stone watched Let 's Play videos by PewDiePie of The Stick of Truth to observe a consumer playing it and giving feedback about the game and considering what worked and what did not work . Schroder said the USF team had to adapt to prioritizing comedy and comedic timing over gameplay , meaning it was more important to convey humor than to improve systems . They sometimes needed to step back from the less comfortable aspects of Parker 's and Stone 's design , at one point contemplating an autoplay option that would complete segments for the player , such as a sequence in which the 9 -- 10 year old protagonists give a lap dance in a strip club in a minigame . The team decided allowing players to opt out of the interactivity removed the core of the joke , forcing the player to participate in `` this ridiculous thing '' . Menzel said good interactive comedy was dependent on a more intimate relationship between the joke teller and receiver , and making the player participate or even be responsible for the joke ; for instance giving them control over interrogating someone by farting , heightened the South Park humor by making the player responsible for the things they see in the show . The finished game features ten classes of superhero , but early in development it featured up to twelve , including the Mystic . USF chose the Brutalist , Speedster , and Blaster as starting classes because they were simple to understand . The developers decided to separate the player 's statistics from their clothing choices . Schroeder said players can create their own superhero brand by dressing the player - character as they want , citing the popularity of The Stick of Truth for online streaming . They developed the Artifact system , which could be used to enhance statistics , as an alternative A rejected option for The Stick of Truth was the choice to play as a girl , which could not be included without altering the entire narrative . They chose to include it in The Fractured but Whole ; Stone said he always plays as a girl where the option exists . The Fractured but Whole offers twelve allies compared to The Stick of Truth 's six ; USF wanted them , their powers , and their associated dialogue to be a more frequent presence , involving them in both battles and exploration . While some of the children have genuine super powers , such as Mysterion 's immortality , the realism of the remaining characters ' powers is left deliberately ambiguous to maintain the illusion of children playing a game . Menzel said , `` We want to continually dip into their imagination and let the player be in the kids ' imaginations '' . The Coon will greatly exaggerate his abilities to suggest things he is not capable of , so the designers added small touches like having him trip or fall over . Sound ( edit ) Jamie Dunlap -- Main Menu The score was inspired by the soundtracks of various superhero films . Problems playing this file ? See media help . South Park composer Jamie Dunlap and USF lead audio designer Nicholas Bonardi were responsible for the game 's sound . While The Stick of Truth largely used music and sounds pulled directly from the show , the USF team aimed to create an original sound . Early in development , Bonardi created a temporary score by piecing together music from the show for the game , but found Dunlap 's experience on the rapidly - produced show meant he could deliver music quickly enough that it was sometimes easier to ask him directly for original music . Bonardi and his team also created original music for The Fractured but Whole , but Dunlap 's input ensured it retained the South Park sound . The game 's sound design was inspired by several superhero film scores ; The Coon 's and Mysterion 's themes are based on Christopher Nolan 's Dark Knight Trilogy . The score for Coon and Friends is based on that of The Avengers ( 2012 ) , while that of their rivals Freedom Pals is inspired by the X-Men series of films . Other inspirations included Superman ( 1978 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , and the Castlevania video game series , which inspires the Vamp Kids theme . The Ubisoft team had access to cheap sound effects albums used for foley sounds on South Park , but needed to make additional sounds for the game . USF had an area set aside for making fart sounds , stocked with plungers , a vuvuzela , and noise putty . Bonardi estimated they created more than 100 unique fart sounds for the game to reduce the repetitiveness of the sounds , which are used frequently in the game . They also mixed in other sounds , for instance the farts heard when the player and Kyle work together is mixed with the sound of a jet engine . Release ( edit ) The characters of The Fractured but Whole on a promotional banner at Gamescom 2017 The Fractured but Whole was released worldwide on October 17 , 2017 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . In contrast to the previous game , The Fractured but Whole was released worldwide without having to censor any content . In a September 2017 interview , USF associate producer Kimberly Weigend said the game 's content was not tamer than that of The Stick of Truth , and the uncensored release was possibly a sign of censors becoming more open to ideas and that interactive media was a relatively new medium and the ratings system was evolving alongside it . Design director Paul Cross said to prevent the difficulties The Stick of Truth experienced , USF tried to avoid content they knew would be censored , but that Parker and Stone would tell the story they wanted regardless of censorship concerns . In addition to the standard game , special versions were released at launch . The Gold Edition included a set of in - game costumes , a bonus perk , and a Season Pass granting access to post-launch downloadable content ( DLC ) . The Steelbook Gold Edition , which was presented in a metallic case , featured the standard game , all of the Gold Edition content , and a series of lithographic prints displaying art by South Park Studios . The Collector 's Standard Edition contained the game , the lithographic prints , and a 6 - inch model of Cartman as `` The Coon '' by UbiCollectibles and ArtToyz . The Collector 's Gold Edition contained all of the extra items . People who pre-ordered the game received a downloadable version of The Stick of Truth and the character Towelie as an in - game assistant . The Playstation Store offered exclusive avatars of Kenny , Butters , Stan , Kyle , Cartman , and Coon and Friends ; and Amazon released an exclusive bundle of the game that came with the Steelbook case and a remote - controlled model of Coon on a tricycle . The voiced figure can be controlled by an App available for Android and iOS users . A Mysterion figurine , part of The Fractured but Whole 's display at Gamescom 2016 As a promotional item , the team designed and created the Nosulus Rift , a parody of the Oculus Rift , which appeared at the PAX West event in September 2016 . Developed internally at Ubisoft as a joke about a fake prop the team would promote as real , the team decided to develop the item . Nosulus Rift , which was not released for sale publicly , would release a fart smell to create an olfactory - immersive experience . Ubisoft ran the worldwide `` I am the fart '' competition in October 2017 ; the jury , which included British flatulist Mr. Methane , judged videos of entrants farting and selected an overall winner , who would be flown to Ubisoft San Francisco to record their fart sound for inclusion into The Fractured but Whole . A twelve -- character series of collectible figures based on The Fractured but Whole 's cast was also released . First broadcast in October 2017 , South Park episode `` Franchise Prequel '' serves as a narrative prequel to the game and features the characters wearing outfits and acting out roles similar to those in the game . In the episode , Coon and Friends attempt to launch their superhero media franchise but are derailed by Professor Chaos , who launches a plot to spread fake news on Facebook about the boys . Chaos is defeated but the boys are divided over their media franchise , leading into the events of The Fractured but Whole . Downloadable content ( edit ) Several downloadable content ( DLC ) items were released alongside the game . These items were provided for a fee and include the `` Relics of Zaron '' pack that contains various costume items and perks , and `` Towelie : Your Gaming Bud '' , which causes the character Towelie to appear and give comical advice to the player during the game . The first post-release DLC , `` Danger Deck '' , was released on December 19 , 2017 . It involves a combat challenge in Doctor Timothy 's Danger Deck , the Freedom Pals ' iPad - walled training room , where the player can engage in increasingly - difficult virtual combat scenarios in new locations . Success is rewarded with items and costumes usable in the main game . Two story - based DLC packs are in development for The Fractured but Whole . The first , `` From Dusk til Casa Bonita '' , requires the player to team up with the Coon and Mysterion to fight a demonic presence at the Casa Bonita restaurant , and `` Bring the Crunch '' introduces a new superhero class . All of the downloadable content was made available with the optional `` Season Pass '' . Although Parker and Stone were opposed to DLC in The Stick of Truth , believing it would consist of content that had been cut from the main game for lack of quality , during development of The Fractured but Whole they had ideas for side stories they deemed too distant from the main story but they wanted to expand on this material as DLC . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 81 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XONE ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8.5 / 10 EGM 9.0 / 10 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 86 / 100 Polygon 7 / 10 South Park : The Fractured but Whole received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review website Metacritic provides a score of 81 out of 100 from 16 critics for the Microsoft Windows version , 80 out of 100 from 68 critics for the PlayStation 4 version , and 84 out of 100 from 30 critics for the Xbox One version . Like its predecessor , the game was considered a successful adaptation , with GamesRadar+ calling it `` the truest , best adaptation '' of South Park ever made `` , with well balanced comedy and humor , and IGN saying it looks and sounds like an episode of the show . Giant Bomb , GamesRadar+ , and Shacknews said it was an improvement in nearly every way over The Stick of Truth , being deeper , longer , more surprising , and polished than its predecessor . GamesRadar+ added that after twenty years , a South Park game that is as fun to play as it is to laugh along at has been created . PC Gamer called it streamlined , imaginative , and enormously entertaining ; and Electronic Gaming Monthly ( EGM ) said it would be difficult to find a more complete South Park experience that is as funny . Game Informer called it a welcome sequel , featuring both smart and immature jokes , and moments of sincerity that recall the charm of childhood in surprising ways . Slant Magazine said mechanically , it was one of the best , most accessible RPGs in a long time . GamesRadar+ said the humor was more original and less reliant on callbacks , and Shacknews countered that it was sometimes too reliant on references . Several reviewers criticized some of the humor , which they saw as deliberately edgy , banal , or over-focused on fart and poop jokes . Slant Magazine singled out the strip club battles as `` appallingly '' sexist and racist . GameSpot said it is consistently amusing and provocative throughout , but without the series ' typical edge . IGN said nothing in the game is as shocking as The Stick of Truth 's Nazi Zombie Fetuses , but it still delivered shocking moments such as corrupt police , self - flaggelating priests , and the children in the strip club ; and summarized the review by saying it is still the funniest RPG by a wide margin since the previous game in the series . Critics were consistent in their praise of the combat and its improvements over the system featured in The Stick of Truth . PC Gamer 's Andy Kelly described it as one of the most enjoyable RPG combat systems he had experienced . GameSpot said it offered a positive change from its precessor , prioritizing strategic thinking over reflexes . Other reviewers echoed these sentiments ; Giant Bomb said there is fun in finding the right team from the available characters , Game Revolution called it a more engaging system , and PC Gamer said combat was `` deeper , richer , and more strategic '' , and among others , called it fun . Game Informer and GamesRadar+ appreciated that the ability to move about the battle grid allowed for greater agency and thoughtfulness . Boss battles were often cited as a highlight for their deviations from normal combat by introducing timed , out - of - turn attacks , environmental hazards , and side tasks such as reaching the end of the battlefield before a boss catchers the player - character . Giant Bomb said these elements are some of the cleverest and most enjoyable parts of the game , and GamesRadar+ appreciated that the designers removed the ability to patiently strategize . Polygon said these elements , with their unique requirements adding to the intensity but sometimes becoming frustrating , were the only time they found combat challenging . Others called the combat too easy , even at the highest difficulty setting , but IGN said that while The Stick of Truth got easier as the game progressed , The Fractured But Whole 's ambitious combat was prevented from getting stale by the various combat subversions it introduces . The various Ultimate moves were considered to be hilarious and impressive , with Polygon saying they were as epic as a summon in Final Fantasy , but they were also criticized for being unskippable , making them feel too long and repetitive later into the game . VideoGamer.com said battles sometimes seemed too long , and IGN noted that battles used only three timing mini-games , making them repetitive . IGN highlighted the small character touches in combat , such as the character Tupperware vomiting inside his own helmet when `` grossed out '' , and Destructoid said each character was different enough to warrant tactical thinking about which characters to add to the New Kid 's party . The story received a polarized response ; reviewers alternately called it well - crafted and an improvement over The Stick of Truth 's , or muddled and lesser than its predecessor . Game Revolution and VideoGamer.com said the story was not as strong as its predecessor 's ; VideoGamer.com stating it loses itself by the end and laughs lessen due to repetitive jokes. PC Gamersaid the main story suffered from pacing issues that slowed events down , that it was predicable , and that its satire was not as edgy . Destructoid said that despite some uneven writing , the game felt like a long , quality episode of South Park , and Game Revolution said it was too reliant on fart jokes but that it remained engaging to the end , which was an achievement . Giant Bomb similarly said it could seem like a `` cavalcade of poop jokes '' , but the South Park humor and charm is evident as the story progresses in unexpected ways . IGN said the writing quality had lived up to high expectations , and EGM said it featured both a well - crafted main story and comedic side quests . GamesRadar+ said the game starts slowly but the pace escalates quickly into an intriguing mystery with one of the television series ' best villains , and Shacknews called it an `` absurd , but enthralling tale , but not so long as to overstay its welcome or get stale '' . Some reviewers said the story found moments of sweetness or innocence in its characters ; Slant Magazine called it poignant for its mission involving the New Kid resolving the dispute between gay couple Tweek and Craig , and said it succeeds in the fully realized daydreams of the children . Game Informer said the game featured heartfelt moments in scenes depicting the difficulty of being a new kid with unhappy parents , and The Washington Post said it had sweet and silly moments where epic battles are interrupted by a passing car , or certain characters arbitrarily change the rules of the game during a battle , which the reviewer felt helped offset its `` oppressive humor '' . Some of the commentary was considered to be raised as an issue without ever being properly addressed . Several critics singled out the series of events in which the corrupt police force send the New Kid to arrest innocent black men , which Game Informer called thought provoking , and Shacknews called funny and encouraging the player to think about similar , real - life events . Slant Magazine said the race - based difficulty slider encapsulated everything they felt was wrong with The Fractured but Whole ; biting social commentary but a throwaway joke because the slider does not affect any in - game elements . Some reviewers were critical of the similarity between The Fractured But Whole 's and The Stick of Truth 's gameplay area , which no longer had the benefit of the original 's novelty . However , Destructoid said it was no less fun to explore and find the many references to the show 's history . GamesRadar+ said that despite its relatively small map , the game sometimes felt like there was too much to do . Reviewers criticized the crafting system , which they considered gave too many of some items and not enough of others , and said it seemed unnecessary because since additional items could be bought directly from shops . The various buddy abilities were praised for encouraging exploration outside of combat , but was criticized for becoming repetitive and not challenging . PC Gamer , VideoGamer.com , and Polygon appreciated the scale of customization offered , giving the player ownership their player - character and choice of companions throughout the game . Similarly , reviewers liked the Artifact / Upgrade system for allowing the New Kid to be customized to the player 's needs and for being independent of costumes , so the player could design the New Kid as they desired -- although EGM was critical that Artifacts became less important later in the game when the New Kid is more powerful . Game Informer said tracking down selfies with the town 's residents was one of the best sidequests , which PC Gamer called `` strangely compelling '' . Sales ( edit ) In October 2017 in North America , South Park : The Fractured but Whole was the fourth - best - selling game across all available platforms , the third - best - selling game on PlayStation 4 , and the fourth - best - selling game on Xbox One . The Fractured but Whole 's global digital sales made it the eighth - best - selling game for consoles in October 2017 . Alongside other single - player games , Assassin 's Creed Origins and Middle - earth : Shadow of War , South Park : The Fractured but Whole contributed over $160 million in digital sales for the month . Intelligence firm SuperData said single - player games would not stay high in the charts for long as they were not as easy to monetize through microtransactions as multiplayer video games . It was also among the top 100 highest grossing games of 2017 on the Steam digital distribution platform . During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , The Fractured but Whole became the third - best - selling game on all available formats in terms of boxed sales , behind FIFA 18 at number two and the debuting Gran Turismo Sport at number one , and ahead of the debuting WWE 2K18 . The game 's first - week sales were 7 % below those of The Stick of Truth . Its sales were considered strong , based on the competing titles released at the time . It was the overall sixth - best - selling game of October 2017 in the UK . By its second week it had fallen to eighth place overall , third on PlayStation 4 , and seventh on Xbox One ; and by its third week it had left the top ten games overall , listing at twelfth place on that chart and ninth on PlayStation 4 . Accolades ( edit ) In 2016 , The Market for Computer & Video Games ( MCV ) and IGN named South Park : The Fractured but Whole the best role - playing game of that year 's Electronic Entertainment Expo . The game was nominated for Best Role Playing Game at the 2017 The Game Awards , losing to Persona 5 . It was also nominated in IGN 's staff - nominated , user - voted `` Best of 2017 '' series , for Best Xbox One Game , and Best RPG . The game won the `` Best Collectibles '' award in Game Informer 's 2017 RPG of the Year Awards ; in their Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards , it came in second place for `` Best Role - Playing Game '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Griffiths , Eric ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` Young offenders '' . New Statesman . 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Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ubisoft announces new South Park : The Fractured But Whole video game '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Nathan ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` The next ' South Park ' game will launch on December 6th '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole delayed to 2017 '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole delayed again '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Odyssey ground pounds UK top 10 -- Games charts 28 October '' . Metro . October 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MCV 's games of E3 2016 '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . October 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . June 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCall , Keenan ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards Reveals 2017 Award Nominees '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards crowns The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild best game of 2017 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards '' . IGN. 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best RPG '' . IGN. 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Game '' . IGN. 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 RPG of the Year Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Documents ( edit ) Trey Parker ( writer ) , Matt Stone ( writer ) , Jason Schroeder ( game director ) ( October 17 , 2017 ) . South Park : The Fractured but Whole ( video game ) . Ubisoft . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Comedy portal Role - playing games portal South Park portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal South Park Characters Principal Stan Marsh Kyle Broflovski Eric Cartman Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Recurring Randy and Sharon Marsh Gerald and Sheila Broflovski Mr. Garrison Wendy Testaburger Chef Lists Families Children School staff Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations 6 Days to Air Media releases The Spirit of Christmas South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut South Park Imaginationland : The Movie Home video Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Studio albums Chef Aid : The South Park Album ( 1998 ) Bigger , Longer & Uncut O.S.T. ( 1999 ) Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics ( 1999 ) Singles `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' `` Blame Canada '' `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' Video games South Park Chef 's Luv Shack South Park ( pinball ) Rally South Park 10 : The Game Let 's Go Tower Defense Play ! Tenorman 's Revenge The Stick of Truth The Fractured but Whole Phone Destroyer See also Controversies Subject matter Chewbacca defense South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today South Park and Philosophy : Bigger , Longer , and More Penetrating South Park Republican Book Portal Trey Parker and Matt Stone Parker filmography Stone filmography Feature films Cannibal ! The Musical ( 1993 ) Orgazmo ( 1997 ) South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) Team America : World Police ( 2004 ) Television Time Warped ( 1995 ) South Park ( since 1997 ) That 's My Bush ! ( 2001 ) Music DVDA Chef Aid : The South Park Album South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut soundtrack `` Blame Canada '' Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Theatre The Book of Mormon ( since 2011 ) Video games South Park : The Stick of Truth ( 2014 ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole ( 2017 ) Characters Parker Stan Marsh Eric Cartman Randy Marsh Mr. Garrison Stone Kyle Broflovski Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Gerald Broflovski See also The Spirit of Christmas Your Studio and You Princess 6 Days to Air Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Park:_The_Fractured_but_Whole&oldid=819185977 '' Categories : 2017 video games Cthulhu Mythos games Open world video games PlayStation 4 games Role - playing video games Superhero video games Time travel video games Ubisoft games Video game sequels Video games based on South Park Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 23 : 20 . 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where am i and where am i going

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Where_Am_I_Going%3F&oldid=835119808

Where Am I Going ? - Wikipedia Where Am I Going ? Jump to : navigation , search Where Am I Going ? Studio album by Dusty Springfield Released 27 October 1967 Recorded July -- August 1967 ( Track A4 : November 1965 ) Studio Philips Studios , Stanhope Place , London Genre Pop Length 31 : 20 Label Philips BL 7820 ( mono ) SBL 7820 ( stereo ) Producer Johnny Franz Dusty Springfield ( Track A5 ) Dusty Springfield chronology Ev'rything's Coming Up Dusty ( 1965 ) Ev'rything's Coming Up Dusty 1965 Where Am I Going ? ( 1967 ) Dusty ... Definitely ( 1968 ) Dusty ... Definitely 1968 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Where Am I Going ? is the third studio album by singer Dusty Springfield , released on Philips Records in the UK in 1967 . By now , firmly established as one of the most popular singers in Britain , with several hits in America as well , Springfield ventured into more varying styles than before and recorded a wide variety of material for this album . Rather than the straightforward pop of A Girl Called Dusty or the mix of pop and soul of Ev'rything's Coming Up Dusty , Springfield recorded a variety of styles from jazz to soul , to pop and even show tunes ( the standout title track , from the musical Sweet Charity ) . While not the success that her previous two albums were , Where Am I Going ? was praised by fans and critics alike for showing a mature and sophisticated sensibility , despite the many different styles of music . In the United States , the album was released in a quite altered form as The Look of Love , titled after a successful Springfield recording originally only released as a single B - side in Britain . Also included were two other singles -- `` Give Me Time '' , a U.K. and United States hit , and `` What 's It Gonna Be '' , a United States hit -- not included on Where Am I Going ? . The Look of Love also contained the UK single B - side `` Small Town Girl '' , not on Where Am I Going ? . Where Am I Going ? was released to CD for the first time in the early 1990s . A digitally remastered edition was released in 1998 , and included the bonus tracks `` I 've Got a Good Thing '' , `` Do n't Forget About Me '' ( a later version appeared on Dusty in Memphis ) , and `` Time After Time '' . `` Where Am I Going ? '' was sampled in the song `` Zenophile '' , from the 2004 album Destroy Rock & Roll , by Scottish electronic music artist Mylo . `` I Ca n't Wait Until I See My Baby 's Face '' was sampled in the song `` Nothing Can Stop Us '' from the 1991 album Foxbase Alpha by Saint Etienne . Track listing ( edit ) Side A `` Bring Him Back '' ( Mort Shuman , Doc Pomus ) - 2 : 12 `` Do n't Let Me Lose This Dream '' ( Aretha Franklin , Ted White ) - 2 : 24 `` I Ca n't Wait Until I See My Baby 's Face '' ( Jerry Ragovoy , Chip Taylor ) - 2 : 39 `` Take Me for a Little While '' ( Trade Martin ) - 2 : 22 `` Chained to a Memory '' ( Kay Rogers , Richard Ahlert ) - 2 : 35 `` Sunny '' ( Bobby Hebb ) - 1 : 52 Side B `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' ( Burt Bacharach , Hal David ) - 2 : 25 `` Welcome Home '' ( Chip Taylor ) - 2 : 38 `` Come Back to Me '' ( Alan Jay Lerner , Burton Lane ) - 2 : 03 `` If You Go Away ( Ne Me Quitte Pas ) '' ( Jacques Brel , Rod McKuen ) - 3 : 50 `` Broken Blossoms '' ( Traditional , Tom Springfield , Robert Gray ) - 2 : 41 `` Where Am I Going ? '' ( Dorothy Fields , Cy Coleman ) - 3 : 39 Bonus tracks 1998 CD re-issue `` I 've Got a Good Thing '' ( Jerry Ragovoy , Mort Shuman ) - 2 : 49 Outtake from the Where Am I Going ? sessions . First release : UK compilation Something Special , 1996 . `` Do n't Forget About Me '' ( London recording ) ( Gerry Goffin , Carole King ) - 2 : 49 Outtake from the Where Am I Going ? sessions . First release : UK compilation Something Special , 1996 . `` Time After Time '' ( Jule Styne , Sammy Cahn ) - 2 : 30 Outtake from the Where Am I Going ? sessions . First release : UK 4 - CD box set The Legend of Dusty Springfield , 1994 . Track 13 : Originally recorded in New York 1965 , producer : Jerry Ragovoy . Additional overdubs / re-recording London 1967 , producer : Johnny Franz . Track 14 : Re-recorded in 1968 for album Dusty in Memphis . Tracks 14 - 15 : Producer : Johnny Franz . Personnel and production ( edit ) Dusty Springfield - lead vocals , backing vocals Lesley Duncan - backing vocals Madeline Bell - backing vocals The Echoes - accompaniment Alan Tew - accompaniment & orchestra director Arthur Greenslade - accompaniment & orchestra director Wally Stott - accompaniment & orchestra director Peter Knight - accompaniment & orchestra director Reg Guest - accompaniment & orchestra director Pat Williams - musical arranger Jim Tyler - musical arranger Johnnie Spence - musical arranger Johnny Franz - record producer Roger Wake - digital remastering / remix ( 1998 re-issue ) Mike Gill - digital remastering / remix ( 1998 re-issue ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Howes , Paul ( 2001 ) . The Complete Dusty Springfield . London : Reynolds & Hearn Ltd . ISBN 1 - 903111 - 24 - 2 . Dusty Springfield UK studio albums ( 1964 -- 68 ) A Girl Called Dusty ( 1964 ) Ev'rything's Coming Up Dusty ( 1965 ) Where Am I Going ? ( 1967 ) Dusty ... Definitely ( 1968 ) US studio albums ( 1964 -- 68 ) Stay Awhile / I Only Want to Be with You ( 1964 ) Dusty ( 1964 ) Ooooooweeee ! ! ! ( 1965 ) You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me ( 1966 ) The Look of Love ( 1967 ) Studio albums ( 1969 -- ) Dusty in Memphis ( 1969 ) A Brand New Me / From Dusty with Love ( 1970 ) See All Her Faces ( 1972 ) Cameo ( 1973 ) Longing ( unreleased , recorded 1974 ) It Begins Again ( 1977 ) Living Without Your Love ( 1979 ) White Heat ( 1982 ) Reputation ( 1990 ) A Very Fine Love ( 1995 ) Faithful ( 2015 , recorded 1971 ) Other Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Am_I_Going%3F&oldid=835119808 '' Categories : Dusty Springfield albums 1967 albums Albums produced by Johnny Franz Philips Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 17 : 43 . About Wikipedia

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tom petty i won't back down official video

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Won%27t_Back_Down&oldid=836573280

I Wo n't Back Down - wikipedia I Wo n't Back Down Jump to : navigation , search `` I Wo n't Back Down '' Single by Tom Petty from the album Full Moon Fever B - side `` The Apartment Song '' `` Do n't Treat Me Like a Stranger '' ( 12 '' and CD single only ) Released April 1989 ( 1989 - 04 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' cassette CD Recorded 1987 - 1988 Genre Heartland rock Length 2 : 59 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Tom Petty Jeff Lynne Producer ( s ) Jeff Lynne Tom Petty Mike Campbell Tom Petty singles chronology `` All Mixed Up '' ( 1987 ) `` I Wo n't Back Down '' ( 1989 ) `` Runnin ' Down a Dream '' ( 1989 ) `` All Mixed Up '' ( 1987 ) `` I Wo n't Back Down '' ( 1989 ) `` Runnin ' Down a Dream '' ( 1989 ) Audio sample file help `` I Wo n't Back Down '' is a song by American rock musician Tom Petty . It was released in April 1989 as the lead single from his first solo album , Full Moon Fever . The song was written by Petty and Jeff Lynne , his writing partner for the album . It reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Album Rock Tracks chart for five weeks , starting the album 's road to multi-platinum status . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Content 3 Music video 4 Agreement with Sam Smith 5 Personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Use in political campaigns 8 Use in sports campaigns 9 All appearances 10 Cover versions 11 References 12 External links Background and writing ( edit ) Petty recalled the recording of this song to Mojo magazine : `` At the session George Harrison sang and played the guitar . I had a terrible cold that day , and George went to the store and bought a ginger root , boiled it and had me stick my head in the pot to get the ginger steam to open up my sinuses , and then I ran in and did the take . '' Content ( edit ) A message of defiance against unnamed forces of difficulty and possibly oppression , the lyric is set against a mid-tempo beat : Well I know what 's right , I got just one life in a world that keeps on pushin ' me around but I 'll stand my ground , and I wo n't back down Due to its themes , the song was played often on American radio following the September 11 attacks . Petty and the Heartbreakers played a quiet but resolute version of the song at the America : A Tribute to Heroes telethon following the 2001 attacks . In the 2007 documentary Runnin ' Down a Dream , Petty said that he felt some initial hesitation about releasing the song , given its clear and unabashed message . Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by David Leland , was shot on March 22 and 23 , 1989 on a sound stage at Pinewood Studios and released on April 24 , 1989 . Traveling Wilburys bandmates George Harrison and Jeff Lynne appear in the video . Mike Campbell and Harrison 's former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr are also featured in the video along with Harrison 's famous painted Fender Stratocaster `` Rocky '' being played by Campbell . Starr is depicted in the video as playing the drums on the song , though drumming was actually performed by Phil Jones on the record . Agreement with Sam Smith ( edit ) In January 2015 , it was revealed that an agreement had been reached whereby Petty and Jeff Lynne would be credited as co-writers of Sam Smith 's song `` Stay with Me '' and receive 12.5 % of its royalties . Petty 's publishing company had contacted Smith 's publisher after noticing a likeness between `` Stay with Me '' and `` I Wo n't Back Down '' . Petty clarified that he did not believe Smith plagiarized him , saying `` All my years of songwriting have shown me these things can happen . Most times you catch it before it gets out the studio door but in this case it got by . Sam 's people were very understanding of our predicament and we easily came to an agreement '' . Smith claimed he had never heard `` I Wo n't Back Down '' before he wrote `` Stay with Me '' , but he acknowledged the similarity after listening to the song , and said that the likeness was `` a complete coincidence '' . Petty and Lynne were not eligible for a Grammy Award ( `` Stay with Me '' was nominated for three awards at the 57th annual ceremony , winning two of them ) as the Recording Academy considered `` Stay with Me '' to have been interpolated from `` I Wo n't Back Down '' by Smith , James Napier , and William Phillips , the writers of `` Stay with Me '' ; Petty and Lynne were instead given certificates to honor their participation in the work , as is usual for writers of sampled or interpolated work . Personnel ( edit ) Tom Petty -- lead vocals and backing vocals , acoustic guitar Mike Campbell -- slide guitar George Harrison -- acoustic guitar , backing vocals Jeff Lynne -- bass , backing vocals Howie Epstein -- backing vocals Phil Jones -- drums Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 66 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 49 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 40 Use in political campaigns ( edit ) George W. Bush used `` I Wo n't Back Down '' at campaign events during the 2000 presidential campaign but was compelled to stop using the song after receiving a cease and desist letter from Petty 's publisher . Petty then went on to perform the song at Al Gore 's home after Gore conceded the election to President Bush . Jim Webb used the song for his successful bid for one of Virginia 's U.S. Senate seats in 2006 , as did Hillary Clinton during the 2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign . The song was also used at campaign events for Congressman Ron Paul of Texas during the 2008 Republican presidential primary campaign , as well as for events for his Campaign for Liberty . The song was also played at an event for Republican Connecticut gubernatorial nominee , Tom Foley . The song was also played at the 2012 Democratic National Convention after speech delivered by President Bill Clinton , in which President Barack Obama came out on stage to salute him . Use in sports campaigns ( edit ) The Ottawa Senators used the song as a campaign anthem in December 1990 at their presentation to be awarded an NHL franchise at the Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach , Florida . The unlikely bid received unanimous support from the NHL and the franchise was awarded on December 6 , 1990 . The Johnny Cash cover has also been used for a Rogers Sportsnet advertising campaign for the 2010 - 2011 NHL season . The song was used as the walkout song for the Australian Rugby League club the Melbourne Storm from 1999 - 2007 . It was also used as the slogan for the TCU Horned Frogs during the 2009 season , and incorporated into their merchandise during the year . All appearances ( edit ) Full Moon Fever ( 1989 ) Greatest Hits ( 1993 ) Playback ( 1995 ) Anthology : Through the Years ( 2000 ) America : A Tribute to Heroes ( 2001 ) The Live Anthology ( 2009 ) Mojo Tour 2010 ( 2010 ) - Live Version Barnyard ( 2006 ) The song was also released as downloadable content for Rock Band 2 Cover versions ( edit ) Something for Kate Johnny Cash -- American III : Solitary Man ( 2000 ) ( Tom Petty contributed vocals and guitar to Cash 's recording . ) Edgewater - Lifter ( 2001 ) Holly Nelson - Leaving the Yard ( 2003 ) Cumberland Gap - Circle the Wagons ( 2004 ) Sam Elliott - Barnyard : The Original Party Animals ( 2006 ) Pearl Jam -- Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 ( 2007 ) Mem Shannon - Live : A Night at Tipitina 's ( 2007 ) MercyMe - iTunes Originals ( 2008 ) Dawn Landes -- Fireproof ( 2008 ) Switchfoot ( 2008 ) Reel Big Fish - Fame , Fortune and Fornication ( 2009 ) Booka Shade vs Plastic Operator - `` Night Falls / Wo n't Back Down '' ( 2009 ) John O'Callaghan ( 2010 ) Tyler Hilton ( 2010 ) Dia Frampton and her coach Blake Shelton covered the song for The Voice ( U.S. ) . ( 2011 ) Ryan Star - The America EP ( 2012 ) Benjamin Francis Leftwich - covered the song for Grey 's Anatomy season 9 episode 3 . ( 2012 ) Bon Jovi - Covered the song during their Have a Nice Day Tour . ( 2005 - 2006 ) Dale Ann Bradley - Covered the song for her `` Do n't Turn Your Back '' CD . ( 2009 ) Tokutaro sleepy Maki - Covered in English along with Japanese . ( 2013 ) Kris Kristofferson - Covered for the soundtrack for History Channel 's Texas Rising . ( 2015 ) Jason Aldean - Saturday Night Live ( 2017 ) Coincidentally , Sam Smith was the musical guest on this episode of Saturday Night Live . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Snow , Mat . `` Tom Petty interview '' . MOJO . January 2010 ( 194 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Schumacher - Rasmussen ( September 22 , 2001 ) . `` Mariah Carey , Springsteen , Other Stars Sing For America On Telethon '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Bill Crandall ( September 24 , 2001 ) . `` Artists Rise Up for America '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Peter Bogdanovich ( director ) ( 2007 ) . Runnin ' Down a Dream ( Documentary ) . Event occurs at 2 : 43 : 25 . Of all the songs I 've written I think I get the most feedback about that song . And it is a personal song -- when I did it I sort of thought that I laid it out , you know , with no ambiguity at all -- like I just said it very plainly -- and I kind of felt nervous about it like maybe I should take it back and disguise it a little bit , but I 'm glad I did n't -- and it 's very much like me . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Strictly limited edition 7 '' single cover ( MCA 1334 ) Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith : Tom Petty given writing credit for Stay with Me '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Tom Petty on Sam Smith Settlement : ' No Hard Feelings . These Things Happen ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lac , J. Freedom du ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` The only person Sam Smith did n't thank at the Grammys deserves a lot of credit '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith explains why he settled copyright dispute with Tom Petty '' . CBC . Feb 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copland , Chris ( 25 January 2015 ) . `` Tom Petty awarded songwriting royalties for Sam Smith 's `` Stay With Me '' `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith : Tom Petty given writing credit for Stay With Me '' . BBC . January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Randall Roberts ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Petty , Jeff Lynne added to credits of Sam Smith 's ' Stay With Me ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Tom Petty -- I Wo n't Back Down '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Tom Petty -- I Wo n't Back Down '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Tom Petty -- I Wo n't Back Down '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51 , No. 8 , December 23 , 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1999 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roisin O'Connor ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Petty once sent a cease and desist letter to George W. Bush '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Claire Suddath . `` A Brief History of Campaign Songs - George W. Bush '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Petty , Popper Serenade Gore After Concession '' . ABC News . December 14 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Pieslak ( November 3 , 2015 ) . Radicalism and Music An Introduction to the Music Cultures of al - Qa'ida , Racist Skinheads , Christian - Affiliated Radicals , and Eco-Animal Rights Militants . Wesleyan . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0819575845 . Jump up ^ `` These are the Ottawa Senators you know '' . Ottawa Citizen . December 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Firestone turned 39 the day before the bid presentation . Leeder and Sexton , boyhood hockey pals from Brockville , were 31 . Waiting in a holding room , feeling a little like caged animals , the group got psyched up the way athletes do , by listening to inspiring music . In this case , it was the theme song of their mission -- Tom Petty 's `` I Wo n't Back Down '' . Jump up ^ Canucks Wo n't Back Down on YouTube Jump up ^ Evans , Thayer ( November 14 , 2009 ) . `` T.C.U. Fans Are Singing Football Coach 's Praises '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Tom Petty Studio albums Full Moon Fever ( 1989 ) Wildflowers ( 1994 ) Highway Companion ( 2006 ) Songs `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' `` I Wo n't Back Down '' `` Runnin ' Down a Dream '' `` Free Fallin ' '' `` A Face in the Crowd '' `` Yer So Bad '' `` You Do n't Know How It Feels '' `` Square One '' `` Saving Grace '' Related articles Discography Songs Awards Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Blue Stingrays Mudcrutch Traveling Wilburys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Won%27t_Back_Down&oldid=836573280 '' Categories : Tom Petty songs 1989 singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Songs written by Jeff Lynne Songs written by Tom Petty 1989 songs MCA Records singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when is new one piece episodes coming out

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Piece_episodes_(seasons_15%E2%80%93current)&oldid=833930422

List of ONE PIECE episodes ( seasons 15 -- current ) - wikipedia List of ONE PIECE episodes ( seasons 15 -- current ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about One Piece seasons 15 and onward . For seasons 1 to 8 , see List of One Piece episodes ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) . For seasons 9 to 14 , see List of One Piece episodes ( seasons 9 -- 14 ) . One Piece is an anime series from the manga of the same title written by Eiichiro Oda . Produced by Toei Animation , and directed by Konosuke Uda , Munehisa Sakai and Hiroaki Miyamoto , it began broadcasting on Fuji Television on October 20 , 1999 . One Piece follows the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy , a 17 - year - old boy , whose body has gained the properties of rubber from accidentally eating a supernatural fruit , and his crew of diverse pirates , named the Straw Hat Pirates . Luffy 's greatest ambition is to obtain the world 's ultimate treasure , One Piece , and thereby become the next King of the Pirates . The series uses 37 different pieces of theme music : 19 opening themes and 18 closing themes . Several CDs that contain the theme music and other tracks have been released by Toei Animation . The first DVD compilation was released on February 21 , 2001 , with individual volumes releasing monthly . The Singaporean company Odex released part of the series locally in English and Japanese in the form of dual audio Video CDs . In 2004 , 4Kids Entertainment licensed the series for an English - language broadcast in North America . This dub was heavily edited for content , as well as length , reducing the first 143 episodes to 104 , and thus receiving large amounts of controversy and fan backlash . One Piece made its U.S. premiere on September 18 , 2004 , on the Fox network 's Fox Box programming block , and also began airing on the Cartoon Network 's Toonami block in April 2005 . In December 2006 , 4Kids cancelled production due to financial reasons . In April 2007 , Funimation acquired the license of One Piece from 4Kids and would use their in - house voice cast in preparation for the series ' DVD releases . The Funimation dubbed episodes aired on Cartoon Network 's Toonami block from September 2007 until the block 's cancellation in March 2008 . In Australia , Cartoon Network resumed airing new One Piece episodes in November 2008 , starting with episode 170 , lasting until January 2009 following episode 195 . The first unedited , bilingual DVD box set , containing 13 episodes , was released on May 27 , 2008 . Similarly sized sets followed with 31 sets released as of July 2015 . Episodes began streaming on August 29 , 2009 . Funimation 's uncut dub later resumed airing on Adult Swim 's revived Toonami block from episode 207 onwards from May 18 , 2013 to March 18 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 15 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1.2 Season 16 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1.3 Season 17 ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 1.4 Season 18 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 1.5 Season 19 ( 2017 -- ) 2 TV specials 3 Releases 3.1 Japanese 3.1. 1 DVD 3.2 English 4 Notes 5 References Episode List ( edit ) Season 15 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 15 ) No . Titles Original airdate 517 `` The Beginning of The New Chapter ! The Straw Hats Reunited ! '' `` Shinshō Kaimaku - Saishūketsu ! Mugiwara no Ichimi '' ( 新 章 開幕 再 集結 ! 麦わら の 一味 ) October 2 , 2011 518 `` An Explosive Situation ! Luffy vs. Fake Luffy ! '' `` Isshoku Sokuhatsu ! Luffy tai Nise - Rufi '' ( 一 触 即発 ! ルフィ VS ニセルフィ ) October 9 , 2011 519 `` The Navy Has Set Out ! The Straw Hats in Danger ! '' `` Kaigun Shutsudō - Nerawareta Mugiwara no Ichimi '' ( 海軍 出動 狙 われ た 麦わら の 一味 ) October 16 , 2011 520 `` Big Guns Assembled ! The Danger of the Fake Straw Hats ! '' `` Ōmono Shūketsu - Nise Mugiwara Ichimi no Kyōi '' ( 大物 集結 ニセ 麦わら 一味 の 脅威 ) October 23 , 2011 521 `` The Battle is on ! Show Them What You Got From Training ! '' `` Sentō Kaishi ! Misero Shugyō no Seika ! '' ( 戦闘 開始 ! 見せろ 修行 の 成果 ! ) October 30 , 2011 522 `` Everyone Together ! Luffy , Setting Out for the New World ! '' `` Zen'in Shūgō - Rufi Shin Sekai e no Funade '' ( 全員 集合 ルフィ 新 世界 へ の 船出 ) November 6 , 2011 523 `` A Surprising Fact ! The Man Who Guarded the Sunny ! '' `` Kyōgaku no Shinjitsu - Sanī - gō o Mamotta Otoko '' ( 驚愕 の 真実 サニー 号 を 守っ た 男 ) November 13 , 2011 524 `` Deadly Combat under the Sea ! The Demon of the Ocean Strikes ! '' `` Kaichū no Shitō - Arawareta Ōunabara no Akuma '' ( 海中 の 死闘 現れ た 大 海原 の 悪魔 ) November 20 , 2011 525 `` Lost in the Deep Sea ! The Straw Hats Get Separated ! '' `` Shinkai de Sōnan - Hagureta Mugiwara no Ichimi '' ( 深海 で 遭難 逸れ た 麦わら の 一味 ) November 27 , 2011 526 `` Undersea Volcanic Eruption ! Drifting to the Fish - Man Island ! '' `` Kaitei Kazan Funka ! Nagasarete Gyojin - tō '' ( 海底 火山 噴火 ! 流 され て 魚 人 島 ) December 4 , 2011 527 `` Landing at the Fish - Man Island ! Beautiful Mermaids ! '' `` Gyojin - tō Jōriku - Uruwashiki Ningyo - tachi '' ( 魚 人 島 上陸 うるわしき 人魚 たち ) December 11 , 2011 528 `` Excitement Blow - out ! Sanji 's Life Under Threat ! '' `` Kōfun Bakuhatsu ! Sanji Seimei no Kiki ! '' ( 興奮 爆発 ! サンジ 生命 の 危機 ! ) December 18 , 2011 529 `` The Fish - Man Island Will Be Annihilated ? ! Sharley 's Prophecy ! '' `` Gyojin - tō Metsubō ! ? Shārī no Yogen '' ( 魚 人 島 滅亡 ! ? シャーリー の 予言 ) December 25 , 2011 530 `` The King of the Fish - Man Island ! Neptune , the God of the Sea ! '' `` Gyojin - tō no Ō - Kaishin Nepuchūn ! '' ( 魚 人 島 の 王 海神 ネプチューン ! ) January 8 , 2012 531 `` Ryugu Palace ! Taken by the Shark that They Saved ! '' `` Ryūgū - jō ! Tasuketa Same ni Tsurerarete '' ( 竜 宮城 ! 助け た 鮫 に 連れ られ て ) January 15 , 2012 532 `` A Coward and a Crybaby ! The Princess in the Hard Shell Tower ! '' `` Yowamushi de Nakimushi ! Kōkakutō no Ningyo - hime '' ( 弱虫 で 泣き虫 ! 硬 殻 塔 の 人魚 姫 ) January 22 , 2012 533 `` It 's an Emergency ! The Ryugu Palace is Occupied ! '' `` Kinkyū Jitai Hassei - Senkyo Sareta Ryūgū - jō '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 占拠 され た 竜 宮城 ) January 29 , 2012 534 `` The Ryugu Palace in Shock ! The Kidnapping of Shirahoshi ! '' `` Ryūgū - Jō Gekishin ! Shirahoshi Yūkai Jiken '' ( 竜 宮城 激震 ! しら ほし 誘拐 事件 ) February 5 , 2012 535 `` Hordy 's Onslaught ! The Retaliatory Plan Set Into Motion ! '' `` Hōdi Shūrai - Fukushū Keikaku no Hajimari '' ( ホーディ 襲来 復讐 計画 の 始まり ) February 12 , 2012 536 `` The Battle in the Ryugu Palace ! Zoro vs. Hordy ! '' `` Ryūgū - jō no Kessen ! Zoro tai Hōdi '' ( 竜 宮城 の 決戦 ! ゾロ VS ホーディ ) February 19 , 2012 537 `` Keep Shirahoshi Safe ! Decken Close Behind ! '' `` Shirahoshi o Mamore - Dekken no Tsuigeki '' ( しら ほし を 守れ デッケン の 追撃 ) February 26 , 2012 538 `` The Straw Hats Defeated ? ! Hordy Gains Control of the Ryugu Palace ! '' `` Ichimi Haiboku ! ? Hōdi Ryūgū - jō Seiatsu '' ( 一味 敗北 ! ? ホーディ 竜 宮城 制圧 ) March 4 , 2012 539 `` The Haunting Ties ! Nami and the Fish - Man Pirates ! '' `` Yomigaeru In'nen ! Nami to Gyojin kaizoku - dan '' ( 蘇る 因縁 ! ナミ と 魚 人 海賊 団 ! ) March 18 , 2012 540 `` A Hero Who Freed the Slaves ! An Adventurer Tiger ! '' `` Dorei Kaihō no Eiyū - Bōkenka Taigā '' ( 奴隷 解放 の 英雄 冒険 家 タイガー ) March 25 , 2012 541 `` Kizaru Appears ! A Trap to Catch Tiger ! '' `` Kizaru Tōjō ! Taigā o Nerau Wana ! '' ( 黄 猿 登場 ! タイガー を 狙う 罠 ! ) April 1 , 2012 542 `` A Team is Formed ! Save Chopper '' `` Chīmu Kessei ! Choppā o Sukue '' ( チーム 結成 ! チョッパー を 救え ) April 8 , 2012 543 `` The Death of a Hero ! A Shocking Truth of Tiger ! '' `` Eiyū no Saigo - Taigā Shōgeki no Shinjitsu '' ( 英雄 の 最期 タイガー 衝撃 の 真実 ) April 15 , 2012 544 `` The Sun Pirates Split ! Jimbei vs Arlong ! '' `` Kaizokudan Bunretsu - Jinbē tai Āron '' ( 海賊 団 分裂 ジンベエ VS アーロン ) April 22 , 2012 545 `` Shaking Fish - Man Island ! A Celestial Dragon Drifts In ! '' `` Yureru Gyojin - tō ! Hyōchakushita Tenryūbito '' ( 揺れる 魚 人 島 ! 漂着 した 天竜 人 ) April 29 , 2012 546 `` A Sudden Tragedy ! A Gunshot Shuts Down the Future ! '' `` Totsuzen no Higeki ! Mirai o Tozasu Kyōdan '' ( 突然 の 悲劇 ! 未来 を 閉ざす 凶弾 ) May 6 , 2012 547 `` Back to the Present ! Hordy Makes a Move ! '' `` Futatabi Genzai e ! Ugokidasu Hōdi '' ( 再び 現在 へ ! 動き出す ホーディ ) May 13 , 2012 548 `` The Kingdom in Shock ! An Order to Execute Neptune Issued ! '' `` Ōkoku Gekishin - Nepuchūn Shokei Shirei '' ( 王国 激震 ネプチューン 処刑 指令 ) May 20 , 2012 549 `` A Rift Opens Up ! Luffy vs. Jimbei ! '' `` Shōjita Kiretsu ! Rufi tai Jinbē '' ( 生じ た 亀裂 ! ルフィ VS ジンベエ ) May 27 , 2012 550 `` Something Has Happened to Hordy ! The True Power of the Evil Drug ! '' `` Hōdi no Ihen ! Kyōyaku no Shin no Chikara '' ( ホーディ の 異変 ! 凶 薬 の 真 の 力 ) June 3 , 2012 551 `` The Battle is on ! At Conchcorde Plaza ! '' `` Kessen Hajimaru - Gyonkorudo Hiroba '' ( 決戦 始まる ギョンコルド 広場 ) June 10 , 2012 552 `` Surprising Confession ! The Truth Behind the Assassination of Otohime ! '' `` Shōgeki no Kokuhaku - Otohime Ansatsu no Shinjitsu '' ( 衝撃 の 告白 オトヒメ 暗殺 の 真実 ) June 17 , 2012 553 `` Shirahoshi 's Tears ! Luffy Finally Shows Up ! '' `` Shirahoshi no Namida ! Rufi Tsuini Tōjō '' ( しら ほしの 涙 ! ルフィ 遂に 登場 ) June 24 , 2012 554 `` A Great Clash ! The Straw Hat Crew vs. 100,000 Enemies '' `` Dai Gekitotsu ! Mugiwara Ichimi tai Jūman no Teki '' ( 大 激突 ! 麦わら 一味 VS10 万 の 敵 ) July 1 , 2012 555 `` Deadly Attacks One After Another ! Zoro and Sanji Join The Battle ! '' `` Ōwaza Sakuretsu ! Zoro Sanji Shutsugeki ! '' ( 大 技 炸裂 ! ゾロ ・ サンジ 出撃 ! ) July 8 , 2012 556 `` Unveiled ! The Secret Weapons of the Sunny ! '' `` Hatsu Hirō ! Sanī - gō no Himitsu Heiki ! '' ( 初 披露 ! サニー 号 の 秘密 兵器 ! ) July 15 , 2012 557 `` Iron Pirate ! Here Comes General Franky ! '' `` Aian Pairētsu ! Furankī Shōgun Tōjō '' ( 鉄 の 海賊 ! フランキー 将軍 登場 ) July 29 , 2012 558 `` The Noah Closing in ! The Fish - Man Island Facing Destruction ! '' `` Noa Sekkin ! Gyojin - tō Kaimetsu no Kiki ! '' ( ノア 接近 ! 魚 人 島 壊滅 の 危機 ! ) August 5 , 2012 559 `` Hurry up , Luffy ! Shirahoshi 's Life in Jeopardy ! '' `` Isoge Rufi ! Shirahoshi Zettai Zetsumei '' ( 急げ ルフィ ! しら ほし 絶対 絶命 ) August 12 , 2012 560 `` The Fierce Fight Begins ! Luffy vs. Hordy ! '' `` Sentō Kaishi ! Rufi tai Hōdi ! '' ( 戦闘 開始 ! ルフィ VS ホーディ ! ) August 19 , 2012 561 `` A Massive Confused Fight ! The Straw Hats vs. the New Fish - Man Pirates ! '' `` Dai - ransen ! Ichimi tai Shin Gyojin Kaizokudan ! '' ( 大 乱戦 ! 一味 VS 新 魚 人 海賊 団 ! ) August 26 , 2012 562 `` Luffy Loses the Fight ? ! Hordy 's Long Awaited Revenge ! '' `` Rufi Haiboku ! ? Hōdi Fukushū no Toki '' ( ルフィ 敗北 ! ? ホーディ 復讐 の 時 ) September 2 , 2012 563 `` A Shocking Fact ! The True Identity of Hordy ! '' `` Shōgeki no Jijitsu ! Hōdi no Shōtai ! '' ( 衝撃 の 事実 ! ホーディ の 正体 ! ) September 9 , 2012 564 `` Back to Zero ! Earnest Wishes for Luffy ! '' `` Zero ni ! Rufi e no Atsuki Negai ! '' ( ゼロ に ! ルフィ へ の 熱き 願い ! ) September 16 , 2012 565 `` Luffy 's All - Out Attack ! Red Hawk Blasts ! '' `` Rufi Konshin no Ichigeki ! Reddo Hōku Sakuretsu '' ( ルフィ 渾身 の 一撃 ! 火 拳銃 炸裂 ) September 23 , 2012 566 `` Coming To An End ! The Final Decisive Battle Against Hordy ! '' `` Tsui ni Ketchaku ! Hōdi Saishū Kessen '' ( ついに 決着 ! ホーディ 最終 決戦 ) September 30 , 2012 567 `` Stop , Noah ! Desperate Elephant Gatling ! '' `` Tomare Noa ! Kesshi no Erefanto Gatoringu ! '' ( 止まれ ノア ! 決死 の 象 銃 乱打 ! ) October 7 , 2012 568 `` To the Future ! The Path to the Sun ! '' `` Mirai e ! Taiyō e to Tsuzuku Michi ! '' ( 未来 へ ! タイヨウ へ と 続く 道 ! ) October 14 , 2012 569 `` The Secret Revealed ! The Truth about the Ancient Weapon ! '' `` Akasareta Himitsu - Kodai Heiki no Shinjitsu '' ( 明か され た 秘密 古代 兵器 の 真実 ) October 21 , 2012 570 `` The Straw Hats Stunned ! The New Fleet Admiral of the Navy ! '' `` Ichimi Kyōgaku ! Aratanaru Kaigun Gensui ! '' ( 一味 驚愕 ! 新た なる 海軍 元帥 ! ) October 28 , 2012 571 `` She Loves Sweets ! Big Mom of the Four Emperors ! '' `` Okashi - zuki ! Yonkō Biggu Mamu '' ( お 菓子 好き ! 四 皇 ビッグマム ) November 4 , 2012 572 `` Many Problems Lie Ahead ! A Trap Awaiting in the New World ! '' `` Zento Tanan - Shin Sekai ni Machiukeru Wana '' ( 前途 多 難 新 世界 に 待ち受ける 罠 ) November 11 , 2012 573 `` Finally Time to Go ! Goodbye , Fish - Man Island ! '' `` Tsui ni Shukkō ! Sayonara Gyojin - tō '' ( ついに 出航 ! さよなら 魚 人 島 ) November 18 , 2012 574 `` To the New World ! Heading for the Ultimate Sea ! '' `` Shin Sekai e ! Saikyō no Umi o Mezashite '' ( 新 世界 へ ! 最強 の 海 を めざし て ) November 25 , 2012 575 `` Z 's Ambition ! Lily the Little Giant ! '' `` Zetto no Yabō Hen - Chiisana Kyojin Rirī ! '' ( Z の 野望 編 小さな 巨人 リリー ! ) December 2 , 2012 576 `` Z 's Ambition ! A Dark and Powerful Army ! '' `` Zetto no Yabō Hen - Nazo no Saikyō Gundan Tōjō ! '' ( Z の 野望 編 謎 の 最強 軍団 登場 ! ) December 9 , 2012 577 `` Z 's Ambition ! A Great and Desperate Escape Plan ! '' `` Zetto no Yabō Hen - Kesshi no Dai Dasshutsu Sakusen ! '' ( Z の 野望 編 決死 の 大 脱出 作戦 ! ) December 16 , 2012 578 `` Z 's Ambition ! Luffy vs. Shuzo ! '' `` Zetto no Yabō Hen - Rufi tai Shūzo ! '' ( Z の 野望 編 ルフィ VS シューゾ ! ) December 23 , 2012 Season 16 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 16 ) No . Title Original airdate 579 `` Arriving ! A Burning Island - Punk Hazard ! '' `` Jōriku ! Moeru Shima Panku Hazādo '' ( 上陸 ! 燃える 島 パンク ハザード ) January 6 , 2013 580 `` A Battle in the Heat ! Luffy vs. The Giant Dragon ! '' `` Shakunetsu no Tatakai ! Rufi tai Kyodai Ryū ! '' ( 灼熱 の 戦い ! ルフィ VS 巨大 竜 ! ) January 13 , 2013 581 `` The Straw Hats Stunned ! Enter : A Samurai 's Horrifying Severed Head ! '' `` Ichimi Sōzen ! Shōgeki no Kubi dake Samurai Tōjō ! '' ( 一味 騒然 ! 衝撃 の 首 だけ 侍 登場 ! ) January 20 , 2013 582 `` Startling ! The Secret of the Island is Finally Revealed ! '' `` Kyōgaku ! Tsui ni Akasareru Shima no Himitsu '' ( 驚愕 ! 遂に 明かさ れる 島 の 秘密 ) January 27 , 2013 583 `` Save the Children ! The Straw Hats Start to Fight ! '' `` Kodomo - tachi o Sukue ! Ichimi Sentō Kaishi '' ( 子供 達 を 救え ! 一味 戦闘 開始 ) February 3 , 2013 584 `` A Swordplay Showdown ! Brook vs. the Mysterious Torso Samurai ! '' `` Kenjutsu Shōbu - Burukku tai Nazo no Dōtai Samurai '' ( 剣術 勝負 ブルック VS 謎 の 胴体 侍 ) February 10 , 2013 585 `` The Warlord ! Trafalgar Law ! '' `` Shichibukai ! Torafarugā Rō '' ( 七 武海 ! トラファルガー ・ ロー ) February 17 , 2013 586 `` In a Real Pinch ! Luffy Sinks into the Ice - cold Lake ! '' `` Dai Pinchi - Rufi Gokkan no Mizuumi ni Shizumu '' ( 大 ピンチ ルフィ 極寒 の 湖 に 沈む ) March 3 , 2013 587 `` A Collision ! Law vs. Vice Admiral Smoker ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Rō tai Sumōkā Chūjō '' ( 激突 ! ロー VS スモーカー 中 将 ) March 17 , 2013 588 `` Meeting Again After Two Years ! Luffy and Law ! '' `` Ninen buri no Saikai ! Rufi to Rō '' ( 2 年 ぶり の 再会 ! ルフィ と ロー ) March 24 , 2013 589 `` The Worst in the World ! A Scientist of Terror - Caesar ! '' `` Sekai Saiaku - Kyōfu no Kagakusha Shīzā '' ( 世界 最悪 恐怖 の 科学 者 シーザー ) March 31 , 2013 590 `` History 's Strongest Collaboration vs. Glutton of the Sea '' `` Shijō Saikyō Korabo tai Umi no Taishokukan '' ( 史上 最強 コラボ VS 海 の 大食漢 ) April 7 , 2013 591 `` Chopper 's Fury ! The Master 's Inhumane Experiment ! '' `` Choppā Gekido - Masutā Hidōnaru Jikken '' ( チョッパー 激怒 M 非道 なる 実験 ) April 14 , 2013 592 `` To Annihilate the Straw Hats ! Legendary Assassins Descend ! '' `` Ichimi Massatsu ! Densetsu no Koroshiya Raishū ! '' ( 一味 抹殺 ! 伝説 の 殺し 屋 来襲 ! ) April 21 , 2013 593 `` Save Nami ! Luffy 's Fight on the Snow - Capped Mountains ! '' `` Nami o Sukue ! Rufi Yukiyama no Tatakai '' ( ナミ を 救え ! ルフィ 雪山 の 戦い ) April 28 , 2013 594 `` Formed ! Luffy and Law 's Pirate Alliance ! '' `` Kessei ! Rufi Rō Kaizoku Dōmei ! '' ( 結成 ! ルフィ ・ ロー 海賊 同盟 ! ) May 5 , 2013 595 `` Capture M ! The Pirate Alliance 's Operation Launches ! '' `` Masutā o Toraero - Kaizoku Dōmei Sakusen Kaishi ! '' ( M を 捉え ろ 海賊 同盟 作戦 開始 ! ) May 12 , 2013 596 `` On the Verge of Annihilation ! A Deadly Monster Comes Flying In ! '' `` Zenmetsu no Kiki - Shi no Monsutā Hirai '' ( 全滅 の 危機 死 の モンスター 飛来 ) May 19 , 2013 597 `` An Intense Battle ! Caesar Exercises His True Power ! '' `` Dai - Gekisen - Shīzā Shin no Nōryoku Hatsudō ! '' ( 大 激戦 シーザー 真 の 能力 発動 ! ) May 26 , 2013 598 `` A Samurai Who Can Cut Fire ! Foxfire Kin'emon ! '' `` Honoo Kirisaku Samurai ! Kitsunebi no Kin'emon ! '' ( 炎 切り裂く 侍 ! 狐火 の 錦 え もん ! ) June 2 , 2013 599 `` Shocking ! The True Identity of the Mystery Man Vergo ! '' `` Shōgeki ! Nazo no Otoko Verugo no Shōtai ! '' ( 衝撃 ! 謎 の 男 ヴェルゴ の 正体 ! ) June 9 , 2013 600 `` Save the Children ! The Master 's Evil Hands Close in ! '' `` Kodomo - tachi o Mamore ! Semaru Masutā no Ma no Te '' ( 子供 達 を 守れ ! 迫る M の 魔 の 手 ) June 16 , 2013 601 `` Shaking Up the New World ! Caesar 's Horrendous Experiment ! '' `` Shin Sekai Gekishin - Shīzā Akumu no Jikken '' ( 新 世界 激震 シーザー 悪夢 の 実験 ) June 23 , 2013 602 `` The Deadliest Weapon of Mass Destruction in History ! Shinokuni ! '' `` Shijō Saiaku no Satsuriku Heiki ! Shinokuni '' ( 史上 最悪 の 殺戮 兵器 ! シノクニ ) June 30 , 2013 603 `` Launching the Counter Attack ! Luffy and Law 's Great Escape ! '' `` Hangeki Kaishi ! Rufi Rō Dai - Dasshutsu '' ( 反撃 開始 ! ルフィ ロー 大 脱出 ) July 7 , 2013 604 `` Get to Building R ! The Pirate Alliance 's Great Advance ! '' `` Mezase Āru - tō ! Kaizoku Dōmei Kai - Shingeki ! '' ( めざせ R 棟 ! 海賊 同盟 快 進撃 ! ) July 14 , 2013 605 `` Tashigi 's Tears ! G - 5 's Desperate Breakthrough Plan ! '' `` Tashigi no Namida - Jī - Faibu Kesshi no Toppa Sakusen '' ( た し ぎの 涙 G5 決死 の 突破 作戦 ) July 21 , 2013 606 `` The Treacherous Vice Admiral ! Demon Bamboo Vergo ! '' `` Uragiri no Chūjō ! Kichiku no Verugo '' ( 裏切り の 中 将 ! 鬼 竹 の ヴェルゴ ) July 28 , 2013 607 `` A Fierce Battle Gets Heated ! Luffy vs. Caesar ! '' `` Hakunetsu no Gekisen - Rufi tai Shīzā '' ( 白熱 の 激戦 ルフィ VS シーザー ) August 11 , 2013 608 `` A Mastermind Underground ! Doflamingo Makes His Move ! '' `` Yami no Kuromaku ! Dofuramingo Ugoku ! '' ( 闇 の 黒幕 ! ド フラミンゴ 動く ! ) August 18 , 2013 609 `` Luffy Dies from Exposure ? ! The Spine - chilling Snow Woman Monet ! '' `` Rufi Tōshi ! ? Kyōfu no Yuki - On'na Mone ! '' ( ルフィ 凍死 ! ? 恐怖 の 雪女 モネ ! ) August 25 , 2013 610 `` Fists Collide ! A Battle of the Two Vice Admirals ! '' `` Butsukaru Kobushi ! Futari no Chūjō no Tatakai '' ( ぶつかる 拳 ! 二 人 の 中 将 の 戦い ) September 1 , 2013 611 `` A Small Dragon ! Momonosuke Appears ! '' `` Chiisana Doragon ! Momonosuke Arawaru '' ( 小さな ドラゴン ! モモ の 助 現 る ) September 8 , 2013 612 `` A Deadly Fight in a Blizzard ! The Straw Hats vs. The Snow Woman ! '' `` Fubuki no Shitō - Mugiwara no Ichimi tai Yuki - On'na '' ( 吹雪 の 死闘 麦わら の 一味 VS 雪女 ) September 15 , 2013 613 `` Showing Off His Techniques ! Zoro 's Formidable One - Sword Style ! '' `` Ōgi Sakuretsu ! Zoro Saikyō no Ittō - ryū ! '' ( 奥義 炸裂 ! ゾロ 最強 の 一刀 流 ! ) September 22 , 2013 614 `` To Save Her Friends ! Mocha Runs at the Risk of Her Life ! '' `` Tomodachi o Mamoru ! Mocha Inochi - gake no Tōsō '' ( 友達 を 守る ! モチャ 命がけ の 逃走 ) September 29 , 2013 615 `` Brownbeard in Grief ! Luffy Lands a Furious Blow ! '' `` Chahige Hitsū ! Rufi Ikari no Ichigeki '' ( 茶 ひげ 悲痛 ! ルフィ 怒り の 一撃 ) October 6 , 2013 616 `` A Surprising Outcome ! Smoker vs. Vergo ! '' `` Shōgeki no Ketchaku ! Sumōkā tai Verugo ! '' ( 衝撃 の 決着 ! 白 猟 VS ヴェルゴ ! ) October 13 , 2013 617 `` Caesar 's Defeat ! The Powerful Grizzly Magnum ! '' `` Shīzā Gekiha ! Saikyō no Gurizurī Magunamu '' ( シーザー 撃破 ! 最強 の 灰 熊 銃 ) October 20 , 2013 618 `` Raid ! An Assassin From Dressrosa ! '' `` Shūrai ! Doresurōza kara no Shikaku '' ( 襲来 ! ドレス ローザ から の 刺客 ) October 27 , 2013 619 `` Running Wild ! Invincible General Franky ! '' `` Ō - abare ! Muteki no Furankī Shōgun '' ( 大 暴れ ! 無敵 の フランキー 将軍 ) November 3 , 2013 620 `` A Critical Situation ! Punk Hazard Explodes ! '' `` Zettai Zetsumei ! Panku Hazādo Dai - bakuhatsu '' ( 絶 体 絶命 ! パンク ハザード 大 爆発 ) November 10 , 2013 621 `` Capture Caesar ! General Cannon Blasts ! '' `` Shīzā o Hokaku - seyo - Jeneraru Kyanon Sakuretsu '' ( シーザー を 捕獲 せよ 将軍 砲 ( ジェネラル キャノン ) 炸裂 ) November 17 , 2013 622 `` A Touching Reunion ! Momonosuke and Kin'emon ! '' `` Kandō no Saikai ! Momonosuke to Kin'emon '' ( 感動 の 再会 ! モモ の 助 と 錦 え もん ) November 24 , 2013 623 `` It 's Time to Say Goodbye ! Leaving Punk Hazard ! '' `` Sekibetsu no Toki - Panku Hazādo Shukkō ! '' ( 惜別 の 時 パンク ハザード 出航 ! ) December 1 , 2013 624 `` The G - 5 Wiped Out ! Doflamingo 's Sudden Attack ! '' `` Jī - Faibu Kaimetsu ! Dofuramingo Kyūshū ! '' ( G5 壊滅 ! ド フラミンゴ 急襲 ! ) December 8 , 2013 625 `` Intense ! Aokiji vs. Doflamingo ! '' `` Kinpaku ! Aokiji tai Dofuramingo '' ( 緊迫 ! 青 キジ VS ド フラミンゴ ) December 15 , 2013 626 `` Caesar Goes Missing ! The Pirate Alliance Makes a Sortie ! '' `` Kieta Shīzā ! Kaizoku Dōmei Shutsugeki '' ( 消え た シーザー ! 海賊 同盟 出撃 ) December 22 , 2013 627 `` Luffy Dies at Sea ! ? The Pirate Alliance Comes Apart ! '' `` Rufi Umi ni Shisu ! ? Kaizoku Dōmei Hōkai '' ( ルフィ 海 に 死す ! ? 海賊 同盟 崩壊 ) January 5 , 2014 628 `` A Major Turnaround ! Luffy 's Angry Iron Fist Strikes ! '' `` Dai - gyakuten ! Sakuretsu Rufi Ikari no Tekken '' ( 大 逆転 ! 炸裂 ルフィ 怒り の 鉄拳 ) January 12 , 2014 Season 17 ( 2014 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 17 ) No . Title Original airdate 629 `` Startling ! The Big News Shakes Up The New World ! '' `` Gekishin ! Shin Sekai Ugokasu Dai - nyūsu '' ( 激震 ! 新 世界 動かす 大 ニュース ) January 19 , 2014 630 `` Explore ! A Kingdom of Love and Passion Dressrosa ! '' `` Bōken ! Ai to Jōnetsu no Kuni Doresurōza '' ( 冒険 ! 愛 と 情熱 の 国 ドレス ローザ ) January 26 , 2014 631 `` Full of Enthusiasm ! The Corrida Colosseum ! '' `` Nekkyō Uzumaku - Korīda Koroshiamu '' ( 熱狂 渦巻く コリーダ コロシアム ) February 2 , 2014 632 `` A Dangerous Love ! The Dancer Girl - Violet ! '' `` Kiken na Koi - Odoriko Vaioretto '' ( 危険 な 恋 踊り 娘 ヴァイオレット ) February 9 , 2014 633 `` A Formidable , Unknown Warrior ! Here Comes Lucy ! '' `` Saikyō no Mumei Senshi ! Rūshī Tōjō '' ( 最強 の 無名 戦士 ! ルーシー 登場 ) February 16 , 2014 634 `` A Pirate Noble ! Cavendish ! '' `` Kaizoku Kikōshi Kyabendisshu '' ( 海賊 貴公子 キャ ベン ディッシュ ) February 23 , 2014 635 `` The Fateful Reunion ! Bellamy the Hyena ! '' `` Unmei no Saikai - Haiena no Beramī '' ( 運命 の 再会 ハイエナ の ベラミー ) March 2 , 2014 636 `` A Super Rookie ! Bartolomeo the Cannibal ! '' `` Chōshinsei ! Hitokui no Barutoromeo '' ( 超新星 ! 人 食い の バルト ロメオ ) March 16 , 2014 637 `` Big Names Duke It Out ! The Heated Block B Battle ! '' `` Gun'yū - kakkyo ! Hakunetsu no Bī Burokku ! '' ( 群雄 割拠 ! 白熱 の B ブロック ! ) March 23 , 2014 638 `` A Deadly Blow ! The Astonishing King Punch ! '' `` Ichigeki - hissatsu ! Kyōi no Kingu Panchi '' ( 一撃 必殺 ! 驚異 の キング ・ パンチ ) March 30 , 2014 639 `` The Fighting Fish Strike ! Across the Deadly Iron Bridge ! '' `` Tōgyo Shūrai ! Shi no Tekkyō o Toppa Seyo '' ( 闘魚 襲来 ! 死 の 鉄橋 を 突破 せよ ) April 6 , 2014 640 `` Explore ! Fairies ' Island - Green Bit ! '' `` Bōken ! Yōsei no Shima Gurīn Bitto '' ( 冒険 ! 妖精 の 島 グリーン ビット ) April 13 , 2014 641 `` The Unknown World ! The Tontatta Kingdom ! '' `` Shirarezaru Sekai - Tontatta Ōkoku '' ( 知 られ ざる 世界 トンタッタ 王国 ) April 20 , 2014 642 `` The Stratagem of the Century ! Doflamingo Makes His Move ! '' `` Seiki no Bōryaku - Dofuramingo Ugoku '' ( 世紀 の 謀略 ド フラミンゴ 動く ) April 27 , 2014 643 `` Shaking Heaven and Earth ! Admiral Fujitora 's Power ! '' `` Tenchi Yurugasu ! Taishō Fujitora no Jitsuryoku '' ( 天地 ゆるがす ! 大将 藤 虎 の 実力 ) May 4 , 2014 644 `` A Blow of Anger ! A Giant vs. Luffy ! '' `` Ikari no Ichigeki ! Kyojin tai Rūshī '' ( 怒り の 一撃 ! 巨人 VS ルーシー ) May 11 , 2014 645 `` Destruction Cannon Blasts ! Luffy in Trouble ! '' `` Hakai - hō Sakuretsu ! Rūshī Kiki - ippatsu '' ( 破壊 砲 炸裂 ! ルーシー 危機 一髪 ) May 18 , 2014 646 `` The Legendary Pirate ! Don Chinjao ! '' `` Densetsu no Kaizoku - Don Chinjao ! '' ( 伝説 の 海賊 首領 ・ チンジャオ ! ) May 25 , 2014 647 `` Light and Shadow ! Darkness behind Dressrosa ! '' `` Hikari to Kage - Doresurōza ni Hisomu Yami ! '' ( 光 と 影 ドレス ローザ に 潜む 闇 ! ) June 1 , 2014 648 `` Making a Sortie ! The Legendary Hero Usoland ! '' `` Shutsugeki - Densetsu no Hīrō Usorando '' ( 出撃 伝説 の ヒーロー ウソ ランド ) June 8 , 2014 649 `` The Fierce Battle Coming to the End ! Luffy vs. Chinjao ! '' `` Gekisen Ketchaku - Rūshī tai Chinjao '' ( 激戦 決着 ルーシー VS チンジャオ ) June 15 , 2014 650 `` Luffy and the Gladiator of Fate - Rebecca ! '' `` Rufi to Shukumei no Ken Tōshi Rebekka '' ( ルフィ と 宿命 の 剣 闘士 レベッカ ) June 22 , 2014 651 `` Protect You to the End ! Rebecca and the Toy Soldier ! '' `` Mamorinuku ! Rebekka to Omocha no Heitai '' ( 守り抜く ! レベッカ と おもちゃ の 兵隊 ) June 29 , 2014 652 `` The Last - and Bloodiest - Block ! Block D Battle Begins ! '' `` Saigo no Chō Gekisen Ku D Burokku Kaisen '' ( 最後 の 超 激戦 区 D ブロック 開戦 ) July 6 , 2014 653 `` A Decisive Battle ! Giolla vs. the Straw Hats ! '' `` Kessen ! Jōra VS Mugiwara no Ichimi '' ( 決戦 ! ジョーラ VS 麦わら の 一味 ) July 13 , 2014 654 `` Beautiful Sword ! Cavendish of the White Horse ! '' `` Biken ! Hakuba no Kyabendisshu '' ( 美 剣 ! 白馬 の キャ ベン ディッシュ ) July 20 , 2014 655 `` A Big Clash ! Sanji vs. Doflamingo '' `` Dai - gekitotsu ! Sanji tai Dofuramingo '' ( 大 激突 ! サンジ VS ド フラミンゴ ) August 3 , 2014 656 `` Rebecca 's Special Attack ! Last - Ditch Sword Dance ! '' `` Rebekka Hissatsu Ken ! Haisui no Kenbu '' ( レベッカ 必殺 剣 ! 背水 の 剣舞 ) August 10 , 2014 657 `` The Most Violent Fighter ! Logan vs Rebecca ! '' `` Saikyō no Senshi ! Rōgan tai Rebekka '' ( 最 凶 の 戦士 ! ローガン VS レベッカ ) August 17 , 2014 658 `` A Big Surprise ! The True Identity Of The Toy Soldier ! '' `` Shōgeki ! Omocha no Heitai no Shōtai ! '' ( 衝撃 ! おもちゃ の 兵隊 の 正体 ! ) August 24 , 2014 659 `` A Horrible Past ! The Secret of Dressrosa '' `` Senritsu no Kako ! Doresurōza no Himitsu '' ( 戦慄 の 過去 ! ドレス ローザ の 秘密 ) August 31 , 2014 660 `` A Nightmare ! The Tragic Night of Dressrosa ! '' `` Akumu ! Doresurōza Higeki no Ichiya '' ( 悪夢 ! ドレス ローザ 悲劇 の 一夜 ) September 7 , 2014 661 `` A Showdown Between the Warlords ! Law vs. Doflamingo ! '' `` Shichibukai Taiketsu ! Rō tai Dofuramingo '' ( 七 武海 対決 ! ロー VS ド フラミンゴ ) September 14 , 2014 662 `` Two Great Rivals Meet Each Other ! Straw Hat and Heavenly Demon ! '' `` Ryōyū Aimamieru ! Mugiwara to Ten Yasha '' ( 両雄 相 まみえる ! 麦わら と 天 夜叉 ) September 21 , 2014 663 `` Luffy Astonished ! The Man Who Inherit Ace 's Will ! '' `` Rufi Kyōgaku - Ēsu no Ishi o Tsugu Otoko '' ( ルフィ 驚愕 エース の 意志 を 継ぐ 男 ) September 28 , 2014 664 `` Operation SOP Starts ! Usoland Charges Forth ! '' `` Esu - Ō - Pī Sakusen Kaishi - Usorando Totsugeki '' ( SOP 作戦 開始 ウソランド 突撃 ) October 5 , 2014 665 `` A Burning Passion ! Rebecca vs. Suleiman ! '' `` Atsuki Omoi - Rebekka tai Sureiman '' ( 熱き 思い レベッカ VS スレイマン ) October 12 , 2014 666 `` The End of the Match ? ! A Surprising Result of Block D ! '' `` Shōsha Kettei ! ? Dī - Burokku Shōgeki no Ketsumatsu '' ( 勝者 決定 ! ? D ブロック 衝撃 の 結末 ) October 19 , 2014 667 `` The Admiral 's Decision ! Fujitora vs. Doflamingo ! '' `` Taishō no Ketsudan - Fujitora tai Dofuramingo '' ( 大将 の 決断 藤 虎 VS ド フラミンゴ ) October 26 , 2014 668 `` The Final Round Starts ! Diamante The Hero Shows Up ! '' `` Kesshō Kaishi - Eiyū Diamante Tōjō '' ( 決勝 開始 英雄 ディアマンテ 登場 ) November 2 , 2014 669 `` A Moving Castle ! The Top Executive Pica Rises up ! '' `` Ugoku Shiro ! Saikō Kanbu Pīka Shutsugen '' ( 動く 城 ! 最高 幹部 ピーカ 出現 ) November 9 , 2014 670 `` Dragon Claw Strikes ! Lucy 's Intimidating Attack ! '' `` Ryū no Tsume Sakuretsu ! Rūshī Kyōi no Ichigeki ! '' ( 竜 の 爪 炸裂 ! ルーシー 脅威 の 一撃 ! ) November 16 , 2014 671 `` Defeat Sugar ! The Army of the Little People Charges ! '' `` Datō Shugā - Kobito no Heitai Totsugeki ! '' ( 打倒 シュガー 小 人 の 兵隊 突撃 ! ) November 23 , 2014 672 `` The Last Light of Hope ! The Secret of Our Commander ! '' `` Saigo no Hikari - Warera ga Taichō no Himitsu ! '' ( 最後 の 光 我ら が 隊長 の 秘密 ! ) November 30 , 2014 673 `` The Rupture Human ! Gladius Blows Up Big Time ! '' `` Panku Ningen - Guradiusu Dai Bakuhatsu ! '' ( 破裂 ( パンク ) 人間 グラディウス 大 爆発 ! ) December 7 , 2014 674 `` A Liar ! Usoland on the Run ! '' `` Usotsuki Usorando Tōsō - Chū ! '' ( ウソつき ウソランド 逃走 中 ! ) December 14 , 2014 675 `` A Fateful Encounter ! Kyros and King Riku ! '' `` Unmei no Deai - Kyurosu to Riku Ō '' ( 運命 の 出会い キュロス と リク 王 ) December 21 , 2014 676 `` Operation Failed ! Usoland the Hero Dies ! ? '' `` Sakusen Shippai ! Eiyū Usorando Shisu ! ? '' ( 作戦 失敗 ! 英雄 ウソランド 死す ! ? ) December 28 , 2014 677 `` The Legend is Back ! Kyros ' All - Out Attack ! '' `` Densetsu Fukkatsu ! Kyurosu Konshin no Ichigeki '' ( 伝説 復活 ! キュロス 渾身 の 一撃 ) January 11 , 2015 678 `` The Fire Fist Strikes ! The Flare - Flare Fruit Power Returns ! '' `` Hiken Sakuretsu ! Fukkatsu Mera Mera no Mi no Chikara '' ( 火 拳 炸裂 ! 復活 メラメラ の 実 の 力 ) January 18 , 2015 679 `` Dashing onto the Scene ! The Chief of Staff of the Revolutionary Army , Sabo ! '' `` Sassō Tōjō - Kakumei - gun Sanbō Sōchō Sabo ! '' ( 颯爽 登場 革命 軍 参謀 総長 サボ ! ) January 25 , 2015 680 `` The Devil 's Trap ! A Dressrosa Extermination Plan ! '' `` Akuma no Wana - Doresurōza Senmetsu Sakusen '' ( 悪魔 の 罠 ドレス ローザ 殲滅 作戦 ) February 1 , 2015 681 `` The 500 Million Berry Man ! Target : Usoland ! '' `` Go Oku no Kubi - Nerawareta Usorando ! '' ( 五 億 の 首 狙 われ た ウソランド ! ) February 8 , 2015 682 `` Breaking through Enemy Lines ! Luffy and Zoro Launch the Counter-Attack ! '' `` Tekijin Toppa - Rufi Zoro Hangeki Kaishi ! '' ( 敵陣 突破 ルフィ ・ ゾロ 反撃 開始 ! ) February 15 , 2015 683 `` With a Rumbling of the Ground ! The God of Destruction - Giant Pica Descends ! '' `` Daichi Meidō - Hakai - shin Kyodai Pīka Kōrin '' ( 大地 鳴動 破壊 神 巨大 ピーカ 降臨 ) March 1 , 2015 684 `` Gathering into a Powerful Front ! Luffy and a Group of Brutal Warriors ! '' `` Dai Shūketsu ! Rufi to Kyōaku Senshi Gundan '' ( 大 集結 ! ルフィ と 凶悪 戦士 軍団 ) March 15 , 2015 685 `` Steady Progress ! Luffy 's Army vs. Pica ! '' `` Kai Shingeki ! Rufi Gundan tai Pīka ! '' ( 快 進撃 ! ルフィ 軍団 VS ピーカ ! ) March 22 , 2015 686 `` A Shocking Confession ! Law 's Soulful Vow ! '' `` Shōgeki Kokuhaku ! Rō Atsuki Tamashī no Chikai ! '' ( 衝撃 告白 ! ロー 熱き 魂 の 誓い ! ) March 29 , 2015 687 `` A Big Collision ! Chief of Staff - Sabo vs. Admiral Fujitora ! '' `` Dai - Gekitotsu ! Sanbō Sōchō Sabo tai Taishō Fujitora '' ( 大 激突 ! 参謀 総長 サボ VS 大将 藤 虎 ) April 5 , 2015 688 `` A Desperate Situation ! Luffy Gets Caught in a Trap ! '' `` Zettai Zetsumei - Wana ni Kakatta Rufi ! '' ( 絶 体 絶命 罠 に かかっ た ルフィ ! ) April 12 , 2015 689 `` A Great Escape ! Luffy 's Tide - turning Elephant Gun ! '' `` Dai Dasshutsu ! Rufi Kishikaisei no Zōjū '' ( 大 脱出 ! ルフィ 起死回生 の 像 銃 ) April 19 , 2015 690 `` A United Front ! Luffy 's Breakthrough to the Victory ! '' `` Kyōdō Sensen - Rufi Shōri e no Toppakō '' ( 共同 戦線 ルフィ 勝利 へ の 突破口 ) April 26 , 2015 691 `` The Second Samurai ! Evening Shower Kanjuro Appears '' `` Futarime no Samurai - Yūdachi Kanjūrō Tōjō '' ( 二 人目 の 侍 夕立ち カン 十郎 登場 ) May 3 , 2015 692 `` A Hard - Fought Battle Against Pica ! Zoro 's Deadly Attack ! '' `` Gekitō Pīka Sen - Zoro Hissatsu no Ichigeki ! '' ( 激闘 ピーカ 戦 ゾロ 必殺 の 一撃 ! ) May 10 , 2015 693 `` The Little People 's Princess ! Captive Mansherry ! '' `` Kobito no Hime - Toraware no Mansherī '' ( 小 人 の 姫 囚われ た の マン シェリー ) May 17 , 2015 694 `` Invincible ! A Gruesome Army of Headcracker Dolls ! '' `` Fujimi ! Kyōfu no Atamawari Ningyō Gundan '' ( 不死身 ! 恐怖 の 頭 割り 人形 軍団 ) May 24 , 2015 695 `` Risking Their Lives ! Luffy is the Trump Card for Victory ! '' `` Inochi Kakete ! Rufi wa Shōri no Kirifuda '' ( 命 かけ て ! ルフィ は 勝利 の 切り札 ) May 31 , 2015 696 `` A Tearful Reunion ! Rebecca and Kyros ! '' `` Namida no Saikai Rebekka to Kyurosu '' ( 涙 の 再会 レベッカ と キュロス ) June 7 , 2015 697 `` One Shot One Kill ! The Man Who Will Save Dressrosa ! '' `` Ichigeki - hissatsu ! Doresurōza o Sukuu Otoko '' ( 一撃 必殺 ! ドレス ローザ を 救う 男 ) June 14 , 2015 698 `` Anger Erupts ! Luffy and Law 's Ultimate Stratagem ! '' `` Ikari Bakuhatsu - Rufi Rō Saikyō no Hisaku '' ( 怒り 爆発 ルフィ ・ ロー 最強 の 秘策 ) June 21 , 2015 699 `` A Noble Family ! The True Identity of Doflamingo ! '' `` Kedakaki Ichizoku - Dofuramingo no Shōtai ! '' ( 気高き 一族 ド フラミンゴ の 正体 ! ) June 28 , 2015 700 `` The Ultimate Power ! The Secret of the Op - Op Fruit ! '' `` Kyūkyoku no Chikara - Ope Ope no Mi no Himitsu ! '' ( 究極 の 力 オペオペ の 実 の 秘密 ! ) July 5 , 2015 701 `` Sad Memories ! Law the Boy from the White Town ! '' `` Kanashiki Kioku Shiroi Machi no Shōnen Rō ! '' ( 悲しき 記憶 白い 町 の 少年 ロー ! ) July 12 , 2015 702 `` A Celestial Dragon ! Doffy 's Stormy Past '' `` Tenryūbito ! Dofi no Sōzetsunaru Kako '' ( 天竜 人 ! ドフィ の 壮絶 なる 過去 ) July 19 , 2015 703 `` A Rocky Road ! Law and Corazon 's Journey of Life ! '' `` Kunan no Michi - Rō to Korason Inochi no Tabi '' ( 苦難 の 道 ロー と コラソン 命 の 旅 ) August 2 , 2015 704 `` The Time is Ticking Down ! Seize the Op - Op Fruit ! '' `` Toki Semaru - Ope Ope no Mi o Ubae ! '' ( 時 迫る オペオペ の 実 を 奪え ! ) August 9 , 2015 705 `` The Moment of Resolution ! Corazon 's Farewell Smile ! '' `` Kakugo no Toki - Korason Wakare no Egao ! '' ( 覚悟 の 時 コラソン 別れ の 笑顔 ! ) August 16 , 2015 706 `` Advance , Law ! The Kindhearted Man 's Final Fight ! '' `` Yuke Rō - Yasashiki Otoko Saigo no Tatakai ! '' ( 行け ロー 優しき 男 最期 の 戦い ! ) August 23 , 2015 707 `` To Be Free ! Law 's Injection Shot Blasts ! '' `` Jiyū e ! Rō Injekushon Shotto Sakuretsu '' ( 自由 へ ! ロー 注射 ショット 炸裂 ) August 30 , 2015 708 `` An Intense Battle ! Law vs. Doflamingo ! '' `` Atsuki Tatakai Rō tai Dofuramingo '' ( 熱き 闘い ロー VS ド フラミンゴ ) September 6 , 2015 709 `` A Decisive Battle Against the Executives ! Proud Hajrudin ! '' `` Kanbu Kessen - Hokori Takaki Hairudin '' ( 幹部 決戦 誇り 高き ハイルディン ) September 13 , 2015 710 `` The Battle of Love ! The New Leader Sai vs. Baby 5 ! '' `` Ai no Kessen - Shin Tōryō Sai tai Bebī 5 '' ( 愛 の 決戦 新 棟梁 サイ VS ベビー 5 ) September 20 , 2015 711 `` The Man 's Pride ! Bellamy 's Last Charge ! '' `` Otoko no Iji - Beramī Saigo no Totsugeki ! '' ( 男 の 意地 ベラミー 最期 の 突撃 ! ) September 27 , 2015 712 `` A Strong Wind and a Surge ! Hakuba vs. Dellinger ! '' `` Shippūdotō - Hakuba tai Derinjā '' ( 疾風 怒濤 ハクバ VS デリンジャー ) October 4 , 2015 713 `` Barrier - Barrier ! Homage God Fist Strikes ! '' `` Bari Bari - Omāju Shinken Hatsudō ! '' ( バリバリ オマージュ 神 拳 発動 ! ) October 11 , 2015 714 `` The Healing Princess ! Save Mansherry ! '' `` Iyashi no Hime - Mansherī o Sukue ! '' ( 癒し の 姫 マン シェリー を 救え ! ) October 18 , 2015 715 `` The Manly Duel ! Señor 's Elegy of Love ! '' `` Otoko no Kettō - Senyūru Ai no Banka '' ( 男 の 決闘 セニュール 愛 の 挽歌 ) October 25 , 2015 716 `` Stardust of Death ! Diamante 's Storm of Vicious Attacks ! '' `` Desu Enhanbure - Diamante Mōkō no Arashi '' ( 死 の 星屑 ( デス ・ エンハンブレ ) ディアマンテ 猛攻 の 嵐 ) November 1 , 2015 717 `` Trueno Bastardo ! Kyros ' Furious Strike ! '' `` Turueno Basutādo ! Kyurosu Ikari no Ichigeki ! '' ( 雷 の 破壊 剣 ( トゥル エノ バスタード ) ! キュロス 怒り の 一撃 ! ) November 8 , 2015 718 `` Moving Across the Ground ! The Giant Statue Pica 's Surprise Maneuver ! '' `` Daichi Ōdan - Kyozō Pīka Kishū Sakusen ! '' ( 大地 横断 巨像 ピーカ 奇襲 作戦 ! ) November 15 , 2015 719 `` A Decisive Battle in Midair ! Zoro 's New Special Secret Technique Blasts ! '' `` Kūchū Kessen - Zoro Shin Hissatsu Ōgi Sakuretsu ! '' ( 空中 決戦 ゾロ 新 必殺 奥義 炸裂 ! ) November 22 , 2015 720 `` So Long ! Bellamy 's Farewell Blow ! '' `` Abayo ! Beramī Wakare no Ichigeki ! '' ( あ ば よ ! ベラミー 別れ の 一撃 ! ) November 29 , 2015 721 `` Law Dies ! Luffy 's Raging Onslaught ! '' `` Rō Shisu - Rufi Fundo no Mōkōgeki ! '' ( ロー 死す ルフィ 憤怒 の 猛 攻撃 ! ) December 6 , 2015 722 `` A Blade of Tenacity ! The Gamma Knife Counterattack ! '' `` Shūnen no Ha - Gyakushū no Ganma Naifu ! '' ( 執念 の 刃 逆襲 の ガンマ ナイフ ! ) December 13 , 2015 723 `` A Collision of Haki ! Luffy vs. Doflamingo ! '' `` Haki Gekitotsu - Rufi VS Dofuramingo '' ( 覇気 激突 ルフィ VS ド フラミンゴ ) December 20 , 2015 724 `` Unassailable ! The Stunning Secret of Trebol ! '' `` Kōgeki Funō - Torēboru Shōgeki no Himitsu '' ( 攻撃 不能 トレーボル 衝撃 の 秘密 ) December 27 , 2015 725 `` Anger Erupts ! I Will Take Everything upon Myself ! '' `` Ikari Bakuhatsu - Ore ga Zenbu Hikiukeru '' ( 怒り 爆発 おれ が 全部 引き受ける ) January 10 , 2016 726 `` Fourth Gear ! The Phenomenal Bounce - man ! '' `` Gia 4 ! Kyōi no Baundoman '' ( ギア 4 ! 驚異 の バウンド マン ! ) January 17 , 2016 727 `` A Massive Counterattack ! Doflamingo 's Awakening ! '' `` Dai Gyakushū ! Dofuramingo no Kakusei ! '' ( 大 逆襲 ! ド フラミンゴ の 覚醒 ! ) January 24 , 2016 728 `` Luffy ! An All - Out Leo Bazooka ! '' `` Rufi ! Konshin no Shishi Bazūka ! '' ( ルフィ ! 渾身 の 獅子 バズーカ ! ) January 31 , 2016 729 `` Flame Dragon King ! Protect Luffy 's Life ! '' `` Kaen Ryūō - Rufi no Inochi o Mamorinuke '' ( 火炎 竜王 ルフィ の 命 を 守り ぬけ ) February 14 , 2016 730 `` Tears of Miracles ! Mansherry 's Fight ! '' `` Kiseki no Namida - Mansherī no Tatakai ! '' ( 奇跡 の 涙 マン シェリー の 戦い ! ) February 21 , 2016 731 `` As Long as We Breathe ! Stop the Deadly Birdcage ! '' `` Inochi no Kagiri - Shi no Tori Kago o Tomero ! '' ( 命 の 限り 死 の 鳥 カゴ を 止めろ ! ) February 28 , 2016 732 `` Dead or Alive ! A Fateful Countdown ! '' `` Seika Shika - Unmei no Kauntodaun '' ( 生か 死 か 運命 の カウントダウン ) March 6 , 2016 733 `` Attack on a Celestial ! Luffy 's King Kong Gun of Anger ! '' `` Ten o Utsu - Rufi Ikari no Kingu Kongu Gan '' ( 天 を 討つ ルフィ 怒り の 大 猿 王 銃 キング コング ガン ) March 20 , 2016 734 `` To Be Free ! Dressrosa 's Delight ! '' `` Jiyū e ! Yorokobi no Doresurōza ! '' ( 自由 へ ! 喜び の ドレス ローザ ! ) March 27 , 2016 735 `` The Unheard - of ! Admiral Fujitora 's Surprising Decision ! '' `` Zendaimimon Taishō - Fujitora Shōgeki no Ketsudan ! '' ( 前代未聞 大将 藤 虎 衝撃 の 決断 ! ) April 3 , 2016 736 `` Sending a Shock Wave ! The Worst Generation Goes Into Action ! '' `` Gekishin Hashiru - Ugokidasu Saiaku no Sedai ! '' ( 激震 走る 動き出す 最悪 の 世代 ! ) April 10 , 2016 737 `` The Birth of the Legend ! The Adventures of the Revolutionary Warrior Sabo ! '' `` Densetsu Tanjō - Kakumei Senshi Sabo no Bōken ! '' ( 伝説 誕生 、 革命 戦士 サボ の 冒険 ! ) April 17 , 2016 738 `` The Brothers ' Bond ! The Untold Story Behind Luffy and Sabo 's Reunion ! '' `` Kyōdai no Kizuna - Rufi Sabo Saikai Hiwa '' ( 兄弟 の 絆 ルフィ ・ サボ 再会 秘話 ) April 24 , 2016 739 `` The Strongest Creature ! One of the Four Emperors - Kaido , King of the Beasts ! '' `` Saikyō no Seibutsu - Yonkō Hyakujū no Kaidō '' ( 最強 の 生物 四 皇 ・ 百獣 の カイドウ ) May 1 , 2016 740 `` Fujitora Takes Action ! The Complete Siege of the Straw Hats ! '' `` Fujitora Ugoku - Mugiwara no Ichimi Kanzen Hōimō '' ( 藤 虎 動く 麦わら 一味 完全 包囲 網 ) May 8 , 2016 741 `` A State of Emergency ! Rebecca Is Kidnapped ! '' `` Hijou Jitai Sarawareta Rebekka ! '' ( 非常 事態 さら われ た レベッカ ! ) May 15 , 2016 742 `` The Bond Between Father and Daughter ! Kyros and Rebecca ! '' `` Oyako no Kizuna - Kyurosu to Rebekka ! '' ( 父 娘 の 絆 キュロス と レベッカ ! ) May 22 , 2016 743 `` Men 's Pride ! Luffy vs. Fujitora , Head - to - Head ! '' `` Otoko no Iji - Rufi tai Fujitora Makkō Shōbu '' ( 男 の 意地 ルフィ VS 藤 虎 真 向 勝負 ! ) May 29 , 2016 744 `` No Way Out ! Admiral Fujitora 's Ruthless Pursuit ! '' `` Nigeba Nashi - Taishō Fujitora Hijō no Tsuigeki ! '' ( 逃 場 無し 大将 藤 虎 非情 の 追撃 ! ) June 5 , 2016 745 `` Sons ' Cups ! Straw Hat Fleet is Formed ! '' `` Kobun no Sakazuki Kessei ! Mugiwara Dai Sendan ! '' ( 子 分 の 盃 結成 ! 麦わら 大 船団 ! ) June 12 , 2016 746 `` The Numerous Rivals Struggle Amongst Themselves ! The Raging Monsters of the New World '' `` Gun'yūkakkyo arekuruu shin sekai no kaibutsu - tachi '' ( 群雄 割拠 荒れ狂う 新 世界 の 怪物 達 ) June 19 , 2016 Season 18 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 18 ) No . Title Original airdate 747 `` The Silver Fortress ! Luffy and Barto 's Great Adventure ! '' `` Gin no yōsai rufi to Baruto dai bōken '' ( 銀 の 要塞 ルフィ と バルト 大 冒険 ) June 26 , 2016 748 `` An Underground Maze ! Luffy vs. the Tram Human ! '' `` Chika meikyū rufi tai torokko ningen '' ( 地下 迷宮 ルフィ 対 トロッコ 人間 ) July 3 , 2016 749 `` The Sword Technique Heats Up ! Law and Zoro Finally Appear ! '' `` Kengi Hakunetsu Law Zoro Tsui ni Kenzan ! '' ( 剣 技 白熱 ロー ・ ゾロ 遂に 見参 ! ) July 10 , 2016 750 `` A Desperate Situation ! Luffy Fights a Battle in Extreme Heat ! '' `` Zettai Zetsumei - Rufi Kyokugen no Shakunetsu Sensen '' ( 絶対 絶命 ルフィ 極限 の 灼熱 決戦 ) July 17 , 2016 751 `` Curtain - up on a New Adventure ! Arriving at the Phantom Island , Zou ! '' `` Bōken Kaimaku - Maboroshi no Shima `` Zō '' Tōchaku ! '' ( 冒険 開幕 幻 の 島 「 ゾウ 」 到着 ! ) July 31 , 2016 752 `` The New Warlord ! The Legendary Whitebeard 's Son Appears ! '' `` Shin Shichibukai Densetsu - Shirohige no Musuko Tōjō '' ( 新 七 武海 伝説 ・ 白 ひげ の 息子 登場 ) August 7 , 2016 753 `` A Deadly Elephant Climb ! A Great Adventure on the Back of the Giant Elephant ! '' `` Kesshi no Tozō - Kyozō no Se no Dai - bōken ! '' ( 決死 の 登 象 巨象 の 背 の 大 冒険 ! ) August 21 , 2016 754 `` A Battle Begins ! Luffy vs. the Mink Tribe ! '' `` Sentō Kaishi - Rufi tai Minku - zoku ! '' ( 戦闘 開始 ルフィ vs ミンク 族 ! ) August 28 , 2016 755 `` Garchu ! The Straw Hats Reunite ! '' `` Garuchū ! Mugiwara no Ichimi Sai Shūketsu '' ( ガルチュー ! 麦わら の 一味 再 集結 ) September 4 , 2016 756 `` Start to Counterattack ! Great Moves by the Twirly Hat Crew ! '' `` Hangeki Kaishi - Guruwara no Ichimi Dai - katsuyaku ! '' ( 反撃 開始 ぐる わら の 一味 大 活躍 ! ) September 11 , 2016 757 `` A Threat Descends ! The Beast Pirates , Jack ! '' `` Kyoui Shurai - Hyakujuu Kaizokudan Jakku ! '' ( 脅威 襲来 百獣 海賊 団 ジャック ! ) September 25 , 2016 758 `` The King of the Day ! Duke Dogstorm Appears ! '' `` Hiru No Ou ! Inuarashi Koushaku Toujou ! '' ( 昼 の 王 イヌアラシ 公爵 登場 ! ) October 2 , 2016 759 `` The King of the Night ! Master Cat Viper Emerges ! '' `` Yoru No Ou ! Nekomamushi No Danna Kenzan '' ( 夜 の 王 ネコマムシ の 旦那 見参 ) October 9 , 2016 760 `` The Exterminated Capital ! The Twirly Hat Crew Arrive ! '' `` Shuto Kaimetsu - Guru wara no Ichimi Jōriku '' ( 首都 壊滅 ぐる わら の 一味 上陸 ! ) October 16 , 2016 761 `` The Time Limit Closes in ! The Bond Between the Mink Tribe and the Crew ! '' `` Kokugen Semaru - Minku Zoku to Ichimi no Kizuna ! '' ( 刻限 迫る ミンク 族 と 一味 の 絆 ! ) October 23 , 2016 762 `` The Delinquent Comes Home ! Emperor Big Mom 's Assassins ! '' `` Akudō Kikyō yon - Sumeragi Biggu Mamu no Shikaku '' ( 悪童 帰郷 四 皇 ビッグマム の 刺客 ) October 30 , 2016 763 `` The Truth Behind the Disappearance ! Sanji Gets a Startling Invitation ! '' `` Shissō no Shinjitsu - Sanji Kyōgaku no Shōtai Jō '' ( 失踪 の 真実 サンジ 驚愕 の 招待 状 ) November 6 , 2016 764 `` To My Buds ! Sanji 's Farewell Note ! '' `` Yarō - domo e - Sanji Wakare no Okitegami '' ( 野郎 共 へ サンジ 別れ の 置 手紙 ) November 13 , 2016 765 `` Let 's Go and Meet Master Cat Viper ! '' `` Nekomamushi no Dan'na ni Ai ni Yukō '' ( ネコマムシ の 旦那 に 会い に 行 こう ) November 20 , 2016 766 `` Luffy 's Decision ! Sanji on the Brink of Quitting ! '' `` Rufi Ketsudan - Sanji Dattai no Kiki ! '' ( ルフィ 決断 サンジ 脱退 の 危機 ! ) November 27 , 2016 767 `` A Volatile Situation ! The Dog and the Cat and the Samurai '' `` Isshokusokuhatsu Inu To Neko To Samurai ! '' ( 一 触 即発 イヌ と ネコ と 侍 ! ) December 4 , 2016 768 `` The Third One ! Raizo of the Mist , the Ninja , Appears ! '' `` Sannin me ! Ninja - Kiri no Raizō tōjō '' ( 三 人目 ! 忍者 - 霧 の 雷 ぞう 登場 ) December 11 , 2016 769 `` A Red Stone ! A Guide to the One Piece ! '' `` Akai Ishi ! Wan Pīsu e no Michishirube '' ( 赤い 石 ! `` ひと つなぎ の 大 秘宝 ( ワンピース ) '' へ の 道標 ) December 18 , 2016 770 `` The Secret of the Land of Wano ! The Kozuki Family and the Ponegliffs ! '' `` Wa no Kuni no Himitsu Kōzuki - ke to Pōnegurifu '' ( ワノ 国 の 秘密 光 月 家 と 歴史 の 本文 ( ポーネグリフ ) ) December 25 , 2016 771 `` A Vow Between Two Men ! Luffy and Kozuki Momonosuke ! '' `` Otoko no Chikai Rufi to Kōzuki Momonosuke '' ( 男 の 誓い ルフィ と 光 月 モモ の 助 ) January 8 , 2017 772 `` The Legendary Journey ! The Dog and the Cat and the Pirate King ! '' `` Densetsu no Kōkai - Inu to Neko to Kaizoku - Ō ! '' ( 伝説 の 航海 イヌ と ネコ と 海賊王 ! ) January 15 , 2017 773 `` The Nightmare Returns ! The Invincible Jack 's Fierce Attack ! '' `` Akumu Futatabi - Fujimi no Jakku Kyōshū '' ( 悪夢 再び 不死身 の ジャック 強襲 ) January 22 , 2017 774 `` A Battle to Defend Zou ! Luffy and Zunesha ! '' `` Zō Bōeisen - Rufi to Zunīsha ! '' ( ゾウ 防衛 戦 ルフィ と ズニーシャ ! ) January 29 , 2017 775 `` Save Zunesha ! The Straw Hat 's Rescue Operation ! '' `` Zunīsha o Sukue - Mugiwara Resukyū Dai - sakusen ! '' ( 巨象 ( ズニーシャ ) を 救え 麦わら 救急 ( レスキュー ) 大 作戦 ! ) February 5 , 2017 776 `` Saying Goodbye and Descending from the Elephant ! Setting Out to Take Back Sanji ! '' `` Wakare no Gezō - Sanji Dakkan no Funade ! '' ( 別れ の 下 象 サンジ 奪還 の 船出 ! ) February 12 , 2017 777 `` To the Reverie ! Princess Vivi and Princess Shirahoshi ! '' `` Reverī e - Ōjo Bibi to Shirahoshi Hime '' ( 世界 会議 ( レヴェリー ) へ 王女 ビビ と しら ほし 姫 ) February 19 , 2017 778 `` To the Reverie ! Rebecca and the Sakura Kingdom ! '' `` Reverī e - Rebekka to Sakura Ōkoku '' ( 世界 会議 ( レヴェリー ) へ レベッカ と サクラ 王国 ) February 26 , 2017 779 `` Kaido Returns ! An Imminent Threat to the Worst Generation ! '' `` Kaidō Futatabi - Kyōi Semaru Saiaku no Sedai ! '' ( カイドウ 再び 脅威 迫る 最悪 の 世代 ! ) March 5 , 2017 780 `` A Hungry Front ! Luffy and the Navy Rookies ! '' `` Harapeko Sensen - Rufi to Kaigun Rūkī ! '' ( 空腹 ( ハラペコ ) 戦線 ルフィ と 海軍 超新星 ( ルーキー ) ! ) March 19 , 2017 781 `` The Implacable Three ! A Big Chase After the Straw Hats ! '' `` Shūnen no San - Nin -- Mugiwara Ichimi Dai Cheisu ! '' ( 執念 の 3 人 麦わら 一味 大 追撃 戦 ! ) March 26 , 2017 782 `` The Devil 's Fist ! A Show Down ! Luffy vs. Grount ! '' `` Akuma no Kobushi -- Kessen ! Rufi VS Guranto '' ( 悪魔 の 拳 決戦 ! ルフィ VS グラント ) April 2 , 2017 Season 19 ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 19 ) No . Title Original airdate 783 `` Sanji 's Homecoming ! Into Big Mom 's Territory ! '' `` Sanji Kikyō -- Biggu Mamu no Nawabari e ! '' ( サンジ 帰郷 ビッグ ・ マム の 海域 へ ! ) April 9 , 2017 784 `` Zero and Four ! Encountering Germa 66 ! '' `` Rei to Yon - Sōgū ! Jeruma Daburu Shikkusu '' ( 0 と 4 遭遇 ! ジェルマ 66 ( ダブリ シックス ) ) April 16 , 2017 785 `` A Deadly Poison Crisis ! Luffy and Reiju ! '' `` Mōdoku no Kiki - Rufi to Reiju ! '' ( 猛毒 の 危機 ルフィ と レイジュ ! ) April 23 , 2017 786 `` Totto Land ! Emperor Big Mom Appears ! '' `` Totto Rando ! Yonkō Biggu Mamu Tōjō ! '' ( 万国 ! 四 皇 ビッグ ・ マム 登場 ) April 30 , 2017 787 `` The Emperor 's Daughter ! Sanji 's Fiancée - Pudding ! '' `` Yonkō no Musume - Sanji no Fianse Purin '' ( 四 皇 の 娘 サンジ の 婚約 者 プリン ) May 7 , 2017 788 `` A Massive Attack ! Mom 's Hunger Pangs ! '' `` Dai - shingeki ! Kui - wazurai no Mamu '' ( 大 進撃 ! 食い わずらい の マム ) May 14 , 2017 789 `` The Capital City Falls ? ! Big Mom and Jimbei '' `` Shuto Hōkai ! ? Biggu Mamu to Jinbē '' ( 首都 崩壊 ! ? ビッグ ・ マム と ジンベエ ) May 21 , 2017 790 `` The Emperor 's Castle ! Arriving at the Whole Cake Island ! '' `` Yonkō no Shiro Hōru Kēki Airando Tōchaku '' ( 四 皇 の 城 ホール ケーキ アイランド 到着 ) May 28 , 2017 791 `` A Mysterious Forest Full of Candies ! Luffy vs. Luffy ? ! '' `` Okashi na Mori ! Rufi tai Rufi '' ( お 菓子 な 森 ! ルフィ VS ルフィ ) June 4 , 2017 792 `` Mom 's Assassin ! Luffy and the Seducing Woods ! '' `` Mamu no Shikaku - Rufi to Yūwaku no Mori ! '' ( マム の 刺客 ルフィ と 誘惑 の 森 ! ) June 11 , 2017 793 `` A Seafaring Kingdom ! Germa 's King Judge ! '' `` Kaiyū Kokka - Jeruma no Ō Jajji '' ( 海 遊 国家 ジェルマ の 王 ジャッジ ) June 18 , 2017 794 `` A Battle Between Father and Son ! Judge vs. Sanji ! '' `` Oyako Taiketsu - Jajji tai Sanji ! '' ( 父子 対決 ジャッジ VS サンジ ! ) June 25 , 2017 795 `` A Giant Ambition ! Big Mom and Caesar ! '' `` Kyodai na Yabō - Biggu Mamu to Shīzā '' ( 巨大 な 野望 ビッグ ・ マム と シーザー ) July 2 , 2017 796 `` The Land of Souls ! Mom 's Fatal Ability ! '' `` Tamashī no Kuni - Mamu no Osorubeki Nōryoku ! '' ( 魂 の 国 マム の 恐る べき 能力 ! ) July 9 , 2017 797 `` A Top Officer ! The Sweet 3 General Cracker Appears ! '' `` Dai Kanbu ! San Shōsei Kurakkā Tōjō '' ( 大 幹部 ! 三 将 星 クラッカー 登場 ) July 16 , 2017 798 `` An Enemy Worth 800 million ! Luffy vs. Thousand Armed Cracker ! '' `` Hachi Oku no Teki Rufi tai Senju no Kurakkā '' ( 8 億 の 敵 ルフィ VS 千 手 の クラッカー ) July 23 , 2017 799 `` An All - out Duel ! Gear Four vs. the Bis - Bis Ability ! '' `` Zenryoku Shōbu Gia Fōsu tai Bisu Bisu no Chikara '' ( 全力 勝負 ギア 4VS ビスビス の 能力 ) July 30 , 2017 800 `` The First and the Second Join ! The Vinsmoke Family '' `` Ichi to Ni Shūketsu ! Vinsumōku - ke '' ( 1 と 2 集結 ! ヴィン スモーク 家 ) August 6 , 2017 801 `` The Benefactor 's Life ! Sanji and Owner Zeff ! '' `` Onjin no Inochi Sanji to Ōnā Zefu '' ( 恩人 の 命 サンジ と 料理 長 ( オーナー ) ゼフ ) August 13 , 2017 802 `` An Angry Sanji ! The Secret of Germa 66 ! '' `` Ikari no Sanji Jeruma Daburu Shikkusu no Himitsu '' ( 怒り の サンジ ジェルマ 66 ( ダブル シックス ) の 秘密 ) August 20 , 2017 803 `` The Past that He Let Go of ! Vinsmoke Sanji ! '' `` Suteta Kako - Vinsumōku Sanji '' ( 捨て た 過去 ヴィン スモーク ・ サンジ ) August 27 , 2017 804 `` To the East Blue ! Sanji 's Resolute Departure ! '' `` Īsuto Burū e Sanji Ketsui no Funade '' ( 東 の 海 ( イースト ・ ブルー ) へ サンジ 決意 の 船出 ) September 3 , 2017 805 `` A Battle of Limits ! Luffy and the Infinite Biscuits ! '' `` Genkai Shōbu - Rufi to Mugen Bisuketto '' ( 限界 勝負 ルフィ と 無限 ビスケット ) September 17 , 2017 806 `` The Power of Satiety ! A New Gear Four Form - Tank Man ! '' `` Manpuku no Chikara - Shin Gia Fōsu Tankuman '' ( 満腹 の 力 新 ギア 4 タンク マン ! ) September 24 , 2017 807 `` A Heartbreaking Duel ! Luffy vs Sanji ! - Part 1 '' `` Kanashiki Kettō - Rufi VS Sanji '' ( 哀しき 決闘 ルフィ VS サンジ ) October 1 , 2017 808 `` A Heartbreaking Duel ! Luffy vs Sanji ! - Part 2 '' `` Kanashiki Kettō - Rufi VS Sanji '' ( 哀しき 決闘 ルフィ VS サンジ ) October 1 , 2017 809 `` A Storm of Revenge ! An Enraged Army Comes to Attack ! '' `` Fukushū no Arashi ! Ikari no Gundan Shūrai ! '' ( 復讐 の 嵐 怒り の 軍団 襲来 ! ) October 15 , 2017 810 `` The End of the Adventure ! Sanji 's Resolute Proposal ! '' `` Bōken no Owari - Sanji Ketsui no Puropōzu '' ( 冒険 の 終わり サンジ 決意 の プロポーズ ) October 22 , 2017 811 `` I 'll Wait Here ! Luffy vs. the Enraged Army ! '' `` Koko de Matsu - Rufi tai Ikari no Gundan '' ( ここ で 待つ ルフィ VS 怒り の 軍団 ) October 29 , 2017 812 `` Invading the Chateau ! Reach the Road Ponegliff ! '' `` Shadō sen'nyũ - Ubae ! Rōdo Pōnegurifu '' ( 城内 ( シャドー ) 潜入 奪え ! ロード 歴史 の 本文 ( ポーネグリフ ) ) November 5 , 2017 813 `` A Fateful Confrontation ! Luffy and Big Mom ! '' `` Innen no Taimen - Rufi to Biggu Mamu ! '' ( 因縁 の 対面 ルフィ と ビッグ ・ マム ! ) November 12 , 2017 814 `` Shout of the Soul ! Brook and Pedro 's Lightning Operation ! '' `` Tamashī no Sakebi - Burukku & Pedoro Dengeki Sakusen '' ( 魂 の 叫び ブルック & ペドロ 電撃 作戦 ) November 19 , 2017 815 `` Goodbye ! Pudding 's Tearful Determination ! '' `` Sayonara - Purin Namida no Ketsui '' ( さよなら プリン 涙 の 決意 ) November 26 , 2017 816 `` The History of the Left Eye ! Pedro vs. Baron Tamago ! '' `` Hidarime no Innen - Pedoro VS Tamago Danshaku '' ( 左 眼 の 因縁 ペドロ VS タマゴ 男爵 ) December 3 , 2017 817 `` Moist Cigarette ! The Night Before Sanji 's Wedding ! '' `` Shikemoku - Sanji no Kekkon Zenya '' ( シケモク サンジ の 結婚 前夜 ) December 10 , 2017 818 `` The Undaunted Soul ! Brook vs. Big Mom ! '' `` Fukutsu no Souru - Burukku tai Biggu Mamu '' ( 不屈 の 魂 ( ソウル ) ブルック VS ビック ・ マム ) December 17 , 2017 819 `` Sora 's Wish ! Germa 's Failure - Sanji ! '' `` Sora no Negai - Jeruma no Shippaisaku Sanji '' ( 母 ( ソラ ) の 願い ジェルマ の 失敗 作 サンジ ) December 24 , 2017 820 `` To Reach Sanji ! Luffy 's Vengeful Hell - bent Dash ! '' `` Sanji no Moto e - Rufi Gyakushū no Dai Gekisō '' ( サンジ の 元 へ ルフィ 逆襲 の 大 激走 ) January 7 , 2018 821 `` The Chateau in Turmoil ! Luffy , to the Rendezvous ! '' `` Shatō Dōran - Rufi Yakusoku no Basho e '' ( 城内 ( シャトー ) 動乱 ルフィ 約束 の 場所 へ ) January 14 , 2018 822 `` Deciding to Say Goodbye ! Sanji and his Straw - Hat Bento ! '' `` Wakare no Ketsui - Sanji to Mugiwara Bentō '' ( 別れ の 決意 サンジ と 麦わら 弁当 ) January 21 , 2018 823 `` The Emperor Rolls Over ! Rescue Brook Mission ! '' `` Yonko no Negaeri - Burukku Kyūshutsu Dai Sakusen ! '' ( 四 皇 の 寝返り ブルック 救出 大 作戦 ! ) January 28 , 2018 824 `` The Rendezvous ! Luffy , a One - on - One at His Limit ! '' `` Yakusoku no Basho - Rufi Genkai no Ikkiuchi '' ( 約束 の 場所 ルフィ 限界 の 一騎打ち ) February 4 , 2018 825 `` A Liar ! Luffy and Sanji ! ! '' `` Usotsuki - Rufi to Sanji '' ( ウソつき ルフィ と サンジ ) February 11 , 2018 826 `` Sanji Comes Back ! Crash ! The Tea Party from Hell ! '' `` Sanji Fukkatsu Kowase ! Jigoku no Ochakai '' ( サンジ 復活 壊せ ! 地獄 の お茶 会 ) February 18 , 2018 827 `` A Secret Meeting ! Luffy vs. the Fire Tank Pirates ! '' `` Mikkai ! Rufi VS Faiatanku Kaizoku - dan '' ( 密会 ! ルフィ VS ファイア タンク 海賊 団 ) March 4 , 2018 828 `` The Deadly Pact ! Luffy & Bege 's Allied Forces ! '' `` Shi no kyōtei Rufi & Bejji rengō - gun '' ( 死 の 協定 ルフィ & ベッジ 連合 軍 ) March 18 , 2018 The meeting between the Sanji Retrieval Team and the Fire Tank Pirates begins . Luffy wants to punch Bege for what he did to Pekoms and after a brief quarrel , Jinbe convinces everyone to put their differences aside . Bege reveals that he recruited Caesar for his assassination plot and goes over his plan to assassinate Big Mom . After Bege explains about an incident concerning the photo of Mother Carmel , Luffy agrees to be the bait . 829 `` Luffy Engages in a Secret Maneuver ! The Wedding Full of Conspiracies Starts Soon ! '' `` Rufi Anyaku Kaien Chokuzen ! Inbō no Kekkonshiki '' ( ルフィ 暗躍 開演 直前 ! 陰謀 の 結婚 式 ) March 25 , 2018 830 `` The Family Gets Together ! The Hellish Tea Party Starts ! '' `` Famirī Shūketsu Kaien ! Jigoku no Ochakai '' ( 家族 集結 開演 ! 地獄 の お茶 会 ) April 1 , 2018 831 `` The Broken Couple ! Sanji and Pudding Enter ! '' `` Kamen Fūfu Sanji ♡ Purin Nyūjō ! '' ( 仮面 夫婦 サンジ ♡ プリン 入場 ! ) April 8 , 2018 832 `` A Deadly Kiss ! The Mission to Assassinate the Emperor Kicks Off ! '' `` Shi no Kisu - Yonkō Ansatsu Sakusen Kaishi ! '' ( 死 の キス 四 皇 暗殺 作戦 開始 ! ) April 15 , 2018 833 `` Returning the Sake Cup ! The Manly Jimbei Pays His Debt ! '' `` Sakazuki Henjō ! Otoko Jinbei no Otoshimae '' ( 盃 返上 ! 侠客 ( おとこ ) ジンベエ の 落とし前 ) April 22 , 2018 834 `` The Mission Failed ? ! The Big Mom Pirates Strike Back ! '' `` Sakusen Shippai ! ? Hangeki no Biggu Mamu Kaizoku - dan '' ( 作戦 失敗 ! ? 反撃 の ビッグ ・ マム 海賊 団 ) April 29 , 2018 TV specials ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate SP5 `` Episode of Nami : Tears of a Navigator and the Bonds of Friends '' `` Episōdo obu Nami : Kōkaishi no Namida to Nakama no Kizuna '' ( エピソード オブ ナミ ~ 航海 士 の 涙 と 仲間 の 絆 ~ ) August 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 25 ) Episode of Nami : Tears of a Navigator and the Bonds of Friends is a TV Special of the One Piece anime . It aired after Episode 560 . It is an abridged retelling of the Arlong Park Arc . SP6 `` Episode of Luffy : Adventure on Hand Island '' `` Episōdo obu Rufi -- Hando Airando no Bōken '' ( エピソード オブ ルフィ ~ ハンド アイランド の 冒険 ~ ) December 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) Episode of Luffy : Adventure on Hand Island is the sixth TV Special of the One Piece anime . It aired after the airing of Episode 576 and the same day as One Piece Film : Z . SP7 `` Episode of Merry : The Tale of One More Friend '' `` Episōdo obu Merī : Mō Hitori no Nakama no Monogatari '' ( エピソード オブ メリー ~ もう ひとり の 仲間 の 物語 ~ ) August 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 24 ) Episode of Merry : The Tale of One More Friend is a TV Special of the One Piece anime . It aired after Episode 608 . The special chronicles the Straw Hat Crew 's first ship Going Merry recreated with brand - new animation . The plot covers an abridged version of the Water 7 and Enies Lobby arcs , from Luffy and Usopp 's fight and Robin 's disappearance to the crew 's battle against CP9 to get Robin back , and the crew 's final farewell to the ship . SP8 `` 3D2Y : Overcome Ace 's Death ! Luffy 's Vow to his Friends '' `` Surī - Dī Tsū - Wai : Ēsu no Shi o Koete ! Rufi Nakama to no Chikai '' ( 〝 3D2Y 〟 エース の 死 を 越え て ! ルフィ 仲間 と の 誓い ) August 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 30 ) The special takes place during the two years before the Straw Hats reunite on Sabaody . Luffy is currently in Rusukaina training to get stronger to take on the New World . However the training is interrupted when Hancock 's sisters , Marigold and Sandersonia , are kidnapped by the Byrnndi World , a pirate who was locked away on Level 6 of Impel Down but escaped during Luffy 's invasion to save Ace , in order to lure Hancock to him and use her as a hostage against the World Government due to her Shichibukai status . Thus Luffy and Hancock head off to confront him and save Hancock 's sisters . SP9 `` Episode of Sabo : The Three Brothers ' Bond -- The Miraculous Reunion and the Inherited Will '' `` Episōdo obu Sabo : San - Kyōdai no Kizuna -- Kiseki no Saikai to Uketsugareru Ishi '' ( エピソード オブ サボ 〜 3 兄弟 の 絆 奇跡 の 再会 と 受け継が れる 意志 〜 ) August 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 22 ) The special depicts Sabo 's childhood with Luffy and Ace , the Marineford war and his reunion with Luffy in Dressrosa from Sabo 's point of view . SP10 `` One Piece : Adventure of Nebulandia '' `` Wan Píszu : Adobenchā Obu Neburandia '' ( ワンピース アドベンチャー オブ ネブ ランディア ) December 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 19 ) The special will have the Straw Hats fight Foxy again in the New World on an island called Nebulandia that nullifies Devil Fruit powers . SP11 `` One Piece : Heart of Gold '' `` Wan Píszu : Hāto obu Gōrudo '' ( ワンピース ハート オブ ゴールド ) July 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 23 ) The Straw Hat Pirates meet Olga , a girl who has escaped the island Alchemi . Alchemi was once known for its metal production , and for the creation of the extremely valuable Pure Gold , but the island disappeared two hundred years ago . Olga is now being pursued by the Marines who are interested in the Pure Gold . Gildo Tesoro , who controls the Navy HQ and black market , hears of Olga and hires Treasure Hunter Mad Treasure to track her down . The Straw Hats join forces with Olga in search of the Pure Gold , while she plots to takes advantage of them and use the treasure to become rich herself . SP12 `` One Piece : Episode of East Blue : Luffy and His 4 Crewmates ' Big Adventure '' `` Wan Píszu : Episōdo obu Īsuto Burū : Rufi to Yo - nin no Nakama no Dai - bōken '' ( ワンピース エピソード オブ 東 の 海 ( イースト ブルー ) ~ ルフィ と 4 人 の 仲間 の 大 冒険 ~ ) August 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) Releases ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) DVD ( edit ) Toei Animation ( Japan , Region 2 DVD ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 01 517 - 520 December 5 , 2012 piece. 02 521 - 524 January 9 , 2013 piece. 03 525 - 528 February 6 , 2013 piece. 04 529 - 532 March 6 , 2013 piece. 05 533 - 536 April 3 , 2013 piece. 06 537 - 540 May 8 , 2013 piece. 07 541 , 543 - 545 June 5 , 2013 piece. 08 546 - 549 July 3 , 2013 piece. 09 550 - 553 August 7 , 2013 piece. 10 554 - 557 September 4 , 2013 piece. 11 558 - 561 October 2 , 2013 piece. 12 562 - 565 November 6 , 2013 piece. 13 566 - 569 December 3 , 2013 piece. 14 570 - 573 December 3 , 2013 16TH シーズン パンク ハザード 編 piece. 01 579 - 582 January 8 , 2014 piece. 02 583 - 586 January 8 , 2014 piece. 03 587 - 591 February 5 , 2014 piece. 04 592 - 595 February 5 , 2014 piece. 05 596 - 599 March 5 , 2014 piece. 06 600 - 603 March 5 , 2014 piece. 07 604 - 607 April 2 , 2014 piece. 08 608 - 611 April 2 , 2014 piece. 09 612 - 615 May 14 , 2014 piece. 10 616 - 619 May 14 , 2014 piece. 11 620 - 623 June 4 , 2014 piece. 12 624 - 628 June 4 , 2014 17th シーズン ドレス ローザ 編 piece. 01 629 - 632 July 2 , 2014 piece. 02 633 - 636 August 6 , 2014 piece. 03 637 - 640 September 3 , 2014 piece. 04 641 - 644 October 1 , 2014 piece. 05 645 - 648 November 5 , 2014 piece. 06 649 - 652 December 3 , 2014 piece 07 . 653 - 656 January 7 , 2015 piece 08 . 657 - 660 February 4 , 2015 piece 09 . 661 - 664 March 4 , 2015 piece 10 . 665 - 668 April 1 , 2015 piece 11 . 669 - 671 May 8 , 2015 piece 12 . 673 - 676 June 3 , 2015 piece 13 . 677 - 680 July 1 , 2015 piece 14 . 681 - 684 August 5 , 2015 Piece 15 . 685 - 688 September 2 , 2015 Piece 16 . 689 - 692 October 27 , 2015 Piece 17 . 693 - 696 November 4 , 2015 Piece 18 . 697 - 700 December 4 , 2015 Piece 19 . 701 - 704 January 6 , 2016 Piece 20 . 705 - 708 February 3 , 2016 Piece 21 . 709 - 712 March 2 , 2016 Piece 22 . 713 - 716 April 6 , 2016 Piece 23 . 717 - 720 May 11 , 2016 Piece 24 . 721 - 724 June 1 , 2016 Piece 25 . 725 - 728 July 6 , 2016 Piece 26 . 729 - 732 August 3 , 2016 Piece 27 . 733 - 736 September 7 , 2016 Piece 28 . 737 - 740 October 5 , 2016 Piece 29 . 741 - 744 November 2 , 2016 Piece 30 . 745 - 746 December 7 , 2016 18th シーズン ドレス ローザ 編 piece. 01 751 - 754 January 11 , 2017 piece. 02 755 - 758 February 1 , 2017 piece. 03 759 - 762 March 1 , 2017 piece. 04 763 - 766 April 5 , 2017 piece. 05 767 - 770 May 3 , 2017 piece. 06 771 - 774 June 7 , 2017 piece. 07 775 - 778 July 5 , 2017 piece. 08 779 - 782 August 2 , 2017 19th シーズン ドレス ローザ 編 piece. 01 783 - 786 September 6 , 2017 piece. 02 787 - 790 October 4 , 2017 piece. 03 791 - 794 November 1 , 2017 piece. 04 795 - 798 December 6 , 2017 piece. 05 799 - 802 January 10 , 2018 piece. 06 803 - 806 February 7 , 2018 piece. 07 807 - 810 March 7 , 2018 piece. 08 811 - 814 April 4 , 2018 piece. 09 815 - 818 May 2 , 2018 piece. 10 819 - 822 June 6 , 2018 ONE PIECE Log Collection `` FISHMAN ISLAND '' 517 - 535 August 28 , 2015 `` SHIRAHOSHI '' 536 - 554 September 25 , 2015 `` NOAH '' 555 - 573 December 25 , 2015 `` PUNK HAZARD '' 574 - 594 July 22 , 2016 `` LABORATORY '' 595 - 611 August 26 , 2016 `` CAESAR CLOWN '' 612 - 628 September 23 , 2016 `` DRESSROSA '' 629 - 644 July 28 , 2017 `` COLOSSEUM '' 645 - 661 August 25 , 2017 `` SOP '' 662 - 678 December 22 , 2017 `` SABO '' 679 - 695 January 26 , 2018 `` CORAZON '' 696 - 708 July 27 , 2018 `` BIRDCAGE '' 709 - 720 July 27 , 2018 `` DOFLAMINGO '' 721 - 733 August 24 , 2018 `` FUJITORA '' 734 - 746 September 28 , 2018 English ( edit ) Funimation Entertainment ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date ISBN Ref . Season Nine First Voyage 517 -- 528 June 20 , 2017 ISBN N / A Second Voyage 529 -- 540 August 15 , 2017 ISBN N / A Third Voyage 541 - 552 October 10 , 2017 ISBN N / A Fourth Voyage 553 - 563 March 20 , 2018 ISBN N / A Fifth Voyage 564 - 574 May 15 , 2018 ISBN N / A Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episode number by Toei Animation 's count ^ Jump up to : Title of the episode : literally translated , romanized using Hepburn romanization , and in kanji form ^ Jump up to : Date the episode originally aired on Fuji Television Jump up ^ Originally aired February 7 , but broadcast was interrupted due North Korea rocket launch ^ Jump up to : Episodes 807 and 808 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Fuji Television . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 01 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Odex Private Limited : VCDs '' . Odex . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ One Piece 4Kids dub , episodes 1 - 104 ( 1 - 143 ) Jump up ^ `` 4Kids cancelled `` One Piece '' dub `` . Newtype USA . No . February 2007 . p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Acquires One Piece '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Has No Plans for One Piece 's Return ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network Australia airdates '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Anime on DVD Reviews -- One Piece : Season 1 Part 1 '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : One Piece : Season Two , Seventh Voyage '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : One Piece : Season 4 , Voyage Two : Colleen Clinkenbeard , Luci Christian , Christopher Sabat , Sonny Strait , Eric Vale , Konosuke Uda : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Relaunch One Piece Simulcast on August 29 -- News '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece Premieres on Adult Swim 's Toonami Tonight -- News '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース - フジ テレビ '' ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.co.jp -- ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 1 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . amazon.co.jp . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.co.jp -- ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 2 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . amazon.co.jp . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.co.jp -- ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 3 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . amazon.co.jp . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.co.jp -- ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 4 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . amazon.co.jp . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 5 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 6 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 7 ( 初回 版 ) ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 8 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 9 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 10 ( 初回 版 ) ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 11 ( 初回 版 ) ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 12 ( 初回 限定 盤 ) ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 13 ( 初回 版 ) ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 15th シーズン 魚 人 島 編 piece. 14 ( 初回 版 ) ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 16TH シーズン パンク ハザード 編 piece. 1 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 16TH シーズン パンク ハザード 編 piece. 2 ( DVD ) DVD ・ ブルーレイ -- 田中 真弓 , 岡村 明美 , 中井 和哉 , 山口 勝平 , 平田 広明 , 大谷 育江 , 山口 由里子 , チョー , 尾田 栄一郎 '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . 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Jump up ^ https://www.funimation.com/shop/home-video/one-piece-season-nine-voyage-two-dvd-dvd-03995/ Jump up ^ https://www.funimation.com/shop/home-video/one-piece-season-nine-voyage-three-dvd-03994/ Jump up ^ https://www.funimation.com/shop/home-video/one-piece-season-nine-voyage-four-dvd-07374/ Jump up ^ https://www.funimation.com/shop/home-video/one-piece-season-nine-voyage-five-dvd-07378/ Anime portal One Piece by Eiichiro Oda Manga Volumes Chapters 1 -- 186 187 -- 388 389 -- 594 595 -- 806 807 -- current Anime Episodes First list Season 1 5 6 7 8 Second list Season 9 10 11 12 13 14 Third list Season 15 16 17 18 19 Films One Piece : The Movie One Piece The Movie : Dead End no Bōken One Piece : The Cursed Holy Sword One Piece Movie : The Desert Princess and the Pirates : Adventures in Alabasta One Piece Film : Strong World One Piece Film : Z One Piece Film : Gold Music Discography Video games Become The Pirate King ! Grand Battle ! Set Sail Pirate Crew ! Grand Battle ! 2 Grand Battle ! Rush One Piece Pirates ' Carnival Grand Adventure Unlimited Adventure Unlimited Cruise / SP Grand Collection Pirate Warriors Pirate Warriors 2 Romance Dawn Unlimited World Red Pirate Warriors 3 Treasure Cruise Burning Blood World Seeker Characters Monkey D. Luffy Roronoa Zoro Nami Related Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Super Kabuki II : One Piece Tokyo One Piece Tower Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Piece_episodes_(seasons_15 -- current ) &oldid = 833930422 '' Categories : One Piece episode lists Toonami Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 02 : 14 . About Wikipedia

-596366246431531111

the pool players seven at the golden shovel meaning

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=We_Real_Cool&oldid=834395553

We Real Cool - wikipedia We Real Cool Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the poem . For the book , see We Real Cool : Black Men and Masculinity . `` We Real Cool '' is a poem written in 1959 by poet Gwendolyn Brooks and published in her 1960 book The Bean Eaters , her third collection of poetry . It consists of four verses of two rhyming lines each . The final word in most lines is `` we '' . The next line describes something that `` we '' do , such as play pool or drop out of school . Brooks has said that the `` we '' s are meant to be said softly , as though the protagonists in the poem are questioning the validity of their existence . The poem has been featured on broadsides , and is widely studied in literature classes and re-printed in literature textbooks . It also contains references to the seven deadly sins . The last lines of the poem , `` We / Die soon , '' indicate the climax , which comes as a surprise to the boasts that have been made previously . It also suggests a moment of self - awareness about the choices that the players have made . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Themes and meaning 3 In popular culture 4 External links 5 References Origin ( edit ) In an interview Brooks stated that her inspiration for the poem came from her walking in her community and passing a pool hall full of boys . When considering this she thought to herself `` I wonder how they feel about themselves ? '' Instead of wondering about why they were not in school , Brooks captured this scene and turned it into the seven pool players at the Golden Shovel . Themes and meaning ( edit ) The poem covers a multitude of themes despite its short length , some including rebellion and youth . The unique structure offers a subtitle at the beginning of the poem where Brooks writes , `` The Pool Players / Seven at the Golden Shovel '' . This gives the poem its characters and setting . Many readers have also suggested the general song - like quality that the poem possesses when being read , in line with the jazz poetry tradition started by Langston Hughes . The poem also covers the topic of mortality . In the last line it states that the seven pool players and narrator will `` Die Soon '' , although the seven young pool players are prideful in their rebellion , they will eventually face mortality . This could also be an indicator into the time period with which the poem was written during the 1960s . Racial tensions were at a height during the decade with civil rights leaders pushing for de-segregation in the South . The mortality that Brooks addresses could be an indicator of the times that it was written in along with the fast life that the boys live in their enjoyment of skipping school , singing sin and drinking gin . Brooks has also gone on the record of saying that the seven pool players in the poem are fighting the establishment with their rebellious actions . She states that the establishment is represented by the month of June . In the same interview Brooks explains how the poem has even been banned in some areas due to the use of the word `` jazz '' due to a perceived sexual nature . Some have interpreted the usage of `` jazz '' to have a sexual reference . However , Brooks said that the interpretation was not her intention ; instead she intended for it to represent music . In popular culture ( edit ) The poem was printed in the booklet of Chicago metalcore band The Killing Tree 's 2003 EP , We Sing Sin , whose title is a reference to the poem . It is also referenced in the song of the same title , `` We Real Cool , '' by the band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on their 2013 album , Push the Sky Away . The band The Jazz June takes their name from this poem as well . The poem was referenced in the film Southside with You , a film depicting the first date of future first couple Barack Obama and Michelle Robinson . External links ( edit ) Gwendolyn Brooks Captures Chicago ' Cool ' Brooks recites `` We Real Cool '' in interview with Henry Lyman on NPR . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Gwendolyn Brooks '' in Contemporary Literature 11 : 1 ( Winter 1970 ) . Available on - line : `` On We Real Cool '' . ^ Jump up to : Robert Ricardo Reese ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) , Gwendolyn Brooks reads We Real Cool , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Real_Cool&oldid=834395553 '' Categories : 1959 poems American poems Works by Gwendolyn Brooks African - American poetry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 14 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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battle at helm's deep lord of the rings

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Hornburg&oldid=832730466

Battle of the Hornburg - wikipedia Battle of the Hornburg Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) War of the Ring Fords of Isen Hornburg Pelennor Fields Mirkwood Dale Black Gate Middle - earth wars and battles The Battle of the Hornburg is a fictional battle in J.R.R. Tolkien 's epic The Lord of the Rings . The battle pitted the forces of the Wizard Saruman against the Rohirrim under King Théoden , who had taken refuge in the mountain fortress of the Hornburg at Helm 's Deep . The engagement is also informally known as Battle of Helm 's Deep or simply Helm 's Deep after that location . An account of the battle is recorded in the climactic chapter `` Helm 's Deep '' of the volume The Two Towers . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Battle 1.1 Strength 1.2 Background 1.3 The battle 2 Terminology 3 Adaptations 3.1 In Ralph Bakshi 's animated film 3.2 Peter Jackson 's `` Battle of Helm 's Deep '' 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The battle ( edit ) Strength ( edit ) In the book The Lord of the Rings , The Two Towers , the size of the initial garrison at Helm 's Deep for Rohan was nearly 1,000 , but many more were coming into the fort from across Rohan . The estimated number of total Rohirrim defenders was 2,000 by the time Saruman 's army arrived . Merry says that the force that left Isengard numbered 10,000 at least , most marching towards Helm 's Deep and others heading off to the Fords of Isen . This number is later qualified by Gandalf : `` I have about ten thousand Orcs to manage '' , so considerably more than 10,000 when the Men of Dunland are added . Though the battle appears severely lopsided , as Uruk - hai were much better in battle than simple orcs , the defenders managed to hold the fort until a force of almost 1,000 men on foot led by Gandalf along with a forest of Huorns arrived at dawn in the rear of the hosts of Isengard and surround the Uruks . Background ( edit ) After being released from the influence of his malevolent adviser , Gríma Wormtongue , by the benevolent Wizard Gandalf , Théoden set out to the Fords of Isen , where his marshal Erkenbrand was fighting Saruman 's forces . However , Théoden found out that they had been scattered . Gandalf advised him to take refuge in the Hornburg fortress of Helm 's Deep , an area named after one of their kings . Gandalf then left on an unexplained errand . Théoden 's army went to the area , where local people were commanded by a captain called Gamling the Old . Many of the forces there were very old or young . The women and children of Théoden 's capital Edoras were safe in Dunharrow , led by the King 's niece Éowyn . The battle ( edit ) The forces of Saruman , common Orcs and Uruk - hai , along with some orc - human hybrids ( called `` half - orcs and goblin - men '' -- which may have referred to or included the Uruk - hai themselves ) and human Dunlendings , arrived at the valley of Helm 's Deep in the middle of the night during a storm . Meanwhile , Legolas the Elf and Gimli the Dwarf agreed to compete to see which one could kill the most orcs . The attackers quickly scaled over the first defence , Helm 's Dike , forcing the defenders there to fall back to the fortress . When the Orcs were close , the defenders drove them back with arrows and stones , but they managed to get close to the wall after multiple charges . They attempted to break down the gate with a battering ram , but a sortie led by Aragorn and Éomer scattered the forces . The Orcs and Dunlendings then raised hundreds of ladders to scale the wall . Aragorn and Éomer repeatedly motivated the tired defenders to repel the Orcs coming up the ladders . However , some Orcs had crept in through a culvert which let a stream out of Helm 's Deep , and while the defenders were busy with the assault on the wall , they were suddenly attacked from behind . This was repulsed and the culvert was blocked up under Gimli 's supervision . However , the enemies re-entered the culvert and blasted a wide hole in the wall using an ambiguous explosive device invented by Saruman , a `` blasting - fire '' . Some defenders then retreated to the Glittering Caves , Éomer , Gamling and Gimli among them , while others including Aragorn and Legolas retreated to the burg itself . Soon Saruman 's forces broke through the gate and gained entrance to the fortress . At this moment , however , the horn of King Helm was sounded , and a cavalry charge led by Théoden and Aragorn rode forth , followed by all the Rohirrim left inside . They cut their way through the Orcs and drove them back from the fortress walls . Both armies then noticed that a strange forest had suddenly sprung up ( actually the arrival of many Huorns ) which blocked the escape route for the Orcs . Then Gandalf arrived on Shadowfax , with Erkenbrand and a thousand infantry -- the remaining strength of the Rohirrim that had been routed at the Fords of Isen . They charged into the fray . The Dunlendings were so terrified of Gandalf that most of them dropped their weapons . The surviving Orcs fled into the `` forest '' of Huorns , where they were completely annihilated . After the battle , those Dunlendings who surrendered were given amnesty by Erkenbrand and allowed to return home ( much to their surprise , since Saruman had told them that the men of Rohan would burn all survivors alive ) . The Rohirrim required that all hostilities cease , and that the Dunlendings retreat behind the River Isen again and never recross while bearing arms . Before they were freed , though , the Dunlending captives were put to work in repairing the fortress . Among the Rohirrim dead was Háma , captain of Théoden 's personal guard and doorward of his hall ( he plays a significant role in the previous chapter , `` The King of the Golden Hall '' ) . Háma had fallen defending the gate and the Orcs had hewed his body after he died , an atrocity that Théoden did not forget during the upcoming parley with Saruman . Gimli was wounded , but had killed 42 to Legolas 's 41 . The `` forest '' of Huorns had disappeared the next morning , and the Orcs had been buried in an earthen - works hill known as `` Death 's Down '' . Terminology ( edit ) The event is sometimes called the Battle of Helm 's Deep , a title which was never used by Tolkien but which is often used by readers and other fans , this has led to the misconception that the term `` Helm 's Deep '' refers to the fortress . Properly speaking , the fortress is the Hornburg ( Anglo - Saxon = horn fortress ) and Helm 's Deep is the ravine behind it . In one of his letters regarding a proposed film adaptation , Tolkien protested the use of Helm 's Deep , stating that , `` the ' defence of the Hornburg ' would be a better title , since Helm 's Deep , the ravine behind , is not shown '' ( Letters , 210 ) . Adaptations ( edit ) In Ralph Bakshi 's animated film ( edit ) The Battle of the Hornburg is a key part of Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated adaptation . However , it is never referred to by that name , or any other name . Bakshi incorrectly calls the fortress itself `` Helm 's Deep '' . As Gandalf says to Aragorn : `` Halfway between Edoras and Isengard , there lies an old strong fortress that men call Helm 's Deep . '' Some differences between the book and the film battles are : Bakshi does not elaborate on different kinds of Orcs through dialogue ( as is true for the whole film ) , though some Orcs are clearly visually different from others . Aragorn and Gimli repel a battering - ram crew by themselves , instead of Aragorn and Éomer leading a sortie against the ram . Directly after this sequence , the `` blasting - fire '' is used to breach the wall . It is turned into magical projectiles resembling comets coming from Isengard ( Aragorn , seeing them , calls out `` Fire of Isengard ! '' ) . While Tolkien does not give detailed descriptions , `` blasting fire '' is clearly different in the book ( as Orcs are said to have `` brought '' it ) . More importantly , Éomer is not present at the start of the battle . Gandalf rides off to find him and his Riders ( and explicitly says so ) , and returns with them at the end . Peter Jackson 's `` battle of Helm 's Deep '' ( edit ) The Battle of Helm 's Deep in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers The Battle of the Hornburg is also a key part of Peter Jackson 's film adaptation , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . In the context of the film , it is referred to as the Battle of Helm 's Deep , and like Bakshi , Jackson identifies `` Helm 's Deep '' with the fortress itself . As Gríma says to Saruman : `` Théoden will not stay at Edoras ... They will flee to Helm 's Deep , the great fortress of Rohan . '' In the movie , 10,000 of Saruman 's Uruk - hai ( with no orcs of other races , Dunlendings or wargs to accompany them ) lay siege to the fortress , which is defended by around 300 Rohirrim ( before the battle , Legolas states their strength to be `` three hundred against ten thousand '' , but he may have meant at that time , as more were fleeing to the fortress ) . Soon after , however , a large group of the Elves of Lórien join the defences . Elrond , at the prompting of Galadriel , sends the Elves under the command of Haldir of Lórien to reinforce the defence of the keep . During the battle , nearly all of the Elves are killed , including Haldir . The defenders suffer heavy losses , but hold out until dawn , when Gandalf arrives with 2,000 riders led by Éomer , who finally turn the tide of the battle and send Saruman 's forces into retreat . In the Extended DVD version , the Huorns make an appearance , massacring the fleeing Uruk - hai after the battle , but were absent from the theatrical cut . Peter Jackson gave himself a cameo appearance as one of the Rohirrim ; he throws a javelin at the Uruks . Producer Barrie Osborne has a similar cameo , as a Rohirrim throwing a rock down on them . The film contains many differences from Tolkien 's work , and several of these differences concern the battle . These differences include : In an earlier scene , Gandalf is skeptical towards the Hornburg and suggests that the forces of Rohan should meet Saruman 's army in the open field , an idea immediately rejected by Théoden . The opposite happens in the book : Théoden rides to reinforce Erkenbrand at the Fords of Isen ; when it is learned that Erkenbrand was defeated and driven from the fords , Gandalf advises Théoden to divert his force to the Hornburg . Before and during the battle , Jackson shows women and children of Rohan being sheltered within the Deeps , overseen by Éowyn . Later , he shows all boys able to carry weapons arming for battle . Aragorn comforts a boy named Haleth son of Háma ( already dead at this point in the movie , but who dies before the gates of the Hornburg in the novel ) . In the text , the women and children of Edoras are sheltered at Dunharrow . However many of the folk from the Westfold had taken shelter in the Deeps after the defeat of Erkenbrand at the ford of Isen . In the novel , the Orcs are temporarily delayed at Helm 's Dike , while in the movie they march unhindered until they reach the walls . In the novel , there are no other Elven archers besides Legolas present . Legolas merely wishes that they had a hundred archers of Mirkwood with them , and tells Gimli that his folk are busy with their own troubles . The Elves of Lothlórien and Mirkwood do withstand assaults by Sauron 's armies ; but these battles occur off stage . In his commentary on the Extended DVD version , Jackson said he wanted to show the sacrifice of the Elves in a visible fashion . Craig Parker , the actor who portrayed Haldir , suggested on his commentary his character was killed to show the consequences of battle as opposed to `` boys running around hitting sticks together and wandering off at the end . '' The ambiguous `` blasting - fire '' of the novel is interpreted as bombs containing a form of black powder , detonated by an Uruk carrying a torch with a glittering white flame . Aragorn 's parley is not featured . However , he and Gimli ( whose height is used for comedic effect at the start of the battle ) share a scene where they sneak through a side - door and he tosses the dwarf into a group of enemies who are battering down the doors to the keep . The portrayal of Rohirrim reinforcements and Gandalf at the end of the battle differ ; in the novel they are infantry led by Erkenbrand ( while Éomer had fought at the Hornburg alongside Aragorn ) , whereas in the film they are cavalry led by Éomer . While Tolkien wrote that the Orcs were already demoralized by Théoden 's cavalry charge before Gandalf arrived , the film encounter is somewhat more dramatic with the Orcs forming up an organized sheltron against the charging Rohirrim horseman but at last minute the Orcs ' line falters after they are dazzled by sunlight . At the end of the battle , Gimli wins the contest by 43 to Legolas ' 42 . In the novel the two of them share a light moment ( a sign of their growing friendship after initial mistrust ) , where Legolas gives congratulations while Gimli complains that his axe was notched as his 42nd victim had an iron collar ( Legolas , likewise , had one less kill in the book than in the movie , at 41 ) . In the film ( only in the extended edition ) , this is a comedy scene with Legolas shooting a dead Uruk and claiming a tie on the basis that it was moving , and then Gimli irately explaining that his axe was embedded in that Uruk 's nervous system . In the theatrical release , the elimination of the Orcs after Gandalf 's charge is not seen . However , the Extended DVD Edition shows the Orcs fleeing into the `` forest '' of Huorns where they are promptly annihilated while the Rohirrim look on . In the novel , the Huorns ' destruction of the Orcs is not realized until the next day . In the novel , Treebeard and the Ents and Huorns go to war immediately upon the conclusion of Entmoot . In the film , they decide that the war is not their concern and Treebeard offers Pippin and Merry a lift to the edge of Fangorn . Pippin tricks Treebeard into taking them south by Isengard where the Ent witnesses the mass clearing of trees by Saruman 's forces , upon which Treebeard promptly calls the Ents and Huorns off to war . In the original script of the film , Elrond and Arwen had gone to see Galadriel in person , and it was Arwen who led the Elves to fight alongside the Rohan defenders . Arwen 's involvement was rejected after Jackson revised the portrayal of her character from a `` warrior princess '' to a role closer to that of the book , but the Elves remained part of the battle since Jackson liked the concept . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Middle - earth warfare References ( edit ) Jump up ^ K.W. Fonstad , The Atlas of Middle - earth , Boston , Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 28665 - 4 p. 132 Jump up ^ J.R.R. Tolkien The Lord of the Rings , The Two Towers , ( 2nd edition , 1966 ) , p. 175 ; also J.R.R. Tolkien , Christopher Tolkien editor , Unfinished Tales , ( 1980 ) , p. 363 states : `` only Gandalf had full knowledge '' Jump up ^ J.R.R. Tolkien , The Lord of the Rings , The Two Towers ( 2nd edition , 1966 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( Extended Edition ) '' , Ch. 23 ; Aragorn states that Éomer is heading north with 2,000 riders . Jump up ^ The Two Towers : Extended Edition -- From Book to Screen External links ( edit ) Battle of the Hornburg at the Encyclopedia of Arda J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Hornburg&oldid=832730466 '' Categories : Middle - earth battles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 18 : 04 . 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he's got the whole world in his hands history

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=He%27s_Got_the_Whole_World_in_His_Hands&oldid=806509702

He 's Got the Whole World in his Hands - wikipedia He 's Got the Whole World in his Hands Jump to : navigation , search He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' is a traditional American spiritual , first published in 1927 . It became an international pop hit in 1957 - 58 in a recording by English singer Laurie London , and has been recorded by many other singers and choirs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Traditional music sources 2 Laurie London recording 3 Covers and adaptations 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Traditional Music sources ( edit ) The song was first published in the paperbound hymnal Spirituals Triumphant , Old and New in 1927 . In 1933 , it was collected by Frank Warner from the singing of Sue Thomas in North Carolina . It was also recorded by other collectors such as Robert Sonkin of the Library of Congress , who recorded it in Gee 's Bend , Alabama in 1941 . That version is still available at the Library 's American Folklife Center . Frank Warner performed the song during the 1940s and 1950s , and introduced it to the American folk scene . Warner recorded it on the Elektra album American Folk Songs and Ballads in 1952 . It was quickly picked up by both American gospel singers and British skiffle and pop musicians . Laurie London recording ( edit ) `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' Single by Laurie London with the Geoff Love Orchestra and Chorus B - side `` The Cradle Rock '' Released 1957 Recorded 1957 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Robert Lindon , William Henry The song made the popular song charts in a 1957 recording by English singer Laurie London with the Geoff Love Orchestra , which reached # 12 on the UK singles chart in late 1957 . The songwriting on London 's record was credited to `` Robert Lindon '' and `` William Henry '' , which were pseudonyms used by British writers Jack Waller and Ralph Reader , who had used the song in their 1956 stage musical Wild Grows the Heather . Laurie London 's version then rose to # 1 of the Most Played by Jockeys song list in the USA and went to number three on the R&B charts in 1958 . The record reached # 2 on Billboard 's Best Sellers in Stores survey and # 1 in Cashbox 's Top 60 . It became a gold record and was the most successful record by a British male in the 1950s in the USA . It was the first , and remains , the only gospel song to hit # 1 on a U.S. pop singles chart ; `` Put Your Hand in the Hand ( of the Man ) '' by Ocean peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1971 ; and `` Oh Happy Day '' by the Edwin Hawkins Singers reached # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1969 . Covers and adaptations ( edit ) Mahalia Jackson 's version made the Billboard top 100 singles chart , topping at number 69 . Other versions were recorded by Marian Anderson ( in Oslo on August 29 , 1958 and released on the single His Master 's Voice 45 - 6075 AL 6075 and on the extended play En aften på `` Casino Non Stop '' , introdusert av Arne Hestenes ( HMV 7EGN 26 . It was arranged by Harry Douglas and Ed Kirkeby ) , Kate Smith , Odetta , Jackie DeShannon , Perry Como , the Sandpipers ( 1970 ; `` Come Saturday Morning '' LP ) and Nina Simone on And Her Friends ( recorded 1957 ) . Andy Williams released a version on his 1960 album , The Village of St. Bernadette . The Sisters of Mercy played it at the Reading Festival in 1991 . It is featured on The Good and the Bad and the Ugly bootleg album . Pat Boone recorded a version for his 1961 album Great , Great , Great . In 1995 , The Sisters of Glory , a gospel group that featured Thelma Houston , CeCe Peniston , Phoebe Snow , Lois Walden , and Albertina Walker , included the composition to their album Good News in Hard Times released on Warner Bros . Mike Doughty adapted the refrain of the song for a new song of a similar title on his album Sad Man Happy Man . Additionally , Doughty 's former band Soul Coughing performed a partial version live on occasion , usually as a segue into another song . In 1997 , Half Man Half Biscuit appropriated the melody of the song for their song `` Paintball 's Coming Home '' on the album Voyage to the Bottom of the Road In popular culture ( edit ) In February 1978 , English football team Nottingham Forest F.C. released `` We 've Got the Whole World in Our Hands '' ( Warner K17110 ) in conjunction with local band Paper Lace ; the B side featured `` The Forest March '' . The song has become a favourite in British football grounds , with the lyrics adapted in various ways ; for instance , `` We 're the worst team in the League '' has been heard at Rushden & Diamonds matches as well as Crystal Palace F.C. matches . In the 1982 film Tootsie , Dorothy Michaels ( Dustin Hoffman ) sings a line of the song to her ( his ) agent George Fields ( Sydney Pollack ) , changing the words to `` I 've got the whole world in my hands . '' The song was also used in the 1987 film Roxanne with Steve Martin . In the movie Con Air ( 1997 ) , Steve Buscemi plays a serial killer who sings `` He 's Got the Whole World '' with a little girl . In the movie RocketMan , also from 1997 , Harland Williams plays the role of an astronaut who sings `` I Have the Whole World in My Hands '' on a worldwide broadcast , and is then accompanied by millions of people around the world watching it . WWE wrestler Bray Wyatt started singing the song during his feud with John Cena , to accentuate Wyatt 's gimmick as a cult leader . Later used during his feud with Finn Balor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boatner , Edward ( 1927 ) . Spirituals Triumphant , Old and New . Sunday School Publishing Board , National Baptist Convention . ^ Jump up to : Warner , Anne & Frank ( 1984 ) . Traditional American Folk Songs from the Anne and Frank Warner Collection . Syracuse University Press . p. 384 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Music and Spoken Word Catalog from the American Folklife Center ( Performing Arts Encyclopedia , The Library of Congress ) '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Warner , Frank ( 1952 ) . American Folk Songs and Ballads . Elektra Records . Jump up ^ `` Elektra Discography '' . Atsf.co.uk. 1954 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 - 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . p. 460 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wild Grows the Heather , Allmusic.com . Retrieved 25 February 2017 Jump up ^ Wild Grows the Heather , OvertheFootlights.co.uk . Retrieved 25 February 2017 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 359 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie London Biography - Music Artist Band Biographies - Artists Bands Bio - FREE MP3 Downloads '' . Music.us . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bremner , Jack ( 2004 ) . `` Shit Ground No Fans '' . Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05376 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song CeCe Peniston singles 1990s Finally `` Finally '' `` We Got a Love Thang '' `` Keep On Walkin ' '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Inside That I Cried '' Thought ' Ya Knew `` I 'm in the Mood '' `` I 'm Not Over You '' `` Keep Givin ' Me Your Love '' `` Hit by Love '' I 'm Movin ' On `` Movin ' On '' `` Before I Lay ( You Drive Me Crazy ) '' The Best Of `` Somebody Else 's Guy '' `` I Like It '' `` Nobody Else '' `` He Loves Me 2 '' 2000s `` Lifetime to Love '' `` My Boo '' `` Reminiscin '' `` For My Baby '' `` Eternal Lover '' `` Deeper Love '' `` You Are the Universe '' `` I 'm Feelin ' U '' `` Above Horizons '' 2010s `` Nothing Can Stop Me '' `` Purple Funk '' Download `` Shame Shame Shame '' `` Still I '' `` In Love with a DJ '' `` Stoopid ! '' `` Celebrate '' `` You 've Never Seen '' `` All My Love '' `` Get to Steppin '' `` Let 's Go All Night '' `` Without You '' `` Love Do n't Take Over '' `` Sick '' `` Believe '' `` The DJ Made Me Stay '' `` Piece of That '' Promotional `` Hitmix '' `` Searchin ' '' `` House Party '' `` I Know You Want Me '' `` I Ca n't Go for That '' `` Dance with Me '' Other songs `` How I Got Over '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Precious Memories '' `` Oh Happy Day '' `` Christmas Song '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Runnin ' Away '' Book Category Commons Template Portal Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He%27s_Got_the_Whole_World_in_His_Hands&oldid=806509702 '' Categories : 1927 songs 1958 singles Perry Como songs Nina Simone songs CeCe Peniston songs Paper Lace songs Andy Williams songs Glen Campbell songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk More Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 14 : 06 . 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when was a cure for bubonic plague found

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Bubonic plague - wikipedia Bubonic plague Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the disease . For information about the medieval plague , see Black Death . Bubonic plague A bubo on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague . Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever , headaches , vomiting , swollen lymph nodes Usual onset 1 - 7 days after exposure Causes Yersinia pestis spread by fleas Diagnostic method Finding the bacteria in the blood , sputum , or lymph nodes Treatment Antibiotics such as streptomycin , gentamicin , or doxycycline Frequency 650 cases reported a year Deaths 10 % mortality with treatment ( edit on Wikidata ) Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis . One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria , flu like symptoms develop . These include fever , headaches , and vomiting . Swollen and painful lymph nodes occur in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin . Occasionally the swollen lymph nodes may break open . The three types of plague are the result of the route of infection : bubonic plague , septicemic plague , and pneumonic plague . Bubonic plague is mainly spread by infected fleas from small animals . It may also result from exposure to the body fluids from a dead plague - infected animal . In the bubonic form of plague , the bacteria enter through the skin through a flea bite and travel via the lymphatic vessels to a lymph node , causing it to swell . Diagnosis is made by finding the bacteria in the blood , sputum , or fluid from lymph nodes . Prevention is through public health measures such as not handling dead animals in areas where plague is common . Vaccines have not been found to be very useful for plague prevention . Several antibiotics are effective for treatment , including streptomycin , gentamicin , and doxycycline . Without treatment , plague results in the death of 30 % to 90 % of those infected . Death , if it occurs , is typically within ten days . With treatment the risk of death is around 10 % . Globally there are about 650 documented cases a year , which result in ~ 120 deaths . In the 21st century , the disease is most common in Africa . The plague is believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Asia , Europe , and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people . This was about 25 % to 60 % of the European population . Because the plague killed so many of the working population , wages rose due to the demand for labor . Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development . The term bubonic is derived from the Greek word βουβών , meaning `` groin '' . The term `` buboes '' is also used to refer to the swollen lymph nodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 History 5.1 First pandemic 5.2 Second pandemic 5.3 Third pandemic 6 Society and culture 6.1 Biological warfare 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Signs and symptoms Acral necrosis of the nose , the lips , and the fingers and residual ecchymoses over both forearms in a person recovering from bubonic plague that disseminated to the blood and the lungs . At one time , the person 's entire body was ecchymotic . The best - known symptom of bubonic plague is one or more infected , enlarged , and painful lymph nodes , known as buboes . After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea , the Y. pestis bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node , where they begin to colonize and reproduce . Buboes associated with the bubonic plague are commonly found in the armpits , upper femoral , groin and neck region . Acral gangrene ( i.e. , of the fingers , toes , lips and nose ) is another common symptom . Because of its bite - based mode of transmission , the bubonic plague is often the first of a progressive series of illnesses . Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly a few days after exposure to the bacterium . Symptoms include : Chills General ill feeling ( malaise ) High fever > 39 ° C ( 102.2 ° F ) Muscle cramps Seizures Smooth , painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo , commonly found in the groin , but may occur in the armpits or neck , most often near the site of the initial infection ( bite or scratch ) Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears Gangrene of the extremities such as toes , fingers , lips and tip of the nose . Other symptoms include heavy breathing , continuous vomiting of blood ( hematemesis ) , aching limbs , coughing , and extreme pain caused by the decay or decomposition of the skin while the person is still alive . Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue , gastrointestinal problems , lenticulae ( black dots scattered throughout the body ) , delirium , and coma . Cause Oriental rat flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis ) infected with the Yersinia pestis bacterium which appears as a dark mass in the gut . The foregut of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm ; when the flea attempts to feed on an uninfected host , Y. pestis from the foregut is regurgitated into the wound , causing infection . Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system , usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea , Xenopsylla cheopis ( the rat flea ) . In very rare circumstances , as in the septicemic plague , the disease can be transmitted by direct contact with infected tissue or exposure to the cough of another human . The flea is parasitic on house and field rats , and seeks out other prey when its rodent hosts die . The bacteria remain harmless to the flea , allowing the new host to spread the bacteria . The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood , which is now infected , into the bite site of a rodent or human host . Once established , bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply . Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them . As the disease progresses , the lymph nodes can haemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic . Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases . The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague . Diagnosis Laboratory testing is required in order to diagnose and confirm plague . Ideally , confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample . Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection . To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients , rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use . Samples taken for testing include : Buboes : Swollen lymph nodes ( buboes ) characteristic of bubonic plague , a fluid sample can be taken from them with a needle . Blood Lungs Treatment Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague . These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin , tetracyclines ( especially doxycycline ) , and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin . Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1 -- 15 % , compared to a mortality of 40 -- 60 % in untreated cases . People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death . Other treatments include oxygen , intravenous fluids , and respiratory support . People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics . Using the broad - based antibiotic streptomycin has proven to be dramatically successful against the bubonic plague within 12 hours of infection . History See also : Epidemiology of plague and Timeline of plague First pandemic Main article : Plague of Justinian The first recorded epidemic affected the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire ) and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justinian I , who was infected but survived through extensive treatment . The pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million ( 6th century outbreak ) to 50 million people ( two centuries of recurrence ) . The historian Procopius wrote , in Volume II of History of the Wars , of his personal encounter with the plague and the effect it had on the rising empire . In the spring of 542 , the plague arrived in Constantinople , working its way from port city to port city and spreading around the Mediterranean Sea , later migrating inland eastward into Asia Minor and west into Greece and Italy . Because the infectious disease spread inland by the transferring of merchandise through Justinian 's efforts in acquiring luxurious goods of the time and exporting supplies , his capital became the leading exporter of the bubonic plague . Procopius , in his work Secret History , declared that Justinian was a demon of an emperor who either created the plague himself or was being punished for his sinfulness . Second pandemic Main articles : Black Death and Second plague pandemic Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims . Miniature from The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis ( 1272 -- 1352 ) . Bibliothèque royale de Belgique , MS 13076 - 77 , f. 24v . People who died of bubonic plague in a mass grave from 1720 -- 1721 in Martigues , France In the Late Middle Ages ( 1340 -- 1400 ) Europe experienced the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death , the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague , hit in 1347 , killing a third of the human population . Some historians believe that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare , crime , popular revolt , waves of flagellants , and persecution . The Black Death originated in Central Asia and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries . Arab historians Ibn Al - Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia . Chinese records also showed a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s . Research published in 2002 suggests that it began in early 1346 in the steppe region , where a plague reservoir stretches from the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea into southern Russia . The Mongols had cut off the trade route , the Silk Road , between China and Europe which halted the spread of the Black Death from eastern Russia to Western Europe . The epidemic began with an attack that Mongols launched on the Italian merchants ' last trading station in the region , Caffa in the Crimea . In late 1346 , plague broke out among the besiegers and from them penetrated into the town . When spring arrived , the Italian merchants fled on their ships , unknowingly carrying the Black Death . Carried by the fleas on rats , the plague initially spread to humans near the Black Sea and then outwards to the rest of Europe as a result of people fleeing from one area to another . Third pandemic Main article : Third plague pandemic The plague resurfaced for a third time in the mid-19th century . Like the two previous outbreaks , this one also originated in Eastern Asia , most likely in Yunnan Province of China , where there are several natural plague foci . The initial outbreaks occurred in the second half of the eighteenth century . The disease remained localized in Southwest China for several years before spreading . In the city of Canton , beginning in January 1894 , the disease killed 80,000 people by June . Daily water - traffic with the nearby city of Hong Kong rapidly spread the plague there , killing over 2,400 within two months . Also known as the modern pandemic , the third pandemic spread the disease to port cities throughout the world in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century via shipping routes . The plague inflicted people in Chinatown in San Francisco from 1900 - 1904 , and the people of Oakland and east bay again from 1907 - 1909 . The last major outbreak in the United States occurred in Los Angeles in 1924 , though the disease is still present in wild rodents , and can be passed to humans that come in contact with them . According to the World Health Organization , the pandemic was considered active until 1959 , when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year . In 1994 , a plague outbreak in five Indian states caused an estimated 700 infections ( including 52 deaths ) and triggered a large migration of Indians within India as they tried to avoid the plague . For over a decade since 2001 , Zambia , India , Malawi , Algeria , China , Peru , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo had the most plague cases with over 1,100 cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone . From 1,000 to 2,000 cases are conservatively reported per year to the WHO . From 2012 and to 2017 and reflecting political unrest and poor hygienic conditions , Madagascar began to host regular epidemics . Between 1900 and 2015 , the United States had 1,036 human plague cases with an average of 9 cases per year . In 2015 , 16 people in the Western United States developed plague , including 2 cases in Yosemite National Park . These US cases usually occur in rural northern New Mexico , northern Arizona , southern Colorado , California , southern Oregon , and far western Nevada . In November 2017 , the Madagascar Ministry of Health reported an outbreak to WHO ( World Health Organization ) with more cases and deaths than any recent outbreak in the country . Unusually most of the cases were pneumonic rather than bubonic . Society and culture See also : Black Death in medieval culture The scale of death and social upheaval associated with plague outbreaks has made the topic prominent in a number of historical and fictional accounts since the disease was first recognized . The Black Death in particular is described and referenced in numerous contemporary sources , some of which , including works by Chaucer , Boccaccio , and Petrarch , are considered part of the Western canon . The Decameron , by Boccaccio , is notable for its use of a frame story involving individuals who have fled Florence for a secluded villa to escape the Black Death . First person , sometimes sensationalized or fictionalized , accounts of living through plague years have also been popular across centuries and cultures . Later works , such as Albert Camus 's novel The Plague or Ingmar Bergman 's film The Seventh Seal have used bubonic plague in settings , such quarantined cities in either medieval or modern times , as a backdrop to explore a variety of concepts . Common themes include the breakdown of society , institutions , and individuals during the plague , the cultural and psychological existential confrontation with mortality , and the allegorical use of the plague in reference to contemporary moral or spiritual questions . Biological warfare Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been products of the plague , as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages to spread the pestilence . Later , plague was used during the Second Sino - Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army . These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii 's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field . For example , in 1940 , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague . During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials , the accused , such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima , testified that , in 1941 , 40 members of Unit 731 air - dropped plague - contaminated fleas on Changde . These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks . See also List of cutaneous conditions List of epidemics Miasma theory Plague ( disease ) Plague doctor References ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization ( November 2014 ) . `` Plague Fact sheet N ° 267 '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plague Symptoms '' . 13 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prentice MB , Rahalison L ( 2007 ) . `` Plague '' . Lancet . 369 ( 9568 ) : 1196 -- 207 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 07 ) 60566 - 2 . PMID 17416264 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plague Resources for Clinicians '' . 13 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Plague Ecology and Transmission '' . 13 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Daniel C. ( 2005 ) . Medical response to terrorism : preparedness and clinical practice . Philadelphia ( u.a. ) : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 74 . ISBN 9780781749862 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plague History '' . 13 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ LeRoux , Neil ( 2007 ) . Martin Luther As Comforter : Writings on Death Volume 133 of Studies in the History of Christian Traditions . BRILL . p. 247 . ISBN 9789004158801 . Jump up ^ Edman , Bruce F. Eldridge , John D. ( 2004 ) . Medical Entomology a Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods ( Rev ... ed . ) . Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands . p. 390 . ISBN 9789400710092 . Jump up ^ `` Symptoms of Plague '' . Brief Overview of Plague . iTriage . Healthagen , LLC . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Inglesby TV , Dennis DT , Henderson DA , et al. ( May 2000 ) . `` Plague as a biological weapon : medical and public health management . Working Group on Civilian Biodefense '' . JAMA. 283 ( 17 ) : 2281 -- 90 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 283.17. 2281 . PMID 10807389 . Jump up ^ `` Plague , Laboratory testing '' . Health Topics A to Z . Archived from the original on 17 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Plague - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic '' . www.mayoclinic.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Plague '' . Archived from the original on 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Plague '' . Healthagen , LLC . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Echenberg , Myron ( 2002 ) . Pestis Redux : The Initial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic , 1894 -- 1901 . Journal of World History , vol 13 , 2 Jump up ^ Little , Lester K. ( 2007 ) . `` Life and Afterlife of the First Plague Pandemic . '' In : Little , Lester K. editor . ( 2007 ) , Plague and the End of Antiquity : The Pandemic of 541 -- 750 . Cambridge University Press . ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84639 - 4 pp. 8 -- 15 Jump up ^ McCormick , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Toward a Molecular History of the Justinian Pandemic . '' In : Little , Lester K. editor . ( 2007 ) , Plague and the End of Antiquity : The Pandemic of 541 -- 750 . Cambridge University Press . ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84639 - 4 pp. 290 -- 312 . Jump up ^ Rosen , William ( 2007 ) , Justinian 's Flea : Plague , Empire , and the Birth of Europe Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Viking Adult ; pg 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03855 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Moorshead Magazines , Limited . `` The Plague Of Justinian . '' History Magazine 11.1 ( 2009 ) : 9 -- 12 . History Reference Center Jump up ^ Cohn , Samuel K. ( 2002 ) . The Black Death : End of a Paradigm . American Historical Review , vol 107 , 3 , pg. 703 -- 737 Jump up ^ Sean Martin ( 2001 ) . Black Death : Chapter One . Harpenden , GBR : Pocket Essentials . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Wade ( 31 October 2010 ) . `` Europe 's Plagues Came From China , Study Finds '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . The great waves of plague that twice devastated Europe and changed the course of history had their origins in China , a team of medical geneticists reported Sunday , as did a third plague outbreak that struck less harmfully in the 19th century . Jump up ^ Benedict , Carol ( 1996 ) . Bubonic plague in nineteenth - century China . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 0804726610 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Samuel K. ( 2003 ) . The Black Death Transformed : Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe . A Hodder Arnold . p. 336 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 70646 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pryor , E.G. ( 1975 ) . `` The Great Plague OF Hong Kong '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch . Hong Kong : Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland - Hong Kong Branch. 15 : 69 . ISSN 1991 - 7295 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History Plague CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Dorothy ( 2003 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Book Review '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 349 ( 11 ) : 1098 -- 1099 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200309113491124 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : San Francisco Bubonic Plague Outbreak Begins '' . www.findingdulcinea.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Griggs , Mary Beth . `` 30,000 People In Quarantine After Bubonic Plague Kills One in China '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Maps and Statistics Plague CDC '' . www.cdc.gov. 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Filip , Julia . `` Avoiding the Black Plague Today '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Regan , Michael . `` Human Plague Cases Drop in the US '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Plague in the United States Plague CDC '' . www.cdc.gov. 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Emergencies Preparedness , Response , Plague , Madagascar , Disease Outbreak News Plague CDC '' . www.who.int. 2017 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Independent - 404 '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Barenblatt , A Plague upon Humanity. , 2004 , pages 220 -- 221 . Further reading Alexander , John T. ( 2003 ) ( First published 1980 ) . Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia : Public Health and Urban Disaster . Oxford , UK ; New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515818 - 0 . OCLC 50253204 . Carol , Benedict ( 1996 ) . Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth - Century China . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2661 - 2 . OCLC 34191853 . Biddle , Wayne ( 2002 ) . A Field Guide to Germs ( 2nd Anchor Books ed . ) . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3051 - X . OCLC 50154403 . Little , Lester K. ( 2007 ) . Plague and the End of Antiquity : The Pandemic of 541 -- 750 . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84639 - 4 . OCLC 65361042 . Rosen , William ( 2007 ) . Justinian 's Flea : Plague , Empire and the Birth of Europe . London , England : Viking Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03855 - 8 . Scott , Susan , and C.J. Duncan ( 2001 ) . Biology of Plagues : Evidence from Historical Populations . Cambridge , UK ; New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80150 - 8 . OCLC 44811929 . Batten - Hill , David ( 2011 ) . This Son of York . Kendal , England : David Batten - Hill . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78176 - 094 - 9 . Kool , J.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Risk of Person - to - Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 40 ( 8 ) : 1166 -- 1172 . doi : 10.1086 / 428617 . PMID 15791518 . External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : A20. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 020.0 DiseasesDB : 14226 External resources MedlinePlus : 000596 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death . Infectious diseases Bacterial disease : Proteobacterial G − primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill -- Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick - borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite - borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea - borne Rickettsia felis Flea - borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat - scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion 's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse -- Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M − Neisseria gonorrhoeae / gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped : Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX − ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157 : H7 O104 : H4 Hemolytic - uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow / weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac − H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S − Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet - like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires ' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain -- Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubonic_plague&oldid=822116215 '' Categories : History of medieval medicine Plague ( disease ) Rabbit diseases Rodent - carried diseases Zoonotic bacterial diseases Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2011 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2017 RTT RTTEM Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Монгол Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 13 : 54 . 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who sings still havent found what im looking for

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Still_Haven%27t_Found_What_I%27m_Looking_For&oldid=834426351

I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For - wikipedia I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For Jump to : navigation , search `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Single by U2 from the album The Joshua Tree B - side `` Spanish Eyes '' `` Deep in the Heart '' Released 25 May 1987 Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl CD cassette Recorded 1986 Studio Danesmoate House ( Dublin ) Genre Rock gospel Length 4 : 37 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) U2 ( music ) Bono ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Daniel Lanois Brian Eno U2 singles chronology `` With or Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1987 ) `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' ( 1987 ) `` With or Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1987 ) `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' ( 1987 ) Audio sample file help `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' is a song by Irish rock band U2 . It is the second track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album 's second single in May 1987 . The song was a hit , becoming the band 's second consecutive number - one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 while peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart . The song originated from a demo the band recorded on which drummer Larry Mullen Jr. played a unique rhythm pattern . Like much of The Joshua Tree , the song was inspired by the group 's interest in American music . `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' exhibits influences from gospel music and its lyrics describe spiritual yearning . Lead singer Bono 's vocals are in high register and lead guitarist the Edge plays a chiming arpeggio . Adding to the gospel qualities of the song are choir - like backing vocals provided by the Edge and producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois . `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' was critically acclaimed and received two nominations at the 30th Annual Grammy Awards in 1988 , for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . It has subsequently become one of the group 's most well - known songs and has been performed on many of their concert tours . The track has appeared on several of their compilations and concert films . Many critics and publications have ranked `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' among the greatest tracks in music history including Rolling Stone which ranked the song at # 93 of its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Release 2.1 Music video 2.2 B - sides 3 Live performances 4 Reception 5 Legacy 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Chart performance 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 The Chimes cover 9.1 Critical reception 9.2 Charts 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' originated from a demo variously titled `` The Weather Girls '' and `` Under the Weather '' that the band recorded during a jam session . Bassist Adam Clayton called the demo 's melody `` a bit of a one - note groove '' , while an unconvinced The Edge , the band 's guitarist , compared it to `` ' Eye of the Tiger ' played by a reggae band '' . However , the band liked the drum part played by drummer Larry Mullen Jr . Co-producer Daniel Lanois said , `` It was a very original beat from Larry . We always look for those beats that would qualify as a signature for the song . And that certainly was one of those . It had this tom - tom thing that he does and nobody ever understands . And we just did n't want to let go of that beat , it was so unique . '' Lanois encouraged Mullen to continue developing the weird drum pattern beyond the demo . Mullen said the beat became even more unusual , and although Lanois eventually mixed most of the pattern out to just keep the basics , the rhythm became the root of `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . `` I 've always liked gospel music and I encouraged Bono to take it to that place ... It was a very non-U2 thing to do at the time , to go up the street of gospel . I think it opened a door for them , to experiment with that territory ... ( Bono ) 's singing at the top of his range and there is something very compelling about somebody pushing themselves . It 's like hearing Aretha Franklin almost . It jumps on you and you ca n't help but feel the feeling . '' -- Daniel Lanois The group worked on the track at the studio they had set up at Danesmoate House in Dublin . Lanois compared the creation of the song to constructing a building , first laying down the drums as the foundation , then adding additional layers piece by piece , before finally `` putting in furniture '' . Lead singer Bono was interested in the theme of spiritual doubt , which was fostered by Eno 's love for gospel music , and by Bono 's listening to songs by The Swan Silvertones , The Staple Singers , and Blind Willie Johnson . After the Edge wrote a chord sequence and played it on acoustic guitar `` with a lot of power in the strumming '' , the group attempted to compose a suitable vocal melody , trying out a variety of ideas . During a jam session , Bono began singing a `` classic soul '' melody , and it was this addition that made the Edge hear the song 's potential . At that point , he remembered a phrase he had written in a notebook that morning as a possible song title , `` I still have n't found what I 'm looking for '' . He suggests it was influenced by a line from the Bob Dylan song `` Idiot Wind '' : `` You 'll find out when you reach the top you 're on the bottom '' . He wrote the phrase on a piece of paper and handed it to Bono while he was singing . The Edge called the phrase 's fit with the song `` like hand in glove '' . From that point on , the song was the first piece played to visitors during the recording sessions . As recording continued , a number of guitar overdubs were added , including an auto - pan effect and a chiming arpeggio to modernise the old - style `` gospel song '' . While the Edge was improvising guitar parts one day , Bono heard a `` chrome bells '' guitar hook that he liked . It was added as a counter-melody to the song 's `` muddy shoes '' guitar part , and it is this hook that the Edge plays during live performances of the song . Bono sang in the upper register of his range to add to the feeling of spiritual yearning ; in the verses he hits a B - flat note , and an A-flat in the chorus . Background vocals were provided by the Edge , Lanois , and co-producer Brian Eno , their voices being multi-tracked . Lanois suggests that his and Eno 's involvement in the track 's creation helped their vocals . He stated , `` You 're not going to get that sound of , ' Oh they brought in some soul singers ' if you know what I mean . Our hearts and souls are already there . If we sing it 'll sound more real . '' Lanois also played a percussive guitar part , which is heard in the introduction . The song 's writing was completed relatively early during the band 's time at Danesmoate House . The mix took longer to complete , though , with most of the production team contributing . The final mix was completed by Lanois and the Edge in a home studio set up at Melbeach , a house purchased by the Edge . They mixed it on top of a previous Steve Lillywhite mix , which gave the song a phasing sound . Lanois says he is very attached to `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' and has , on occasion , joined U2 on stage to perform it . The original `` Weather Girls '' demo , re-titled `` Desert of Our Love '' , was included with the 2007 remastered version of The Joshua Tree on a bonus disc of outtakes and B - sides . Release ( edit ) Initially , `` Red Hill Mining Town '' was planned for release as the second single . However , Bono was unable to sing the song during pre-tour rehearsals and the band were reportedly unhappy with the video shot by Neil Jordan , so `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' became a late choice for the second single . The single was released in May 1987 . On the US Billboard Hot 100 , the song debuted at number 51 on 13 June 1987 . After nearly 2 months on the chart , the song reached number one on 8 August 1987 , becoming the band 's second consecutive number - one hit in the United States . The song spent two weeks in the top spot , and remained on the chart for 17 weeks . On other Billboard charts , the song peaked at number 16 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and number two on the Album Rock Tracks chart . The song also topped the Irish Singles Chart , while peaking at number six on the Canadian RPM Top 100 and the UK Singles Chart . In New Zealand , the song peaked at number two on the RIANZ Top 40 Singles Chart , while reaching number six on the Dutch Top 40 and number 11 on the Swedish Singles Chart . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was filmed on Fremont Street in Las Vegas on 12 April 1987 following their Joshua Tree Tour concert in that city . It features the band members wandering around while the Edge plays an acoustic guitar . The music video was later re-released on The U218 Videos compilation DVD . Pat Christenson , president of Las Vegas 's official event organization , credits the group 's video with improving the city 's image among musicians . `` The whole perception of Vegas changed with that video , '' Christenson said , adding , `` Now all the big names come here , some of them five , six times a year . '' B - sides ( edit ) `` Spanish Eyes '' was created early during The Joshua Tree sessions . It began as a recording made in Adam Clayton 's house of Clayton , the Edge , and Larry Mullen Jr. playing around with several different elements . The piece evolved substantially over the course of an afternoon , but the cassette and its recording was subsequently lost and forgotten . The Edge found the cassette towards the end of the album sessions and played it to the rest of the group . The band realised that it was a good track , but did not have enough time to complete it prior to The Joshua Tree 's release . `` Deep in the Heart '' stemmed from a three - chord piano piece Bono composed on the piano about the last time he had been in the family home on Cedarwood Road in Dublin , which his father had just sold . The memories of his time living there gave rise to many of the lyrical ideas on the song . The Edge and Adam Clayton reworked the piece extensively , with Bono later describing the finished result as `` an almost jazz - like improvisation on three chords '' , also noting that `` the rhythm section turned it into a very special piece of music . '' The song was recorded in a similar manner to the song `` 4th of July '' from U2 's 1984 album , The Unforgettable Fire ; the Edge and Clayton were playing together in a room and unaware that they were being recorded on a 4 - track cassette machine by the band 's assistant , Marc Coleman . Live performances ( edit ) The song is U2 's 9th most played live song , and has been played on every tour . It was played at every date of The Joshua Tree and Lovetown Tours , typically early in the main set . It was played at most of the 1992 legs of the Zoo TV Tour , typically rounding out the main set or being played acoustically on the B - Stage mid set . For most of the 1993 Zooropa shows however , the song was dropped . It returned to be played at each of the PopMart Tour 's 93 shows , usually being played midway through the set . On the Elevation Tour it initially was very rare , only appearing once over the first and second legs . However , it became a regular again on the 3rd leg , being played late in the main set replacing the song `` Mysterious Ways '' , which was used in that spot on the previous two legs . It was played at the majority of both the Vertigo and U2 360 ° Tours , typically early - to - mid main set . It was used as the closing song at just under half of the shows on the Innocence + Experience Tour , rotating with `` One '' and `` 40 '' . Island Records commissioned New York choir director , Dennis Bell , to record a gospel version of the song , and Island intended to release it after U2 's single . However , Island boss Chris Blackwell vetoed the plan . Bell subsequently formed his own label and Rohit Jagessar picked it up for distribution in US . While in Glasgow in late July 1987 during the Joshua Tree Tour , Rob Partridge of Island Records played the demo that Bell and his choir , the New Voices of Freedom , had made . In late September , U2 rehearsed with Bell 's choir in Greater Calvary Baptist Church in Harlem for a performance together in a few days at U2 's Madison Square Garden concert . The Edge 's guitar was the only instrument that U2 brought to the church although Mullen borrowed a conga drum . The rehearsal was done with the church 's audio system and footage was used in the Rattle and Hum motion picture . Several performances were made with a piano player ; however , the version used in the film includes only Bono , the Edge , Mullen , and the choir . Audio from the Madison Square Garden performance appears on the accompanying album . A live performance of the song appears in the concert films PopMart : Live from Mexico City , Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan , Live from Paris and the most recent U2 360 ° at the Rose Bowl . The versions on the Mexico City and Milan concert films consist of just Bono 's voice and the Edge 's guitar until after the first chorus where the drum and bass parts kick in . Digital live versions were released through iTunes on the Love : Live from the Point Depot and U2. COMmunication albums . Reception ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' received widespread critical acclaim . Hot Press journalist Bill Graham described the song as on the one - hand as a `` smart job of pop handwork , pretty standard American radio rock - ballad fare '' but that `` the band 's rhythms are far more supple and cultivated than your average bouffant HM band of that period '' . The Sunday Independent suggested that the song was proof the band could be commercially accessible without resorting to rock clichés . NME remarked that the song showed that the band cared about something , which made them `` special '' . The Rocket noted that Bono 's lyrics about needing personal spirituality resulted in a `` unique marriage of American gospel and Gaelic soul '' and that the `` human perspective he brings to this sentiment rings far truer than the rantings of , say , the born - again Bob Dylan '' . Several publications , including The Bergen Record and The Boston Globe , called the track `` hypnotic '' and interpreted it as depicting the band on a spiritual quest . The song finished in 18th place on the `` Best Singles '' list from The Village Voice 's 1987 Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . Legacy ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' has been acclaimed by many critics and publications as one of the greatest songs of all time . In 2001 , the song was ranked at number 120 on the RIAA 's list of 365 `` Songs of the Century '' -- a project intended to `` promote a better understanding of America 's musical and cultural heritage '' -- despite the group 's Irish origins . In 2003 , a special edition issue of Q , titled `` 1001 Best Songs Ever '' , placed `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' at number 148 on its list of the greatest songs . In 2005 , Blender ranked the song at number 443 on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born '' . In 2010 , Rolling Stone placed the song at number 93 of its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn called it U2 's `` Let It Be '' , in reference to the Beatles song . The staff of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' as one of 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . The song was covered by Scottish band the Chimes in 1990 and was featured on their self - titled debut album . The rendition peaked at number six in both the United Kingdom and New Zealand charts . It also peaked into number twelve in the Netherlands chart . Singer Cher used to open her shows with a cover of the song during her late 1990s and 2000s concerts . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by U2 . No . Title Producer Length 1 . `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Brian Eno , Daniel Lanois 4 : 38 2 . `` Spanish Eyes '' U2 3 : 16 3 . `` Deep in the Heart '' U2 4 : 31 Total length : 11 : 25 Personnel ( edit ) U2 Bono - lead vocals The Edge - guitar , backing vocals Adam Clayton - bass guitar Larry Mullen Jr. - drums Additional performers Brian Eno - backing vocals Daniel Lanois - backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Certification Australia 17 Austrian Singles Chart 10 Canadian RPM Singles Chart 6 Gold Dutch Top 40 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 French Singles Chart 37 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand RIANZ Top 40 Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 11 UK Singles Chart 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 16 US Billboard Album Rock Tracks US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Australia 109 Canada 50 New Zealand 7 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US Cash Box 16 The Chimes cover ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Single by The Chimes from the album The Chimes Released Format CD single Genre Dance Length 4 : 02 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) U2 ( music ) Bono ( lyrics ) The Chimes singles chronology `` Heaven '' ( 1990 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1990 ) `` True Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Heaven '' ( 1990 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1990 ) `` True Love '' ( 1990 ) Music video `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' on YouTube `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' by Scottish band The Chimes is a 1990 dance remake of U2 's `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For , '' which became a UK Top Ten hit . The song was very successful in Europe , reaching No. 2 in Norway , No. 6 in the UK , Ireland and New Zealand . Bono from U2 commented that the Chimes ' cover of their hit `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' was the `` only cover version he had heard that he enjoyed and did the original justice '' , adding `` at last someone 's come along to sing it properly '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard wrote about the song : `` The perfect cover version . A tasteful , contemporary R&B treatment of a pop favorite may be this U.K. threesome 's key to a stateside breakthrough . Multiformat exposure is well - deserved . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 See also ( edit ) List of covers of U2 songs - I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Sams , Aaron ; Kantas , Harry . `` U2 -- `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Single `` . U2songs.com . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , Stephen ( 2003 - 09 - 08 ) . `` How the West Was Won '' . Uncut . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : U2 , ' I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For ' '' . Rolling Stone ( Special collectors edition ) . 2010 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Colm ( 2007 - 11 - 21 ) . `` The Secret History of ' The Joshua Tree ' '' . Hot Press . ^ Jump up to : The Edge ( 2007 ) . The Joshua Tree ( 20th anniversary edition box set ) . U2 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , pp. 181 - 182 ^ Jump up to : King , Philip , and Nuala O'Connor ( directors ) ( 1998 ) . Classic Albums : U2 The Joshua Tree ( Television documentary ) . Eagle Rock Entertainment . Jump up ^ Stokes ( 2005 ) , p. 65 Jump up ^ Prendergast , Mark ( September 1987 ) . `` The Magic of Daniel Lanois ( Part II ) '' . Sound on Sound . Vol. 2 no . 11 . pp. 42 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 - Week of August 08 , 1987 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For -- U2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` U2 : Charts and Awards '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Singles Chart '' . The Irish Charts . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Note : U2 must be searched manually . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Singles -- Volume 46 , No. 20 , August 22 , 1987 '' . RPM. 1987 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` EveryHit.com search results : U2 '' . Everyhit.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Note : U2 must be searched manually . ^ Jump up to : `` 1ste Ultratop - hitquiz '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( 2002 - 04 - 12 ) . `` U2 Video Helped Make Vegas An Entertainment Mecca '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , John ( 1987 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Luminous Times : U2 Wrestle with Their Moment of Glory '' . Musician . Jump up ^ `` All songs U2 played live by count - U2 on tour '' . U2gigs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 109 Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , pp. 110 - 111 Jump up ^ Graham ( 2004 ) , pp. 30 - 31 Jump up ^ Hand , Lisa ( 1987 - 03 - 08 ) . `` ' Joshua Tree ' blooms '' . Sunday Independent . Jump up ^ McCready , John ( 1987 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Out of Little Acorns ... '' . NME . Jump up ^ Boyd , Glen ( 1987 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Joshua Tree '' . The Rocket . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Barbara ( 1987 - 03 - 17 ) . `` ' Joshua Tree ' Lifts U2 to an Even Loftier Level '' . The Bergen Record . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( 1987 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The Joshua Tree '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( 1987 - 03 - 22 ) . `` U2 Can Be Famous ; Breaking Into the Big Time With ' Joshua Tree ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` The 1987 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll '' . robertchristgau.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of the Century '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network . 2001 - 03 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Trynka , Paul ( editor - in - chief ) ( 2003 ) . `` 1001 Best Songs Ever '' . Q ( Special edition ) . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born '' . Blender ( 41 ) . October 2005 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Robert ( 2 December 2004 ) . `` Ask the Critic : Robert Hilburn '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blackstock , Russell ( 22 May 1990 ) . `` Blackstock 's Rock '' . Evening Times . Glasgow . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chimes '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discography -- The Chimes '' . Charts.org.nz . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discografie -- The Chimes '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Platinum Database : I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Archived from Looking % 20For&ica = False&sa = U2&sl = &smt = 5&sat = - 1&ssb = Artist the original Check url = value ( help ) on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 8 / 15 / 87 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0920&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3876 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 1987 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Bob Borst 's Home of Pop Culture . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1987 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard : Single Reviews '' ( PDF ) . Billboard magazine ( 1990 - 04 - 28 , page 73 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Chimes '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Bibliography Graham , Bill ; van Oosten de Boer , Caroline ( 2004 ) . U2 : The Complete Guide to their Music . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9886 - 8 . McGee , Matt ( 2008 ) . U2 : A Diary . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84772 - 108 - 2 . Stokes , Niall ( 2005 ) . U2 : Into the Heart : The Stories Behind Every Song . New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 765 - 2 . U2 ( 2006 ) . McCormick , Neil , ed . U2 by U2 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 . External links ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' on U2.com Lyrics on U2.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Shakedown '' by Bob Seger Billboard Hot 100 number one single August 8 , 1987 - August 15 , 1987 Succeeded by `` Who 's That Girl '' by Madonna The Joshua Tree track listing `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` With or Without You '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` Running to Stand Still '' `` Red Hill Mining Town '' `` In God 's Country '' `` Trip Through Your Wires '' `` One Tree Hill '' `` Exit '' `` Mothers of the Disappeared '' The Unforgettable Fire Rattle and Hum Rattle and Hum track listing Album `` Helter Skelter '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' `` Desire '' `` Hawkmoon 269 '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Freedom for My People '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` Love Rescue Me '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' `` Heartland '' `` God Part II '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` All I Want Is You '' Film `` Helter Skelter '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' `` Desire '' `` Exit '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Freedom for My People '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` In God 's Country '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' `` Heartland '' `` Bad '' `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` MLK '' `` With or Without You '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` Running to Stand Still '' `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' `` All I Want Is You '' The Joshua Tree Achtung Baby U2 Bono The Edge Adam Clayton Larry Mullen Jr . Studio albums Boy October War The Unforgettable Fire The Joshua Tree Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby Zooropa Pop All That You Ca n't Leave Behind How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb No Line on the Horizon Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Compilations and EPs Three Wide Awake in America Please : PopHeart Live EP The Best of 1980 -- 1990 7 The Best of 1990 -- 2000 Exclusive The Complete U2 Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge U218 Singles Wide Awake in Europe Other albums Under a Blood Red Sky Melon : Remixes for Propaganda Original Soundtracks 1 Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live from Mexico City Live from the Point Depot U2. Communication Zoo TV Live U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland Live from Paris Medium , Rare & Remastered Artificial Horizon Duals U22 From the Ground Up : Edge 's Picks from U2360 ° Videos and films U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky The Unforgettable Fire Collection Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby : The Videos , the Cameos , and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV Zoo TV : Live from Sydney PopMart : Live from Mexico City Elevation 2001 : Live from Boston U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan U218 Videos Live from Paris U2 3D Linear U2360 ° at the Rose Bowl From the Sky Down Innocence + Experience : Live in Paris Tours and concerts U2 - 3 Tour Boy Tour October Tour War Tour The Unforgettable Fire Tour Live Aid A Conspiracy of Hope The Joshua Tree Tour Vaillancourt Fountain concert Lovetown Tour Zoo TV Tour PopMart Tour concert in Sarajevo Elevation Tour Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show Vertigo Tour U2 360 ° Tour Innocence + Experience Tour The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 Experience + Innocence Tour Additional personnel Steve Averill Anton Corbijn Brian Eno Dik Evans Dave Fanning Flood Gavin Friday Howie B Jimmy Iovine Daniel Lanois Steve Lillywhite Paul McGuinness Morleigh Steinberg Willie Williams Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Covers of U2 songs The Million Dollar Hotel ( soundtrack ) Mother Records AHK - toong BAY - bi Covered `` Trash of the Titans '' U2 by U2 U2 Tower Book Category Portal WikiProject Timeline Singles U2 singles discography 1980s 1980 `` Another Day '' `` 11 O'Clock Tick Tock '' `` A Day Without Me '' `` I Will Follow '' 1981 `` Fire '' `` Gloria '' 1982 `` A Celebration '' `` I Will Follow '' ( live recorded by Veronica 's Countdown ) `` New Year 's Day '' `` Two Hearts Beat as One '' `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' 1984 `` I Will Follow '' ( live , from Under a Blood Red Sky ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' 1985 `` The Unforgettable Fire '' `` With or Without You '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` In God 's Country '' `` One Tree Hill '' `` Desire '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' ( feat . B.B. King ) `` All I Want Is You '' 1990s 1991 `` The Fly '' `` Mysterious Ways '' `` One '' `` Even Better Than the Real Thing '' `` Who 's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses '' `` Numb '' `` Lemon '' `` Stay ( Faraway , So Close ! ) '' 1995 `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me '' `` Miss Sarajevo '' ( as Passengers ) `` Discothèque '' `` Staring at the Sun '' `` Last Night on Earth '' `` Please '' `` If God Will Send His Angels '' `` Mofo '' 1998 `` Sweetest Thing '' 2000s 2000 `` Beautiful Day '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Elevation '' `` Walk On '' 2002 `` Electrical Storm '' `` Vertigo '' 2005 `` All Because of You '' `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' `` City of Blinding Lights '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ( live , with Paul McCartney ) 2006 `` One '' ( with Mary J. Blige ) `` The Saints Are Coming '' ( feat . Green Day ) 2007 `` Window in the Skies '' 2008 `` The Ballad of Ronnie Drew '' ( with The Dubliners , Kíla , and A Band of Bowsies ) 2009 `` Get On Your Boots '' `` Magnificent '' `` I 'll Go Crazy If I Do n't Go Crazy Tonight '' 2010s 2011 `` I Will Follow '' ( live from Glastonbury ) 2013 `` Ordinary Love '' 2014 `` Invisible '' `` The Miracle ( Of Joey Ramone ) '' `` Every Breaking Wave '' 2015 `` Song for Someone '' 2017 `` The Blackout '' `` You 're The Best Thing About Me '' `` American Soul '' 2018 `` Get Out Of Your Own Way '' `` Lights Of Home '' Cher Albums Singles Filmography Tours Videography Awards Studio albums All I Really Want to Do The Sonny Side of Chér Chér With Love , Chér Backstage 3614 Jackson Highway Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves Foxy Lady Bittersweet White Light Half - Breed Dark Lady Stars I 'd Rather Believe in You Cherished Take Me Home Prisoner I Paralyze Cher Heart of Stone Love Hurts It 's a Man 's World Believe not. com. mercial Living Proof Closer to the Truth Compilations Golden Greats Superpack Vol. 1 and 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits : 1965 -- 1992 If I Could Turn Back Time : Cher 's Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits The Very Best of Cher Gold Soundtracks Chastity Mermaids Burlesque Music video releases The Video Collection The Very Best of Cher : The Video Hits Collection Live releases Extravaganza : Live at the Mirage Live in Concert Live ! 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Special Dear Mom , Love Cher Books The Ugly Duckling ( audiobook ) Related music Sonny Bono ( first husband ) Sonny & Cher discography Gregg Allman ( second husband ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` Be My Baby '' Two the Hard Way Black Rose `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Related tours Two the Hard Way Tour The Black Rose Show Related articles Cher as a gay icon Chaz Bono ( son ) Elijah Blue Allman ( son ) Mego Sonny & Cher Toys Uninhibited Book Category Portal Cher singles 1960s `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Where Do You Go '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Alfie '' `` I Feel Something in the Air '' `` Sunny '' `` Hey Joe '' `` You Better Sit Down Kids '' `` For What It 's Worth '' 1970s `` Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves '' `` The Way of Love '' `` Living in a House Divided '' `` Do n't Hide Your Love '' `` Am I Blue '' `` Half - Breed '' `` Dark Lady '' `` Train of Thought '' `` Take Me Home '' `` Was n't It Good '' `` Hell on Wheels '' 1980s `` Rudy '' `` I Paralyze '' `` I Found Someone '' `` We All Sleep Alone '' `` Skin Deep '' `` Main Man '' `` After All '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' `` Just Like Jesse James '' 1990s `` Heart of Stone '' `` You Would n't Know Love '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' `` Love and Understanding '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Could 've Been You '' `` When Lovers Become Strangers '' `` Oh No Not My Baby '' `` Whenever You 're Near '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` One by One '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine Anymore '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Believe '' `` Strong Enough '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Dov'è l'amore '' 2000s `` The Music 's No Good Without You '' `` Song for the Lonely '' `` Alive Again '' `` A Different Kind of Love Song '' `` When the Money 's Gone '' `` Love One Another '' 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` Woman 's World '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Take It Like a Man '' `` I Walk Alone '' Guest singles `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` Più che puoi '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' Book Category Portal Bonnie Tyler Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The World Starts Tonight Natural Force Diamond Cut Goodbye to the Island Faster Than the Speed of Night Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire Hide Your Heart Bitterblue Angel Heart Silhouette in Red Free Spirit All in One Voice Heart Strings Simply Believe Wings Rocks and Honey Extended plays Bonnie Tyler Live albums Bonnie Tyler Live Live in Germany 1993 Compilations The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler The Greatest Hits Heaven & Hell ( with Meat Loaf ) Here Am I The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler : Volume 1 The Best Gold The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler : Volume 2 Comeback : Single Collection ' 90 -- ' 94 The Definitive Collection Straight from the Heart -- The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler Greatest Hits Total Eclipse Anthology From the Heart : Greatest Hits Best of 3 CD All the Hits The Collection DVDs Bonnie on Tour Live in Germany 1993 Concert tours Hide Your Heart Silhouette in Red Free Spirit Heart Strings South Africa Tour 2013 Greatest Hits Tour Principal collaborators Ronnie Scott Jim Steinman Desmond Child Dieter Bohlen Giorgio Moroder Television Never Mind the Buzzcocks Hollyoaks Later Eurovision Song Contest Related articles 26th Annual Grammy Awards 27th Annual Grammy Awards United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Book : Bonnie Tyler Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Still_Haven%27t_Found_What_I%27m_Looking_For&oldid=834426351 '' Categories : U2 songs 1987 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Cher songs Bonnie Tyler songs Chumbawamba songs Island Records singles Song recordings produced by Brian Eno Songs written by Bono Songs written by the Edge Songs written by Adam Clayton Songs written by Larry Mullen Jr . Song recordings produced by Daniel Lanois Rock ballads 1987 songs 1990 singles 1990 songs Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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8301108654819879623

yaro ka tashan cast real name with photo

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Y.A.R.O_Ka_Tashan&oldid=821384299

Y.A.R.O. ka Tashan - Wikipedia Y.A.R.O. ka Tashan Jump to : navigation , search Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan Genre Drama Comedy Science Fiction Starring See below Opening theme YARO Ka Tashan Hai Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 214 Production Location ( s ) Mumbai , India Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 19 minutes Production company ( s ) Creative Eye Limited Distributor Sony Pictures Networks Release Original network SAB TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 26 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) -- 22 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) External links Website Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan is an Indian Hindi drama television series . The Show premiered on 6 July 2016 on SAB TV and went off air on 22 May 2017 . Anirudh Dave played the lead role along with Rakesh Bedi and Malini Kapoor essaying pivotal roles . Plot ( edit ) The story of the series is about Professor Govardhan Aggarwal Rakesh and his wife Beena Aggarwal ( Malini Kapoor ) who consider Y.A.R.O ( Young Assembled Robotic Object ) as their own son and had programmed him in a way where he behaved like a 6 - year - old human but later 15 and 21 year old human . In the first episode , Professor Govardhan Aggarwal is happily married to Beena . However , the couple does not have child despite many years of marriage . Professor Aggarwal creates a humanoid and names it Y.A.R.O . Professor and his wife treat Y.A.R.O as their own son and show love and affection to him. Three goons plan to kidnap Mr. raju 's son . Y.A.R.O. comes to the rescue of the child and saves him from the kidnappers . On the other hand , Amar and Prem come to the office of Cool Advertising . Yaro makes a call to the police and informs them that a child has been kidnapped from his society . Y.A.R.O learns that Chaturvedi is getting late for his office . Yaro hits Chaturvedi 's scooter with full force which helps him reach the office in time . Dolly meets Yaro and suggests him to not cause any trouble to Chaturvedi in the future . Beena thanks Yaro for cleaning her house . In episode 4 , Y.A.R.O. welcomes his new tenants Amar , Prem and Shilpy to his house . He also extends his hand of friendship to them . However , the trio gets terrified to see Y.A.R.O. 's superhuman capabilities and avoids him . Later , Chaturvedi yells at Y.A.R.O. 's tenants for insulting him in their house . Dolly has fallen for Prem and she is trying hard to get his attention . On the other hand , Professor Govardhan Aggarwal inserts a tracker in Y.A.R.O. body to keep an eye on his activities . Shilpy , Amar and Prem invite Y.A.R.O. for a party . They offer Y.A.R.O. a glass of juice which would ward off evil spirit from his body . Y.A.R.O. drinks the juice , which causes circuit damage in his body . Beena tells her tenants that Y.A.R.O. is a humanoid . Professor Govardhan decides to reboot the system of Y.A.R.O. . He requests Amar and Prem to not allow Chaturvedi to enter his house . Then a new family enters the friends colony . Cast ( edit ) Anirudh Dave as Yaro Aggarwal / Y.O. Man / Y.A.R.O ( Young Assembled Robotic Object ) Shubhi Ahuja as Sanjana Kapoor ( Sanju ) Rakesh Bedi as Professor Govardhan Aggarwal Malini Kapoor as Bina Aggarwal Mahira Sharma as Shilpy Shivam Sharma / Abhishek Sharma as Amar Dheeraj Gumber as Prem Ajay Sharma Actor as Mr. X Salim Zaidi as Inspector Doobey Jayshree Soni as Dolly Umesh Bajpayee as Chaturvedi Chintamani Manish Mishraa as Puppy sir Krissann Barretto as Shanaya Oberoi Gopi Bhalla as Goga Kapoor Monica Castelino as Sushmita Kapoor ( Shush ) Saurav Gurjar as Ranjeet Ishita Ganguly as Minty Shakeel Abbasi as Prem References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` YARO ka Tashan is moving towards its end '' . The Times of India . May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Y.A.R.O the humanoid is set to entertain viewers with his robotic antics '' . The Times of India . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Abhishek invati replaces Shivam Sharma in ' YARO ' '' . Times of India . 13 September 2016 . Programmes currently broadcast by SAB TV Currently broadcast Sictom Series Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Chidiya Ghar Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo TV , Biwi aur Main Tenali Rama Shankar Jaikishan 3 in 1 Aadat Se Majboor ( TV Series ) See list of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y.A.R.O_Ka_Tashan&oldid=821384299 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2016 Indian television series debuts 2017 Indian television series endings Hindi - language television programs Indian drama television series Indian television soap operas SAB TV television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 04 : 08 . About Wikipedia

7272964337740738135

who founded the new york colony and why

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&oldid=831414526

History of New York ( state ) - wikipedia History of New York ( state ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the history of New York State . For a history of the city , see History of New York City . For the book by Washington Irving , see A History of New York . `` New York history '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with `` New York History '' , a publication of the New York State Historical Association . A historical juxtaposition : a replica of Henry Hudson 's 17th - century Halve Maen passes modern - day lower Manhattan where the original ship would have sailed while investigating New York harbor . The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC , when the first people arrived . By 1100 AD , two main cultures had become dominant as the Iroquoian and Algonquian developed . European discovery of New York was led by the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 followed by the first land claim in 1609 by the Dutch . As part of New Netherland , the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system . In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from American Indians . In 1664 , England renamed the colony New York , after the Duke of York ( later James II & VII . ) New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies . New York played a pivotal role during the American Revolution and subsequent war . The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 brought together representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies to form a unified response to British policies . The Sons of Liberty were active in New York City to challenge British authority . After a major loss at the Battle of Long Island , the Continental Army suffered a series of additional defeats that forced a retreat from the New York City area , leaving the strategic port and harbor to the British army and navy as their North American base of operations for the rest of the war . The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war in favor of the Americans , convincing France to formally ally with them . New York 's constitution was adopted in 1777 , and strongly influenced the United States Constitution . New York City was the national capital at various times between 1785 and 1790 , where the Bill of Rights was drafted . Albany became the permanent state capital in 1797 . In 1787 , New York became the eleventh state to ratify the United States Constitution . New York hosted significant transportation advancements in the 19th century , including the first steamboat line in 1807 , the Erie Canal in 1825 , and America 's first regularly scheduled rail service in 1831 . These advancements led to the expanded settlement of western New York and trade ties to the Midwest settlements around the Great Lakes . Due to New York City 's trade ties to the South , there were numerous southern sympathizers in the early days of the American Civil War and the mayor proposed secession . Far from any of the battles , New York ultimately sent the most men and money to support the Union cause . Thereafter , the state helped create the industrial age and consequently was home to some of the first labor unions . During the 19th century , New York City became the main entry point for European immigrants to the United States , beginning with a wave of Irish during their Great Famine . Millions came through Castle Clinton in Battery Park before Ellis Island opened in 1892 to welcome millions more , increasingly from eastern and southern Europe . The Statue of Liberty opened in 1886 and became a symbol of hope . New York boomed during the Roaring Twenties , before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and skyscrapers expressed the energy of the city . New York City was the site of successive tallest buildings in the world from 1913 to 1974 . The buildup of defense industries for World War II turned around the state 's economy from the Great Depression , as hundreds of thousands worked to defeat the Axis powers . Following the war , the state experienced significant suburbanization around all the major cities , and most central cities shrank . The Thruway system opened in 1956 , signalling another era of transportation advances . Following a period of near - bankruptcy in the late 1970s , New York City renewed its stature as a cultural center , attracted more immigration , and hosted the development of new music styles . The city developed from publishing to become a media capital over the second half of the 20th century , hosting most national news channels and broadcasts . Some of its newspapers became nationally and globally renowned . The state 's manufacturing base eroded with the restructuring of industry , and the state transitioned into service industries . The September 11 attacks of 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center , killing almost 3,000 people ; they were the largest terrorist attacks on United States soil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 Pre-colonial period 3 Dutch and British colonial period 4 Province of New York ( 1664 -- 1776 ) 5 New York in the American Revolution 6 Statehood to the Civil War 7 New York in the American Civil War 8 End of the Civil War to 1900 9 1900 through the Great Depression 10 World War II and the modern era 11 Last decades of the 20th century 12 September 11 , 2001 to the present 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Regions and cities 17 External links Prehistory ( edit ) See also : Lenape New York was dominated by Iroquoian ( purple ) and Algonquian ( pink ) Indian tribes . The first peoples of New York are estimated to have arrived around 10,000 BC . Around AD 800 , Iroquois ancestors moved into the area from the Appalachian region . The people of the Point Peninsula Complex were the predecessors of the Algonquian peoples of New York . By around 1100 , the distinct Iroquoian - speaking and Algonquian - speaking cultures that would eventually be encountered by Europeans had developed . The five nations of the Iroquois League developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present - day New York , into Pennsylvania around the Great Lakes . For centuries , the Mohawk cultivated maize fields in the lowlands of the Mohawk River , which were later taken over by Dutch settlers at Schenectady , New York when they bought this territory . The Iroquois nations to the west also had well - cultivated areas and orchards . The Iroquois established dominance over the fur trade throughout their territory , bargaining with European colonists . Other New York tribes were more subject to either European destruction or assimilation within the Iroquoian confederacy . Situated athwart major Native trade routes in the Northeast and positioned between French and English zones of settlement , the Iroquois were intensely caught up with the onrush of Europeans , which is also to say that the settlers , whether Dutch , French or English , were caught up with the Iroquois as well . Algonquian tribes were less united among their tribes ; they typically lived along rivers , streams , or the Atlantic Coast . But , both groups of natives were well - established peoples with highly sophisticated cultural systems ; these were little understood or appreciated by the European colonists who encountered them . The natives had `` a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting , gathering , manufacturing , and farming ... ( and were ) a mosaic of Native American tribes , nations , languages , and political associations . '' The Iroquois usually met at an Onondaga in Northern New York , which changed every century or so , where they would coordinate policies on how to deal with Europeans and strengthen the bond between the Five Nations . Tribes who have managed to call New York home have been the Iroquois , Mohawk , Mohican , Susquehannock , Petun , Chonnonton , Ontario and Nanticoke . Pre-colonial period ( edit ) In 1524 , Giovanni da Verrazzano , an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown , explored the Atlantic coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland , including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay . On April 17 , 1524 Verrazzano entered New York Bay , by way of the Strait now called the Narrows . He described `` a vast coastline with a deep delta in which every kind of ship could pass '' and he adds : `` that it extends inland for a league and opens up to form a beautiful lake . This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats '' . He landed on the tip of Manhattan and perhaps on the furthest point of Long Island . In 1535 , Jacques Cartier , a French explorer , became the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River from the Atlantic Ocean , sailing as far upriver as the site of Montreal . Dutch and British Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : New Netherland On April 4 , 1609 , Henry Hudson , in the employ of the Dutch East India Company , departed Amsterdam in command of the ship Halve Maen ( Half Moon ) . On September 3 he reached the estuary of the Hudson River . He sailed up the Hudson River to about Albany near the confluence of the Mohawk River and the Hudson . His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there after a trading post was established at Albany in 1614 . In 1614 , the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Christiaensen , built Fort Nassau ( now Albany ) the first Dutch settlement in North America and the first European settlement in what would become New York . It was replaced by nearby Fort Orange ( New Netherland ) in 1623 . The British conquered New Netherland in 1664 ; Lenient terms of surrender most likely kept local resistance to a minimum . The colony and city were both renamed New York ( and `` Beverwijck '' was renamed Albany ) after its new proprietor , James II later King of England , Ireland and Scotland , who was at the time Duke of York and Duke of Albany The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was 7,000 -- 8,000 . Province of New York ( 1664 -- 1776 ) ( edit ) Main article : Province of New York Map of the Province of New York . Thousands of poor German farmers , chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany , migrated to upstate districts after 1700 . They kept to themselves , married their own , spoke German , attended Lutheran churches , and retained their own customs and foods . They emphasized farm ownership . Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities . They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery ( although few were rich enough to own a slave ) . Large manors were developed along the Hudson River by elite colonists during the 18th century , including Livingston , Cortlandt , Philipsburg , and Rensselaerswyck . The manors represented more than half of the colony 's undeveloped land . The Province of New York thrived during this time , its economy strengthened by Long Island and Hudson Valley agriculture , in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the Port of New York ; the colony was a breadbasket and lumberyard for the British sugar colonies in the Caribbean . New York 's population grew substantially during this century : from the first colonial census ( 1698 ) to the last ( 1771 ) , the province grew ninefold , from 18,067 to 168,007 . New York in the American Revolution ( edit ) Further information : John Peter Zenger , Stamp Act Congress , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , New York and New Jersey campaign , Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War , and Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War John Trumbull 's Surrender of General Burgoyne stylizes the American win at Saratoga . New York played a pivotal role in the Revolutionary War . The colony verged on revolt following the Stamp Act of 1765 , advancing the New York City -- based Sons of Liberty to the forefront of New York politics . The Act exacerbated the depression the province experienced after unsuccessfully invading Canada in 1760 . Even though New York City merchants lost out on lucrative military contracts , the group sought common ground between the King and the people ; however , compromise became impossible as of April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord . Two powerful families had for decades assembled colony - wide coalitions of supporters . With few exceptions , men long associated with the DeLancey faction went along when its leadership decided to support the crown while members of the Livingston faction became Patriots New York 's strategic central location and port made it key to controlling the colonies . The British assembled the century 's largest fleet : at one point 30,000 British sailors and soldiers anchored off Staten Island . General George Washington barely escaped New York City with his army in November 1776 ; General Sir William Howe was successful in driving Washington out , but erred by expanding into New Jersey . By January 1777 , he retained only a few outposts near New York City . The British held the city for the duration , using it as a base for expeditions against other targets . In October 1777 , American General Horatio Gates won the Battle of Saratoga , later regarded as the war 's turning point . Had Gates not held , the rebellion might well have broken down : losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson -- Champlain corridor , which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union . Statehood to the Civil war ( edit ) The Stadt Huys in Albany became the state 's seat of government when Albany became the permanent capitol in 1797 . Upon war 's end , New York 's borders became well -- defined : the counties east of Lake Champlain became Vermont and the state 's western borders were settled by 1786 . Many Iroquois supported the British ( typically fearing future American ambitions ) . Many were killed during the war ; others went into exile with the British . Those remaining lived on twelve reservations ; by 1826 only eight reservations remained , all of which survived into the 21st century . The state adopted its constitution in April 1777 , creating a strong executive and strict separation of powers . It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later . Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as Federalists -- mainly `` downstaters '' ( those who lived in or near New York City ) who supported a strong national government -- and Antifederalists -- mainly upstaters ( those who lived to the city 's north and west ) who opposed large national institutions . In 1787 , Alexander Hamilton , a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution , wrote the first essay of the Federalist Papers . He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed United States Constitution . Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments , but the state ratified it in 1788 . In 1785 , New York City became the national capital and continued as such on and off until 1790 ; George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States in front of Federal Hall in 1789 . The United States Bill of Rights was drafted there , and the United States Supreme Court sat for the first time . From statehood to 1797 , the Legislature frequently moved the state capital between Albany , Kingston , Poughkeepsie , and New York City . Thereafter , Albany retained that role . 1800 map of New York from Low 's Encyclopaedia In the early 19th century , New York became a center for advancement in transportation . In 1807 , Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany , the first successful enterprise of its kind . By 1815 , Albany was the state 's turnpike center , which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory . In 1825 the Erie Canal opened , securing the state 's economic dominance . Its impact was enormous : one source stated , `` Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes , the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state , created a vast economic hinterland for New York City , and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state 's interior . '' In that year western New York transitioned from `` frontier '' to settled area . By this time , all counties and most municipalities had incorporated , approximately matching the state 's is organized today . In 1831 , the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad started the country 's first successful regularly -- scheduled steam railroad service . Advancing transportation quickly led to settlement of the fertile Mohawk and Gennessee valleys and the Niagara Frontier . Buffalo and Rochester became boomtowns . Significant migration of New England `` Yankees '' ( mainly of English descent ) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled `` Yorkers '' ( mainly of German , Dutch , and Scottish descent ) . More than 15 % of the state 's 1850 population had been born in New England . The western part of the state grew fastest at this time . By 1840 , New York was home to seven of the nation 's thirty largest cities . During this period , towns established academies for education , including for girls . The western area of the state was a center of progressive causes , including support of abolitionism , temperance , and women 's rights . Religious enthusiasms flourished and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ( Mormons ) was founded in the area by Joseph Smith and his vision . Some supporters of abolition participated in the Underground Railroad , helping fugitive slaves reach freedom in Canada or in New York . In addition , in the early 1840s the state legislature and Governor William H. Seward expanded rights for free blacks and fugitive slaves in New York : in 1840 the legislature passed laws protecting the rights of African Americans against Southern slave - catchers . One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves , and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery , ( as happened to Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs in 1841 , who did not regain freedom until 1853 . ) In 1841 Seward signed legislation to repeal a `` nine - month law '' that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free . After this , slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed , as was the case in some other free states . Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children , leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied ( some had segregated schools ) . New York culture bloomed in the first half of the 19th century : in 1809 Washington Irving wrote the satirical A History of New York under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker , and in 1819 he based Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Hudson Valley towns . Thomas Cole 's Hudson River School was established in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley . The first baseball teams formed in New York City in the 1840s , including the New York Knickerbockers . Professional baseball later located its Hall of Fame in Cooperstown . Saratoga Race Course , an annual summer attraction in Saratoga Springs , opened in 1847 . New York in the American Civil war ( edit ) Main article : New York in the American Civil War A war was not in the best interest of business , because New York had strong ties to the Deep South , both through the port of New York and manufacture of cotton goods in upstate textile mills . Half of New York City 's exports were related to cotton before the war . Southern businessmen so frequently traveled to the city that they established favorite hotels and restaurants . Trade was based on moving Southern goods . The city 's large Democrat community feared the impact of Abraham Lincoln 's election in 1860 and the mayor urged secession of New York . By the time of the 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter , such political differences decreased and the state quickly met Lincoln 's request for soldiers and supplies . Hundreds of thousands of New York 's young men fought during the Civil War , more than any other Northern state . While no battles were waged in New York , the state was not immune to Confederate conspiracies , including one to burn various New York cities and another to invade the state via Canada . In January 1863 , Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which freed the slaves in states that were still in rebellion against the union . In March 1863 , the federal draft law was changed so that male citizens between 20 and 35 and unmarried citizens to age 45 were subject to conscription . Those who could afford to hire a substitute or pay $300 were exempt . Antiwar newspaper editors attacked the law , and many immigrants and their descendants resented being drafted in place of people who could buy their way out . Democratic Party leaders raised the specter of a deluge of freed southern blacks competing with the white working class , then dominated by ethnic Irish and immigrants . On the lottery 's first day , July 11 , 1863 , the first lottery draw was held . On Monday , July 13 , 1863 , five days of large - scale riots began , which were dominated by ethnic Irish , who targeted blacks in the city , their neighborhoods , and known abolitionist sympathizers . As a result , many blacks left Manhattan permanently , moving to Brooklyn or other areas . End of the Civil war to 1900 ( edit ) Companies such as Eastman Kodak ( Rochester headquarters pictured ca . 1900 ) epitomized New York 's manufacturing economy in the late 19th century . In the following decades , New York strengthened its dominance of the financial and banking industries . Manufacturing continued to rise : Eastman Kodak founded in 1888 in Rochester , General Electric in Schenectady , and Endicott - Johnson Shoe Company in the Triple Cities are some of the well - known companies founded during this period . Buffalo and Niagara Falls attracted numerous factories following the advent of hydroelectric power in the area . With industry blooming , workers began to unite in New York as early as the 1820s . By 1882 , the Knights of Labor in New York City had 60,000 members . Trade unions used political influence to limit working hours as early as 1867 . At the same time , New York 's agricultural output peaked . Focus changed from crop - based to dairy - based agriculture . The cheese industry became established in the Mohawk Valley . By 1881 , the state had more than 241,000 farms . In the same period , the area around New York harbor became the world 's oyster capital , retaining that title into the early twentieth century . Play media Scenes showing immigrants arriving at the Immigration Depot at Ellis Island in 1906 Immigration increased throughout the latter half of the 19th century . Starting with refugees from the Irish potato famine in the 1840s , New York became a prominent entry point for those seeking a new life in the United States . Between 1855 and 1890 , an estimated 8 million immigrants passed through Castle Clinton at Battery Park in Manhattan . Early in this period , most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany . Ellis Island opened in 1892 , and between 1880 and 1920 , most immigrants were German and Eastern European Jews , Poles , and other eastern and southern Europeans , including many Italians . By 1925 , New York City 's population outnumbered that of London , making it the most populous city in the world . Arguably New York 's most identifiable symbol , Liberty Enlightening the World ( the Statue of Liberty ) , a gift from France for the American centennial , was completed in 1886 . By the early 20th century , the statue was regarded as the `` Mother of Exiles '' -- a symbol of hope to immigrants . New York 's political pattern changed little after the mid -- 19th century . New York City and its metropolitan area was already heavily Democrat ; Upstate was aligned with the Republican Party and was a center of abolitionist activists . In the 1850s , Democratic Tammany Hall became one of the most powerful and durable political machines in United States history . Boss William Tweed brought the organization to the forefront of city and then state politics in the 1860s . Based on its command of a large population , Tammany maintained influence until at least the 1930s . Outside the city , Republicans were able to influence the redistricting process enough to constrain New York City and capture control of the Legislature in 1894 . Both parties have seen national political success : in the 39 presidential elections between 1856 and 2010 , Republicans won 19 times and Democrats 20 times . 1900 through the Great Depression ( edit ) A frameworker tightens bolts on the Empire State Building in 1930 ; the recently completed Chrysler Building is seen in the background . By 1900 , New York was the richest and most populous state . Two years prior , the five boroughs of New York City became one city . Within decades , the city 's emblem had become the skyscraper : the Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913 , surpassed by 40 Wall Street in April 1930 , the Chrysler Building in 1930 , the Empire State Building in 1931 , and the World Trade Center in 1972 before losing the title in 1974 . The state was serviced by over a dozen major railroads and at the start of the 20th century and electric Interurban rail networks began to spring up around Syracuse , Rochester and other cities in New York during this period . Theodore Roosevelt In the late 1890s governor Theodore Roosevelt and fellow Republicans such as Charles Evans Hughes worked with many Democrats such as Al Smith to promote Progressivism . They battled trusts and monopolies ( especially in the insurance industry ) , promoted efficiency , fought waste , and called for more democracy in politics . Democrats focused more on the benefits of progressivism for their own ethnic working class base and for labor unions . Democratic political machines , especially Tammany Hall in Manhattan , opposed woman suffrage because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters . By the time of the New York State referendum on women 's suffrage in 1917 , however , some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage , leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum 's passage . Following a sharp but short - lived Depression at the beginning of the decade , New York enjoyed a booming economy during the Roaring Twenties . New York suffered during the Great Depression , which began with the Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday in 1929 . The Securities and Exchange Commission opened in 1934 to regulate the stock market . Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected governor in 1928 , and the state faced upwards of 25 % unemployment . His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency , established in 1931 , was the first work relief program in the nation and influenced the national Federal Emergency Relief Administration . Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 in part because of his promises to extend New York -- style relief programs across the country via his New Deal . In 1932 , Lake Placid was host to the III Olympic Winter Games . World war II and the modern era ( edit ) As the largest state , New York again supplied the most resources during World War II . New York manufactured 11 percent of total United States military armaments produced during the war and suffered 31,215 casualties . The war affected the state both socially and economically . For example , to overcome discriminatory labor practices , Governor Herbert H. Lehman created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives -- Quinn bill in 1945 , banning employment discrimination . The G.I. Bill of 1944 , which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of affordable higher education , forced New York to create a public university system since its private universities could not handle the influx ; the State University of New York was created by Governor Dewey in 1948 . World War II constituted New York 's last great industrial era . At its conclusion , the defense industry shrank and the economy shifted towards producing services rather than goods . Returning soldiers disproportionately displaced female and minority workers who had entered the industrial workforce only when the war left employers no other choice . Companies moved to the south and west , seeking lower taxes and a less costly , non -- union workforce . Many workers followed the jobs . The middle class expanded and created suburbs such as the one on Long Island . The automobile accelerated this decentralization ; planned communities like Levittown offered affordable middle - class housing . Larger cities stopped growing around 1950 . Growth resumed only in New York City , in the 1980s . Buffalo 's population fell by half between 1950 and 2000 . Reduced immigration and worker migration led New York State 's population to decline for the first time between 1970 and 1980 . California and Texas both surpassed it in population . New York entered its third era of massive transportation projects by building highways , notably the New York State Thruway . The project was unpopular with New York City Democrats , who referred to it as `` Dewey 's ditch '' and the `` enemy of schools '' , because the Thruway disproportionately benefited upstate . The highway was based on the German Autobahn and was unlike anything seen at that point in the United States . It was within 30 miles ( 50 km ) of 90 % of the population at its conception . Costing $600 million , the full 427 - mile ( 687 km ) project opened in 1956 . Nelson Rockefeller was governor from 1959 to 1973 and changed New York politics . He began as a liberal , but grew more conservative : he limited SUNY 's growth , responded aggressively to the Attica Prison riot , and promulgated the uniquely severe Rockefeller Drug Laws . The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into bankruptcy in 1975 . The state took substantial budgetary control , which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence . The Executive Mansion was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under Hugh Carey and Mario Cuomo . Late -- century Democrats became more centrist , including US Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan ( 1977 -- 2001 ) and New York City Mayor Ed Koch ( 1978 -- 1989 ) , while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party . They gained power through the elections of Senator Alfonse D'Amato in 1980 , Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1993 , and Governor George Pataki in 1994 . New York remained one of the most liberal states . In 1984 , Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to carry the state , although Republican Michael Bloomberg served as New York City mayor in the early 21st century . Last decades of the 20th century ( edit ) In the late 20th century , telecommunication and high technology industries employed many New Yorkers . New York City was especially successful at this transition . Entrepreneurs created many small companies , as industrial firms such as Polaroid withered . This success drew many young professionals into the still -- dwindling cities . New York City was the exception and has continued to draw new residents . The energy of the city created attractions and new businesses . Some people believe that changes in policing created a less threatening environment ; crime rates dropped , and urban development reduced urban decay . This in turn led to a surge in culture . New York City became , once again , `` the center for all things chic and trendy '' . Hip - hop and rap music , led by New York City , became the most popular pop genre . Immigration to both the city and state rose . New York City , with a large gay and lesbian community , suffered many deaths from AIDS beginning in the 1980s . New York City increased its already large share of television programming , home to the network news broadcasts , as well as two of the three major cable news networks . The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times became two of the three `` national '' newspapers , read throughout the country . New York also increased its dominance of the financial services industry centered on Wall Street , led by banking expansion , a rising stock market , innovations in investment banking , including junk bond trading and accelerated by the savings and loan crisis that decimated competitors elsewhere in New York . Upstate did not fare as well as downstate ; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread to other regions . The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997 . City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in area , but did not increase proportionately in population . High - tech industry grew in cities such as Corning and Rochester . Overall New York entered the new millennium `` in a position of economic strength and optimism '' . September 11 , 2001 to the present ( edit ) United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the South Tower of the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks . New York entered a new era following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the worst terrorist attack ever to take place on American soil . Four hijacked passenger jets came towards the USA . Two of the hijacked passenger jets crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center , destroying them , and killing almost 3,000 people . One flew into the Pentagon demolishing the walls . The final one was taken back over by the pilots and crashed into an open grassland with 296 out of the 500 people dead . Thousands of New Yorkers volunteered their time to search the ruin for survivors and remains in the following weeks . Following the attacks , plans were announced to rebuild the World Trade Center site . 7 World Trade Center became the first World Trade Center skyscraper to be rebuilt in five years after the attacks . One World Trade Center , four more office towers , and a memorial to the casualties of the September 11 attacks are under construction as of 2011 . One World Trade Center opened on November 3 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) New York portal History portal Historical outline of New York History of New York City History of the mid-Atlantic states Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The takeover is commonly said to have been part of the Second Anglo - Dutch War . But , this war was not officially declared until 1665 ; the Dutch and British were at peace when the attack was made . Jump up ^ James Stuart ( 1633 -- 1701 ) , brother and successor of Charles II , was both the Duke of York and Duke of Albany before being crowned James II of England and James VII of Scotland in 1685 . Jump up ^ `` Rensselaerswyck '' is the Anglicized form of the Dutch Rensselaerswijck . The patroonship was confirmed as an English manor by Charles II in 1664 . Jump up ^ New York City ( 1st at 312,710 ) , Brooklyn ( 7th at 36,233 ) , Albany ( 9th at 33,721 ) , Rochester ( 19th at 20,191 ) , Troy ( 21st at 19,334 ) , Buffalo ( 22nd at 18,213 ) , Utica ( 29th at 12,782 ) . Jump up ^ By comparison , New York 's population in 1890 was just over 5 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Irwin Richman ( 2001 ) . Hudson River : From New York City to Albany . Arcadia . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xx ^ Jump up to : Klein 2001 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Horatio Gates Spafford , LL. D. A Gazetteer of the State of New - York , Embracing an Ample Survey and Description of Its Counties , Towns , Cities , Villages , Canals , Mountains , Lakes , Rivers , Creeks and Natural Topography . Arranged in One Series , Alphabetically : With an Appendix ... ( 1824 ) , at Schenectady Digital History Archives , selected extracts , accessed 28 December 2014 Jump up ^ Klein 2001 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Nash , Gary B. Red , White and Black : The Peoples of Early North America Los Angeles 2015 . Chapter 1 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Klein 2001 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` EARLY INDIAN MIGRATION IN OHIO '' . GenealogyTrails.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pritzker 441 Jump up ^ Centro Studi Storici Verrazzano Archived 2009 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Blashfield , Jean F ( 2002 ) , Cartier : Jacques Cartier in search of the Northwest Passage , Compass Point Books , ISBN 0 - 7565 - 0122 - 9 Jump up ^ Nevius , Michelle and James , `` New York 's many 9 / 11 anniversaries : the Staten Island Peace Conference '' , Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City , 2008 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 9 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` One of America 's First Cities : Colonial Albany '' . Albany Institute of History and Art . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Cuyler ( 1906 ) . Albany Chronicles : A History of the City Arranged Chronologically . J.B. Lyon Company . Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 1053 ( article : `` New Netherland '' ) Jump up ^ `` James II '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Philip Otterness , Becoming German : The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Cuyler . Albany Chronicles : A History of the City Arranged Chronologically , From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time . Albany : J.B. Lyon Company ; 1906 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Klein ( 2001 ) , p. 202 Jump up ^ N.E.H. Hull , Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen , `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York , '' Journal of American History , ( 1978 ) 65 # 2 pp. 344 -- 366 in JSTOR esp . pp 347 , 354 , 365 Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. xxi -- xxii ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxii Jump up ^ Lamb , Martha J. , ed. ( 1886 ) . The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries . Volume XV . New York City : Historical Publication Co. p. 124 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McEneny 2006 , p. 92 Jump up ^ McEneny 2006 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Albany . ( 2010 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ New York State Department of Transportation . History of Railroads in New York State ( Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 04 ) . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau ( 1840 ) . `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1840 '' . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 2005 ) . Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82490 - 1 . Jump up ^ Finkelman , Paul ( September 1988 ) . `` The Protection of Black Rights in Seward 's New York '' ( PDF ) . Civil War History . Kent State University Press . 34 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 213 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1988.0057 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Finkelman & pp212 - 213 . Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 798 ( article : `` Irving , Washington '' ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 359 ( article : `` Cole , Thomas '' ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxiv Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 335 -- 337 ( article : `` Civil War '' ) Jump up ^ Harris , Leslie M. ( 2003 ) . `` The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 '' . In the Shadow of Slavery : . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31774 - 8 . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxv Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( January 9 , 2007 ) . The Big Oyster : History on the Half Shell . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 47639 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 498 ( article : `` Ellis Island '' ) Jump up ^ `` New York : 2000 ( Population and Housing Unit Counts ) '' ( PDF ) . 2000 United States Census . United States Census Bureau . 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ( page 1 of the document , page 31 of the file ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , p. 1473 ( article : `` Statue of Liberty '' ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxvi Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1417 -- 1418 ( article : `` Skyscrapers '' ) Jump up ^ Beauchamp , Rev. William Martin . Past and present of Syracuse and Onondaga county , New York ( Volume 1 ) . New York : S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. , 1908 , pg. 489 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Review '' ( PDF ) . Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council , November 2002 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard L. McCormick , From Realignment to Reform : Political Change in New York State , 1893 -- 1910 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Robert F. Wesser , A response to progressivism : The Democratic Party and New York politics , 1902 -- 1918 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Irwin Yellowitz , Labor and the Progressive Movement in New York State , 1897 -- 1916 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Eleanor Flexner Century of Struggle ( 1959 ) , pp. 247 , 282 , 290 Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer , `` The New York City Woman Suffrage Party , 1909 -- 1919 . '' New York History ( 1962 ) : 269 - 287 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Vernon , J.R. ( July 1991 ) . `` The 1920 -- 21 deflation : the role of aggregate supply '' . Economic Inquiry . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1102 -- 1103 ( article : `` New York Stock Exchange '' ) Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1334 -- 1335 ( article : `` Roosevelt , Franklin Delano '' ) Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 111 Jump up ^ `` World War 2 Casualty Statistics '' . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1726 -- 1728 ( article : `` World War II '' ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt 2005 , p. xxvii Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1100 -- 1102 Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005 , pp. 1395 -- 1401 ( article : `` September 11th , 2001 '' ) Jump up ^ `` One World Trade Center '' . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 06 - 02 - 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of New York Curran , Robert Emmett , ed . Shaping American Catholicism : Maryland and New York , 1805 -- 1915 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Dearstyne , Bruce W. , The Spirit of New York : Defining Events in the Empire State 's History ( Albany : Excelsior Editions , 2015 ) . xxiv , 359 pp . Eisenstadt , Peter ( ed . ) . The Encyclopedia of New York State . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press ; 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0808 - X . Ellis , David M. A History of New York State . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press ; 1957 , 1967 ... Kammen , Michael . Colonial New York : a History . New York City : Oxford University Press ; 1975 , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510779 - 9 . online free Klein , Milton M. ( ed . ) and the New York State Historical Association . The Empire State : A History of New York . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press ; 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3866 - 7 . Otterness , Philip . Becoming German : The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York ( 2004 ) 235 pp . Regions and cities ( edit ) Burrows , Edwin G. and Mike Wallace . Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 ( 1998 ) , 1300 of highly detailed scholarly history Goldman , Mark . High Hopes : The Rise and Decline of Buffalo , New York ( Suny Press , 1983 ) McEneny , John . Albany , Capital City on the Hudson : An Illustrated History . Sun Valley , California : American Historical Press ; 2006 . ISBN 1 - 892724 - 53 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of New York ( state ) . New York State Historical Association New - York Historical Society New York History Review New York History Net New Netherland and Beyond : Genealogy and History site for New Netherland and Colonial New York . 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how does our identity as a multicultural country impact on the following areas

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cultural_identity&oldid=838313876

Cultural identity - Wikipedia Cultural identity Jump to : navigation , search Cultural identity can be expressed through certain styles of clothing or other aesthetic markers Cultural identity is the identity or feeling of belonging to a group . It is part of a person 's self - conception and self - perception and is related to nationality , ethnicity , religion , social class , generation , locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture . In this way , cultural identity is both characteristic of the individual but also of the culturally identical group of members sharing the same cultural identity . Cultural Identity helps us understand the relationships around us to determine who we are as individuals in our community . Our cultural identity is also shaped by the people within our culture and our surroundings to better understand our world . We create a mold of our cultural identity through the ideas of our parents by adopting a majority of their beliefs at a young age , but as we grow older the different people we come in contact with from different cultures ( where it be religious , nationality , class , gender , ethnicity etc . ) help us to shape our cultural identity mold as we adopt different attitudes and priorities to relate , identify with , or out right reject them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Cultural arena 3 Language 4 Education 5 Immigrant Identity Development 6 School transitions 7 The role of the internet 8 See also 9 Sources 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading Description ( edit ) Child with flag Various modern cultural studies and social theories have investigated cultural identity . In recent decades , a new form of identification has emerged which breaks down the understanding of the individual as a coherent whole subject into a collection of various cultural identifiers . These cultural identifiers may be the result of various conditions including : location , gender , race , history , nationality , language , sexuality , religious beliefs , ethnicity , aesthetics , and even food . As one author writes , recognizing both coherence and fragmentation : `` categorizations about identity , even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization , state formation or general modernizing processes , are always full of tensions and contradictions . Sometimes these contradictions are destructive , but they can also be creative and positive . '' The divisions between cultures can be very fine in some parts of the world , especially in rapidly changing cities where the population is ethnically diverse and social unity is based primarily on locational contiguity . As a `` historical reservoir , '' culture is an important factor in shaping identity . Since one of the main characteristics of a culture is its `` historical reservoir , '' many if not all groups entertain revisions , either consciously or unconsciously , in their historical record in order to either bolster the strength of their cultural identity or to forge one which gives them precedent for actual reform or change . Some critics of cultural identity argue that the preservation of cultural identity , being based upon difference , is a divisive force in society , and that cosmopolitanism gives individuals a greater sense of shared citizenship . When considering practical association in international society , states may share an inherent part of their ' make up ' that gives common ground and an alternative means of identifying with each other . Nations provide the framework for culture identities called external cultural reality , which influences the unique internal cultural realities of the individuals within the nation . Also of interest is the interplay between cultural identity and new media . Rather than necessarily representing an individual 's interaction within a certain group , cultural identity may be defined by the social network of people imitating and following the social norms as presented by the media . Accordingly , instead of learning behaviour and knowledge from cultural / religious groups , individuals may be learning these social norms from the media to build on their cultural identity . A range of cultural complexities structure the way individuals operate with the cultural realities in their lives . Nation is a large factor of the cultural complexity , as it constructs the foundation for individual 's identity but it may contrast with ones cultural reality . Cultural identities are influenced by several different factors such as ones religion , ancestry , skin colour , language , class , education , profession , skill , family and political attitudes . These factors contribute to the development of one 's identity . Previous studies on cultural identities and diaspora communities affirm that individuals can fluctuate from one identity to another , or that new forms of collective consciousness permit migrants to develop new cultural strategies and integration practices . Others suggest that identity is continuously negotiable through social interaction , and that there are no limits to negotiability as a result of the fluidity of culture . However , as claimed by Simone Marino ( 2018 ) in a research on Italian - Australians in Adelaide , South Australia , the level of negotiation and integration can be fairly variable , subjective and involve different aspects of human behaviour . According to Marino ( 2018 ) , individuals in ethno minority groups can appear to have an elevate level of integration into the public sphere of the host society , whereas their private life might reveal different results . Furthermore , it is important to consider that cultural transformations as processes are not necessarily homogenous and continuous , rather they may be characterized by discontinuities , resistances and shifts Marino ( 2018 ) . Cultural arena ( edit ) It is also noted that an individual 's `` cultural arena '' , or place where one lives , impacts the culture that that person chooses to abide by . The surroundings , the environment , the people in these places play a factor in how one feels about the culture they wish to adopt . Many immigrants find the need to change their culture in order to fit into the culture of most citizens in the country . This can conflict with an immigrant 's current belief in their culture and might pose a problem , as the immigrant feels compelled to choose between the two presenting cultures . Some might be able to adjust to the various cultures in the world by committing to two or more cultures . It is not required to stick to one culture . Many people socialize and interact with people in one culture in addition to another group of people in another culture . Thus cultural identity is able to take many forms and can change depending on the cultural area . This plasticity is what allows people to feel like part of society wherever they go . Language ( edit ) Language develops from the wants of the people who tend to disperse themselves in a common given location over a particular period of time . This tends to allow people to share a way of life that generally links individuals in a certain culture that is identified by the people of that group . The affluence of communication that comes along with sharing a language promotes connections and roots to ancestors and cultural histories . Language can function as a fluid and ever changing identifier , and can be developed in response or rebellion of another cultural code , such as creole languages in the US . Language also includes the way people speak with peers , family members , authority figures , and strangers . Language learning process can also be affected by cultural identity via the understanding of specific words , and the preference for specific words when learning and using a second language . Since many aspects of a person 's cultural identity can be changed , such as citizenship or influence from outside cultures can change cultural traditions , language is a main component of cultural identity . Education ( edit ) Kevin McDonough pointed out , in his article , several factors concerning support or rejection of the government for different cultural identity education systems . Other authors have also shown concern for the state support regarding equity for children , school transitions and multicultural education . During March 1998 , the two authors , Linda D. Labbo and Sherry L. Field collected several useful books and resources to promote multicultural education in South Africa . Immigrant identity development ( edit ) Identity development among immigrant groups has been studied across a multi-dimensional view of acculturation . Dina Birman and Edison Trickett ( 2001 ) conducted a qualitative study through informal interviews with first - generation Soviet Jewish Refugee adolescents looking at the process of acculturation through three different dimensions : language competence , behavioral acculturation , and cultural identity . The results indicated that , `` ... acculturation appears to occur in a linear pattern over time for most dimensions of acculturation , with acculturation to the American culture increasing and acculturation to the Russian culture decreasing . However , Russian language competence for the parents did not diminish with length of residence in the country '' ( Birman & Trickett , 2001 ) . In a similar study , Phinney , Horencyzk , Liebkind , and Vedder ( 2001 ) focused on a model , which concentrates on the interaction between immigrant characteristics and the responses of the majority society in order to understand the psychological effects of immigration . The researchers concluded that most studies find that being bicultural , having a combination of having a strong ethnic and national identity , yields the best adaptation in the new country of residence . An article by LaFromboise , L.K. Colemna , and Gerton , reviews the literature on the impact of being bicultural . It is shown that it is possible to have the ability to obtain competence within two cultures without losing one 's sense of identity or having to identity with one culture over the other . ( LaFromboise Et Al . 1993 ) The importance of ethnic and national identity in the educational adaptation of immigrants indicates that a bicultural orientation is advantageous for school performance ( Portes & Rumbaut , 1990 ) . Educators can assume their positions of power in beneficially impactful ways for immigrant students , by providing them with access to their native cultural support groups , classes , after -- school activities , and clubs in order to help them feel more connected to both native and national cultures . It is clear that the new country of residence can impact immigrants ' identity development across multiple dimensions . Biculturalism can allow for a healthy adaptation to life and school . School transitions ( edit ) How great is `` Achievement Loss Associated with the Transition to Middle School and High School '' ? John W. Alspaugh 's research is in the September / October 1998 Journal of Educational Research ( vol. 92 , no . 1 ) , 2026 . Comparing three groups of 16 school districts , the loss was greater where the transition was from sixth grade than from a K - 8 system . It was also greater when students from multiple elementary schools merged into a single middle school . Students from both K - 8 and middle schools lost achievement in transition to high school , though this was greater for middle school students , and high school dropout rates were higher for districts with grades 6 - 8 middle schools than for those with K - 8 elementary schools . The Jean S. Phinney Three - Stage Model of Ethnic Identity Development is a widely accepted view of the formation of cultural identity . In this model cultural Identity is often developed through a three - stage process : unexamined cultural identity , cultural identity search , and cultural identity achievement . Unexamined cultural identity : `` a stage where one 's cultural characteristics are taken for granted , and consequently there is little interest in exploring cultural issues . '' This for example is the stage one is in throughout their childhood when one does n't distinguish between cultural characteristics of their household and others . Usually a person in this stage accepts the ideas they find on culture from their parents , the media , community , and others . An example of thought in this stage : `` I do n't have a culture I 'm just an American . '' `` My parents tell me about where they lived , but what do I care ? I 've never lived there . '' Cultural identity search : `` is the process of exploration and questioning about one 's culture in order to learn more about it and to understand the implications of membership in that culture . '' During this stage a person will begin to question why they hold their beliefs and compare it to the beliefs of other cultures . For some this stage may arise from a turning point in their life or from a growing awareness of other cultures . This stage is characterized by growing awareness in social and political forums and a desire to learn more about culture . This can be expressed by asking family members questions about heritage , visiting museums , reading of relevant cultural sources , enrolling in school courses , or attendance at cultural events . This stage might have an emotional component as well . An example of thought in this stage : `` I want to know what we do and how our culture is different from others . '' `` There are a lot of non-Japanese people around me , and it gets pretty confusing to try and decide who I am . '' Cultural identity achievement : `` is characterized by a clear , confident acceptance of oneself and an internalization of one 's cultural identity . '' In this stage people often allow the acceptance of their cultural identity play a role in their future choices such as how to raise children , how to deal with stereotypes and any discrimination , and approach negative perceptions . This usually leads to an increase in self - confidence and positive psychological adjustment The role of the internet ( edit ) There is a set of phenomena that occur in conjunction between virtual culture -- understood as the modes and norms of behaviour associated with the internet and the online world -- and youth culture . While we can speak of a duality between the virtual ( online ) and real sphere ( face - to - face relations ) , for youth , this frontier is implicit and permeable . On occasions -- to the annoyance of parents and teachers -- these spheres are even superposed , meaning that young people may be in the real world without ceasing to be connected . In the present techno - cultural context , the relationship between the real world and the virtual world can not be understood as a link between two independent and separate worlds , possibly coinciding at a point , but as a Moebius strip where there exists no inside and outside and where it is impossible to identify limits between both . For new generations , to an ever - greater extent , digital life merges with their home life as yet another element of nature . In this naturalizing of digital life , the learning processes from that environment are frequently mentioned not just since they are explicitly asked but because the subject of the internet comes up spontaneously among those polled . The ideas of active learning , of googling ' when you do n't know ' , of recourse to tutorials for ' learning ' a programme or a game , or the expression ' I learnt English better and in a more entertaining way by playing ' are examples often cited as to why the internet is the place most frequented by the young people polled . The internet is becoming an extension of the expressive dimension of the youth condition . There , youth talk about their lives and concerns , design the content that they make available to others and assess others reactions to it in the form of optimized and electronically mediated social approval . Many of today 's youth go through processes of affirmation procedures and is often the case for how youth today grow dependency for peer approval . When connected , youth speak of their daily routines and lives . With each post , image or video they upload , they have the possibility of asking themselves who they are and to try out profiles differing from those they assume in the ' real ' world . The connections they feel in more recent times have become much less interactive through personal means compared to past generations . The influx of new technology and access has created new fields of research on effects on teens and young adults . They thus negotiate their identity and create senses of belonging , putting the acceptance and censure of others to the test , an essential mark of the process of identity construction . Youth ask themselves about what they think of themselves , how they see themselves personally and , especially , how others see them . On the basis of these questions , youth make decisions which , through a long process of trial and error , shape their identity . This experimentation is also a form through which they can think about their insertion , membership and sociability in the ' real ' world . From other perspectives , the question arises on what impact the internet has had on youth through accessing this sort of ' identity laboratory ' and what role it plays in the shaping of youth identity . On the one hand , the internet enables young people to explore and perform various roles and personifications while on the other , the virtual forums -- some of them highly attractive , vivid and absorbing ( e.g. video games or virtual games of personification ) -- could present a risk to the construction of a stable and viable personal identity . See also ( edit ) Collective identity Conflict theories Cultural diversity Diaspora politics Globalization Intercultural competence Multiculturalism Nationalism Need for affiliation Pan-nationalism Pluralism Progressive politics Self - concept Self - determination Self - discovery Social identity Social identity theory Transculturation Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 License statement : Youth and changing realities : rethinking secondary education in Latin America , 44 - 45 , López , Néstor ; Opertti , Renato ; Vargas Tamez , Carlos , UNESCO . UNESCO . To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles , please see Wikipedia : Adding open license text to Wikipedia . For information on reusing text from Wikipedia , please see the terms of use . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moha Ennaji , Multilingualism , Cultural Identity , and Education in Morocco , Springer Science & Business Media , 2005 , pp. 19 - 23 Jump up ^ Manufacturing Taste : TheWalrus.ca Jump up ^ James , Paul ( 2015 ) . `` Despite the Terrors of Typologies : The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity '' . Interventions : International Journal of Postcolonial Studies . 17 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 195 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369801x. 2014.993332 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Nicola ( 2005 ) . `` Identity , Culture and Democratization : The Case of Egypt '' . New Political Science . 27 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 86 . doi : 10.1080 / 07393140500030832 . Jump up ^ Shindler , Michael ( 2014 ) . `` A Discussion On The Purpose of Cultural Identity '' . The Apollonian Revolt . Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ The Limits of Nationalism by Chaim Gans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00467 - 1 ISBN 0521004675 Jump up ^ C Brown ( 2001 ) Understanding International Relations . Hampshire , Palgrave Jump up ^ Terrence N TiceTHE EDUCATION DIGEST , V. 64 ( 9 ) , 05 / 1999 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Singh , C.L. ( 2010 ) . `` New media and cultural identity '' . China Media Research . 6 ( 1 ) : 86 . Jump up ^ `` Media and cultural identity - Mora - International Journal of Human Sciences '' . insanbilimleri.com . Jump up ^ Holliday , Adrian ( May 2010 ) . `` Complexity in cultural identity '' . Language and Intercultural Communication . 10 ( 2 ) : 177 . doi : 10.1080 / 14708470903267384 - 2196217058202341170. pdf ( inactive 2017 - 11 - 15 ) . Jump up ^ Marino , Simone ( 2018 ) . Ethnic identity and race : the `` double absence '' and its legacy across generations among Australians of Southern Italian origin . Operationalizing institutional positionality . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 1 - 19 . Jump up ^ Marino , Simone ( 2018 ) . Ethnic identity and race : the `` double absence '' and its legacy across generations among Australians of Southern Italian origin . Operationalizing institutional positionality . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 1 - 19 . Jump up ^ Holliday , A ( 2010 ) . `` Complexity in cultural identity '' . Language and Intercultural Communication . 10 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 177 . doi : 10.1080 / 14708470903267384 . Jump up ^ Hall , Stuart ; Ghazoul , Ferial ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Cultural identity and diaspora '' . Alif : Journal of Comparative Poetics ( 32 ) . Jump up ^ Chang , Bok - Myung ( 2010 ) . `` Cultural Identity in Korean English '' . Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics. 14 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 145 . Jump up ^ McDonough , Kevin ( 1998 ) . `` Can the Liberal State Support Cultural Identity Schools ? '' . American Journal of Education . 106 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 499 . doi : 10.1086 / 444195 . Jump up ^ Tice , Terrence N. `` Cultural Identity '' , The Education Digest , May 1999 Jump up ^ Terrence N , Tice ( 1999 ) . Cultural Identity . Prakken Publications , Inc . pp. 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : López , Néstor ; Opertti , Renato ; Vargas Tamez , Carlos ( 2017 ) . Youth and changing realities : Rethinking secondary education in Latin America ( PDF ) . UNESCO . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 31 00204 - 5 . Jump up ^ SITEAL , IIPE - UNESCO y OEI ( 2014 ) . Políticas TIC en los Sistemas Educativos de América Latina . Informe sobre tendencias sociales y educativas en América Latina . Buenos Aires , IIEP - UNESCO Regional Office in Buenos Aires . Jump up ^ Morduchowicz , R. ; Marcon , A. ; Sylvestre , A. ; Ballestrini , F. ( 2010 ) . Los adolescentes y las redes sociales . Jump up ^ Turkle , S. ( 1995 ) . Life on the screen : Identity in the age of the Internet . New York , Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Wallace , P. ( 1999 ) . The psychology of the Internet . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Zegers , B. ; Larraín , M.E. ( 2011 ) . `` El impacto de la Internet en la definición de la identidad juvenil : una revisión '' . Psykhe. 11 ( 1 ) . References ( edit ) Gad Barzilai , Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities University of Michigan Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03079 - 8 Tan , S. - h. ( 2005 ) . Challenging citizenship : group membership and cultural identity in a global age . Aldershot , Hants , England : Ashgate . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4367 - 0 Bunschoten , R. , Binet , H. , & Hoshino , T. ( 2001 ) . Urban flotsam : stirring the city : Chora . Rotterdam : 010 Publishers . ISBN 90 - 6450 - 387 - 7 Mandelbaum , M. ( 2000 ) . The new European diasporas : national minorities and conflict in Eastern Europe . New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press Houtman , G. ( 1999 ) . Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics : Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy . Tokyo : Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa , Tokyo University of Foreign Studies . ( library.cornell.edu ) . ISBN 4 - 87297 - 748 - 3 Sagasti , F.R. , & Alcalde , G. ( 1999 ) . Development cooperation in a fractured global order : an arduous transition . Ottawa : International Development Research Centre . ISBN 0 - 88936 - 889 - 9 Crahan , M.E. , & Vourvoulias - Bush , A. ( 1997 ) . The city and the world : New York 's global future . New York : Council on Foreign relations . ISBN 0 - 87609 - 208 - 3 Hall , S. , & Du Gay , P. ( 1996 ) . Questions of cultural identity . London : Sage . ISBN 0 - 8039 - 7883 - 9 Cable , V. ( 1994 ) . The world 's new fissures : identities in crisis . London : Demos . ISBN 1 - 898309 - 35 - 3 Berkson , I.B. ( 1920 ). Theories of Americanization a critical study , with special reference to the Jewish group . New York City : Teachers College , Columbia University . Mora , Necha. ( 2008 ) . ( 1 ) Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Cultural identity Resources in your library Anderson , Benedict ( 1983 ) . Imagined Communities . London : Verso . Balibar , Renée & Laporte , Dominique ( 1974 ) . Le français national : Politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution . Paris : Hachette . Bourdieu , Pierre ( 1980 ) . `` L'identité et la représentation '' . Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. 35 : 63 -- 70 . doi : 10.3406 / arss. 1980.2100 . ( full - text IDENTITIES : how Governed , Who Pays ? ) de Certeau , Michel ; Julia , Dominique ; & Revel , Jacques ( 1975 ) . Une politique de la langue : La Révolution française et les patois . Paris : Gallimard . Evangelista , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Culture , Identity , and Conflict : The Influence of Gender , '' in Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies , Washington , D.C. : The National Academies Press ( 2 ) Fishman , Joshua A. ( 1973 ) . Language and Nationalism : Two Integrative Essays . Rowley , MA : Newbury House. * Güney , Ü. ( 2010 ) . `` We see our people suffering : the war , the mass media and the reproduction of Muslim identity among youth '' . Media , War & Conflict. 3 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1177 / 1750635210360081 . Gellner , Ernest ( 1983 ) . Nations and Nationalism . Oxford : Basil Blackwell . Gordon , David C. ( 1978 ) . The French Language and National Identity ( 1930 -- 1975 ) . The Hague : Mouton . James , Paul ( 2015 ) . `` Despite the Terrors of Typologies : The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity '' . Interventions : International Journal of Postcolonial Studies . 17 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 195 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369801x. 2014.993332 . Robyns , Clem ( 1995 ) . `` Defending the national identity '' . In Andreas Poltermann ( Ed . ) , Literaturkanon , Medienereignis , Kultureller Text . Berlin : Erich Schmidt Verlag ISBN 3 - 503 - 03727 - 6 . Robyns , Clem ( 1994 ) . `` Translation and discursive identity '' . Poetics Today . 15 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 428 . doi : 10.2307 / 1773316 . Shindler , Michel ( 2014 ) . `` A Discussion On The Purpose of Cultural Identity '' . The Apollonian Revolt . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Sparrow , Lise M. ( 2014 ) . Beyond multicultural man : Complexities of identity . In Molefi Kete Asante , Yoshitaka Miike , & Jing Yin ( Eds . ) , The global intercultural communication reader ( 2nd ed. , pp. 393 -- 414 ) . New York , NY : Routledge . Stewart , Edward C. , & Bennet , Milton J. ( 1991 ) . American cultural patterns : A cross-cultural perspective ( Rev. ed . ) . Yarmouth , ME : Intercultural Press . Woolf , Stuart . `` Europe and the Nation - State '' . EUI Working Papers in History 91 / 11 . Florence : European University Institute . 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were the villages in florida hit by the hurricane

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Effects_of_Hurricane_Wilma_in_Florida&oldid=802867019

Effects of hurricane Wilma in Florida - wikipedia Effects of hurricane Wilma in Florida Jump to : navigation , search Hurricane Wilma Category 3 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Storm surge from Wilma on Key Haven , island suburb of Key West , Florida Duration October 22 -- 25 , 2005 Winds 1 - minute sustained : 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) gusts Gusts : 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) Pressure 950 mbar ( hPa ) ; 28.05 inHg Fatalities 35 direct , 26 indirect Damage $20.6 billion ( 2005 USD ) Areas affected Florida Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season History Meteorological history Effects Florida The Bahamas Other wikis Commons : Wilma images The effects of Hurricane Wilma in Florida were catastrophic , becoming the second costliest Florida hurricane ever recorded . Hurricane Wilma was first evident near Jamaica and was classified as a hurricane on October 18 . Initially , orange future prices soared on October 19 , 2005 . As the system drew closer , schools and government offices closed on October 21 . Professional and college sports games were rescheduled during Wilma 's advance towards Florida . Evacuations were ordered for southwestern Florida and the Keys . As the storm made landfall , a storm surge swept into coastal sections of southern Florida and high winds led to significant damage near and along Wilma 's path , particularly to the power grid . Some locations were without power for 2 -- 3 weeks after the storm . Wilma spawned ten tornadoes in Florida . At least 35 Wilma - related deaths were reported in the United States , all in Florida . Wilma was also blamed for at least 26 indirect deaths . Damage in Florida totaled $20.6 billion ( 2005 USD ; $22.7 billion 2008 USD ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparations 2 Impact 2.1 Monroe County 2.2 Southwest Florida 2.3 Southeast Florida 2.3. 1 Miami - Dade County 2.3. 2 Broward County 2.3. 3 Palm Beach County 2.4 Elsewhere 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References Preparations ( edit ) Satellite image of Wilma over South Florida The National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) issued many tropical cyclone warnings and watches in anticipation of Wilma . First , a hurricane watch was posted for the Florida Keys including Dry Tortugas and Florida Bay at 15 : 00 UTC on October 22 . Six hours later , NHC issued another hurricane watch for the west coast of Florida south of Longboat Key and on the east coast of Florida to the south of Titusville , including Lake Okeechobee . At 21 : 00 UTC on October 23 , a tropical storm watch was put into effect on the west coast from Longboat Key northward to the Steinhatchee River and on the east coast from Titusville northward to Fernandina Beach . Early the following day , the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning on the west coast and on the east coast from Jupiter Inlet southward , including Lake Okeechobee . The hurricane warning along the east coast stretching from the Jupiter Inlet southward was expended northward to Titusville at 09 : 00 UTC on October 23 . Simultaneously , the portion of the tropical storm watch from Titusville to Flagler Beach was upgraded to a tropical storm warning . The tropical storm warning was extended further northward to St. Augustine at 03 : 00 UTC on October 24 . Twelve hours later , the tropical storm watch was discontinued from St. Augustine to Fernandina Beach . At 17 : 00 UTC , the tropical storm warning from Longboat Key to the Steinhatchee River was canceled . The remainder of the hurricane warning in effect was downgraded to a tropical storm warning about 90 minutes later . By 21 : 00 UTC on October 24 , all remaining tropical cyclone warnings and watches were discontinued . A mandatory evacuation of residents was ordered for the Florida Keys in Monroe County . However , media reports suggested that as many as 80 % of residents may have ignored the evacuation order . County offices , schools and courts were closed Monday , October 24 . At least 300 Keys evacuees were housed at the Monroe County shelter at Florida International University in Miami - Dade County . All Collier County public schools were declared closed for Friday , October 21 . The schools were closed to `` allow parents and staff to prepare for the storm and potential evacuation '' , and also allowed `` for needed preparation of schools to be used as hurricane shelters . '' The schools remained closed on Monday , October 24 as the hurricane made landfall . Florida Gulf Coast University in Fort Myers completed an evacuation ; classes were canceled until further notice . Eckerd College in St. Petersburg , Florida also evacuated by 5 p.m. EDT on October 20 . All campuses of the University of South Florida , the University of Tampa and the University of Central Florida were closed on Monday , October 24 . Mandatory evacuations were in effect for all Collier County residents living West or South of US 41 . Other areas that were included in the mandatory evacuation were Seagate , Parkshore , The Moorings , Coquina Sands , Olde Naples , Aqualane Shores , Port Royal and Royal Harbour . Hurricane shelters in the area were opened . Curfews were put in place for several cities in Lee and Collier counties . Anticipating high winds all public school districts south of Marion closed their schools on Monday , October 24 in order to prevent possible harm to county employees and students . The last places to issue this warning sat within the gap between bands as tornadoes were observed as far north as Sumter , Marion , Pasco , and Polk Counties . Schools in Palm Beach and Broward counties were closed for two weeks due to extended power outages and some physical damage to school buildings . Schools in Collier and Miami - Dade counties were closed for a little over a week , including the University of Miami and Barry University . Orange juice futures reached the highest level in six years on Wednesday , October 19 , closing up 2.9 cents at $ 1.118 per pound due to the storm 's expected damage to orange trees which would have compounded problems caused the previous year by Hurricanes Charley , Frances and Jeanne . As dynamic models moved the storm 's track east over Florida , oil futures eased as worries of another direct hit on the oil producing regions of the Gulf of Mexico subsided . There were many robberies reported . The NFL moved up its regular - season game between Kansas City Chiefs and Miami Dolphins to 7 p.m. on Friday , October 21 in anticipation of the hurricane . The NCAA postponed two college football games scheduled in south Florida on Saturday , October 22 . Georgia Tech vs. University of Miami was rescheduled for Saturday , November 19 and West Virginia vs South Florida was rescheduled for Saturday , December 3 . The NHL rescheduled its Saturday , October 22 regular - season game between the Ottawa Senators and Florida Panthers to Monday , December 5 . Due to roof damage caused by Wilma and the loss of power at the BankAtlantic Center , the Panthers also had to postpone their October 29 match up against the Washington Capitals . Furthermore , a concert by the industrial rock band , Nine Inch Nails , expected to have taken place Monday , October 24 , was postponed and later canceled . Key West 's Fantasy Fest held around each Halloween was postponed until December . Impact ( edit ) Florida Power & Light , the largest electricity utility in the state , reported more than 3,241,000 customers had lost power , equivalent to approximately 6,000,000 people . Wilma was blamed for at least 61 deaths , 35 of those direct and the remaining 26 indirect . Damage in Florida totaled $20.6 billion , making Wilma the costliest hurricane in the state since Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . Monroe County ( edit ) After the hurricane had passed , a storm surge from the backwash of up to 8 ft ( 2.4 m ) from the Gulf of Mexico completely inundated a large portion of the lower Keys . Low - lying areas of Key West and the lower Keys , including major tourist destinations were under up to 3 ft (. 9 m ) of water from the storm surge . 60 % of the homes in Key West were flooded . Much of the originally settled `` oldtown '' , such as the Solares Hill and cemetery areas did not flood due to their higher elevations of 12 -- 16 ft ( 3.7 - 4.9 m ) . The surge destroyed tens of thousands of cars throughout the lower Keys and many houses were flooded with 1 -- 2 feet (. 3 -. 6 m ) of seawater . A local newspaper referred to Key West and the lower Keys as a `` car graveyard '' . The Islamorada village hall was damaged beyond repair , forcing officials to temporarily relocate to the fire station . Most buildings in Key Largo were unscathed . However , many docks were damaged , several trees were downed , and some areas were flooded . The Monroe County Sheriff 's Office closed an 18 mi ( 29 km ) stretch of U.S. Route 1 between Key Largo and Florida City and Card Sound Road due to debris and flooding . The storm also impacted the mainland areas of the county . At Flamingo , a ghost town located in Everglades National Park , many of the facilities were severely damaged , forcing park officials to prohibit camping , lodging , and other services . Southwest Florida ( edit ) The peak of the storm surge occurred when the eye of Wilma had already passed over the Naples area , and the sustained winds during the surge were less than 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) . One person died in rural Collier County due to wind - driven debris . The Naples Airport was severely damaged by the hurricane , while areas like Immokalee and East Naples suffered extreme and widespread roof damage to numerous homes and communities . Out of the 170 signaled intersections in Collier County , 130 were destroyed . There was damage to the 90 high - rise condominiums in Coastal Naples , where some levels were blown out completely by the high winds brought by the storm . Ninety percent of all mobile homes in East Naples were destroyed , while 30 % of the mobile homes in all of Collier County suffered the same fate . Widespread roof damage was evident across the county even outside the City of Naples . At least three deaths were blamed on Hurricane Wilma in Collier County , and widespread wind and water damage is commonplace . One tornado was spawned in Collier County . Hurricane Wilma lashed Hendry County with winds of 90 to 100 mph ( 140 to 160 km / h ) . In LaBelle , the municipal airport lost several doors at the hangars and the office was flooded . Additionally , aircraft may have been damaged . A number of roads and a bridge in the city were closed due to debris and downed trees . The city of Clewiston was damaged . Some 200 ‐ year ‐ old trees were toppled and multiple streets flooded , including Route 27 . At least 145 dwellings were demolished , including rows of houses in the section of Harlem . Much of the cafeteria at Clewiston High School lost its roof and water leakage from the ceiling occurred in several classrooms . The Hendry Regional Medical Center sustained roof damage . The city 's three marinas were destroyed and a number of boats were impacted by the storm . Numerous businesses in the city suffered some degree of losses . At the US Sugar Corporation headquarters , the roof was severely damaged . The small , unincorporated communities of Montura Ranch Estates and Pioneer Plantation were also severely effected . In the former , 47 homes were moderately damaged and 9 were left uninhabitable . Forty dwellings were damaged or destroyed in Pioneer Plantation . Roughly 50 % of sugar and orange crops destroyed . The main building of the Ah - Tah - Thi - Ki Seminole Indian Museum lost its roof , causing rain to pour into the building and damage some mannequins . At the Big Cypress Indian Reservation , buildings and homes weakened by previous hurricanes suffered further damage . Branches broke from large live oak trees , while porches and sheds lost roofs . Additionally , a shop filled with Native Americans arts and crafts was destroyed . Throughout Hendry County , damage totaled about $567 million , with $300 million to agriculture and $267 million in structures . Southeast Florida ( edit ) Nearly every window on the west side of South Beach Community Hospital in Miami Beach was blown out . Miami - Dade County ( edit ) A high rise in Brickell , Miami The only direct death in Miami - Dade County occurred in Aventura after a man 's boat smashed into a seawall . A drowning was reported on Maule Lake in North Miami Beach from a capsized boat . Two deaths occurred in Hialeah , one was a 1 - year old boy after the car he was in hit a light pole loosened during the storm and the other was a woman who died during a collision at an intersection with no traffic signal . In North Bay Village , 10 houseboats were declared `` unsafe . '' A few buildings were damaged , especially the Treasure Bay Clubhouse , which lost its roof and had significant damage on the ground floor . In Miami Beach , the South Beach Community Hospital was severely damaged . Collins Avenue was littered with trees and coconuts , while some other roads were impassable . Some skyscrapers and high - rises in Miami suffered severe facade damage during the storm , particularly along Brickell Avenue between Route 41 and Coral Way . Among the damaged structures were the Colonial Bank Building , the JW Marriott Miami , Espirito Santo Plaza , and the Four Seasons Hotel Miami , which was the tallest building in Florida . Several hangars at the Miami International Airport were deroofed . The Orange Bowl suffered damage to a radio tower , a chain - link fence , and the light banks . Although there was no structural loss , the impact from the storm rekindled discussion about demolishing the stadium . At the Miami Seaquarium on Virginia Key , storm surge intruded into the park and caused significant damage . A trailer park in Sweetwater , six mobile homes were destroyed and dozens of other suffered damage . In West Kendall , the storm knocked over fences , tore shingles from roofs , uprooted trees , and downed power lines , leaving some without electricity and blocking roads such as Kendall Drive . Similar impact occurred in The Hammocks , with fences , light poles , and trees felled , which blocked some roads . At the Miami MetroZoo ( now known as Zoo Miami ) , roofs and fences were damaged , but the animals were unharmed . The Homestead - Miami Speedway , built to restore Homestead 's economy after Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , suffered major damage to lights , grandstandings , catch fencing , and garages . One indirect death occurred in Homestead after a man was killed by the tractor he was using to remove debris . Broward County ( edit ) Heavy façade damage to a building in Fort Lauderdale Wilma was the most damaging storm in Broward County since Hurricane King in 1950 . Winds between 80 and 100 mph ( 130 and 160 km / h ) lashed the county for about five hours . Widespread minor to major wind damages to residential and commercial buildings occurred . At least 5,111 dwellings were left uninhabitable , including 2,800 condominiums and apartments , 1,441 mobile homes , 42 single - family dwellings , and 170 commercial buildings . Much of the damage was incurred to roofing and siding , while interior damage was caused by rain and winds . Along the Intracoastal Waterway , a number of boats , docks , bulkheads , and dry storage marinas sustained impact , and many houses and businesses suffered roof damage . The storm severely damaged 69 school , totaling as much as $100 million . In Parkland , city properties suffered $300,000 to $500,000 in damage . At Tradewinds Park in Coconut Creek , many of the Christmas lights to be used for the Holiday Fantasy of Lights became tangled around trees or were destroyed . Forty - two dwellings in the city were left uninhabitable , all of which were mobile homes . Two families died from carbon monoxide in Deerfield Beach after running a generator in the living room , the only surviving member was a 16 year old boy . Along the beach , sand covered parts of State Road A1A ( South Ocean Drive ) and reached the second floors of some apartments . Overall , erosion was extensive . At a yacht club along the south side of the Hillsboro Canal , a 40,000 ft ( 12,000 m ) shed sheltering more than 150 boats worth millions of dollars collapsed . About 684 homes were damaged , 100 of which were declared `` unsafe '' . One of the worst damaged areas was downtown Fort Lauderdale , where several highrise office buildings suffered extensive damage , including One Financial Plaza , AutoNation Tower , Broward Financial Center , the 14 - floor Broward County School Board building and the Broward County Courthouse , which was forced to remain closed for two weeks as a result of the storm . Broward County Public Schools also remained closed for two weeks . In the city of Plantation , 93 buildings were reported to have sustained major damage . Three single - family dwellings were severely damaged and 16 mobile homes were destroyed in Hollywood . A Coral Springs man who was inspecting damage during the eye of the hurricane was killed by a falling tree , according to a Broward County official . Moderate beach erosion at John U. Lloyd Beach State Park . Severe impact was reported in Davie . At Camp Seminole , a Boy Scout camp owned by the South Florida Council , the storm caused over $1 million in damage to trees , buildings , and other infrastructure . The camp was closed for several years and underwent repairs , re-opening as Camp Elmore in June 2012 . A total of 608 trailers , 46 single - family homes , and 38 town homes were rendered uninhabitable , while one business was left in disrepair . Damage in the town alone was approximately $103 million , which included at least $60,000 to municipal buildings and around $150,000 to parks . Palm Beach County ( edit ) An aerial view of Belle Glade after Wilma Most schools in Palm Beach County had extensive roof and building damage , resulting in an estimated $35.7 million in damage . Also , power failure left schools closed for two weeks . The storm inflicted some degree of damage to more than 55,000 homes and 3,600 businesses . A total of 7.7 million cubic yards of debris was collected after the storm . More than 90 % of Florida Power & Light customers were left without electricity . Two deaths occurred in Palm Beach County . Overall , left at least $2.9 billion in damage in Palm Beach County , with $1.6 billion to residential property , $1 billion to businesses , and over $300 million to municipal property . Unincorporated areas of the county suffered about $1.67 billion in damage . Additionally , there was $13 million in damage to parks and $32 million to trees , fences , lights , bleachers , ball fields , walking paths , and buildings at parks . Belle Glade recorded the strongest wind gust in Florida , reaching 117 mph ( 188 km / h ) at the South Florida Water Management District office . Trees , tree limbs , and power lines were downed in the city . The storm destroyed marinas around Lake Okeechobee . Several boats , vehicles , and adjacent buildings were smashed . At least 53 vessels were beached . Glades General Hospital was damaged so severely that patients were evacuated . The fire station was deroofed , forcing firefighters to relocate to Lakeshore Middle School . Throughout the city , 526 homes suffered damage , while 72 homes were demolished . Further north , the fishing industry in Pahokee was effectively destroyed after the newly built marina collapsed . The storm also wrecked 172 homes and impacted 487 others . Damage in Pahokee reached at least $41 million , with $1 million to municipal buildings and $40 million to homes . At Lake Harbor , a tiny lakefront community near the western boundary of Palm Beach County , only seven homes were left standing after the hurricane . About 743 homes , roughly 80 % of the dwelling in South Bay were damaged , and 63 residences were destroyed . City hall and the fire station suffered heavy roof damage . In Canal Point , trees , branches , power lines , and electrical poles were toppled . Almost complete destruction of the communities mobile homes parks occurred . Several other homes and buildings were inflicted with serious damage . Overall , damage occurred at about 60 % of homes in Canal Point . Some historical buildings damaged by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in 2004 were destroyed by Wilma . State Road 80 , one of the only routes between eastern and western Palm Beach County , was closed after a Florida Power & Light transmission line fell across the highway about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) west of Lion Country Safari . At the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge ( NWR ) , 85 % of tree islands -- `` small , wetland forest communities imbedded in a matrix of freshwater marsh '' -- were damaged by the storm . Less than 50 % of the canopies were removed at most tree islands , while the tree islands that suffered the worst impact had larger trees and were near the center of Loxahatchee NWR . The office and visitor centers were both severely damaged and later rebuilt . A man in the unincorporated community of Loxahatchee died after he was crushed by a tree that pushed him into the windshield of his vehicle . The metal roof at Western Pines Middle School was peeled back , exposing multiple classrooms . In nearby Royal Palm Beach , 331 homes were impacted . Damage there reached about $9 million , including about $1.5 million to village property . The village of Wellington suffered severe damage . The community center nearly lost its roof , the bleachers around the pool collapsed , and fences and canopies surrounding the tennis courts were destroyed . A few local parks experienced similar effects to their bleachers and sports facilities . Palm Beach Central High School was severely damaged . Its kitchen and cafeteria lost portions of their roof , the theater and media center were flooded , the gym suffered a roof leak , and trees , signs , and fences were knocked down throughout campus . Many trees and utility poles were snapped at The Mall at Wellington Green . Approximately 3,955 homes were impacted and 4 others destroyed . Overall , Wellington suffered almost $62 million in damage , with $50.4 million to property , and $3.8 million to public facilities , with repairs costs reaching almost $5.9 million . Jonathan Dickinson State Park 's Missile Tracking Annex in Tequesta observed a sustained wind speed of 82 mph ( 132 km / h ) and a gust of 114 mph ( 183 km / h ) . Throughout the village , trees and tree branches littered the streets . A condominium was evacuated after an air conditioner was detached from the roof , resulting in water damage . The recreation center , water treatment plant , and public safety building all experienced roof damage and water intrusion . Ninety - five homes and twenty - six businesses in the city suffered mostly minor damage . Overall , damage in the village reached about $5.2 million . In Jupiter , the storm brought similar impact to public facilities , parks , and roads . However , dwellings fared much worse , with 2,673 damaged and 14 destroyed . At Riverbend Park , many trees fell along the park 's hiking trails and canoe and kayak trails . Several chickee huts suffered minor damage . The damage toll for the town of Jupiter was over $23.3 million . In Jupiter Farms , the police substation , originally owned by Burt Reynolds , was inflicted extensive impact both on the interior and exterior . The roof , the air conditioning system , and several walls were damaged . State Road 706 ( Indiantown Road ) was blocked due to a downed power line and overflowing culverts . Low - lying areas experienced minor flooding . In Juno Beach , several commercial and business properties were damaged , including two shopping centers on U.S. Route 1 , a One - Stop store , and a community clubhouse . A number of beach walkovers and signs were damaged , while many trees were toppled at a park . Twelve houses received structurally impacts , with one being completely demolished . Total damage in Juno Beach was light compared to many other county municipalities , reaching around $1.48 million . Several public facilities in Palm Beach Gardens were impacted by the storm . At a baseball field and a separate sports complex , bleachers , lights , and trees were downed . Five fire stations suffered damage to their roofs and equipment . City hall experienced damage to its roof and air - conditioning system . About 3,481 dwellings were inflicted damage to some degree , while 12 others were destroyed . The suffered about $30.1 million in damage . Several commercial and public properties were damaged in North Palm Beach , including a condominium , a maintenance building , an office building , a bank , a country club , a park , and a baseball field . Additionally , 35 homes received structural impact . Overall , the village experienced about $3.1 , million in damage . In Lake Park , several businesses and a public works building on State Road 811 ( 10th Street ) were extensively damaged . There was also light damage to the roof of the town hall and at the Lake Park Marina . Additionally , 279 homes were structurally impacted , 46 severely . Two parks had a number of downed lights , fences , trees , and benches . Damage in Lake Park totaled about $9.7 million . The Wells Recreation Center and the Ocean Mall in Riviera Beach both suffered extensive damage . The latter was to be condemned , but was later rebuilt . Severe impact to housing occurred in the city , with 1,191 homes damaged and 4 destroyed . Damage in Riviera Beach approached $18.4 million . In Palm Beach Shores , the roof of a restaurant and 41 homes suffered structural impact during the storm . Damage in the city was light , totaling about $670,000 . One person died of carbon monoxide poisoning in Mangonia Park while sleeping in a house with a smoldering barbecue grill inside . The Ande Monofilament headquarters suffered severe damage , while a total of 41 homes received minor impact . The town received only about $1.17 million in damage . Sustained - hurricane force winds and gusts up 101 mph ( 163 km / h ) lashed West Palm Beach . In downtown West Palm Beach , a large construction crane fell and broke water and gas lines , causing water and gas to spew into the streets . The Comeau Building , which survived the 1928 hurricane , lost some windows and a section of its roof . Debris from the roof littered Clematis Street and crushed a parked car . The Palm Beach County Courthouse and Board of County Commissioners building suffered only broken windows . A portion of the roof at the police department was peeled off . At city hall , windows were broken and four out of the five floors sustained damage . A total of 20 city - owned buildings were impacted structurally , with an overall loss of about $12.3 million . At the Carefree Theatre , a theatre that screened foreign films and hosted small concerts , suffered extensive roof damage . The Carefree Theatre was moved into a former church building in 2007 and renamed The Theatre , but closed in 2008 . A roof leak at St. Mary 's Medical Center forced staff to evacuate patients to other rooms . The 1515 Tower , which was abandoned due to heavy impact by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in 2004 , suffered further damage during Wilma . In February 2010 , the high - rise was demolished by explosives and was the third tallest building in the United States to be imploded . Along the Intracoastal Waterway , many boats capsized or crashed into the seawall . On U.S. Route 1 between Belvedere Road and State Road 80 ( Southern Boulevard ) , several stores in the Antique Row section had broken windows , interior damage , and rain - soaked merchandise and furniture . The gymnasium of Forest Hill Community High School , which was serving as a shelter , had a portion of the roof torn - off and rain began to pour in . At the South Florida Fairgrounds some of the metal sidings were shredded off the Americraft Expo Center . At Yesteryear Village , an open - air historic park on the grounds , several buildings were damaged , but none beyond repair , despite that nearly all of buildings were built in the 1930s or earlier . A four - pole barn was the only structure destroyed . The general store and rustic Corbett Shack both had roof damage . Windows at the Riddle House were broken , while the doors of the church were blown off . The Sally Bennett Big Band Hall of Fame Museum sustained water damage . An estimate placed damage in Yesteryear Village at about $25,000 . Twenty - eight of the fifty exhibits at the Palm Beach Zoo were damaged , three beyond repairs . There was also serious impact to the carousel and veterinarian hospital . Many trees were downed and much of the vegetation was ruined . The zoo alone suffered about $1.5 million in damage . At Okeeheelee Park , the roofs of multiple buildings were removed at the equestrian center , which was under construction at the time . Hurricane Frances , Jeanne , and Wilma combined toppled over 70 % of the trees at Mounts Botanical Garden , while Wilma itself damaged the office buildings . Throughout West Palm Beach , 1,194 businesses suffered minor damage and 105 others experienced severe impact , while one was obliterated . Additionally , 6,036 homes received impact from the storm , while 16 were completely demolished . Damage in the city reached approximately $425.8 million , with almost two - third of the total to businesses . Tree damage at a home in Palm Springs In Palm Beach , damage was primarily limited to roofs , vegetation , and windows , and mostly occurred in the southern end of town . An 83 - year - old man in Palm Beach suffered a fatal heart attack around the time he was struck by a sliding glass door . A total of 51 homes in the town experienced damage . Overall , damage in Palm Beach was approximately $9.4 million . A wind gust of 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) was observed in Greenacres . Several roadways were blocked in the city due to falling trees . Two buildings at an apartment complex were evacuated after they began to lean . About 627 residences were impacted and 19 others obliterated . The roofs of two buildings at John I. Leonard Community High School suffered heavy damage . Overall , damage to homes and businesses reach about $18 million . In Palm Springs , 460 multi-family dwellings were severely damaged -- the most in a single municipality in the county . A total of 2,462 homes were inflicted impact , while 5 residences were demolished . Despite this , the village experienced only $6.1 million in damage . The sixth floor of JFK Medical Center in Atlantis was partially removed , causing staff to move 34 patients to lower floors . The city as a whole suffered relatively light impact , with only nine houses damaged . In Lake Worth , a church on State Road 802 ( Lake Avenue ) suffered the complete loss of its sanctuary and only a large cross remained standing . The Lake Worth Playhouse , a theatre built in 1924 , lost a portion of its roof above the stage and then rain poured in , flooding the dressing room , damaging the stage , and ruining sound and light mechanisms . At the Lake Worth campus of Palm Beach Community College , several windows at the library shattered and then rain poured in , destroying about 1,000 books . A senior citizen high - rise known as the Lake Worth Towers suffered roof damage . At an elderly assistance facility at Haverhill Road and Lantana Road , most of the roof was blown off . About 27 homes were destroyed and 2,491 homes suffered structural impact , while 7 businesses were demolished and 93 others were damaged . Damage in Lake Worth amounted to $28.3 million . Municipalities of Palm Beach County ( show ) 1 . Pahokee 2 . Belle Glade 3 . South Bay 4 . Tequesta 5 . Jupiter Inlet Colony 6 . Jupiter 7 . Juno Beach 8 . Palm Beach Gardens 9 . North Palm Beach 10 . Lake Park 11 . Riviera Beach 12 . Palm Beach Shores 13 . Mangonia Park 14 . Palm Beach 15 . West Palm Beach 16 . Haverhill 17 . Glen Ridge 18 . Cloud Lake 19 . Palm Springs 20 . Lake Clarke Shores 21 . Royal Palm Beach 22 . Wellington 23 . Greenacres 24 . Atlantis 25 . Lake Worth 26 . South Palm Beach 27 . Lantana 28 . Manalapan 29 . Hypoluxo 30 . Boynton Beach 31 . Ocean Ridge 32 . Golf 33 . Briny Breezes 34 . Gulf Stream 35 . Delray Beach 36 . Highland Beach 37 . Boca Raton 38 . Loxahatchee Groves In Lantana , the Old Key Lime House lost its tin roof . The restaurant 's older section , constructed in 1889 , remained mostly unscathed . About 261 dwellings in the city were impacted and 4 others were destroyed . Additionally , a church lost its steeple and the Solid Waste Authority transfer station suffered extensive roof damage . In Hypoluxo , most of a mobile homes at a trailer park were damaged , 12 of which were condemned . Overall , 204 residences were affected by Wilma . The entrance to the Hypoluxo Scrub Natural Area was closed . In South Palm Beach , high - rise condominiums experienced extensive damage . Throughout the town , 429 dwellings were impacted . In Manalapan , about 166 residences experienced structural losses . The town hall and public safety buildings in Ocean Ridge suffered severe damaged . The storm inflicted damage on a total of 364 homes in the town . In Briny Breezes , two Quonset huts , the clubhouse , the auditorium , and 495 mobile homes -- approximately 80 % -- were damaged . Throughout the city , Wilma left approximately $100 million in damage . In Boynton Beach , several schools received damage , mainly limited to downed trees , fences , and signs , as well as missing roof tiles and broken windows , though a few schools were damaged more severely . Fallen utility poles blocked the entrance to a gated community and one fell onto Interstate 95 . A number of businesses and residences were effected , with 896 homes damaged and 56 destroyed . The roof of a Sam 's Club crumpled and landed at Interstate 95 and Hypoluxo Road . Three deaths occurred in Boynton Beach , one from a falling sliding glass door , another due to a collision at an intersection with the traffic lights out of service , and the third from a boy touching a downed power line . A total of 58 homes were damaged in Gulf Stream . The storm left approximately $1.5 million in damage in Gulf Stream , with $1 million to private property and business and $500,000 to the town 's infrastructure . In Highland Beach , between 50 and 55 residential units had broken windows , while at least 40 suffered roof damage . A total of 372 dwellings were impacted by the storm . Damage was minor , reaching only $35,000 , while clean - up and repair costs was estimated at $142,475 . Snapped concrete electrical poles in Boca Raton Strong winds also lashed Delray Beach . At the city hall , a 30 - ton air - conditioning unit detached from the building , damaging the interior and portions of the roof . The doors to the ports at a local fire station were ripped off and subsequently replaced . A portion of the roof at Old School Square was lost , while minor ceiling damage occurred at several city parks . At the tennis center , trees , fences , and cabanas were knocked over . Several trees and the modern romantic garden at the Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens were destroyed , while the museum and cafe complex suffered roof damage . Similar impacts occurred at the American Orchid Society Visitors Center and Botanical Garden , which was closed to the public for about one month . Wilma effected 917 homes , 79 of which were completely wrecked . The roof of a condominium was blown off and broke its pieces , which scattered across the property . Overall , damage in Delray Beach was estimated at between $100 million and $150 million , with $8 million to public buildings . In Boca Raton , the Boca Raton Airport suffered extensive damage , including the collapse of two hangars , planes that had flipped over , and hangar doors which had blown in . The airport reported nearly $12 million in damage . At a high school , two masonry block walls of the school 's $8.6 million theater were ripped apart . An elementary school almost completely lost its roof . Additionally , the gymnasium at Florida Atlantic University suffered severe roof damage . The Boca Raton News , a local community newspaper that circulated until 2009 , suspended publication for almost a week due to damage and lack of electricity at its headquarters . The West Boca Medical Center was structurally damaged and the steeple of a church collapsed . Twenty - five businesses were destroyed , while several along Northwest Second Avenue sustained roof damage . About 1,889 homes in the city suffered losses , while the demolition of 8 others occurred . Damage in the city alone total approximately $60.8 million . Elsewhere ( edit ) Several trees were uprooted and low - land areas flooded in Palm City , Florida Wind gusts up to 108 mph ( 174 km / h ) in Hobe Sound resulted in widespread wind damage . Forty - eight residences were destroyed and 120 suffered significant damage , most of which were mobile homes . Over 90 % of the county was left without electricity . The county 's main hospital , Martin Memorial , sustained enough damage to be unable to receive new patients . Damage to agriculture reached about $48 million . In St. Lucie County , winds destroyed two mobile homes , severely damaged Tradition Field , and deroofed the county Civic Center . Otherwise , winds mainly downed trees and power lines . Losses to vegetation totaled $28 million . Strong winds gusts up to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) in Okeechobee County impacted about 800 residences , with 29 of those destroyed and 114 others receiving major damage . Winds also overturned two airplanes , and destroyed three hangars and severely damaged two others at Okeechobee County Airport . About 50 covered boat slips were destroyed and 12 boats were damaged or sunk . In the city of Okeechobee , the water plant was shut down due to poor water quality in the lake . Two tornadoes touched down in the county , though neither damaged anything other than trees . The rainfall in Osceola County led to the flooding of twelve homes in St. Cloud and the destruction of one mobile home in Kissimmee , while winds inflicted minor damage to numerous dwelling and mobile homes , primarily to the awnings and porches . Wind gusts up to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) in Indian River County left minor damage to trees , power lines , roofs , and out buildings . The county EOC was damaged after a communication tower was blown down . Agricultural losses to vegetables , citrus and sugar totaled about $20 million . A tornado spawned 10 mi ( 16 km ) east of Yeehaw Junction downed trees along State Road 60 . In Volusia County , a roof and a home under construction were severely damaged in Daytona Beach Shores . Throughout the county , a few power lines and trees were downed . Flooding in Cocoa West Wilma produced minor wind damage in Brevard County , with trees and power lines down and damage to roofs and out buildings . Some areas received as much as 10 to 13 in ( 250 to 330 mm ) of rain , flooding about 200 homes in Cocoa . Total crop damage including citrus equals $3 million . Six tornadoes touched - down in the county . The first tornado , which effected Cocoa and Rockledge , destroyed a porch at a restaurant and damaged the roof of an apartment building . It also destroyed transformers along State Road 520 after crossing the Intracoastal Waterway . The next tornado was spawned near Melbourne Beach and removed the second floor of beachfront house . The third tornado damaged trees and power lines in Palm Bay . A fourth tornado in West Melbourne destroyed a large portion of an apartment roof , flipped - over a car and damaged two others . It also felled fences and trees . The fifth tornado , spawned in Floridana Beach , destroyed a home along State Road A1A and littered the home 's debris across that roadway . The sixth and final tornado damaged an apartment an apartment complex in Melbourne near the intersection of Route 192 and John Rodes Boulevard . Damage in Charlotte , DeSoto , Hardee , Hernando , Highlands , Hillsborough , Manatee , Pasco , Pinellas , and Polk counties was minor , collectively totaling approximately $2.45 million . Between 4 and 8 in ( 100 and 200 mm ) of rain in Charlotte County resulted in swollen ditches and inundated streets , including a portion of State Road 31 . In Highlands County , up to 6 in ( 150 mm ) of precipitation flooded parts of U.S. Route 98 . A tornado that touched down along the shore of Lake Josephine destroyed a porch and a shed . Heavy rainfall ranging from 6 to 8 in ( 150 to 200 mm ) in Polk County flooded a few homes in the city of Lake Wales . A tornado spawned in Mulberry destroyed a transformer and sent several people to a local shelter . Another tornado was reported in Hardee County near Zolfo Springs . In Hillsborough County , a 66 - year - old man died from a heart attack while uploading sandbags in preparation of the hurricane . Superficial impact occurred in Alachua , Citrus , Columbia , Dixie , Jefferson , Lafayette , Lake , Marion , Orange , Putnam , Seminole , Sumter , Suwannee , Taylor , and Wakulla counties , limited to light to heavy rainfall and power outages , which were restored by the following morning . The outerbands of the storm produced 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of precipitation to Flagler and southern St. Johns counties . In the former , some flooding of roadways was reported . One indirect death occurred in St. Johns County after a woman was killed in a car accident while evacuating . Portions of the Florida Panhandle received large waves from Wilma prior to its landfall , with Alligator Point , Cape San Blas , Dog Island , and St. George Island experiencing minor beach erosion . The Cape St. George Light , built in 1852 , suffered damage from many previous tropical cyclones , before Wilma finally toppled it into the Gulf of Mexico . Aftermath ( edit ) On the same day as the passage of Hurricane Wilma , President of the United States George W. Bush issued a major disaster declaration for Brevard , Broward , Collier , Glades , Hendry , Indian River , Lee , Martin , Miami - Dade , Monroe , Okeechobee , Palm Beach , and Saint Lucie counties , allowing residents to receive assistance . More than 20 days later , some residents and business owners remained without electric service . Cable television and internet services as well as cell phone services were unavailable for up to two months in some areas . Power outages in southeastern Florida , notably in Miami - Dade , Broward , and Palm Beach counties , compounded the difficulties South Floridians faced following Wilma . Any traffic lights still standing were not working , causing an increase in traffic problems . Gasoline was in high demand for cars and generators ; six - hour waits were common , due to lack of power to pump the fuel . Much of Miami - Dade , Broward , and Palm Beach counties were placed under a boil water order . Communication was also difficult -- land lines were damaged , while cellular towers were either damaged , without power , or overloaded in capacity . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of Florida hurricanes ( 2000 - present ) Hurricane Wilma References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Richard J. Pasch ; Eric S. Blake ; Hugh D. Cobb III ; David P. Roberts ( September 9 , 2014 ) . Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Wilma ( PDF ) . National Hurricane Center ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bonita News . Three confirmed dead in Collier ; President Bush to visit Thursday . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : NBC 6 . Hurricane Wilma Death Toll Rises To 14 . Retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : National Hurricane Center . Hurricane Wilma . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Monroe County , Florida ( Oct. 23 , 2005 12 : 45 PM ) . Hurricane Wilma Keys Update - Evacuation Continues . Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Collier County Public Schools ( October 19 , 2005 ) . Hurricane Wilma News Release # 1 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ WBBH NBC - 2 Collier County issues evacuations . NBC-2.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Archived October 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Weather News AccuWeather.com ( link dead ) Jump up ^ `` Annual Global Climate and Catastrphe Report : 2005 '' ( PDF ) . AON Reinsurance Services . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Key West Citizen `` New commissioners ' trial by wind and flood '' October 27 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Key West Citizen October 25 , 2005 pp 1 - 2 , 6 Jump up ^ Key West Citizen `` Flooded cars litter the Keys '' October 27 , 2005 Jump up ^ Kevin Wadlow ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Village Hall is wrecked - Islamorada definitely needs a new Village Hall now '' . Florida Keys Keynoter . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Babson ; Nicole White ; Charles Rabin ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Storm Surge Isolates Islands '' . Miami Herald . pp. 6A . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Glades road finally reopens - The main road through Everglades National Park reopens all the way to Flamingo on Sunday '' . Florida Keys Keynoter . December 16 , 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Patty Brant ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma Comes to Visit '' . NewsZap.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John - Thor Dahlburg ; Elizabeth Mehren ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma Sprints Through Florida '' . Los Angeles Times . Naples , Florida . p. 1 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Situation Report No. 14 Hurricane Wilma ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Florida State Emergency Response Team . October 24 , 2005 . p. 5 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abhi Raghunathan ; Steve Thompson ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` They had little , now even less '' . Tampa Bay Times . Clewiston , Florida . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cory Schouten ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Lake Okeechobee : Sweet little town is ' tore up ' '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Clewiston , Florida . p. 2 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Wilma damages Florida hospitals '' . American Hospital Association . October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cory Schouten ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Lake Okeechobee : Sweet little town is ' tore up ' '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Clewiston , Florida . p. 1 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Fabian ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma Brings Devastation '' . The Clewiston News . Clewiston , Florida . p. 10 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapid Needs Assessment of Two Rural Communities After Hurricane Wilma -- - Hendry County , Florida , November 1 -- 2 , 2005 ( Report ) . Atlanta , Georgia : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . April 20 , 2006 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Exciting Time of the Year '' . Ah - Tah - Thi - Ki Seminole Indian Museum . May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rhonda Roff ( November 25 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma made a direct hit on the Big Cypress Reservation '' ( PDF ) . The Seminole Tribune . p. 10 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susan Etxebarria ( March 16 , 2007 ) . `` Seminole Family Arts and Crafts Stores Celebrate Tradition , Showcase Culture '' ( PDF ) . The Seminole Tribune . p. 4 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbara S. Butler ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Hendry County Board of County Commissioners Tapes 2005 - 24 & 2005 - 25 '' . Clewiston , Florida : Hendry County Board of County Commissioners . p. 1 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Luisa Yanez ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Dade Hit Hardest as Death Toll Reaches 31 Across the State '' . Miami Herald . pp. 1B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Storm Damage Varies by Community '' . Miami Herald . October 30 , 2005 . pp. 4MB . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Janine Stanwood ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Development proposed at site of ' eyesore ' in Miami Beach '' . WPLG . Miami Beach , Florida . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mess litters Collins Avenue '' . Orlando Sentinel . Miami Beach , Florida . October 25 , 2005 . p . A8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Teddy Kidder ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` City - by - city Assessment Of Damage In South Florida '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Bandell ; et al. ( October 22 , 2007 ) . `` Wrath of Wilma 's aftermath still lingers two years later '' . Biz Journals . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patty Pensa ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` No Signals , Debris Make Driving Risky '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles Rabin ; Michael Vasquez ( December 1 , 2005 ) . `` Orange Bowl Wo n't Be Torn Down '' . Miami Herald . p. 1B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Briefing '' . Miami Herald . October 27 , 2005 . p. 1C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jose Cassola ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Trailer Parks Gets a Helping Hand '' . Miami Herald . p. 3WE . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Susan Anasagasti ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma 's Path is Highly Visible '' . Miami Herald . p. 3WK . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cammy Clark ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Speedway Sustains Damage '' . Miami Herald . pp. 19A . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hurricane Wilma Post-Storm Beach Conditions and Coastal Impact Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Florida Department of Environmental Protection . January 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 30 , 2006 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amy Driscoll ; Hannah Sampson ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` $100 M School Repairs , 3 Years of Work Likely '' . Miami Herald . pp. 1B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Baier ; Douane D. James ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` City Services And Curfews '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniella Aird ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma Damage Unplugs Holiday Fantasy Of Lights '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon O'Boye ; Elizabeth Baier ; John Maines ( November 6 , 2005 ) . `` County Struggles To Track Damaged Homes '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susannah Bryan ( November 10 , 2005 ) . `` Beaches Took Major Beating In North County '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City - by - City Damage Assessment '' . Sun - Sentinel . October 26 , 2005 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eliot Kleinberg ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Massive Marine Shed Collapses , Damaging Boats Worth Millions '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 7C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ CNN . First U.S victim reported by CNN . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 26 . Archived February 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Nikki Waller ( November 1 , 2005 ) . `` Structural Damage is Adding Up to Fiscal Disaster for Small Town '' . Miami Herald . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nikki Waller ( November 27 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma Ravages Boy Scout Camp '' . Miami Herald . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nick Sortal ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Scout camp battered by hurricane reopens '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Luis F. Perez ; Angel Streeter ; Ushma Patel ( December 18 , 2005 ) . `` Adding Up Wilma 's Fur : $2.9 Billion Countywide - More than 55,000 Homes , 3,600 Businesses Damaged '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Peltz ; et al. ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Hammered '' . Sun - Sentinel . p. 1 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` City by City : What You Need to Know '' . The Palm Beach Post . October 31 , 2005 . p. 4B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ben Harkanson ( December 2005 ) . `` Impact on Boats '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Times . West Palm Beach , Florida : Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources Management . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` City by City : What You Need to Know '' . The Palm Beach Post . October 25 , 2005 . p. 3B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Palm Beach County Affordable Housing Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . West Palm Beach , Florida : Palm Beach County Department of Economic Sustainability . p. 5 - 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tamara Lush ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma wanes , but not for rural Pahokee '' . Tampa Bay Times . Pahokee , Florida . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` City by City : What You Need to Know '' . The Palm Beach Post . November 2 , 2005 . p. 3B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Palm Beach County Historic Resources Review Board : Minutes of the August 6 , 2013 Meeting '' ( PDF ) . West Palm Beach , Florida : Palm Beach County Historic Resources Review Board . August 6 , 2013 . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City by City : What You Need to Know '' . The Palm Beach Post . October 28 , 2005 . p. 3B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Canal Point '' . West Palm Beach , Florida : Historical Society of Palm Beach County . 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cristina A. Ugarte ; Laura A. Brandt ; Stefani Melvin ; Frank J. Mazzotti ; Danielle Oguracek ; Ken G. Rice ( 2006 ) . Hurricane Impacts to Tree Islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge , Florida . University of Florida ( Report ) . Homestead , Florida : United States Geological Survey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maria Herrera ( October 18 , 2009 ) . `` Center Provides Indoor Glimpse Of The Everglades '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Peltz ; et al. ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Hammered '' . Sun - Sentinel . p. 2 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nirvi Shah ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Widespread Damage Threatens Monday Reopening '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` City - By - City Services '' . Sun - Sentinel . October 30 , 2005 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angel Streeter ( November 18 , 2005 ) . `` Sections Of Wellington Center Closed '' . Sun - Sentinel . Wellington , Florida . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Freeman ( December 30 , 2005 ) . `` Officials Working To Repair Campuses '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas W. Wenham ( February 11 , 2008 ) . Statement of the Village of Wellington ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Wellington , Florida : Village of Wellington . p. 2 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill DiPaolo ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Areas Evaluate Damage From Wilma '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Kit Bradshaw ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma costs area $28 million '' . Jupiter Courier . p . A1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bill DiPaolo ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` Jupiter Farms Sheriff 's Substation in Ruins '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bill DiPaolo ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` Area Storm Damage Estimates at $42 million '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` City by City : What You Need to Know '' . The Palm Beach Post . October 29 , 2005 . p. 6C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` City by City : What You Need to Know '' . The Palm Beach Post . October 31 , 2005 . p. 4B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pat Beall ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Owner Vows to Reopen Ocean Mall '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` 30 Deaths in Florida '' . The Palm Beach Post . November 6 , 2005 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` City - By - City Services '' . Sun - Sentinel . November 1 , 2005 . p. 3B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Susan Spencer - Wendel ; Kathleen Chapman ; Jane Musgrave ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Frankel : ' Streets Are Mess Right Now ' '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 5B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` City - By - City Services '' . Sun - Sentinel . October 26 , 2005 . p. 3B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Sporting Life '' . West Palm Beach , Florida : Historical Society of Palm Beach County . 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Abramson ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` The 1515 tower implosion : Life 's a blast for this building - busting clan '' . Palm Beach Post . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jane Musgrave ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` More Disruptive Than Destructive ( so far ) '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 1C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Angie Francalancia ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Yesteryear Shows Staying Power During Wilma '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Storm Swipe at Zoo worse that ( sic ) ' 04 '' . Palm Beach Daily News . October 28 , 2005 . p . A1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tim O'Meilia ( December 16 , 2005 ) . `` Back after Wilma , Zoo Struts its Stuff '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 1C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Ivette M. Yee ( November 5 , 2005 ) . `` Decades - old , Damaged Trees Get Help To Stand '' . West Palm Beach , Florida : Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 - Hurricane Wilma '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cross in Lake Worth '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lady Hereford ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Enjoy Holiday Music , Help Lake Worth Playhouse '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Peltz ( November 28 , 2005 ) . `` Library at PBCC Faces Wilma Repairs - Storm Broke Windows , Dusted Books with Glass '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lady Hereford ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma Badly Damaged Damages Some Area Landmarks '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tim Pallesen ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Area Storm Damage Worse Than Last Year '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` City - By - City Services '' . Sun - Sentinel . October 29 , 2005 . p. 3B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Marcia Heroux Pounds ; Doreen Hemlock ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Businesses Try To Stay Optimistic '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City - By - City Services '' . Sun - Sentinel . October 28 , 2005 . p. 3B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ushma Patel ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` Repair Process Is Slow '' . Sun - Sentinel . Delray Beach , Florida . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luis F. Perez ( November 17 , 2005 ) . `` Boca Airport Tab Nears $12 Million '' . Sun - Sentinel . Boca Raton , Florida . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicol Jenkins ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` School 's Out for Wilma '' . Boca Raton News . p. 2 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hannon Deutsch ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Wilma tears up athletic schedules '' . Boca Raton News . p. 15 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bob Norman ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : Boca Raton News Shut Down '' . New Times Broward - Palm Beach . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig B. Swill ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Boca News returns ; resumes regular print schedule Thursday '' . Boca Raton News . p. 2 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena ( PDF ) . National Climatic Data Center ( Report ) . Asheville , North Carolina : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . October 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis M. Decker ; Jackie Cartwright ; Scott M. Spratt ( January 12 , 2006 ) . Post Tropical Cyclone Report ... Hurricane Wilma . National Weather Service Office Melbourne , Florida ( Report ) . Melbourne , Florida : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 20051023 's Storm Reports '' . Storm Prediction Center . Norman , Oklahoma : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2005 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shannon Colavecchio - Van Sickler ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` County 's lone Wilma casualty died helping pal '' . Tampa Bay Times . Tampa , Florida . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurricane Wilma Power Briefing Sheet ( Report ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Florida Department of Environmental Protection . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abby Goodnough ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Rips Across Florida , Killing at Least 7 '' . The New York Times . Naples , Florida . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Areas : Florida Hurricane Wilma '' . Washington , D.C. : Federal Emergency Management Agency . October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . 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where did the longest siege of the civil war take place

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sarajevo&oldid=837848500

Siege of Sarajevo - wikipedia Siege of Sarajevo Jump to : navigation , search Siege of Sarajevo Part of the Bosnian War Executive Council Building after being hit by artillery fire Date 5 April 1992 -- 29 February 1996 ( 3 years , 10 months , 3 weeks and 3 days ) Location Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina Result Dayton Agreement War ended and siege lifted Numerous civilian casualties Belligerents Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1992 -- 96 ) Herzeg - Bosnia ( 1992 -- 96 ) NATO ( 1994 -- 96 ) Yugoslavia ( 1992 ) Republika Srpska ( 1992 -- 96 ) Commanders and leaders Alija Izetbegović Sefer Halilović Rasim Delić Jovan Divjak Enver Hadžihasanović Mustafa Hajrulahović Vahid Karavelić Nedžad Ajnadžić Mušan Topalović † Vladimir Šaf Leighton W. Smith Milutin Kukanjac ( March -- July 1992 ) Radovan Karadžić Ratko Mladić Tomislav Šipčić ( July -- September 1992 ) Stanislav Galić ( September 1992 -- August 1994 ) Dragomir Milošević ( August 1994 -- February 1996 ) Units involved Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian Defence Council Army of Republika Srpska Yugoslav People 's Army ( 1992 ) Strength 70,000 soldiers 13,000 soldiers Casualties and losses 6,137 soldiers killed 2,241 soldiers killed 5,434 civilians killed Bosnian War Sarajevo Foča Zvornik Doboj Prijedor Siege of Srebrenica Massacre Sarajevo JNA column Tuzla JNA column Bihać Jackal Vrbas ' 92 Corridor 92 Korićani Cliffs Croat -- Bosniak War Battle of Žepče Kravica Duša Štrpci Mostar Deny Flight Ahmići Trusina Sovići / Doljani Dobrinja Mokronoge Grabovica Neretva ' 93 Stupni Do massacre Križančevo Selo 1st Markale Banja Luka Tvigi 94 Washington Agreement Bøllebank Amanda Tiger Spider 2nd Kupres Winter ' 94 Leap 1 Orašje Tuzla Vrbanja Bridge Leap 2 Mrkonjić Grad Vozuća Miracle Summer ' 95 Storm 2nd Markale Deliberate Force Mistral 2 Sana Una Southern Move The Siege of Sarajevo was the siege of the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the longest of a capital city in the history of modern warfare . After being initially besieged by the forces of the Yugoslav People 's Army , Sarajevo was besieged by the Army of Republika Srpska from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 ( 1,425 days ) during the Bosnian War . The siege lasted three times longer than the Battle of Stalingrad and more than a year longer than the Siege of Leningrad . When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia after the Bosnian independence referendum , 1992 , the Bosnian Serbs -- whose strategic goal was to create a new Bosnian Serb state of Republika Srpska ( RS ) that would include Bosniak - majority areas -- encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 13,000 stationed in the surrounding hills . From there they assaulted the city with artillery , tanks and small arms . From 2 May 1992 , the Serbs blockaded the city . The Bosnian government defence forces ( ARBiH ) inside the besieged city , 19 months since start of conflict , numbered some 70,000 troops , were poorly equipped and unable to break the siege . A total of 13,952 people were killed during the siege , including 5,434 civilians . The ARBiH suffered 6,137 fatalities , while Bosnian Serb military casualties numbered 2,241 soldiers killed . The 1991 census indicates that before the siege the city and its surrounding areas had a population of 525,980 . There are estimates that prior to the siege the population in the city proper was 435,000 . The estimates of the number of persons living in Sarajevo after the siege ranged from between 300,000 and 380,000 . After the war , the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) convicted four Serb officials for numerous counts of crimes against humanity committed during the siege , including terror : Stanislav Galić and Dragomir Milošević were sentenced to life imprisonment and 29 years imprisonment respectively . Their superiors , Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić , were also convicted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Start of the war 3 Early fighting for the city 4 Atrocities 5 NATO intervention 6 Lifting of the siege 7 Aftermath 7.1 Casualties 7.2 Structural and property damage and destruction 8 ICTY convictions 9 In popular culture 9.1 Comics 9.2 Songs and concerts 9.3 Musicals and operas 9.4 Plays 9.5 Poetry 9.6 Books and stories 9.7 Films and documentaries 9.8 Video games 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) From its creation following World War II , the government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia kept a close watch on nationalist sentiment among the many ethnic and religious groups that composed the country , as it could have led to chaos and the breakup of the state . When Yugoslavia 's longtime leader Marshal Tito died in 1980 this policy of containment underwent a dramatic reversal . Nationalism experienced a renaissance in the 1980s after violence erupted in Kosovo . While the goal of Serbian nationalists was the centralisation of a Serb - dominated Yugoslavia , other nationalities in Yugoslavia aspired to federalisation and the decentralisation of the state . On 18 November 1990 , the first multi-party parliamentary elections were held in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( with a second round on 25 November ) . They resulted in a national assembly dominated by three ethnically based parties , which had formed a loose coalition to oust the communists from power . Croatia and Slovenia 's subsequent declarations of independence and the warfare that ensued placed Bosnia and Herzegovina and its three constituent peoples in an awkward position . A significant split soon developed on the issue of whether to stay with the Yugoslav federation ( overwhelmingly favored among Serbs ) or to seek independence ( overwhelmingly favored among Bosniaks and Croats ) . The Serb members of parliament , consisting mainly of Serb Democratic Party ( SDP ) members , abandoned the central parliament in Sarajevo , and formed the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 24 October 1991 , which marked the end of the tri-ethnic coalition that governed after the elections in 1990 . This Assembly established the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992 , which became the Republika Srpska in August 1992 . Throughout 1990 , the RAM Plan was developed by the State Security Administration ( SDB or SDS ) and a group of selected Serb officers of the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) with the purpose of organizing Serbs outside Serbia , consolidating control of the fledgling SDP , and the prepositioning of arms and ammunition . The plan was meant to prepare the framework for a third Yugoslavia in which all Serbs with their territories would live together in the same state . Alarmed by its existence and possible implementation , the Bosnian government declared independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina , shortly followed by establishing of Serbian National Assembly by Bosnian Serbs . The declaration of Bosnian sovereignty on 15 October 1991 was followed by a referendum for independence from Yugoslavia on 29 February and 1 March 1992 . This referendum was boycotted by the vast majority of the Serbs . The turnout in the independence referendum was 63.4 % and 99.7 % of voters voted for independence . The city was mostly peaceful except for the Sarajevo wedding shooting at a Serbian wedding . The wedding guests had brandished Serbian flags , which was interpreted by the Muslims present there as a deliberate provocation while the independence referendum had been held . The Bosnian leader Momčilo Krajišnik declared it as a `` great injustice aimed at the Serbian people . Within hours , the city was cut off by SDS and barricades were thrown up by masked men . Violence had broken out in many places during and after the referendum . Armed Muslims known as `` Green Berets '' also erected barricades in and around Sarajevo . Barricades were erected near Banja Luka and a motorist was killed by armed Serbs in Doboj . Twelve people were overall killed before fighting died down on March 2 . On 3 March , Izetbegović claimed that Serbs from Pale were marching on Sarajevo . Meanwhile , clashes had begun at the same time in the town of Bosanski Brod and eleven Serbs were killed in the village of Sijekovac outside of Brod on 26 March . The SDS stated they were massacred by a Croat - Muslim militia , which was denied though it hardly mattered . The town was besieged and shelled by JNA and Serbian paramilitaries on 29 March in the lead - up to the war . In addition , there were also clashes in Bijeljina which was attacked by a Serb force led by Serb Volunteer Guard . On 4 April , as the information of the killings in Bijeljina came to light , the Bosnian government announced a general mobilisation call . The SDS responded that armed conflict in Sarajevo had moved a step closer with the mobilisation call . Start of the war ( edit ) The declaration of independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the government alarmed by the RAM plan , was followed by the establishment of a Serbian National Assembly by Bosnian Serbs . The declaration was followed by an independence referendum on 1 March 1992 . The referendum passed off mostly peacefully except the shooting at an Orthodox wedding in the old Muslim section of Sarajevo called Baščaršija . The guests brandished Serbian flags , interpreted as deliberate provocation by Muslims at the time of referendum which was mostly supported by them and Bosnian Croats but boycotted by majority of Bosnian Serbs . Nikola Gardović , the groom 's father , was killed , while an Orthodox priest was wounded . Some of the witnesses identified the shooter as Ramiz Delalić , a minor Bosniak gangster also known as `` Ćelo '' who had become increasingly brazen since the collapse of communism . Arrest warrants were issued against him and another assailant but little effort was made by the Sarajevo police to arrest them . The killing was denounced by SDS who charged that the failure to arrest them was due to SDA or the government being complicit in it . A SDS spokesman claimed it as an evidence that Serbs were in mortal danger and would be further so in independent Bosnia . This statement was rejected by the founder of Patriotic League Sefer Halilović who stated that it was n't a wedding but was intended as a provocation . The next day , Serb paramilitaries set up barricades and sniper positions near Sarajevo 's parliament building , but the threatened military coup d'état was thwarted by thousands of Sarajevo citizens who took to the streets in front of the snipers . Following the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 , sporadic fighting broke out between Serbs and government forces all across the territory . It continued through the run - up to Bosnia and Herzegovina 's recognition as an independent state . On 4 April 1992 , when Izetbegović ordered all reservists and police in Sarajevo to mobilize , and SDS called for evacuation of the city 's Serbs , came the ' definite rupture between the Bosnian government and Serbs ' . On 5 April , ethnic Serb policemen attacked police stations and then an Interior Ministry training school . The attack killed two officers and one civilian . The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared a state of emergency the following day . Later that day , Serb paramilitaries in Sarajevo repeated their action of the previous month . A crowd of peace marchers , between 50,000 and 100,000 comprising all ethnic groups , rallied in protest . On April 5 , when a huge crowd approached a barricade , a demonstrator was killed by Serb forces . Six Serb snipers were arrested , but were exchanged when the Serbs threatened to kill the commandant of the Bosnian police academy arrested the previous day with the takeover of the academy . Bosnia and Herzegovina received international recognition on 6 April 1992 . The most common view is that the war started that day . On 6 April Serb forces began shelling Sarajevo , and in the next two days crossed the Drina from Serbia proper and besieged Muslim - majority Zvornik , Višegrad and Foča . All of Bosnia was engulfed in war by mid-April . There were some efforts to halt violence . On 27 April the Bosnian government ordered the JNA to be put under civilian control or expelled , which was followed by a series of conflicts in early May between the two . On May 2 the Green Berets and local gang members fought back a disorganized Serb attack aimed at cutting Sarajevo in two . On May 3 , Izetbegović was kidnapped at the Sarajevo airport by JNA officers , and used to gain safe passage of JNA troops from down - town Sarajevo . However , Muslim forces dishonoured the agreement and ambushed the leaving JNA convoy , which embittered all sides . A cease - fire and agreement on evacuation of JNA was signed on 18 May , while on 20 May the Bosnian presidency declared the JNA an occupation force . The JNA attacked the Ministry of Training Academy in Vraca , the central tramway depot and the Old Town district with mortars , artillery and tank fire , and also seized control of Sarajevo 's airport . The Bosnian government had expected the international community to deploy a peacekeeping force following recognition , but it did not materialize in time to prevent war from breaking out across the country . Territories controlled by Serb forces Bosnian Serb and JNA troops overwhelmed the poorly equipped and unprepared government security forces to take control of large areas of Bosnian territory , beginning with attacks on Bosniak civilians in eastern Bosnia . Serb military , police and paramilitary forces attacked towns and villages and then , sometimes assisted by local Serb residents , applied what soon became their standard operating procedure : Bosniak houses and apartments were systematically ransacked or burned ; civilians were rounded up , some beaten or killed ; and men were separated from the women . Many of the men were forcibly removed to prison camps . The women were incarcerated in detention centres in extremely unhygienic conditions and suffered numerous atrocious abuses . Many were repeatedly raped . Survivors testified that Serb soldiers and police would visit the detention centres , select one or more women , take them out and rape them . On 22 April , a peace rally in front of the Republic Assembly building was broken up by shots that came from the Holiday Inn . By the end of April , the form of the siege was largely established . In April 1992 , Serb - inhabited Sarajevan suburb of Ilidža saw heavy fighting between the local Serb forces on one side and various Bosniak forces on the other . The local Serbs soon formed the Ilidža Brigade , which became a part of the Sarajevo - Romanija Corps of the VRS . Early fighting for the city ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A CIA map of the JNA attack on 2 May 1992 In the months leading up to the war , JNA forces in the region began to mobilize in the hills surrounding Sarajevo . Artillery , together with other ordnance and equipment that would prove key in the coming siege of the city , was deployed at this time . In April 1992 , the Bosnian government under President Alija Izetbegović demanded that the government of Yugoslavia remove these forces . Slobodan Milošević , the president of Serbia , agreed only to withdraw individuals who originated from outside Bosnia 's borders , an insignificant number . JNA soldiers who were ethnic Serbs from Bosnia were transferred to the Bosnian Serb Army ( VRS ) under the command of General Ratko Mladić , with the VRS having rescinded its allegiance to Bosnia a few days after Bosnia seceded from Yugoslavia . In May 1992 , units of the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) stationed in Sarajevo found themselves repeatedly under attack . On 2 May , Bosniak forces consisting of `` Green Berets '' and `` Patriotic League '' , opened fire on a column of eight JNA MEDEVAC vehicles in Vojvode Stepe street . This attack caused the JNA to retreat to Serb - held positions in Lukavica district . On 2 May 1992 , Bosnian Serb forces established a total blockade of the city . They blocked the major access roads , cutting supplies of food and medicine , and also cut off the city 's utilities ( e.g. , water , electricity and heating ) . Although they possessed superior weaponry they were greatly outnumbered by ARBiH soldiers who were defending the city . After numerous JNA armored columns failed to take the city , the Serbs began to concentrate their efforts on weakening it by using continual bombardment from at least 200 reinforced positions and bunkers in the surrounding hills . On 3 May 1992 , members of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH ) attacked a convoy of withdrawing Yugoslav National Army ( JNA ) soldiers on Dobrovoljačka Street in Sarajevo , killing 6 and wounding many more . The attack is thought to have been in retaliation for the arrest of Bosnia 's Muslim President Alija Izetbegović , who was detained at Sarajevo Airport by Yugoslav police the previous day . The Army of Republika Srpska was newly established , put under the command of General Ratko Mladić , in a new phase of the war . Shellings on Sarajevo on 24 , 26 , 28 and 29 May were attributed to Mladić by Boutros - Ghali . Civilian casualties of a 27 May shelling of the city led to Western intervention , in the form of sanctions imposed on 30 May through UNSCR 757 . That same day Bosnian forces attacked the JNA barracks in the city , which was followed by heavy shelling . On 5 and 6 June the last JNA personnel left the city during heavy street fighting and shelling . The 20 June cease - fire , executed in order for UN takeover of the Sarajevo airport for humanitarian flights , was broken as both sides battled for control of the territory between the city and airport . The airport crisis led to Boutros - Ghali 's ultimatum on 26 June , that the Serbs stop attacks on the city , allow the UN to take control of the airport , and place their heavy weapons under UN supervision . Meanwhile , media reported that Bush considered the use of force in Bosnia . French President Mitterrand visited Sarajevo on 28 -- 29 June . Undramatically , the Serbs handed over the airport to UNPROFOR on 29 June . World public opinion was ' decisively and permanently against the Serbs ' following media reports on the sniping and shelling . On 30 August 1992 , an artillery shell crashed into a crowded marketplace on the western edge of Sarajevo . The resulting explosion killed 15 people and wounded 100 others . Dutch reporter Robert Dulmers at Hakija Turajlić 's graveside , Ali Pasha Mosque , March 1993 On 8 January 1993 , Hakija Turajlić , the Deputy Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina , was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb soldier . Turajlić , who had gone to Sarajevo airport to greet a Turkish delegation , was returning to the city in a United Nations armored vehicle that had taken him there when a force of two tanks and 40 -- 50 Bosnian Serb soldiers blockaded the road . The Serbs , acting on radioed information from a Serbian military liaison officer at the airport that `` Turkish fighters '' were on their way to reinforce the Bosnian defenders , accused the three French soldiers manning the armored vehicle of transporting `` Turkish mujahedeen '' . After a Serbian military liaison officer identified the passenger as Turajlić , the Serbs ordered the UN soldiers to hand him over . The rear door was opened , and one of the Serbs fired seven shots at Turajlić from an automatic weapon . Six bullets struck him in the chest and arms , killing him instantly . A Bosnian Serb soldier , Goran Vasić , was eventually charged with Turajlić 's murder but was ultimately acquitted of that charge in 2002 . Atrocities ( edit ) Examples of weapons used against Sarajevans displayed at Sarajevo Tunnel Museum . The second half of 1992 and the first half of 1993 were the height of the siege of Sarajevo , and atrocities were committed during heavy fighting . Serb forces outside the city continuously shelled the government defenders . Inside the city , the Serbs controlled most of the major military positions and the supply of arms . With snipers taking up positions in the city , signs reading Pazite , Snajper ! ( `` Beware , Sniper ! '' ) became commonplace and certain particularly dangerous streets , most notably Ulica Zmaja od Bosne , the main street which eventually leads to the airport , were known as `` sniper alleys '' . The sniper killings of Admira Ismić and Boško Brkić , a mixed Bosnian - Serbian couple who tried to cross the lines , became a symbol of the suffering in the city but it is unknown from which side the snipers opened fire . Sarajevo residents collecting firewood , winter of 1992 -- 1993 Within Bosniak - held areas of Sarajevo , public services quickly collapsed and the crime rate skyrocketed . During the first year of the siege , the 10th Mountain Division of the ARBiH , led by a rogue commander Mušan Topalović , engaged in a campaign of mass executions of Serb civilians who still lived within the Bosniak - held areas . Many of the victims were transported to the Kazani pit near Sarajevo , where they were executed and buried in a mass grave . Bosnian Serb offensives were mounted to take over some neighborhoods , especially in Novo Sarajevo . To counterbalance the siege , on 30 May 1992 the Security Council demanded Sarajevo Airport be included in a Sarajevo security zone , which was opened to UN airlifts in late June ; Sarajevo 's survival became strongly dependent on them . Compared with the siege force , the Bosnian government forces were very poorly armed . Bosnian black market criminals who joined the army at the outset of the war illegally smuggled arms into the city through Serb lines , and raids on Serb - held positions within the city yielded more . The Sarajevo Tunnel , completed in mid-1993 , was a major asset in bypassing the international arms embargo ( applied to all parties to the Bosnian conflict , including the defenders of Sarajevo ) . It helped supplies and weaponry reach the city 's defenders , and enabled some inhabitants to leave . The tunnel was said to have saved Sarajevo . Citizens of Sarajevo in line for water . Reports indicated an average of approximately 329 shell impacts per day during the course of the siege , with a maximum of 3,777 on 22 July 1993 . This urbicide by shellfire extensively damaged the city 's structures , both residential and cultural . By September 1993 it was estimated that virtually all the buildings in Sarajevo had suffered some degree of damage , and 35,000 were completely destroyed . Among buildings targeted and destroyed were hospitals and medical complexes , media and communication centres , industrial complexes , government buildings and military and UN facilities . Other significant buildings damaged or destroyed included the presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the National Library , which was set on fire and burned to the ground , destroying over 1,500,000 volumes and 600,000 serials . Overall view of downtown Grbavica , a suburb of Sarajevo . March 1996 The shelling took a heavy toll on residents . Mass killings of civilians , primarily by mortar attacks , made headline news in the West . On 1 June 1993 , 11 people were killed and 133 were wounded in an attack on a football game . On 12 July , twelve people were killed while waiting in line for water . The biggest single loss of life was the first Markale marketplace massacre on 5 February 1994 , in which 68 civilians were killed and 200 were wounded . Medical facilities were overwhelmed by the scale of the civilian casualties , and only a small number of the wounded benefited from medical evacuation programmes like 1993 's Operation Irma . NATO intervention ( edit ) Main article : 1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina The remains of the building of Sarajevo newspaper Oslobođenje , kept as a memorial for several years after the siege On 6 February 1994 , a day after the first Markale marketplace massacre , UN Secretary - General Boutros Boutros - Ghali formally requested NATO to confirm that air strikes would be carried out immediately . On 9 February 1994 , agreeing to the request of the UN , the North Atlantic Council of NATO authorized the Commander of Allied Forces Southern Europe ( CINCSOUTH ) , U.S. Admiral Jeremy Boorda , to launch air strikes against artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that were determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets . Only Greece failed to support the use of airstrikes , but did not veto the proposal . The Council also issued an ultimatum at the 9 February meeting to the Bosnian Serbs demanding that they remove heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20 -- 21 February or face air strikes . There was some confusion surrounding compliance with the ultimatum , and Hungarian Prime Minister Péter Boross announced that his country 's air space would be closed to NATO aircraft in the event of airstrikes . On 12 February 1994 , Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty - free day in 22 months ( since April 1992 ) . A Bosnian Serb target is hit by U.S. aircraft On 5 August , the VRS seized several weapons from the Illidža Weapons Collection site in clear violation of the exclusion zone agreement . During the seizure , the Serbs injured a Ukrainian UNPROFOR peacekeeper . In response to the attack , the UN once again requested NATO air support . Two U.S. A-10 aircraft repeatedly strafed Serb targets , prompting the Serbs to return the seized weapons to the collection site . On 22 September , UNPROFOR again requested NATO air support in the Sarajevo area after Serb forces attacked a French armored personnel carrier . In response , two British SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft struck and destroyed a Serb tank . Bosnian Army Offensive Operations in the Sarajevo Region , 15 -- 22 June 1995 As the fighting gradually widened in 1995 , Bosnian Muslim forces launched a large - scale offensive in the area of Sarajevo . In response to the attack , the Bosnian Serbs seized heavy weapons from a UN-guarded depot , and began shelling targets . As a retaliation for these actions , the UN commander , Lt. General Rupert Smith , requested NATO air strikes . NATO honored the request on 25 May and 26 May 1995 by bombing a Serb ammunition dump near Pale . The mission was carried out by USAF F - 16s and Spanish Air Force EF - 18A Hornets armed with laser - guided bombs . The Serbs then seized 377 UNPROFOR hostages and used them as human shields for a variety of targets in Bosnia , forcing NATO to end its strikes . On 27 May 1995 , Serb soldiers posing as French troops captured two UN observation posts at either end of the front - line Vrbanja bridge without firing a shot . They wore French uniforms , flak jackets and helmets , were armed with French weapons and drove a French armoured personnel carrier ( APC ) -- all stolen from UN troops detained outside the city . The soldiers disarmed the 12 peacekeepers at gunpoint . Ten were taken to an unknown destination while two remained on the bridge as human shields . The French responded by sending 30 troops , backed by six light tanks , to storm the northern end of the bridge . Two French soldiers were killed in the clash and five were wounded , while four Serb soldiers were killed and four were taken prisoner . At the end of the day , the Serbs remained in control of the southern portion of the bridge , while the French occupied the northern portion . The Serbs later abandoned the southern portion of the bridge . In 1995 , the international forces firmly turned against the besiegers after the second Markale massacre of 28 August , in which 37 people were killed and 90 wounded . On 30 August , the Secretary General of NATO announced the start of air strikes , supported by UNPROFOR rapid reaction force artillery attacks . On that same day , a French Mirage 2000 was downed by a Bosnian Serb shoulder - fired SAM near Pale . On 1 September , NATO and the UN demanded the lifting of the siege , removal of heavy weapons from the heavy weapons exclusion zone around Sarajevo , and complete security of other UN safe areas . The Bosnian Serb leaders were given a deadline of 4 September , and the Operation Deliberate Force bombing campaign was suspended . Heavy weapons had not been removed when the deadline passed . On 5 September , air strikes resumed on Bosnian Serb positions around Sarajevo and near the Bosnian Serb headquarters at Pale . On 14 September , they were again suspended , this time to allow the implementation of an agreement with the Bosnian Serbs which included the withdrawal of heavy weapons from the exclusion zone . Finally , on 20 September 1995 , French General Bernard Janvier ( Commander of UNPROFOR ) and U.S. Admiral Leighton W. Smith , Jr . ( CINCSOUTH ) agreed that it was not necessary to resume the strikes as the Bosnian Serbs had complied with the UN 's conditions . Operation Deliberate Force was terminated . Lifting of the siege ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fighting escalated on the ground as joint Bosnian and Croatian forces went on the offensive . The Serbs were slowly driven back in Sarajevo and elsewhere , which eventually allowed the city 's heating , electricity and water supplies to be restored . A ceasefire was reached in October 1995 . On 14 December , the Dayton Agreement brought peace to the country and led to stabilization . One of the last acts of hostility of the siege occurred at around 6 pm on 9 January 1996 , when a single rocket - propelled grenade was fired at a tram running down the main street of Sarajevo , killing a 55 - year - old woman , Mirsada Durić , and wounding 19 others . The grenade was fired from the neighborhood of Grbavica , which was held by the Serbs at the time . After the attack , French troops from the Implementation Force ( IFOR ) searched the building from which the grenade was launched but did not capture the perpetrator ( s ) . No person has ever been arrested for the attack . The Bosnian government officially declared an end to the siege of Sarajevo on 29 February 1996 , when Bosnian Serb forces left positions in and around the city . More than 70,000 Sarajevan Serbs subsequently left the Muslim - controlled districts of the city and moved to the Republika Srpska , taking all of their belongings with them . Aftermath ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Casualties ( edit ) The Martyrs ' Memorial Cemetery Kovači for victims of the war in Stari Grad The besieged population comprised not only Bosniaks and Croats , but also Serbs that had remained in the town and who were killed by fire from the besieging VRS forces . The 1991 census indicates that before the siege the city and its surrounding areas had a population of 525,980 . There are estimates that prior to the siege the population in the city proper was 435,000 . Estimates of the current population range between 300,000 and 380,000 . A large number of Sarajevans were killed or wounded throughout the siege . In 1994 , a report filed on the total number of deaths over a span of 315 days concluded that 2,474 persons died , with an average of approximately eight killed in the city per day . A report on the total number of persons wounded over a span of 306 days concluded that 13,472 were wounded , an average of approximately 44 per day . This same report estimated the number of people killed or missing in the city to be nearly 10,000 , including over 1,500 children . An additional 56,000 people were wounded , including nearly 15,000 children . A report produced by the ICTY after the war put the death toll of the siege at 4,548 ARBiH soldiers and 4,954 Sarajevan civilians killed . The Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo ( RDC ) found that the siege left a total of 13,952 people dead : 9,429 Bosniaks , 3,573 Serbs , 810 Croats and 140 others . Of these , 6,137 were ARBiH soldiers and 2,241 were soldiers fighting either for the JNA or the VRS . Of the ARBiH soldiers killed , 235 were Serbs , 328 were Croats and the rest were Bosniaks . Sixty percent of all people killed in Sarajevo during the siege were soldiers . In particular , 44 percent of all fatalities were ARBiH personnel . A total of 5,434 civilians were killed during the siege , including 3,855 Bosniaks , 1,097 Serbs and 482 Croats . More than 66 percent of those killed during the siege were Bosniaks , 25.6 percent were Serbs , 5.8 percent were Croats and 1 percent were others . About 14.5 percent of all Bosnian War fatalities occurred in besieged Sarajevo . Officials of the Federation of Bosnia - Herzegovina have estimated that at least 150 Sarajevan Serb civilians were killed by government forces , while some nationalistic groups among Serbs and Republika Srpska officials have put the number at `` many thousands '' . However , efforts to substantiate Bosnian Serb claims have been unconvincing . The siege affected all sectors of Sarajevo 's population . UNICEF reported that of the estimated 65,000 to 80,000 children in the city , at least 40 % had been directly shot at by snipers ; 51 % had seen someone killed ; 39 % had seen one or more family members killed ; 19 % had witnessed a massacre ; 48 % had their home occupied by someone else ; 73 % had their home attacked or shelled ; and 89 % had lived in underground shelters . It is probable that the psychological trauma suffered during the siege will bear heavily on the lives of these children in the years to come . As a result of the high number of casualties and the wartime conditions , there are makeshift cemeteries throughout Sarajevo and its surrounding areas . Parks , athletic fields and other open spaces were utilized as graveyards . One such site is the sports complex built for the 1984 Winter Olympics . A 1994 report stated that `` the siege has also had a profound effect on the psyche and future of the city 's population . The Bosnian Government has reported a soaring suicide rate by Sarajevans , a near doubling of abortions and a 50 % drop in births since the siege began . '' A memorial with the names of 521 children killed during the siege was unveiled on 9 May 2010 . The cases of another 500 children are being verified . Mezarje Stadion Cemetery , Patriotske lige , Sarajevo . Structural and property damage and Destruction ( edit ) Heavily damaged apartment buildings near Vrbanja bridge in the Grbavica district on the left bank of the Miljacka river The structural and property damage in Sarajevo as a result of the siege included specifically protected targets such as hospitals and medical complexes , medical facilities ( including ambulances ) and medical personnel , as well as cultural property , such as the manuscript collection of the Oriental Institute in Sarajevo , one of the richest collections of Oriental manuscripts in the world . For foreigners , an event that defined the besiegers ' cultural objectives occurred during the night of 25 August 1992 . This was the bombardment -- with incendiary shells -- that resulted in the total destruction of the irreplaceable National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the central repository of Bosnian written culture and a major cultural center for all the Balkans . Among the losses were about 700 manuscripts and incunabula , and a unique collection of Bosnian serial publications , some from the middle of the 19th - century Bosnian cultural revival . Libraries all over the world cooperated afterwards to restore some of the lost heritage , through donations and e-texts , rebuilding the Library in cyberspace . Vedran Smailović playing in the partially destroyed National Library in Sarajevo in 1992 Destruction in Sarajevo 's Dobrinja district photographed after the siege Also unjustified by any military necessity , and equally prohibited , were the attacks on civilian property . The Bosnian government estimated that shelling destroyed over 10,000 apartments and damaged over 100,000 others . Of the other buildings in the city , 23 % were reported as seriously damaged , 64 % as partially damaged and 10 % as slightly damaged . In its report , the Council of Europe 's Committee on Culture and Education commented on the structural damage in the city . The Committee stated : It is plain that Sarajevo has suffered badly at the hands of its attackers . Apart from the obvious human cost in the continued suffering and difficulties of day to day living , there has been serious damage to the urban fabric . The infrastructure ( drainage , electricity , telephone services , etc . ) is badly damaged . Most buildings are damaged significantly and probably all buildings are damaged to a greater or lesser degree ( broken glass etc . ) . Some buildings have been completely destroyed including ancient monuments ( such as the Library ) and including a number of modern steel framed buildings ( such as the Unis Building ) which in some cases have simply collapsed . 35,000 dwellings are also assessed to have been destroyed during the past year . Sarajevo has made a substantial recovery in terms of the number of buildings that have been fully restored and reoccupied . However , as of 2017 , many buildings remained heavily damaged and scarred . Although the city had been a model for inter-ethnic relations , the siege brought dramatic population shifts . In addition to the thousands of refugees who left the city , many Sarajevo Serbs left for the Republika Srpska , and the percentage of Serbs in Sarajevo decreased from more than 30 % in 1991 to slightly over 10 % in 2002 . Regions of Novo Sarajevo that are now part of the Republika Srpska have formed East Sarajevo , where much of the prewar Serbian population lives today . New construction projects and foreign capital investment have made Sarajevo perhaps the fastest - growing city in the former Yugoslavia . The population grew to 401,000 in 2002 , which is 20,000 fewer than the pre-1991 census estimate . An iconic building before the war was Robna kuća Sarajka . Today BBI Centar stands in its place . ICTY convictions ( edit ) Radovan Karadžić , the former president of Republika Srpska , during the trial at the ICTY in 2016 Ratko Mladić during the trial at the Hague Tribunal On 5 December 2003 the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) convicted the first commander of the Sarajevo - Romanija Corps , General Stanislav Galić , of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo , including the first Markale massacre . Galić was sentenced to life imprisonment for the crimes against humanity during the siege . In the case against Stanislav Galić , the prosecution alleged in an opening statement that : The siege of Sarajevo , as it came to be popularly known , was an episode of such notoriety in the conflict in the former Yugoslavia that one must go back to World War II to find a parallel in European history . Not since then had a professional army conducted a campaign of unrelenting violence against the inhabitants of a European city so as to reduce them to a state of medieval deprivation in which they were in constant fear of death . In the period covered in this Indictment , there was nowhere safe for a Sarajevan , not at home , at school , in a hospital , from deliberate attack . -- Prosecution Opening Statement , ICTY vs Stanislav Galić , 2003 In 2007 , General Dragomir Milošević , who replaced Galić as commander of the Sarajevo - Romanija Corps , was found guilty of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo and its citizens from August 1994 to late 1995 , including the second Markale massacre . He was sentenced to 29 years in prison . The ICTY concluded that the Markale town market was hit on 28 August 1995 by a 120 mm mortar shell fired from Sarajevo - Romanija Corps positions . In 2011 , the former Chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army , General Momčilo Perišić , was sentenced to 27 years in prison for aiding and abetting murder because the Yugoslav army under his supervision provided `` large - scale logistic support in ammunition , fuel and spare parts '' as well as `` necessary expert assistance '' to the VRS during the siege . According to an estimate of the Main Staff from 1994 , the VRS received about 25 million bullets and over 7,500 shells from the Yugoslav army to wage the war in Bosnia . However , the judges ruled that Perišić did not have effective control over the VRS officers , who largely fought independently of his instructions yet still received payment and benefits from Belgrade . In 2013 , Perišić 's conviction was overturned and he was released from prison . On 24 March 2016 Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić was found guilty of genocide , war crimes and crimes against humanity in Srebrenica and other areas of Bosnia during the war in the 1990s . Karadžić was acquitted of one of those charges of genocide in Muslim regions of Bosnia . He was sentenced to 40 years in prison , with allowance for the time he has already spent behind bars . He has been held since 2008 . Finally , on 22 November 2017 , general Ratko Mladić was sentenced to a life in prison . In popular culture ( edit ) Comics ( edit ) Le Sommeil du monstre , a comic book by Enki Bilal . Sarajevo Tango , a comic - art by Hermann Huppen Fax From Sarajevo , a comic - art by Joe Kubert The Fixer , a graphic novel by Joe Sacco Songs and concerts ( edit ) Judy Collins 's Sarajevo Zubin Mehta conducted the Sarajevo Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mozart 's Requiem at the ruins of Sarajevo 's National Library . Laibach from Slovenia performed the first post war concerts in Sarajevo on the 20 and 21 November during the 1995 Nato Occupied Europe Tour . In 1994 , during the siege , Iron Maiden frontman , Bruce Dickinson and his band Skunkworks performed a concert in Sarajevo . The story of this show is told in the documentary Scream for Me , Sarajevo U2 's PopMart Tour included a 1997 U2 concert in Sarajevo `` Miss Sarajevo '' , a song by U2 and Brian Eno under the pseudonym Passengers `` Bosnia '' , a song by The Cranberries from their album To the Faithful Departed `` Caído en Sarajevo ( Fallen at Sarajevo ) '' , a song by Chilean rock band Arka `` Christmas Eve / Sarajevo 12 / 24 '' , a song by Savatage and the Trans - Siberian Orchestra `` Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo '' , a Cantonese pop song by Hong Kong singer Sammi Cheng `` You Stay Here '' , a song by American singer songwriter Richard Shindell is based on the Siege of Sarajevo `` Sarajevo Red Line '' , memorial event which commemorated the Siege of Sarajevo 's 20th anniversary `` Sarajevo '' , a song by Max Richter `` Vrbanja Bridge '' , a song by American singer / songwriter Jill Sobule , which tells of two religiously opposed lovers trying to escape over the Vrbanja bridge . `` Boško i Admira '' , a song of band Zabranjeno Pušenje about Boško and Admira , the two lovers of conflicting religions `` La Geste de Sarajevo '' , a song by Tri Yann `` Sarajevo '' , a song by American rapper / spoken word artist Watsky about the story of Boško and Admira , from his album All You Can Do `` Σαράγεβο '' , a song by Greek rock band Magic De Spell . Link includes English translation . `` Wedding in Sarajevo '' , a song by the jazz funk outfit , Screaming Headless Torsos . `` Sarajevo '' , an orchestral composition by Ramon Caudet . Musicals and operas ( edit ) Circle , a musical by E. Dino Zonic Dead Winter Dead , a rock - opera by Savatage , 1995 Plays ( edit ) Blasted , a play by Sarah Kane The Music Lesson , a play by Tammy Ryan Bolero , Sarajevo , a theatre / dance performance directed by Haris Pasovic `` Sniper '' , devised work by Kerryn Palmer 2004 `` Stories In The Dark '' , play by Debra Oswald Poetry ( edit ) The Bosnia Poem : Someone in Sarajevo , poem by Michael Blackburn The Cries of Our People -- Sarajevo Octets , a book of poetry by Walter Raniowski Sarajevo Blues , a book of poetry by Semezdin Mehmedinović The Bright Lights of Sarajevo , poem by Tony Harrison Why the Dwarf had to be Shot , a book by Sasha Skenderija Books and stories ( edit ) A Temporary Cessation of Hostilities , a story by Tomasz Kamusella . Blood And Honey A Balkan War Journal , by Chuck Sudetic , Ron Haviv , David Rieff , Bernard Kouchner ISBN 978 - 1 - 57500 - 135 - 7 Besieged : Life Under Fire on a Sarajevo Street , by Barbara Demick Đavo u Sarajevu ( Devil in Sarajevo ) , a book by Nenad Veličković Empty Casing : A Soldier 's Memoir of Sarajevo Under Siege , a book by Canadian peacekeeper Fred Doucette Fools Rush In : A True Story of Love , War , and Redemption , by Bill Carter ISBN 978 - 1 - 932958 - 50 - 8 Goodbye Sarajevo : A True Story of Courage , Love and Survival , by Atka Reid and Hana Schofield , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 1456 - 7 Hearts Grown Brutal : Sagas of Sarajevo , by Roger Cohen , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 679 - 45243 - 5 Letters from Sarajevo ( Sarajevo : Voci da un assedio 1993 ) , by Anna Cataldi , 1994 ( trans . Avril Bardoni ) ISBN 1 - 85230 - 500 - 2 Lie in the dark , a book by Dan Fesperman , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84243 - 945 - 6 My Childhood Under Fire : A Sarajevo Diary by Nadja Halilbegovich My War Gone By , I Miss It So , by Anthony Loyd Natasha 's Story , a book by Michael Nicholson No gun for Asmir , a book by Christobel Mattingley Not Like My Mother , by Azra Alagic , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9872915 - 1 - 6 Pretty Birds , by Scott Simon , 2005 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6310 - 8 The Cellist of Sarajevo , by Steven Galloway The Little Red Chairs , by Edna O'Brien The Question of Bruno , stories by Aleksandar Hemon , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 375 - 72700 - 0 The Siege of Sarajevo , a book by Suada Kapic Regarding the Pain of Others , by Susan Sontag Sarajevo , A War Journal , a book by Zlatko Dizdarevic Sarajevo Days , Sarajevo Nights , a book by Elma Softic Sarajevo , Exodus of a City , a book by Dzevad Karahasan Sarajevo Roses , a book by South African UN Peacekeeper Anne - Marie Du Preez Bedroz Sarajevski Marlboro ( Sarajevo Marlboro ) , a book by Miljenko Jergović , 1994 Short Report from a City Long Besieged ( Kratko poročilo iz dolgo obleganega mesta , 1994 ) by Drago Jančar State of Siege , a book by Juan Goytisolo Witness from Sarajevo , by Boris Jug Zlata 's Diary , a book by Zlata Filipovic A hidden rose , a screenplay by Ramon Caudet . Films and documentaries ( edit ) Sarajevo Roses , a documentary by Roger M. Richards Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo , a PBS Frontline documentary Veilles d'Armes , a documentary by Marcel Ophüls Miss Sarajevo , a documentary directed by Bill Carter Diários da Bósnia ( Bosnian Diaries ) , a film by Joaquim Sapinho Mladí muži poznávají svět ( Young Men Discovering The World ) , a movie by Radim Špaček Savršeni krug ( The Perfect Circle ) , a film by Ademir Kenović Shot Through the Heart , a TV film by David Attwood Welcome To Sarajevo , a war movie by Michael Winterbottom Ulysses ' Gaze , a 1995 film by Theo Angelopoulos 1395 Days Without Red , a 2011 film by Šejla Kamerić and Anri Sala Remake , a 2003 film by Dino Mustafić , written by Zlatko Topčić The Abandoned , a 2010 film by Adis Bakrač , written by Zlatko Topčić Remember Sarajevo , photographs from the siege by Roger M. Richards on The Digital Journalist In the Land of Blood and Honey , Angelina Jolie 's directorial debut set during the Siege of Sarajevo Twice Born , a film by Sergio Castellitto The Whistleblower , a film by Larysa Kondracki starring Rachel Weisz Sympathy for the Devil , a 2018 film by Guillaume de Fontenay Scream For Me Sarajevo , a documentary directed by Tarik Hodžić starring Bruce Dickinson Video games ( edit ) This War of Mine , 11 bit studios 's video game , is largely based on the Siege of Sarajevo . The second act of Sniper : Ghost Warrior 2 takes place in the besieged Sarajevo in 1993 . Hitman features half a dozen assassination targets who participated in war crimes during the siege and have been wanted ever since . The 1995 real - time strategy game Command & Conquer : Tiberian Dawn features a fictionalized version of the siege , involving the Global Defense Initiative faction in their final mission laying siege to the Temple of Nod , the central headquarters of the Brotherhood of Nod , located in Sarajevo . In EA 's 2012 video game Medal of Honor : Warfighter , one story mission and two multiplayer maps ( Sarajevo Stadium and Novi Grad Warzone , the latter of which is set in the area around the Executive Council Building ) are set in Sarajevo several years after the end of the siege . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 5 April 1992 was the date of the first attack on Sarajevo by the JNA and Serb paramilitaries and is considered the beginning of the siege . However , as early as 1 March 1992 , barricades and gunmen started appearing on the streets of Sarajevo . Jump up ^ 29 February 1996 was the official end of the siege as declared by the Bosnian government . The war ended with the signing of the Dayton Accords on 21 November 1995 and the Paris Protocol on 14 December 1995 . The reason that the siege was not declared as over was because the Serbs had not yet implemented the Dayton deal that required them to withdraw from areas north and west of Sarajevo as well as other parts of the city . The Serbs also violated the Dayton peace by firing a rocket - propelled grenade ( RPG ) at a Sarajevo tram on 9 January 1996 , killing 1 and wounding 19 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Charlie ( 8 October 2005 ) . `` The new siege of Sarajevo '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Spencer Burke , Sarajevo Rose Archived 31 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Florence ( July 2007 ) . `` A statement at the seventh biennial meeting of the International Association of Genocide Scholars '' . Helsinki . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bassiouni , Cherif ( 27 May 1994 ) . `` Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 22 February 2001 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Srećko Latal ( 25 June 1995 ) . `` Bosnian Army Says Battle for Sarajevo Will Last Months '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Sarajevo : ' The blood of children has a different texture on white snow ' - a survivor speaks , 20 years on '' . The Northern Echo. 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Strange , Hannah ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Serb general Dragomir Milosevic convicted over Sarajevo siege '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ John Kifner ( 6 December 1993 ) . `` Stalemate Like a Victory for Sarajevo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICTY : Stanislav Galić judgement '' ( PDF ) . ICTY. 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICTY : Dragomir Milošević judgement '' ( PDF ) . ICTY. 12 November 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Tran , Mark ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Radovan Karadzic claims Bosnian Muslims ' killed own people ' in Sarajevo '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Pavkovic , Aleksandar ( 1997 ) . The fragmentation of Yugoslavia : nationalism and war in the Balkans . MacMillan Press . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 23084 - 2 . Jump up ^ Krieger , Joel ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World 2nd ed . Oxford University Press . p. 476 . Jump up ^ Crnobrnja , Mihailo ( 1994 ) . The Yugoslav drama . I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 107 . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 126 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Balkans : A post-Communist History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Judah , Tim ( 2008 ) . `` The Serbs : History , Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia '' . Yale University Press . p. 273 . ISBN 9780300147841 . ^ Jump up to : Lukic , Reneo ; Lynch , Allen ( 1996 ) . `` Europe from the Balkans to the Urals : The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union '' . SIPRI , Oxford University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 9780198292005 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia - Herzegovina : February 29 -- March 1 , 1992 '' . Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe . 1992 . p. 19 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Judah , Tim ( 2008 ) . `` The Serbs : History , Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia '' . Yale University Press . pp. 320 -- 321 . ISBN 9780300147841 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Radha ( 1999 ) . `` Divide and Fall ? Bosnia in the Annals of Partition '' . Verso . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85984 - 183 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` War Crimes in Bosnia - Hercegovina , Volume 1 '' . Human Rights Watch . 1992 . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56432 - 083 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Kenneth ( 2016 ) . `` Sarajevo 's Holiday Inn on the Frontline of Politics and War '' . Springer . p. 103 . ISBN 9781137577184 . Jump up ^ Donia , Robert J. ( 2014 ) . `` Radovan Karadzic : Architect of the Bosnian Genocide '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 9781107073357 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Kenneth ( 2016 ) . `` Sarajevo 's Holiday Inn on the Frontline of Politics and War '' . Springer . p. 88 . ISBN 9781137577184 . ^ Jump up to : Malcolm , Noel ( 1996 ) . Bosnia : A Short History . New York University Press . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5561 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cannon , P. , The Third Balkan War and Political Disunity : Creating A Cantonal Constitutional System for Bosnia - Herzegovina , Jrnl . Trans . L. & Pol. , Vol. 5 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Nizich , Ivana ( 1992 ) . War Crimes in Bosnia - Hercegovina . Helsinki Watch . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 1 - 56432 - 083 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Burg & Shoup 1999 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Donia 2006 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , B. ( 2005 ) . The Modern Yugoslav Conflict 1991 - 1995 : Perception , Deception and Dishonesty . Frank Cass . p. 35 . ISBN 9780415357050 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kemal Kurspahić ( 2003 ) . Prime Time Crime : Balkan Media in War and Peace . US Institute of Peace Press . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929223 - 39 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bose 2009 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Mulaj 2008 , p. 53 , Hammond 2007 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Burg & Shoup 1999 , pp. 129 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Burg & Shoup 1999 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ `` ICTY : The attack against the civilian population and related requirements '' . Jump up ^ Pale live : `` Služen parastos poginulim pripadnicima Srpske garde Ilidža '' , accessed on 06 - Apr - 17 , http://www.palelive.com/istocno-sarajevo/sluzen-parastos-poginulim-pripadnicima-srpske-garde-ilidza Jump up ^ `` Spski borac '' No 120 / 121 May / June 2009 , available at http://borackars.org/srpski-borac-120-121/ , retrieved on 24 August 2016 Jump up ^ `` Sarajevo ogorčeno zbog Divjaka '' . B92. 5 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ John F. Burns ( 3 May 1992 ) . `` Sarajevo 's Center Erupts in War , Weakening Yugoslav Truce Effort '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burg & Shoup 1999 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Burg & Shoup 1999 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Bosnia Talks Resume in Geneva '' . Christian Science Monitor. 11 January 1993 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ John F. Burns ( 10 January 1993 ) . `` Bosnian Muslims Criticize U.N. Over Official 's Killing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ WORLD ; In Brief . Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Washington Post , 4 January 2002 . Quote : `` A Sarajevo court has convicted a Bosnian Serb soldier of committing war crimes against prisoners but acquitted him of killing the country 's deputy prime minister . Goran Vasić was sentenced to 41⁄2 years in prison , local media reported . He was convicted on charges of beating prisoners at the Medjarici camp in Sarajevo during the country 's 1992 -- 1995 war . The court said it lacked evidence to convict him of killing Hakija Turajlić , the deputy prime minister of Bosnia in 1992 . '' Jump up ^ `` ' Only a bullet ' could separate them '' . CNN . 10 April 1996 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Zurnal Info : `` Časno novinarstvo : Kako su sarajevski mediji tokom rata pisali o zločinu u Kazanima '' , accessed on 06 - Apr - 17 , http://www.zurnal.info/novost/18413/casno-novinarstvo-kako-su-sarajevski-mediji-tokom-rata-pisali-o-zlocinu-u-kazanima Jump up ^ Sarajevo Times : `` Performance in Memory of Kazani : Pay Tribute to all Victims '' , accessed on 06 - Apr - 17 , http://www.sarajevotimes.com/?p=86954 Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 Jump up ^ `` The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Current War '' . The Library Quarterly . 66 ( 3 ) : 294 -- 301 . 1996 - 07 - 01 . doi : 10.1086 / 602886 . ISSN 0024 - 2519 . Jump up ^ Riedlmayer , András . `` Erasing the Past : The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia - Herzegovina '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` On this day : 1993 : Serb attack on football match kills 11 '' . BBC News . 1 June 1993 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geneva talks ( Bosnia ) '' . Keesing 's Record of World Events . August 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Bethlehem , Daniel L. ; Weller , Marc ( 1997 ) . The ' Yugoslav ' Crisis in International Law . Cambridge International Documents Series . 5 . Cambridge University Press . p. liii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46304 - 1 . Jump up ^ NATO Handbook : Evolution of the Conflict , NATO Jump up ^ Carnes , Mark Christopher ( 2005 ) . American national biography . 29 . Oxford University Press . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bucknam , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : AFSOUTH Fact Sheet Jump up ^ Beale , p. 33 Jump up ^ Ripley , p. 23 Jump up ^ Bucknam , p. 215 Jump up ^ `` French humiliation sparks battle of Vrbanja '' . The Independent . 28 May 1995 . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gazzini , Tarcisio ( 2005 ) . The changing rules on the use of force in international law . Manchester University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 7325 - 0 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency . ( 2002 ) . Balkan battlegrounds : a military history of the Yugoslav conflict , 1990 -- 1995 . Central Intelligence Agency , Office of Russian and European Analysis , v. 1 , page 378 Jump up ^ The Balkans Chronology Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sarajevo Grenade Leaves One Dead And 19 Wounded Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . '' ( 10 January 1996 ) . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Dubinsky , Alex ; Djukić , Slavoljub ( 2001 ) . Milosevic and Markovic : A Lust for Power . McGill - Queen 's Press . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 6939 - 3 . Jump up ^ Demographic Unit , OTP ( 18 August 2003 ) . `` Death Toll in the Siege of Sarajevo , April 1992 to December 1995 : A Study of Mortality Based on Eight Large Data Sources '' ( PDF ) . ICTY . IT - 02 - 54 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratko Mladic arrested : Bosnia war crimes suspect held '' . BBC . 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan Tučić ( February 2013 ) . `` Pojedinačan popis broja ratnih žrtava u svim općinama BiH '' . Prometej.ba . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Donia , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . Sarajevo : A Biography . University of Michigan Press . p. 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11557 - 0 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` Sarajevo unveils memorial for children killed during siege '' . National Post . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Libraries in open societies ... -- Google Books . Google Books . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ICTY : Stanislav Galić judgement and opinion '' . ICTY. 5 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of the Judgement in the Case of Prosecutor v. Momčilo Perišić '' ( PDF ) . The Hague : International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 6 September 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PERISIC SENTENCED TO 27 YEARS FOR CRIMES IN BH AND CROATIA '' . The Hague : Sense - Agency . 6 September 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Momcilo Perisic : Yugoslav army chief conviction overturned '' . BBC . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` UN hails conviction of Mladic , the ' epitome of evil , ' a momentous victory for justice '' . UN News Centre . 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen Bowcott , Julian Borger ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` Ratko Mladić convicted of war crimes and genocide at UN tribunal '' . The Guardian . Event occurs at 11 : 00 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World of Cartooning , LLC : Joe Kubert 's `` Fax From Sarajevo '' `` . Kubertsworld . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reactions '' . Laibach . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Jump up ^ https://ironmaiden.com/news/article/scream-for-me-sarajevo-theatrical-release Jump up ^ Content : ARKA / Design : Javier Duhart . `` ARKA -- News 2003 '' . Arka.cl . Archived from the original on 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Raritan . Vol 35 , No 1 . `` Raritan '' . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt From The Book Witness From Sarajevo '' . Fortunecity.com . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sarajevo Roses A documentary by Roger Richards '' . www.sarajevoroses.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Remember Sarajevo by Roger Richards '' . The Digital Journalist . Archived from the original on 16 December 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , Whistle blower 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sunset Overdrive , This War of Mine , Super Smash Bros. and Civilization '' . The New York Times . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Sarajevo . SA92.BA : Sarajevo 1992 . -- 1996 . photo gallery Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts on the Siege of Sarajevo `` Remember Sarajevo '' by Roger M. Richards , is an eBook of photographs and text from the siege of Sarajevo . Bosnian War Part of the Yugoslav Wars Belligerents Bosnian side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Black Swans Mujahideen Croatian Defence Forces Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo - Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Prelude Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić -- Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North - East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding shooting Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac killings Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo 1992 Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Foča massacres Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Vilina Vlas Siege of Doboj Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat -- Bosniak War Operation Vrbas ' 92 Operation Corridor 92 Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre 1993 Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina killings Sovići and Doljani massacres Vranica case Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Operation Irma Operation Neretva ' 93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Stupni Do massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings 1994 Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre Banja Luka incident Washington Agreement Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Operation Spider Operation Winter ' 94 1995 Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer ' 95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle for Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Bosnia and Herzegovina Internment camps Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Aspects Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters Timeline of the Bosnian War ( Timeline of the Croat -- Bosniak War ) Category Commons Yugoslav Wars Overview Participants People Wars and conflicts Slovenian War of Independence ( 1991 ) Croatian War of Independence ( 1991 -- 95 ) Bosnian War ( 1992 -- 95 ) Croat -- Bosniak War ( 1992 -- 94 ) Kosovo War ( 1998 -- 99 ) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia ( 2001 ) Background : Timeline of Yugoslav breakup Josip Broz Tito Brotherhood and unity League of Communists of Yugoslavia Croatian Spring SANU Memorandum Contributions for the Slovenian National Program Anti-bureaucratic revolution JBTZ - trial Gazimestan speech RAM Plan Breakup of Yugoslavia Karađorđevo agreement Graz agreement Joint Criminal Enterprise Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars Consequences : Brioni Agreement Dayton Agreement Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) List of ICTY indictees Human rights in Croatia Human rights in Serbia Articles on nationalism : Ethnic cleansing Greater Albania Greater Croatia United Macedonia Greater Serbia United Slovenia Anti-Serbian sentiment Islamophobia Albanian nationalism Bosnianism Croatian nationalism Macedonian nationalism Montenegrin nationalism Serbian nationalism Serbian -- Montenegrin unionism Slovenian nationalism Yugoslavism Ex-Yugoslav republics : Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) Croatia Slovenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia Yugoslavia ( FRY ) Unrecognized entities : Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) SAO Eastern Slavonia , Baranja and Western Syrmia SAO Krajina SAO Western Slavonia Republika Srpska ( RS ) SAO Bosanska Krajina SAO Herzegovina SAO North - Eastern Bosnia SAO Romanija Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia ( HRHB ) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia ( APZB ) United Nations protectorate : United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia , Baranja and Western Sirmium ( UNTAES ) United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo ( UNMIK ) Armies : Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) Yugoslav Territorial Defence ( TO ) Slovenian Territorial Defence ( TORS ) Yugoslav Army ( VJ ) Croatian Army ( HV ) BiH Territorial Defence ( TORBIH ) Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH ) Army of Republika Srpska ( VRS ) Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina ( SVK ) Croatian Defence Council ( HVO ) Military formations and volunteers : Croatian Defence Forces ( HOS ) White Eagles Serb Guard ( SG ) Serb Volunteer Guard ( SDG ) Scorpions Yellow Wasps Greek Volunteer Guard Wolves of Vučjak External factors : NATO United Nations ( UN ) United Nations Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation ( UNCRO ) Politicians : Ante Marković Borisav Jović Slobodan Milošević Momir Bulatović Milo Đukanović Vuk Drašković Milan Kučan Lojze Peterle Janez Janša Franjo Tuđman Stjepan Mesić Ante Paradžik † Dobroslav Paraga Alija Izetbegović Mate Boban Fikret Abdić Radovan Karadžić Biljana Plavšić Momčilo Krajišnik Mirko Jović Jovan Rašković † Milan Babić Goran Hadžić Milan Martić Vojislav Šešelj Top military commanders : Veljko Kadijević Života Panić Momčilo Perišić Janko Bobetko Martin Špegelj Gojko Šušak Mile Novaković Mile Mrkšić Ratko Mladić Rasim Delić Sefer Halilović Atif Dudaković Dragoljub Ojdanić Nebojša Pavković Vladimir Lazarević Other notable commanders : Blago Zadro † Blaž Kraljević † Ante Gotovina Jovan Divjak Naser Orić Veselin Šljivančanin Milan Tepić † Đorđe Božović † Vukašin Šoškoćanin † Veljko Milanković † Ljubiša Savić Dragan Vasiljković Željko Ražnatović Milorad Ulemek Key foreign figures : Lord Carrington Cyrus Vance Lord Owen Richard Holbrooke Robert Badinter Croatian War of Independence Part of the Yugoslav Wars Prelude Log Revolution SAO Krajina 1991 Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident 1991 siege of Kijevo Battle of Borovo Selo 1991 riot in Zadar 1991 protest in Split SAO Eastern Slavonia , Baranja and Western Syrmia Operation Stinger Dalj massacre Operation Labrador SAO Western Slavonia Battle of Vukovar Battle of Osijek Battle of Gospić Battle of Kusonje Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of Zadar Battle of Šibenik 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Siege of Dubrovnik Bombing of Banski dvori Široka Kula massacre Lovas massacre Gospić massacre Baćin massacre Saborsko massacre Operation Otkos 10 Battle of Logorište Erdut massacre Battle of the Dalmatian channels Kostrići massacre Škabrnja massacre Vukovar massacre Vance plan Operation Whirlwind Paulin Dvor massacre Gornje Jame massacre Operation Orkan 91 Voćin massacre Joševica massacre Operation Devil 's Beam Bruška massacre 1992 Sarajevo Agreement 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger ( 1992 ) Operation Liberated Land Battle of Konavle Operation Vlaštica 1993 -- 94 Operation Maslenica Daruvar Agreement Operation Backstop Operation Medak Pocket Z - 4 Plan Operation Winter ' 94 1995 Operation Leap 1 Operation Flash Zagreb rocket attack Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer ' 95 Operation Storm Operation Maestral 2 Varivode massacre Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence Internment camps Begejci camp Bučje camp Knin camp Lora prison camp Ovčara camp Sremska Mitrovica prison camp Stajićevo camp Velepromet camp Other Independence of Croatia Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia Category Commons Bosnian War Part of the Yugoslav Wars Belligerents Bosnian side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Black Swans Mujahideen Croatian Defence Forces Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo - Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Prelude Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić -- Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North - East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding shooting Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac killings Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo 1992 Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Foča massacres Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Vilina Vlas Siege of Doboj Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat -- Bosniak War Operation Vrbas ' 92 Operation Corridor 92 Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre 1993 Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina killings Sovići and Doljani massacres Vranica case Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Operation Irma Operation Neretva ' 93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Stupni Do massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings 1994 Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre Banja Luka incident Washington Agreement Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Operation Spider Operation Winter ' 94 1995 Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer ' 95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle for Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Bosnia and Herzegovina Internment camps Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Aspects Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters Timeline of the Bosnian War ( Timeline of the Croat -- Bosniak War ) Category Commons Category Commons Sarajevo History of Sarajevo Ancient times Middle Ages Early Ottoman Late Ottoman Austria - 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who becomes chief of surgery after owen hunt

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Owen_Hunt&oldid=837492804

Owen Hunt - wikipedia Owen Hunt Jump to : navigation , search Owen Hunt Grey 's Anatomy character The season nine promotional photograph of Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt First appearance `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' ( 5.01 ) September 25 , 2008 ( as recurring cast ) `` Beat Your Heart Out '' ( 5.14 ) February 5 , 2009 ( as series regular ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Kevin McKidd Information Occupation Attending Trauma Surgeon Chief of Surgery ( former ) Title Chief of Trauma Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Megan Hunt ( sister ) Evelyn Hunt ( mother ) Liam ( foster son ) Spouse ( s ) Cristina Yang ( divorced ) Amelia Shepherd ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Emma Marling Beth Whitman ( ex-fiancée ) Carina Deluca Teddy Altman Relatives Derek Shepherd ( ex brother - in - law ) ( deceased ) Nathan Riggs ( brother - in - law ) Farouk Shami ( nephew ) Owen Hunt , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by actor Kevin McKidd . He was introduced in season five as a U.S. Army trauma surgeon who served in war - torn Iraq , and subsequently joins the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital to teach medicine as a surgical attending , head of trauma surgery , and eventual chief of surgery , sometimes with unorthodox methods . Originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc , he was upgraded to a series ' regular at the conclusion of his first appearance . The fictional character served as a love interest for surgical fellow Cristina Yang , and had an unstable personality when first introduced , suffering from PTSD . McKidd 's connection with fellow actress Sandra Oh ( Cristina Yang ) has been acclaimed amongst critics , with Matt Roush of TV Guide calling the `` instant sparks '' between McKidd and Oh `` electrifying . '' McKidd was nominated for two awards for his work on the show , winning one of them . Chris Monfette of IGN has praised the addition of `` fresh , new characters '' such as Owen Hunt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Before his regular appearances on the show , Owen Hunt was a United States Army surgeon , specializing in trauma surgery . The character makes a dramatic first appearance when he performs a tracheotomy on a man with a pen , winning the admiration of resident Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) . He is offered a job by former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , but declines , explaining that he has not completed his tour in Iraq . His appointment as the new head of trauma surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital was not well - received initially . By his first week he manages to irk both Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) and Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , head of neurosurgery and plastic surgery , respectively , who view his treatment of some of the patients as crude , and also rebuffed by resident Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) when he stabs a set of pigs and then orders the residents and interns to save their lives , in order to teach them medicine on `` live tissue . '' Hunt eventually embarks on a relationship with Yang , but it comes to a sudden close when his PTSD gets the best of him , and he unconsciously strangles her . Soon after the breakup , he begins therapy with the hospital psychiatrist , Dr. Wyatt . Some time later , a soldier visits the hospital for treatment , and his presence influences Owen to contemplate returning to the US Army . When he shares this with Cristina , she disagrees with his decision , stating that she does n't want him to die , and the two eventually rekindle their relationship . Owen brings in Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , his best friend and colleague from when he was in the army , as the new head of cardiothoracic surgery . When it is revealed that Hunt and Altman may be potential lovers , Hunt and Yang 's relationship is challenged , and eventually concluded by Yang . During a hospital shooting , Owen is shot and injured , attracting the sympathy of Cristina , who subsequently restores their relationship . Due to the emotional reverberations of the shooting crisis , Owen and Cristina decide to wed one another shortly after their reconciliation , not wanting to risk separation . When Cristina discovers she is pregnant , Owen is displeased with her desire to abort the baby , and the two separate from each other . In the fallout of resident Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's tampering with Derek Shepherd 's Alzheimer 's trial , Owen is promoted to Chief of Surgery after Webber steps down . After substantial thought , Owen reluctantly decides to accompany Cristina to the abortion , uniting the two . Owen 's friendship with Teddy ends when Owen lies to Teddy about her husband 's sudden death , due to Owen wanting her to finish a surgery she was currently performing and Teddy blaming Owen for her husband 's death . Feeling abandoned and disconcerted after an altercation with Cristina , Owen has a one - night stand with a patient 's friend . Cristina consequently finds out , terminates their relationship , and their marriage is tested . After Cristina passed her medical boards , she reconciles with Owen , but reveals to him that she is leaving Seattle to go to Mayo Clinic . Teddy and Owen eventually became friends again . She had been offered a position at the United States Army Medical Command but chose to stay at Seattle Grace Mercy West out of loyalty . After Teddy 's husband Henry dies she wallows in her grief and it affects her colleagues and residents , causing Owen to `` fire '' her so that she can have a fresh start elsewhere . He also fires April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) because the hospital can not afford to keep her due to her not being a Board certified . Months later , Hunt visits Kepner and rehires her as he realized he made a mistake . In season 9 Cristina and Owen 's marriage is again very strained . Cristina is working at Mayo Clinic and Owen in Seattle but she returns . Owen asks for a divorce . He later shows that he is still in love with her and only asked for a divorce so Cristina and the others involved in the plane crash get the money . Cristina and Owen reconcile in episode 9 before Bailey 's wedding . In season 10 , Cristina decides to accept a job to run a state of the art clinic in Switzerland . Owen supports her decision as he realizes no good could come from him asking her to stay , but requests her not to leave him until she has to leave him for good , following which , they both spend two weeks leading to her permanent departure together . While saying her farewell to her colleagues of the last seven years , there is a possible act of terrorism in Seattle , which later turns out to be just a gas main explosion . Cristina has a quick but emotional goodbye hug with Derek , Bailey , and Webber , leaves her shares of the hospital to Alex , and dances it out with Meredith one last time to an old favorite song . Owen , however , is busy saving a patient in the O.R. , so they share a silent goodbye through the gallery 's glass . In Season 11 , Owen develops a relationship with Amelia Shepherd . This is off and on throughout Season 11 and 12 until the end of Season 12 where he and Amelia get married . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) McKidd had to postpone his appointment with series ' creator Shonda Rhimes due to it being his son 's birthday . Shonda Rhimes , series ' creator , says that the character was envisioned `` an old - fashioned tortured hero '' and likens him to Heathcliff . Originally set to appear in a multi-episode story arc , Kevin McKidd 's contract was extended , securing him a slot as a series ' regular of Grey 's Anatomy . In July 2008 , Entertainment Weekly announced the possibility of McKidd becoming a series ' regular , with this possibility eventually being confirmed by People . When asked of how he got involved with the show , McKidd offered the insight : `` I was doing a movie off and on for three months , and it was my son 's birthday , so I managed to land back in LA . around 2 p.m. Then I got a call from my agent , saying , `` You have to turn back around because Shonda wants to meet you for this role on Grey 's . '' I was like , `` I 'd love to meet her , but I ca n't . Can we do tomorrow ? '' And they 're family - friendly , so they were really understanding . As soon as I heard the pitch for the character , I was sold on it . It 's a different energy and a different viewpoint . I thought it was an important story to tell , especially on a prime - time TV show . To get in there and get your hands dirty and explore what trauma surgery is like in war zones and what it 's like to rehabilitate yourself to civilian life . It 's not just a new doctor showing up . It 's exploring how hard it is to reintegrate yourself back into the real world after being in the war zone for three tours . '' McKidd told BuddyTV , `` It 's been really great . I was nervous when I started because every job I 've ever done before this , I have been in the job right from day one when everybody 's new and getting to know each other . So I was nervous because I had never done this before . And I feel really grateful to the Grey 's cast and crew and everyone there , really , because they 've been so nice to me and gracious and accepting of me joining the show . The transition was much easier than I thought it might be , which I 'm very grateful for . '' McKidd has told People that he thinks Grey 's Anatomy is a great show and he feels lucky to be on it . Shonda Rhimes , the series ' creator , said of his addition , `` I am excited to have Kevin McKidd joining us for the season , he 's been a delight to collaborate with and brings incredible passion , talent and creativity to his work . Plus , he 's already got the ' Mc ' built into his name so we had to keep him . '' Characterization ( edit ) McKidd and Oh 's characters ' relationship and connection has been a major aspect of Owen 's characterization The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Hunt as `` confident '' , `` innovative '' , `` intelligent '' , while he also can be `` aggressive '' , `` brazen '' , `` presumptuous '' , `` hasty and rash '' . McKidd said of his character : `` ( ... ) He 's not an easy character to connect to , I think . There 's some darkness to him and there 's some danger to him that I think is really interesting and exciting to play . ( ... ) '' Additionally , McKidd describes Hunt as `` very instinctive , and follows his gut , and he 's very impulsive , and very immediate . He immediately assesses a situation . And he 's very honest , sometimes painfully honest , with himself and with others . He wants to make himself better . He wants to improve himself as a person . He 's a decent guy , a sort of a guy I 'd like to go out and have a beer with . '' Hunt 's unorthodox teaching methods have been the subject of controversy . McKidd said of this : `` You know , I think , at the end of the day , ( Owen ) 's basically a good man who has some pretty extreme teaching techniques that he learned in the army . And all these things that are in the show are actually the way trauma surgeons are taught . But I think probably beyond that , he very much just calls a spade a spade and looks at each scenario . He 's not trying to be difficult . He just looks at each scenario and each case and each patient and knows what is needed and when to cut to the chase , and does n't want to mess about with the periphery of it . And sometimes that gets him into trouble , and sometimes that is for the best . So , it 'd be interesting and kind of exciting to see where he goes . '' -- Kevin McKidd , BuddyTV The look of Owen has been described as hardcore and the antithesis of the other males on the show . McKidd says it 's not just the look of Owen , but the fact that in his profession , he is dealing with life and death everyday . The one distinction he finds between his character and the others is that Owen does not care what other people think of him . When McKidd returned from his first appearance , his character appeared to have been changed . McKidd told TV Guide : `` Yes , that was who he really is in the premiere , but now we 're seeing what can happen to a good man , a good soldier and good surgeon ( because of war ) . '' There 's a great debate there for what the dynamic is , with what Cristina has done to this marriage and her choice and what Owen 's choice is and his behavior . There 's a really interesting conversation to be had because of those choices : How do you move on ? How does that change the dynamic of the relationship ? If you can really dive into that -- there 's two betrayals , very big ones . I do n't know how they sustain that relationship . I do n't know how you come back from that kind of betrayal . Certainly if you 're married , the notion of the next step would be to have children and if that 's been taken away , I would find it very hard for Owen to stay in that relationship . `` '' -- Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) on Owen and Cristina 's relationship , involving Cristina 's no desire to bear children . The character of Owen Hunt had an almost instant attraction to Cristina Yang since his first appearance at Seattle Grace , illustrated by the passionate kiss they share soon after they meet . Owen 's story and connection with fellow character Cristina has been a topic of discussion . McKidd said : `` Between him ( Owen ) and her ( Cristina ) , it 's going to get really complex and kind of tense and explosive . '' Owen and Cristina have experienced roadblocks in their fictional relationship , and continue to . McKidd offered this insight on his character 's relationship with Cristina : `` It 's not going to be easy for them . What I read when I read the season premiere , and this is just my take on it , is that it was very much two very analytical people , Owen and Cristina . They 're very similar in a way , I think , as people . Two analytical people see each other over a crowded ER room and their eyes meet . It 's almost more complicated , but on a really simplistic level , it 's almost a love at first sight scenario that happened on the season premiere . And then , what we 're seeing is the road to connect that back , because obviously the season premiere was before he went back to Iraq and this event has happened to him that 's changed him . And so , they 're trying to get that feeling back because there 's obviously something really true and meant to be between these two people . But it 's complicated right now because she 's damaged because of what 's happened to her , and he is certainly struggling with himself and the people around him and the world in general , and trying to keep himself together after what 's happened to him . So , I think , it 's exciting to see what happens with these two guys because , in a way , they 're the two people you 'd least expect to have a love affair , but it 's happening to them and they ca n't stop it . '' McKidd has referred to his character and the character of Cristina Yang as `` soulmates . '' Speaking of Owen 's PTSD storyline , McKidd stated : `` What 's exciting about telling this story with this character is that it 's quite brave of ABC and Shonda ( Rhimes ) , on a prime - time network TV show , to address a tough subject , and one that people do n't necessarily want to hear about . But so far the writing room is handling it beautifully . They 're not banging people over the head with it but exploring it in a sensitive and interesting way . '' Owen and Cristina have struggled with their fictional relationship in season eight , leading to Owen having a sexual affair . Directly before the episode involving the affair aired , McKidd said to Entertainment Weekly : `` The thing about Owen is that he tries to do things perfectly , and obviously , he messes up as the chief because you have to make these odd black - and - white decisions and sometimes you make the wrong decision . There 's a lot of stress in his life at the moment , so he 's trying not to let that affect his efficiency as chief . '' Although the characters ' marriage is tested , McKidd reported to The Hollywood Reporter : `` I think they 're meant for each other . I hold out faith in Cristina and Owen , even though they go to the darkest places out of all the couples on the show . It 's going to get worse but it 's going to get better soon . '' Reception ( edit ) The character has received generally positive feedback from television critics . Weeks after Hunt 's first appearance on the show , Matt Roush of TV Guide commented that `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' He also added : `` The instant sparks between him ( Hunt ) and Yang were electrifying . '' On the other hand , Robert Rorke of the New York Post states that McKidd was brought in as Hunt to `` boost the sagging fortunes '' of the show 's ratings . Kelley L. Carter of USA Today , describes Hunt as `` hardcore '' and `` the antithesis of the other males on the show . '' Chris Monfette of IGN said that the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy was an improvement on the previous two seasons , attributing this in part to the introduction of `` fresh , new characters '' , Owen and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . He also referred to McKidd as `` the season ( five ) 's best , most effective addition '' , adding : `` Not only is McKidd an immediately likeable and engaging actor , his struggle with PTSD throughout the season -- and especially how it impacted his burgeoning relationship with Cristina -- proved both relevant and dramatically gripping . His interactions with Cristina were perfectly balanced for optimum drama , never together and never apart for so long that the back - and - forth became frustrating . Viewers could clearly see a softening of the typically hard - edged Cristina , a pleasant change for what had become something of a one - note character , as well as relate to Owen 's internal struggles , shared by many a real - life war vet . '' Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine judged Hunt `` too sad '' for the first part of the ninth season . In 2010 , Kevin McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series ' Multi-Episode Storyline , and won the award . In 2011 , McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series , for his work on Grey 's Anatomy . McKidd was nominated , along with the rest of the Grey 's Anatomy cast , for Best Drama Series at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards , in 2010 . Also in 2010 , McKidd , and the rest of the cast , were nominated for Outstanding Drama Series , at the NAACP Image Awards . The same nomination was received at the 2011 NAACP Image Awards , with the cast winning the award . At the 43rd NAACP Image Awards , in 2012 , McKidd and the cast were nominated yet again for Outstanding Drama Series . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . September 25 , 2008 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Life During Wartime '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . October 30 , 2008 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . February 19 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . May 14 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New History '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . November 12 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sanctuary '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . May 20 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . May 20 , 2010 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . September 23 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Unaccompanied Minor '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . May 19 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Free Falling '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . September 22 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` She 's Gone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . September 22 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dark Was the Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . November 10 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Suddenly '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . January 5 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` One Step Too Far '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . March 15 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . April 12 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . May 17 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Carter , Kelley . `` Kevin McKidd plays military doctor on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . MarineTimes . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kevin McKidd in talks to join the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin McKidd Joins the Cast of Grey 's Anatomy '' . People . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin McKidd of ' Grey 's Anatomy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McKidd . Ask Grey 's Anatomy , Part 3 ( Adobe Flash Player ) . ABC.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Kevin McKidd : Love and War Haunt Hunt '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Postmortem : Kevin McKidd Warns of Tougher Times Ahead for Cristina '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rorke , Robert ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` No Kidding '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star Kevin McKidd previews Owen 's struggles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Kelley L. ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Meet McKidd , new dreamboat doc on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ T , Buddy ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 PRISM Awards Winners Announced '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomasi , Rollo ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Prism Awards 2011 : Nominations '' . FilmBook . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Owen Hunt at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_Hunt&oldid=837492804 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional majors Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional United States Army personnel Fictional Iraq War veterans Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : missing author or editor Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 05 : 16 . 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what is the quality of life like in china

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Standard of living in China - wikipedia Standard of living in China Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In past times , the Chinese economy was characterized by widespread poverty , extreme income inequalities , and endemic insecurity of livelihood . Since then , the most concrete evidence of improved living standards has been that average national life expectancy has more than doubled , rising from around thirty - two years in 1949 to sixty - nine years in 1985 . In addition , the percentage of the Chinese population estimated to be living in absolute poverty fell from between 200 - 270 million in 1978 to 100 million in 2017 . In 1987 the standard of living in China was much lower than in the industrialized countries , but nearly all Chinese people had adequate food , clothing , and housing . In addition , there was a positive trend toward rapid improvements in living conditions in the 1980s as a result of the economic reforms , though improvements in the standard of living beyond the basic level came slowly . Until the end of the 1970s , the fruits of economic growth were largely negated by population increases , which prevented significant advances in the per capita availability of food , clothing , and housing beyond levels achieved in the 1950s . The second major change in the standard of living came about as a result of the rapid expansion of productivity and commerce generated by the reform measures of the 1980s . After thirty years of austerity and marginal sufficiency , Chinese consumers suddenly were able to buy more than enough to eat from a growing variety of food items . Stylish clothing , modern furniture , and a wide array of electrical appliances also became part of the normal expectations of ordinary Chinese families . Following the economic reforms introduced by the government in the late 1970s , consumption and individual incomes rose significantly , with the real per capita consumption of peasants rising at an annual rate of 6.7 % from 1975 to 1986 , while for urbanites over the same period , the corresponding figure was 5.5 % . The improvements in the standard of living were demonstrated by a boom in rural and urban housing , together with a considerable increase in the ownership of televisions and other appliances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Food 2 Clothing 3 Consumer goods 4 Housing 5 Income distribution 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Food ( edit ) While food production rose substantially after 1949 , population increases were nearly as great until the 1980s . Production of grain , the source of about 75 percent of the calories in the Chinese diet , grew at an average rate of 2.7 percent a year between 1952 and 1979 , while population growth averaged almost 2 percent a year . Total grain output per capita grew from 288 kilograms a year in 1952 to 319 kilograms in 1978 , an increase of only 11 percent in 26 years . In 1984 , however , a remarkably good harvest produced 396 kilograms of grain per capita , an increase of 24 percent in only 6 years . In 1985 grain output fell below the peak level of 1984 , to 365 kilograms per person , and recovered only partially in 1986 to 369 kilograms per capita . Clothing ( edit ) In the 1970s before the reform period , clothing purchases were restricted by rationing . Cotton cloth consumption was limited to between four and six meters a year per person . In the 1980s one of the most visible signs of the economic `` revolution '' was the appearance in Chinese cities of large quantities of relatively modern , varied , colorful clothes , a sharp contrast to the monotone image of blue and gray suits that typified Chinese dress in earlier years . Cloth consumption increased from eight meters per person in 1978 to almost twelve meters in 1985 , and rationing was ended in the early 1980s . Production of synthetic fibers more than tripled during this period ; in 1985 synthetics constituted 40 percent of the cloth purchased . Consumers also tripled their purchases of woolen fabrics in these years and bought growing numbers of garments made of silk , leather , or down . In 1987 Chinese department stores and street markets carried clothing in a large variety of styles , colors , quality , and prices . Many people displayed their new affluence with relatively expensive and stylish clothes , while those with more modest tastes or meager incomes still could adequately outfit themselves at very low cost . Consumer goods ( edit ) As with food supplies and clothing , the availability of housewares went through several stages . Simple , inexpensive household items , like thermoses , cooking pans , and clocks were stocked in department stores and other retail outlets all over China from the 1950s on . Relatively expensive consumer durables became available more gradually . In the 1960s production and sales of bicycles , sewing machines , wristwatches , and transistor radios grew to the point that these items became common household possessions , followed in the late 1970s by television sets and cameras . In the 1980s supplies of furniture and electrical appliances increased along with family incomes . Household survey data indicated that by 1985 most urban families owned two bicycles , at least one sofa , a writing desk , a wardrobe , a sewing machine , an electric fan , a radio , and a television . Virtually all urban adults owned wristwatches , half of all families had washing machines , 10 percent had refrigerators , and over 18 percent owned color televisions . Rural households on average owned about half the number of consumer durables owned by urban dwellers . Most farm families had 1 bicycle , about half had a radio , 43 percent owned a sewing machine , 12 percent had a television set , and about half the rural adults owned wristwatches . Housing ( edit ) Housing construction lagged behind urban population growth . A 1978 survey of housing conditions in 192 cities found that their combined population had increased by 83 percent between 1949 and 1978 , but housing floor space had only grown by 46.7 percent . In 1978 there were only 3.6 square meters of living space per inhabitant in these cities , a reduction of 0.9 square meter since 1949 . To remedy this problem , construction of modern urban housing became a top priority in the late 1970s , and by the mid-1980s new high - rise apartment blocks and the tall cranes used in their construction were ubiquitous features of large cities . Some apartments in the new buildings had their own lavatories , kitchens , and balconies , but others shared communal facilities . Nearly all were of much higher quality than older houses , many of which were built of mud bricks and lacked plumbing . By 1981 living space in urban housing had increased to 5.3 square meters per person , and by 1985 the figure was 6.7 square meters . Despite this progress , scarcity of housing continued to be a major problem in the cities , and many young married couples had to live with parents or make do with a single room . Housing conditions in rural areas varied widely . During the 1960s and 1970s , thousands of production brigades built sturdy , sanitary houses and apartments and in many cases entire new villages . With the introduction of the responsibility system and the more than doubling of rural incomes in the early 1980s , another wave of housing construction took place as farm families moved quickly to invest in their major personal assets - their homes - which for the most part were privately owned . Many farm family houses lacked running water , but virtually all had electricity and were considerably more spacious than urban dwellings . In 1980 farm homes averaged 9.4 square meters of living space per person , and by 1985 the figure had risen to 14.7 square meters . Despite extensive construction of new housing , in poorer regions some farm families still lived in traditional dwellings , such as mud - brick and thatch houses or , in some regions , cave houses . Many of the nomadic herders in Inner Mongolia , Xinjiang , and Xizang ( Tibet ) autonomous regions still lived in tents or felt yurts . In the Yangtze River Valley and in south China , some fishing and boat transportation communities continued to live on their vessels . Since the 1990s there has been an increasing number of apartment built in China which remain empty . By 2010 approximately 65 million apartments , capable of housing some 250 million people , were unoccupied , due to there being too expensive for the majority of Chinese to purchase or rent . At the same time many millions of urban Chinese remained living in slums . But , as the urbanization rate in China remains high ( approx. 20 million Chinese move from rural areas each year ) this problem is not severe and many so - called `` ghost cities '' become inhabited . As for 2012 , there is 35 sq. meters per person in average and construction rate exceeds 1.5 sq. meters per year which allows total living area to exceed 50 sq. meters per capital as soon as in the year 2020 . Income distribution ( edit ) Further information : Income inequality metrics Income differences in China since the 1950s have been much smaller than in most other countries . There was never any attempt , however , at complete equalization , and a wide range of income levels remained . Income differences grew even wider in the 1980s as the economic reform policies opened up new income opportunities . More than two - thirds of all urban workers were employed in state - owned units , which used an eight - grade wage system . The pay for each grade differed from one industry to another , but generally workers in the most senior grades earned about three times as much as beginning workers , senior managers could earn half again as much as senior workers , and engineers could earn twice as much as senior workers . In 1985 the average annual income of people employed in state - owned units was ¥ 1,213 . An important component of workers ' pay was made up of bonuses and subsidies . In 1985 bonuses contributed 13 percent of the incomes of workers in state - owned units ; subsidies for transportation , food , and clothing added another 15 percent . One of the most important subsidies - one that did not appear in the income figures - was for housing , nearly all of which was owned and allocated by the work unit and rented to unit members at prices well below real value . In 1985 urban consumers spent just over 1 percent of their incomes on housing . The Chinese Customer Report 2010 states three groups of spending tiers of income : big spenders ( which spend 21 % of the income ) , medium spenders ( which spend 36 % of the income ) and small spenders ( which spend 43 % of the income ) . The 27 percent of the urban labor force that was employed in collectively owned enterprises earned less on average than workers in state - owned units . The income of workers in collectively owned enterprises consisted of a share of the profit earned by the enterprise . Most such enterprises were small , had little capital , and did not earn large profits . Many were engaged in traditional services , handicrafts , or small - scale , part - time assembly work . In 1985 workers in urban collective units earned an average annual income of ¥ 968 . In the more open commercial environment of the 1980s , a small but significant number of people earned incomes much larger than those in regular state - owned and collectively owned units . Employees of enterprises run by overseas Chinese , for instance , earned an average of ¥ 2,437 in 1985 , over twice the average income of workers in state - owned units . The small but dynamic domestic private sector also produced some lucrative opportunities . Private , part - time schools , which appeared in large numbers in the mid-1980s , offered moonlighting work to university professors , who could double or triple their modest incomes if they were from prestigious institutions and taught desirable subjects , such as English , Japanese , or electronics . Small - scale entrepreneurs could earn considerably more in the free markets than the average income . Business people who served as a liaison between foreign firms and the domestic economy could earn incomes many times higher than those of the best - paid employees of state - owned units . A handful of millionaire businessmen could be found in the biggest cities . These people had owned firms before 1949 , cooperated with the government in the 1950s in return for stock in their firms , and then lost their incomes in the political turmoil of the Cultural Revolution . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , when these businessmen were politically rehabilitated , their incomes were returned with the accrued interest , and some suddenly found themselves quite wealthy . Although the number of people earning incomes far beyond the normal wage scale was tiny relative to the population , they were important symbols of the rewards of economic reform and received a great deal of media attention . In 1985 most of these people worked in enterprises classified as `` units of other ownership '' ( private rather than state - or collectively owned enterprises ) . These enterprises employed only 440,000 people out of the total urban labor force of 128 million in 1985 and paid average annual salaries of ¥ 1,373 , only slightly higher than the overall urban national average . In China , as in other countries , an important determinant of the affluence of a household was the dependency ratio - the number of nonworkers supported by each worker . In 1985 the average cost of living for one person in urban areas was ¥ 732 a year , and the average state enterprise worker , even with food allowance and other benefits added to the basic wage , had difficulty supporting one other person . Two average wage earners , however , could easily support one dependent . Families with several workers and few or no dependents had substantial surplus earnings , which they saved or used to buy nonessential goods . An important positive influence on the per capita consumption levels of urban families was a decline in the number of dependents per urban worker , from 2.4 in 1964 to 0.7 in 1985 . In farm families the dependency ratio fell from 1.5 in 1978 to 0.7 in 1985 . Farm incomes rose rapidly in the 1980s under the stimulus of the responsibility system but on average remained considerably lower than urban incomes . Household surveys found that in 1985 average net per capita income for rural residents was ¥ 398 , less than half the average per capita urban income , which was ¥ 821 . The value of goods farmers produced and consumed themselves accounted for 31 percent of rural income in 1985 . The largest component of income in kind was food , 58 percent of which was self - produced . Farm family members on average consumed much less of most major kinds of goods than urban residents . For instance , a household survey found in 1985 that the average urban dweller consumed 148 kilograms of vegetables , 20 kilograms of meat , 2.6 kilograms of sugar , and 8 kilograms of liquor . At the same time , a survey of rural households found that the average rural resident consumed 131 kilograms of vegetables , 11 kilograms of meat , 1.5 kilograms of sugar , and 4 kilograms of liquor . Differences of a similar nature existed for consumer durables . Another indication of the gap between urban and rural income levels was the difference in personal savings accounts , which in 1985 averaged ¥ 277 per capita for urban residents but only ¥ 85 per capita for the rural population . There was great variation in rural income levels among different provincial - level units , counties , towns , villages , and individual families . While the average net per capita income for rural residents in 1985 was ¥ 398 , provincial - level averages ranged from a high of ¥ 805 for farm families living in Shanghai to a low of ¥ 255 for the rural population of Gansu Province . The fundamental influence on rural prosperity was geography . Soil type and quality , rainfall , temperature range , drainage , and availability of water determined the kinds and quantities of crops that could be grown . Equally important geographic factors were access to transportation routes and proximity to urban areas . The highest agricultural incomes were earned by suburban units that were able to sell produce and sideline products in the nearby cities . Under the responsibility system , household incomes depended on the number of workers in each household and the household 's success in holding down production costs and in supplying goods and services to local markets . Most of the rural families with the highest incomes - the `` 10,000 - yuan households '' - were `` specialized households '' that concentrated family efforts on supplying a particular service or good . Many of these families owned their own equipment , such as trucks or specialized buildings , and operated essentially as private concerns . An increasingly important influence on rural incomes in the mid-1980s was the expansion of nonagricultural rural enterprises , often referred to as `` township enterprises . '' These were factories , construction teams , and processing operations , most of which were owned by collectives , primarily villages , towns , and townships . Some were owned by voluntary groups of families . Township enterprises were considered by the government to be the main source of employment for rural workers who were leaving agriculture because of rising productivity under the responsibility system . By the end of 1986 , township enterprises employed 21 percent of the rural labor force . The movement of rural labor into township enterprises helped to increase average rural incomes because of the higher productivity in nonagricultural jobs . In 1986 industrial workers in rural areas produced an average annual value of ¥ 4,300 per person , compared with about ¥ 1,000 per farmer in the same year . The change in farm production from primarily collective to primarily household operations is reflected in household survey data on the sources of rural incomes . Before the 1980s farmers received income in the form of shares of the profits earned by their production teams plus supplementary income from household sideline activities . In 1978 two - thirds of the net income of farm families came from the collective , and only 27 percent was derived from household production . With the shift to the responsibility system these ratios were reversed . By 1982 the collective provided only 21 percent of farm income , while household production provided 69 percent . In 1985 the collective share of farm income had fallen to just over 8 percent , and the family production share had risen to 81 percent . Perhaps the most serious gaps in living standards between rural and urban areas were in education and health care . Primary schools existed in most rural localities , and 80 percent of the country 's primary - school teachers worked in rural schools . Secondary schools were less widely distributed ; only 57 percent of the total number of secondary - school teachers served in rural schools . Most rural schools were less well equipped , and their staffs less adequately trained than their urban counterparts . Health care had been greatly improved in rural areas in the 1960s and 1970s through sanitation campaigns and the introduction of large numbers of barefoot doctors , midwives , and health workers . Most modern hospitals , fully trained doctors , and modern medical equipment , however , were located in urban areas and were not easily accessible to rural families . In 1985 two - thirds of all hospital beds and medical staff personnel were located in urban hospitals . The economic reforms affected rural education and health care positively in places where farm communities used their higher incomes to improve schools and hospitals and negatively in localities where the reduced role of the collective resulted in deterioration of collective services . See also ( edit ) Economy of China Economic history of China ( 1949 -- present ) Chinese economic reform References ( edit ) Jump up ^ General Paradox by John Naisbitt Jump up ^ Driven by Growth : Political Change in the Asia - Pacific Region edited by James W. Morley Jump up ^ General Paradox by John Naisbitt Jump up ^ Urbanization in China Jump up ^ http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2013/indexeh.htm Jump up ^ Short Chinese Customer Report 2010 , Charles - Edouard Bouée , p. 6 This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress document : `` China : A country study '' . Federal Research Division . 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age of war 2 hands tied behind my back

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Strappado&oldid=806290190

Strappado - wikipedia Strappado Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the torture technique . For the BDSM play , see Strappado bondage . For other uses , see Strappado ( disambiguation ) . `` Estrapade '' redirects here . For the racehorse , see Estrapade ( horse ) . The Strappado , used as public punishment , detail of plate 10 of Les Grandes Misères de la guerre by Jacques Callot , 1633 The strappado , also known as corda , is a form of torture wherein the victim 's hands are tied behind his or her back and suspended by a rope attached to the wrists , typically resulting in dislocated shoulders . Weights may be added to the body to intensify the effect and increase the pain . This kind of torture would generally not last more than an hour , without rest , as it would likely result in death . Other names for strappado include `` reverse hanging '' , `` Palestinian hanging '' ( although it is not used by the Palestinian Authority ) and il tormento della corda . Historically , it was used by the medieval Inquisition and many governments , such as the civil law court ( 1543 -- 1798 ) of the Order of St. John at the Castellania in Valletta , Malta . The proper strappado causes permanent visible damage . Pain and resistance are different from person to person , generally due to the weight of the person himself / herself or the weight attached . It is not , as Samuel Johnson erroneously entered in his dictionary , a `` chastisement by blows '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variants 2 History 3 Modern instances 4 References Variants ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are three variants of this torture . In the first , the victim has his or her arms tied behind their back ; a large rope is then tied to the wrists and passed over a pulley , beam , or a hook on the roof . The torturer pulls on this rope until the victim is hanging from the arms . Since the hands are tied behind the victim 's back , this will cause a very intense pain and possible dislocation of the arms . The full weight of the subject 's body is then supported by the extended and internally rotated shoulder sockets . While the technique shows no external injuries , it can cause long - term nerve , ligament , or tendon damage . The technique typically causes brachial plexus injury , leading to paralysis or loss of sensation in the arms . The second variation , known as squassation , is similar to the first , but a series of drops are added , meaning that the victim is allowed to drop until his or her fall is suddenly checked by the rope . In addition to the damage caused by the suspension , the painful jerk would cause major stress to the extended and vulnerable arms , leading to broken shoulders . It is believed that Niccolò Machiavelli , during his 1513 imprisonment after allegedly conspiring against the Medici family in Florence , was subjected to this form of strappado . In the third variant , the victim 's hands are tied to the front . The victim is also hung from the hands , but the ankles are tied and a heavy weight is attached to them . This will cause pain and possible damage not only to the arms , but also to the legs and hips . History ( edit ) According to William Godwin , Girolamo Savonarola was tortured by strappado multiple times before being put to death in a trial by fire ; Savonarola , however , apparently renounced his confessions after being tortured , which eventually led to his sentence of burning at the stake . This device was thought to be used during the Salem Witch Trials of Salem , Massachusetts in 1692 to torture accused witches . Modern instances ( edit ) A sculpture depicting strappado In the Sachsenhausen concentration camp , prisoners were punished by having their hands tied behind their back , and then being suspended on a pole with their feet just above the ground for half an hour . This was also systematically used in Dachau Concentration Camp for infringement of camp rules . Originally the punishment used tree branches , but it was moved into a shower room on special poles so that victims could not relieve the pain as they could by using the tree . Holocaust survivor Jean Améry writes of his own experiences of strappado when being tortured at the Nazi concentration camp of Fort Breendonk in occupied Belgium . Améry 's analytical descriptions of the torture were included in a number of works by the writer W.G. Sebald ( notably the novel Austerlitz ) . The `` ropes '' was one of several torture methods employed at the Hỏa Lò Prison , popularly known as the Hanoi Hilton . The site was used by the North Vietnamese Army to house , torture and interrogate captured servicemen , mostly American airmen shot down during bombing raids ( including USAF officer Joseph Kittinger , and US Navy pilot ( and later US Senator ) John McCain ) . The aim of the torture was usually not acquiring military information ; rather , it was to break the will of the prisoners , both individually and as a group , and to get written or recorded statements from the prisoners who criticized U.S. conduct of the war and praised how the North Vietnamese treated them . According to a 1997 Human Rights Watch report , this technique was `` widely employed '' by the security forces of Turkey , where it is `` usually used together with high - pressure water , electric shock , beating , or sexual molestation such as squeezing the testicles or breast or placing a nightstick against or in the vagina or anus '' . In 1996 , the European Court of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of torture for its use of reverse hanging . Turkey has been admonished by Amnesty International and other international human rights groups concerning the use of the technique . In 2003 , one of the Bulgarian nurses interrogated during the HIV trial in Libya , Snezhana Dimitrova , stated that she had been tortured in this way . They tied my hands behind my back . Then they hung me from a door . It feels like they are stretching you from all sides . My torso was twisted and my shoulders were dislocated from their joints from time to time . The pain can not be described . The translator was shouting , `` Confess or you will die here '' . In November 2003 , Manadel al - Jamadi , a suspected terrorist , was tortured to death at Abu Ghraib Prison during a Central Intelligence Agency interrogation . It was revealed in February 2005 that he had died after 30 minutes of interrogation during which he was suspended by the wrist , bound behind his back . In 2017 , video footage was released of Iraqi Army members inflicting strappado torture following successes in the Battle of Mosul . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smollett , Tobias ( 1900 ) . The works of Tobias Smollett , Volume 11 . Constable . p. 216 . OCLC 646851669 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cassar , Paul ( 1988 ) . The Castellania Palace : From Law Courts to Guardian of the Nation 's Health . Malta : Department of Information . pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Boffa , Christa ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Palazz Castellania '' . Illum ( in Maltese ) . Archived from the original on 30 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Borg - Muscat , David ( 2001 ) . `` Prison life in Malta in the 18th century -- Valletta 's Gran Prigione '' ( PDF ) . Storja : 48 -- 49 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Eton , William ( 1802 ) . Authentic materials for a history of the principality of Malta . Oxford University . p. 170 ( 70 ) . Jump up ^ Goldhaber , Michael ( 2007 ) . A People 's History of the European Court of Human Rights . Rutgers University Press . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3983 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rejali , Darius ( 2007 ) . Torture and Democracy . Princeton University Press . p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11422 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Inquisitor 's Palace in Birgu ( Vittoriosa ) . Jump up ^ Inquisition from Its Establishment to the Great Schism : An Introductory Study Authors A.L. Maycock , Ronald Knox Publisher Kessinger Publishing , 2003 ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7290 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 7290 - 6 p. 162 Jump up ^ `` The Castellania '' . Malta Environment and Planning Authority . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cassar - Pullicino , Joseph ( 1992 ) . Studies in Maltese Folklore . Malta University Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Torture and Democracy . p. 295 - 296 . Jump up ^ Samuel Johnson 's Dictionary . Jack Lynch ( Ed . ) Levenger Press . Delray Beach , FL. 2004 . Pages 10 and 482 . Jump up ^ Attard , Christian ( 2013 ) . `` The sad end of Maestro Gianni - A Neapolitan Buonavoglia and Sculptor '' . Treasures of Malta . Valletta : Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti . XIX ( 56 ) : 49 . ISSN 1028 - 3013 . OCLC 499647242 . Jump up ^ Heraud , John Abraham ( 1843 ) . The life and times of Girolamo Savonarola : illustrating the progress of the Reformation in Italy , during the fifteenth century . Whittaker . p. 371 . Jump up ^ `` The Prisoner '' , New York Times . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1983 ) . Vietnam : A History . The Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 74604 - 5 . p. 655 . Jump up ^ Hubbell , P.O.W. , pp. 288 -- 306 . Jump up ^ TURKEY : TORTURE AND MISTREATMENT IN PRE-TRIAL DETENTION BY ANTI-TERROR POLICE - Techniques of Abuse Jump up ^ Aksoy v. Turkey , no . 100 / 1995 / 606 / 694 , December 18 , 1996 , from the Human & Constitutional Rights Resource Page European Commission on Human Rights , Aksoy v. Turkey , Publication 1996 - VI , no . 26 , December 18 , 1996 , from the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Elisabeth ( 14 October 2005 ) . `` Time ebbing for 6 foreigners in Libya AIDS case '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 15 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` ' Palestinian hanging ' torture revealed - After Saddam '' . SMH. 18 February 2005 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mosul torture exposed : Iraqi forces ' abuses filmed ( GRAPHIC IMAGES ) '' . RT . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Iraqi troops torture and execute civilians in secret videos '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . 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lemony snicket's a series of unfortunate events hindi

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Lemony Snicket 's a Series of Unfortunate Events - wikipedia Lemony Snicket 's a Series of Unfortunate Events Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel series , see A Series of Unfortunate Events . Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Theatrical release poster Directed by Brad Silberling Produced by Laurie MacDonald Walter Parkes Jim Van Wyck Screenplay by Robert Gordon Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Starring Jim Carrey Liam Aiken Emily Browning Timothy Spall Catherine O'Hara Billy Connolly Cedric the Entertainer Luis Guzmán Jennifer Coolidge Meryl Streep Narrated by Jude Law Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Nickelodeon Movies Parkes / MacDonald Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( North America ) DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) Release date December 17 , 2004 Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $140 million Box office $209.1 million Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( also simply known as A Series of Unfortunate Events ) is a 2004 American gothic dark fantasy comedy film directed by Brad Silberling . It is a film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket , covering the first three novels The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , and The Wide Window . The film stars Jim Carrey , Liam Aiken , Emily Browning , Timothy Spall , Catherine O'Hara , Billy Connolly , Cedric the Entertainer , Luis Guzmán , Jennifer Coolidge and Meryl Streep , as well as Jude Law as the voice of Lemony Snicket . In truth , Lemony Snicket is the pen name of American born writer Daniel Handler . Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights to Daniel Handler 's book series in 2000 and soon began development of a film with Barry Sonnenfeld attached to direct . Handler adapted the screenplay and courted Jim Carrey for Count Olaf . Sonnenfeld eventually left over budget concerns in January 2003 and Brad Silberling took over . Robert Gordon rewrote Handler 's script , and principal photography started in November 2003 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was entirely shot using sound stages and backlots at Paramount Pictures and Downey Studios . The film received positive reviews , with many praising Carrey 's performance , while some criticized its comical tone . The film also grossed $209 million worldwide , and won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design 3.4 Visual effects 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Awards 6 Cancelled franchise and reboot 6.1 Cancelled film franchise 6.2 Netflix series 7 Video game 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Fourteen - year - old inventor Violet Baudelaire , her twelve - year - old brother Klaus , and their baby sister Sunny are orphaned when a fire burns down their house and kills their parents . Mr. Poe , the family 's banker , manages their fortune and leaves them in the care of their closest relative Count Olaf , who is only interested in obtaining their fortune despite Violet not being the legal age of eighteen to obtain it . He also forces them to work through grueling house chores and belittles them . The day Olaf obtains full custody , he pretends to go into a store claiming to buy soda , but Violet notices the car is parked directly on train tracks with a train heading towards them . They manage to build a device to turn the switch controlling the tracks so that they are not hit . Mr. Poe arrives and takes them away when he sees Sunny in the front seat , believing her to have been `` driving . '' Olaf initially says farewell , but threatens them that they will always be found . The orphans are then taken to their uncle Dr. Montgomery , a kind , caring herpetologist who is planning to take the children with him to Peru . However , Olaf arrives in disguise as an Italian scientist named Stephano . The orphans attempt to warn Montgomery , and he believes to an extent . Montgomery believes Stephano is after a large viper in his museum , which despite its looks , is actually very gentle . He is discovered dead shortly after , and the orphans can not prove that Stephano is responsible for Montgomery 's death . They are almost taken back to him when Sunny proves the viper 's innocence when it plays with her , disproving its hostile nature . Stephano flees the scene , ridding himself of all evidence of his disguise as the police pursue him . Mr. Poe leaves them with their Aunt Josephine , a kindly woman who is nonetheless obsessed with grammar and has irrational fears . Olaf appears disguised as Captain Sham to interfere with their plans again . One day , Josephine is not at the house , leaving what is apparently a suicide note ; Klaus takes advantage of mistakes in the letter 's grammar ( which Josephine would never have tolerated ) to decode her location : Curdled Cave . A hurricane sweeps through the town - ultimately destroying the house - but the children manage to flee before the structure falls apart . They sail to the cave and rescue her , but attract leeches due to Josephine having eaten a banana . Olaf appears and takes the kids with him , throwing Josephine off the boat and to the Lachrymose Leeches after she annoys him by correcting his speech . A play is soon planned , titled `` The Marvelous Marriage '' that involves Olaf and Violet as the leads : a groom and a bride . Klaus 's suspicions reveal that Olaf is planning to take advantage of the play to marry Violet in reality in a desperate attempt to get the fortune . Unless Violet follows her lines or finds a loophole , Sunny , who is being held hostage in a cage , will be dropped to her death . Klaus manages to escape and finds a hidden tower in Olaf 's house , with a large lens which , if positioned correctly , can focus the rays of the sun . He discovers this way that it was Olaf who set the fire to their old house . He uses this window to burn the marriage certificate before the marriage is officially complete , leading to Olaf 's arrest . However , a jury of his peers overturn his sentence and Olaf vanishes . Violet , Klaus and Sunny are taken to visit their old home one last time . As they observe the burned remains , a letter lost in the mail finally arrives , and inside is a spyglass announcing their family 's secret society . Though their future is unclear , despite the children 's misfortune , they still have each other , thus making them `` Very Fortunate Indeed '' . Cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as Count Olaf Jim Carrey as Count Olaf , a villain stage actor who lusts after the Baudelaire family fortune . Some of his disguises include Dr. Stephano , an Italian reptile scientist and Captain Sham , a swashbuckling seaman . Liam Aiken as Klaus Baudelaire , an intelligent bookworm who uses his knowledge of books to get himself and his siblings out of trouble . He is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans . Emily Browning as Violet Baudelaire , an intelligent inventor who makes inventions out of everyday items . She is the eldest of the Baudelaire orphans . Kara and Shelby Hoffman as Sunny Baudelaire , a sassy infant with very sharp teeth whose dialogue is almost entirely subtitled . Jude Law as Lemony Snicket , an introverted writer and the narrator of the story . Timothy Spall as Mr. Poe , a stuffy banker whose job is to take the Baudelaire children to their guardians , but is quite incompetent at keeping them safe . Billy Connolly as Dr. Montgomery , an eccentric herpetologist and the Baudelaire 's uncle who temporarily becomes their guardian . Meryl Streep as Josephine Anwhistle , a paranoid , grammar - obsessed recluse and the Baudelaire 's aunt who temporarily becomes their guardian . Catherine O'Hara as Justice Strauss , Count Olaf 's kind neighbor and a judge . Cedric the Entertainer as Constable , a skeptical detective . Luis Guzmán as the Bald - Headed Man , one of Count Olaf 's minions . Jamie Harris as the Hook - Handed Man , one of Count Olaf 's minions . Craig Ferguson as the Person of Gender , one of Count Olaf 's minions . Jennifer Coolidge and Jane Adams as the White - Faced Womans , two of Count Olaf 's minions . Deborah Theaker as Mrs. Poe , the wife of Mr. Poe . Fred Gallo as the Judge , he is seen in two brief shots : one where he grants custody of Baudelaire children to Count Olaf and another where he finds Count Olaf guilty . Notes ( edit ) Daniel Handler ( the true name of the Lemony Snicket stories ' writer and creator ) cameos as a photographer . The film featured uncredited appearances by Jane Lynch as a realtor , Helena Bonham Carter as Beatrice Baudelaire , Gilbert Gottfried as the voice of a duck , and Dustin Hoffman as a critic . Author Daniel Handler initially viewed Count Olaf as being a James Mason - type . Carrey was not familiar with the book series when he was cast , but he became a fan of the series . `` Handler 's books are just a bold and original way to tell a children 's story , '' the actor explained . Carrey was also attracted to the role despite self - parody concerns . Director Brad Silberling was open to Carrey 's idea of improvisation for various scenes , especially the Stephano and Captain Sham alter egos . To make his prosthetic makeup more comfortable and easier to apply , Carrey shaved his head bald for the part . The actor 's inspiration for Olaf 's voice was combining the voices of Orson Welles and Béla Lugosi . Emily Browning was cast as Violet Baudelaire when she auditioned at a casting call in Australia . She was sent Handler 's original script when Barry Sonnenfeld was planning to direct , and she screen tested for the part using an English accent . Browning became a fan of the books after reading Handler 's original script . The actor was not cast until Silberling took over , then her character 's accent was changed to American . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights to the A Series of Unfortunate Events novel series in May 2000 . Paramount Pictures , owner of Nickelodeon Movies , agreed to co-finance , along with Scott Rudin . Various directors , including Terry Gilliam and Roman Polanski , were interested in making the film . One of author Daniel Handler 's favorite candidates was Guy Maddin . In June 2002 , Barry Sonnenfeld was hired to direct . He was chosen because he previously collaborated with Rudin and because of his black comedy directing style from The Addams Family , Addams Family Values and Get Shorty . Sonnenfeld referred to the Lemony Snicket novels as his favorite children 's stories . The director hired Handler to write the script with the intention of making Lemony Snicket as a musical , and cast Jim Carrey as Count Olaf in September 2002 . The film suffered setbacks in development in December 2002 . Rudin left Unfortunate Events over budget concerns . While Sonnenfeld and Carrey remained , Sonnenfeld admitted he was skeptical of Paramount 's $100 million budget . The studio decided that changing the shoot from Hollywood to Wilmington , North Carolina would be less expensive . The April 2003 start date was also pushed back . Paramount eventually settled the situation in January 2003 by enlisting help from DreamWorks to co-finance the film , but Sonnenfeld vacated the director 's position . Rudin and Sonnenfeld had no involvement with the film afterward , but were credited as executive producers . Carrey remained with approval over the hiring of the next director . `` Very little of what I wrote is in the film , which I actually think is appropriate being as that I was writing it for Barry Sonnenfeld . It 's a director 's medium and Brad Siberling makes entirely different films from Barry Sonnenfeld . I was n't filled with resentment because they did n't use it ( my script ) , I was just disappointed because I 'd worked a long time ( on it ) and Scott Rudin , Barry Sonnenfeld and I were all sort of ready to go , along with Jim Carrey , with the film that we had . So it was sort of a long , rocky , journey . But that 's all ( in the past ) . '' -- Series author Daniel Handler Brad Silberling signed on to direct in February 2003 . He was not familiar with the series when he was first approached . He quickly read the first three novels and was excited that `` Hollywood was taking a chance to put over $100 million to adapt these inventive children 's books onto screen '' . Handler , who wrote eight drafts of the script for Sonnenfeld , was replaced by Robert Gordon in May 2003 . Handler approved of the changes that were made to his original screenplay . `` I was offered credit on the film for screenwriting by the Writers Guild of America , '' Handler continued , `` but I did n't take it because I did n't write it . I felt like it would be an insult to the guy who did . '' Filming ( edit ) Filming was set to begin in October 2003 , but it was pushed back . Principal photography for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events began on November 10 , 2003 , using the sound stages and backlot at Paramount Studios in Hollywood . Director Brad Silberling avoided using too many digital or chroma key effects because he wanted the younger actors to feel as if they were working in a realistic environment . Olaf 's mansion occupied two sound stages , while the graveyard and the ruins of the Baudelaire mansion were constructed on the Paramount back lot . After 21 weeks of shooting at Paramount , production then moved to Downey Studios , a former NASA facility in Downey , California , for eight more weeks . Downey housed the circular railroad crossing set complete with forced perspective scenery , as well as a newly constructed water tank complete with over one million gallons of water . The water tank was instrumental in filming scenes set at Briny Beach , Lake Lachrymose , Damocles Dock and Curdled Cave . Filming for A Series of Unfortunate Events ended on May 29 , 2004 . Design ( edit ) Some scenery was designed using forced perspective techniques , combined with matte paintings . Silberling , production designer Rick Heinrichs and costume designer Colleen Atwood all aimed for the film 's setting to be ambiguous , giving it a `` timeless '' feel . Heinrichs also added steampunk designs to the period . To contribute to the setting , Silberling hired Emmanuel Lubezki as the cinematographer because he was impressed with the trio 's work on Sleepy Hollow . Lubezki compared the cinematic similarities to Sleepy Hollow , notably the monochromatic look of both films . He also chose a specific color palette backdrop for A Series of Unfortunate Events . `` The story is very episodic , so we picked a different color scheme for each section . For example '' , Lubezki continued , `` Count Olaf 's house has a lot of greens , blacks and grays ; the house of Uncle Monty has a lot of greens and browns and a bit of yellow ; and the house of Aunt Josephine has blues and blacks . '' The railroad crossing set was constructed on a cyclorama , which was the most ambitious setpiece for the art department on using elements of `` in house '' special effects and matte paintings . Visual effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , supervised by Stefen Fangmeier , created the film 's 505 visual effects - shots . The filmmakers used as few digital effects as possible , though the train and smoke for the railroad crossing scene was entirely created using computer animation . ILM also used color grading techniques for the Lake Lachrymose scene , which required complete animation for the leeches . The digital animators studied footage of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season to accurately depict Hurricane Herman , which was ILM 's most ambitious use of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) for the film . Nexus Productions designed the opening `` Littlest Elf '' animated sequence by modeling it after stop motion animation and completing it with computer animation . The snakes at Uncle Monty 's house were a combination of real snakes and animatronics . The animatronics , primarily the Incredibly Deadly Viper , were used as reference models that ILM later enhanced using CGI . Because working with infants was sometimes risky in producing a film , four scenes involving Sunny Baudelaire required CGI with motion capture technology . Among these are the shot of Sunny hanging on to a table by her teeth , catching a spindle with her mouth and the scene where she is entangled with the Incredibly Deadly Viper . Animation supervisor Colin Brady used his baby daughter for motion capture recording . A remote controlled animatronic of Sunny was also designed by Kevin Yagher . Another show of visual effects used for the film was in the opening with the ' littlest elf ' : stop motion filming was done for the film 's beginning until it is interrupted by Jude Law , who as Lemony Snicket lets the audience know that the film they will see is most unpleasant . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Further information : the video game and soundtrack In October 2002 , Nickelodeon Movies hired Activision ( who actually had a partnership with DreamWorks ) to create the film 's tie - in video game . The agreement also included options for sequels . Director Brad Silberling delivered his first cut of the film to the studio in August 2004 . Fearing his original version was `` too dark '' , Paramount and DreamWorks conducted test screenings . The film was then re-edited over family - friendliness concerns . Given its December release , the film 's marketing campaign was criticized for being a deliberately anti-holiday comedy with taglines like , `` Taking the cheer out of Christmas '' and `` Mishaps . Misadventures . Mayhem . Oh Joy . '' The premiere for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events was held at the Cinerama Dome on December 13 , 2004 . A 20,000 - square - foot ( 1,900 m ) tent display on Vine Street was decorated with pieces from the film 's sets . Home media ( edit ) Lemony Snicket 's a Series of Unfortunate Events was released on DVD and VHS on April 26 , 2005 . A Portuguese - labeled All - Region Blu - ray was released in 2012 and then an American Region A Blu - ray was released on September 9 , 2014 . The film was re-released on DVD on January 24 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events grossed $118.6 million in the United States and Canada and $90.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $209.1 million , against a budget of $140 million . The film was released in the United States and Canada on December 17 , 2004 on 4,400 screens at 3,620 theaters , earning $30.1 million in its opening weekend and finishing first at the box office . In its second weekend the film fell to second behind Meet the Fockers , grossing $12.6 million . It was the highest - grossing film under the Nickelodeon Movies banner until being surpassed by The Last Airbender . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 71 % based on 160 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it softens the nasty edges of its source material , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a gothic visual treat , and it features a hilariously manic turn from Jim Carrey as the evil Count Olaf . '' On Metacritic , gave the film a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Robert K. Elder of the Chicago Tribune praised Rick Heinrichs 's production design and Jim Carrey for having a balanced performance as a scene stealer . Elder called the film `` exceptionally clever , hilariously gloomy and bitingly subversive . '' Desson Thomson from The Washington Post reasoned over a fellow film - goer 's characterization of Count Olaf , `` Olaf is a humorless villain in the book . He 's not amusing like Carrey at all . To which I would counter : If you ca n't let Carrey be Carrey , put someone boring and less expensive in the role . In his various disguises he 's rubbery , inventive and improvisationally inspired . I particularly liked his passing imitation of a dinosaur . '' Ty Burr , writing in The Boston Globe , observed , `` Director Brad Silberling has essentially made a Tim Burton movie without the weird shafts of adolescent pain . At the same time , Silberling 's not a hack like Chris Columbus , and Snicket has more zip and inspired filmcraft than the first two Harry Potter films . The film 's no masterpiece , but at least you 're in the hands of people who know what they 're doing . The movie , like the books , flatters children 's innate sense that the world is not a perfect place and that anyone who insists otherwise is trying to sell you something . How you deal with the cognitive dissonance of a $125 million Hollywood picture telling you this is up to you . At least there are no Lemony Snicket Happy Meals . Yet . '' Internet reviewer James Berardinelli felt that `` the film is first and foremost a fantasy , but there are dark currents running just beneath the surface . I give Silberling credit for not allowing them to swallow the film . Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events manages to remain witty throughout . '' Roger Ebert gave a mixed review : `` Jim Carrey is over the top as Count Olaf , but I suppose a character named Count Olaf is over the top by definition . I liked the film , but I 'll tell you what . I think this one is a tune - up for the series , a trial run in which they figure out what works and what needs to be tweaked . The original Spider - Man was a disappointment , but the same team came back and made Spider - Man 2 , the best superhero movie ever made . '' Scott Foundas of Variety gave a negative review , criticizing the filmmakers for sacrificing the storyline in favor of visual elements such as set design and cinematography . He wrote , `` A Series of Unfortunate Events suggests what Mary Poppins might have looked like had Tim Burton directed it . Not surprisingly , Burton 's longtime production designer Rick Heinrichs was responsible for the sets , while ace Emmanuel Lubezki ( Burton 's Sleepy Hollow ) contributed the expressionistic lighting schemes . '' Awards ( edit ) Makeup designer Valli O'Reilly and Bill Corso won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . Production designer Rick Heinrichs and set decorator Cheryl Carasik ( Art Direction ) , Colleen Atwood ( Costume Design ) and composer Thomas Newman ( Original Music Score ) were also nominated for their work at 77th Academy Awards . The film lost the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film to Spider - Man 2 , but was honored for its DVD special edition release . O'Reilly and Corso were also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Make - up , but lost to Hellboy . The film was also nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of `` Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in a Live Action Motion Picture '' but lost to Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Cancelled franchise and reboot ( edit ) Cancelled film franchise ( edit ) Paramount Pictures , DreamWorks and Nickelodeon Movies hoped the film would become a franchise like the Harry Potter film series . Jim Carrey thought his character would be good as the basis for a film franchise since it would allow him to dive into a new role . `` I do n't have a deal ( for a sequel ) , but it 's one that I would n't mind doing again because there are so many characters , '' the actor explained in December 2004 . `` I mean , it 's just so much fun . It 's so much fun being a bad actor playing a character ... '' In May 2005 , producer Laurie MacDonald said `` Lemony Snicket is still something Paramount is interested in pursuing and we 're going to be talking with them more . '' In October 2008 , Daniel Handler said that `` a sequel does seem to be in the works . Paramount has had quite a few corporate shakeups , which has led to many a delay . Of course , many , many plans in Hollywood come to naught , but I 'm assured that another film will be made . Someday . Perhaps . '' In June 2009 , Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler , and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film because the lead actors have grown too old . `` In an odd way , the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience , ' Okay , we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors . Now , I 'm afraid I 'm going to have to show you the real thing . ' '' Netflix Series ( edit ) Main article : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) In November 2014 , Netflix announced its plans of creating a television series to adapt the entire novel series . The series stars Neil Patrick Harris , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes and Presley Smith , with Patrick Warburton as narrator . The series , also titled A Series of Unfortunate Events , premiered on January 13 , 2017 . The first season consisted of eight episodes , and adapts the first four books of the series . A Series of Unfortunate Events season two was released on March 30th , 2018 , which contains 10 episodes , adapting books five through nine of the novel series , with a third season planned to be released in 2019 , to adapt the four remaining books . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( video game ) A video game based on the books and film ( more so the film , as the name and many plot elements seen in the movie but not the book are seen ) was released in 2004 by Adrenium Games and Activision for the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and the PC as Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game , and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe , Uncle Monty and Aunt Josephine , along with villains such as Count Olaf , the hook - handed man , the white - faced women , and the bald - headed man . The game , like the movie , follows only the first three books in the series . Although never mentioned in the game , there are some references to V.F.D. , such as in the first level where a package is delivered from the `` Very Fast Delivery Service . '' The note attached to the package also reads at the end , `` P.S. The world is quiet here '' , which is the motto of V.F.D. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Spence D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Otto , Jeff ( March 12 , 2004 ) . `` An Interview with Jim Carrey '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jim Carrey , Brad Silberling ( 2005 ) . Building a Bad Actor ( DVD ) . Paramount . ^ Jump up to : Otto , Jeff ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Jim Carrey '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Fischer ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Emily Browning '' . Dark Horizons . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( May 10 , 2000 ) . `` Nickelodeon Movies nabs Snicket series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bing , Jonathan ( February 26 , 2002 ) . `` H'w 'd stalks crime scribe '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( June 11 , 2002 ) . `` Par on Snicket ticket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( December 12 , 2002 ) . `` Snicket in thicket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( September 18 , 2002 ) . `` Jim 's juiced for Lemony '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 13 , 2003 ) . `` Diaz sings Jane refrain '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` Helmer leaves Snicket post '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( February 19 , 2003 ) . `` Silberling joining Snicket ticket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Otto , Jeff ( November 22 , 2004 ) . `` Set Visit : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 7 , 2003 ) . `` Scribe brings new map to Snicket thicket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Archerd , Army ( December 13 , 2004 ) . `` Crystal king on B'way '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Movie Preview : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 10 , 2004 . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : A Woeful World , 2005 , Paramount DVD Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 25 , 2004 ) . `` ' Burbs blossom on H'w 'd backlots '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( September 13 , 2003 ) . `` Just ticket for Snicket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David E. ( December 2004 ) . `` A Darker Side of Fantasy '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Trains , Leeches & Hurricanes ( DVD ) . Paramount . 2005 . ^ Jump up to : An Even More Alarming Conspiracy Involving Sunny ( DVD ) . Paramount . 2005 . Jump up ^ An Alarming Conspiracy Involving Sunny ( DVD ) . Paramount . 2005 . Jump up ^ Bloom , David ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` A fortunate event for Handler '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 12 , 2004 ) . `` Lemony - fresh ? '' . Variety . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( Widescreen Edition ) ( 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2 - Disc Special Collector 's Edition ) ( 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( Widescreen Edition ) ( 2004 ) '' . bluray.com . Jump up ^ `` The Top Movies , Weekend of January 14 , 2005 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elder , Robert K. ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` Movie review : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Deeson ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` A Fortunate Series of Scenes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` Artful direction makes Snicket a most fortunate event '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . ReelViews . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( December 10 , 2004 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 ( 77 ) Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Producers Talk Ring 3 and Snicket Sequel '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ronnie ( October 2008 ) . `` An Interview With Daniel Handler '' . BookSlut.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Lemony Snicket Director Brad Silberling Plans To Do Each Film In Different Medium '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Game News '' . kidzworld.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . 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History of chemistry - wikipedia History of chemistry Jump to : navigation , search The 1871 periodic table constructed by Dmitri Mendeleev . The periodic table is one of the most potent icons in science , lying at the core of chemistry and embodying the most fundamental principles of the field . The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present . By 1000 BC , civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry . Examples include extracting metals from ores , making pottery and glazes , fermenting beer and wine , extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume , rendering fat into soap , making glass , and making alloys like bronze . The protoscience of chemistry , alchemy , was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations . However , by performing experiments and recording the results , alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry . The distinction began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist ( 1661 ) . While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations , chemists are seen as applying scientific method to their work . Chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of Antoine Lavoisier , who developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena . The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics , especially through the work of Willard Gibbs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient history 1.1 Early metallurgy 1.2 Bronze Age 1.3 Iron Age 1.4 Classical antiquity and atomism 1.4. 1 Ancient world 2 Medieval alchemy 2.1 The philosopher 's stone 2.2 Problems encountered with alchemy 2.3 Alchemy in the Islamic world 3 17th and 18th centuries : Early chemistry 3.1 Robert Boyle 3.2 Development and dismantling of phlogiston 3.3 Volta and the Voltaic pile 3.4 Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier 4 19th century 4.1 John Dalton 4.2 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 4.3 New elements and gas laws 4.4 Wöhler and the vitalism debate 4.5 Mid-1800s 4.6 Perkin , Crookes , and Nobel 4.7 Mendeleev 's periodic table 4.8 Josiah Willard Gibbs 4.9 Late 19th century 4.9. 1 Ramsay 's discovery of the noble gases 4.9. 2 Marie and Pierre Curie 4.9. 3 Ernest Rutherford 5 20th century 5.1 Niels Bohr 5.2 Gilbert N. Lewis 5.3 Quantum mechanics 5.4 Quantum chemistry 5.5 Molecular biology and biochemistry 5.6 Late 20th century 6 Mathematics and chemistry 7 Scope of chemistry 7.1 Chemical industry 8 See also 8.1 Histories and timelines 8.2 Notable chemists 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Ancient History ( edit ) Early metallurgy ( edit ) Main articles : History of ferrous metallurgy and History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent The earliest recorded metal employed by humans seems to be gold which can be found free or `` native '' . Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period , c. 40,000 BC . Silver , copper , tin and meteoric iron can also be found native , allowing a limited amount of metalworking in ancient cultures . Egyptian weapons made from meteoric iron in about 3000 BC were highly prized as `` Daggers from Heaven '' . Arguably the first chemical reaction used in a controlled manner was fire . However , for millennia fire was seen simply as a mystical force that could transform one substance into another ( burning wood , or boiling water ) while producing heat and light . Fire affected many aspects of early societies . These ranged from the simplest facets of everyday life , such as cooking and habitat lighting , to more advanced technologies , such as pottery , bricks , and melting of metals to make tools . It was fire that led to the discovery of glass and the purification of metals which in turn gave way to the rise of metallurgy . During the early stages of metallurgy , methods of purification of metals were sought , and gold , known in ancient Egypt as early as 2900 BC , became a precious metal . Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age Certain metals can be recovered from their ores by simply heating the rocks in a fire : notably tin , lead and ( at a higher temperature ) copper , a process known as smelting . The first evidence of this extractive metallurgy dates from the 5th and 6th millennium BC , and was found in the archaeological sites of Majdanpek , Yarmovac and Plocnik , all three in Serbia . To date , the earliest copper smelting is found at the Belovode site , these examples include a copper axe from 5500 BC belonging to the Vinča culture . Other signs of early metals are found from the third millennium BC in places like Palmela ( Portugal ) , Los Millares ( Spain ) , and Stonehenge ( United Kingdom ) . However , as often happens with the study of prehistoric times , the ultimate beginnings can not be clearly defined and new discoveries are ongoing . Mining areas of the ancient Middle East . Boxes colors : arsenic is in brown , copper in red , tin in grey , iron in reddish brown , gold in yellow , silver in white and lead in black . Yellow area stands for arsenic bronze , while grey area stands for tin bronze . These first metals were single ones or as found . By combining copper and tin , a superior metal could be made , an alloy called bronze , a major technological shift which began the Bronze Age about 3500 BC . The Bronze Age was period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking ( at least in systematic and widespread use ) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of copper ores , and then smelting those ores to cast bronze . These naturally occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity . Copper / tin ores are rare , as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before 3000 BC . After the Bronze Age , the history of metallurgy was marked by armies seeking better weaponry . Countries in Eurasia prospered when they made the superior alloys , which , in turn , made better armor and better weapons . This often determined the outcomes of battles . Significant progress in metallurgy and alchemy was made in ancient India . Iron Age ( edit ) Main article : Iron Age The extraction of iron from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult than copper or tin . It appears to have been invented by the Hittites in about 1200 BC , beginning the Iron Age . The secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in the success of the Philistines . In other words , the Iron Age refers to the advent of ferrous metallurgy . Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a wide variety of past cultures and civilizations . This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East , ancient Iran , ancient Egypt , ancient Nubia , and Anatolia ( Turkey ) , Ancient Nok , Carthage , the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe , medieval Europe , ancient and medieval China , ancient and medieval India , ancient and medieval Japan , amongst others . Many applications , practices , and devices associated or involved in metallurgy were established in ancient China , such as the innovation of the blast furnace , cast iron , hydraulic - powered trip hammers , and double acting piston bellows . Classical antiquity and atomism ( edit ) Main article : Atomism Democritus , Greek philosopher of atomistic school . Philosophical attempts to rationalize why different substances have different properties ( color , density , smell ) , exist in different states ( gaseous , liquid , and solid ) , and react in a different manner when exposed to environments , for example to water or fire or temperature changes , led ancient philosophers to postulate the first theories on nature and chemistry . The history of such philosophical theories that relate to chemistry can probably be traced back to every single ancient civilization . The common aspect in all these theories was the attempt to identify a small number of primary classical element that make up all the various substances in nature . Substances like air , water , and soil / earth , energy forms , such as fire and light , and more abstract concepts such as ideas , aether , and heaven , were common in ancient civilizations even in absence of any cross-fertilization ; for example in Greek , Indian , Mayan , and ancient Chinese philosophies all considered air , water , earth and fire as primary elements . Ancient world ( edit ) Around 420 BC , Empedocles stated that all matter is made up of four elemental substances -- earth , fire , air and water . The early theory of atomism can be traced back to ancient Greece and ancient India . Greek atomism dates back to the Greek philosopher Democritus , who declared that matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms around 380 BC . Leucippus also declared that atoms were the most indivisible part of matter . This coincided with a similar declaration by Indian philosopher Kanada in his Vaisheshika sutras around the same time period . In much the same fashion he discussed the existence of gases . What Kanada declared by sutra , Democritus declared by philosophical musing . Both suffered from a lack of empirical data . Without scientific proof , the existence of atoms was easy to deny . Aristotle opposed the existence of atoms in 330 BC . Earlier , in 380 BC , a Greek text attributed to Polybus argues that the human body is composed of four humours . Around 300 BC , Epicurus postulated a universe of indestructible atoms in which man himself is responsible for achieving a balanced life . With the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience , the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius wrote De Rerum Natura ( The Nature of Things ) in 50 BC . In the work , Lucretius presents the principles of atomism ; the nature of the mind and soul ; explanations of sensation and thought ; the development of the world and its phenomena ; and explains a variety of celestial and terrestrial phenomena . Much of the early development of purification methods is described by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia . He made attempts to explain those methods , as well as making acute observations of the state of many minerals . Medieval alchemy ( edit ) See also : Minima naturalia , a medieval Aristotelian concept analogous to atomism Seventeenth century alchemical emblem showing the four Classical elements in the corners of the image , alongside the tria prima on the central triangle . The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed primarily by the Persian alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and rooted in the classical elements of Greek tradition . His system consisted of the four Aristotelian elements of air , earth , fire , and water in addition to two philosophical elements : sulphur , characterizing the principle of combustibility ; `` the stone which burns '' , and mercury , characterizing the principle of metallic properties . They were seen by early alchemists as idealized expressions of irreducibile components of the universe and are of larger consideration within philosophical alchemy . The three metallic principles : sulphur to flammability or combustion , mercury to volatility and stability , and salt to solidity . became the tria prima of the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus . He reasoned that Aristotle 's four - element theory appeared in bodies as three principles . Paracelsus saw these principles as fundamental and justified them by recourse to the description of how wood burns in fire . Mercury included the cohesive principle , so that when it left in smoke the wood fell apart . Smoke described the volatility ( the mercurial principle ) , the heat - giving flames described flammability ( sulphur ) , and the remnant ash described solidity ( salt ) . The philosopher 's stone ( edit ) Main article : Alchemy `` The Alchemist '' , by Sir William Douglas , 1855 Alchemy is defined by the Hermetic quest for the philosopher 's stone , the study of which is steeped in symbolic mysticism , and differs greatly from modern science . Alchemists toiled to make transformations on an esoteric ( spiritual ) and / or exoteric ( practical ) level . It was the protoscientific , exoteric aspects of alchemy that contributed heavily to the evolution of chemistry in Greco - Roman Egypt , the Islamic Golden Age , and then in Europe . Alchemy and chemistry share an interest in the composition and properties of matter , and prior to the eighteenth century were not separated into distinct disciplines . The term chymistry has been used to describe the blend of alchemy and chemistry that existed before this time . The earliest Western alchemists , who lived in the first centuries of the common era , invented chemical apparatus . The bain - marie , or water bath is named for Mary the Jewess . Her work also gives the first descriptions of the tribikos and kerotakis . Cleopatra the Alchemist described furnaces and has been credited with the invention of the alembic . Later , the experimental framework established by Jabir ibn Hayyan influenced alchemists as the discipline migrated through the Islamic world , then to Europe in the twelfth century . During the Renaissance , exoteric alchemy remained popular in the form of Paracelsian iatrochemistry , while spiritual alchemy flourished , realigned to its Platonic , Hermetic , and Gnostic roots . Consequently , the symbolic quest for the philosopher 's stone was not superseded by scientific advances , and was still the domain of respected scientists and doctors until the early eighteenth century . Early modern alchemists who are renowned for their scientific contributions include Jan Baptist van Helmont , Robert Boyle , and Isaac Newton . Problems encountered with alchemy ( edit ) There were several problems with alchemy , as seen from today 's standpoint . There was no systematic naming scheme for new compounds , and the language was esoteric and vague to the point that the terminologies meant different things to different people . In fact , according to The Fontana History of Chemistry ( Brock , 1992 ) : The language of alchemy soon developed an arcane and secretive technical vocabulary designed to conceal information from the uninitiated . To a large degree , this language is incomprehensible to us today , though it is apparent that readers of Geoffery Chaucer 's Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale or audiences of Ben Jonson 's The Alchemist were able to construe it sufficiently to laugh at it . Chaucer 's tale exposed the more fraudulent side of alchemy , especially the manufacture of counterfeit gold from cheap substances . Less than a century earlier , Dante Alighieri also demonstrated an awareness of this fraudulence , causing him to consign all alchemists to the Inferno in his writings . Soon after , in 1317 , the Avignon Pope John XXII ordered all alchemists to leave France for making counterfeit money . A law was passed in England in 1403 which made the `` multiplication of metals '' punishable by death . Despite these and other apparently extreme measures , alchemy did not die . Royalty and privileged classes still sought to discover the philosopher 's stone and the elixir of life for themselves . There was also no agreed - upon scientific method for making experiments reproducible . Indeed , many alchemists included in their methods irrelevant information such as the timing of the tides or the phases of the moon . The esoteric nature and codified vocabulary of alchemy appeared to be more useful in concealing the fact that they could not be sure of very much at all . As early as the 14th century , cracks seemed to grow in the facade of alchemy ; and people became sceptical . Clearly , there needed to be a scientific method where experiments can be repeated by other people , and results needed to be reported in a clear language that laid out both what is known and unknown . Alchemy in the Islamic world ( edit ) Jābir ibn Hayyān ( Geber ) , a Persian alchemist whose experimental research laid the foundations of chemistry . Main article : Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam In the Islamic World , the Muslims were translating the works of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians into Arabic and were experimenting with scientific ideas . The development of the modern scientific method was slow and arduous , but an early scientific method for chemistry began emerging among early Muslim chemists , beginning with the 9th century chemist Jābir ibn Hayyān ( known as `` Geber '' in Europe ) , who is considered as `` the father of chemistry '' . He introduced a systematic and experimental approach to scientific research based in the laboratory , in contrast to the ancient Greek and Egyptian alchemists whose works were largely allegorical and often unintelligble . He also invented and named the alembic ( al - anbiq ) , chemically analyzed many chemical substances , composed lapidaries , distinguished between alkalis and acids , and manufactured hundreds of drugs . He also refined the theory of five classical elements into the theory of seven alchemical elements after identifying mercury and sulfur as chemical elements . Among other influential Muslim chemists , Abū al - Rayhān al - Bīrūnī , Avicenna and Al - Kindi refuted the theories of alchemy , particularly the theory of the transmutation of metals ; and al - Tusi described a version of the conservation of mass , noting that a body of matter is able to change but is not able to disappear . Rhazes refuted Aristotle 's theory of four classical elements for the first time and set up the firm foundations of modern chemistry , using the laboratory in the modern sense , designing and describing more than twenty instruments , many parts of which are still in use today , such as a crucible , cucurbit or retort for distillation , and the head of a still with a delivery tube ( ambiq , Latin alembic ) , and various types of furnace or stove . For practitioners in Europe , alchemy became an intellectual pursuit after early Arabic alchemy became available through Latin translation , and over time , they improved . Paracelsus ( 1493 -- 1541 ) , for example , rejected the 4 - elemental theory and with only a vague understanding of his chemicals and medicines , formed a hybrid of alchemy and science in what was to be called iatrochemistry . Paracelsus was not perfect in making his experiments truly scientific . For example , as an extension of his theory that new compounds could be made by combining mercury with sulfur , he once made what he thought was `` oil of sulfur '' . This was actually dimethyl ether , which had neither mercury nor sulfur . 17th and 18th centuries : early chemistry ( edit ) Agricola , author of De re metallica Workroom , from De re metallica , 1556 , Chemical Heritage Foundation See also : Timeline of chemistry and Corpuscularianism Practical attempts to improve the refining of ores and their extraction to smelt metals was an important source of information for early chemists in the 16th century , among them Georg Agricola ( 1494 -- 1555 ) , who published his great work De re metallica in 1556 . His work describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores , metal extraction and metallurgy of the time . His approach removed the mysticism associated with the subject , creating the practical base upon which others could build . The work describes the many kinds of furnace used to smelt ore , and stimulated interest in minerals and their composition . It is no coincidence that he gives numerous references to the earlier author , Pliny the Elder and his Naturalis Historia . Agricola has been described as the `` father of metallurgy '' . In 1605 , Sir Francis Bacon published The Proficience and Advancement of Learning , which contains a description of what would later be known as the scientific method . In 1605 , Michal Sedziwój publishes the alchemical treatise A New Light of Alchemy which proposed the existence of the `` food of life '' within air , much later recognized as oxygen . In 1615 Jean Beguin published the Tyrocinium Chymicum , an early chemistry textbook , and in it draws the first - ever chemical equation . In 1637 René Descartes publishes Discours de la méthode , which contains an outline of the scientific method . The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont 's work Ortus medicinae was published posthumously in 1648 ; the book is cited by some as a major transitional work between alchemy and chemistry , and as an important influence on Robert Boyle . The book contains the results of numerous experiments and establishes an early version of the law of conservation of mass . Working during the time just after Paracelsus and iatrochemistry , Jan Baptist van Helmont suggested that there are insubstantial substances other than air and coined a name for them - `` gas '' , from the Greek word chaos . In addition to introducing the word `` gas '' into the vocabulary of scientists , van Helmont conducted several experiments involving gases . Jan Baptist van Helmont is also remembered today largely for his ideas on spontaneous generation and his 5 - year tree experiment , as well as being considered the founder of pneumatic chemistry . Robert Boyle ( edit ) Robert Boyle , one of the co-founders of modern chemistry through his use of proper experimentation , which further separated chemistry from alchemy Title page from The sceptical chymist , 1661 , Chemical Heritage Foundation Anglo - Irish chemist Robert Boyle ( 1627 -- 1691 ) is considered to have refined the modern scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy . Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition , Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist , and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry , and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method . Although Boyle was not the original discoverer , he is best known for Boyle 's law , which he presented in 1662 : the law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas , if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system . Boyle is also credited for his landmark publication The Sceptical Chymist in 1661 , which is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry . In the work , Boyle presents his hypothesis that every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion . Boyle appealed to chemists to experiment and asserted that experiments denied the limiting of chemical elements to only the classic four : earth , fire , air , and water . He also pleaded that chemistry should cease to be subservient to medicine or to alchemy , and rise to the status of a science . Importantly , he advocated a rigorous approach to scientific experiment : he believed all theories must be proved experimentally before being regarded as true . The work contains some of the earliest modern ideas of atoms , molecules , and chemical reaction , and marks the beginning of the history of modern chemistry . Boyle also tried to purify chemicals to obtain reproducible reactions . He was a vocal proponent of the mechanical philosophy proposed by René Descartes to explain and quantify the physical properties and interactions of material substances . Boyle was an atomist , but favoured the word corpuscle over atoms . He commented that the finest division of matter where the properties are retained is at the level of corpuscles . He also performed numerous investigations with an air pump , and noted that the mercury fell as air was pumped out . He also observed that pumping the air out of a container would extinguish a flame and kill small animals placed inside . Boyle helped to lay the foundations for the Chemical Revolution with his mechanical corpuscular philosophy . Boyle repeated the tree experiment of van Helmont , and was the first to use indicators which changed colors with acidity . Development and dismantling of phlogiston ( edit ) Joseph Priestley , co-discoverer of the element oxygen , which he called `` dephlogisticated air '' In 1702 , German chemist Georg Stahl coined the name `` phlogiston '' for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning . Around 1735 , Swedish chemist Georg Brandt analyzed a dark blue pigment found in copper ore . Brandt demonstrated that the pigment contained a new element , later named cobalt . In 1751 , a Swedish chemist and pupil of Stahl 's named Axel Fredrik Cronstedt , identified an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element , which he named nickel . Cronstedt is one of the founders of modern mineralogy . Cronstedt also discovered the mineral scheelite in 1751 , which he named tungsten , meaning `` heavy stone '' in Swedish . In 1754 , Scottish chemist Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide , which he called `` fixed air '' . In 1757 , Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt , while investigating arsenic compounds , creates Cadet 's fuming liquid , later discovered to be cacodyl oxide , considered to be the first synthetic organometallic compound . In 1758 , Joseph Black formulated the concept of latent heat to explain the thermochemistry of phase changes . In 1766 , English chemist Henry Cavendish isolated hydrogen , which he called `` inflammable air '' . Cavendish discovered hydrogen as a colorless , odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air , and published a paper on the production of water by burning inflammable air ( that is , hydrogen ) in dephlogisticated air ( now known to be oxygen ) , the latter a constituent of atmospheric air ( phlogiston theory ) . In 1773 , Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered oxygen , which he called `` fire air '' , but did not immediately publish his achievement . In 1774 , English chemist Joseph Priestley independently isolated oxygen in its gaseous state , calling it `` dephlogisticated air '' , and published his work before Scheele . During his lifetime , Priestley 's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of soda water , his writings on electricity , and his discovery of several `` airs '' ( gases ) , the most famous being what Priestley dubbed `` dephlogisticated air '' ( oxygen ) . However , Priestley 's determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution eventually left him isolated within the scientific community . In 1781 , Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid , tungstic acid , could be made from Cronstedt 's scheelite ( at the time named tungsten ) . Scheele and Torbern Bergman suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid . In 1783 , José and Fausto Elhuyar found an acid made from wolframite that was identical to tungstic acid . Later that year , in Spain , the brothers succeeded in isolating the metal now known as tungsten by reduction of this acid with charcoal , and they are credited with the discovery of the element . Volta and the voltaic pile ( edit ) A voltaic pile on display in the Tempio Voltiano ( the Volta Temple ) near Volta 's home in Como . Italian physicist Alessandro Volta constructed a device for accumulating a large charge by a series of inductions and groundings . He investigated the 1780s discovery `` animal electricity '' by Luigi Galvani , and found that the electric current was generated from the contact of dissimilar metals , and that the frog leg was only acting as a detector . Volta demonstrated in 1794 that when two metals and brine - soaked cloth or cardboard are arranged in a circuit they produce an electric current . In 1800 , Volta stacked several pairs of alternating copper ( or silver ) and zinc discs ( electrodes ) separated by cloth or cardboard soaked in brine ( electrolyte ) to increase the electrolyte conductivity . When the top and bottom contacts were connected by a wire , an electric current flowed through the voltaic pile and the connecting wire . Thus , Volta is credited with constructed the first electrical battery to produce electricity . Volta 's method of stacking round plates of copper and zinc separated by disks of cardboard moistened with salt solution was termed a voltaic pile . Thus , Volta is considered to be the founder of the discipline of electrochemistry . A Galvanic cell ( or voltaic cell ) is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reaction taking place within the cell . It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge , or individual half - cells separated by a porous membrane . Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier ( edit ) Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisier and his wife , by Jacques - Louis David Main articles : Antoine Lavoisier and Chemical Revolution Although the archives of chemical research draw upon work from ancient Babylonia , Egypt , and especially the Arabs and Persians after Islam , modern chemistry flourished from the time of Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier , a French chemist who is celebrated as the `` father of modern chemistry '' . Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water to earth was not possible , but that the sediment observed from boiling water came from the container . He burnt phosphorus and sulfur in air , and proved that the products weighed more than the original . Nevertheless , the weight gained was lost from the air . Thus , in 1789 , he established the Law of Conservation of Mass , which is also called `` Lavoisier 's Law . '' The world 's first ice - calorimeter , used in the winter of 1782 - 83 , by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre - Simon Laplace , to determine the heat involved in various chemical changes ; calculations which were based on Joseph Black 's prior discovery of latent heat . These experiments mark the foundation of thermochemistry . Repeating the experiments of Priestley , he demonstrated that air is composed of two parts , one of which combines with metals to form calxes . In Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides ( 1778 ) , he demonstrated that the `` air '' responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity . The next year , he named this portion oxygen ( Greek for acid - former ) , and the other azote ( Greek for no life ) . Lavoisier thus has a claim to the discovery of oxygen along with Priestley and Scheele . He also discovered that the `` inflammable air '' discovered by Cavendish - which he termed hydrogen ( Greek for water - former ) - combined with oxygen to produce a dew , as Priestley had reported , which appeared to be water . In Reflexions sur le Phlogistique ( 1783 ) , Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory of combustion to be inconsistent . Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in Russia in the 18th century . Lomonosov also rejected the phlogiston theory , and anticipated the kinetic theory of gases . Lomonosov regarded heat as a form of motion , and stated the idea of conservation of matter . Lavoisier worked with Claude Louis Berthollet and others to devise a system of chemical nomenclature which serves as the basis of the modern system of naming chemical compounds . In his Methods of Chemical Nomenclature ( 1787 ) , Lavoisier invented the system of naming and classification still largely in use today , including names such as sulfuric acid , sulfates , and sulfites . In 1785 , Berthollet was the first to introduce the use of chlorine gas as a commercial bleach . In the same year he first determined the elemental composition of the gas ammonia . Berthollet first produced a modern bleaching liquid in 1789 by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate - the result was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite . Another strong chlorine oxidant and bleach which he investigated and was the first to produce , potassium chlorate ( KClO ) , is known as Berthollet 's Salt . Berthollet is also known for his scientific contributions to theory of chemical equilibria via the mechanism of reverse chemical reactions . Traité élémentaire de chimie Lavoisier 's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ( Elementary Treatise of Chemistry , 1789 ) was the first modern chemical textbook , and presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry , contained a clear statement of the Law of Conservation of Mass , and denied the existence of phlogiston . In addition , it contained a list of elements , or substances that could not be broken down further , which included oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , phosphorus , mercury , zinc , and sulfur . His list , however , also included light , and caloric , which he believed to be material substances . In the work , Lavoisier underscored the observational basis of his chemistry , stating `` I have tried ... to arrive at the truth by linking up facts ; to suppress as much as possible the use of reasoning , which is often an unreliable instrument which deceives us , in order to follow as much as possible the torch of observation and of experiment . '' Nevertheless , he believed that the real existence of atoms was philosophically impossible . Lavoisier demonstrated that organisms disassemble and reconstitute atmospheric air in the same manner as a burning body . With Pierre - Simon Laplace , Lavoisier used a calorimeter to estimate the heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced . They found the same ratio for a flame and animals , indicating that animals produced energy by a type of combustion . Lavoisier believed in the radical theory , believing that radicals , which function as a single group in a chemical reaction , would combine with oxygen in reactions . He believed all acids contained oxygen . He also discovered that diamond is a crystalline form of carbon . While many of Lavoisier 's partners were influential for the advancement of chemistry as a scientific discipline , his wife Marie - Anne Lavoisier was arguably the most influential of them all . Upon their marriage , Mme . Lavoisier began to study chemistry , English , and drawing in order to help her husband in his work either by translating papers into English , a language which Lavoisier did not know , or by keeping records and drawing the various apparatuses that Lavoisier used in his labs . Through her ability to read and translate articles from Britain for her husband , Lavoisier had access knowledge from many of the chemical advances happening outside of his lab . Furthermore , Mme . Lavoisier kept records of Lavoisier 's work and ensured that his works were published . The first sign of Marie - Anne 's true potential as a chemist in Lavoisier 's lab came when she was translating a book by the scientist Richard Kirwan . While translating , she stumbled upon and corrected multiple errors . When she presented her translation , along with her notes to Lavoisier Her edits and contributions led to Lavoisier 's refutation of the theory of phlogiston . Lavoisier made many fundamental contributions to the science of chemistry . Following Lavoisier 's work , chemistry acquired a strict quantitative nature , allowing reliable predictions to be made . The revolution in chemistry which he brought about was a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory . He established the consistent use of chemical balance , used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory , and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature . Lavoisier was beheaded during the French Revolution . 19th century ( edit ) In 1802 , French American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont , who learned manufacture of gunpowder and explosives under Antoine Lavoisier , founded a gunpowder manufacturer in Delaware known as E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company . The French Revolution forced his family to move to the United States where du Pont started a gunpowder mill on the Brandywine River in Delaware . Wanting to make the best powder possible , du Pont was vigilant about the quality of the materials he used . For 32 years , du Pont served as president of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , which eventually grew into one of the largest and most successful companies in America . Throughout the 19th century , chemistry was divided between those who followed the atomic theory of John Dalton and those who did not , such as Wilhelm Ostwald and Ernst Mach . Although such proponents of the atomic theory as Amedeo Avogadro and Ludwig Boltzmann made great advances in explaining the behavior of gases , this dispute was not finally settled until Jean Perrin 's experimental investigation of Einstein 's atomic explanation of Brownian motion in the first decade of the 20th century . Well before the dispute had been settled , many had already applied the concept of atomism to chemistry . A major example was the ion theory of Svante Arrhenius which anticipated ideas about atomic substructure that did not fully develop until the 20th century . Michael Faraday was another early worker , whose major contribution to chemistry was electrochemistry , in which ( among other things ) a certain quantity of electricity during electrolysis or electrodeposition of metals was shown to be associated with certain quantities of chemical elements , and fixed quantities of the elements therefore with each other , in specific ratios . These findings , like those of Dalton 's combining ratios , were early clues to the atomic nature of matter . John Dalton ( edit ) John Dalton is remembered for his work on partial pressures in gases , color blindness , and atomic theory Main articles : John Dalton and Atomic theory In 1803 , English meteorologist and chemist John Dalton proposed Dalton 's law , which describes the relationship between the components in a mixture of gases and the relative pressure each contributes to that of the overall mixture . Discovered in 1801 , this concept is also known as Dalton 's law of partial pressures . Dalton also proposed a modern atomic theory in 1803 which stated that all matter was composed of small indivisible particles termed atoms , atoms of a given element possess unique characteristics and weight , and three types of atoms exist : simple ( elements ) , compound ( simple molecules ) , and complex ( complex molecules ) . In 1808 , Dalton first published New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 - 1827 ) , in which he outlined the first modern scientific description of the atomic theory . This work identified chemical elements as a specific type of atom , therefore rejecting Newton 's theory of chemical affinities . Instead , Dalton inferred proportions of elements in compounds by taking ratios of the weights of reactants , setting the atomic weight of hydrogen to be identically one . Following Jeremias Benjamin Richter ( known for introducing the term stoichiometry ) , he proposed that chemical elements combine in integral ratios . This is known as the law of multiple proportions or Dalton 's law , and Dalton included a clear description of the law in his New System of Chemical Philosophy . The law of multiple proportions is one of the basic laws of stoichiometry used to establish the atomic theory . Despite the importance of the work as the first view of atoms as physically real entities and introduction of a system of chemical symbols , New System of Chemical Philosophy devoted almost as much space to the caloric theory as to atomism . French chemist Joseph Proust proposed the law of definite proportions , which states that elements always combine in small , whole number ratios to form compounds , based on several experiments conducted between 1797 and 1804 Along with the law of multiple proportions , the law of definite proportions forms the basis of stoichiometry . The law of definite proportions and constant composition do not prove that atoms exist , but they are difficult to explain without assuming that chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine in constant proportions . Jöns Jacob Berzelius ( edit ) Jöns Jacob Berzelius , the chemist who worked out the modern technique of chemical formula notation and is considered one of the fathers of modern chemistry Main article : Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Swedish chemist and disciple of Dalton , Jöns Jacob Berzelius embarked on a systematic program to try to make accurate and precise quantitative measurements and insure the purity of chemicals . Along with Lavoisier , Boyle , and Dalton , Berzelius is known as the father of modern chemistry . In 1828 he compiled a table of relative atomic weights , where oxygen was set to 100 , and which included all of the elements known at the time . This work provided evidence in favor of Dalton 's atomic theory : that inorganic chemical compounds are composed of atoms combined in whole number amounts . He determined the exact elementary constituents of large numbers of compounds . The results strongly confirmed Proust 's Law of Definite Proportions . In his weights , he used oxygen as a standard , setting its weight equal to exactly 100 . He also measured the weights of 43 elements . In discovering that atomic weights are not integer multiples of the weight of hydrogen , Berzelius also disproved Prout 's hypothesis that elements are built up from atoms of hydrogen . Motivated by his extensive atomic weight determinations and in a desire to aid his experiments , he introduced the classical system of chemical symbols and notation with his 1808 publishing of Lärbok i Kemien , in which elements are abbreviated by one or two letters to make a distinct abbreviation from their Latin name . This system of chemical notation -- in which the elements were given simple written labels , such as O for oxygen , or Fe for iron , with proportions noted by numbers -- is the same basic system used today . The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today ( e.g. , H O ) , Berzelius used a superscript ( H O ) . Berzelius is credited with identifying the chemical elements silicon , selenium , thorium , and cerium . Students working in Berzelius 's laboratory also discovered lithium and vanadium . Berzelius developed the radical theory of chemical combination , which holds that reactions occur as stable groups of atoms called radicals are exchanged between molecules . He believed that salts are compounds of an acid and bases , and discovered that the anions in acids would be attracted to a positive electrode ( the anode ) , whereas the cations in a base would be attracted to a negative electrode ( the cathode ) . Berzelius did not believe in the Vitalism Theory , but instead in a regulative force which produced organization of tissues in an organism . Berzelius is also credited with originating the chemical terms `` catalysis '' , `` polymer '' , `` isomer '' , and `` allotrope '' , although his original definitions differ dramatically from modern usage . For example , he coined the term `` polymer '' in 1833 to describe organic compounds which shared identical empirical formulas but which differed in overall molecular weight , the larger of the compounds being described as `` polymers '' of the smallest . By this long superseded , pre-structural definition , glucose ( C H O ) was viewed as a polymer of formaldehyde ( CH O ) . New elements and gas laws ( edit ) Humphry Davy , the discover of several alkali and alkaline earth metals , as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine . Main article : Humphry Davy English chemist Humphry Davy was a pioneer in the field of electrolysis , using Alessandro Volta 's voltaic pile to split up common compounds and thus isolate a series of new elements . He went on to electrolyse molten salts and discovered several new metals , especially sodium and potassium , highly reactive elements known as the alkali metals . Potassium , the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis , was discovered in 1807 by Davy , who derived it from caustic potash ( KOH ) . Before the 19th century , no distinction was made between potassium and sodium . Sodium was first isolated by Davy in the same year by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) . When Davy heard that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury , he tried it himself . Davy was successful , and discovered calcium in 1808 by electrolyzing a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide . He worked with electrolysis throughout his life and , in 1808 , he isolated magnesium , strontium and barium . Davy also experimented with gases by inhaling them . This experimental procedure nearly proved fatal on several occasions , but led to the discovery of the unusual effects of nitrous oxide , which came to be known as laughing gas . Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele , who called it `` dephlogisticated marine acid '' ( see phlogiston theory ) and mistakenly thought it contained oxygen . Scheele observed several properties of chlorine gas , such as its bleaching effect on litmus , its deadly effect on insects , its yellow - green colour , and the similarity of its smell to that of aqua regia . However , Scheele was unable to publish his findings at the time . In 1810 , chlorine was given its current name by Humphry Davy ( derived from the Greek word for green ) , who insisted that chlorine was in fact an element . He also showed that oxygen could not be obtained from the substance known as oxymuriatic acid ( HCl solution ) . This discovery overturned Lavoisier 's definition of acids as compounds of oxygen . Davy was a popular lecturer and able experimenter . Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac , who stated that the ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers . Main articles : Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac and Gay - Lussac 's law French chemist Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac shared the interest of Lavoisier and others in the quantitative study of the properties of gases . From his first major program of research in 1801 -- 1802 , he concluded that equal volumes of all gases expand equally with the same increase in temperature : this conclusion is usually called `` Charles 's law '' , as Gay - Lussac gave credit to Jacques Charles , who had arrived at nearly the same conclusion in the 1780s but had not published it . The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton by 1801 , although Dalton 's description was less thorough than Gay - Lussac 's . In 1804 Gay - Lussac made several daring ascents of over 7,000 meters above sea level in hydrogen - filled balloons -- a feat not equaled for another 50 years -- that allowed him to investigate other aspects of gases . Not only did he gather magnetic measurements at various altitudes , but he also took pressure , temperature , and humidity measurements and samples of air , which he later analyzed chemically . In 1808 Gay - Lussac announced what was probably his single greatest achievement : from his own and others ' experiments he deduced that gases at constant temperature and pressure combine in simple numerical proportions by volume , and the resulting product or products -- if gases -- also bear a simple proportion by volume to the volumes of the reactants . In other words , gases under equal conditions of temperature and pressure react with one another in volume ratios of small whole numbers . This conclusion subsequently became known as `` Gay - Lussac 's law '' or the `` Law of Combining Volumes '' . With his fellow professor at the École Polytechnique , Louis Jacques Thénard , Gay - Lussac also participated in early electrochemical research , investigating the elements discovered by its means . Among other achievements , they decomposed boric acid by using fused potassium , thus discovering the element boron . The two also took part in contemporary debates that modified Lavoisier 's definition of acids and furthered his program of analyzing organic compounds for their oxygen and hydrogen content . The element iodine was discovered by French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 . Courtois gave samples to his friends , Charles Bernard Desormes ( 1777 -- 1862 ) and Nicolas Clément ( 1779 -- 1841 ) , to continue research . He also gave some of the substance to Gay - Lussac and to physicist André - Marie Ampère . On December 6 , 1813 , Gay - Lussac announced that the new substance was either an element or a compound of oxygen . It was Gay - Lussac who suggested the name `` iode '' , from the Greek word ιώδες ( iodes ) for violet ( because of the color of iodine vapor ) . Ampère had given some of his sample to Humphry Davy . Davy did some experiments on the substance and noted its similarity to chlorine . Davy sent a letter dated December 10 to the Royal Society of London stating that he had identified a new element . Arguments erupted between Davy and Gay - Lussac over who identified iodine first , but both scientists acknowledged Courtois as the first to isolate the element . In 1815 , Humphry Davy invented the Davy lamp , which allowed miners within coal mines to work safely in the presence of flammable gases . There had been many mining explosions caused by firedamp or methane often ignited by open flames of the lamps then used by miners . Davy conceived of using an iron gauze to enclose a lamp 's flame , and so prevent the methane burning inside the lamp from passing out to the general atmosphere . Although the idea of the safety lamp had already been demonstrated by William Reid Clanny and by the then unknown ( but later very famous ) engineer George Stephenson , Davy 's use of wire gauze to prevent the spread of flame was used by many other inventors in their later designs . There was some discussion as to whether Davy had discovered the principles behind his lamp without the help of the work of Smithson Tennant , but it was generally agreed that the work of both men had been independent . Davy refused to patent the lamp , and its invention led to him being awarded the Rumford medal in 1816 . Amedeo Avogadro , who postulated that , under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure , equal volumes of gases contain an equal number of molecules . This is known as Avogadro 's law . Main articles : Amedeo Avogadro and Avogadro 's law After Dalton published his atomic theory in 1808 , certain of his central ideas were soon adopted by most chemists . However , uncertainty persisted for half a century about how atomic theory was to be configured and applied to concrete situations ; chemists in different countries developed several different incompatible atomistic systems . A paper that suggested a way out of this difficult situation was published as early as 1811 by the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro ( 1776 - 1856 ) , who hypothesized that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules , from which it followed that relative molecular weights of any two gases are the same as the ratio of the densities of the two gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure . Avogadro also reasoned that simple gases were not formed of solitary atoms but were instead compound molecules of two or more atoms . Thus Avogadro was able to overcome the difficulty that Dalton and others had encountered when Gay - Lussac reported that above 100 ° C the volume of water vapor was twice the volume of the oxygen used to form it . According to Avogadro , the molecule of oxygen had split into two atoms in the course of forming water vapor . Avogadro 's hypothesis was neglected for half a century after it was first published . Many reasons for this neglect have been cited , including some theoretical problems , such as Jöns Jacob Berzelius 's `` dualism '' , which asserted that compounds are held together by the attraction of positive and negative electrical charges , making it inconceivable that a molecule composed of two electrically similar atoms -- as in oxygen -- could exist . An additional barrier to acceptance was the fact that many chemists were reluctant to adopt physical methods ( such as vapour - density determinations ) to solve their problems . By mid-century , however , some leading figures had begun to view the chaotic multiplicity of competing systems of atomic weights and molecular formulas as intolerable . Moreover , purely chemical evidence began to mount that suggested Avogadro 's approach might be right after all . During the 1850s , younger chemists , such as Alexander Williamson in England , Charles Gerhardt and Charles - Adolphe Wurtz in France , and August Kekulé in Germany , began to advocate reforming theoretical chemistry to make it consistent with Avogadrian theory . Wöhler and the vitalism debate ( edit ) Structural formula of urea Main articles : Vitalism , Friedrich Wöhler , and Wöhler synthesis In 1825 , Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig performed the first confirmed discovery and explanation of isomers , earlier named by Berzelius . Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid , they correctly deduced that isomerism was caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure . In 1827 , William Prout classified biomolecules into their modern groupings : carbohydrates , proteins and lipids . After the nature of combustion was settled , a dispute about vitalism and the essential distinction between organic and inorganic substances began . The vitalism question was revolutionized in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea , thereby establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials and disproving the theory of vitalism . This opened a new research field in chemistry , and by the end of the 19th century , scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds . The most important among them are mauve , magenta , and other synthetic dyes , as well as the widely used drug aspirin . The discovery of the artificial synthesis of urea contributed greatly to the theory of isomerism , as the empirical chemical formulas for urea and ammonium cyanate are identical ( see Wöhler synthesis ) . In 1832 , Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig discovered and explained functional groups and radicals in relation to organic chemistry , as well as first synthesizing benzaldehyde . Liebig , a German chemist , made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry , and worked on the organization of organic chemistry . Liebig is considered the `` father of the fertilizer industry '' for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient , and his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops . Mid-1800s ( edit ) In 1840 , Germain Hess proposed Hess 's law , an early statement of the law of conservation of energy , which establishes that energy changes in a chemical process depend only on the states of the starting and product materials and not on the specific pathway taken between the two states . In 1847 , Hermann Kolbe obtained acetic acid from completely inorganic sources , further disproving vitalism . In 1848 , William Thomson , 1st Baron Kelvin ( commonly known as Lord Kelvin ) established the concept of absolute zero , the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases . In 1849 , Louis Pasteur discovered that the racemic form of tartaric acid is a mixture of the levorotatory and dextrotatory forms , thus clarifying the nature of optical rotation and advancing the field of stereochemistry . In 1852 , August Beer proposed Beer 's law , which explains the relationship between the composition of a mixture and the amount of light it will absorb . Based partly on earlier work by Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert , it established the analytical technique known as spectrophotometry . In 1855 , Benjamin Silliman , Jr. pioneered methods of petroleum cracking , which made the entire modern petrochemical industry possible . Formulas of acetic acid given by August Kekulé in 1861 . Main articles : Stanislao Cannizzaro and Karlsruhe Congress Avogadro 's hypothesis began to gain broad appeal among chemists only after his compatriot and fellow scientist Stanislao Cannizzaro demonstrated its value in 1858 , two years after Avogadro 's death . Cannizzaro 's chemical interests had originally centered on natural products and on reactions of aromatic compounds ; in 1853 he discovered that when benzaldehyde is treated with concentrated base , both benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol are produced -- a phenomenon known today as the Cannizzaro reaction . In his 1858 pamphlet , Cannizzaro showed that a complete return to the ideas of Avogadro could be used to construct a consistent and robust theoretical structure that fit nearly all of the available empirical evidence . For instance , he pointed to evidence that suggested that not all elementary gases consist of two atoms per molecule -- some were monatomic , most were diatomic , and a few were even more complex . Another point of contention had been the formulas for compounds of the alkali metals ( such as sodium ) and the alkaline earth metals ( such as calcium ) , which , in view of their striking chemical analogies , most chemists had wanted to assign to the same formula type . Cannizzaro argued that placing these metals in different categories had the beneficial result of eliminating certain anomalies when using their physical properties to deduce atomic weights . Unfortunately , Cannizzaro 's pamphlet was published initially only in Italian and had little immediate impact . The real breakthrough came with an international chemical congress held in the German town of Karlsruhe in September 1860 , at which most of the leading European chemists were present . The Karlsruhe Congress had been arranged by Kekulé , Wurtz , and a few others who shared Cannizzaro 's sense of the direction chemistry should go . Speaking in French ( as everyone there did ) , Cannizzaro 's eloquence and logic made an indelible impression on the assembled body . Moreover , his friend Angelo Pavesi distributed Cannizzaro 's pamphlet to attendees at the end of the meeting ; more than one chemist later wrote of the decisive impression the reading of this document provided . For instance , Lothar Meyer later wrote that on reading Cannizzaro 's paper , `` The scales seemed to fall from my eyes . '' Cannizzaro thus played a crucial role in winning the battle for reform . The system advocated by him , and soon thereafter adopted by most leading chemists , is substantially identical to what is still used today . Perkin , Crookes , and Nobel ( edit ) In 1856 , Sir William Henry Perkin , age 18 , given a challenge by his professor , August Wilhelm von Hofmann , sought to synthesize quinine , the anti-malaria drug , from coal tar . In one attempt , Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate , whose toluidine impurities reacted with the aniline and yielded a black solid -- suggesting a `` failed '' organic synthesis . Cleaning the flask with alcohol , Perkin noticed purple portions of the solution : a byproduct of the attempt was the first synthetic dye , known as mauveine or Perkin 's mauve . Perkin 's discovery is the foundation of the dye synthesis industry , one of the earliest successful chemical industries . German chemist August Kekulé von Stradonitz 's most important single contribution was his structural theory of organic composition , outlined in two articles published in 1857 and 1858 and treated in great detail in the pages of his extraordinarily popular Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie ( `` Textbook of Organic Chemistry '' ) , the first installment of which appeared in 1859 and gradually extended to four volumes . Kekulé argued that tetravalent carbon atoms - that is , carbon forming exactly four chemical bonds - could link together to form what he called a `` carbon chain '' or a `` carbon skeleton , '' to which other atoms with other valences ( such as hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , and chlorine ) could join . He was convinced that it was possible for the chemist to specify this detailed molecular architecture for at least the simpler organic compounds known in his day . Kekulé was not the only chemist to make such claims in this era . The Scottish chemist Archibald Scott Couper published a substantially similar theory nearly simultaneously , and the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov did much to clarify and expand structure theory . However , it was predominantly Kekulé 's ideas that prevailed in the chemical community . A Crookes tube ( 2 views ) : light and dark . Electrons travel in straight lines from the cathode ( left ) , as evidenced by the shadow cast from the Maltese cross on the fluorescence of the righthand end . The anode is at the bottom wire . British chemist and physicist William Crookes is noted for his cathode ray studies , fundamental in the development of atomic physics . His researches on electrical discharges through a rarefied gas led him to observe the dark space around the cathode , now called the Crookes dark space . He demonstrated that cathode rays travel in straight lines and produce phosphorescence and heat when they strike certain materials . A pioneer of vacuum tubes , Crookes invented the Crookes tube - an early experimental discharge tube , with partial vacuum with which he studied the behavior of cathode rays . With the introduction of spectrum analysis by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff ( 1859 - 1860 ) , Crookes applied the new technique to the study of selenium compounds . Bunsen and Kirchoff had previously used spectroscopy as a means of chemical analysis to discover caesium and rubidium . In 1861 , Crookes used this process to discover thallium in some seleniferous deposits . He continued work on that new element , isolated it , studied its properties , and in 1873 determined its atomic weight . During his studies of thallium , Crookes discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer , a device that converts light radiation into rotary motion . The principle of this radiometer has found numerous applications in the development of sensitive measuring instruments . In 1862 , Alexander Parkes exhibited Parkesine , one of the earliest synthetic polymers , at the International Exhibition in London . This discovery formed the foundation of the modern plastics industry . In 1864 , Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage , building on Claude Louis Berthollet 's ideas , proposed the law of mass action . In 1865 , Johann Josef Loschmidt determined the exact number of molecules in a mole , later named Avogadro 's number . In 1865 , August Kekulé , based partially on the work of Loschmidt and others , established the structure of benzene as a six carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds . Kekulé 's novel proposal for benzene 's cyclic structure was much contested but was never replaced by a superior theory . This theory provided the scientific basis for the dramatic expansion of the German chemical industry in the last third of the 19th century . Today , the large majority of known organic compounds are aromatic , and all of them contain at least one hexagonal benzene ring of the sort that Kekulé advocated . Kekulé is also famous for having clarified the nature of aromatic compounds , which are compounds based on the benzene molecule . In 1865 , Adolf von Baeyer began work on indigo dye , a milestone in modern industrial organic chemistry which revolutionized the dye industry . Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr ( diatomaceous earth ) it became safer and more convenient to handle , and this mixture he patented in 1867 as dynamite . Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds , similar to collodion , but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive , and obtained a transparent , jelly - like substance , which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite . Gelignite , or blasting gelatin , as it was named , was patented in 1876 ; and was followed by a host of similar combinations , modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances . Mendeleev 's periodic table ( edit ) Main articles : Dmitri Mendeleev , Periodic table , and History of the periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev , responsible for organizing the known chemical elements in a periodic table . An important breakthrough in making sense of the list of known chemical elements ( as well as in understanding the internal structure of atoms ) was Dmitri Mendeleev 's development of the first modern periodic table , or the periodic classification of the elements . Mendeleev , a Russian chemist , felt that there was some type of order to the elements and he spent more than thirteen years of his life collecting data and assembling the concept , initially with the idea of resolving some of the disorder in the field for his students . Mendeleev found that , when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight , the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern , or periodicity , of properties within groups of elements . Mendeleev 's law allowed him to build up a systematic periodic table of all the 66 elements then known based on atomic mass , which he published in Principles of Chemistry in 1869 . His first Periodic Table was compiled on the basis of arranging the elements in ascending order of atomic weight and grouping them by similarity of properties . Mendeleev had such faith in the validity of the periodic law that he proposed changes to the generally accepted values for the atomic weight of a few elements and , in his version of the periodic table of 1871 , predicted the locations within the table of unknown elements together with their properties . He even predicted the likely properties of three yet - to - be-discovered elements , which he called ekaboron ( Eb ) , ekaaluminium ( Ea ) , and ekasilicon ( Es ) , which proved to be good predictors of the properties of scandium , gallium , and germanium , respectively , which each fill the spot in the periodic table assigned by Mendeleev . At first the periodic system did not raise interest among chemists . However , with the discovery of the predicted elements , notably gallium in 1875 , scandium in 1879 , and germanium in 1886 , it began to win wide acceptance . The subsequent proof of many of his predictions within his lifetime brought fame to Mendeleev as the founder of the periodic law . This organization surpassed earlier attempts at classification by Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois , who published the telluric helix , an early , three - dimensional version of the periodic table of the elements in 1862 , John Newlands , who proposed the law of octaves ( a precursor to the periodic law ) in 1864 , and Lothar Meyer , who developed an early version of the periodic table with 28 elements organized by valence in 1864 . Mendeleev 's table did not include any of the noble gases , however , which had not yet been discovered . Gradually the periodic law and table became the framework for a great part of chemical theory . By the time Mendeleev died in 1907 , he enjoyed international recognition and had received distinctions and awards from many countries . In 1873 , Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel , working independently , developed a model of chemical bonding that explained the chirality experiments of Pasteur and provided a physical cause for optical activity in chiral compounds. van ' t Hoff 's publication , called Voorstel tot Uitbreiding der Tegenwoordige in de Scheikunde gebruikte Structuurformules in de Ruimte , etc . ( Proposal for the development of 3 - dimensional chemical structural formulae ) and consisting of twelve pages text and one page diagrams , gave the impetus to the development of stereochemistry . The concept of the `` asymmetrical carbon atom '' , dealt with in this publication , supplied an explanation of the occurrence of numerous isomers , inexplicable by means of the then current structural formulae . At the same time he pointed out the existence of relationship between optical activity and the presence of an asymmetrical carbon atom . Josiah Willard Gibbs ( edit ) Main articles : Josiah Willard Gibbs and Statistical mechanics J. Willard Gibbs formulated a concept of thermodynamic equilibrium of a system in terms of energy and entropy . He also did extensive work on chemical equilibrium , and equilibria between phases . American mathematical physicist J. Willard Gibbs 's work on the applications of thermodynamics was instrumental in transforming physical chemistry into a rigorous deductive science . During the years from 1876 to 1878 , Gibbs worked on the principles of thermodynamics , applying them to the complex processes involved in chemical reactions . He discovered the concept of chemical potential , or the `` fuel '' that makes chemical reactions work . In 1876 he published his most famous contribution , `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' , a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which laid out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria . In these essays were the beginnings of Gibbs ' theories of phases of matter : he considered each state of matter a phase , and each substance a component . Gibbs took all of the variables involved in a chemical reaction - temperature , pressure , energy , volume , and entropy - and included them in one simple equation known as Gibbs ' phase rule . Within this paper was perhaps his most outstanding contribution , the introduction of the concept free energy , now universally called Gibbs free energy in his honor . The Gibbs free energy relates the tendency of a physical or chemical system to simultaneously lower its energy and increase its disorder , or entropy , in a spontaneous natural process . Gibbs 's approach allows a researcher to calculate the change in free energy in the process , such as in a chemical reaction , and how fast it will happen . Since virtually all chemical processes and many physical ones involve such changes , his work has significantly impacted both the theoretical and experiential aspects of these sciences . In 1877 , Ludwig Boltzmann established statistical derivations of many important physical and chemical concepts , including entropy , and distributions of molecular velocities in the gas phase . Together with Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell , Gibbs created a new branch of theoretical physics called statistical mechanics ( a term that he coined ) , explaining the laws of thermodynamics as consequences of the statistical properties of large ensembles of particles . Gibbs also worked on the application of Maxwell 's equations to problems in physical optics . Gibbs 's derivation of the phenomenological laws of thermodynamics from the statistical properties of systems with many particles was presented in his highly influential textbook Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics , published in 1902 , a year before his death . In that work , Gibbs reviewed the relationship between the laws of thermodynamics and statistical theory of molecular motions . The overshooting of the original function by partial sums of Fourier series at points of discontinuity is known as the Gibbs phenomenon . Late 19th century ( edit ) German engineer Carl von Linde 's invention of a continuous process of liquefying gases in large quantities formed a basis for the modern technology of refrigeration and provided both impetus and means for conducting scientific research at low temperatures and very high vacuums . He developed a methyl ether refrigerator ( 1874 ) and an ammonia refrigerator ( 1876 ) . Though other refrigeration units had been developed earlier , Linde 's were the first to be designed with the aim of precise calculations of efficiency . In 1895 he set up a large - scale plant for the production of liquid air . Six years later he developed a method for separating pure liquid oxygen from liquid air that resulted in widespread industrial conversion to processes utilizing oxygen ( e.g. , in steel manufacture ) . In 1883 , Svante Arrhenius developed an ion theory to explain conductivity in electrolytes . In 1884 , Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff published Études de Dynamique chimique ( Studies in Dynamic Chemistry ) , a seminal study on chemical kinetics . In this work , van ' t Hoff entered for the first time the field of physical chemistry . Of great importance was his development of the general thermodynamic relationship between the heat of conversion and the displacement of the equilibrium as a result of temperature variation . At constant volume , the equilibrium in a system will tend to shift in such a direction as to oppose the temperature change which is imposed upon the system . Thus , lowering the temperature results in heat development while increasing the temperature results in heat absorption . This principle of mobile equilibrium was subsequently ( 1885 ) put in a general form by Henry Louis Le Chatelier , who extended the principle to include compensation , by change of volume , for imposed pressure changes . The van ' t Hoff - Le Chatelier principle , or simply Le Chatelier 's principle , explains the response of dynamic chemical equilibria to external stresses . In 1884 , Hermann Emil Fischer proposed the structure of purine , a key structure in many biomolecules , which he later synthesized in 1898 . He also began work on the chemistry of glucose and related sugars . In 1885 , Eugene Goldstein named the cathode ray , later discovered to be composed of electrons , and the canal ray , later discovered to be positive hydrogen ions that had been stripped of their electrons in a cathode ray tube ; these would later be named protons . The year 1885 also saw the publishing of J.H. van ' t Hoff 's L'Équilibre chimique dans les Systèmes gazeux ou dissous à I'État dilué ( Chemical equilibria in gaseous systems or strongly diluted solutions ) , which dealt with this theory of dilute solutions . Here he demonstrated that the `` osmotic pressure '' in solutions which are sufficiently dilute is proportionate to the concentration and the absolute temperature so that this pressure can be represented by a formula which only deviates from the formula for gas pressure by a coefficient i . He also determined the value of i by various methods , for example by means of the vapor pressure and François - Marie Raoult 's results on the lowering of the freezing point . Thus van ' t Hoff was able to prove that thermodynamic laws are not only valid for gases , but also for dilute solutions . His pressure laws , given general validity by the electrolytic dissociation theory of Arrhenius ( 1884 - 1887 ) - the first foreigner who came to work with him in Amsterdam ( 1888 ) - are considered the most comprehensive and important in the realm of natural sciences . In 1893 , Alfred Werner discovered the octahedral structure of cobalt complexes , thus establishing the field of coordination chemistry . Ramsay 's discovery of the noble gases ( edit ) Main articles : William Ramsay and Noble gas The most celebrated discoveries of Scottish chemist William Ramsay were made in inorganic chemistry . Ramsay was intrigued by the British physicist John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh 's 1892 discovery that the atomic weight of nitrogen found in chemical compounds was lower than that of nitrogen found in the atmosphere . He ascribed this discrepancy to a light gas included in chemical compounds of nitrogen , while Ramsay suspected a hitherto undiscovered heavy gas in atmospheric nitrogen . Using two different methods to remove all known gases from air , Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh were able to announce in 1894 that they had found a monatomic , chemically inert gaseous element that constituted nearly 1 percent of the atmosphere ; they named it argon . J.J. Thomson The following year , Ramsay liberated another inert gas from a mineral called cleveite ; this proved to be helium , previously known only in the solar spectrum . In his book The Gases of the Atmosphere ( 1896 ) , Ramsay showed that the positions of helium and argon in the periodic table of elements indicated that at least three more noble gases might exist . In 1898 Ramsay and the British chemist Morris W. Travers isolated these elements -- called neon , krypton , and xenon -- from air brought to a liquid state at low temperature and high pressure . Sir William Ramsay worked with Frederick Soddy to demonstrate , in 1903 , that alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) were continually produced during the radioactive decay of a sample of radium . Ramsay was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of `` services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air , and his determination of their place in the periodic system . '' In 1897 , J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube . In 1898 , Wilhelm Wien demonstrated that canal rays ( streams of positive ions ) can be deflected by magnetic fields , and that the amount of deflection is proportional to the mass - to - charge ratio . This discovery would lead to the analytical technique known as mass spectrometry in 1912 . Marie and Pierre Curie ( edit ) Marie Curie , a pioneer in the field of radioactivity and the first twice - honored Nobel laureate ( and still the only one in two different sciences ) Main articles : Marie Curie , Pierre Curie , and Henri Becquerel Marie Skłodowska - Curie was a Polish - born French physicist and chemist who is famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity . She and her husband are considered to have laid the cornerstone of the nuclear age with their research on radioactivity . Marie was fascinated with the work of Henri Becquerel , a French physicist who discovered in 1896 that uranium casts off rays similar to the X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen . Marie Curie began studying uranium in late 1897 and theorized , according to a 1904 article she wrote for Century magazine , `` that the emission of rays by the compounds of uranium is a property of the metal itself -- that it is an atomic property of the element uranium independent of its chemical or physical state . '' Curie took Becquerel 's work a few steps further , conducting her own experiments on uranium rays . She discovered that the rays remained constant , no matter the condition or form of the uranium . The rays , she theorized , came from the element 's atomic structure . This revolutionary idea created the field of atomic physics and the Curies coined the word radioactivity to describe the phenomena . Pierre Curie , known for his work on radioactivity as well as on ferromagnetism , paramagnetism , and diamagnetism ; notably Curie 's law and Curie point . Pierre and Marie further explored radioactivity by working to separate the substances in uranium ores and then using the electrometer to make radiation measurements to ' trace ' the minute amount of unknown radioactive element among the fractions that resulted . Working with the mineral pitchblende , the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898 . They named the element polonium , after Marie 's native country of Poland . On December 21 , 1898 , the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende . They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26 , proposing that the new element be called radium . The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements . In 1902 , the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram of pure radium , demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element . While it took three years for them to isolate radium , they were never able to isolate polonium . Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , Curie oversaw the world 's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms , using radioactive isotopes . With Henri Becquerel and her husband , Pierre Curie , she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics . She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , and she is the only woman to win the award in two different fields . While working with Marie to extract pure substances from ores , an undertaking that really required industrial resources but that they achieved in relatively primitive conditions , Pierre himself concentrated on the physical study ( including luminous and chemical effects ) of the new radiations . Through the action of magnetic fields on the rays given out by the radium , he proved the existence of particles electrically positive , negative , and neutral ; these Ernest Rutherford was afterward to call alpha , beta , and gamma rays . Pierre then studied these radiations by calorimetry and also observed the physiological effects of radium , thus opening the way to radium therapy . Among Pierre Curie 's discoveries were that ferromagnetic substances exhibited a critical temperature transition , above which the substances lost their ferromagnetic behavior - this is known as the `` Curie point . '' He was elected to the Academy of Sciences ( 1905 ) , having in 1903 jointly with Marie received the Royal Society 's prestigious Davy Medal and jointly with her and Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics . He was run over by a carriage in the rue Dauphine in Paris in 1906 and died instantly . His complete works were published in 1908 . Ernest Rutherford ( edit ) Ernest Rutherford , discoverer of the nucleus and considered the father of nuclear physics New Zealand - born chemist and physicist Ernest Rutherford is considered to be `` the father of nuclear physics . '' Rutherford is best known for devising the names alpha , beta , and gamma to classify various forms of radioactive `` rays '' which were poorly understood at his time ( alpha and beta rays are particle beams , while gamma rays are a form of high - energy electromagnetic radiation ) . Rutherford deflected alpha rays with both electric and magnetic fields in 1903 . Working with Frederick Soddy , Rutherford explained that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements , now known to involve nuclear reactions . Top : Predicted results based on the then - accepted plum pudding model of the atom . Bottom : Observed results . Rutherford disproved the plum pudding model and concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a small , central nucleus . He also observed that the intensity of radioactivity of a radioactive element decreases over a unique and regular amount of time until a point of stability , and he named the halving time the `` half - life . '' In 1901 and 1902 he worked with Frederick Soddy to prove that atoms of one radioactive element would spontaneously turn into another , by expelling a piece of the atom at high velocity . In 1906 at the University of Manchester , Rutherford oversaw an experiment conducted by his students Hans Geiger ( known for the Geiger counter ) and Ernest Marsden . In the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , a beam of alpha particles , generated by the radioactive decay of radon , was directed normally onto a sheet of very thin gold foil in an evacuated chamber . Under the prevailing plum pudding model , the alpha particles should all have passed through the foil and hit the detector screen , or have been deflected by , at most , a few degrees . However , the actual results surprised Rutherford . Although many of the alpha particles did pass through as expected , many others were deflected at small angles while others were reflected back to the alpha source . They observed that a very small percentage of particles were deflected through angles much larger than 90 degrees . The gold foil experiment showed large deflections for a small fraction of incident particles . Rutherford realized that , because some of the alpha particles were deflected or reflected , the atom had a concentrated centre of positive charge and of relatively large mass - Rutherford later termed this positive center the `` atomic nucleus '' . The alpha particles had either hit the positive centre directly or passed by it close enough to be affected by its positive charge . Since many other particles passed through the gold foil , the positive centre would have to be a relatively small size compared to the rest of the atom - meaning that the atom is mostly open space . From his results , Rutherford developed a model of the atom that was similar to the solar system , known as Rutherford model . Like planets , electrons orbited a central , sun - like nucleus . For his work with radiation and the atomic nucleus , Rutherford received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . 20th century ( edit ) The first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels in 1911 and was considered a turning point in the world of physics and chemistry . In 1903 , Mikhail Tsvet invented chromatography , an important analytic technique . In 1904 , Hantaro Nagaoka proposed an early nuclear model of the atom , where electrons orbit a dense massive nucleus . In 1905 , Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed the Haber process for making ammonia , a milestone in industrial chemistry with deep consequences in agriculture . The Haber process , or Haber - Bosch process , combined nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia in industrial quantities for production of fertilizer and munitions . The food production for half the world 's current population depends on this method for producing fertilizer . Haber , along with Max Born , proposed the Born -- Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid . Haber has also been described as the `` father of chemical warfare '' for his work developing and deploying chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War I . Robert A. Millikan , who is best known for measuring the charge on the electron , won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 . In 1905 , Albert Einstein explained Brownian motion in a way that definitively proved atomic theory . Leo Baekeland invented bakelite , one of the first commercially successful plastics . In 1909 , American physicist Robert Andrews Millikan - who had studied in Europe under Walther Nernst and Max Planck - measured the charge of individual electrons with unprecedented accuracy through the oil drop experiment , in which he measured the electric charges on tiny falling water ( and later oil ) droplets . His study established that any particular droplet 's electrical charge is a multiple of a definite , fundamental value -- the electron 's charge -- and thus a confirmation that all electrons have the same charge and mass . Beginning in 1912 , he spent several years investigating and finally proving Albert Einstein 's proposed linear relationship between energy and frequency , and providing the first direct photoelectric support for Planck 's constant . In 1923 Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics . In 1909 , S.P.L. Sørensen invented the pH concept and develops methods for measuring acidity . In 1911 , Antonius Van den Broek proposed the idea that the elements on the periodic table are more properly organized by positive nuclear charge rather than atomic weight . In 1911 , the first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels , bringing together most of the most prominent scientists of the day . In 1912 , William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg proposed Bragg 's law and established the field of X-ray crystallography , an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances . In 1912 , Peter Debye develops the concept of molecular dipole to describe asymmetric charge distribution in some molecules . Niels Bohr ( edit ) Niels Bohr , the developer of the Bohr model of the atom , and a leading founder of quantum mechanics Main articles : Niels Bohr and Bohr model In 1913 , Niels Bohr , a Danish physicist , introduced the concepts of quantum mechanics to atomic structure by proposing what is now known as the Bohr model of the atom , where electrons exist only in strictly defined circular orbits around the nucleus similar to rungs on a ladder . The Bohr Model is a planetary model in which the negatively charged electrons orbit a small , positively charged nucleus similar to the planets orbiting the Sun ( except that the orbits are not planar ) - the gravitational force of the solar system is mathematically akin to the attractive Coulomb ( electrical ) force between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons . In the Bohr model , however , electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy - the energy levels are said to be quantized , which means that only certain orbits with certain radii are allowed ; orbits in between simply do n't exist . The energy of the orbit is related to its size - that is , the lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit . Bohr also postulated that electromagnetic radiation is absorbed or emitted when an electron moves from one orbit to another . Because only certain electron orbits are permitted , the emission of light accompanying a jump of an electron from an excited energy state to ground state produces a unique emission spectrum for each element . Niels Bohr also worked on the principle of complementarity , which states that an electron can be interpreted in two mutually exclusive and valid ways . Electrons can be interpreted as wave or particle models . His hypothesis was that an incoming particle would strike the nucleus and create an excited compound nucleus . This formed the basis of his liquid drop model and later provided a theory base for the explanation of nuclear fission . In 1913 , Henry Moseley , working from Van den Broek 's earlier idea , introduces concept of atomic number to fix inadequacies of Mendeleev 's periodic table , which had been based on atomic weight . The peak of Frederick Soddy 's career in radiochemistry was in 1913 with his formulation of the concept of isotopes , which stated that certain elements exist in two or more forms which have different atomic weights but which are indistinguishable chemically . He is remembered for proving the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements , and is also credited , along with others , with the discovery of the element protactinium in 1917 . In 1913 , J.J. Thomson expanded on the work of Wien by showing that charged subatomic particles can be separated by their mass - to - charge ratio , a technique known as mass spectrometry . Gilbert N. Lewis ( edit ) Main article : Gilbert N. Lewis American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis laid the foundation of valence bond theory ; he was instrumental in developing a bonding theory based on the number of electrons in the outermost `` valence '' shell of the atom . In 1902 , while Lewis was trying to explain valence to his students , he depicted atoms as constructed of a concentric series of cubes with electrons at each corner . This `` cubic atom '' explained the eight groups in the periodic table and represented his idea that chemical bonds are formed by electron transference to give each atom a complete set of eight outer electrons ( an `` octet '' ) . Lewis 's theory of chemical bonding continued to evolve and , in 1916 , he published his seminal article `` The Atom of the Molecule '' , which suggested that a chemical bond is a pair of electrons shared by two atoms . Lewis 's model equated the classical chemical bond with the sharing of a pair of electrons between the two bonded atoms . Lewis introduced the `` electron dot diagrams '' in this paper to symbolize the electronic structures of atoms and molecules . Now known as Lewis structures , they are discussed in virtually every introductory chemistry book . Shortly after publication of his 1916 paper , Lewis became involved with military research . He did not return to the subject of chemical bonding until 1923 , when he masterfully summarized his model in a short monograph entitled Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules . His renewal of interest in this subject was largely stimulated by the activities of the American chemist and General Electric researcher Irving Langmuir , who between 1919 and 1921 popularized and elaborated Lewis 's model . Langmuir subsequently introduced the term covalent bond . In 1921 , Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach establish concept of quantum mechanical spin in subatomic particles . For cases where no sharing was involved , Lewis in 1923 developed the electron pair theory of acids and base : Lewis redefined an acid as any atom or molecule with an incomplete octet that was thus capable of accepting electrons from another atom ; bases were , of course , electron donors . His theory is known as the concept of Lewis acids and bases . In 1923 , G.N. Lewis and Merle Randall published Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances , first modern treatise on chemical thermodynamics . The 1920s saw a rapid adoption and application of Lewis 's model of the electron - pair bond in the fields of organic and coordination chemistry . In organic chemistry , this was primarily due to the efforts of the British chemists Arthur Lapworth , Robert Robinson , Thomas Lowry , and Christopher Ingold ; while in coordination chemistry , Lewis 's bonding model was promoted through the efforts of the American chemist Maurice Huggins and the British chemist Nevil Sidgwick . Quantum mechanics ( edit ) Quantum mechanics in the 1920s From left to right , top row : Louis de Broglie ( 1892 -- 1987 ) and Wolfgang Pauli ( 1900 -- 58 ) ; second row : Erwin Schrödinger ( 1887 -- 1961 ) and Werner Heisenberg ( 1901 -- 76 ) Main articles : Louis de Broglie , Wolfgang Pauli , Erwin Schrödinger , and Werner Heisenberg In 1924 , French quantum physicist Louis de Broglie published his thesis , in which he introduced a revolutionary theory of electron waves based on wave -- particle duality in his thesis . In his time , the wave and particle interpretations of light and matter were seen as being at odds with one another , but de Broglie suggested that these seemingly different characteristics were instead the same behavior observed from different perspectives -- that particles can behave like waves , and waves ( radiation ) can behave like particles . Broglie 's proposal offered an explanation of the restriction motion of electrons within the atom . The first publications of Broglie 's idea of `` matter waves '' had drawn little attention from other physicists , but a copy of his doctoral thesis chanced to reach Einstein , whose response was enthusiastic . Einstein stressed the importance of Broglie 's work both explicitly and by building further on it . In 1925 , Austrian - born physicist Wolfgang Pauli developed the Pauli exclusion principle , which states that no two electrons around a single nucleus in an atom can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously , as described by four quantum numbers . Pauli made major contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory - he was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle - as well as solid - state physics , and he successfully hypothesized the existence of the neutrino . In addition to his original work , he wrote masterful syntheses of several areas of physical theory that are considered classics of scientific literature . The Schrödinger equation In 1926 at the age of 39 , Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger produced the papers that gave the foundations of quantum wave mechanics . In those papers he described his partial differential equation that is the basic equation of quantum mechanics and bears the same relation to the mechanics of the atom as Newton 's equations of motion bear to planetary astronomy . Adopting a proposal made by Louis de Broglie in 1924 that particles of matter have a dual nature and in some situations act like waves , Schrödinger introduced a theory describing the behaviour of such a system by a wave equation that is now known as the Schrödinger equation . The solutions to Schrödinger 's equation , unlike the solutions to Newton 's equations , are wave functions that can only be related to the probable occurrence of physical events . The readily visualized sequence of events of the planetary orbits of Newton is , in quantum mechanics , replaced by the more abstract notion of probability . ( This aspect of the quantum theory made Schrödinger and several other physicists profoundly unhappy , and he devoted much of his later life to formulating philosophical objections to the generally accepted interpretation of the theory that he had done so much to create . ) German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg was one of the key creators of quantum mechanics . In 1925 , Heisenberg discovered a way to formulate quantum mechanics in terms of matrices . For that discovery , he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932 . In 1927 he published his uncertainty principle , upon which he built his philosophy and for which he is best known . Heisenberg was able to demonstrate that if you were studying an electron in an atom you could say where it was ( the electron 's location ) or where it was going ( the electron 's velocity ) , but it was impossible to express both at the same time . He also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows , the atomic nucleus , ferromagnetism , cosmic rays , and subatomic particles , and he was instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe , together with a research reactor in Munich , in 1957 . Considerable controversy surrounds his work on atomic research during World War II . Quantum chemistry ( edit ) Main article : Quantum chemistry Some view the birth of quantum chemistry in the discovery of the Schrödinger equation and its application to the hydrogen atom in 1926 . However , the 1927 article of Walter Heitler and Fritz London is often recognised as the first milestone in the history of quantum chemistry . This is the first application of quantum mechanics to the diatomic hydrogen molecule , and thus to the phenomenon of the chemical bond . In the following years much progress was accomplished by Edward Teller , Robert S. Mulliken , Max Born , J. Robert Oppenheimer , Linus Pauling , Erich Hückel , Douglas Hartree , Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock , to cite a few . Still , skepticism remained as to the general power of quantum mechanics applied to complex chemical systems . The situation around 1930 is described by Paul Dirac : The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known , and the difficulty is only that the exact application of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble . It therefore becomes desirable that approximate practical methods of applying quantum mechanics should be developed , which can lead to an explanation of the main features of complex atomic systems without too much computation . Hence the quantum mechanical methods developed in the 1930s and 1940s are often referred to as theoretical molecular or atomic physics to underline the fact that they were more the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry and spectroscopy than answers to chemically relevant questions . In 1951 , a milestone article in quantum chemistry is the seminal paper of Clemens C.J. Roothaan on Roothaan equations . It opened the avenue to the solution of the self - consistent field equations for small molecules like hydrogen or nitrogen . Those computations were performed with the help of tables of integrals which were computed on the most advanced computers of the time . In the 1940s many physicists turned from molecular or atomic physics to nuclear physics ( like J. Robert Oppenheimer or Edward Teller ) . Glenn T. Seaborg was an American nuclear chemist best known for his work on isolating and identifying transuranium elements ( those heavier than uranium ) . He shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Edwin Mattison McMillan for their independent discoveries of transuranium elements . Seaborgium was named in his honour , making him the only person , along Albert Einstein , for whom a chemical element was named during his lifetime . Molecular biology and biochemistry ( edit ) Main articles : History of molecular biology and History of biochemistry By the mid 20th century , in principle , the integration of physics and chemistry was extensive , with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom ; Linus Pauling 's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever - more complicated molecules . However , though some principles deduced from quantum mechanics were able to predict qualitatively some chemical features for biologically relevant molecules , they were , till the end of the 20th century , more a collection of rules , observations , and recipes than rigorous ab initio quantitative methods . Diagrammatic representation of some key structural features of DNA This heuristic approach triumphed in 1953 when James Watson and Francis Crick deduced the double helical structure of DNA by constructing models constrained by and informed by the knowledge of the chemistry of the constituent parts and the X-ray diffraction patterns obtained by Rosalind Franklin . This discovery lead to an explosion of research into the biochemistry of life . In the same year , the Miller -- Urey experiment demonstrated that basic constituents of protein , simple amino acids , could themselves be built up from simpler molecules in a simulation of primordial processes on Earth . Though many questions remain about the true nature of the origin of life , this was the first attempt by chemists to study hypothetical processes in the laboratory under controlled conditions . In 1983 Kary Mullis devised a method for the in - vitro amplification of DNA , known as the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , which revolutionized the chemical processes used in the laboratory to manipulate it . PCR could be used to synthesize specific pieces of DNA and made possible the sequencing of DNA of organisms , which culminated in the huge human genome project . An important piece in the double helix puzzle was solved by one of Pauling 's students Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl , the result of their collaboration ( Meselson -- Stahl experiment ) has been called as `` the most beautiful experiment in biology '' . They used a centrifugation technique that sorted molecules according to differences in weight . Because nitrogen atoms are a component of DNA , they were labelled and therefore tracked in replication in bacteria . Late 20th century ( edit ) Buckminsterfullerene , C In 1970 , John Pople developed the Gaussian program greatly easing computational chemistry calculations . In 1971 , Yves Chauvin offered an explanation of the reaction mechanism of olefin metathesis reactions . In 1975 , Karl Barry Sharpless and his group discovered a stereoselective oxidation reactions including Sharpless epoxidation , Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation , and Sharpless oxyamination . In 1985 , Harold Kroto , Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discovered fullerenes , a class of large carbon molecules superficially resembling the geodesic dome designed by architect R. Buckminster Fuller . In 1991 , Sumio Iijima used electron microscopy to discover a type of cylindrical fullerene known as a carbon nanotube , though earlier work had been done in the field as early as 1951 . This material is an important component in the field of nanotechnology . In 1994 , Robert A. Holton and his group achieved the first total synthesis of Taxol . In 1995 , Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produced the first Bose -- Einstein condensate , a substance that displays quantum mechanical properties on the macroscopic scale . Mathematics and chemistry ( edit ) Classically , before the 20th century , chemistry was defined as the science of the nature of matter and its transformations . It was therefore clearly distinct from physics which was not concerned with such dramatic transformation of matter . Moreover , in contrast to physics , chemistry was not using much of mathematics . Even some were particularly reluctant to use mathematics within chemistry . For example , Auguste Comte wrote in 1830 : Every attempt to employ mathematical methods in the study of chemical questions must be considered profoundly irrational and contrary to the spirit of chemistry ... if mathematical analysis should ever hold a prominent place in chemistry -- an aberration which is happily almost impossible -- it would occasion a rapid and widespread degeneration of that science . However , in the second part of the 19th century , the situation changed and August Kekulé wrote in 1867 : I rather expect that we shall someday find a mathematico - mechanical explanation for what we now call atoms which will render an account of their properties . Scope of chemistry ( edit ) As understanding of the nature of matter has evolved , so too has the self - understanding of the science of chemistry by its practitioners . This continuing historical process of evaluation includes the categories , terms , aims and scope of chemistry . Additionally , the development of the social institutions and networks which support chemical enquiry are highly significant factors that enable the production , dissemination and application of chemical knowledge . ( See Philosophy of chemistry ) Chemical industry ( edit ) Main article : Chemical industry The later part of the nineteenth century saw a huge increase in the exploitation of petroleum extracted from the earth for the production of a host of chemicals and largely replaced the use of whale oil , coal tar and naval stores used previously . Large - scale production and refinement of petroleum provided feedstocks for liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel , solvents , lubricants , asphalt , waxes , and for the production of many of the common materials of the modern world , such as synthetic fibers , plastics , paints , detergents , pharmaceuticals , adhesives and ammonia as fertilizer and for other uses . Many of these required new catalysts and the utilization of chemical engineering for their cost - effective production . In the mid-twentieth century , control of the electronic structure of semiconductor materials was made precise by the creation of large ingots of extremely pure single crystals of silicon and germanium . Accurate control of their chemical composition by doping with other elements made the production of the solid state transistor in 1951 and made possible the production of tiny integrated circuits for use in electronic devices , especially computers . See also ( edit ) Histories and timelines ( edit ) Atomic theory Cupellation History of chromatography History of electrochemistry History of the molecule History of molecular biology History of physics History of science and technology History of the periodic table History of thermodynamics History of energy History of molecular theory History of materials science List of years in science Nobel Prize in chemistry Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics Timeline of chemical elements discoveries Timeline of chemistry Timeline of materials technology Timeline of thermodynamics , statistical mechanics , and random processes The Chemical History of a Candle The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Notable chemists ( edit ) listed chronologically : List of chemists Robert Boyle , 1627 -- 1691 Joseph Black , 1728 -- 1799 Joseph Priestley , 1733 -- 1804 Carl Wilhelm Scheele , 1742 -- 1786 Antoine Lavoisier , 1743 -- 1794 Alessandro Volta , 1745 -- 1827 Jacques Charles , 1746 -- 1823 Claude Louis Berthollet , 1748 -- 1822 Amedeo Avogadro , 1776 - 1856 Joseph - Louis Gay - Lussac , 1778 -- 1850 Humphry Davy , 1778 -- 1829 Jöns Jakob Berzelius , inventor of modern chemical notation , 1779 -- 1848 Justus von Liebig , 1803 -- 1873 Louis Pasteur , 1822 -- 1895 Stanislao Cannizzaro , 1826 -- 1910 Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz , 1829 -- 1896 Dmitri Mendeleev , 1834 -- 1907 Josiah Willard Gibbs , 1839 -- 1903 J.H. van ' t Hoff , 1852 -- 1911 William Ramsay , 1852 -- 1916 Svante Arrhenius , 1859 -- 1927 Walther Nernst , 1864 -- 1941 Marie Curie , 1867 -- 1934 Gilbert N. Lewis , 1875 -- 1946 Otto Hahn , 1879 -- 1968 Irving Langmuir , 1881 -- 1957 Linus Pauling , 1901 -- 1994 Glenn T. Seaborg , 1912 -- 1999 Robert Burns Woodward , 1917 - 1979 Frederick Sanger , 1918 - 2013 Geoffrey Wilkinson , 1921 - 1996 Rudolph A. Marcus , 1923 - George Andrew Olah , 1926 - Elias James Corey , 1928 - Akira Suzuki , 1930 - Richard F. Heck , 1931 - 2015 Harold Kroto , 1939 - 2016 Jean - Marie Lehn , 1939 - Peter Atkins , 1940 - Barry Sharpless , 1941 - Richard Smalley , 1943 -- 2005 Jean - Pierre Sauvage , 1944 - Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry Jump up ^ `` History of Gold '' . Gold Digest . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Photos , E. , ' The Question of Meteorictic versus Smelted Nickel - Rich Iron : Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results ' World Archaeology Vol. 20 , No. 3 , Archaeometallurgy ( February 1989 ) , pp. 403 -- 421 . Online version accessed on 2010 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : W. Keller ( 1963 ) The Bible as History , p. 156 ISBN 0 - 340 - 00312 - X Jump up ^ Radivojević , Miljana ; Rehren , Thilo ; Pernicka , Ernst ; Šljivar , Dušan ; Brauns , Michael ; Borić , Dušan ( 2010 ) . `` On the origins of extractive metallurgy : New evidence from Europe '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 37 ( 11 ) : 2775 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2010.06. 012 . Jump up ^ Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture Stonepages from news sources November 2007 Jump up ^ Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I : Our Oriental Heritage : `` Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India , and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times , when India was looked to , even by Imperial Rome , as the most skilled of the nations in such chemical industries as dyeing , tanning , soap - making , glass and cement ... By the sixth century the Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry ; they were masters of calcinations , distillation , sublimation , steaming , fixation , the production of light without heat , the mixing of anesthetic and soporific powders , and the preparation of metallic salts , compounds and alloys . The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India to a perfection unknown in Europe till our own times ; King Porus is said to have selected , as a specially valuable gift from Alexander , not gold or silver , but thirty pounds of steel . The Moslems took much of this Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe ; the secret of manufacturing `` Damascus '' blades , for example , was taken by the Arabs from the Persians , and by the Persians from India . '' Jump up ^ B.W. Anderson ( 1975 ) The Living World of the Old Testament , p. 154 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 48598 - 3 Jump up ^ R.F. Tylecote ( 1992 ) A History of Metallurgy ISBN 0 - 901462 - 88 - 8 Jump up ^ Temple , Robert K.G. ( 2007 ) . The Genius of China : 3,000 Years of Science , Discovery , and Invention ( 3rd edition ) . London : André Deutsch . pp. 44 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 00202 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1935 ) , Our Oriental Heritage : `` Two systems of Hindu thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of Greece . Kanada , founder of the Vaisheshika philosophy , held that the world was composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements . The Jains more nearly approximated to Democritus by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind , producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations . Kanada believed light and heat to be varieties of the same substance ; Udayana taught that all heat comes from the sun ; and Vachaspati , like Newton , interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye . '' Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( 29 June 2005 ) . `` Lucretius ( c. 99 - c. 55 BCE ) '' . The Internet History of Philosophy . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lucretius ( 50 BCE ) . `` de Rerum Natura ( On the Nature of Things ) '' . The Internet Classics Archive . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Norris , John A. ( 2006 ) . `` The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science '' . Ambix. 53 : 43 . doi : 10.1179 / 174582306X93183 . Jump up ^ Clulee , Nicholas H. ( 1988 ) . John Dee 's Natural Philosophy . Routledge . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 00625 - 5 . Jump up ^ Strathern , 2000 . Page 79 . Jump up ^ Holmyard , E.J. ( 1957 ) . Alchemy . New York : Dover , 1990 . pp. 15 , 16 . Jump up ^ William Royall Newman . Atoms and Alchemy : Chymistry and the experimental origins of the scientific revolution . University of Chicago Press , 2006 . p. xi Jump up ^ Holmyard , E.J. ( 1957 ) . Alchemy . New York : Dover , 1990 . pp. 48 , 49 . Jump up ^ Stanton J. Linden . The alchemy reader : from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press . 2003 . p. 44 Jump up ^ Brock , William H. ( 1992 ) . The Fontana History of Chemistry . London , England : Fontana Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 686173 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brock , William H. ( 1992 ) . The Fontana History of Chemistry . London , England : Fontana Press . ISBN 0 - 00 - 686173 - 3 . Jump up ^ The History of Ancient Chemistry Jump up ^ Derewenda , Zygmunt S. ; Derewenda , ZS ( 2007 ) . `` On wine , chirality and crystallography '' . Acta Crystallographica Section A. 64 ( Pt 1 ) : 246 -- 258 ( 247 ) . Bibcode : 2008AcCrA ... 64 ... 246D . PMID 18156689 . doi : 10.1107 / S0108767307054293 . Jump up ^ John Warren ( 2005 ) . `` War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq : a sadly mismanaged affair '' , Third World Quarterly , Volume 26 , Issue 4 & 5 , p. 815 - 830 . Jump up ^ Dr. A. Zahoor ( 1997 ) , JABIR IBN HAIYAN ( Geber ) Jump up ^ Paul Vallely , How Islamic inventors changed the world , The Independent , 10 March 2006 Jump up ^ Kraus , Paul , Jâbir ibn Hayyân , Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam . I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II . Jâbir et la science grecque , . Cairo ( 1942 - 1943 ) . Repr . By Fuat Sezgin , ( Natural Sciences in Islam . 67 - 68 ) , Frankfurt . 2002 : `` To form an idea of the historical place of Jabir 's alchemy and to tackle the problem of its sources , it is advisable to compare it with what remains to us of the alchemical literature in the Greek language . One knows in which miserable state this literature reached us . Collected by Byzantine scientists from the tenth century , the corpus of the Greek alchemists is a cluster of incoherent fragments , going back to all the times since the third century until the end of the Middle Ages . '' `` The efforts of Berthelot and Ruelle to put a little order in this mass of literature led only to poor results , and the later researchers , among them in particular Mrs. Hammer - Jensen , Tannery , Lagercrantz , von Lippmann , Reitzenstein , Ruska , Bidez , Festugiere and others , could make clear only few points of detail ... The study of the Greek alchemists is not very encouraging . An even surface examination of the Greek texts shows that a very small part only was organized according to true experiments of laboratory : even the supposedly technical writings , in the state where we find them today , are unintelligible nonsense which refuses any interpretation . It is different with Jabir 's alchemy . The relatively clear description of the processes and the alchemical apparatuses , the methodical classification of the substances , mark an experimental spirit which is extremely far away from the weird and odd esotericism of the Greek texts . The theory on which Jabir supports his operations is one of clearness and of an impressive unity . More than with the other Arab authors , one notes with him a balance between theoretical teaching and practical teaching , between the ` ilm and the ` amal . In vain one would seek in the Greek texts a work as systematic as that which is presented for example in the Book of Seventy . '' ( cf . Ahmad Y Hassan . `` A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem : Part Three '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09. ) Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1980 ) . The Age of Faith ( The Story of Civilization , Volume 4 ) , p. 162 - 186 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 01200 - 2 . Jump up ^ Strathern , Paul . ( 2000 ) , Mendeleyev 's Dream -- the Quest for the Elements , New York : Berkley Books Jump up ^ Marmura , Michael E. ; Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1965 ) . `` An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al - Safa'an , Al - Biruni , and Ibn Sina by Seyyed Hossein Nasr '' . Speculum. 40 ( 4 ) : 744 -- 746 . JSTOR 2851429 . doi : 10.2307 / 2851429 . Jump up ^ Robert Briffault ( 1938 ) . The Making of Humanity , p. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Alakbarov , Farid ( 2001 ) . `` A 13th - Century Darwin ? Tusi 's Views on Evolution '' . Azerbaijan International . 9 : 2 . Jump up ^ Karl Alfred von Zittel ( 1901 ) History of Geology and Palaeontology , p. 15 Jump up ^ Asarnow , Herman ( 2005 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Sir Francis Bacon : Empiricism '' . An Image - Oriented Introduction to Backgrounds for English Renaissance Literature . University of Portland . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Crosland , M.P. ( 1959 ) . `` The use of diagrams as chemical ' equations ' in the lectures of William Cullen and Joseph Black . '' Annals of Science , Vol 15 , No. 2 , June Jump up ^ Robert Boyle Jump up ^ Acott , Chris ( 1999 ) . `` The diving `` Law - ers '' : A brief resume of their lives. `` . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal . 29 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0813 - 1988 . OCLC 16986801 . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Levine , Ira . N ( 1978 ) . `` Physical Chemistry '' University of Brooklyn : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ Levine , Ira . N. ( 1978 ) , p12 gives the original definition . Jump up ^ Ursula Klein ( July 2007 ) . `` Styles of Experimentation and Alchemical Matter Theory in the Scientific Revolution '' . Metascience . Springer . 16 ( 2 ) : 247 -- 256 ( 247 ) . ISSN 1467 - 9981 . doi : 10.1007 / s11016 - 007 - 9095 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nordisk familjebok -- Cronstedt : `` den moderna mineralogiens och geognosiens grundläggare '' = `` the modern mineralogy 's and geognosie 's founder '' Jump up ^ Cooper , Alan ( 1999 ) . `` Joseph Black '' . History of Glasgow University Chemistry Department . University of Glasgow Department of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Seyferth , Dietmar ( 2001 ) . `` Cadet 's Fuming Arsenical Liquid and the Cacodyl Compounds of Bunsen '' . Organometallics. 20 ( 8 ) : 1488 -- 1498 . doi : 10.1021 / om0101947 . Jump up ^ Partington , J.R. ( 1989 ) . A Short History of Chemistry . Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65977 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , 53 -- 60 ; Schofield ( 2004 ) , 112 -- 13 . The difficulty in precisely defining the time and place of the `` discovery '' of oxygen , within the context of the developing chemical revolution , is one of Thomas Kuhn 's central illustrations of the gradual nature of paradigm shifts in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Priestley '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carl Wilhelm Scheele '' . History of Gas Chemistry . Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry , Creighton University . 2005 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Nigel ( 2004 ) . Tungsten and the Elements of Groups 3 to 7 ( The Periodic Table ) . Chicago : Heinemann Library . ISBN 1 - 4034 - 3518 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` ITIA Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . International Tungsten Industry Association . June 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ITIA Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . International Tungsten Industry Association . December 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mottelay , Paul Fleury ( 2008 ) . Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism ( Reprint of 1892 ed . ) . Read Books . p. 247 . ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2844 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Inventor Alessandro Volta Biography '' . The Great Idea Finder . The Great Idea Finder. 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1743 - 1794 ) -- from Eric Weisstein 's World of Scientific Biography , ScienceWorld ^ Jump up to : http://www.humantouchofchemistry.com/marieanne-lavoisier.htm ^ Jump up to : Pullman , Bernard ( 2004 ) . The Atom in the History of Human Thought . Reisinger , Axel . USA : Oxford University Press Inc . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511447 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` John Dalton '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Proust , Joseph Louis ( 1754 - 1826 ) '' . 100 Distinguished Chemists . European Association for Chemical and Molecular Science . 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Enghag , P. ( 2004 ) . `` 11 . Sodium and Potassium '' . Encyclopedia of the elements . Wiley - VCH Weinheim . ISBN 3 - 527 - 30666 - 8 . Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( 1808 ) . `` On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity , particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies , and the Exhibition of the new Substances , which constitute their Bases '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Royal Society of London . 98 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 45 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1808.0001 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1933 ) . `` XII . Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium : Beryllium , Boron , Silicon and Aluminum '' . The Discovery of the Elements . Easton , Pennsylvania : Journal of Chemical Education . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 3872 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Krebs ( 2006 ) . The history and use of our earth 's chemical elements : a reference guide . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33438 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sir Humphry Davy ( 1811 ) . `` On a Combination of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygene Gas '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 101 ( 0 ) : 155 -- 162 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1811.0008 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J.L. ( L'An X -- 1802 ) , `` Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs '' ( Researches on the expansion of gases and vapors ) , Annales de chimie , 43 : 137 -- 175 Check date values in : date = ( help ) . English translation ( extract ) . On page 157 , Gay - Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles : `` Avant d'aller plus loin , je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène , azote , hydrogène et acide carbonique , et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0 ° jusqu'a 80 ° , le cit . Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats , c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus . '' ( Before going further , I should inform ( you ) that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , and carbonic acid ( i.e. , carbon dioxide ) , and atmospheric air also expand from 0 ° to 80 ° , citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases ; but having never published his results , it is by the merest chance that I knew of them . ) Jump up ^ J. Dalton ( 1802 ) `` Essay IV . On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat , '' Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester , vol. 5 , pt. 2 , pages 595 - 602 . Jump up ^ http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Gay-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html ^ Jump up to : Courtois , Bernard ( 1813 ) . `` Découverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 304 . In French , seaweed that had been washed onto the shore was called `` varec '' , `` varech '' , or `` vareck '' , whence the English word `` wrack '' . Later , `` varec '' also referred to the ashes of such seaweed : The ashes were used as a source of iodine and salts of sodium and potassium . Jump up ^ Swain , Patricia A. ( 2005 ) . `` Bernard Courtois ( 1777 -- 1838 ) famed for discovering iodine ( 1811 ) , and his life in Paris from 1798 '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin for the History of Chemistry . 30 ( 2 ) : 103 . ^ Jump up to : Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur un nouvel acide formé avec la substance décourverte par M. Courtois '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 311 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur la combination de l'iode avec d'oxigène '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 319 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1814 ) . `` Mémoire sur l'iode '' . Annales de chimie. 91 : 5 . Jump up ^ Davy , H. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur la nouvelle substance découverte par M. Courtois , dans le sel de Vareck '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 322 . Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( January 1 , 1814 ) . `` Some Experiments and Observations on a New Substance Which Becomes a Violet Coloured Gas by Heat '' . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond. 104 : 74 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1814.0007 . Jump up ^ David Knight , ' Davy , Sir Humphry , baronet ( 1778 -- 1829 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 6 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` History of Chirality '' . Stheno Corporation . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lambert - Beer Law '' . Sigrist - Photometer AG . 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Silliman , Jr. ( 1816 -- 1885 ) '' . Picture History . Picture History LLC. 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Moore , F.J. ( 1931 ) . A History of Chemistry . McGraw - Hill . pp. 182 -- 1184 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148855 - 3 . ( 2nd edition ) Jump up ^ `` Jacobus Henricus va n't Hoff '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( 1997 ) . `` Josiah Willard Gibbs '' . MacTutor . School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews , Scotland . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. ( 1996 ) . `` Boltzmann , Ludwig ( 1844 -- 1906 ) '' . Eric Weisstein 's World of Scientific Biography . Wolfram Research Products . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Svante August Arrhenius '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jacobus H. van ' t Hoff : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Louis Le Châtelier '' . World of Scientific Discovery . Thomson Gale. 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Emil Fischer : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` History of Chemistry '' . Intensive General Chemistry . Columbia University Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Werner : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Werner : The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 '' . Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1967 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ W. Heitler and F. London , Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und Homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik , Z . Physik , 44 , 455 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ P.A.M. Dirac , Quantum Mechanics of Many - Electron Systems , Proc. R. Soc . London , A 123 , 714 ( 1929 ) . Jump up ^ C.C.J. Roothaan , A Study of Two - Center Integrals Useful in Calculations on Molecular Structure , J. Chem. Phys. , 19 , 1445 ( 1951 ) . Jump up ^ Watson , J. and Crick , F. , `` Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids '' Nature , April 25 , 1953 , p 737 -- 8 Jump up ^ W.J. Hehre , W.A. Lathan , R. Ditchfield , M.D. Newton , and J.A. Pople , Gaussian 70 ( Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange , Program No. 237 , 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Catalyse de transformation des oléfines par les complexes du tungstène. II . Télomérisation des oléfines cycliques en présence d'oléfines acycliques Die Makromolekulare Chemie Volume 141 , Issue 1 , Date : 9 February 1971 , Pages : 161 -- 176 Par Jean - Louis Hérisson , Yves Chauvin doi : 10.1002 / macp. 1971.021410112 Jump up ^ Katsuki , T. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980 , 102 , 5974 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00538a077 ) Jump up ^ Hill , J.G. ; Sharpless , K.B. ; Exon , C.M. ; Regenye , R. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 7 , p. 461 ( 1990 ) ; Vol. 63 , p. 66 ( 1985 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ Jacobsen , E.N. ; Marko , I. ; Mungall , W.S. ; Schroeder , G. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988 , 110 , 1968 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00214a053 ) Jump up ^ Kolb , H.C. ; Van Nieuwenhze , M.S. ; Sharpless , K.B. Chem. Rev. 1994 , 94 , 2483 -- 2547 . ( Review ) ( doi : 10.1021 / cr00032a009 ) Jump up ^ Gonzalez , J. ; Aurigemma , C. ; Truesdale , L. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 10 , p. 603 ( 2004 ) ; Vol. 79 , p. 93 ( 2002 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ Sharpless , K.B. ; Patrick , D.W. ; Truesdale , L.K. ; Biller , S.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975 , 97 , 2305 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00841a071 ) Jump up ^ Herranz , E. ; Biller , S.A. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978 , 100 , 3596 -- 3598 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00479a051 ) Jump up ^ Herranz , E. ; Sharpless , K.B. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 7 , p. 375 ( 1990 ) ; Vol. 61 , p. 85 ( 1983 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 '' . Nobelprize.org . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Franklin Medal awarded to Dr. Sumio Iijima , Director of the Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials , AIST '' . National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology . 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ First total synthesis of taxol 1 . Functionalization of the B ring Robert A. Holton , Carmen Somoza , Hyeong Baik Kim , Feng Liang , Ronald J. Biediger , P. Douglas Boatman , Mitsuru Shindo , Chase C. Smith , Soekchan Kim , et al. ; J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1994 ; 116 ( 4 ) ; 1597 -- 1598 . DOI Abstract Jump up ^ First total synthesis of taxol. 2 . Completion of the C and D rings Robert A. Holton , Hyeong Baik Kim , Carmen Somoza , Feng Liang , Ronald J. Biediger , P. Douglas Boatman , Mitsuru Shindo , Chase C. Smith , Soekchan Kim , and et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1994 ; 116 ( 4 ) pp 1599 -- 1600 DOI Abstract Jump up ^ A synthesis of taxusin Robert A. Holton , R.R. Juo , Hyeong B. Kim , Andrew D. Williams , Shinya Harusawa , Richard E. Lowenthal , Sadamu Yogai J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1988 ; 110 ( 19 ) ; 6558 -- 6560 . Abstract Jump up ^ `` Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics '' . NIST News Release . National Institute of Standards and Technology . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . References ( edit ) Selected classic papers from the history of chemistry Biographies of Chemists Eric R. Scerri , The Periodic Table : Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Servos , John W. , Physical chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling : the making of a science in America , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08566 - 8 Documentaries BBC ( 2010 ) . Chemistry : A Volatile History . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of chemistry . 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List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics - wikipedia List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article is about all - time records . For a season - by - season statistical breakdown , see List of Arsenal F.C. seasons . Thierry Henry became Arsenal 's record goalscorer in October 2005 . Arsenal Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Islington , London . The club was formed in Woolwich in 1886 as Dial Square before being renamed as Royal Arsenal , and then Woolwich Arsenal in 1893 . In 1914 , the club 's name was shortened to Arsenal F.C. after moving to Highbury a year earlier . After spending their first four seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies , Arsenal became the first southern member admitted into the Football League in 1893 . In spite of finishing fifth in the Second Division in 1919 , the club was voted to rejoin the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur . Since that time , they have not fallen below the first tier of the English football league system and hold the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the top flight . The club remained in the Football League until 1992 , when its First Division was superseded as English football 's top level by the newly formed Premier League , of which they were an inaugural member . The list encompasses the honours won by Arsenal at national , regional , county and friendly level , records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section itemises the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first - team competitions . It also records notable achievements by Arsenal players on the international stage , and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club . Attendance records at Highbury , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's home ground since 2006 , and Wembley Stadium , their temporary home for UEFA Champions League games between 1998 and 1999 , are also included . Arsenal have won 13 top - flight titles , and also hold the record for the most FA Cup wins , with 13 . The club 's record appearance maker is David O'Leary , who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993 . Thierry Henry is Arsenal 's record goalscorer , scoring 228 goals in total . All figures are correct as of the match played on 8 April 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Honours and achievements 1.1 EFL and Premier League 1.2 The FA 1.3 UEFA 1.4 County FAs 1.4. 1 London FA 1.4. 2 Kent County FA 1.5 Other 1.5. 1 Wartime 1.5. 2 Mid-season 1.5. 3 Pre-season 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.1. 1 Most appearances 2.2 Goalscorers 2.2. 1 Top goalscorers 2.3 International 2.4 Transfers 2.4. 1 Record transfer fees paid 2.4. 2 Record transfer fees received 3 Managerial records 4 Club records 4.1 Matches 4.1. 1 Firsts 4.1. 2 Record wins 4.1. 3 Record defeats 4.1. 4 Record consecutive results 4.2 Goals 4.3 Points 4.4 Attendances 5 European statistics 6 Global records 7 Footnotes 8 References Honours and achievements ( edit ) After Arsenal completed the only 38 - match season unbeaten , the Premier League commissioned a unique gold trophy to commemorate the achievement . Arsenal 's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890 . The Kent Junior Cup , won by Royal Arsenal 's reserves , was the club 's first trophy , while the first team 's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup . Their first national senior honour came in 1930 , when they won the FA Cup . The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s , winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles . Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970 -- 71 season and twice repeated the feat , in 1997 -- 98 and 2001 -- 02 , as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992 -- 93 . In 2003 -- 04 , Arsenal recorded an unbeaten top - flight league season , something achieved only once before by Preston North End in 1888 -- 89 , who only had to play 22 games . To mark the achievement , a special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season . Their most recent success came in 2017 , when they became the most successful club in FA Cup history with 13 titles . English Champions and FA Cups Timeline view discuss edit 1885 -- -- 1890 -- -- 1895 -- -- 1900 -- -- 1905 -- -- 1910 -- -- 1915 -- -- 1920 -- -- 1925 -- -- 1930 -- -- 1935 -- -- 1940 -- -- 1945 -- -- 1950 -- -- 1955 -- -- 1960 -- -- 1965 -- -- 1970 -- -- 1975 -- -- 1980 -- -- 1985 -- -- 1990 -- -- 1995 -- -- 2000 -- -- 2005 -- -- 2010 -- -- 2015 -- -- Outside FL Second tier WWI WWII 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔴 🔵 English League Champions 🔴 FA Cup Winners Arsenal 's honours and achievements include the following : EFL and Premier League ( edit ) First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League Winners ( 13 ) : 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1947 -- 48 , 1952 -- 53 , 1970 -- 71 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Runners - up ( 9 ) : 1925 -- 26 , 1931 -- 32 , 1972 -- 73 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Second Division ( until 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 League Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1986 -- 87 , 1992 -- 93 Runners - up ( 6 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1987 -- 88 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 , 2017 -- 18 League Centenary Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1988 ( record ) The FA ( edit ) FA Cup Winners ( 13 ) : 1929 -- 30 , 1935 -- 36 , 1949 -- 50 , 1970 -- 71 , 1978 -- 79 , 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ( record ) Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1951 -- 52 , 1971 -- 72 , 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 , 2000 -- 01 FA Community Shield ( FA Charity Shield before 2002 ) Winners ( 15 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 ( shared ) , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1935 , 1936 , 1979 , 1989 , 1993 , 2003 , 2005 UEFA ( edit ) UEFA Champions League ( European Cup before 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2005 -- 06 UEFA Europa League ( UEFA Cup before 2009 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( European Cup Winners ' Cup before 1994 ) Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 -- 94 Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1979 -- 80 , 1994 -- 95 UEFA Super Cup ( European Super Cup before 1995 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1994 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1969 -- 70 County FAs ( edit ) London FA ( edit ) London Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1890 -- 91 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 London Challenge Cup Winners ( 11 ) : 1921 -- 22 , 1923 -- 24 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1957 -- 58 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1969 -- 70 ( record ) Runners - up ( 6 ) : 1914 -- 15 , 1925 -- 26 , 1936 -- 37 , 1960 -- 61 , 1965 -- 66 London Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Kent County FA ( edit ) Kent Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Other ( edit ) Wartime ( edit ) London Wartime League Winners ( 2 ) : 1941 -- 42 , 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) South Regional Wartime League A Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 40 Football League War Cup Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1940 -- 41 , 1942 -- 43 Football League Southern War Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) Mid-season ( edit ) Zenith Data Systems British Championship Winners ( 2 ) : 1953 , 1989 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1933 Sheriff of London Charity Shield Winners ( 4 ) : 1931 , 1933 , 1965 , 1966 ( shared record ) Southern Professional Floodlit Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1958 -- 59 ( shared record ) Jean Bernard - Levy Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1951 , 1954 ( record ) Will Mather Manor House Hospital Memorial Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1949 , 1950 Mayor of Colchester 's Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 Bath Coronation Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1937 Footballers ' Battalion Charity Fund Match Winners ( 1 ) : 1915 London Professional Footballers ' Association Charity Fund Match Winners ( 5 ) : 1908 , 1910 , 1911 , 1912 , 1914 ( record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1909 , 1913 Southern Professional Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1905 -- 06 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 Pre-season ( edit ) Emirates Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 ( record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 FAW Toyota Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2017 Audi Football Summit Shanghai Winners ( 1 ) : 2017 Super Match Winners ( 2 ) : 2013 , 2016 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2012 MLS All - Star Game Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 Premier League Asia Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2015 New York Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 Saitama City Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Indonesia Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust Challenge Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 ( shared ) Malaysia Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2012 Markus Liebherr Memorial Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 Eusébio Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2011 Amsterdam Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Herbert Chapman Memorial Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Maurice Lacroix Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2002 Wembley International Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 1988 , 1989 , 1994 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 United Bank International Soccer Festival Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 Caltex Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 ( record ) Zenith Data Systems Challenge Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1989 Bielefeld Tournament Winners ( 1 ) : 1984 City of Edinburgh Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1941 Norfolk & Norwich Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1914 , 1935 Northampton Hospital Charity Shield Winners ( 3 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1932 Southend Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1920 -- 21 , 1921 -- 22 Metropolitan Hospital Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1920 -- 21 Player records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. players Appearances ( edit ) Most league appearances : David O'Leary , 558 Most FA Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most League Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most European appearances : Thierry Henry , 86 Youngest first - team player : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 177 days ( against Rotherham United , League Cup third round , 28 October 2003 ) Oldest first - team player : Jock Rutherford , 41 years 159 days ( against Manchester City , First Division , 20 March 1926 ) Most consecutive appearances : Tom Parker , 172 ( from 3 April 1926 to 26 December 1929 ) Most separate spells with the club : Hugh McDonald , 3 ( 1905 -- 06 ; 1908 -- 10 and 1912 -- 13 ) Most appearances ( edit ) Competitive matches only , includes appearances as substitute . Numbers in brackets indicate goals scored . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total O'Leary , David David O'Leary 1975 -- 1993 558 ( 11 ) 70 ( 1 ) 70 ( 2 ) 21 ( 0 ) 3 ( 0 ) 722 ( 14 ) Adams , Tony Tony Adams 1983 -- 2002 504 ( 32 ) 54 ( 8 ) 59 ( 5 ) 48 ( 3 ) 4 ( 0 ) 669 ( 48 ) Armstrong , George George Armstrong 1961 -- 1977 500 ( 53 ) 60 ( 10 ) 35 ( 3 ) 26 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 621 ( 68 ) Dixon , Lee Lee Dixon 1988 -- 2002 458 ( 25 ) 54 ( 1 ) 45 ( 0 ) 57 ( 2 ) 5 ( 0 ) 619 ( 28 ) 5 Winterburn , Nigel Nigel Winterburn 1987 -- 2000 440 ( 8 ) 47 ( 0 ) 49 ( 3 ) 43 ( 1 ) 5 ( 0 ) 584 ( 12 ) 6 Seaman , David David Seaman 1990 -- 2003 405 ( 0 ) 48 ( 0 ) 38 ( 0 ) 69 ( 0 ) 4 ( 0 ) 564 ( 0 ) 7 Rice , Pat Pat Rice 1964 -- 1980 397 ( 12 ) 67 ( 1 ) 36 ( 0 ) 27 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 528 ( 13 ) 8 Storey , Peter Peter Storey 1965 -- 1977 391 ( 9 ) 51 ( 4 ) 37 ( 2 ) 22 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 501 ( 17 ) 9 Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 379 ( 111 ) 44 ( 15 ) 34 ( 12 ) 24 ( 11 ) 0 ( 0 ) 481 ( 149 ) 10 Simpson , Peter Peter Simpson 1964 -- 1978 370 ( 10 ) 53 ( 1 ) 33 ( 3 ) 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 477 ( 15 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . Goalscorers ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Ted Drake , 44 goals ( in the 1934 -- 35 season ) Most league goals in a season : Ted Drake , 42 goals in the First Division , 1934 -- 35 Most goals in a 38 - game league season : Thierry Henry , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2003 -- 04 ) , Robin van Persie , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2011 -- 12 ) Most goals in a match : Ted Drake , 7 goals ( against Aston Villa , First Division , 14 December 1935 ) Youngest goalscorer : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 212 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , League Cup fourth round , 2 December 2003 ) Youngest hat - trick scorer : John Radford , 17 years , 315 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , First Division , 2 January 1965 ) Oldest goalscorer : Jock Rutherford , 39 years , 352 days ( against Sheffield United , First Division , 20 September 1924 ) Top goalscorers ( edit ) Thierry Henry is the all - time top goalscorer for Arsenal . He passed Ian Wright 's eight - year record after scoring twice in a European tie against Sparta Prague in October 2005 . Henry was Arsenal 's leading goalscorer for seven consecutive seasons , from 1999 -- 2000 to 2005 -- 06 . Competitive matches only . Numbers in brackets indicate appearances made . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 2012 175 ( 258 ) 08 ( 26 ) 02 0 ( 3 ) 42 ( 86 ) 1 ( 4 ) 228 ( 377 ) Wright , Ian Ian Wright 1991 -- 1998 128 ( 221 ) 12 ( 16 ) 29 ( 29 ) 15 ( 21 ) 1 ( 1 ) 185 ( 288 ) Bastin , Cliff Cliff Bastin 1929 -- 1947 150 ( 350 ) 26 ( 42 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 4 ) 178 ( 396 ) Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 111 ( 379 ) 15 ( 44 ) 12 ( 34 ) 11 ( 24 ) 0 ( 0 ) 149 ( 481 ) 5 Brain , Jimmy Jimmy Brain 1923 -- 1931 125 ( 204 ) 14 ( 27 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 1 ) 139 ( 232 ) Drake , Ted Ted Drake 1934 -- 1945 124 ( 168 ) 12 ( 14 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 3 ( 2 ) 139 ( 184 ) 7 Lishman , Doug Doug Lishman 1948 -- 1956 125 ( 226 ) 10 ( 17 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1 ) 137 ( 244 ) 8 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie 2004 -- 2012 096 ( 193 ) 10 ( 17 ) 06 ( 12 ) 20 ( 53 ) 0 ( 2 ) 132 ( 278 ) 9 Hulme , Joe Joe Hulme 1926 -- 1938 107 ( 333 ) 17 ( 39 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 125 ( 374 ) 10 Jack , David David Jack 1928 -- 1934 113 ( 181 ) 10 ( 25 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 124 ( 208 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . International ( edit ) Caesar Jenkyns was the first Arsenal player to receive an international cap . This section refers only to caps won while an Arsenal player . First capped player : Caesar Jenkyns , for Wales against Scotland on 21 March 1896 First capped player for England : Jimmy Ashcroft , against Ireland on 17 February 1906 Most capped player : Thierry Henry with 81 caps Most capped player for England : Kenny Sansom with 77 caps First players to play in the World Cup finals : Dave Bowen and Jack Kelsey , for Wales against Hungary on 8 June 1958 First players to play in a World Cup for England : Graham Rix and Kenny Sansom against France on 16 June 1982 Most players from one club in an England starting line - up : 7 , against Italy -- the so - called `` Battle of Highbury '' on 14 November 1934 First player to play in a World Cup final : Emmanuel Petit for France against Brazil on 12 July 1998 First players to win a World Cup winners ' medal : Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( 1998 FIFA World Cup ) First players to play in a European Championship final : Thierry Henry and Patrick Vieira for France against Italy on 2 July 2000 First players to win a European Championship winners ' medal : Thierry Henry , Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( UEFA Euro 2000 ) First player to win a Copa América winners ' medal : Alexis Sánchez ( 2015 Copa América ) At 17 years and 75 days , Theo Walcott became the youngest player to earn an England cap , against Hungary on 30 May 2006 . Transfers ( edit ) For consistency , fees in the record transfer tables below are all sourced from the London Evening Standard 's contemporary reports of each transfer . Where the report mentions an initial fee potentially rising to a higher figure depending on contractual clauses being satisfied in the future , only the initial fee is listed in the tables . Record transfer fees paid ( edit ) Alexandre Lacazette , the club 's previous record signing # Fee Paid to For Date Notes Ref £ 55m Borussia Dortmund Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang 31 January 2018 A further £ 5m in add - ons . £ 45m Olympique Lyonnais Alexandre Lacazette 5 July 2017 A further £ 7m in add - ons . £ 38.2 m Real Madrid Mesut Özil 2 September 2013 A further £ 4.3 m in add - ons . £ 35m Valencia CF Shkodran Mustafi 30 August 2016 5 £ 33.8 m Borussia Mönchengladbach Granit Xhaka 25 May 2016 Record transfer fees received ( edit ) # Fee Received from For Date Notes Ref £ 40m Liverpool Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 31 August 2017 £ 29.8 m Barcelona Cesc Fàbregas 15 August 2011 A further £ 5.3 m in add - ons . £ 25m Barcelona Marc Overmars 28 July 2000 £ 25m Manchester City Emmanuel Adebayor 19 July 2009 5 £ 24m Manchester City Samir Nasri 24 August 2011 Managerial records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. managers First full - time manager : Thomas Mitchell managed Arsenal from March 1897 to 1898 . Longest - serving manager : Arsène Wenger -- 21 years , 194 days ( 1 October 1996 to present ) Shortest tenure as manager : Pat Rice -- 2 weeks , 3 days ( 13 September 1996 to 30 September 1996 ) Highest win percentage : Arsène Wenger , 57.42 % Lowest win percentage : Steve Burtenshaw , 27.27 % Club records ( edit ) Matches ( edit ) Firsts ( edit ) First match : Eastern Wanderers 0 -- 6 Royal Arsenal , friendly , 11 December 1886 First FA Cup match : Royal Arsenal 11 -- 0 Lyndhurst , first qualifying round , 5 October 1889 First Football League match : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 2 Newcastle United , Second Division , 2 September 1893 First match at Highbury : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 1 Leicester Fosse , Second Division , 6 September 1913 First League Cup match : Arsenal 1 -- 1 Gillingham , second round , 13 September 1966 First European match : Stævnet ( Copenhagen XI ) 1 -- 7 Arsenal , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round , 25 September 1963 First home match at Wembley Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Panathinaikos , UEFA Champions League group stage , 30 September 1998 First match at the Emirates Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Ajax , testimonial match for Dennis Bergkamp , 22 July 2006 Record wins ( edit ) Record league win : 12 -- 0 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 March 1900 Record FA Cup win : 12 -- 0 against Ashford United , first qualifying round , 14 October 1893 Record League Cup win : 7 -- 0 against Leeds United , second round , 4 September 1979 Record European win : 7 -- 0 against Standard Liège , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup second round , 3 November 1993 7 -- 0 against Slavia Prague , UEFA Champions League group stage , 23 October 2007 Record defeats ( edit ) Record league defeat : 0 -- 8 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 December 1896 Record FA Cup defeat : 0 -- 6 against Sunderland , first round , 21 January 1893 0 -- 6 against Derby County , first round , 28 January 1899 0 -- 6 against West Ham United , third round , 5 January 1946 Record League Cup defeat : 0 -- 5 against Chelsea , fourth round , 11 November 1998 Record European defeat : 0 -- 4 against Milan , UEFA Champions League round of 16 , 15 February 2012 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League group stage , 4 November 2015 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 15 February 2017 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 7 March 2017 Record consecutive results ( edit ) Arsenal hold several English football records , including the longest unbeaten sequence in the top flight , with 49 . Arsenal scored in all 55 league matches from between 19 May 2001 to 30 November 2002 and the club also holds the longest unbeaten away sequence in league football with 27 , from 5 April 2003 to 25 September 2004 . Record consecutive wins : 14 , from 12 September 1987 to 11 November 1987 Record consecutive league wins : 14 , from 10 February 2002 to 18 August 2002 Record consecutive wins coming from behind : 4 , from 11 February 2012 to 12 March 2012 Record consecutive defeats : 8 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive league defeats : 7 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive draws : 6 , from 3 March 1961 to 1 April 1961 Record consecutive matches without a defeat : 28 , from 9 April 2007 to 24 November 2007 Record consecutive league matches without a defeat : 49 , from 7 May 2003 to 16 October 2004 Record consecutive matches without a win : 19 , from 28 September 1912 to 15 January 1913 Record consecutive league matches without a win : 23 , from 28 September 1912 to 1 March 1913 Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : 127 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Fewest league goals scored in a season : 26 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Most league goals conceded in a season : 86 in 42 matches , First Division , 1926 -- 27 and 1927 -- 28 Fewest league goals conceded in a season : 17 in 38 matches , Premier League , 1998 -- 99 Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : Two points for a win : 66 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Three points for a win : 90 in 38 matches , Premier League , 2003 -- 04 Fewest points in a season : Two points for a win : 18 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Three points for a win : 51 in 42 matches , Premier League , 1994 -- 95 Attendances ( edit ) This section applies to attendances at Highbury , where Arsenal played their home matches from 1913 to 2006 , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's present home , and Wembley Stadium , which acted as Arsenal 's home in the UEFA Champions League during the 1998 -- 99 and 1999 -- 2000 seasons . Arsenal 's attendance figures since the move to the Emirates Stadium have been measured by tickets sold . Highest attendance at Highbury : 73,295 , against Sunderland , First Division , 9 March 1935 Lowest attendance at Highbury : 4,554 , against Leeds United , First Division , 5 May 1966 Highest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 60,161 , against Manchester United , Premier League , 3 November 2007 Lowest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 25,909 , against BATE Borisov , UEFA Europa League group stage , 7 December 2017 Highest attendance Wembley Stadium : 73,707 , against Lens , UEFA Champions League group stage , 25 November 1998 Lowest attendance at Wembley Stadium : 71,227 , against AIK , UEFA Champions League group stage , 22 September 1999 On 17 January 1948 , a league - record attendance of 83,260 watched Manchester United play Arsenal at Maine Road . All of the top three attendances in league football occurred at Arsenal games . European Statistics ( edit ) Main article : Arsenal F.C. in European football Arsenal have won two European honours : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1994 . They also reached the final of the UEFA Cup in 2000 , and became the first London team to appear in a UEFA Champions League final in 2006 . Despite having never won the UEFA Champions League , Arsenal have set numerous records in the competition . Between 1998 -- 99 and the current season , 2016 -- 17 , they participated in nineteen successive seasons , a record only surpassed in Europe by Real Madrid . Goalkeeper Jens Lehmann kept ten consecutive clean sheets in the run - in to Arsenal 's first UEFA Champions League final and the defence went 995 minutes until conceding a goal . Arsenal were also the first British side to defeat Real Madrid and Borussia Dortmund away from home , and both Milanese teams : Internazionale and Milan at the San Siro . Thierry Henry holds the club record for most appearances with 86 , and is the club 's record goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals . Global records ( edit ) In August 1928 , Arsenal , alongside Chelsea , made history by becoming the first football clubs to wear numbered shirts . A year earlier the first ever live radio commentary of a football match took place , between Arsenal and Sheffield United . Arsenal played in the first match broadcast live on television , against their reserve counterparts in 1937 and have since participated in the world 's first live 3D and interactive football matches , both with Manchester United . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a record of all matches participated in by Arsenal , see the AISA Arsenal History Society 's line - ups database . For corroboration , multiple other sources exist . Jump up ^ Although not organised by UEFA , UEFA took over the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1971 and reformed it into the UEFA Cup ( now UEFA Europa League ) . As the official precursor to the UEFA Europa League , it is included here under UEFA . Jump up ^ The Sheriff of London Charity Shield was replaced by the FA Charity Shield ( now FA Community Shield ) in 1908 . Although it is the official precursor to the FA Community Shield , it is not included here under The Football Association because Arsenal only won the fundraising matches that followed the Sheriff of London Charity Shield 's 1931 revival . Jump up ^ Laurie Scott and George Eastham were called up to England squads ( 1950 , and 1962 and 1966 , respectively ) , but did not play . Jump up ^ George Eastham was retrospectively awarded a medal for being a non-playing member of England 's 1966 World Cup - winning side . Jump up ^ Unusually , Arsenal were forced to play two matches on the same day on 12 December 1896 ; while the first team took on Loughborough in the League , the reserves played Leyton in the FA Cup . The irony is that the reserves won handsomely , 5 -- 0 , whilst the seniors suffered Arsenal 's record league defeat . Additionally , Arsenal lost 0 -- 9 to Chelsea in a wartime London Combination match on 21 April 1916 , but this is not counted as an official first - class match . References ( edit ) General Harris , Jeff & Hogg , Tony ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . Arsenal Who 's Who . London : Independent UK Sports . ISBN 1 - 899429 - 03 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Joy , Bernard ( 1952 ) . Forward , Arsenal ! . London : GCR Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9559211 - 1 - 2 . McColl , Brian ( 2014 ) . A Record of British Wartime Football . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 84089 - 3 . Peters , Paul ( 2014 ) . Arsenal : The England Story . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 77255 - 3 . Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 2011 ) . Arsenal 125 : The Official Illustrated History 1886 -- 2011 . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 35871 - 2 . Specific Jump up ^ Soar & Tyler ( 2011 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ; Heneghan , Michael ; Orford , Stuart ; Culliton , Eoin ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888 -- 2016 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodrigues , Jason ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` Premier League football at 20 : 1992 , the start of a whole new ball game '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` 122 years ago today -- Arsenal 's first Silverware '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy . `` Arsenal first team line ups '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GGM 36 : Arsenal win their first major trophy '' . Arsenal F.C. 8 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 125 years of Arsenal history -- 1931 -- 1935 '' . Arsenal F.C. 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 125 years of Arsenal history -- 1936 -- 1940 '' . Arsenal F.C. 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Double top Gunners '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2002 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal make history '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2004 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Special trophy for Gunners '' . BBC Sport. 18 May 2004 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . 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GCR Books Limited . ISBN 9780955921117 . Jump up ^ `` AISA Arsenal History Society '' . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 125 years of Arsenal history -- 1886 -- 1891 '' . Arsenal F.C. 5 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Arsenal in the London Senior Cup ; retiring as cup winners '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Graham ( 1998 ) . A-Z Of Bees : Brentford Encyclopaedia . Yore Publications . p. 82 . ISBN 1 - 874427 - 57 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` List of winners of discontinued County Cups '' . London FA . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Attwood , Tony ( 16 November 2013 ) . `` Arsenal in the London Challenge Cup '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . 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what is the life cycle of a centipede

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Centipede&oldid=816715857

Centipede - wikipedia Centipede Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Centipede ( disambiguation ) . Centipedes Temporal range : 418 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Late Silurian to present Lithobius forficatus Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum : Myriapoda Class : Chilopoda Latreille , 1817 Orders and Families Scutigeromorpha Pselliodidae Scutigeridae Scutigerinidae Lithobiomorpha Henicopidae Lithobiidae Craterostigmomorpha Craterostigmidae Scolopendromorpha Cryptopidae Scolopendridae Scolopocryptopidae Geophilomorpha Himantariidae Mecistocephalidae Neogeophilidae Geophilidae Oryidae Linotaeniidae Centipedes ( from Latin prefix centi - , `` hundred '' , and pes , pedis , `` foot '' ) are arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda of the subphylum Myriapoda , an arthropod group which also includes Millipedes and other multi-legged creatures . Centipedes are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment . Centipedes are known to be highly venomous , and often inject paralyzing venom . Despite the name , centipedes can have a varying number of legs , ranging from 30 to 354 . Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs . Therefore , no centipede has exactly 100 legs . A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage . Centipedes are predominantly carnivorous . Their size can range from a few millimetres in the smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs to about 30 cm ( 12 in ) in the largest scolopendromorphs . Centipedes can be found in a wide variety of environments . They normally have a drab coloration combining shades of brown and red . Cavernicolous ( cave - dwelling ) and subterranean species may lack pigmentation , and many tropical scolopendromorphs have bright aposematic colours . Worldwide , an estimated 8,000 species of centipedes are thought to exist , of which 3,000 have been described . Centipedes have a wide geographical range , where they even reach beyond the Arctic Circle . They are found in an array of terrestrial habitats from tropical rainforests to deserts . Within these habitats , centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids , therefore causing them to rapidly lose water . Accordingly , they are found in soil and leaf litter , under stones and dead wood , and inside logs . Centipedes are among the largest terrestrial invertebrate predators , and often contribute significantly to the invertebrate predatory biomass in terrestrial ecosystems . Only one species , Scolopendra cataracta , is known to be amphibious and is believed to hunt aquatic or amphibious invertebrates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Lifecycle 2.1 Anamorphy vs. epimorphy 3 Ecology 3.1 Uses 3.2 Hazards to humans 4 Evolution 5 Orders and families 5.1 Scutigeromorpha 5.2 Lithobiomorpha 5.3 Craterostigmomorpha 5.4 Scolopendromorpha 5.5 Geophilomorpha 6 Selected species 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) Underside of Scolopendra cingulata , showing the forcipules Close - up of the tail - like rear pair of legs of a centipede Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head , bearing a pair of antennae at the forward margin . They have a pair of elongated mandibles , and two pairs of maxillae . The first pair of maxillae form the lower lip , and bear short palps . The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body to cover the remainder of the mouth . These limbs , or maxillipeds , end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey . Many species of centipedes lack eyes , but some possess a variable number of ocelli , which are sometimes clustered together to form true compound eyes . However , these eyes are only capable of discerning light and dark , and have no true vision . In some species , the first pair of legs at the head end of the centipede acts as sense organs similar to antennae , but unlike the antennae of most other animals , theirs point backwards . Unusual sense organs found in some groups are the organs of Tömösváry . These are located at the base of the antennae , and consist of a disc - like structure with a central pore surrounded by sensory cells . They are probably used for sensing vibrations , and may even provide a sense of hearing . Forcipules are a unique feature found only in centipedes and in no other arthropods . The forcipules are modifications of the first pair of legs , forming a pincer - like appendage always found just behind the head . Forcipules are not true mouthparts , although they are used in the capture of prey items , injecting venom and holding onto captured prey . Venom glands run through a tube almost to the tip of each forcipule . Behind the head , the body consists of 15 or more segments . Most of the segments bear a single pair of legs , with the maxillipeds projecting forward from the first body segment , and the final two segments being small and legless . Each pair of legs is slightly longer than the pair immediately in front of it , ensuring that they do not overlap , so reducing the chance that they will collide with each other while moving swiftly . In extreme cases , the last pair of legs may be twice the length of the first pair . The final segment bears a telson and includes the openings of the reproductive organs . As predators , centipedes mainly use their antennae to seek out their prey . The digestive tract forms a simple tube , with digestive glands attached to the mouthparts . Like insects , centipedes breathe through a tracheal system , typically with a single opening , or spiracle on each body segment . They excrete waste through a single pair of malpighian tubules . Scolopendra gigantea , also known as the Amazonian giant centipede , is the largest existing species of centipede in the world , reaching over 30 cm ( 12 in ) in length . It is known to eat lizards , frogs , birds , mice , and even bats , catching them in midflight , as well as rodents and spiders . Lifecycle ( edit ) A centipede protecting her eggmass Centipede reproduction does not involve copulation . Males deposit a spermatophore for the female to take up . In one clade , this spermatophore is deposited in a web , and the male undertakes a courtship dance to encourage the female to engulf his sperm . In other cases , the males just leave them for the females to find . In temperate areas , egg laying occurs in spring and summer , but in subtropical and tropical areas , little seasonality to centipede breeding is apparent . A few species of parthenogenetic centipedes are known . The Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha lay their eggs singly in holes in the soil , and the female fills the holes with soil and leaves them . The number of eggs laid ranges from about 10 to 50 . Time of development of the embryo to hatching is highly variable and may take from one to a few months . Time of development to reproductive period is highly variable within and among species . For example , it can take 3 years for S. coleoptrata to achieve adulthood , whereas under the right conditions , lithobiomorph species may reach a reproductive period in 1 year . In addition , centipedes are relatively long - lived when compared to insects . For example , the European Lithobius forficatus may live for 5 to 6 years , and the wide - ranging Scolopendra subspinipes can live for over 10 years . The combination of a small number of eggs laid , long gestation period , and long time of development to reproduction has led authors to label lithobiomorph centipedes as K - selected . Females of the Geophilomorpha and Scolopendromorpha show far more parental care . The eggs , 15 to 60 in number , are laid in a nest in the soil or in rotten wood . The female stays with the eggs , guarding and licking them to protect them from fungi . The female in some species stays with the young after they have hatched , guarding them until they are ready to leave . If disturbed , the female either abandons the eggs or eats them ; abandoned eggs tend to fall prey to fungi rapidly . Some species of Scolopendromorpha are matriphagic , meaning the offspring eat their mother . Little is known of the life history of the Craterostigmomorpha . Anamorphy vs. epimorphy ( edit ) Centipedes grow their legs at different points in their development . In the primitive condition , exhibited by the Lithobiomorpha , Scutigeromorpha , and Craterostigmomorpha , development is anamorphic : more pairs of legs are grown between moults . For example , Scutigera coleoptrata , the American house centipede , hatches with only four pairs of legs and in successive moults has 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 15 , 15 , 15 and 15 before becoming a sexually mature adult . Life stages with fewer than 15 pairs of legs are called larval stadia ( about five stages ) . After the full complement of legs is achieved , the now postlarval stadia ( about five stages ) develop gonopods , sensory pores , more antennal segments , and more ocelli . All mature lithobiomorph centipedes have 15 leg - bearing segments . The Craterostigmomorpha only have one phase of anamorphosis , with embryos having 12 pairs , and moultees 15 . The clade Epimorpha , consisting of the orders Geophilomorpha and Scolopendromorpha , exhibits epimorphy : all pairs of legs are developed in the embryonic stages , and offspring do not develop more legs between moults . This clade contains the longest centipedes ; the maximum number of thoracic segments may also vary intraspecifically , often on a geographical basis ; in most cases , females bear more legs than males . The number of leg - bearing segments varies widely , from 15 to 191 , but the developmental mode of their creation means they are always added in pairs -- hence the total number of pairs is always odd . Ecology ( edit ) A centipede ( Scolopendra cingulata ) being eaten by a European roller Centipede seen on vegetation at Agumbe , Karnataka , India Centipedes are predominantly generalist predators , which means they have adapted to eat a variety of different available prey . Examination of centipede gut contents suggests that plant material is an unimportant part of their diets , although centipedes have been observed to eat vegetable matter when starved during laboratory experiments . Centipedes are mostly nocturnal . Studies on their activity rhythms confirm this , although a few observations of centipedes active during the day have been made , and one species , Strigamia chinophila , is diurnal . What centipedes actually eat is not well known because of their cryptic lifestyles and thorough mastication of food . Laboratory feeding trials support that they will feed as generalists , taking almost anything that is soft - bodied and in a reasonable size range . Earthworms may provide the bulk of diets for geophilomorphs , since they burrow through the soil and earthworm bodies would be easily pierced by their venom claws . Geophilomorphs probably can not subdue earthworms larger than themselves , so smaller earthworms may be a substantial proportion of their diet . Scolopendromorphs , given their size , are able to feed on vertebrates , in addition to invertebrates . They have been observed eating reptiles , amphibians , small mammals , bats , and birds . Springtails may provide a large proportion of lithobiomorph diets . Little is known about scutigeromorph or craterostigmomorph diets . All centipedes are potential intraguild predators . Centipedes and spiders may frequently prey on one another . Many larger animals prey upon centipedes , such as mongooses , mice , salamanders , beetles and snakes . They form an important item of diet for many species and the staple diet of some such as the African ant Amblyopone pluto , which feeds solely on geophilomorph centipedes , and the South African Cape black - headed snake Aparallactus capensis . Centipede defences include their speed and venomous forcipules , as well as the secretion of defensive chemicals . Geophilomorph centipedes can secrete sticky substances that generate toxic hydrogen cyanide and benzoic acid from microscopic glands on their undersides . Similarly , lithobiomorph centipedes secrete a sticky substance from glands in the rear-most two pairs of legs . Water regulation is an important aspect of centipede ecology , since they lose water rapidly in dry conditions and are found in moist microhabitats . Water loss is a result of centipedes lacking a waxy covering of their exoskeleton and excreting waste nitrogen as ammonia , which requires extra water . Centipedes deal with water loss through a variety of adaptations . Geophilomorphs lose water less rapidly than lithobiomorphs , though they have a greater surface area to volume ratio . This may be because geophilomorphs have a more heavily sclerotized pleural membrane . Spiracle shape , size , and ability to constrict also have an influence on rate of water loss . In addition , the number and size of coxal pores may be variables affecting centipede water balance . Centipedes live in many different habitat types -- forest , savannah , prairie , and desert , to name a few . Some geophilomorphs are adapted to littoral habitats , where they feed on barnacles . Species of all orders excluding the Craterostigmomorpha have adapted to caves . Centipede densities have been recorded as high as 600 / m and biomass as high as 500 mg / m wet weight . Small geophilomorphs attain highest densities , followed by small lithobiomorphs . Large lithobiomorphs attain densities of 20 / m . One study of scolopendromorphs records Scolopendra morsitans in a Nigerian savannah at a density of 0.16 / m and a biomass of 140 mg / m wet weight . Uses ( edit ) Centipedes at Wangfujing market Although unusual in most cultures as a food item , certain large - sized centipedes are consumed in China , usually skewered and grilled or deep fried . They are often seen in street vendor 's stalls in large cities , including Donghuamen and Wangfujing markets in Beijing . Also in China , as well as in Laos , Thailand , and Cambodia , large centipedes are kept in liquor for a period of time . This custom is allegedly part of the traditional Chinese medicine . Said to have medicinal properties and to be reinvigorating , the liquor with the centipede submerged in it is consumed as a special drink . Hazards to humans ( edit ) Main article : Centipede bite Some species of centipedes can be hazardous to humans because of their bite . Although a bite to an adult human is usually very painful and may cause severe swelling , chills , fever , and weakness , it is unlikely to be fatal . Bites can be dangerous to small children and those with allergies to bee stings . The venomous bite of larger centipedes can induce anaphylactic shock in such people . Smaller centipedes are generally incapable of piercing human skin . Even nonvenomous centipedes are considered frightening by humans due to their dozens of legs moving at the same time and their tendency to dart swiftly out of the darkness towards one 's feet . A 19th - century Tibetan poet warned his fellow Buddhists , `` if you enjoy frightening others , you will be reborn as a centipede . '' Evolution ( edit ) Internal phylogeny of the Chilopoda Scutigeromorpha Pleurostigmophora Lithobiomorpha Phylactometria Craterostigmomorpha Epimorpha Scolopendromorpha Geophilomorpha The upper three groups form the paraphyletic Anamorpha . The fossil record of centipedes extends back to 430 million years ago , during the Late Silurian . They belong to the subphylum Myriapoda which includes Diplopoda , Symphyla , and Pauropoda . The oldest known fossil land animal , Pneumodesmus newmani , is a myriapod . Being among the earliest terrestrial animals , centipedes were one of the first to fill a fundamental niche as ground level generalist predators in detrital food webs . Today , centipedes are abundant and exist in many harsh habitats . Within the myriapods , centipedes are believed to be the first of the extant classes to branch from the last common ancestor . The five orders of centipedes are : Craterostigmomorpha , Geophilomorpha , Lithobiomorpha , Scolopendromorpha , and Scutigeromorpha . These orders are united into the clade Chilopoda by the following synapomorphies : The first postcephalic appendage is modified to venom claws . The embryonic cuticle on second maxilliped has an egg tooth . The trochanter -- prefemur joint is fixed . A spiral ridge occurs on the nucleus of the spermatozoon . The Chilopoda are then split into two clades : the Notostigmophora including the Scutigeromorpha and the Pleurostigmophora including the other four orders . The main difference is that the Notostigmomorpha have their spiracles located mid-dorsally . It was previously believed that Chilopoda was split into Anamorpha ( Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha ) and Epimorpha ( Geophilomorpha and Scolopendromorpha ) , based on developmental modes , with the relationship of the Craterostigmomorpha being uncertain . Recent phylogenetic analyses using combined molecular and morphological characters supports the previous phylogeny . The Epimorpha still exist as a monophyletic group within the Pleurostigmophora , but the Anamorpha are paraphyletic . Geophilomorph centipedes have been used to argue for the developmental constraint of evolution ; that the evolvability of a trait , the number of segments in the case of geophilomorph centipedes , was constrained by the mode of development . The geophilomorph centipedes have variable segment numbers within species , yet as with all centipedes , they always have an odd number of pairs of legs . In this taxon , the number of segments ranges from 27 to 191 , but is never an even number . Orders and families ( edit ) Representatives of centipede orders Scutigera coleoptrata ( Scutigeromorpha : Scutigeridae ) Lithobius forficatus ( Lithobiomorpha : Lithobiidae ) Geophilus flavus ( Geophilomorpha : Geophilidae ) Scolopendra cataracta ( Scolopendromorpha : Scolopendridae ) Scutigeromorpha ( edit ) The Scutigeromorpha are anamorphic , reaching 15 leg - bearing segments in length . Also known as house centipedes , they are very fast creatures , and able to withstand falling at great speed : they reach up to 15 body lengths per second when dropped , surviving the fall . They are the only centipede group to retain their original compound eyes , within which a crystalline layer analogous to that seen in chelicerates and insects can be observed . They also bear long and multi-segmented antennae . Adaptation to a burrowing lifestyle has led to the degeneration of compound eyes in other orders ; this feature is of great use in phylogenetic analysis . The group is the sole extant representative of the Notostigmomorpha , defined by having a single spiracle opening at the posterior of each dorsal plate . The more derived groups bear a plurality of spiracular openings on their sides , and are termed the Pleurostigmomorpha . Some even have several unpaired spiracles that can be found along the mid-dorsal line and closer to their posterior section of tergites . There are three families : Psellioididae , Scutigeridae and Scutigerinidae . Pselliodidae includes just a few species in the genus Sphendononema ( = Pselliodes ) , occurring in the Neotropics and tropical Africa . Scutigerinidae , composed of three species in the genus Scutigerina , is restricted to southern Africa and Madagascar . Most scutigeromorphs from other parts of the world belong to the Scutigeridae , which includes two subfamilies , the Scutigerinae and Thereuoneminae . Lithobiomorpha ( edit ) The Lithobiomorpha , also known as stone centipedes , represent the other main group of anamorphic centipedes ; they also reach a mature segment count of 15 trunk segments . This group has lost the compound eyes , and sometimes has no eyes altogether . Instead , its eyes have a single ocellus or a group of ocelli . Its spiracles are paired and can be found laterally . Every leg - bearing segment of this organism has a separate tergite , these alternating in length apart from a pair of long tergites on each of segments 7 and 8 . It also has relatively short antennae and legs compared to the Scutigeromorpha . Two families are included , the Henicopidae and Lithobiidae . Craterostigmomorpha ( edit ) The Craterostigmomorpha are the least diverse centipede clade , comprising only two extant species , both in the genus Craterostigmus . Their geographic range is restricted to Tasmania and New Zealand . They have a distinct body plan ; their anamorphosis comprises a single stage : in their first moult , they grow from having 12 segments to having 15 . Their low diversity and intermediate position between the primitive anamorphic centipedes and the derived Epimorpha has led to them being likened to the platypus . They represent the survivors of a once diverse clade . Maternal brooding unites the Craterostigomomorpha with the Epimorpha into the clade Phylactometria . This trait is thought to be closely linked with the presence of sternal pores , which secrete sticky or noxious secretions , which mainly serve to repel predators and parasites . The presence of these pores on the Devonian Devonobius permits its inclusion in this clade , allowing its divergence to be dated to 375 ( or more ) million years ago . Scolopendromorpha ( edit ) The Scolopendromorpha , also known as tropical centipedes , possess 21 or 23 body segments ( apart from a single species , Scolopendropsis duplicata , which has 39 or 43 segments ) with the same number of paired legs . Their antennae have 17 or more segments . The eyes have a fixed number of four ocelli on each side in the family Scolopendridae and one ocellus per side in the genus Mimops ( family Mimopidae ) , but other families are blind . The order comprises the five families Cryptopidae , Scolopendridae , Mimopidae , Scolopocryptopidae , and Plutoniumidae . The only known amphibious centipede , Scolopendra cataracta , belongs to this order . Geophilomorpha ( edit ) The Geophilomorpha , commonly known as soil centipedes , bear upwards of 27 leg - bearing segments . They are eyeless and blind , and bear spiracles on all leg - bearing segments -- in contrast to other groups , which usually bear them only on their 3rd , 5th , 8th , 10th , 12th , and 14th segments -- a `` mid-body break '' , accompanied by a change in tagmatic shape , occurring roughly at the interchange from odd to even segments . This group , the most diverse at 1260 species , also contains the largest and leggiest specimens at 27 or more pairs of legs . They also have 14 -- segmented antennae . The group includes at least seven families : Mecistocephalidae , Geophilidae ( including the former Linotaeniidae , Dignathodontidae and Macronicophilidae ) , Oryidae , Himantariidae , Schendylidae ( including the former Ballophilidae ) , Zelanophilidae , and Gonibregmatidae ( including the former Neogeophilidae and Eriphantidae ) . Selected species ( edit ) Man holding Scolopendra gigantea . Trinidad , 1961 Scientific name Common name Alipes grandidieri feather - tail centipede Ethmostigmus trigonopodus blue ring centipede Lithobius forficatus stone centipede Pachymerium ferrugineum earth centipede Scolopendra galapagoensis Galápagos centipede Scolopendra cataracta Aquatic centipede Scutigera coleoptrata house centipede Scolopendra gigantea Peruvian giant yellow - leg centipede Scolopendra heros giant red - headed centipede Scolopendra morsitans red - headed centipede Scolopendra polymorpha giant Sonoran centipede Scolopendra subspinipes Vietnamese centipede See also ( edit ) Arthropods portal Centipedes of the Mazon Creek fossil beds Millipede Centipede mathematics The Centipede 's Dilemma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . London : Bloomsbury House . p. 119 . ISBN 0571273785 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arthur , W. ( 2002 ) . `` The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis '' . Heredity. 89 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 246 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. hdy. 6800139 . PMID 12242638 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Wallace ; Chapman , Ariel D. ( 2005 ) . `` The centipede Strigamia maritima : what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation '' . BioEssays. 27 ( 6 ) : 653 -- 660 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20234 . PMID 15892117 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , J.G.E. ( 2007 ) . The Biology of Centipedes . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03411 - 1 . Jump up ^ Adis , Joachim ; Harvey , Mark S. ( 2000 ) . `` How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia ? '' . Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 35 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 141 . doi : 10.1076 / 0165 - 0521 ( 200008 ) 35 : 2 ; 1 - 9 ; FT139 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert D. ( 1982 ) . Invertebrate Zoology . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 810 -- 816 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 056747 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , O. ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` Giant swimming , venomous centipede discovered by accident in world - first '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Richard ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine : Scutigera coleoptrata , house centipede '' . Lander University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Molinari , Jesús ; Gutiérrez , Eliécer E. ; de Ascenção , Antonio A. ; Nassar , Jafet M. ; Arends , Alexis ; Márquez , Robert J. ( 2005 ) . `` Predation by giant centipedes , Scolopendra gigantea , on three species of bats in a Venezuelan cave '' ( PDF ) . Caribbean Journal of Science . 4 ( 2 ) : 340 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Lewis , J.G.E. ( 2006 ) . The Biology of Centipedes . Cambridge University Press . p. 328 . ISBN 9780521034111 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Yates III , Julian R. ( December 1992 ) . `` Scolopendra subspinipes ( Leach ) '' . University of Hawaii EXTension ENTOmology & UH - CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program : Knowledge Master . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Albert , A.M. ( 1979 ) . `` Chilopoda as part of the predatory macroarthropod fauna in forests : abundance , life - cycle , biomass , and metabolism '' . In Camatini , Marina . Myriapod biology . Academic Press . pp. 215 -- 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 155750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Weil , Edmund ( 1958 ) . `` Zur Biologie der einheimischen Geophiliden '' ( On the biology of the native geophilids ) . Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie ( in German ) . 42 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 209 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1958. tb00889. x . Jump up ^ Hölldobler , Bert ; Wilson , Edward O. ( 1990 ) . `` The specialized predators '' . The Ants . Harvard University Press . pp. 557 -- 572 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04075 - 5 . Jump up ^ Einser , Thomas ; Eisner , Maria ; Siegler , Melody ( 2005 ) . Secret weapons : defenses of insects , spiders , scorpions and other many - legged creatures . Cambridge , Mass. : The Belknap Press . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01882 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis , J.G.E. ( 1961 ) . `` The life history and ecology of the littoral centipede Strigamia maritima ( Leach ) '' . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 137 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 248 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1961. tb05900. x . Jump up ^ Lewis , J.G.E. ( 1972 ) . `` The population density and biomass of the centipede S. amazonica ( Bucherl ) ( Scolopendromorpha : Scolopendridae ) in Sahel savannah in Nigeria '' . Entomologist 's Monthly Magazine . 108 : 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Eating Bugs / Insects in Donghuamen Night Market ! - Follow me Foodie Jump up ^ 101 Strangest Foods Around the World Jump up ^ Centipede Vodka Infusion 100ml Jump up ^ Drinking centipede alcohol ( Cambodia ) Jump up ^ Bush , Sean P. ; King , Bradley O. ; Norris , Robert L. ; Stockwell , Scott A. ( 2001 ) . `` Centipede envenomation '' . Wilderness & Environmental Medicine . 12 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 99 . doi : 10.1580 / 1080 - 6032 ( 2001 ) 012 ( 0093 : CE ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 11434497 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Steven J. ( 19 October 2009 ) . House Centipede ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania State University . In 1902 , C.L. Marlatt , an entomologist with the United States Department of Agriculture writes in Circular # 48 - The House Centipede : It may often be seen darting across floors with great speed , occasionally stopping suddenly and remaining absolutely motionless , presently to resume its rapid movements , often darting directly at residents , particularly women , evidently with a desire to conceal itself beneath their dresses , creating much consternation . Jump up ^ Zabs - Dkar Tshogs - Drug - Ran - Grol . The Life of Shabkar : The Autobiography of a Tibetan Yogin . Albany : SUNY Press , 1994 . p. 295 . Jump up ^ Shear , W.A. ( 1992 ) . `` Early life on land '' . American Scientist. 80 : 444 -- 456 . ^ Jump up to : Edgecombe , G.D. ; Giribet , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Myriapod phylogeny and the relationships of Chilopoda '' . In Bousquets , J. Llorente ; Morrone , J.J. Biodiversidad , Taxonomía y Biogeografia de Artrópodos de México : Hacia una Síntesis de su Conocimiento , Volumen III . Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . pp. 143 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Minelli , Alessandro ( 2009 ) . `` Evolutionary developmental biology does not offer a significant challenge to the neo-Darwinian paradigm '' . In Ayala , Francisco J. ; Arp , Robert . Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 213 -- 226 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5999 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Edgecombe , Gregory D. ; Giribet , Gonzalo ( 2008 ) . `` A New Zealand species of the trans - Tasman centipede order Craterostigmomorpha ( Arthropoda : Chilopoda ) corroborated by molecular evidence '' . Invertebrate Systematics. 22 : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1071 / IS07036 . Jump up ^ Giribet , Gonzalo ; Edgecombe , Gregory D. ( 2006 ) . `` Conflict between datasets and phylogeny of centipedes : an analysis based on seven genes and morphology '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 273 ( 1586 ) : 531 -- 538 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3365 . PMC 1560052 . PMID 16537123 . Jump up ^ Bates , M. ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` ' Horrific ' First Amphibious Centipede Discovered '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Siriwut , W. ; Edgecombe , G.D. ; Sutcharit , C. ; Tongkerd , P. ; Panha , S. ( 2016 ) . `` A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus , 1758 ( Scolopendromorpha , Scolopendridae ) in mainland Southeast Asia , with description of a new species from Laos '' . ZooKeys. 590 : 1 -- 124 . doi : 10.3897 / zookeys. 590.7950 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilopoda . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Centipede . Chilobase , a web resource for Chilopoda taxonomy Debunking of some centipede myths , American Tarantula Society Centipedes of Australia Chilopoda , Tree of Life Web Project What do you call a centipede ? Centipedes of North America Tasmanian Centipedes ( hide ) Extant Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa ( unranked ) Bilateria ( unranked ) Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida ( sea spiders ) Euchelicerata Merostomata ( horseshoe crabs ) 1 Arachnida ( spiders , scorpions , ticks , mites ) Myriapoda Chilopoda ( centipedes ) Diplopoda ( millipedes ) Pauropoda ( pauropods ) Symphyla ( symphylans or garden centipedes ) Pancrustacea ( Crustacea + + Hexapoda ) Oligostraca Ostracoda ( seed shrimps ) Mystacocarida 2 Ichthyostraca 2 Pentastomida ( tongue worms ) Branchiura ( fish lice ) Altocrustacea Multicrustacea Malacostraca ( woodlice , shrimps , crayfish , lobsters , crabs ) Copepoda ( copepods ) 2 Thecostraca ( barnacles and relatives ) 2 + Tantulocarida 2 Allotriocarida Cephalocarida ( horseshoe shrimps ) Branchiopoda ( fairy , tadpole , clam shrimps , water fleas ) Unnamed clade Remipedia Hexapoda Protura ( coneheads ) 3 Collembola ( springtails ) 3 Diplura ( two - pronged bristletails ) 3 Insecta ( insects ) 1contains the only extant order Xiphosura 2 Maxillopoda 3 Entognatha italic are paraphyletic groups Sources : Edgecombe et al. ( 2014 ) , Petrunina ( 2012 ) for pancrustaceans . GND : 4160805 - 7 NDL : 00567893 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede&oldid=816715857 '' Categories : Centipedes Extant Silurian first appearances Myriapods Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 05 : 38 . 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what is selena gomez most popular tv show

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Selena Gomez - wikipedia Selena Gomez Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez Gomez in July 2013 Selena Marie Gomez ( 1992 - 07 - 22 ) July 22 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Grand Prairie , Texas , U.S. Occupation Singer Actress Years active 2002 -- present Television Wizards of Waverly Place Musical career Genres Pop dance - pop Instruments Vocals Labels Hollywood Interscope Associated acts Selena Gomez & the Scene Website selenagomez.com Signature Selena Marie Gomez ( / səˈliːnə ˈɡoʊmɛz / sə - LEE - nə GOH - mez ; born July 22 , 1992 ) is an American singer and actress . She began her career starring in the children 's television series Barney & Friends ( 2002 -- 2004 ) . Gomez rose to fame playing the lead role of Alex Russo in the Disney Channel television series Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 2012 ) . She starred in the films Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) , Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) , Ramona and Beezus ( 2010 ) , Monte Carlo ( 2011 ) , Spring Breakers ( 2012 ) , Getaway ( 2013 ) and The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) . She voices the character of Mavis in the Hotel Transylvania film franchise . In 2008 , she founded her own production company , July Moon Productions , and formed the band Selena Gomez & the Scene . The group released three studio albums : Kiss & Tell ( 2009 ) , A Year Without Rain ( 2010 ) and When the Sun Goes Down ( 2011 ) , before disbanding in 2012 . Gomez then released her debut solo album Stars Dance ( 2013 ) . The album debuted atop the U.S. Billboard 200 , and included the top ten single `` Come & Get It '' . After putting out a compilation album as her fifth and final release through Hollywood Records , which was preceded by her second top ten single , `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' , Gomez signed a new recording contract with Interscope Records . She released her second solo album , Revival ( 2015 ) . The album debuted on top of the Billboard 200 , while the first three singles `` Good for You '' , `` Same Old Love '' , and `` Hands to Myself '' all topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart in the United States . In 2017 , she released three singles , `` Bad Liar '' , `` Fetish '' , and `` Wolves '' . According to Billboard , Gomez has sold over 7 million albums and 22 million singles worldwide . Outside entertainment , Gomez released her own clothing line through Kmart in 2010 and a self - titled fragrance in 2013 . In 2017 , she released a limited - edition collection of handbags called the `` Selena Grace '' that she designed in collaboration with luxury brand Coach , Inc . She has worked with various charitable organizations for years and became a UNICEF ambassador at the age of seventeen . As of September 2017 , Gomez is the most followed Instagram user in the world . Gomez has earned numerous awards throughout her career , including an ALMA Award , an American Music Award , an MTV Video Music Award , a People 's Choice Award , two Billboard Women in Music Awards , and sixteen Teen Choice Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 1992 -- 2006 : Early life and career beginnings 1.2 2007 -- 2012 : Breakthrough with Disney and Selena Gomez & the Scene 1.3 2012 -- 2014 : Solo musical debut and personal struggles 1.4 2015 -- 2016 : Revival and mental health 1.5 2017 -- present : 13 Reasons Why and new music 2 Artistry 2.1 Sound 2.2 Influences 3 Endorsements 4 Philanthropy 4.1 UNICEF 4.2 Other charity work 5 Personal life 5.1 Religion 5.2 Health 6 Awards and nominations 7 Discography 7.1 Selena Gomez & the Scene albums 7.2 Solo albums 8 Tours 8.1 Selena Gomez & the Scene tours 8.2 Solo tours 9 Filmography 9.1 Film 9.2 Television 9.3 Producer 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Life and career 1992 -- 2006 : early Life and career beginnings Selena Marie Gomez was born in Grand Prairie , Texas on July 22 , 1992 , to Ricardo Joel Gomez and former stage actress Amanda Dawn `` Mandy '' Cornett . Gomez was named after Tejano singer and actress Selena Quintanilla - Pérez , who died in 1995 . Her father is of Mexican descent while her mother , who was adopted , has some Italian ancestry . Regarding her Hispanic heritage , Gomez has stated , `` My family does have Quinceañeras , and we go to the communion church . We do everything that 's Catholic , but we do n't really have anything traditional except ( that we ) go to the park and have barbecues on Sundays after church . '' Gomez 's parents divorced when she was five years old , and she remained with her mother . Selena has two siblings : Gracie Elliot Teefey was born to Amanda and her second husband Brian Teefey on June 12 , 2013 ; and Victoria `` Tori '' Gomez was born to Ricardo and his wife Sara Gomez on June 25 , 2014 . She earned her high - school diploma through homeschooling in May 2010 . When Gomez was born , her mother was sixteen years old . The family had financial troubles during Gomez 's childhood , with her mother struggling to provide for the pair . At one point , Gomez recalled , they had to search for quarters just to get gas for their car . Her mother later recalled that the two would frequently walk to their local dollar store to purchase spaghetti for dinner . Gomez stated , `` I was frustrated that my parents were n't together , and never saw the light at the end of the tunnel where my mom was working hard to provide a better life for me . I 'm terrified of what I would have become if I 'd stayed ( in Texas ) . '' She later added that `` ( My mom ) was really strong around me . Having me at 16 had to have been a big responsibility . She gave up everything for me , had three jobs , supported me , sacrificed her life for me . '' Gomez had a close relationship with her grandparents as a child , and appeared in various pageants growing up . Her grandparents often took care of her while her parents finished their schooling , and the pair went as far as stating that they `` raised her '' up until she found success in the entertainment industry . Gomez first gained an interest in pursuing a career in the entertainment industry watching her mother prepare for stage productions . She began auditioning for various roles , meeting Demi Lovato during an audition for Barney & Friends . Both Gomez and Lovato were later selected to appear on the series in 2002 , with Gomez portraying the character of Gianna . The show was her first experience in acting , with Gomez recalling , `` I was very shy when I was little ( ... ) I did n't know what ' camera right ' was . I did n't know what blocking was . I learned everything from Barney . '' Gomez appeared in fourteen episodes of the show between 2002 and 2004 , though the show 's producers released her as she was getting `` too old '' for the series . While working on the series , Gomez had a cameo role in the film Spy Kids 3 - D : Game Over ( 2003 ) and the made - for - television film Walker , Texas Ranger : Trial by Fire ( 2005 ) . Gomez made a guest appearance in a 2006 episode of the Disney series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . 2007 -- 2012 : breakthrough with Disney and Selena Gomez & the Scene Gomez was given a recurring role on the popular Disney Channel series Hannah Montana in 2007 , portraying pop star Mikayla . During this time , Gomez filmed pilot episodes for two potential Disney Channel series ; the first , titled Arwin ! , a spin - off of the Suite Life series , while the second was a spin - off of the series Lizzie McGuire . She later auditioned for a role in the Disney series Wizards of Waverly Place , ultimately winning the lead role of Alex Russo . Upon receiving the role , Gomez and her mother moved to Hollywood , Los Angeles , California ; Lovato and her family also moved to Hollywood , hoping to achieve similar success to Gomez . Wizards of Waverly Place saw Gomez portraying a teenage girl in a family of wizards who own a restaurant in New York . The series quickly became a hit for the network , propelling Gomez to more mainstream success . The series received numerous nominations and awards . Gomez recorded the theme song for the series , titled `` Everything is Not What It Seems . '' Gomez later appeared in the music video for the song `` Burnin ' Up '' , which the Jonas Brothers had recorded and released , and later , she also appeared in an episode of the reality series Jonas Brothers : Living the Dream . Gomez at the 2009 Hollywood Style Awards in Beverly Hills While working on the second season of Wizards of Waverly Place , Gomez appeared on the Disney Channel special Studio DC : Almost Live alongside various other Disney stars . She contributed a cover of the song `` Cruella de Vil '' to the compilation album DisneyMania 6 , and later recorded the original song `` Fly to Your Heart '' for the soundtrack of the animated film Tinker Bell . She had a leading role as an aspiring dancer in the musical film Another Cinderella Story that year . The film was released to generally positive reviews , and won the 2010 Writers Guild of America Award for Children 's script - long form or special . Gomez recorded three songs for the soundtrack , and released one of them , `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' , as a promotional single . Later that year , Gomez had the supporting role of Helga in the animated film Horton Hears a Who ! The film was a commercial success , and went on to gross nearly $300 million worldwide . At 16 years of age , Gomez was signed to a recording contract with the Hollywood Records label , which had already signed both Cyrus and Lovato . Gomez formed her own production company in 2008 , which she called July Moon Productions . She partnered with XYZ Films for the project , giving Gomez the opportunity to option articles , hire writers and create talent packages to shop to studios . Gomez was slated to release two films under the company . The first , titled What Boys Want , with Gomez as a girl who could hear the thoughts of men . She later announced a film adaptation of the novel Thirteen Reasons Why , in which she was to play a young girl who commits suicide ; ultimately , neither film was released , though Gomez would later executive produce a television adaptation of Thirteen Reasons Why . Gomez continued to have mainstream success throughout the following year , appearing as Alex Russo in a crossover episode of the Disney series The Suite Life on Deck . She later made a guest appearance on the Disney series Sonny With a Chance , starring Lovato . She appeared in a remix of the Forever the Sickest Kids 's single `` Whoa Oh ! ( Me vs. Everyone ) '' , released as a single in April of that year . Gomez , along with Lovato , starred in the Disney Channel film Princess Protection Program , which aired in June 2009 . The film was a critical success , and had a total of 8.5 million viewers during its premiere . For the film , Gomez and Lovato recorded the song `` One and the Same '' , which was later released as a promotional single . She later provided the voice of Princess Selenia in the animated film Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard . On August 28 , 2009 , Gomez starred in Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie , a television film based on the series . The film premiered to an audience of 11.4 million viewers becoming cable 's No. 1 scripted telecast of 2009 and Disney Channel 's second most - viewed film premiere after High School Musical 2 . The film won the series its second consecutive Emmy for `` Outstanding Children 's Program '' at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards . Gomez performing in 2011 Hoping to achieve a successful crossover into music , Gomez formed the pop - rock band Selena Gomez & the Scene through her record deal with Hollywood Records . The name of the band is an `` ironic jab '' at the people who called Gomez a `` wannabe scene . '' The group released their debut studio album in August 2009 , which debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States , with first - week sales of 66,000 copies . The album received a mixed reception , some critics praised the album for its `` fun '' nature , while others criticized Gomez for her vocal performance . The lead single failed to have commercial success , however the second single was successful . With heavy promotion through Disney and performances , the song had success on radio and with sales . In 2010 , Gomez starred as one of the two female leads in Ramona and Beezus , a film adaption of the children 's novel series by Beverly Cleary . The film premiered on July 23 , 2010 , and it was met with generally positive reviews . Selena Gomez & the Scene released their second studio album A Year Without Rain that same year , which debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number 4 with sales of a little over 66,000 . The album received mixed to positive reviews where some noticed that Gomez 's vocals contained the Auto - Tune effect . The record 's two singles both achieved moderate success . Having previously announced plans to launch a fashion line , Gomez launched Dream Out Loud in 2010 . The collection consisted of , and featured , bohemian dresses , floral tops , jeans , skirts , jackets , scarves and hats , all of which were made from recycled or eco-friendly materials . Gomez stated , `` With my line , I really want to give the customer options on how they can put their own looks together ( ... ) I want the pieces that can be easy to dress up or down , and the fabrics being eco-friendly and organic is super important ( ... ) Also , the tags will all have some of my inspirational quotes on them . I 'm just looking to send a good message . '' To design the actual items , Gomez teamed up with designers Tony Melillo and Sandra Campos , both of whom had previously worked with big - name fashion houses . Melillo and Campos teamed with New York - based Adjmi Apparel to manufacture the brand , which was formed by Adjmi CH Brands LLC , the holding company for the brand . In 2011 , Gomez starred in the film Monte Carlo . Her character Grace is a teenager `` mistaken for a socialite while on a trip to Paris . '' To prepare for the role , Gomez learned how to play polo and also took two weeks of vocal training to learn two different British accents . She also began a relationship with Justin Bieber that year , which lasted until 2014 . Gomez appeared in a cameo role in the film The Muppets and appeared in the Disney shows So Random ! and PrankStars . Selena Gomez & the Scene released their third and final studio album that same year . The album received mixed reviews , with the album 's second single receiving a 4x Platinum certification from the RIAA . However , the album 's lead single and last single both achieved moderate success . It was announced on July 14 , 2011 , that Gomez had signed a license agreement with Adrenalina , an extreme sports and adventure - themed lifestyle brand , to develop , manufacture , and distribute the actress 's fragrance . Chairman and C.E.O. of Adrenalina , Ilia Lekach , said , `` We are incredibly enthused to be working with Ms. Gomez and will reveal more details pertaining to the fragrance as we get closer to the launch date . '' The perfume was released in May 2012 . 2012 -- 2014 : solo musical debut and personal struggles Gomez confirmed in January 2012 that she would be taking a break from her music career , thus placing Selena Gomez & the Scene on a hiatus . That year , Wizards of Waverly Place officially ended its run on the Disney Channel after four successful seasons . Gomez hoped to focus on her film career outside Disney , and starred alongside Adam Sandler and Steve Buscemi in the animated film Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) . The film premiered at the 37th annual Toronto International Film Festival and was released on September 28 , 2012 . Gomez had a role in the controversial exploitation film Spring Breakers ( 2013 ) , starring James Franco . The film saw Gomez in a more mature role than her previous works , and reportedly led to Gomez having a `` bit of a meltdown on set . '' In 2013 , Gomez starred in the film Getaway , alongside Ethan Hawke . The film was a critical and commercial failure , and earned Gomez a nomination for Worst Actress at the 34th Golden Raspberry Awards . Gomez performing during the Stars Dance Tour ( 2013 ) Despite her earlier claims that she would be taking a break from her music career , Gomez confirmed in October 2012 that she was working on new material . She later confirmed that she would be releasing her solo debut album , as opposed to another album with her band . Gomez released `` Come & Get It '' as the lead single from the album . The single became Gomez 's first top ten entry on the Billboard Hot 100 . Stars Dance was released on July 23 , 2013 . It became her first album to debut at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , where it sold 97,000 copies in its first week . The album remained in the top ten in its second week , though declined down the chart in the following weeks . The record was met with mixed reviews where some music critics noticed her inability to create her own musical identity and her lack of vocal abilities `` does n't help . '' Gomez incorporated choreography and dance routines into her promotional performances and music videos for the album , feeling inspired by artists such as Janet Jackson and Britney Spears . As of September 2015 , the album has sold 392,000 copies in the United States , making it her lowest selling studio album to date in the country . It remains her only studio effort to not receive a certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Gomez embarked on her Stars Dance Tour on August 14 , 2013 . After touring in North America and Europe , the tour was set to continue throughout 2014 , though Gomez cancelled the Australian and Asian leg of the tour in December 2013 , claiming that she would be taking a hiatus to spend time with her family . In January 2014 , it was reported that Gomez had spent two weeks at Dawn at The Meadows , which is a treatment center in Wickenburg , Arizona that specializes in treating addiction and trauma in young people . Her representative stated that she had spent time there `` voluntarily ( ... ) but not for substance abuse . '' Despite initially neglecting to comment , Gomez confirmed in 2015 that she had been diagnosed with the auto - immune disease , lupus , and that she had cancelled the tour and entered rehab to undergo chemotherapy . Gomez appeared in the film Behaving Badly ( 2014 ) with Dylan McDermott and Nat Wolff . The project , filmed prior to Gomez 's stint in rehab , was released in August 2014 to a generally negative critical and commercial reception . Even the author of the original autobiographical novel , has disavowed the film . She later appeared in the film Rudderless ( 2014 ) , the directorial debut of William H. Macy . The independent film received a mixed reception from critics . In April of that year , it was reported that Gomez had fired her mother and stepfather as her managers ; the two had managed Gomez since her career began . Gomez later signed with the WME and Brillstein companies to manage her career . The news of Gomez 's new management also fueled rumors that her recording contract with Hollywood Records was ending , and that Gomez was searching for a new label . Gomez surprise released her new single `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( 2014 ) on November 6 , and confirmed after months of speculation that she would be releasing a compilation album as a means of finishing out her contract with Hollywood Records . The single went on to become her second top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and sold over one million copies in the United States . Gomez released her first solo compilation album , For You ( 2014 ) , on November 24 . The album received minimal promotion and failed to achieve much commercial success , selling 35,506 equivalent album units in the United States during its first week of release , and entered the Billboard 200 at number twenty - four . Gomez officially signed a recording contract with Interscope Records in December 2014 . 2015 -- 2016 : Revival and mental Health While working on her second studio album , Gomez collaborated with Zedd for his single `` I Want You to Know '' ( 2015 ) , released as the lead single from his second album on February 23 . The single became Gomez 's fourth top twenty entry on the Billboard Hot 100 , and received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Gomez became the face of haircare brand Pantene in 2015 . Gomez released `` Good for You '' ( 2015 ) as the lead single from her second studio album on June 22 , 2015 ; the single features rapper ASAP Rocky . The song sold 179,000 copies in its first week of release alone , and went on to become her first top five single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . The single became her first to top the Mainstream Top 40 chart . In August 2015 , Gomez appeared in the documentary Unity among many other actors and actresses . She reprised the role of Mavis in Hotel Transylvania 2 , which was released on September 25 ; the film was met with a positive critical and commercial reception upon its release . Gomez released her second studio album , Revival ( 2015 ) , on October 9 , 2015 . The album was met with a positive reaction from critics , who praised the album 's production and lyrical content . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 117,000 equivalent album units . This remains Gomez 's highest first week sales to date . `` Same Old Love '' ( 2015 ) was released as the album 's second single , and went on to top the Mainstream Top 40 chart . The single peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , tying with `` Good for You '' as her highest charting effort . `` Hands to Myself '' was the album 's third single , which became her third consecutive number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart . This made Gomez one of only six female artists to have three singles from the same album top the chart . Gomez had a cameo role in the film The Big Short , which was released on December 11 by Paramount Pictures . She was the musical guest on the January 23 , 2016 episode of Saturday Night Live , with host Ronda Rousey . Gomez embarked on her worldwide Revival Tour ( 2016 ) on May 6 . Gomez claimed that the tour would focus solely on her as an artist , thus features less choreography and effects as her previous tour . After touring in North America , Asia and Oceania , she cancelled the European and South America leg of the tour in August 2016 due to anxiety , panic attacks and depression caused by her lupus . Gomez had a supporting role in the comedy film Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising ; she portrayed the president of a Phi Lambda sorority . Her collaboration with Charlie Puth , `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 2016 ) , reached the top ten in the United States . Gomez starred in the drama film The Fundamentals of Caring , alongside Paul Rudd , which was premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 29 , 2016 . The film was released on June 24 . It was met with a mixed critical reception . She also starred in In Dubious Battle with James Franco ; the film was released on September 3 , 2016 . Gomez has begun working on her third studio album while touring , and added a new song titled `` Feel Me '' to the setlist of her Revival Tour . The song leaked online nine months after the first performance . The album , which currently has no title or release date , will be her second release through Interscope Records . Following the cancellation of her tour , Gomez rechecked into rehab to focus on her mental health and was noticeably absent from social media . She made her first public appearance at the 2016 American Music Awards , where she was nominated for two awards for Favorite Pop / Rock Female Artist and Artist of the Year . She further went on to win the award for Favorite Pop / Rock Female Artist . 2017 -- present : 13 Reasons Why and New Music On February 4 , 2017 , she posted a snippet of a new song on her Instagram story . Five days later , Norwegian DJ Kygo posted a snippet of his collaboration with Gomez . Gomez and Kygo confirmed the single titled `` It Ai n't Me '' via their social media accounts a week later , which was released on February 16 . The song reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Gomez serves as executive producer for the series adaptation of the novel Thirteen Reasons Why . She shared the first trailer of the show on January 25 , 2017 , and the show premiered on Netflix on March 31 , 2017 . Besides the project , Gomez has been working in new music with producers The Futuristics , Jonas Jeberg , Ryan Tedder and songwriters Julia Michaels , Justin Tranter and Jacob Kasher . On May 5 , 2017 Gomez launched a countdown on her official website which led to May 18 . Many websites speculated about the release of a new single . On May 11 , it was confirmed the release of the single `` Bad Liar '' as the countdown result . On May 18 , it was premiered alongside its first music video , which was available for streaming only through Spotify . A second music video was released on YouTube the next month which also teased the follow - up single `` Fetish '' , released on July 13 , 2017 . On October 19 , 2017 , Gomez and EDM producer Marshmello announced that they would be collaborating on a new track titled `` Wolves , '' which was released on October 25 . Artistry Sound Gomez is described as a pop singer , showcasing the genre in form of dance - pop and incorporating EDM into her sound . As her career has been progressing , she has been experimenting with a large number of music genres . While her debut album with The Scene was inspired in electronic rock and pop rock , her following records with the band opted for dance - pop sound . A Year Without Rain noted synth - pop characteristics and When the Sun Goes Down went into a more electropop and electro - disco - influenced musical direction . Her debut solo record Stars Dance was rooted in the EDM - pop genre , and Gomez herself described it as `` baby dubstep '' , featuring elements from multiple genres as electronic , disco , techno or dancehall . Her songs `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' and `` Good for You '' have been described as `` minimalistic '' and `` grown - up '' , transitioning her sound into adult pop . Influences Early in her music career , Gomez cited Bruno Mars as an influence , for `` his style of music , his style in general , the way he performs , the way he carries himself . '' Gomez also named Christina Aguilera , Britney Spears , Beyoncé and Rihanna as influences . Gomez has stated that she finds English singer Cheryl Cole as a significant influence to her artistry , `` She made me feel better , I just love her music and I think she 's a really nice person . She 's been through a lot , but she carries herself with a lot of class and I love that . '' Gomez 's debut solo album Stars Dance ( 2013 ) was prominently influenced by Spears , singer - songwriter Taylor Swift , and American electronic producer Skrillex . Her second album , Revival ( 2015 ) , was mainly influenced by Christina Aguilera 's album Stripped ( 2002 ) and singer Janet Jackson . Endorsements In 2009 , Gomez was part of Sears 's back - to - school fashion campaign and was featured in television commercials . She hosted the `` Sears Arrive Air Band Casting Call '' to select five winners for the first - ever `` Sears Air Band '' to perform at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . She also became the spokesperson for Borden Milk and was featured in campaign 's print ads and television commercials . From 2010 to 2014 , Gomez released her own clothing line , Dream Out Loud by Selena Gomez , through retailer K - Mart . In 2012 , she released a self - titled fragrance , Selena Gomez by Selena Gomez . It was also announced that she would partner with the cellphone brand , Case - Mate , as part of its upcoming `` Right Case , Right Occasion '' marketing campaign . In 2013 , she released her second fragrance , Vivamore by Selena Gomez . She also created her own collection of nail polish colors for Nicole by OPI . From 2013 to 2015 , Gomez was a spokesperson and partner for Neo by Adidas . In 2015 , Gomez signed $3 million endorsement deal with Pantene . In 2016 , Gomez appeared in a fashion campaign for luxury brand Louis Vuitton . Gomez also appeared in ads for Coca - Cola 's `` Share a Coke '' campaign , and she appeared in advertisements for the campaign and lyrics from two of her songs will be featured on packages of Coca - Cola products nationwide . In 2017 , Gomez confirmed that she was partnering with Coach , Inc , beginning with their fall line . She has a limited - edition collection of handbags called the `` Selena Grace '' that she designed in collaboration with luxury brand Coach , Inc . She also partnered with the athletic brand , Puma , appearing in campaigns . Philanthropy UNICEF In October 2008 , Gomez participated in St. Jude 's Children 's Hospital `` Runway For Life '' benefit . That same month , Gomez was named UNICEF 's spokesperson for the Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF campaign , which encouraged children to raise money on Halloween to help children around the world . She said that she was `` extremely excited '' to `` encourage other kids to make a difference in the world . '' In August 2009 , a 17 - year - old Gomez became the youngest UNICEF ambassador ever , passing fellow songstress Hayley Westenra , who was 18 when she was chosen . In her first official field mission , Gomez traveled to Ghana on September 4 , 2009 for a week to witness first - hand the stark conditions of vulnerable children that lack vital necessities including clean water , nourishment , education and healthcare . Gomez explained , during an interview with Associated Press correspondents , that she wanted to use her star power to bring awareness to Ghana : `` That 's why I feel very honored to have a voice that kids listen to and take into consideration ( ... ) I had people on my tour asking me where IS Ghana , and they Googled it ( ... ) and because I went there , they now know where Ghana is . So it 's pretty incredible . '' Gomez said , of her role as ambassador , that `` Every day 25,000 children die from preventable causes . I stand with UNICEF in the belief that we can change that number from 25,000 to zero . I know we can achieve this because every moment , UNICEF is on the ground providing children with the lifesaving assistance needed to ensure zero becomes a reality . '' Gomez at the UNICEF 2012 Snowflake Ball in New York Gomez was named spokesperson for UNICEF 's 2009 Trick - or - Treat campaign , for the second year in a row . Gomez , who raised over $700,000 for the charity in 2008 , stated that she hopes to be able to raise 1 million dollars in 2009 . Gomez participated in a celebrity auction and hosted a live web cast series on Facebook in support of the Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF campaign . Gomez returned as the UNICEF spokesperson for the 60th anniversary of Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF campaign in 2010 . In celebration of the organization 's 60th anniversary , Gomez and her team , The Scene , held a benefit concert donating all proceeds to the campaign . In February 2011 , Gomez traveled to Chile to witness and meet with the families of UNICEF 's supported program , `` Programa Puente '' , which helped families better understand , and developed skills to deal effectively with , early childhood education , development , and other issues related to raising children . From her field trip experience , Gomez said , `` UNICEF is helping Chilean families get out of poverty , prevent violence within the home and promote education . To witness first hand these families ' struggles , and also their hope and perseverance , was truly inspiring . '' In March 2011 , Gomez participated in the UNICEF Tap Project 's `` Celebrity Tap Pack '' limited - edition , custom - made water bottles which featured tap water from the homes of each celebrity advocate , in order to raise funds and increase profile for the clean water and sanitation programs . She was also featured in videos that promoted the campaign . Other charity work Gomez was involved in the UR Votes Count campaign which encouraged teenagers to learn more about 2008 presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain . Selena became the ambassador of DoSomething.org after being involved with the charity Island Dog , which helped dogs in Puerto Rico . She began her involvement while filming Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie in Puerto Rico . Gomez is also involved with the charity RAISE Hope For Congo , an initiative of the Enough Project , which helps raise awareness about conflict minerals and violence against Congolese women . From 2009 to 2012 , Gomez was involved in `` Disney 's Friends for Change '' , an organization which promoted `` environmentally - friendly behavior '' , and she appeared in its public service announcements . Gomez , Demi Lovato , Miley Cyrus , and the Jonas Brothers , as the ad hoc musical team `` Disney 's Friends For Change '' , recorded the charity single `` Send It On '' , all of whose proceeds were accepted into the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 20 . In April 2012 , Gomez was named ambassador to the Ryan Seacrest Foundation . She was also a spokesperson for State Farm Insurance and appeared in numerous television commercials , which aired on the Disney Channel , to raise awareness of being a safe driver . Personal Life Religion Gomez was raised Catholic . When she was 13 , she wanted a purity ring , and her dad went to the church and got it blessed . She stated , `` He actually used me as an example for other kids . I 'm going to keep my promise to myself , to my family and to God . '' The singer stopped wearing the ring in 2010 . Gomez later stated in 2017 that she did not like the term `` religion '' and that sometimes it `` freaks me out '' , adding `` I do n't know if it 's necessarily that I believe in religion , as much as I believe in faith and a relationship with God . '' Health Gomez was diagnosed with lupus sometime between 2012 and early 2014 . On September 14 , 2017 , she announced via Instagram that she had withdrawn from public events during the previous few months because she had received a kidney transplant from actress Francia Raisa . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Selena Gomez Selena Gomez has won several awards , including an ALMA Award , an American Music Award , two Billboard Women in Music Awards , an iHeartRadio Music Award , an MTV Video Music Award , and sixteen Teen Choice Awards , as well as ten Guinness World Records . She has received four Billboard Music Awards nominations . Discography See also : Selena Gomez discography and Selena Gomez & the Scene discography Gomez was the lead singer of the band Selena Gomez & the Scene , releasing three studio albums and one remix album . She has released two studio albums , one EP , and one compilation album in her solo career . Selena Gomez & the Scene albums Kiss & Tell ( 2009 ) A Year Without Rain ( 2010 ) When the Sun Goes Down ( 2011 ) Solo albums Stars Dance ( 2013 ) Revival ( 2015 ) Tours Selena Gomez & the Scene tours Live in Concert ( 2009 -- 2010 ) A Year Without Rain Tour ( 2010 -- 2011 ) We Own the Night Tour ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Solo tours Stars Dance Tour ( 2013 - 2014 ) Revival Tour ( 2016 ) Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2003 Spy Kids 3 - D : Game Over Water Park Girl 2008 Horton Hears a Who ! Helga Voice 2008 Another Cinderella Story Mary Santiago Direct - to - video 2009 Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard Princess Selenia Voice Ramona and Beezus Beatrice `` Beezus '' Quimby Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds Princess Selenia Voice 2011 Monte Carlo Grace Ann Bennett / Cordelia Winthrop Scott 2011 Muppets , The The Muppets Herself 2012 Spring Breakers Faith 2012 Hotel Transylvania Mavis Voice 2012 Aftershock VIP Girl 2013 Getaway The Kid 2013 Girl Rising Narrator Documentary 2013 Searching Violet Short film 2014 Rudderless Kate Ann Lucas 2014 Behaving Badly Nina Pennington 2015 Unity Narrator Documentary 2015 Hotel Transylvania 2 Mavis Voice 2015 The Big Short Herself 2016 The Fundamentals of Caring Dot 2016 Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising Phi Lambda President 2016 In Dubious Battle Lisa 2017 Puppy ! Mavis Voice / short film 2018 Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation Mavis Voice 2018 A Rainy Day in New York N / A In post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 2002 -- 2004 Barney & Friends Gianna Main role ( seasons 7 -- 8 ) 2005 Walker , Texas Ranger : Trial by Fire Julie Television film 2006 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Gwen Episode : `` A Midsummer 's Nightmare '' ( 2.22 ) 2007 Hannah Montana Mikayla 2 episodes 2007 -- 2012 Wizards of Waverly Place Alex Russo Lead role , 106 episodes 2008 Jonas Brothers : Living the Dream Herself `` Hello Hollywood '' ( episode 7 ) 2008 Studio DC : Almost Live Herself `` The Second Show '' ( episode 2 ) 2009 Sonny with a Chance Herself Episode : `` Battle of the Networks ' Stars '' 2009 Princess Protection Program Carter Mason Television film 2009 The Suite Life on Deck Alex Russo Episode : `` Double - Crossed '' ( episode 21 ) 2009 Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie Alex Russo Television film 2011 So Random ! Herself Episode : `` Selena Gomez & the Scene '' 2011 PrankStars Herself Episode : `` Something to Chew On '' 2013 The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Alex Russo / Evil Alex Television special , also executive producer 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 We Day Presenter / Host Special ( 8th edition / 9th edition / 11th edition ) 2015 The Voice Herself / Mentor Season 9 ; Gwen Stefani 's team 2016 Saturday Night Live Herself / Musical guest Episode : `` Ronda Rousey / Selena Gomez '' 2016 Inside Amy Schumer Herself Episode : `` Fame '' Producer Year Title Role Notes 2017 13 Reasons Why Executive producer Television series See also United States portal Biography portal Pop music portal List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart List of Billboard Social 50 number - one artists References Jump up ^ `` How to pronounce Selena Gomez '' . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez to Be Honored as Chart Topper at Billboard 's Women in Music 2015 '' . Billboard . October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbride , Tricia . `` How Selena Gomez turned vulnerability into her greatest strength '' . Mashable . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Biography '' . The Biography Channel . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barney , Chuck ( February 7 , 2008 ) . `` Selena Gomez could be next Disney ' it ' girl '' . Oakland Tribune . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauren Waterman ( 2009 - 05 ). Selena Gomez : spell bound Teen Vogue . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ancestry.com . Texas Birth Index , 1903 -- 1997 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : Ancestry.com Operations Inc , 2005 . Original data : Texas Birth Index , 1903 -- 1997 . Texas : Texas Department of State Health Services . Microfiche . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's Famous Name '' . E !. August 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jessica Lucia Roiz ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez Talks Selena Quintanilla ; Reveals Why She Was Named After ' Queen of Tejano ' '' . Latin Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez and Jake T. Austin on being latin '' . Showbizcafe.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Curiel , Kamren ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Selena Gomez Charity Events : Alliance for Childrens Rights '' . Latina . Jump up ^ `` TV : Life is magical for ' Wizards ' star '' . The Fresno Bee . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Spotlight : Selena Gomez '' . Scholastic . September 26 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Olly Richards ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` The wonderful world of Selena Gomez '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Natalie Finn ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez Has a Baby Sister ! Demi Lovato Congratulates Singer and Mom Mandy on New Arrival '' . E ! News . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Selena ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Momma , Brian , and me are all so grateful for all your well wishes . My lil sissy Gracie Elliot Teefey was born on June 12th . Luv you all XO '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Has Another Baby Sister '' . Disneydreaming.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez Graduates High School -- On Screen & Off Access Hollywood -- Celebrity News , Photos & Videos . Access Hollywood ( May 12 , 2010 ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Melas , Chloe ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Selena Gomez Reveals : My Mom 's Car Would Break Down & We 'd Have To Search For Quarters To Buy Gas ! '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez : I would have two children by now If I lived in Texas '' . MSN . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez Talks Parents ' Divorce : ' I Blamed My Mom A Lot ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Biography '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Zayda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato on friendship with Selena Gomez : ' We 've been through a lot together ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez And Demi Lovato On ' Barney And Friends ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Takeda , Allison ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Selena Gomez Will Always Be Friends '' . US Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From Texas to Hollywood ! '' . People . July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Carey . `` Selena Gomez -- Bio and Facts for Kids '' . About.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Biography '' . People . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Selena Gomez . `` Selena Gomez Biography '' . People . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Time Warp : Spy Selena Gomez in Her First Film Role '' . E ! Online UK . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Midsummer 's Nightmare '' . The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . Season 2 . Episode 22 . August 11 , 2006 . 08 : 04 , 22 : 04 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Biography '' . Starpulse.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Julie ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Disney Channel Series Arwin was Not Picked up by the Disney Channel '' . Crushable . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Film '' . Selenagomez.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` From Texas to Hollywood ! '' . People . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards of Waverly Place -- Television Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Selena Gomez to Executive - Produce and Star in New ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Television Event on Disney Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th NAACP Image Awards '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 29th Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org. 2008 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards of Waverly Place : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Jonas & Selena Gomez : Are They Dating ? '' . People . July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez & Demi Lovato -- Studio DC Almost Live -- Demi Lovato video '' . Fanpop . July 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cruella De Vil : Selena Gomez '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fly to Your Heart : Selena Gomez '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Another Cinderella Story : Selena Gomez , Drew Seeley , Damon Santostefano '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Announced for 2010 Writers Guild Awards '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' . Discogs . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- 90 Voices in `` Horton Hears a Who '' ! `` . Crushable . March 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's Supersweet 16 '' . E ! Online UK . July 22 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Celebrates Sweet 16 With Record Deal '' . Celebuzz . July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Is Spending Valentine 's Day Hiding Her Face with a Scarf '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez July Moon Productions , Forms Own Company '' . oceanup.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Wizards ' Selena Gomez Conjures Own Production Company '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tatianna Siegel ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Selena Gomez forms production co '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez to Star in ' What Boys Want ' '' . Parade . October 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` July Moon Productions -- July Moon Productions '' . companypond.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Adapting ' 13 Reasons Why ' Into Selena Gomez Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana -- DVD Review '' . Inside Pulse . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez to Guest Star on Sonny with a Chance '' . Kidstvmovies.about.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forever The Sickest Kids -- Whoa Oh ! ( Me vs. Everyone ) ( feat . Selena Gomez ) '' . Last.fm . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Princess Protection Program '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Protection Program is TV 's No. 1 Entertainment Telecast of 2009 in Kids 6 -- 11 and Tweens 9 -- 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez & Demi Lovato -- One and the Same '' . Last.fm . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur and the Invisibles 2 : Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard : Freddie Highmore , Mia Farrow , Selena Gomez , Snoop Dogg '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards of Waverly Place Movie '' . Disney Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Top 100 Most - Watched Telecasts On Basic Cable For 2009 . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Nominees & Winners '' . emmys.com . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ep 4 band tryouts '' . YouTube . September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's the Scene And Six More of the Most Boring Band Names of All Time '' MTV Newsroom `` . MTV . August 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss & Tell by Selena Gomez & The Scene '' . iTunes Store . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Slezak ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Kiss & Tell '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez Kiss & Tell review '' . Nochelatina.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Released on Monday , April 19 , 2010 ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` Music -- Album Review -- Selena Gomez & The Scene : ' Kiss & Tell ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ; Herrera , Monica ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` Barbra Streisand Surprises With Ninth No. 1 on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Slezak ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Kiss & Tell Music '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez & The Scene -- Kiss & Tell -- Reviews '' . Album of The Year . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Selena Gomez and the Scene -- `` Falling Down '' `` . About.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha Controls Hot 100 Summit for a Second Week '' . Billboard . December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Billboard.com Naturally -- Selena Gomez Song Information ... Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Selena Gomez To Star In ' Ramona and Beezus ' Movie '' . MTV . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Young actresses cast for ' Beezus and Ramona ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lylah M. Alphonse ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` The stars of ' Ramona and Beezus ' on family , fun , and facing down fear '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ramona and Beezus ( 2010 ) '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Year Without Rain by Selena Gomez & The Scene '' . iTunes Store . September 21 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zac Brown Band Bows at No. 1 on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allison Stewart . `` Album review : Selena Gomez , `` A Year Without Rain '' `` . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Round & Round -- Single by Selena Gomez & the Scene '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Year Without Rain -- Single by Selena Gomez & the Scene '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lauren Joskowitz ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Selena Gomez Introduces ' Dream Out Loud , ' Her Own Line of Eco-Friendly , Bohemian Clothes '' . MYV.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2009 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ella Ngo ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Seelna Gomez Gets Her Own Fashion Line '' . E !. Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez to Launch Clothing Line '' . TransWorldNews.com . October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : April MacIntyre ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Selena Gomez launches fashion line in fall 2010 '' . MonsterandCritics.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Julee Kaplan ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Disney Star Selena Gomez Launching Fashion Brand '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Monte Carlo ' First Photo '' . Movie.about.com . Jump up ^ cmania ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Selena Gomez Practices to Play Polo in Budapest for ' Monte Carlo ' Role '' . Zimbio . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jayme Deerwester ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` First look : Selena Gomez stretches out in ' Monte Carlo ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hood , Micaela ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber reveals what broke up his romance with Selena Gomez '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's Cameo In ' The Muppets ' '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Pranks Fan in New Disney Channel Show ' PrankStars ' WATCH '' . Hollywood Life . July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` When the Sun Goes Down Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Riaa -- Gold & Platinum '' . Riaa.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Selena Gomez : The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gary , Trust . `` Ask Billboard : Why Do Some Songs Fade Out And Others End Cold ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adrenalina Inc . Signs Exclusive Global Fragrance Agreement with Selena Gomez '' . marketwatch . July 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ June 11 , 2012 @ 3 : 35 pm BY : Selene Milano ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's Signature Scent Launches at Macy 's '' . InStyle.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Selena Gomez takes ' a break ' from music '' . US Magazine . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John , Christopher ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez Says She 's Finally Done With ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' - and Breaks Away From Her Band The Scene '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Banov , Jessica ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` TV Diva : Selena Gomez 's `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' ends after four seasons `` . The Fayetteville Observer . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki . `` Changing Release Dates : Sony Pics Sked '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tatangelo , Wade ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber babe Selena Gomez shooting movie next week in Sarasota Bradenton Herald '' . Bradenton.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood 's Biggest Box Office Bombs of 2013 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Getaway Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th Annual RAZZIE ® Award Nominees for 2013 '' . The Razzies . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Says ' Come & Get It ' Is Not About Justin Bieber ! by on Air with Ryan Seacrest on SoundCloud -- Hear the world 's sounds '' . Soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Ditches the Scene on New Record '' . Popcrush.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Ditches Her Band The Scene on New Album '' . Fuse.tv . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Still Atop Hot 100 , Robin Thicke Reaches Top 10 KissFM 97.7 '' . kissfm.emisorasunidas.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Highlights : Selena Gomez ' Get 's New No. 1 On Dance / Club Play Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Knocks Jay Z From Top of Billboard 200 With First No. 1 Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Selena Gomez Gets First no . 1 Album . '' Billboard -- The International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment , vol. 125 , no . 30 , 2013. , pp. 43 Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Robin Thicke Hits the Top With Topless Hit '' . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week Ending Aug. 11 , 2013 . Albums : The Civil Wars , On Hiatus And On Top '' . August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Rihanna to receive ' Icon ' honor at American Music Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez , ' Stars Dance ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Album review by Matthew Horton . `` Selena Gomez : Stars Dance Album Review -- Reviews -- Music '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stars Dance ' Review : Selena Gomez 's Debut Solo Studio Album Misses The Mark '' . The Huffington Post . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Michael ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez Announces Stars Dance World Tour '' . Ryan Seacrest . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases : Hits Daily Double '' . Hits Daily Double . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HITS Daily Double '' . HITS Daily Double . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's Stars Dance Tour : Go Behind The Scenes ! '' . MTV . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez Cancels Tour of Asia and Australia to ' Spend Some Time on Myself ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Secretly Spent 2 Weeks in Rehab -- Rehab , Health , Selena Gomez : People.com '' . People . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Secretly Went To Rehab ! And When You Hear The Reason Why , You 'll Be Glad She 's Rid of Justin Bieber ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez Secretly Went to Rehab for Two Weeks '' . Time . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michelle ; Jordan , Julie ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez Secretly Spent 2 Weeks in Rehab '' . People . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CNN '' . cnn.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Selena Gomez to Star in ' Parental Guidance Suggested ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Behaving Badly -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's ' Behaving Badly ' Has a Zero Percent Rating on Rotten Tomatoes '' . celebuzz.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Breaks Her Own Rotten Tomatoes Record With a Zero for ' Behaving Badly ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behaving Badly Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2015 ) Roger Ebert '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Browde , Ric ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Blockbuster Premiere of Behaving Badly '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Billy Crudup , Anton Yelchin , Selena Gomez , Laurence Fishburne Join ' Rudderless ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Brandy ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` William H. Macy begins shooting directorial debut `` Rudderless '' Sunday in Oklahoma `` . NewsOK.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) Selena Gomez ' Rudderless ' Soundtrack : Sings ' Hold On ' After Hearing Twice '' . hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudderless -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- ' Rudderless ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez fires parents as managers : report '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez ' signs with new managers ' '' . The Belfast Telegraph . April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaun Kitchener . `` Selena Gomez Signs With New Management After ' Firing Parents ' '' . entertainmentwise.com . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena 's Latest Album Will Be Her Last ? ! Looking To Leave Music Behind For Acting ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` After Selena Gomez 's Exit and a Thawing ' Frozen , ' Is Disney Headed for a Cold Spell ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( July 19 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Are There an Unusually High Number of New Acts in the Hot 100 's Top 10 ? '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( November 22 , 2014 ) . `` Listen to Three Leaked Songs From Selena Gomez 's New Album ' For You ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits Daily Double Rumor Mill '' . HitsDaily Double . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez Officially Signs With Interscope '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zedd & Selena Gomez Song Gets Release Date & Artwork '' . Billboard . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Shines as Pantene 's Newest Ambassador '' . Business Wire . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's Brand - New Single , ' Good For You , ' Featuring A $ AP Rocky , Available Now From All Digital Retailers '' ( Press release ) . Interscope Records . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa No. 1 on Hot 100 ' Again ' , Selena Gomez Debuts at No. 9 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez Scores First Pop Songs No. 1 With ' Good for You ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart History -- Radio Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Documentary ' Unity ' Set for Aug. 12 Release with 100 Star Narrators '' . Variety . April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian Gallagher ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Confirmed for September 2015 '' . Movieweb . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frere , Jackie ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez Reveals New Album Title & Release Date '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Revival '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Album of the week : A cooler , groovier , Selena Gomez emerges on ' Revival . ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sendra , Tim . `` Selena Gomez : `` Revival '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez Scores Her Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Rises After Halloween '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez Scores Second Pop Songs No. 1 With ' Same Old Love ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart History : The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` '' Hands To Myself '' Becomes Selena Gomez ' Third Straight Pop Radio # 1 ; Dance Top 5 `` . Billboard . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez Scores Third Pop Songs No. 1 With ' Hands to Myself ' & Releases New Single From ' Revival ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Brad Pitt , Steve Carell Battle the Banks in ' Big Short ' Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` See Selena Gomez 's Sizzling ' SNL ' Performances '' . Rolling Stone . January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ashagre , Aggi . `` Selena Gomez Announces Revival Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez has cancelled her Revival tour due to her mental health '' . Vogue . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll . `` Selena Gomez Joins Zac Efron in ' Neighbors 2 ' -- Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Official Website : Nine Track Mind Available Now ! Official Website '' . Charlie Puth Official Website : Nine Track Mind Available Now ! Official Website . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth -- Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez Joins Paul Rudd for ' The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving ' '' . The Wrao . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets June premiere date for The Fundamentals of Caring '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` The Fundamentals of Caring reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco Assembles Cast for Adaptation of ' In Dubious Battle ' '' . Variety . January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Renner , Eric ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez : Feel Me debuts new song on opening night of tour '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Selena Gomez Music Alert ! The Studio Version Of ' Feel Me ' Has Leaked -- Listen HERE ! ! '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez Returns to Rehab During Tour Break to ' Focus on Her Mental Health ' '' . U.S. Magazine . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ by Prakashat , Neha ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez Calls Herself `` Absolutely Broken '' During Emotional Acceptance Speech ( Updated ) `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez at the 2016 AMAs : ' I Do n't Need Validation Anymore ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Just Dropped a New Snippet for The World '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Your First Clip of Selena Gomez 's `` It Ai n't Me '' Music Video With Kygo `` . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SELENA GOMEZ & KYGO 'S `` IT AIN 'T ME '' PREMIERES THURSDAY , FEBRUARY 16 `` . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Shares Trailer for Her New Netflix Series ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Gets Netflix Premiere Date '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alyssa Bailey ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Working on New Album -- Nick Jonas Reaction to Selena Gomez Album Post '' . Elle . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Ryan Tedder On Working With Adele , Taylor Swift , Camila Cabello & Selena Gomez '' . Access Hollywood . May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Wass ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Tedder Wrote Selena Gomez A `` Heartfelt , Goose - Bumpy Mid-Tempo '' `` . Idolator . Jump up ^ Deepa Lakshmin ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hear The Magical New Song That Got Selena Gomez Back in the Studio '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Mike Wass ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Songwriter Profile : J Kash Faked It Till He Made It ( Big ) '' . Idolator . Jump up ^ Mike Wass ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's New Single Has A Release Date '' . Idolator . Jump up ^ Mo ' Bounce ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Is Selena Gomez Dropping New Music Soon ! ? I Got The SCOOP ! '' . Z100FM . Jump up ^ Ali Booth ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` People are Freaking Out Over the Countdown on Selena Gomez 's Website '' . Tiger Beat . Jump up ^ Mike Wass ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` She 's Coming ! Selena Gomez Announces New Single `` Bad Liar '' `` . Idolator . Jump up ^ Harrison , Lily ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Releases New Single Bad Liar ' '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Fashion Show : Selena Gomez 's `` Bad Liar '' Music Video Is a Trip `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Cirisano , Tatiana ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Reveals ' Fetish ' Release Date & Gucci Mane Feature '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Celia ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Is Getting Back Into Music , but This Time With an EDM Twist '' . PopSugar . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Selena Gomez 's Propulsive New EDM Song , ' Wolves ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Selena Gomez '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez Strips Down ( Musically ) For New ' Hold On ' Video '' . ET Canada . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sources : Lori Melton . `` ' The Voice ' : 5 reasons why Selena Gomez is a great celebrity adviser pick '' . AXS . `` Selena Gomez Made The Stars ( And Everybody Else ) Dance at Staples Center : Live Review '' . Idolator . `` Selena Gomez Has Allegedly Signed With Interscope Records '' . Idolator . `` Selena Gomez announces N.J. date for new tour '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Revival ' by Selena Gomez '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's debut album ' Kiss & Tell ' turns five : Her top five singles '' . AXS . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez & the Scene , `` Kiss & Tell '' `` . Billboard . September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez & The Scene -- A Year Without Rain album reviews '' . musicOMH . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kitty Empire . `` Selena Gomez & the Scene : When the Sun Goes Down -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kim Gillespie ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Album Review : A Year Without Rain -- Selena Gomez & The Scene '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez & The Scene `` When The Sun Goes Down '' `` . Rolling Stone . August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` When the Sun Goes Down '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Munoz , Jonathan ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's new album ' Stars Dance ' goes EDM '' . Voxxi . Voxxi Ltd . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , August ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Selena Gomez 's ' Stars Dance ' a sassy pop - EDM mix '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez inspired by Skrillex to record ' baby dubstep ' for new album '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez Throws Epic Dance Party With Stars Dance Teasers '' . MTV News . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Sendra . `` Stars Dance -- Selena Gomez Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sources : `` '' The Heart Wants What It Wants `` : Is Selena Gomez Singing , Crying About Justin 0Bieber in New Single ? '' . Fuse . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Lukas , Erin ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Now : Selena Gomez 's New Video `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' `` . Nylon . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Lindner , Emilee ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Selena Gomez 's Steamy ' Good For You ' Music Video '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Strecker , Erin ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez Shares Sexy New Song ' Good for You , ' Featuring A $ AP Rocky '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez ' Good for You ' Review : New Single Transitions Disney Star to Adult Pop Artist ( LISTEN ) '' . Music Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Talks About Being Inspired By Bruno Marsh '' . Disney Dreaming . May 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez 's New Album Was Inspired by Christina Aguilera 's ' Stripped ' '' . Idolator.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Looks Up To Rihanna '' . Disney Dreaming . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Talks New Album , Bradley Cooper and Beyonce '' . Iconoclast Entertainment Group . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alicia Adejobi . `` ' I Died The First Time ' : Selena Gomez Admits Shock at Receiving Compliment From Idol Britney Spears '' . EntertainmentWise . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Selena Gomez ' influenced by Cheryl Cole ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carl Williott ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez Tells ' In Style ' ' Stars Dance ' May Be Her Last Album , And It Has A Song About Justin Bieber '' . Idolator.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Talks `` Revival '' Cover Art , Secret Event On Air with Ryan Seacrest `` . YouTube . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ mtv ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Selena Gomez Introduces ' Dream Out Loud , ' Her Own Line of Eco-Friendly , Bohemian Clothes '' . MTV . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Celebrity Perfumes . `` Selena Gomez Perfume Celebrity Perfumes '' . Celebrityperfumestore.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Name * ( July 22 , 1992 ) . `` Nicole by OPI x Selena Gomez Nails Buy Online '' . Celebrityclothingline.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hope , Kristine . `` Selena Gomez Finishes Her Partnership with Adidas NEO -- Twist '' . Twistmagazine.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Find Out How Much Selena Gomez Is Making With Her Pantene Deal ! E ! News '' . Eonline.com . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexis , Lauren ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez in Louis Vuitton Series 5 Campaign -- Selena Gomez Louis Vuitton Fashion Campaign Photos '' . Harpersbazaar.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez Is ' Stoked ' to Be Part of Coca - Cola 's Share a Coke and a Song Campaign '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Matthew . `` Coach Confirms Its Partnership With Selena Gomez '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Yasmine ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Debuts ' Phenom ' Sneaker Collaboration With Puma '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stars Hit The Catwalk For St. Judes '' . Looktothestars.org . October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez Trick - Or - Treats For UNICEF '' . Looktothestars.org . October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Sensation Selena Gomez Appointed UNICEF Ambassador '' . Reuters . September 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez : Trip to Africa was ' life - changing ' '' . GoogleNews.com . Associated Press . October 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez : Trip to Africa Was ' Life - Changing ' '' . YouTube . Associated Press . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF Spokesperson Selena Gomez : : Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF : : Youth Action : : U.S. Fund for UNICEF -- UNICEF USA '' . Youth . UnicefUsa.org. 2009 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Selena Gomez at the Concert of Your Choice '' . CharityBuzz.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ UNICEF ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` UNICEF Ambassador Selena Gomez named spokesperson for Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF campaign '' . StamFordPlus.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF celebrates 60 years of America 's youth making a difference throughout the world '' . May 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez & The Scene Announce a Charity Concert in Celebration of the 60th Anniversary of Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF '' . October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Ambassador Selena Gomez visits Chile '' . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities Team Up with UNICEF Tap Project to Provide Safe , Clean Drinking Water to Children around the World '' . March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LOL : Selena Gomez is crazy ... about UNICEF '' . CBS News . March 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez fills her Celebrity Tap bottle '' . April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dagostino , Mark ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` Selena Gomez : ' I 'll be 30 Before I Get My License ! ' '' . People . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Cares For Dogs in Puerto Rico '' . popdirt.com . March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBC Official Site ( June 2009 ) . `` Late Night with Jimmy Fallon -- Video Blogs -- Tonight 's Guest : Selena Gomez -- Jimmy Fallon 's Video Blog '' . LateNightWithJimmyFallon . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities Raise Hope For Congo '' . Looktothestars.org . July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Disney Channel Deutschland ( October 28 , 2010 ) , Selena Gomez -- Friends For Change , retrieved February 22 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` '' Send it on `` , an anthem by the world 's biggest teen stars '' ( DOC ) ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ed Cunicelli ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Selena Gomez Named Ambassador to the Ryan Seacrest Foundation ( VIDEOS ) Ryan Seacrest -- The official entertainment news site of American Idol host and American Top 40 on '' . Ryan Seacrest . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oh , Eunice ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` First Look : Selena Gomez 's Cell - Free Safety Pitch -- Good Deeds , Selena Gomez '' . People . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nunez , Alanna . `` Selena Gomez Purity Ring '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Contance . `` Selena Gomez Religion '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's best friend gave her a kidney this summer '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Petti , Stephanie ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Reveals She Is Recovering from a Kidney Transplant -- and Her Best Friend Was the Donor ! '' People . Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel . `` Selena Gomez Shocking Kidney Transplant '' . MSN . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` A-list stars support unique project to highlight need to educate girls '' . The Observer . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Genndy Tartakovsky Is n't Done With ' Hotel Transylvania , ' Will Direct Third Film in Franchise '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez shares ominous 13 Reasons Why teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . External links Official website Selena Gomez on IMDb Selena Gomez Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Stars Dance Revival Compilation albums For You Singles `` Come & Get It '' `` Slow Down '' `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' `` Good for You '' `` Same Old Love '' `` Hands to Myself '' `` Kill Em with Kindness '' `` It Ai n't Me '' `` Bad Liar '' `` Fetish '' `` Wolves '' Featured singles `` I Want You to Know '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Hands '' `` Trust Nobody '' Promotional singles `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' `` Magic '' `` Whoa Oh ! '' ( remix ) `` Send It On '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Me & the Rhythm '' Other charted songs `` One and the Same '' `` Birthday '' `` Stars Dance '' `` Sober '' `` Me & My Girls '' Other songs `` Like a Champion '' `` Forget Forever '' `` Revival '' `` Only You '' Concert tours Stars Dance Tour Revival Tour Related articles Selena Gomez & the Scene Selena Gomez & the Scene Selena Gomez Greg Garman Joey Clement Dane Forrest Drew Taubenfield Ethan Roberts Nick Foxer Studio albums Kiss & Tell A Year Without Rain When the Sun Goes Down Compilation albums The Club Remixes Singles `` Falling Down '' `` Naturally '' `` Round & Round '' `` A Year Without Rain '' `` Who Says '' `` Love You like a Love Song '' `` Hit the Lights '' Promotional singles `` Bang Bang Bang '' Other songs `` Whiplash '' Concert tours Live in Concert A Year Without Rain Tour We Own the Night Tour Related articles Discography Glamour Awards Woman of the Year Christina Aguilera ( 2004 ) Rachel Stevens ( 2005 ) Somaly Mam ( 2006 ) Victoria Beckham ( 2007 ) Kylie Minogue ( 2009 ) Cheryl Cole ( 2010 ) Selena Gomez ( 2012 ) Lady Gaga ( 2013 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2014 ) Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata VIAF : 103237722 LCCN : n2008039026 ISNI : 0000 0000 7827 0714 GND : 14108135X SUDOC : 163709319 BNF : cb16164744x ( data ) MusicBrainz : e4bc69e2 - a064 - 4f93 - ada1 - f7f209cc1cc3 NKC : xx0109829 BNE : XX4837100 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selena_Gomez&oldid=821396731 '' Categories : Selena Gomez 1992 births 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American singers Actresses from Texas American child actresses American child singers American dance musicians American electronic musicians American female pop singers American film actresses American pop rock singers American television actresses American voice actresses Child pop musicians Hollywood Records artists Interscope Records artists Living people Organ transplant recipients People from Grand Prairie , Texas People with lupus Singers from Texas UNICEF people Homeschooled people in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Biography with signature Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Ripoarisch Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 06 : 11 . 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what happened to the son in war of the worlds

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Worlds_(2005_film)&oldid=818482909

War of the Worlds ( 2005 film ) - wikipedia War of the Worlds ( 2005 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Byron Haskin film , see The War of the Worlds ( 1953 film ) . For other films released in 2005 , see H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( Timothy Hines film ) and H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds ( David Michael Latt film ) . War of the Worlds North American theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Colin Wilson Screenplay by Josh Friedman David Koepp Based on The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells Starring Tom Cruise Dakota Fanning Justin Chatwin Miranda Otto Tim Robbins Narrated by Morgan Freeman Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Cruise / Wagner Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures DreamWorks Pictures Release date June 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ) ( Kuwait ) June 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $132 million Box office $591.7 million War of the Worlds is an 2005 American science fiction thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Josh Friedman and David Koepp , loosely based on the novel of the same title by H.G. Wells . It stars Tom Cruise , Dakota Fanning , Justin Chatwin , Miranda Otto and Tim Robbins , with narration by Morgan Freeman . In the film , an American dock worker is forced to look after his children , from whom he lives separately , as he struggles to protect them and reunite them with their mother when extraterrestrials invade the Earth and devastate cities with towering war machines . The film was shot in 73 days , using five different sound stages as well as locations in California , Connecticut , New Jersey , New York , and Virginia . The film was surrounded by a secrecy campaign so few details would be leaked before its release . Tie - in promotions were made with several companies , including Hitachi . The film was released in the United States on June 29 and in United Kingdom on July 1 . War of the Worlds received positive reviews from critics and was a box office success , becoming 2005 's fourth most successful film both domestically , with $234 million in North America , and $591 million overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design and visual effects 3.4 Music 3.5 Themes 4 Release 4.1 Secrecy 4.2 Marketing and home media releases 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A narrator explains how humans were unaware that a race of extraterrestrials was making plans to occupy Earth . Ray Ferrier is a divorced crane operator longshoreman who works at a dock in Brooklyn , New York and lives in Bayonne , New Jersey . Ray is estranged from his children . His former wife , Mary Ann , later drops off the children , 10 - year - old daughter Rachel and teenage son Robbie , at Ray 's house on her way to visit her parents in Boston . Unexplained changes in the weather occur , including lightning that strikes multiple times in the middle of an intersection and disrupts all electricity . Ray joins the crowd at the scene of the lightning strikes , and witnesses a massive `` Tripod '' war machine emerge from the ground and use alien weaponry to disintegrate most of the witnesses , turning them to a grey dust and leaving only their empty clothes behind . Ray collects his children , steals a car and drives to Mary Ann 's home in suburban New Jersey to take refuge . The next morning , he discovers that a Boeing 747 has crashed in the street . A news team scavenging for food while surveying the wreckage explain that there are multiple Tripods that have attacked major cities including New York City , Paris , Washington , D.C. , and London , and have force shields to protect them from human weapons . They also explain that the Martians travelled to Earth within the lightning , as a guise to enter the Tripods . Ray decides to take the kids to Boston to be with their mother . The three are forced to abandon the stolen car after a mob takes it by force . They later survive a Tripod attack which causes a Hudson River ferry to sink . During a desperate battle between U.S. Marines and the aliens , Ray is forced to choose between being separated from Rachel and preventing Robbie from joining the fight ; he lets Robbie go with the Marines , who are overwhelmed , thus making Ray presume Robbie died during the attack . While escaping , Ray and Rachel are offered shelter by a paramedic , Harlan Ogilvy , who presumes that the aliens had buried their technology on Earth millions of years ago and has delusions that they can fight against the aliens themselves by observing their operations , as they are right next to their camp . The three remain undetected for two days , even as a probe and a group of the Martians themselves explore the basement . They also soon discover that the Martians are growing strange red - colored alien vegetation across the landscape and is quickly growing , covering trees and spreading into the basement , thus explaining the Martians ' motives : to colonise Earth for their species , therefore making Earth a Mars - like planet . The next morning , Ogilvy suffers a mental breakdown after witnessing a Tripod harvesting human blood and tissue to fertilize the alien vegetation . Convinced that Ogilvy 's mad shouting will alert the Martians to their location , Ray reluctantly kills him . The basement hideout is eventually exposed when a second probe catches them sleeping . Rachel is soon abducted by a nearby Tripod ; Ray allows himself to be abducted , and is placed in the same cage with Rachel and a number of other prisoners . As the Tripod selects him for harvesting , Ray takes a belt of grenades into the machine in his place , having pulled out the pins . The Tripod is destroyed and releases the cage , with Ray and Rachel , and the other prisoners , making it out alive . Ray and Rachel arrive in a devastated Boston , where they discover that the Martian vegetation is dying and most of the Tripods have collapsed . When an active Tripod appears , Ray notices birds landing on it , indicating that its shields have been deactivated . Ray alerts the soldiers escorting the fleeing crowd and they shoot it down with Javelin launchers . As the soldiers advance on the downed Tripod , a hatch opens releasing a liquid ; a dying Martian struggles halfway out , and then dies immediately . Ray and Rachel reach Mary Ann 's parents ' house , where they are reunited with Mary Ann and Robbie , who is revealed to be alive . The closing narration reveals that although the Martians were immune to the humans ' weapons , their vegetation was not immune to the microbes present on Earth and that `` From the moment the invaders arrived , breathed our air , ate and drank , they were doomed . They were undone , destroyed , after all of man 's weapons and devices had failed , by the tiniest creatures that God in his wisdom put upon this earth . By the toll of a billion deaths , man had earned his immunity , his right to survive among this planet 's infinite organisms . And that right is ours against all challenges . For neither do men live nor die in vain . '' . Cast ( edit ) Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning portray the two main characters of the film . Tom Cruise as Ray Ferrier Dakota Fanning as Rachel Ferrier Justin Chatwin as Robbie Ferrier Miranda Otto as Mary Ann Ferrier Tim Robbins as Harlan Ogilvy Rick Gonzalez as Vincent Yul Vázquez as Julio Lenny Venito as Manny the Mechanic Lisa Ann Walter as Cheryl Ann Robinson as Grandmother ( she played the lead role of Sylvia van Buren in the 1953 film ) Gene Barry as Grandfather ( he played lead role of Dr. Clayton Forrester in the 1953 film ) David Alan Basche as Tim Roz Abrams as Herself Camillia Sanes as News Producer Amy Ryan as Neighbor with Toddler Danny Hoch as Policeman Morgan Freeman as the Narrator ( voice ) Channing Tatum as Boy in Church Scene ( uncredited ) Dee Bradley Baker as Alien Vocals ( uncredited ) Columbus Short as Soldier ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After collaborating in 2002 's Minority Report , Steven Spielberg and Tom Cruise were interested in working together again . Spielberg stated about Cruise , `` He 's such an intelligent , creative partner , and brings such great ideas to the set that we just spark each other . I love working with Tom Cruise . '' Cruise met with Spielberg during the filming of Spielberg 's Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) and gave three options of films to create together , one of them being an adaptation of The War of the Worlds . Spielberg chose The War of the Worlds and stated , `` We looked at each other and the lights went on . As soon as I heard it , I said ' Oh my God ! War of the Worlds -- absolutely . ' That was it . '' The film is Spielberg 's third on the subject of alien visitation , along with Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Producer and longtime collaborator Kathleen Kennedy notes that with War of the Worlds , Spielberg had the opportunity to explore the antithesis of the characters brought to life in E.T. and Close Encounters of the Third Kind . `` When we first started developing E.T. , it was a much edgier , darker story and it actually evolved into something that was more benign . I think that the edgier , darker story has always been somewhere inside him . Now , he 's telling that story . '' Spielberg stated that he just thought it would be fun to make a `` really scary film with really scary aliens '' , something which he had never done before . Spielberg was intent on telling a contemporary story , with Kennedy stating the story was created as a fantasy , but depicted in a hyper - realistic way . `` For the first time in my life I 'm making an alien picture where there is no love and no attempt at communication . '' -- Steven Spielberg J.J. Abrams was asked by Spielberg and Cruise to write the script but had to turn down the film as he was working on the pilot for his television series Lost . Josh Friedman delivered a screenplay , which was then rewritten by David Koepp . After re-reading the novel , Koepp decided to do the script following a single narrator , `` a very limited point of view , from someone on the very periphery of events rather than someone involved in events '' , and created a list of elements he would not use due to being `` cliché '' , such as the destruction of landmark buildings . Some aspects of the book were heavily adapted and condensed : Tim Robbins ' character was an amalgam of two characters in the book , with the name borrowed from a third . While changing the setting from 19th century to present day , Koepp also tried to `` take the modern world back to the 1800s '' , with the characters being devoid of electricity and modern techniques of communication . Spielberg accepted the script after finding it had several similarities to his personal life , including the divorce of his parents ( Ray and Mary Ann 's divorce ) , and because the plight of the fictional survivors reflects his own uncertainty after the devastation of the September 11 attacks . For Spielberg , the characters ' stories of survival needed to be the main focus , as they featured the American mindset of never giving up . Spielberg described War of the Worlds as `` a polar opposite '' to Close Encounters , with that movie featuring a man leaving family to travel with aliens , while War of the Worlds focused on keeping the family together . At the same time , the aliens and their motivations would not be much explored , as `` we just experience the results of these nefarious plans to replace us with themselves '' . Although accepting the script , Spielberg asked for several changes . Spielberg had been against the idea of the aliens arriving in spaceships , since every alien invasion movie used such a vehicle . The original Martian cylinders were discarded , where Spielberg replaced the origins of the Tripods with stating they were buried underground in the Earth long ago . Spielberg had Miranda Otto in mind for the part of Mary Ann , but at the time he called her she was pregnant and thought the opportunity would be missed . Spielberg then decided to incorporate Otto 's pregnancy into the film , changing the part for her . Lawrence Brown wrote : `` Spielberg 's decision to present the invaders ' fighting machines as having been there all along , buried deep under the Earth , raises questions which did not exist in the original Wells book . In Spielberg 's version , these invaders had been here before , long ago , in prehistoric times . They had set up their machines deep underground , and departed . Why ? Why not take over the Earth right there and then ? Spielberg does not provide an answer , and the characters are too busy surviving to wonder about this . An answer suggests itself - a very chilling answer . The invaders were interested in humans as food animals . When they came here before , humans were very scarce . The aliens left their hidden machines and departed , patiently observing the Earth until humans would multiply to the requisite numbers - and then they came back , to take over . Under this interpretation , all of us - all humans over the whole of history - have been livestock living in an alien food farm , destined to be ' harvested ' '' . Filming ( edit ) Destroyed Boeing 747 used on the War of the Worlds set . Currently , visitors can view the destroyed airliner set during the Universal Studios Hollywood 's Studio Tour . Filming took place in Virginia , Connecticut , New Jersey , California , and New York . The film shooting lasted an estimated 72 days . Spielberg originally intended to shoot War of the Worlds after Munich , but Tom Cruise liked David Koepp 's script so much that he suggested Spielberg postpone the former while he would do the same with Mission : Impossible III . Most of Munich 's crew was brought in to work on War of the Worlds as well . In 2004 , the production crews quickly were set up on both coasts to prepare for the start date , scouting locations up and down the Eastern Seaboard and preparing stages and sets which would be used when the company returned to Los Angeles after the winter holiday . Pre-production took place in only three months , essentially half the amount of time normally allotted for a film of similar size and scope . Spielberg notes , however , `` This was n't a cram course for War of the Worlds . This was my longest schedule in about 12 years . We took our time . '' Spielberg collaborated with crews at the beginning of pre-production with the use of previsualization , considering the tight schedule . The scene depicting the first appearance of the Tripods was filmed at the intersection of Ferry Street , Merchart Street , and Wilson Avenue , in Newark , New Jersey . Later , Spielberg filmed several scenes in Virginia . The continuous scene was filmed in California . The ferry scene was filmed in the New York town of Athens , and Mary Ann 's parents ' house was located in Brooklyn ( but was featured in the film in Boston ) . For the neighborhood plane crash scene , the production crew bought a retired Boeing 747 , with transportation costs of $2 million , destroyed it into pieces , and built houses around them . The destroyed plane was kept for the Universal Studios back - lot tour . Ray 's house was filmed in Bayonne , New Jersey ( with a soundstage doubling the interior ) ; meanwhile , the valley war sequence was filmed in Lexington , Virginia and Mystery Mesa in California . The scene where the tripod is shot down and crashes through a factory was filmed in Naugatuck , Connecticut at the since dismantled Naugatuck Chemical . The scene of the bodies floating down the river was filmed on the Farmington River in Windsor , Connecticut by a second unit using a stand in for Dakota Fanning ( the back of her character ) with the portion showing the faces of the credited actors cut in later . Some filming was shot on the Korean War Veterans Parkway in Staten Island , NY . The film used six sound stages , spread over three studio lots . Design and Visual effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic was the main special effects company for the movie . While Spielberg had used computers to help visualize sequences in pre-production before , Spielberg said , `` This is the first film I really tackled using the computer to animate all the storyboards . '' He decided to employ the technique extensively after a visit to his friend George Lucas . In order to keep the realism , the usage of computer - generated imagery shots and bluescreen was limited , with most of the digital effects being blended with miniature and live - action footage . The design of the Tripods was described by Spielberg as `` graceful , '' with artist Doug Chiang replicating aquatic life forms . At the same time , the director wanted a design that would be iconic while still providing a tribute to the original Tripods , as well as intimidating so the audience would not be more interested about the aliens inside than on the vehicle itself . The visual effects crew tried to blend organic and mechanical elements in the Tripods depiction , and made extensive studies for the movements of the vehicle to be believable , considering the `` contradiction '' of having a large tank - like head being carried by thin and flexible legs . Animator Randal M. Dutra considered the movements themselves to have a `` terrestrial buoyance '' , in that they were walking on land but had an aquatic flow , and Spielberg described the Tripods as moving like `` scary ballet dancers '' . Most of the alien elements revolved around the number three -- the Tripod had three eyes , and both the vehicle and the aliens had three main limbs with three fingers each . Visual effects supervisor Pablo Helman considered depicting the scale of the Tripod as challenging , considering `` Steven wanted to make sure that these creatures were 150 feet tall '' , as it was the height described by Wells in the novel . The aliens themselves had designs based on jellyfish , with movements inspired by red - eyed tree frogs , and an amphibian quality particularly on the wet skin . A styrofoam alien was used as a stand - in to guide the actors in the basement scene . Spielberg did not want any blood or gore during the Heat - Ray deaths ; in the words of Helman , `` this was going to be a horror movie for kids '' . So the effects crew came up with the vaporization of the bodies , and considering it could not be fully digital due to both the complexity of the effect and the schedule , live - action dust was used alongside the CGI ray assimilation and particles . Digital birds followed the Tripods in most scenes to symbolize the presence of death , which Chiang compared to vultures and added that `` you do n't know if these birds are going to the danger or away from it , if you should follow them or run away . '' During the scene where Ray 's stolen minivan is attacked by a mob , Janusz Kaminski and Spielberg wanted a lot of interactive lights , so they added different kinds of lights , including Coleman lamps , oil lanterns , flashlights and Maglights . The IL&M crew admitted that the destruction of the Bayonne Bridge was the toughest scene to be made with heavy usage mix of CGI effects and live action elements , and a four - week deadline so the shot could be used in a Super Bowl trailer . The scene originally had only a gas station exploding , but then Spielberg suggested blowing up the bridge as well . The scene involved Tripods shooting a Heat - Ray towards the minivan and minivan escapes from it involved a lot of CGI layers to work out . Over 500 CGI effects were used in the film . Costume designer Joanna Johnston created 60 different versions of Ray 's leather jacket , to illustrate the degrees to which he is weathered from the beginning of the journey to the end . `` He begins with the jacket , a hoodie , and two t - shirts , '' explains Johnston . One piece of Dakota Fanning 's costume that takes on a special importance is her lavender horse purse : `` I wanted her to have something that made her feel safe , some little thing that she could sleep with and put over her face , '' Johnston notes . `` That was the lavender horse purse . We tied it up on a ribbon and Dakota hung it on her body , so it was with her at all times . '' Johnston dressed Robbie for an unconscious emulation of his father , `` They 're more alike than they realize , with great tension on the surface , '' Johnston says . Music ( edit ) War of the Worlds : Music from the Motion Picture Film score by John Williams Released June 13 , 2005 Studio Sony Pictures Studios Genre Soundtrack Length 61 : 01 Label Decca Records Producer John Williams John Williams chronology Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith 2005 War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Memoirs of a Geisha 2005 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks ScoreNotes C+ SoundtrackNet Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams composed the music score of War of the Worlds . It was the first time Williams had to compose with an incomplete Spielberg film , as only the first six reels , totalling sixty minutes , were ready for him to use as reference . He considered the score `` a very serious piece , '' which had to combine `` necessary frightening atmosphere '' with `` propulsively rhythmic drive for the action scenes '' -- the music would be symbolically `` pulling forward '' vehicles in chase scenes such as Ray driving out of Bayonne or the Tripod attacking the Hudson ferry . Williams added small nods to classic monster movie scores by having orchestras doing a `` grand gesture '' in scenes overlooking Tripods . To increase the scariness , Williams added a female chorus with a crescendo resembling a shriek -- which would `` humanize '' the track representing `` victims that go out without saying an ' ouch ' -- they 're gone before they can say that '' -- for the Tripod attacks , and a nearly inaudible male choir -- which Williams compared to `` Tibetan monks , the lowest known pitch our bodies can make '' -- for the aliens exploring the basement . The only deviation from orchestras were electronic sounds for the opening and closing narrations . A soundtrack album was released by Decca Records , that featured the film 's music and Morgan Freeman 's opening and closing narration . The songs `` Little Deuce Coupe '' and `` Hushabye Mountain '' are also featured in the movie , the former sung by Tom Cruise , and the latter by Dakota Fanning . War of the Worlds : Music from the Motion Picture No . Title Length 1 . `` Prologue '' 2 : 52 2 . `` The Ferry Scene '' 5 : 49 3 . `` Reaching the Country '' 3 : 24 4 . `` The Intersection Scene '' 4 : 13 5 . `` Ray and Rachel '' 2 : 41 6 . `` Escape from the City '' 3 : 49 7 . `` Probing the Basement '' 4 : 12 8 . `` Refugee Status '' 3 : 50 9 . `` The Attack on the Car '' 2 : 44 10 . `` The Separation of the Family '' 2 : 36 11 . `` The Confrontation with Ogilvy '' 4 : 34 12 . `` The Return to Boston '' 4 : 29 13 . `` Escape from the Basket '' 9 : 21 14 . `` The Reunion '' 3 : 16 15 . `` Epilogue '' 3 : 11 Total length : 61 : 01 Themes ( edit ) The film was described as an anti-war film , as civilians run and only try to save themselves and their family instead of fighting back against the alien Tripods . Debra J. Saunders of San Francisco Chronicle described the film as `` If aliens invade , do n't fight back . Run . '' Saunders compared the film to Independence Day , where the civilians do run , but they support the military efforts . Many reviewers considered the film tried to recreate the atmosphere of the September 11 attacks , with bystanders struggling to survive and the usage of missing - persons displays . Spielberg declared to Reader 's Digest that beside the work being a fantasy , the threat represented was real : `` They are a wake - up call to face our fears as we confront a force intent on destroying our way of life . '' Screenwriter David Koepp stated that he tried not to put explicit references to September 11 or the Iraq War , but said that the inspiration for the scene where Robbie joins the Marines was teenagers fighting in the Gaza Strip -- `` I was thinking of teenagers in Gaza throwing bottles and rocks at tanks , and I think that when you 're that age you do n't fully consider the ramifications of what you 're doing and you 're very much caught up in the moment and passion , whether that 's a good idea or not . '' Retained from the novel is the aliens being defeated , not by men 's weapons , but the planet 's smallest creatures , bacteria , which Koepp described as `` nature , in a way , knowing a whole lot more than we do '' . Release ( edit ) War of the Worlds premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre on June 23 , 2005 . There , Tom Cruise revealed his relationship with Katie Holmes . Six days later , on June 29 , the film was released in approximately 3,908 theaters across America . The home video was subsequently released on November 22 , 2005 . Secrecy ( edit ) Spielberg kept most of the parts secret in the filmmaking , as the cast and crew were left confused about how the aliens looked . When asked about the secrecy of the screenplay , David Koepp answered , `` ( Spielberg ) would n't give ( the screenplay ) to anybody '' . Koepp explained he would e-mail it to him , and he would give a section of the script that was relating to whatever somebody was doing . Miranda Otto thought of not even discussing the story with her family and friends . Otto said , `` I know some people who always say , ' Oh , everything 's so secret . ' I think it 's good . In the old days people did n't get to know much about movies before they came out and nowadays there 's just so much information . I think a bit of mystery is always really good . You do n't want to blow all of your cards beforehand . '' Spielberg admitted after keeping things secret for so long , there is in the end the temptation to reveal too much to the detriment of the story at the press conference of War of the Worlds . So , Spielberg only revealed the hill scene , where Ray tries to stop his son from leaving , stating `` to say more would reveal too much . '' The secrecy caused The Sun to claim the film would surpass Titanic 's US $200 million budget , which at the time held the record for the most expensive film ever made . The actual budget of the film was $132 million . According to Vanity Fair , Spielberg 's relations with Cruise were `` poor '' during the film 's release because Spielberg believed Cruise 's `` antics '' at the time ( such as an erratic appearance on the Oprah Winfrey show ) had `` hurt '' the film . Marketing and home media releases ( edit ) Paramount Pictures Interactive Marketing debuted a human survival online game on its official website , waroftheworlds.com , on April 14 to promote the film . Hitachi collaborated with Paramount Pictures for a worldwide promotional campaign , under the title of `` The Ultimate Visual Experience '' . The agreement was announced by Kazuhiro Tachibana , general manager of Hitachi 's Consumer Business Group . Kazuhiro stated , `` Our ' The Ultimate Visual Experience ' campaign is a perfect match between Spielberg and Cruise 's pursuit of the world 's best in film entertainment and Hitachi 's commitment to the highest picture quality through its digital consumer electronic products . '' The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 22 , 2005 , with both a single - disc edition and a two - disc special edition which included production featurettes , documentaries and various trailers . The film grossed $113,000,000 in DVD sales , bringing its total film gross to $704,745,540 , ranking tenth place in the 2005 DVD sales chart . Paramount released the film on Blu - ray Disc on June 1 , 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On June 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 29 ) , the film grossed approximately US $81 million worldwide , and earned the thirty - eighth biggest opening week by grossing $98,826,764 in 3,908 theatres , averaging out to $25,288 in each theater . Meanwhile , on Independence Day weekend , War of the Worlds grossed $64,878,725 in 3908 theatres also , giving an average of $16,601 . This is the third - biggest film opening on Independence Day weekend . The film earned $200 million in 24 days , ranking thirty - seventh place in the list of fastest films to gross $200 million . The film has grossed $704,745,540 including DVD sales , making it the fourth highest grossing film of 2005 , and the 66th highest grossing film worldwide . Critical reaction ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator website Metacritic gave the film an average score of 73 based on 40 reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives War of the Worlds a 74 % `` fresh '' rating based on 251 reviews and the critical consensus : `` Steven Spielberg 's adaptation of War of the Worlds delivers on the thrill and paranoia of H.G. Wells ' classic novel while impressively updating the action and effects for modern audiences . '' Many people praised the film 's beginning while criticizing the ending . James Berardinelli praised the acting and considered that focusing the narrative on the struggle of one character made the film more effective , but described the ending as weak , even though Spielberg `` does the best he can to make it cinematically dramatic '' . Total Film 's review gave War of the Worlds 4 out of 5 stars , considering that `` Spielberg finds fresh juice in a tale already adapted for film , TV , stage , radio and record '' , and describing the film as having many `` startling images '' , comparing the first Tripod attack to the Omaha Beach landing from Saving Private Ryan . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan , who felt the special effects were unusual , stated that Spielberg may actually have done his job in War of the Worlds `` better than he realizes '' , showing how fragile the world is . Turan claimed Spielberg raised a most provocative question : `` Is the ultimate fantasy an invasion from outer space , or is it the survival of the human race ? '' However , Broomfield Enterprise 's Dan Marcucci and Nancy Serougi did not share Berardinelli and Turan 's opinion . They felt that Morgan Freeman 's narration was unnecessary , and that the first half was `` great '' but the second half `` became filled with clichés , riddled with holes , and tainted by Tim Robbins '' . Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars ( out of four ) , saying `` War of the Worlds definitely wins its battle , but not the war . '' Wilmington stated the film brought the viewers on a wild journey through two sides of Spielberg : the dark and the light . He also said the film contained a core sentiment similar to that of Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . About.com 's Rebecca Murray gave a positive review , stating , `` Spielberg almost succeeds in creating the perfect alien movie '' , with criticism only for the ending . Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader praised the special effects and Cruise 's performance . Roger Ebert criticized the `` retro design '' and considered that despite the big budget , the alien invasion was `` rudimentary '' and `` not very interesting '' , regarding the best scenes as Ray walking among the airliner wreckage and a train running in flames , declaring that `` such scenes seem to come from a kind of reality different from that of the tripods . '' The French film magazine Cahiers du cinéma ranked the film as 8th place in its list of best films of the 2000s . Japanese film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa listed the film as the best film of 2000 - 2009 . Accolades ( edit ) War of the Worlds was nominated for three Academy Awards , including Visual Effects ( Pablo Helman ) , Sound Mixing ( Andy Nelson , Anna Behlmer and Ron Judkins ) , and Sound Editing , losing all to King Kong . The film was nominated for six Saturn Awards , and won Best Performance by a Younger Actor ( Dakota Fanning ) . The film won a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects & Foley , a World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack , and three VES Awards for its special effects , and was nominated for three Empire Awards , three Satellite Awards , and an MTV Movie Award . See also ( edit ) The War of the Worlds , 1953 film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Worlds Production Notes ( 2005 ) '' . Paramount Pictures . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Breznican ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Spielberg 's family values '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Spielberg Goes To War '' . Empire . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Lost ' : The ' M : I 3 ' Connection '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; McNary , Davy ( March 16 , 2004 ) . `` ' War ' meets its maker '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` War Of The Worlds : Script by David Koepp & Josh Friedman ( 2005 ) '' . The War of the Worlds . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Freer , Ian . `` David Koepp on War of the Worlds '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Designing the Enemy : Tripods and Aliens . War of the Worlds DVD : Paramount Home Entertainment . 2005 . Jump up ^ Lawrence C. Brown , `` H.G. Wells ' Enduring Influence '' in Mark Smythe ( ed . ) `` Old and New trends in 21st Century Popular Culture '' ^ Jump up to : `` Close Encounters of the Worst Kind '' . Wired . June 2005 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Wray ( October 9 , 2004 ) . `` More on War of the Worlds Filing in New Jersey '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg to film in Shenandoah Valley '' . USA Today . November 29 , 2004 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark Schatzker ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` Worlds Collide '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Malloy , Betsy ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` Universal Studios Picture -- War of the Worlds Set : '' . About.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Turner , Rachel ( October 20 , 2004 ) . `` '' War of the Worlds '' scouts out Lexington `` . The Trident . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Worlds '' . Frank Rose . June 2005 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Freer , Ian . `` Pablo Helman On War of the Worlds '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( July 7 , 2005 ) . `` War of the Worlds : A Post 9 / 11 Digital Attack '' . VFXWorld . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Claudia Kienzle . `` Industrial Light & Magic '' ( PDF ) . Autodesk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnny Betts . `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) -- Odds & Ends '' . The Movie Mark . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allmusic review ^ Jump up to : Scoring War of the Worlds . War of the Worlds DVD : Paramount Home Entertainment . 2005 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( November 29 , 2005 ) . `` Master class '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) '' . Soundtrack Info . June 28 , 2005 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) '' . Ricard L. Befan . John Williams Fan Network . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jason Cook . `` War of the Worlds Review ( 2005 ) '' . The Spinning Image . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Premiere . June 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Debra ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` Spielberg 's anti-war ' War of the Worlds ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steven D. Greydanus . `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) '' . Decent Films . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg and Tom Cruise : The Fascinating Truth Behind `` War of the Worlds '' `` . Reader 's Digest . June 2005 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donna Freydkin ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Cruise , Holmes step out '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Head ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Headgame 7 : War of the Worlds '' . IGN . p. 1 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steve Head ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Headgame 7 : War of the Worlds '' . IGN . p. 2 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Conference of War of the Worlds . Tom Cruise , Steven Spielberg . June 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The costliest film ever '' . The Sun . UK . August 17 , 2004 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Budgets '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrough , Bryan . `` Showdown at Fort Sumner '' . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Pictures Interactive Marketing to Place Online Gamers Into the Action With ' War of the Worlds ' Online Game '' . PR Newswire. April 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitachi goes global for ' War of the Worlds ' '' . Hitachi . April 20 , 2005 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Netherby , Jennifer ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` DW has big War plans '' . Video Business . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Sales Chart ( 2005 ) '' . Lee 's Movie Info . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Day Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weeks '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Movies to Hit $200 million at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . July 22 , 2005 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo. 2005 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` War of the Worlds '' . Reel Views . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War Of The Worlds ( 12A ) '' . Total Film . July 1 , 2005 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( June 29 , 2005 ) . `` War of the Worlds '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marcucci , Dan ; Serougi , Nancy ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` A basic rule of thumb is -- if you see Tim Robbins , you 've stayed too long '' . Broomfield Enterprise ( in Rotten Tomatoes ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` Movie review : ' War of the Worlds ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` '' War of the Worlds '' Movie Review `` . About.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan . `` War of the Worlds '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` War of the Worlds '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PALMARES 2000 '' . Cahiers du cinéma ( in French ) . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aoyama , Shinji ; Hasumi , Shigehiko ; Kurosawa , Kiyoshi ( 2011 ) . Eiga Nagabanashi ( in Japanese ) . Little More . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 89815 - 313 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The 78th Academy Awards ( 2006 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SITH Leads Nomination List for 32nd Annual Saturn Awards '' . Mania Entertainment . February 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Golden Reel Award Nominees & Recipients : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Soundtrack Awards 2005 '' . World Soundtrack Academy . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of the Worlds ( 2005 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : War of the Worlds ( 2005 film ) Official Dreamworks website War of the Worlds on IMDb War of the Worlds at AllMovie War of the Worlds at Facebook War of the Worlds at the TCM Movie Database War of the Worlds at Rotten Tomatoes War of the Worlds at Box Office Mojo War of the Worlds at Metacritic Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education H.G. Wells 's The War of the Worlds ( 1897 ) Related texts : `` The Crystal Egg '' Star Begotten Concepts Black smoke Embankment machine Fighting machine Flying machine Handling machine HMS Thunder Child Heat - Ray Red weed Characters Doctor Clayton Forrester Martians Derivative works Novels Fighters from Mars Edison 's Conquest of Mars Sherlock Holmes 's War of the Worlds The Space Machine War of the Worlds : New Millennium The Martian War War of the Worlds : Retaliation The Massacre of Mankind Radio The War of the Worlds ( 1938 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1968 ) Films The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) The Night That Panicked America The War of the Worlds : Next Century H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave War of the Worlds : Goliath Comics Killraven Superman : War of the Worlds The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume II Scarlet Traces H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds Music Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds `` Forever Autumn '' Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- The New Generation Television `` The Night America Trembled '' The Great Martian War 1913 -- 1917 War of the Worlds episodes Mor - Tax Mor - Taxans Video games War of the Worlds ( 1982 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1984 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1998 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1999 ) Short fiction War of the Worlds : Global Dispatches `` Mars : The Home Front '' `` To Mars and Providence '' Rainbow Mars Works by H.G. Wells Novels The Time Machine ( 1895 ) The Wonderful Visit ( 1895 ) The Island of Doctor Moreau ( 1896 ) The Wheels of Chance ( 1896 ) The Invisible Man ( 1897 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) When the Sleeper Wakes ( 1899 ) Love and Mr Lewisham ( 1900 ) The First Men in the Moon ( 1901 ) The Sea Lady ( 1902 ) The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth ( 1904 ) Kipps ( 1905 ) A Modern Utopia ( 1905 ) In the Days of the Comet ( 1906 ) The War in the Air ( 1908 ) Tono - Bungay ( 1909 ) Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) The History of Mr Polly ( 1910 ) The Sleeper Awakes ( 1910 ) The New Machiavelli ( 1911 ) Marriage ( 1912 ) The Passionate Friends ( 1913 ) The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman ( 1914 ) The World Set Free ( 1914 ) Bealby : A Holiday ( 1915 ) Boon ( 1915 ) The Research Magnificent ( 1915 ) Mr Britling Sees It Through ( 1916 ) The Soul of a Bishop ( 1917 ) Joan and Peter : The Story of an Education ( 1918 ) The Undying Fire ( 1919 ) The Secret Places of the Heart ( 1922 ) Men Like Gods ( 1923 ) The Dream ( 1924 ) Christina Alberta 's Father ( 1925 ) The World of William Clissold ( 1926 ) Meanwhile ( 1927 ) Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island ( 1928 ) The Autocracy of Mr. Parham ( 1930 ) The Bulpington of Blup ( 1932 ) The Shape of Things to Come ( 1933 ) The Croquet Player ( 1936 ) Brynhild ( 1937 ) Star Begotten ( 1937 ) The Camford Visitation ( 1937 ) Apropos of Dolores ( 1938 ) The Brothers ( 1938 ) The Holy Terror ( 1939 ) Babes in the Darkling Wood ( 1940 ) All Aboard for Ararat ( 1940 ) You Ca n't Be Too Careful ( 1941 ) Nonfiction Anticipations Certain Personal Matters Crux Ansata The Discovery of the Future An Englishman Looks at the World ( U.S. title : Social Forces in England and America ) Experiment in Autobiography The Fate of Man First and Last Things Floor Games The Future in America : A Search After Realities God the Invisible King Great Ghost Stories ( 1998 ) In the Fourth Year Little Wars Mankind in the Making Mind at the End of Its Tether Mr. Belloc Objects to `` The Outline of History '' The New America : The New World The New World Order New Worlds for Old The Open Conspiracy The Outline of History Russia in the Shadows The Science of Life A Short History of the World The Story of a Great Schoolmaster This Misery of Boots Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water War and the Future ( North America : Italy , France and Britain at War ) The Way the World is Going The Work , Wealth and Happiness of Mankind World Brain A Year of Prophesying Collections The Country of the Blind and Other Stories The Plattner Story and Others Select Conversations with an Uncle The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents Tales of Space and Time Twelve Stories and a Dream Short stories `` Æpyornis Island '' `` The Argonauts of the Air '' `` The Beautiful Suit '' `` The Chronic Argonauts '' `` The Cone '' `` The Country of the Blind '' `` The Crystal Egg '' `` A Deal in Ostriches '' `` The Diamond Maker '' `` A Dream of Armageddon '' `` The Empire of the Ants '' `` In the Abyss '' `` The Land Ironclads '' `` Mr. Ledbetter 's Vacation '' `` The Lord of the Dynamos '' `` The Man Who Could Work Miracles '' `` The New Accelerator '' `` The Pearl of Love '' `` The Queer Story of Brownlow 's Newspaper '' `` The Red Room '' `` The Sea Raiders '' `` The Star '' `` The Stolen Body '' `` A Story of the Days to Come '' `` A Story of the Stone Age '' `` Triumphs of a Taxidermist '' `` The Truth About Pyecraft '' `` A Vision of Judgment '' Screenplays Things to Come The Man Who Could Work Miracles VIAF : 221441781 GND : 7549177 - 1 SUDOC : 183754042 BNF : cb146624237 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Worlds_(2005_film)&oldid=818482909 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s action films 2000s adventure films 2000s science fiction films Alien invasions in films Amblin Entertainment films American disaster films American films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films Apocalyptic films Cruise / Wagner Productions films DreamWorks Pictures films Films scored by John Williams Films based on The War of the Worlds Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films set in Boston Films set in New Jersey Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in New York City Films shot in California Films shot in Connecticut Films shot in New Jersey Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in New York City Films shot in Virginia Paramount Pictures films Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by David Koepp United States Marine Corps in films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - 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a resolution on the rights of minorities by congress was initiated by

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Minority_rights&oldid=837030309

Minority rights - wikipedia Minority rights Jump to : navigation , search Minority rights are the normal individual rights as applied to members of racial , ethnic , class , religious , linguistic or gender and sexual minorities ; and also the collective rights accorded to minority groups . Minority rights may also apply simply to individual rights of anyone who is not part of a majority decision . Civil rights movements often seek to ensure that individual rights are not denied on the basis of membership in a minority group , such as global women 's rights and global LGBT rights movements , or the various racial minority rights movements around the world ( such as the Civil Rights Movement in the United States ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Minority rights at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 1.2 International law 2 National minorities in the law of the EC / EU 3 See also 4 Bibliography 4.1 External links 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The issue of minority rights was first raised in 1814 , at the Congress of Vienna , which discussed the fate of German Jews and especially of the Poles who were once again partitioned up . The Congress expressed hope that Prussia , Russia , and Austria would grant tolerance and protection to their minorities , which ultimately they disregarded , engaging in organized discrimination . The 1856 Congress of Paris paid special attention to the status of Jews and Christians in the Ottoman Empire . In Britain , William Gladstone made the massacres of Bulgarians by the Ottoman Empire a major campaign issue and demanded international attention . The Congress of Berlin in 1878 dealt with the status of Jews in Romania , especially , and also Serbia , and Bulgaria . On the whole , the 19th century congresses failed to impose significant reforms . Russia was especially active in protecting Orthodox Christians and Slavic peoples under the control of the Ottoman Empire . Persecution or discrimination against specific minorities was increasingly the subject of media attention , and the Jews began to organize to protest the pogroms in Russia . However , there was little international outrage regarding treatment of other minorities , such as black people in the southern United States . The first minority rights were proclaimed and enacted by the revolutionary Parliament of Hungary in July 1849 . Minority rights were codified in Austrian law in 1867 . Minority rights at the Paris peace conference of 1919 ( edit ) For information about Minority rights at the Paris conference , see Minority Treaties . At the Versailles Peace Conference the Supreme Council established ' The Committee on New States and for The Protection of Minorities ' . All the new successor states were compelled to sign minority rights treaties as a precondition of diplomatic recognition . It was agreed that although the new states had been recognized , they had not been ' created ' before the signatures of the final peace treaties . The issue of German and Polish rights was a point of dispute as Polish rights in Germany remained unprotected , unlike the German minority in Poland . Like other principles adopted by the League , the Minorities Treaties were a part of the Wilsonian idealist approach to international relations ; like the League itself , the Minority Treaties were increasingly ignored by the respective governments , with the entire system mostly collapsing in the late 1930s . Despite the political failure , they remained the basis of international law . After World War II , the legal principles were incorporated in the UN Charter and a host of international human rights treaties . International law ( edit ) Minority rights , as applying to ethnic , religious or linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples , are an integral part of international human rights law . Like children 's rights , women 's rights and refugee rights , minority rights are a legal framework designed to ensure that a specific group which is in a vulnerable , disadvantaged or marginalized position in society , is able to achieve equality and is protected from persecution . The first postwar international treaty to protect minorities , designed to protect them from the greatest threat to their existence , was the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . Subsequent human rights standards that codify minority rights include the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( Article 27 ) , the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic , Religious and Linguistic Minorities , two Council of Europe treaties ( the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ) , and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) Copenhagen Document of 1990 . Minority rights cover protection of existence , protection from discrimination and persecution , protection and promotion of identity , and participation in political life . For the rights of LGBT people , the Yogyakarta Principles have been approved by the United Nations Human Rights Council . For the rights of persons with disabilities , the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has been adopted by United Nations General Assembly . To protect minority rights , many countries have specific laws and / or commissions or ombudsman institutions ( for example the Hungarian Parliamentary Commissioner for National and Ethnic Minorities Rights ) . While initially , the United Nations treated indigenous peoples as a sub-category of minorities , there is an expanding body of international law specifically devoted to them , in particular Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ( adopted 14 September 2007 ) . In 2008 , a declaration on LGBT rights was presented in the UN General Assembly , and in 2011 , a LGBT rights resolution was passed in the United Nations Human Rights Council ( See LGBT rights at the United Nations ) . There are many political bodies which also feature minority group rights , which might be seen in affirmative action quotas or in guaranteed minority representation in a consociational state . National minorities in the law of the EC / EU ( edit ) The direct role of the European Union ( and also the law of the EU / EC ) in the area of protection of national minorities is still very limited ( likewise the general protection of human rights ) . The EU has relied on general international law and a European regional system of international law ( based on the Council of Europe , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , etc . ) and in a case of necessity accepted their norms . But the `` de-economisation of European integration '' , which started in the 1990s , is changing this situation . The political relevance of national minorities ' protection is very high . Now ( 2009 ) , although protection of the national minorities has not become a generally accepted legally binding principle of the EU , in several legal acts issues of national minorities are mentioned . In external relations protection of national minorities became one of the main criteria for cooperation with the EU or accession . See also ( edit ) Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation Affirmative action Civil rights Cultural rights European Centre for Minority Issues Environmental racism Global Human Rights Defence Human rights Intersex human rights Linguistic rights Autism rights movement LGBT rights in the United States Marek Edelman Minority Rights Group International Minoritarianism Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Social vulnerability Tyranny of the majority The Yogyakarta Principles Bibliography ( edit ) Barzilai , G. 2003 . Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Fink , Carole. 2006 . Defending the Rights of Others : The Great Powers , the Jews , and International Minority Protection , 1878 - 1938 excerpt and text search Henrard , K. 2000 . Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection : Individual Human Rights , Minority Rights , and the Right to Self - Determination Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Jackson Preece , J. 2005 . Minority Rights : Between Diversity and Community Cambridge : Polity Press Malloy , T.H. 2005 . National Minority Rights in Europe Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Pentassuglia , G. 2002 . Minorities in international law : an introductory study Strasbourg : Council of Europe Publications Šmihula , D. 2008 . `` National Minorities in the Law of the EC / EU '' , Romanian Journal of European Affairs , Vol. 8 no . 3 , pp. 2008 , pp. 51 -- 81 . online Thornberry , P. 1991 . International Law and the Rights of Minorities . Oxford : Clarendon Press Weller , M. ( ed . ) 2006 . The Rights of Minorities in Europe : A Commentary on the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Weller , M. , Denika Blacklock and Katherine Nobbs ( eds . ) 2008 . The Protection of Minorities in the Wider Europe Basingstoke and New York : Palgrave Macmillan . External links ( edit ) Gabriel N. Toggenburg , Minority Protection and the European Union , OSI , Budapest 2004 Gabriel N. Toggenburg / Günther Rautz , Das ABC des Minderheitenschutz in Europa , Böhlau , Wien 2010 Gabriel N. Toggenburg , The Union 's role vis - a-vis its minorities after the enlargement decade : a remaining share or a new part ? , European University Institute , Florence 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Laszlo Peter , Martyn C. Rady , Peter A. Sherwood : Lajos Kossuth sas word ... : papers delivered on the occasion of the bicentenary of Kossuth 's birth ( page 101 ) Jump up ^ Staatsgrundgesetz vom 21 . Dezember 1867 ( R.G. Bl. 142 / 1867 ) , über die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger für die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . -- see Article 19 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Homepage of the Parliamentary Commissioner Archived 23 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Daniel Šmihula ( 2008 ) . National Minorities in the Law of the EC / EU in Romanian Journal of European Affairs , Vol. 8 no . 3 , Sep. 2008 , pp. 51 - 81 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Minorities Commentary to the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic , Religious and Linguistic Minorities , United Nations Working Group on Minorities U.N. Independent Expert on Minority Issues U.N. Forum on Minority Issues , its recommendations U.N. Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide Minority Rights Group International Minority rights implemented at grassroot level OSCE Copenhagen Document 1990 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Hague recommendations regarding the education rights of national minorities & explanatory note Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Oslo recommendation regarding the linguistic rights of national minorities Congress of the Council of Europe Recommendation 222 ( 2007 ) Language Education in Regional or Minority Languages Compilation of reports and opinions concerning the protection of national minorities Venice Commission Documents submitted to the Working Group on Minorities that was replaced by the Forum on Minority Issues , established by Human Rights Council resolution 6 / 15 `` Protecting and promoting minorities '' In : D + C , Vol. 42.2015 : 5 Ethnicity Related concepts Clan Ethnic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta - ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber - Netnography Online Person - centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groups by region Africa Arab League Americas Indigenous Canada Mexico United States Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Australia Indigenous Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identity and ethnogenesis Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage - bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation - building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Urheimat Multiethnic society Consociationalism Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state Ideology and ethnic conflict Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Separatist movements Xenophobia Indigenous and minority rights Rights Ancestral domain Free , prior and informed consent Intellectual property Land rights Language Self - determination in Australia in Canada in the United States Traditional knowledge Treaty rights Governmental organizations African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Taiwan ) Fundação Nacional do Índio Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( Philippines ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Non-governmental and political organizations Amazon Watch Assembly of First Nations Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Congress of Aboriginal Peoples Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin Cultural Survival Indigenous Environmental Network Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs National Indigenous Organization of Colombia Native American Rights Fund Survival International Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( more ... ) Issues Civilizing mission Colonialism Internal colonialism Settler colonialism Cultural appropriation Sports mascots Redface Dakota Access Pipeline protests Discovery doctrine Homeland Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Bantustan American Indian reservation Indian reserve Ranchería Manifest destiny Plastic shaman Rainbow Warriors Two - Spirit Legal representation Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , 2007 Historical cases 2009 Peruvian political crisis Alta controversy Chiapas conflict Depopulation of Diego Garcia High Arctic relocation Indian removal Mapuche conflict Oka Crisis Residential Schools Canada New Zealand South Africa United States Rubber boom San controversy Stolen Generations Human Rights Indigenous rights Minority rights Jump up ^ `` '' Protecting and promoting minorities '' German Institute for Human Rights ( DIMR ) `` . In : D + C , Vol. 42.2015 : 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minority_rights&oldid=837030309 '' Categories : Minority rights Affirmative action Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with German - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Latina മലയാളം 日本 語 Русский Shqip Simple English Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 08 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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after the fall of constantinople in 1453 moscow became known as the third rome

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Third_Rome&oldid=822114465

Third Rome - wikipedia Third Rome Jump to : navigation , search She - wolf with Romulus and Remus , original symbol of Rome , still present in Mussolini 's `` Third Rome '' Third Rome is the hypothetical successor to the legacy of ancient Rome ( the `` first Rome '' ) . Second Rome usually refers to Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire , officially called `` New Rome '' , or one of the claimed successors to the Western Roman Empire such as the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Successor to Byzantium 1.1 Russian claims 1.2 Ottoman claims 1.3 Greek claims 1.4 Bulgarian claims 1.5 Serbian claims 2 Successor to the Holy Roman Empire 2.1 German claims 3 French claims 4 Italy as the Third Rome 4.1 Risorgimento 4.2 Fascist Empire 5 The European Union as Third Rome 5.1 Continuity of European Civilisation and Unity 5.1. 1 Greco - Mionoan Civilisation 5.1. 2 Greco - Roman Civilisation 5.1. 3 The Holy Roman Empire and Modern Era 5.2 Historic Symbolism used by the European Union 5.2. 1 Europa and the Bull 5.2. 2 Charlemagne 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography Successor to Byzantium ( edit ) The Byzantine eagle Symbol of the Palaiologos dynasty Russian claims ( edit ) See also : The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir Coat of arms of the Russian Empire with the double - headed eagle , formerly associated with the Byzantine Empire Known as a theological and a political concept `` Moscow is the Third Rome '' , it was formulated in the 15 - 16th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Moscow . In the concept there could be traced three interrelated and interpenetrating fields of ideas : a ) theology that is linked with justification of necessity and inevitability in unity of Eastern Orthodox Church ; b ) social politics that are derived out of the feeling of unity in East Slavic territories being historically tied through Christian Orthodox faith and Slavic culture ; c ) state doctrine , according to which the Moscow Prince should act as a supreme sovereign ( Sovereign and legislator ) of Christian Orthodox nations and become a defender of the Christian Orthodox Church . Herewith the Church should facilitate the Sovereign in execution of his function supposedly determined by God , the autocratic administration . After the fall of Tǎrnovo to the Ottoman Turks in 1393 , a number of Bulgarian clergymen sought shelter in the Russian lands and transferred the idea of the Third Rome there , which eventually resurfaced in Tver , during the reign of Boris of Tver , when the monk Foma ( Thomas ) of Tver had written The Eulogy of the Pious Grand Prince Boris Alexandrovich in 1453 . Within decades after the capture of Constantinople by Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 , some Eastern Orthodox people were nominating Moscow as the `` Third Rome '' , or the `` New Rome '' . Stirrings of this sentiment began during the reign of Ivan III of Russia who had married Sophia Paleologue . Sophia was a niece of Constantine XI , the last Byzantine emperor . By the rules and laws of inheritance followed by most European monarchies of the time , Ivan could claim that he and his offspring were heirs of the fallen Empire , but the Roman traditions of the empire had never recognized automatic inheritance of the Imperial office. . It is also important to note that she was not the heiress of the Byzantine throne : her brother , Andreas Palaiologos , in fact had the rights of succession to the Byzantine throne . Andreas died in 1502 , having sold his titles and royal and imperial rights to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile . This would mean that , in a purely legal sense , the Russian tsars were never entitled to the Byzantine throne . A stronger claim was based on religious symbolism . The Orthodox faith was central to Byzantine notions of their identity and what distinguished them from `` barbarians '' . Vladimir the Great had converted Kievan Rus ' to Orthodoxy in 988 , in return for which he became the first barbarian to ever get an Imperial princess as a wife . The idea of Muscovy as heir to Rome crystallized with a panegyric letter composed by the Russian monk Philotheus ( Filofey ) of Pskov in 1510 to their son Grand Duke Vasili III , which proclaimed , `` Two Romes have fallen . The third stands . And there will be no fourth . No one shall replace your Christian Tsardom ! '' Contrary to the common misconception , Filofey explicitly identifies Third Rome with Muscovy ( the country ) rather than with Moscow ( the city ) , although the term `` Muscovy '' was considered synonymous with the Russian lands at the time . Somewhat notably , Moscow is placed on seven hills , as were Rome and Constantinople . The whole idea could be traced as early as 1492 when Metropolitan of Moscow Zosimus expressed it in a foreword to his work of 1492 `` Presentation of the Paschalion '' ( Russian : `` Изложение Пасхалии '' ) . Shortly before Joseph II inherited the States of the House of Austria , he traveled to Russia in 1780 . In her conversations with him Catherine II made it clear that she would renew the Byzantine empire and to use her one - year - old grandson Konstantin as Emperor of Constantinople . The guest tried to suggest to the guest that he could be held harmless in the Papal States . Ottoman claims ( edit ) Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror with patriarch Gennadius II depicted on an 18th - century mosaic After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD , Mehmed II declared himself Kayser - i Rum , literally `` Caesar of Rome '' . The claim was recognized by the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople , but not by Roman Catholic Western Europe . Gennadios ( Georgios Scholarios ) , a staunch enemy of the West , had been enthroned Patriarch of Constantinople with all the ceremonial attributes of Byzantium by Mehmed himself acting as Roman Emperor and in turn Gennadios recognized Mehmed as successor to the throne . Mehmed 's claim rested with the concept that Constantinople was the seat of the Roman Empire , after the transfer of its capital to Constantinople in 330 AD and the fall of the Western Roman Empire . Mehmed also had a blood lineage to the Byzantine Imperial family ; his predecessor , Sultan Orhan I had married a Byzantine princess , and Mehmed may have claimed descent from John Tzelepes Komnenos . During that period the Ottoman Empire also destroyed Otranto and its people , and Mehmed II was planning on taking Rome itself when the Italian campaign was cut short by his sudden death . The title fell into disuse after his death , but the imperial bodies created by Mehmed II lived on for centuries to come . Greek claims ( edit ) Main article : Megali Idea The term appeared for the first time during the debates of Prime Minister Ioannis Kolettis with King Otto that preceded the promulgation of the 1844 constitution . This was a visionary nationalist aspiration that was to dominate foreign relations and , to a significant extent , determine domestic politics of the Greek state for much of the first century of independence . The expression was new in 1844 but the concept had roots in the Greek popular psyche . It long had hopes of liberation from Turkish rule and restoration of the Byzantine Empire . Πάλι με χρόνια με καιρούς , πάλι δικά μας θα ' ναι ! ( Once more , as years and time go by , once more they shall be ours ) . The Megali Idea implied the goal of reviving the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire , by establishing a Greek state , which would be , as ancient geographer Strabo wrote , a Greek world encompassing mostly the former Byzantine lands from the Ionian Sea to the west , to Asia Minor and the Black Sea to the east and from Thrace , Macedonia and Epirus to the north , to Crete and Cyprus to the south . This new state would have Constantinople as its capital : it would be the `` Greece of Two Continents and Five Seas '' ( Europe and Asia , the Ionian , Aegean , Marmara , Black and Libyan seas , respectively ) . Bulgarian claims ( edit ) In 913 , Simeon I of Bulgaria was crowned Emperor ( Tsar ) by the Patriarch of Constantinople and imperial regent Nicholas Mystikos outside of the Byzantine capital . In its final simplified form , the title read `` Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Romans '' ( Tsar i samodarzhets na vsichki balgari i gartsi in the modern vernacular ) . The Roman component in the Bulgarian imperial title indicated both rulership over Greek speakers and the derivation of the imperial tradition from the Romans , however this component was never recognised by the Byzantine court . Byzantine recognition of Simeon 's imperial title was revoked by the succeeding Byzantine government . The decade 914 -- 924 was spent in destructive warfare between Byzantium and Bulgaria over this and other matters of conflict . The Bulgarian monarch , who had further irritated his Byzantine counterpart by claiming the title `` Emperor of the Romans '' ( basileus tōn Rōmaiōn ) , was eventually recognized , as `` Emperor of the Bulgarians '' ( basileus tōn Boulgarōn ) by the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos in 924 . Byzantine recognition of the imperial dignity of the Bulgarian monarch and the patriarchal dignity of the Bulgarian patriarch was again confirmed at the conclusion of permanent peace and a Bulgarian - Byzantine dynastic marriage in 927 . In the meantime , the Bulgarian imperial title may have been also confirmed by the pope . The Bulgarian imperial title `` tsar '' was adopted by all Bulgarian monarchs up to the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule . 14th - century Bulgarian literary compositions clearly denote the Bulgarian capital ( Tarnovo ) as a successor of Rome and Constantinople , in effect , the `` Third Rome '' . Serbian claims ( edit ) See also : Emperor of the Serbs Flag of the Serbian Empire In 1345 , the Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan proclaimed himself Emperor ( Tsar ) and was crowned as such at Skopje on Easter 1346 by the newly created Serbian Patriarch , and by the Patriarch of Bulgaria and the autocephalous Archbishop of Ohrid . His imperial title was recognized by Bulgaria and various other neighbors and trading partners but not by the Byzantine Empire . In its final simplified form , the Serbian imperial title read `` Emperor of Serbs and Greeks '' ( цар Срба и Грка in modern Serbian ) . It was only employed by Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and his son Stefan Uroš V in Serbia ( until his death in 1371 ) , after which it became extinct . A half - brother of Dušan , Simeon Uroš , and then his son Jovan Uroš , claimed the same title , until the latter 's abdication in 1373 , while ruling as dynasts in Thessaly . The `` Greek '' component in the Serbian imperial title indicates both rulership over Greeks and the derivation of the imperial tradition from the Romans . Successor to the Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) German claims ( edit ) Austrian Empire German Empire Both claimed to be the heir of the Holy Roman Empire . The Carolingian Empire has been claimed to have deliberately sought to revive the Roman Empire in the West . According to early German nationalism , the Carolingian Empire transformed into the Holy Roman Empire as a continuation of the Western Roman Empire . In 800 , the title of Emperor of the Romans was granted to Charlemagne by Pope Leo III . The word `` holy '' ( often retroactively applied to all emperors since Charlemagne ) was added under the reign of emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1157 . After the Holy Roman Empire was dismantled in 1806 , the Austrian Empire sought to lay claim as the heir of the Holy Roman Empire as Austria 's Habsburgs attempted to unite Germany under their rule . Later the German Empire in 1871 also claimed to be the Third Rome , also through lineage of the HRE . The title for emperors of the Holy Roman Empire , the Austrian Empire and the German Empire was Kaiser ( derived from Latin Caesar ) , the German word for emperor . Claims by the German Empire of 1871 to 1918 of being a `` Third Rome '' have been criticized because the German Empire was led by a Protestant ruler and no concordat had been achieved with the Catholic Church ( that was a major basis of the continuation of Roman culture in the West ) . French claims ( edit ) Main article : First French Empire Eagle of Napoleon Bonaparte of France In four campaigns , the Emperor transformed his `` Carolingian '' feudal and federal empire into one modelled on the Roman Empire . The memories of imperial Rome were for a third time , after Julius Caesar and Charlemagne , used to modify the historical evolution of France . Though the vague plan for an invasion of Great Britain was never executed , the Battle of Ulm and the Battle of Austerlitz overshadowed the defeat of Trafalgar , and the camp at Boulogne put at Napoleon 's disposal the best military resources he had commanded , in the form of La Grande Armée . Italy as the Third Rome ( edit ) In Italy , the concept of a `` Third Rome '' is related to the capital of the Kingdom of Italy , created in 1861 , and the current Italian Republic , created in 1946 . Risorgimento ( edit ) Giuseppe Mazzini , Italian nationalist and patriot , promoted the notion of the `` Third Rome '' during the Risorgimento . He said , `` After the Rome of the emperors , after the Rome of the Popes , there will come the Rome of the people '' , addressing Italian unification and the establishment of Rome as the capital . After the unification of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy , the state was referred to as the Third Rome by Italian figures . After the unification , Mazzini spoke of the need of Italy as a Third Rome to have imperial aspirations . Mazzini said that Italy should `` invade and colonize Tunisian lands '' as it was the `` key to the Central Mediterranean '' , and he viewed Italy as having the right to dominate the Mediterranean Sea as ancient Rome had done . Fascist Empire ( edit ) See also : Italian Empire and Italian Fascism An aquila clutching a fasces was a common symbol used in Fascist Italy . In his speeches , Italian leader Benito Mussolini referred to his Fascist Italy as a `` Third Rome '' or as a New Roman Empire . Terza Roma ( Third Rome ; the Fascist Rome after the Imperial and the Papal ones ) was also a name for Mussolini 's plan to expand Rome towards Ostia and the sea . The EUR neighbourhood was the first step in that direction . The European Union as Third Rome ( edit ) Although the European Union has never officially claimed to be the resurrection of the Roman Empire , it has a substantial cultural , geographical and historical claim . Greco - Roman culture was spread throughout Europe during the Empire and has laid the foundation of European civilisation , and as such , Roman laws , philosophy and cultural institutions have largely survived in Europe and the territories that make up the European Union , whereas they have been close to completely lost in the non-European parts of the Empire post the Islamic Expansion . With the spread of Latin Christendom , the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire , and the survival of the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Catholic Church , the Roman identity was never completely lost , but transformed into a Christian Identity , as Europe became synonymous with the Land of Christendom during the Carolingian Renaissance . As Greco - Roman culture was imitated and consciously resurrected during the Italian Renaissance of the 14th century , this Christian identity lost its emphasis on religion and gained focus on shared linguistic , historic and cultural origins , transforming into the European Identity . These three identities ( Roman , Christian and European ) are ultimately based on a sense of belonging to European Civilisation , and as such , one can claim that the European identity is a modern version of the Roman , making a union of Europeans a modern version of Rome . Continuity of European civilisation and unity ( edit ) Greco - mionoan civilisation ( edit ) European Civilisation started in Crete as the Minoans created the first European high culture in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC . The Minoans remained the only high culture in Europe for over 1000 years , and spread their civilisation throughout the Aegean world , most notably to the Mycenaean Greeks , who had settled on the Greek mainland . By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC , the Mycenaeans had become heavily `` Minoanised '' and made large parts of Minoan culture their own , including art , writing system , architecture and religion . After the Mycenaean conquest of Crete and remaining Minoan territories , these two cultures merged into a single Graco - minoan culture . This culture was largely lost in the Bronze Age collapse , after which the Greek Dark Ages ensued . Greco - Roman civilisation ( edit ) In the early 9th century BC , the Greeks embarked on a conscious effort to restore their former grandeur and sophistication , leading to the Greek Renaissance ca . 900 - 600 BC and revival of Greco - Minoan culture . This period is followed by Classical Antiquity , during which the Greeks established the intellectual core of European civilisation . They spent most of this time disunited , with the most powerful Greek states , Athens , Sparta and Thebes , competed for hegemony . However , they did unite for short periods , most notably during the Persian wars and under Phillip the Great of Macedonia . More importantly , they had an extremely strong in - out - group mentality with regards to their culture , considering the peoples of Asia alien degenerates , and viewing the non-hellenised peoples in Europe as barbarians . As such , even though political unity was mostly absent during this time , Greek ( and thus European ) civilisation was viewed as something very distinct from other peoples . As the Greek influence grew , much of European Mediterranean was colonised and Hellenised . This included modern Italy from Sicily to Naples ( founded by the Greeks as Neapolis ) . In particular , the Latin people and the City - state of Rome was Hellenised to an extent where they adopted Greek philosophy , architecture , writing system and religion and made it their own , much like the Greeks had adopted the Minoan culture . As the Romans expanded their power and conquered all of Southern and most of Western and Central Europe , these regions were Romanised , many of them to an extent that they adopted the Roman identity , Latin as their primary language ( e.g. all of France and Iberia ) , and as Rome converted to Christendom , so did all of Roman Europe . As the West Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD , Roman civilisation in Western Europe was severely damaged , and the European Dark Ages began . The Holy Roman Empire and modern era ( edit ) In the 8th century , the Franks , with the support of the Catholic Church , had established an Empire that compromised most of Western Europe . As Charlemagne ( German : Karl der Große ) inherited the Frankish realm , he expanded it to all of Central and Western Europe except the southern tip of Italy and Iberia , and proclaimed the Roman Empire ( calling it the Holy Roman Empire ) to have been reestablished , and was crowned as Roman Emperor by the Pope in Rome . During his reign , he launched an enormous project to resurrect Roman culture , copying the former Empire 's organisational , education and legal systems , art , and classical literature . This is today known as the Carolingian Renaissance , and its main instrument was the Catholic church , the only Roman institution that had survived the collapse , and preserved major elements of Greco - Roman thought , philosophy , science and administration . This , combined with the influence of the Eastern Roman Empire over eastern Europe and the spread of Orthodox Christendom , lead to the subsequent European renaissances ( i.e. the Ottoian , 12th century and in particular the Italian Renaissance from the 14th to 17th centuries ) , which transferred Roman culture to modern era Europe . The most successful effort of any Holy Roman Emperor to ever fully revive the West Roman Empire was arguably made by Emperor Charles V Quint of Hapsburg , who at the height of his power rule all of Spain , half of Italy , the Netherlands , Alsace and Loarraine , Austria and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire . He had the ambition to unite all the Lands of Christendom , but had to abdicate due to religious tension within the Empire , debt in Spain and humiliating loss of Imperial territory to France . The Holy Roman Empire survived as a super-national institution until 1806 , when it was conquered by Napoleon , and saw itself as the legitimate heir of Rome and uniter of the Lands of Christendom during most if not all of its existence . After this , Napoleon laid his own claim to having resurrected the Roman Empire , as he had united not only the regions of Charlemagne 's Empire , but also Italy and Spain , giving him control of close to all of the West Roman Empire . He was crowned Emperor by the Pope in Rome in 1807 in a ceremony entirely modeled on the coronation of Charlemagne . He adopted the Roman eagle as his standard and proclaimed the following : `` I am a true Roman Emperor ; I am of the best race of the Caesars -- those who are founders . '' After Napoleon 's final defeat and the dissolution of his Empire in 1815 , no European ruler has claimed to revive the Roman Empire . The 19th century did , however , see the birth of the first pan-European movements , calling for a united Europe . This idea was popular among intellectuals , and the term `` United States of Europe '' became widespread , perhaps most famously used be Victor Hugo during his speech at the International Peace Conference 1847 : `` A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face , reaching out for each other across the seas . '' During the second world war , Nazi Germany did subjugate France and the Netherlands , giving it political control over much of Charlemagne 's original empire , however , it saw itself as an entirely German entity with no pan-European identity . It considered itself as the Third German Reich , with the Holy Roman Empire being the first and Imperial Germany being the second , its symbolism was modeled on pre-Romanised pagan Germanic culture , using runes and other pagan symbols in its iconography , and its ultimate goal was to expand ethic Germany , exterminating other European peoples ( especially to the east ) , as opposed to uniting European civilisation . After the war , France launched a European unification project with itself at its core , starting with the Coal and Steal union , followed by the European Community , and finally the European Union . As such , throughout all of European history , there has powerful driving force for political unity . A similar phenomenon can be found at the other side of the Eurasian continent in China , although this driving force has arguably been much stronger than the European equivalent for the past 2000 years . Historic symbolism used by the European Union ( edit ) Europa and the bull ( edit ) The European Union uses a variety symbols from Greco - Roman culture . In its official buildings are statues of the Goddess Europa and the bull , taken from ancient Crete . In Greek mythology , Zeus transforms himself into a bull , and carries Europa to Crete , where they have the son Minos , who is the first ruler of Crete . This is hence a reference not only to the Hellenic religion practiced by both the Greeks , the Romans , and the peoples they brought into European civilisation , but also to the Minoans , and it represents the ancient Greeks understanding and veneration of where their culture comes from . This bull can further be seen on the Residence Permit of all non-European residing within the Union . Charlemagne ( edit ) Since 2008 , the European Parliament , together with the city of Aachen ( which was Charlemagne 's capital city ) , hands out Charlemagne 's Youth Price to a young European who has done a great service to European Unity . This is a recognition of Charlemagne 's contribution to resurrecting European civilisation in Western Europe and his ambition for European unity . Perhaps it is also a recognition of the fact that the Holy Roman Empire laid the institutional groundwork for the Union , as it too was an entity above nation states that provided politically alignment and collective protection for a range of different European peoples . In popular culture ( edit ) The concept of a `` Third Rome '' figures greatly in the second memoir of Whittaker Chambers . Although published posthumously as Cold Friday ( 1964 ) , Chambers had planned it from inception as `` The Third Rome '' . A long chapter called `` The Third Rome '' appears in the memoir . Third Rome is also a DLC for Europa Universalis IV , a grand strategy history game adding features for the Russians . See also ( edit ) Europe portal History portal Byzantium after Byzantium ( monograph ) Legacy of the Roman Empire Russian Empire Translatio imperii References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koon , Tracy H. ( 1985 ) . Believe , Obey , Fight : Political Socialization of Youth in Fascist Italy , 1922 - 1943 . UNC Press Books . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1652 - 3 . Extract of page 20 Jump up ^ https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 ^ Jump up to : Mashkov , A.D. Moscow is the Third Rome ( МОСКВА - ТРЕТІЙ РИМ ) . Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Robert Auty , Dimitri Obolensky ( Ed . ) , An Introduction to Russian Language and Literature , p. 94 , Cambridge University Press 1997 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 20894 - 7 Jump up ^ Alar Laats , The concept of the Third Rome and its political implications , p. 102 Jump up ^ Parry , Ken ; Melling , David , eds. ( 1999 ) . The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . p. 490 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 23203 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nicol , Donald MacGillivray , Last Centuries of Byzantium , 1261 -- 1453 , Cambridge University Press , Second Edition , 1993 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Filofey Jump up ^ Derek Beales : Joseph II , Band 1 , Cambridge 1987 , p. 431 -- 438 . Jump up ^ İlber Ortaylı , `` Büyük Constantin ve İstanbul '' , Milliyet , 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Dimitri Kitsikis , Türk - Yunan İmparatorluğu . Arabölge gerçeği ışığında Osmanlı Tarihine bakış -- İstanbul , İletişim Yayınları , 1996 . Jump up ^ Norwich , John Julius ( 1995 ) . Byzantium : The Decline and Fall . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 81 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41650 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bunson , Matthew . `` How the 800 Martyrs of Otranto Saved Rome '' . Catholic Answers . Archived from the original on 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : History of Greece Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ D. Bolukbasi and D. Bölükbaşı , Turkey And Greece : The Aegean Disputes , Routledge Cavendish 2004 ^ Jump up to : Craig M. White . The Great German Nation : Origins and Destiny . AuthorHouse , 2007 . P. 139 . Jump up ^ Peter Moraw , Heiliges Reich , in : Lexikon des Mittelalters , Munich & Zurich : Artemis 1977 -- 1999 , vol. 4 , columns 2025 -- 2028 . Jump up ^ Warwick Ball . Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire . London , England , UK : Routledge , 2000 . P. 449 . ^ Jump up to : Craig M. White . The Great German Nation : Origins and Destiny . AuthorHouse , 2007 . P. 169 . Jump up ^ Rome Seminar Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christopher Duggan . The Force of Destiny : A History of Italy Since 1796 . New York , New York , USA : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2008 . P. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Silvana Patriarca , Lucy Riall . The Risorgimento Revisited : Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth - Century Italy . P. 248 . Jump up ^ Martin Clark , Mussolini : Profiles in Power ( London : Pearson Longman , 2005 ) , 136 . Jump up ^ Discorso pronunciato in Campidoglio per l'insediamento del primo Governatore di Roma il 31 dicembre 1925 , Internet Archive copy of a page with a Mussolini speech . Jump up ^ https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/legal-roman-eagles_how-ancient-rome-influenced-european-law/36688830 Jump up ^ f Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Dawson , Christopher ; Glenn Olsen ( 1961 ) . Crisis in Western Education ( reprint ed . ) . p. 108 . ISBN 9780813216836 . was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Hood , Sinclair . The Minoans : Crete in the Bronze Age . Thames and Hudson , 1971 , pg. 114 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Karl - Wilhelm Welwei : Die Griechische Frühzeit , C.H. Beck , München , 2002 . ISBN 3406479855 . pp. 12 -- 18 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ http://etc.ancient.eu/interviews/what-caused-the-bronze-age-collapse/ Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-mVFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=ancient+greek+asia+degenerate&source=bl&ots=RxC-Jm68Vm&sig=T3Njm0OVqyrYNM0gFC2B0wavjB4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij-IvAkcHYAhVC6RQKHarZBOQQ6AEIPjAF#v=onepage&q=ancient%20greek%20asia%20degenerate&f=false Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofrome_article_01.shtml Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlemagne Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor Jump up ^ http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/end-holy-roman-empire Jump up ^ https://www.warhistoryonline.com/ancient-history/napoleon-as-augustus.html Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1945 Jump up ^ http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture5b.html Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Rome#The_Holy_Roman_Empire_and_Modern_Era Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Rome#The_Holy_Roman_Empire_and_Modern_Era Jump up ^ Chambers , Whittaker ( 1964 ) . Cold Friday . New York : Random House . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Conor Cruise ( 19 November 1964 ) . `` The Perjured Saint '' . The New York Review of Books . Jump up ^ Chambers , David ( 9 July 2011 ) . `` Whittaker Chambers ( 1901 -- 1961 ) : Ghosts and Phantoms '' . WhittakerChambers.org . Bibliography ( edit ) Chambers , Whittaker ( 1964 ) . Cold Friday . New York : Random House . Dmytryshyn , Basil ( transl ) . 1991 . Medieval Russia : A Source Book , 850 -- 1700 . 259 -- 261 . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . Fort Worth , Texas . Poe , Marshall . `` Moscow , the Third Rome : the Origins and Transformations of a ' Pivotal Moment ' . '' Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas ( 2001 ) ( In Russian : `` Izobretenie kontseptsii `` Moskva -- Tretii Rim '' . Ab Imperio . Teoriia i istoriia natsional'nostei i natsionalizma v postsovetskom prostranstve 1 : 2 ( 2000 ) , 61 -- 86 . ) Martin , Janet. 1995 . Medieval Russia : 980 - 1584 . 293 . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge , UK . Stremooukhoff , Dimitri ( January 1953 ) . `` Moscow The Third Rome : Sources of the Doctrine '' . Speculum. 84 -- 101 . Italian Empire Subdivisions Western Mediterranean Southeastern France Monaco Corsica Balkans Albanian Kingdom Islands of the Aegean Kingdom of Croatia Dalmatia Greece Hellenic State Principality of the Pindus Ionian Islands Italian Province of Lubiana Kingdom of Montenegro Italian East Africa Italian Eritrea Eritrea Governorate Italian Somaliland Somalia Governorate Italian Oltre Giuba British Somaliland Italian Ethiopia Amhara Governorate Harrar Governorate Galla - Sidamo Governorate Scioa Governorate Italian Libya Libya Cyrenaica Tripolitania Fezzan Far East Italian concession of Tientsin Concessions of Italy in China Planned expansion Egypt Majorca Tentative to occupy French Somaliland Kenya Sudan Malta Ticino , Valais and Grisons Tunisia The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red . Pink areas were annexed / occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 . Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown . 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lamb of god as the palaces burn album

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=As_the_Palaces_Burn&oldid=835628465

As the Palaces Burn - wikipedia As the Palaces Burn Jump to : navigation , search As the Palaces Burn Studio album by Lamb of God Released May 6 , 2003 Recorded 2002 Studio Montana , Inc. , Richmond , Virginia Genre Groove metal Length 38 : 06 Label Prosthetic , Black Market Activities Producer Devin Townsend , Lamb of God Lamb of God chronology New American Gospel ( 2000 ) As the Palaces Burn ( 2003 ) Ashes of the Wake ( 2004 ) Singles from As the Palaces Burn `` Ruin '' Released : March 2003 `` 11th Hour '' Released : October 2003 `` As the Palaces Burn '' Released : March 1 , 2004 `` Vigil '' Released : October 22 , 2013 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Blabbermouth.net 8 / 10 Blender Entertainment Weekly Rolling Stone As the Palaces Burn is the third studio album by American groove metal band Lamb of God , released under Prosthetic Records in 2003 . As the Palaces Burn received considerably more airplay than their previous effort , with three singles . The album was produced by Lamb of God and Devin Townsend . The band released a 10th anniversary edition of the album on November 11 , 2013 , with remixed and remastered tracks , including bonus demo tracks . The 10th - anniversary edition of the album only sold around 6,400 copies in the United States in its first week of release to land at position No. 64 on The Billboard 200 chart . As of 2013 , `` As The Palaces Burn '' has sold 270,000 copies since its May 2003 release , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Accolades 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 4 Release history 5 Charts 6 References Accolades ( edit ) In 2017 , Rolling Stone put As the Palaces Burn at # 86 on their Top 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time list with Dan Epstein praising Devin Townsend 's production which helped sharpen the guitar riffs on songs like `` Vigil '' , `` Ruin '' and `` 11th Hour '' . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Lamb of God . No . Title Length 1 . `` Ruin '' 3 : 55 2 . `` As the Palaces Burn '' 2 : 24 3 . `` Purified '' 3 : 11 4 . `` 11th Hour '' 3 : 44 5 . `` For Your Malice '' 3 : 43 6 . `` Boot Scraper '' 4 : 40 7 . `` A Devil in God 's Country '' 3 : 10 8 . `` In Defense of Our Good Name '' 4 : 13 9 . `` Blood Junkie '' 4 : 23 10 . `` Vigil '' 4 : 42 Total length : 38 : 06 ( show ) 10th Anniversary bonus tracks No . Title Length 11 . `` Ruin '' ( demo ) 3 : 44 12 . `` As the Palaces Burn '' ( demo ) 2 : 26 13 . `` Blood Junkie '' ( demo ) 4 : 16 Total length : 48 : 32 Personnel ( edit ) Lamb of God Randy Blythe -- vocals Mark Morton -- lead guitar Willie Adler -- rhythm guitar John Campbell -- bass Chris Adler -- drums , percussion Additional musicians Chris Poland -- lead guitar on `` Purified '' Devin Townsend -- guitar on `` A Devil in God 's Country '' Steve Austin -- appears on `` 11th Hour '' Additional personne Devin Townsend -- production , engineering Shaun Thingvold -- mixing Josh Wilbur - mixing ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Louie Teran -- mastering Brad Blackwood - mastering ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Carla Lewis , Dan Kearley , Dennis Solomon , Grant Rutledge , Scott Cooke -- assistant engineers Petar Sardelich -- engineer for Chris Poland K3N -- artwork Adam Wentworth -- picture disc artwork redesign Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label Format Catalog US 2003 Prosthetic CD 10008 - 2 US 2003 Prosthetic CD / DVD 793018 291902 European Union Epic CD EPC 513880 2 Australia & New Zealand Epic CD 5138 8 02000 US Black Market Activities LP BMA 006 US 2009 Prosthetic LP 6561910008 - 1 Worldwide November 11 , 2013 Prosthetic / Razor & Tie CD LOG000CD00 - DL LP LOG000LP00 - DL Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 64 US Top Tastemaker Albums ( Billboard ) 25 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rivadavia , Eduardo . `` As the Palaces Burn - Lamb of God '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Clay . `` As Palaces Burn - Lamb of God '' . Blabbermouth.net . Jump up ^ Vincentelli , Elisabeth ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Damnation and a Day ; As the Palaces Burn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kirk ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Lamb Of God : As The Palaces Burn : Music Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : http://exclaim.ca/News/lamb_of_god_celebrate_10th_anniversary_of_as_palaces_burn_with_deluxe_reissue Jump up ^ http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/lamb-of-god-entire-10th-anniversary-edition-of-as-the-palaces-burn-available-for-streaming/ Jump up ^ http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/lamb-of-god-first-week-sales-revealed-for-10th-anniversary-edition-of-as-the-palaces-burn/ Jump up ^ Epstein , Dan . `` The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time : 86 . Lamb of God , ' As the Palaces Burn ' ( 2003 ) '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lamb of God Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lamb of God Chart History ( Top Tastemaker Albums ) '' . Billboard . Lamb of God John Campbell Chris Adler Randy Blythe Mark Morton Willie Adler Studio albums Burn the Priest New American Gospel As the Palaces Burn Ashes of the Wake Sacrament Wrath Resolution VII : Sturm und Drang Other releases Killadelphia Hourglass : The Anthology Videos Killadelphia Walk with Me in Hell Singles `` Laid to Rest '' `` Redneck '' Related articles Discography Sacrament Tour Wrath Tour Resolution Tour Randy Blythe manslaughter case Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_the_Palaces_Burn&oldid=835628465 '' Categories : 2003 albums Lamb of God ( band ) albums Black Market Activities albums Prosthetic Records albums Albums produced by Devin Townsend Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 20 : 49 . 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who attended all the three round table conferences

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Round_Table_Conferences_(India)&oldid=837863360

Round Table conferences ( India ) - wikipedia Round Table conferences ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Anglo - Indian round table conferences . For Dutch - Indonesian round table conference , see Dutch - Indonesian Round Table Conference . For other uses , see Round Table ( disambiguation ) . The three Round Table Conferences of 1930 -- 32 were a series of conferences organized by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India . They were conducted as per the recommendation of Jinnah to Viceroy Lord Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald , and by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930 . Demands for swaraj , or self - rule , in India had been growing increasingly strong . By the 1930s , many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion status . However , there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British political parties that the Conferences would not resolve . Contents ( hide ) 1 First Round Table Conference ( November 1930 -- January 1931 ) 1.1 Participants 1.2 Proceedings 2 Second Round Table Conference ( September -- December 1931 ) 2.1 Participants 2.2 Proceedings 3 Third Round Table Conference ( November -- December 1932 ) 3.1 Participants 4 References 5 Further reading First Round Table conference ( November 1930 -- January 1931 ) ( edit ) The Round Table Conference officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November 12 , 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London and chaired by the British Prime Minister , Ramsay MacDonald . The three British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates . There were fifty - eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states . In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference . However , the Indian National Congress , along with Indian business leaders , kept away from the conference . Many of them were in jail for their participation in Civil Disobedience Movement . Participants ( edit ) British Representatives : Labour : Ramsay Macdonald , Lord Sankey , Wedgwood Benn , Arthur Henderson , J.H. Thomas , William Jowitt , Hastings Lees - Smith , Earl Russell Conservative : Earl Peel , Marquess of Zetland , Samuel Hoare , Oliver Stanley Liberal : Marquess of Reading , Marquess of Lothian , Sir Robert Hamilton , Isaac Foot Indian States ' Representatives : Maharaja of Alwar , Maharaja of Baroda , Nawab of Bhopal , Maharaja of Bikaner , Rana of Dholpur , Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja of Nawanagar , Maharaja of Patiala ( Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes ) , Maharaja of Rewa , Chief Sahib of Sangli , Sir Prabhashankar Pattani ( Bhavnagar ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Baroda ) , Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan ( Gwalior ) , Akbar Hydari ( Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Mysore ) , Col. Kailas Narain Haksar ( Jammu and Kashmir ) British - Indian Representatives : Muslim League : Aga Khan III ( leader of British - Indian delegation ) , Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar , Muhammad Shafi , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , A.K. Fazlul Huq , Hafiz Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli , A.H. Ghuznavi Hindus : B.S. Moonje , M.R. Jayakar , Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath Liberals : J.N. Basu , Tej Bahadur Sapru , C.Y. Chintamani , V.S. Srinivasa Sastri , Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad Justice Party : Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav , Sir A.P. Patro Depressed Classes : B.R. Ambedkar , Rettamalai Srinivasan Sikhs : Sardar Ujjal Singh , Sardar Sampuran Singh Parsis : Phiroze Sethna , Cowasji Jehangir , Homi Mody Indian Christians : K.T. Paul Europeans : Sir Hubert Carr , Sir Oscar de Glanville ( Burma ) , T.F. Gavin Jones , C.E. Wood ( Madras ) Anglo - Indians : Henry Gidney Women : Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz , Radhabai Subbarayan Landlords : Maharaja Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga ( Bihar ) , Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari ( United Provinces ) , Raja of Parlekhmundi ( Orissa ) , Provash Chandra Mitter Labour : N.M. Joshi , B. Shiva Rao Universities : Syed Sultan Ahmed , Bisheshwar Dayal Seth , Burma : U Aung Thin , Ba U , M.M. Ohn Ghine Sindh : Shah Nawaz Bhutto , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Other Provinces : Chandradhar Barua ( Assam ) , Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum ( NWFP ) , S.B. Tambe ( Central Provinces ) Government of India : Narendra Nath Law , Bhupendra Nath Mitra , C.P. Ramaswami Iyer , M. Ramachandra Rao Officials attending in consultative capacity : W.M. Hailey , C.A. Innes , A.C. MacWatters , H.G. Haig , L.W. Reynolds Indian States Delegation Staff : Hyderabad : Sir Richard Chenevix - Trench , Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung , Ahmed Hussain , Nawab Sir Amin Jung Bahadur , Sir Reginald Glancy South Indian States : T. Raghavaiah Baroda : V.T. Krishnamachari Alwar : Fateh Naseeb Khan Orissa States : K.C. Neogy Nominated by the Chamber of Princes Special Organisation : L.F. Rushbrook Williams , Qazi Ali Haidar Abbasi , Jarmani Dass , A.B. Latthe , D.A. Surve Secretariats : S.K. Brown , V. Dawson , K.S. Fitze , W.H. Lewis , R.J. Stopford , J. Coatman , Marmaduke Pickthall , K.M. Panikkar , N.S. Subba Rao , Geoffrey Corbett , A. Latifi , Girija Shankar Bajpai Secretariat - General : R.H.A. Carter , Mian Abdul Aziz , W.D. Croft , G.E.J. Gent , B.G. Holdsworth , R.F. Mudie , G.S. Rajadhya Proceedings ( edit ) The conference started with 6 plenary meetings where delegates put forward their issues 9 sub committees were formed to deal with several different matters including federal structure , provincial constitution , province of Sindh and NWFP , defense services and minorities e.t.c. These were followed by discussions on the reports of the sub-committees on Federal Structure , Provincial Constitution , Minorities , Burma , North West Frontier Province , Franchise , Defense services and Sindh . These were followed by 2 more plenary meetings and a final concluding session . It was difficult for progress to be made in the absence of the Indian National Congress but some advances were made . The idea of an All - India Federation was moved to the centre of discussion by Tej Bahadur Sapru . All the groups attending the conference supported this concept . The princely states agreed to the proposed federation provided that their internal sovereignty was guaranteed . The Muslim League also supported the federation as it had always been opposed to a strong Centre . The British agreed that representative government should be introduced on provincial level . Other important discussions were the responsibility of the executive to the legislature and a separate electorate for the Untouchables as demanded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar . Second Round Table conference ( September -- december 1931 ) ( edit ) The Congress had boycotted the first conference was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru , M.R. Jayakar and V.S. Srinivasa Sastri . A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin known as the Gandhi -- Irwin Pact was reached and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference . By this time , there was a coalition Government in Britain with a Conservative majority . It was held in London in September 1931 . The discussion led to the passing of the Government Of India act of 1935 . Participants ( edit ) British Representatives : Labour : Ramsay Macdonald , Wedgwood Benn , Arthur Henderson , William Jowitt , Hastings Lees - Smith , F.W. hick - Lawrence , Lord Sankey , Lord Snell , J.H. Thomas Conservative : Viscount Hailsham , Samuel Hoare , Earl Peel , Oliver Stanley , Marquess of Zetland Scottish Unionist : Walter Elliot Liberal : Isaac Foot , Henry Graham White , Robert Hamilton , Marquess of Lothian , Marquess of Reading , Indian States ' Representatives : Maharaja of Alwar , Maharaja of Baroda , Nawab of Bhopal , Maharaja of Bikaner , Maharao of Kutch , Rana of Dholpur , Maharaja of Indore , Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja of Kapurthala , Maharaja of Nawanagar , Maharaja of Patiala , Maharaja of Rewa , Chief Sahib of Sangli , Raja of Korea , Raja of Sarila , Sir Prabhashankar Pattani ( Bhavnagar ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Baroda ) , Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan ( Gwalior ) , Sir Muhammad Akbar Hydari ( Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Mysore ) , Col. K.N. Haksar ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , T. Raghavaiah ( Travancore ) , Liaqat Hayat Khan ( Patiala ) British - Indian Representatives : Government of India : C.P. Ramaswami Iyer , Narendra Nath Law , M. Ramachandra Rao Indian National Congress : Mahatma Gandhi ( He was the sole representative of the Congress ) . Muslims : Aga Khan III , Maulana Shaukat Ali , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , A.K. Fazlul Huq , Muhammad Iqbal , Muhammad Shafi , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , Syed Ali Imam , Maulvi Muhammad Shafi Daudi , Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli , A.H. Ghuznavi , Hafiz Hidayat Hussain , Sayed Muhammad Padshah Saheb Bahadur , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Jamal Muhammad , khaja Mian Rowther , Nawab Sahibzada Sayed Muhammad Mehr Shah Hindus : M.R. Jayakar , B.S. Moonje , Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath Liberals : J.N. Basu , C.Y. Chintamani , Tej Bahadur Sapru , V.S. Srinivasa Sastri , Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad Justice Party : Raja of Bobbili , Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Sir A.P. Patro , Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav Depressed Classes : B.R. Ambedkar , Rettamalai Srinivasan , Sikhs : Sardar Ujjal Singh , Sardar Sampuran Singh Parsis : Cowasji Jehangir , Homi Mody , Phiroze Sethna Indian Christians : Surendra Kumar Datta , A.T. Pannirselvam Europeans : E.C. Benthall , Sir Hubert Carr , T.F. Gavin Jones , C.E. Wood ( Madras ) Anglo - Indians : Henry Gidney Women : Sarojini Naidu , Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz , Radhabai Subbarayan Landlords : Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari ( United Provinces ) , Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga ( Bihar ) , Raja of Parlakimedi ( Orissa ) , Sir Provash Chandra Mitter Industry : Ghanshyam Das Birla , Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas , Maneckji Dadabhoy Labour : N.M. Joshi , B. Shiva Rao , V.V. Giri Universities : Syed Sultan Ahmed , Bisheshwar Dayal Seth Burma : Sir Padamji Ginwala Sindh : Shah Nawaz Bhutto , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Other Provinces : Chandradhar Barua ( Assam ) , Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum ( NWFP ) , S.B. Tambe ( Central Provinces ) Indian States Delegation Staff : V.T. Krishnamachari ( Baroda ) , Richard Chenevix - Trench ( Hyderabad ) , Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung ( Hyderabad ) , S.M. Bapna ( Indore ) , Amar Nath Atal ( Jaipur ) , J.W. Young ( Jodhpur ) , Ram Chandra Kak ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , Sahibzada Abdus Samad Khan ( Rampur ) , K.C. Neogy ( Orissa states ) , L.F. Rushbrook Williams , Jarmani Dass , Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari , K.M. Panikkar , N. Madhava Rao British Delegation Staff : H.G. Haig , V. Dawson , K.S. Fitze , J.G. Laithwaite , W.H. Lewis , P.J. Patrick , J. Coatman , G.T. Garratt , R.J. Stopford British Indian Delegation Staff : Geoffrey Corbett , A. Latifi , Girija Shankar Bajpai , Benegal Rama Rau , Syed Amjad Ali , Prince Aly Khan , A.M. Chaudhury , Mahadev Desai , Govind Malaviya , K.T. Shah , P. Sinha Secretariat - General : R.H.A. Carter , K. Anderson , C.D. Deshmukh , J.M. Sladen , Hugh MacGregor , G.F. Steward , A.H. Joyce , Syed Amjad Ali , Ram Babu Saksena Proceedings ( edit ) The second session opened on September 7 , 1931 . There were three major differences between the first and second Round Table Conferences . By the second : The Second Round Table Conference ( September 7 , 1931 ) Congress Representation -- The Gandhi - Irwin Pact opened the way for Congress participation in this conference . Mahatma Gandhi was invited from India and attended as the sole official Congress representative accompanied by Sarojini Naidu and also Madan Mohan Malaviya , Ghanshyam Das Birla , Muhammad Iqbal , Sir Mirza Ismail ( Diwan of Mysore ) , S.K. Dutta and Sir Syed Ali Imam . Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented political India ; that the Untouchables were Hindus and should not be treated as a `` minority '' ; and that there should be no separate electorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities . These claims were rejected by the other Indian participants . According to this pact , Gandhi was asked to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement ( CDM ) and if he did so the prisoners of the British government would be freed except the criminal prisoners , i.e. those who had killed British officials . He returned to India , disappointed with the results and empty - handed . National Government -- two weeks earlier the Labour government in London had fallen . Ramsay MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party . Financial Crisis -- During the conference , Britain went off the Gold Standard further distracting the National Government . During the Conference , Gandhi could not reach agreement with the Muslims on Muslim representation and safeguards . At the end of the conference Ramsay MacDonald undertook to produce a Communal Award for minority representation , with the provision that any free agreement between the parties could be substituted for his award . Gandhi took particular exception to the treatment of untouchables as a minority separate from the rest of the Hindu community . He clashed with the leader of depressed classes , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , over this issue : the two eventually resolved the situation with the Poona Pact of 1932 . Third Round Table conference ( November -- december 1932 ) ( edit ) The third and last session assembled on November 17 , 1932 . Only forty - six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present . The Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National Congress refused to attend . From September 1931 until March 1933 , under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India , Sir Samuel Hoare , the proposed reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935 . Participants ( edit ) Indian States ' Representatives : Akbar Hydari ( Dewan of Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Dewan of Mysore ) , V.T. Krishnamachari ( Dewan of Baroda ) , Wajahat Hussain ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , Sir Sukhdeo Prasad ( Udaipur , Jaipur , Jodhpur ) , J.A. Surve ( Kolhapur ) , Raja Oudh Narain Bisarya ( Bhopal ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Bikaner ) , Nawab Liaqat Hayat Khan ( Patiala ) , Fateh Naseeb Khan ( Alwar State ) , L.F. Rushbrook Williams ( Nawanagar ) , Raja of Sarila ( small states ) British - Indian Representatives : Aga Khan III , B.R. Ambedkar ( Depressed Classes ) , Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili , Sir Hubert Carr ( Europeans ) , Nanak Chand Pandit , A.H. Ghuznavi , Henry Gidney ( Anglo - Indians ) , Hafiz Hidayat Hussain , Muhammad Iqbal , M.R. Jayakar , Cowasji Jehangir , N.M. Joshi ( Labour ) , Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar , Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz ( Women ) , A.P. Patro , Tej Bahadur Sapru , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Sir Shadi Lal , Tara Singh Malhotra , Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar , Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wolpert , Stanley ( 2013 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan ( 15 ed . ) . Karachi , Pakistan : University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577389 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2012 ) . Shameful Flight ( 1st ed . ) . Karachi , Pakistan : Oxford University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 906606 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Indian Round Table Conference Proceedings . Government of India . 1931 . ^ Jump up to : Prof M. Ikram , Rabbani . Pakistan studies ( 2nd ed . ) . Lahore , Pakistan : Caravan book house . pp. 100 -- 101 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Menon , V.P. ( 1957 ) . Transfer of Power in India . Orient Longman Limited . p. 44 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian Round Table Conference ( Second Session ) Proceedings of the Plenary Sessions ( PDF ) . 1932 . Jump up ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1932/oct/31/round-table-conference-delegates Further Reading ( edit ) Beatty , Michael J. , Ralph R. Behnke , and Barbara Jane Banks . Elements of dialogic communication in Gandhi 's second round table conference address ( 1979 ) : 386 - 398 . Menon , V.P. ( 1995 ) . `` Integration of the Indian States '' , ' Orient Longman Ltd ' Essay on Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences , London 1931 -- 1933 Mahatma Gandhi Life events and movements Indian Ambulance Corps Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Non-cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh Ashrams ( Kochrab Tolstoy Farm Sabarmati Sevagram ) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Gandhi cap Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj ( Indian Home Rule ) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Young India Seven Social Sins ( Gandhi Heritage Portal ) Influences A Letter to a Hindu Ahimsa nonviolence Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience ( essay ) Civil disobedience Fasting Harishchandra Hinduism Khadi John Ruskin Parsee Rustomjee Leo Tolstoy The Kingdom of God Is Within You The Masque of Anarchy Muhammad Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkuṛaḷ Unto This Last Gandhi 's translation `` Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram '' `` Ekla Chalo Re '' `` Hari Tuma Haro '' `` Vaishnava Jana To '' Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C.F. Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J.C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Mithuben Petit Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Shri Krishna Singh Rettamalai Srinivasan V.A. Sundaram Abbas Tyabji Ravishankar Vyas Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Prize Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Indian currency Family Karamchand Gandhi ( father ) Kasturba ( wife ) Harilal ( son ) Manilal ( son ) Ramdas ( son ) Devdas ( son ) Maganlal ( cousin ) Samaldas ( nephew ) Arun ( grandson ) Ela ( granddaughter ) Rajmohan ( grandson ) Gopalkrishna ( grandson ) Ramchandra ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandnephew ) Tushar ( great - grandson ) Leela ( great - granddaughter ) Influenced James Bevel Steve Biko 14th Dalai Lama Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Morarji Desai Eknath Easwaran Maria Lacerda de Moura James Lawson Martin Luther King Jr . Nelson Mandela Brajkishore Prasad Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Aung San Suu Kyi Lanza del Vasto Abhay Bang Sane Guruji Memorials Statues Houston Johannesburg London ( Parliament Square ) New York Patna Pietermaritzburg Washington Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs ' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Bookstores Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum , Madurai Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House Gandhi Teerth Roads named after Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre , Matale Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Allama Muhammad Iqbal Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Mian Muhammad Shafi Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Bahadur Yar Jung Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Hasrat Mohani Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq G.M. Syed Abdur Rab Nishtar Qazi Muhammad Essa Choudhary Rahmat Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq K.H. Khurshid Sikandar Hayat Khan Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan Khawaja Nazimuddin Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Jogendra Nath Mandal more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_Table_Conferences_(India)&oldid=837863360 '' Categories : 1931 in British India Pakistan Movement 1930 in India 1931 in India 1932 in India Indian independence movement Conferences in London 1930 conferences 1931 conferences 1932 conferences 1932 in British India 1930 in British India 20th century in the City of Westminster Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी Norsk தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 14 : 02 . 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3582106290480878099

the faster moving star in a binary is

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Binary_star&oldid=821741678

Binary star - wikipedia Binary star Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Double star . For the hip hop group , see Binary Star ( band ) . Play media Artist 's impression of the evolution of a hot high - mass binary star . Hubble image of the Sirius binary system , in which Sirius B can be clearly distinguished ( lower left ) A binary star is a star system consisting of two stars orbiting around their common barycenter . Systems of two or more stars are called multiple star systems . These systems , especially when more distant , often appear to the unaided eye as a single point of light , and are then revealed as multiple by other means . Research over the last two centuries suggests that half or more of visible stars are part of multiple star systems . The term double star is often used synonymously with binary star ; however , double star can also mean optical double star . Optical doubles are so called because the two stars appear close together in the sky as seen from the Earth ; they are almost on the same line of sight . Nevertheless , their `` doubleness '' depends only on this optical effect ; the stars themselves are distant from one another and share no physical connection . A double star can be revealed as optical by means of differences in their parallax measurements , proper motions , or radial velocities . Most known double stars have not been studied sufficiently closely to determine whether they are optical doubles or they are doubles physically bound through gravitation into a multiple star system . Binary star systems are very important in astrophysics because calculations of their orbits allow the masses of their component stars to be directly determined , which in turn allows other stellar parameters , such as radius and density , to be indirectly estimated . This also determines an empirical mass - luminosity relationship ( MLR ) from which the masses of single stars can be estimated . Binary stars are often detected optically , in which case they are called visual binaries . Many visual binaries have long orbital periods of several centuries or millennia and therefore have orbits which are uncertain or poorly known . They may also be detected by indirect techniques , such as spectroscopy ( spectroscopic binaries ) or astrometry ( astrometric binaries ) . If a binary star happens to orbit in a plane along our line of sight , its components will eclipse and transit each other ; these pairs are called eclipsing binaries , or , as they are detected by their changes in brightness during eclipses and transits , photometric binaries . If components in binary star systems are close enough they can gravitationally distort their mutual outer stellar atmospheres . In some cases , these close binary systems can exchange mass , which may bring their evolution to stages that single stars can not attain . Examples of binaries are Sirius , and Cygnus X-1 ( Cygnus X-1 being a well - known black hole ) . Binary stars are also common as the nuclei of many planetary nebulae , and are the progenitors of both novae and type Ia supernovae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Classifications 2.1 Methods of observation 2.1. 1 Visual binaries 2.1. 2 Spectroscopic binaries 2.1. 3 Eclipsing binaries 2.1. 4 Non-eclipsing binaries that can be detected through photometry 2.1. 5 Astrometric binaries 2.2 Configuration of the system 2.3 Cataclysmic variables and X-ray binaries 3 Orbital period 3.1 Variations in period 4 Designations 4.1 A and B 4.2 Discoverer designations 4.3 Hot and cold 5 Evolution 5.1 Formation 5.2 Mass transfer and accretion 5.3 Runaways and novae 6 Astrophysics 6.1 Calculating the center of mass in binary stars 6.2 Center of mass animations 6.3 Research findings 6.3. 1 Planets 7 Examples 8 Multiple star examples 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External links Discovery ( edit ) The term binary was first used in this context by Sir William Herschel in 1802 , when he wrote : If , on the contrary , two stars should really be situated very near each other , and at the same time so far insulated as not to be materially affected by the attractions of neighbouring stars , they will then compose a separate system , and remain united by the bond of their own mutual gravitation towards each other . This should be called a real double star ; and any two stars that are thus mutually connected , form the binary sidereal system which we are now to consider . By the modern definition , the term binary star is generally restricted to pairs of stars which revolve around a common center of mass . Binary stars which can be resolved with a telescope or interferometric methods are known as visual binaries . For most of the known visual binary stars one whole revolution has not been observed yet , they are observed to have travelled along a curved path or a partial arc . This figure shows a system with two stars The more general term double star is used for pairs of stars which are seen to be close together in the sky . This distinction is rarely made in languages other than English . Double stars may be binary systems or may be merely two stars that appear to be close together in the sky but have vastly different true distances from the Sun . The latter are termed optical doubles or optical pairs . Since the invention of the telescope , many pairs of double stars have been found . Early examples include Mizar and Acrux . Mizar , in the Big Dipper ( Ursa Major ) , was observed to be double by Giovanni Battista Riccioli in 1650 ( and probably earlier by Benedetto Castelli and Galileo ) . The bright southern star Acrux , in the Southern Cross , was discovered to be double by Father Fontenay in 1685 . John Michell was the first to suggest that double stars might be physically attached to each other when he argued in 1767 that the probability that a double star was due to a chance alignment was small . William Herschel began observing double stars in 1779 and soon thereafter published catalogs of about 700 double stars . By 1803 , he had observed changes in the relative positions in a number of double stars over the course of 25 years , and concluded that they must be binary systems ; the first orbit of a binary star , however , was not computed until 1827 , when Félix Savary computed the orbit of Xi Ursae Majoris . Since this time , many more double stars have been catalogued and measured . The Washington Double Star Catalog , a database of visual double stars compiled by the United States Naval Observatory , contains over 100,000 pairs of double stars , including optical doubles as well as binary stars . Orbits are known for only a few thousand of these double stars , and most have not been ascertained to be either true binaries or optical double stars . This can be determined by observing the relative motion of the pairs . If the motion is part of an orbit , or if the stars have similar radial velocities and the difference in their proper motions is small compared to their common proper motion , the pair is probably physical . One of the tasks that remains for visual observers of double stars is to obtain sufficient observations to prove or disprove gravitational connection . Classifications ( edit ) Edge - on disc of gas and dust present around the binary star system HD 106906 . Methods of observation ( edit ) Binary stars are classified into four types according to the way in which they are observed : visually , by observation ; spectroscopically , by periodic changes in spectral lines ; photometrically , by changes in brightness caused by an eclipse ; or astrometrically , by measuring a deviation in a star 's position caused by an unseen companion . Any binary star can belong to several of these classes ; for example , several spectroscopic binaries are also eclipsing binaries . Visual binaries ( edit ) Main article : Visual binary A visual binary star is a binary star for which the angular separation between the two components is great enough to permit them to be observed as a double star in a telescope , or even high - powered binoculars . The angular resolution of the telescope is an important factor in the detection of visual binaries , and as better angular resolutions are applied to binary star observations increasing number of visual binaries will be detected . The relative brightness of the two stars is also an important factor , as glare from a bright star may make it difficult to detect the presence of a fainter component . The brighter star of a visual binary is the primary star , and the dimmer is considered the secondary . In some publications ( especially older ones ) , a faint secondary is called the comes ( plural comites ; companion ) . If the stars are the same brightness , the discoverer designation for the primary is customarily accepted . The position angle of the secondary with respect to the primary is measured , together with the angular distance between the two stars . The time of observation is also recorded . After a sufficient number of observations are recorded over a period of time , they are plotted in polar coordinates with the primary star at the origin , and the most probable ellipse is drawn through these points such that the Keplerian law of areas is satisfied . This ellipse is known as the apparent ellipse , and is the projection of the actual elliptical orbit of the secondary with respect to the primary on the plane of the sky . From this projected ellipse the complete elements of the orbit may be computed , where the semi-major axis can only be expressed in angular units unless the stellar parallax , and hence the distance , of the system is known . Spectroscopic binaries ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sometimes , the only evidence of a binary star comes from the Doppler effect on its emitted light . In these cases , the binary consists of a pair of stars where the spectral lines in the light emitted from each star shifts first towards the blue , then towards the red , as each moves first towards us , and then away from us , during its motion about their common center of mass , with the period of their common orbit . In these systems , the separation between the stars is usually very small , and the orbital velocity very high . Unless the plane of the orbit happens to be perpendicular to the line of sight , the orbital velocities will have components in the line of sight and the observed radial velocity of the system will vary periodically . Since radial velocity can be measured with a spectrometer by observing the Doppler shift of the stars ' spectral lines , the binaries detected in this manner are known as spectroscopic binaries . Most of these can not be resolved as a visual binary , even with telescopes of the highest existing resolving power . In some spectroscopic binaries , spectral lines from both stars are visible and the lines are alternately double and single . Such a system is known as a double - lined spectroscopic binary ( often denoted `` SB2 '' ) . In other systems , the spectrum of only one of the stars is seen and the lines in the spectrum shift periodically towards the blue , then towards red and back again . Such stars are known as single - lined spectroscopic binaries ( `` SB1 '' ) . The orbit of a spectroscopic binary is determined by making a long series of observations of the radial velocity of one or both components of the system . The observations are plotted against time , and from the resulting curve a period is determined . If the orbit is circular then the curve will be a sine curve . If the orbit is elliptical , the shape of the curve will depend on the eccentricity of the ellipse and the orientation of the major axis with reference to the line of sight . It is impossible to determine individually the semi-major axis a and the inclination of the orbit plane i . However , the product of the semi-major axis and the sine of the inclination ( i.e. a sin i ) may be determined directly in linear units ( e.g. kilometres ) . If either a or i can be determined by other means , as in the case of eclipsing binaries , a complete solution for the orbit can be found . Binary stars that are both visual and spectroscopic binaries are rare , and are a valuable source of information when found . About 40 are known . Visual binary stars often have large true separations , with periods measured in decades to centuries ; consequently , they usually have orbital speeds too small to be measured spectroscopically . Conversely , spectroscopic binary stars move fast in their orbits because they are close together , usually too close to be detected as visual binaries . Binaries that are found to be both visual and spectroscopic thus must be relatively close to Earth . Eclipsing binaries ( edit ) Algol B orbits Algol A . This animation was assembled from 55 images of the CHARA interferometer in the near - infrared H - band , sorted according to orbital phase . An eclipsing binary star is a binary star in which the orbit plane of the two stars lies so nearly in the line of sight of the observer that the components undergo mutual eclipses . In the case where the binary is also a spectroscopic binary and the parallax of the system is known , the binary is quite valuable for stellar analysis . Algol is the best - known example of an eclipsing binary . Play media This video shows an artist 's impression of an eclipsing binary star system . As the two stars orbit each other they pass in front of one another and their combined brightness , seen from a distance , decreases . Eclipsing binaries are variable stars , not because the light of the individual components vary but because of the eclipses . The light curve of an eclipsing binary is characterized by periods of practically constant light , with periodic drops in intensity . If one of the stars is larger than the other , one will be obscured by a total eclipse while the other will be obscured by an annular eclipse . The period of the orbit of an eclipsing binary may be determined from a study of the light curve , and the relative sizes of the individual stars can be determined in terms of the radius of the orbit by observing how quickly the brightness changes as the disc of the near star slides over the disc of the distant star . If it is also a spectroscopic binary the orbital elements can also be determined , and the mass of the stars can be determined relatively easily , which means that the relative densities of the stars can be determined in this case . Since about 1995 measurement of extragalactic eclipsing binaries ' fundamental parameters has become possible with 8 meter class telescopes . This makes it feasible to use them to directly measure the distances to external galaxies , a process that is more accurate than using standard candles . By 2006 they had been used to give direct distance estimates to the LMC , SMC , Andromeda Galaxy and Triangulum Galaxy . Eclipsing binaries offer a direct method to gauge the distance to galaxies to a new improved 5 % level of accuracy . Non-eclipsing binaries that can be detected through photometry ( edit ) Close non-eclipsing binaries can also be photometrically detected by observing how the stars affect each other in three ways . First is by observing extra light which the stars reflect from their companion . Second is by observing ellipsoidal light variations which are caused by deformation of the star 's shape by their companions . The third method is by looking at how relativistic beaming affects the apparent magnitude of the stars . Detecting binaries with these methods requires accurate photometry . Astrometric binaries ( edit ) Astronomers have discovered some stars that seemingly orbit around an empty space . Astrometric binaries are relatively nearby stars which can be seen to wobble around a point in space , with no visible companion . The same mathematics used for ordinary binaries can be applied to infer the mass of the missing companion . The companion could be very dim , so that it is currently undetectable or masked by the glare of its primary , or it could be an object that emits little or no electromagnetic radiation , for example a neutron star . The visible star 's position is carefully measured and detected to vary , due to the gravitational influence from its counterpart . The position of the star is repeatedly measured relative to more distant stars , and then checked for periodic shifts in position . Typically this type of measurement can only be performed on nearby stars , such as those within 10 parsecs . Nearby stars often have a relatively high proper motion , so astrometric binaries will appear to follow a wobbly path across the sky . If the companion is sufficiently massive to cause an observable shift in position of the star , then its presence can be deduced . From precise astrometric measurements of the movement of the visible star over a sufficiently long period of time , information about the mass of the companion and its orbital period can be determined . Even though the companion is not visible , the characteristics of the system can be determined from the observations using Kepler 's laws . This method of detecting binaries is also used to locate extrasolar planets orbiting a star . However , the requirements to perform this measurement are very exacting , due to the great difference in the mass ratio , and the typically long period of the planet 's orbit . Detection of position shifts of a star is a very exacting science , and it is difficult to achieve the necessary precision . Space telescopes can avoid the blurring effect of Earth 's atmosphere , resulting in more precise resolution . Configuration of the system ( edit ) Detached Semidetached Contact Configurations of a binary star system with a mass ratio of 3 . The black lines represent the inner critical Roche equipotentials , the Roche lobes . Another classification is based on the distance between the stars , relative to their sizes : Detached binaries are binary stars where each component is within its Roche lobe , i.e. the area where the gravitational pull of the star itself is larger than that of the other component . The stars have no major effect on each other , and essentially evolve separately . Most binaries belong to this class . Semidetached binary stars are binary stars where one of the components fills the binary star 's Roche lobe and the other does not . Gas from the surface of the Roche - lobe - filling component ( donor ) is transferred to the other , accreting star . The mass transfer dominates the evolution of the system . In many cases , the inflowing gas forms an accretion disc around the accretor . A contact binary is a type of binary star in which both components of the binary fill their Roche lobes . The uppermost part of the stellar atmospheres forms a common envelope that surrounds both stars . As the friction of the envelope brakes the orbital motion , the stars may eventually merge . W Ursae Majoris is an example . Cataclysmic Variables and X-ray binaries ( edit ) Artist 's conception of a cataclysmic variable system When a binary system contains a compact object such as a white dwarf , neutron star or black hole , gas from the other ( donor ) star can accrete onto the compact object . This releases gravitational potential energy , causing the gas to become hotter and emit radiation . Cataclysmic variable stars , where the compact object is a white dwarf , are examples of such systems . In X-ray binaries , the compact object can be either a neutron star or a black hole . These binaries are classified as low - mass or high - mass according to the mass of the donor star . High - mass X-ray binaries contain a young , early - type , high - mass donor star which transfers mass by its stellar wind , while low - mass X-ray binaries are semidetached binaries in which gas from a late - type donor star or a white dwarf overflows the Roche lobe and falls towards the neutron star or black hole . Probably the best known example of an X-ray binary is the high - mass X-ray binary Cygnus X-1 . In Cygnus X-1 , the mass of the unseen companion is estimated to be about nine times that of the Sun , far exceeding the Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff limit for the maximum theoretical mass of a neutron star . It is therefore believed to be a black hole ; it was the first object for which this was widely believed . Orbital period ( edit ) Orbital periods can be less than an hour ( for AM CVn stars ) , or a few days ( components of Beta Lyrae ) , but also hundreds of thousands of years ( Proxima Centauri around Alpha Centauri AB ) . Variations in period ( edit ) Main article : Applegate mechanism The Applegate mechanism explains long term orbital period variations seen in certain eclipsing binaries . As a main - sequence star goes through an activity cycle , the outer layers of the star are subject to a magnetic torque changing the distribution of angular momentum , resulting in a change in the star 's oblateness . The orbit of the stars in the binary pair is gravitationally coupled to their shape changes , so that the period shows modulations ( typically on the order of ∆ P / P ∼ 10 ) on the same time scale as the activity cycles ( typically on the order of decades ) . Another phenomenon observed in some Algol binaries has been monotonic period increases . This is quite distinct from the far more common observations of alternating period increases and decreases explained by the Applegate mechanism . Monotonic period increases have been attributed to mass transfer , usually ( but not always ) from the less massive to the more massive star Designations ( edit ) A and B ( edit ) Artist 's impression of the binary star system AR Scorpii . The components of binary stars are denoted by the suffixes A and B appended to the system 's designation , A denoting the primary and B the secondary . The suffix AB may be used to denote the pair ( for example , the binary star α Centauri AB consists of the stars α Centauri A and α Centauri B . ) Additional letters , such as C , D , etc. , may be used for systems with more than two stars . In cases where the binary star has a Bayer designation and is widely separated , it is possible that the members of the pair will be designated with superscripts ; an example is Zeta Reticuli , whose components are ζ Reticuli and ζ Reticuli . Discoverer designations ( edit ) Double stars are also designated by an abbreviation giving the discoverer together with an index number . α Centauri , for example , was found to be double by Father Richaud in 1689 , and so is designated RHD 1 . These discoverer codes can be found in the Washington Double Star Catalog . Hot and cold ( edit ) The components of a binary star system may be designated by their relative temperatures as the hot companion and cool companion . Examples : Antares ( Alpha Scorpii ) is a red supergiant star in a binary system with a hotter blue main - sequence star Antares B. Antares B can therefore be termed a hot companion of the cool supergiant . Symbiotic stars are binary star systems composed of a late - type giant star and a hotter companion object . Since the nature of the companion is not well - established in all cases , it may be termed a `` hot companion '' . The luminous blue variable Eta Carinae has recently been determined to be a binary star system . The secondary appears to have a higher temperature than the primary and has therefore been described as being the `` hot companion '' star . It may be a Wolf -- Rayet star . R Aquarii shows a spectrum which simultaneously displays both a cool and hot signature . This combination is the result of a cool red supergiant accompanied by a smaller , hotter companion . Matter flows from the supergiant to the smaller , denser companion . NASA 's Kepler mission has discovered examples of eclipsing binary stars where the secondary is the hotter component . KOI - 74b is a 12,000 K white dwarf companion of KOI - 74 ( KIC 6889235 ) , a 9,400 K early A-type main - sequence star . KOI - 81b is a 13,000 K white dwarf companion of KOI - 81 ( KIC 8823868 ) , a 10,000 K late B - type main - sequence star . Evolution ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) While it is not impossible that some binaries might be created through gravitational capture between two single stars , given the very low likelihood of such an event ( three objects are actually required , as conservation of energy rules out a single gravitating body capturing another ) and the high number of binaries , this can not be the primary formation process . Also , the observation of binaries consisting of pre main - sequence stars , supports the theory that binaries are already formed during star formation . Fragmentation of the molecular cloud during the formation of protostars is an acceptable explanation for the formation of a binary or multiple star system . The outcome of the three - body problem , where the three stars are of comparable mass , is that eventually one of the three stars will be ejected from the system and , assuming no significant further perturbations , the remaining two will form a stable binary system . Mass transfer and accretion ( edit ) As a main - sequence star increases in size during its evolution , it may at some point exceed its Roche lobe , meaning that some of its matter ventures into a region where the gravitational pull of its companion star is larger than its own . The result is that matter will transfer from one star to another through a process known as Roche lobe overflow ( RLOF ) , either being absorbed by direct impact or through an accretion disc . The mathematical point through which this transfer happens is called the first Lagrangian point . It is not uncommon that the accretion disc is the brightest ( and thus sometimes the only visible ) element of a binary star . If a star grows outside of its Roche lobe too fast for all abundant matter to be transferred to the other component , it is also possible that matter will leave the system through other Lagrange points or as stellar wind , thus being effectively lost to both components . Since the evolution of a star is determined by its mass , the process influences the evolution of both companions , and creates stages that can not be attained by single stars . Studies of the eclipsing ternary Algol led to the Algol paradox in the theory of stellar evolution : although components of a binary star form at the same time , and massive stars evolve much faster than the less massive ones , it was observed that the more massive component Algol A is still in the main sequence , while the less massive Algol B is a subgiant at a later evolutionary stage . The paradox can be solved by mass transfer : when the more massive star became a subgiant , it filled its Roche lobe , and most of the mass was transferred to the other star , which is still in the main sequence . In some binaries similar to Algol , a gas flow can actually be seen . Runaways and novae ( edit ) Artist 's Illustration of Scenario for plasma ejections from V Hydrae It is also possible for widely separated binaries to lose gravitational contact with each other during their lifetime , as a result of external perturbations . The components will then move on to evolve as single stars . A close encounter between two binary systems can also result in the gravitational disruption of both systems , with some of the stars being ejected at high velocities , leading to runaway stars . If a white dwarf has a close companion star that overflows its Roche lobe , the white dwarf will steadily accrete gases from the star 's outer atmosphere . These are compacted on the white dwarf 's surface by its intense gravity , compressed and heated to very high temperatures as additional material is drawn in . The white dwarf consists of degenerate matter , and so is largely unresponsive to heat , while the accreted hydrogen is not . Hydrogen fusion can occur in a stable manner on the surface through the CNO cycle , causing the enormous amount of energy liberated by this process to blow the remaining gases away from the white dwarf 's surface . The result is an extremely bright outburst of light , known as a nova . In extreme cases this event can cause the white dwarf to exceed the Chandrasekhar limit and trigger a supernova that destroys the entire star , and is another possible cause for runaways . An example of such an event is the supernova SN 1572 , which was observed by Tycho Brahe . The Hubble Space Telescope recently took a picture of the remnants of this event . Astrophysics. ( edit ) A simulated example of a binary star , where two bodies with similar mass orbit around a common barycenter in elliptic orbits Binaries provide the best method for astronomers to determine the mass of a distant star . The gravitational pull between them causes them to orbit around their common center of mass . From the orbital pattern of a visual binary , or the time variation of the spectrum of a spectroscopic binary , the mass of its stars can be determined , for example with the binary mass function . In this way , the relation between a star 's appearance ( temperature and radius ) and its mass can be found , which allows for the determination of the mass of non-binaries . Because a large proportion of stars exist in binary systems , binaries are particularly important to our understanding of the processes by which stars form . In particular , the period and masses of the binary tell us about the amount of angular momentum in the system . Because this is a conserved quantity in physics , binaries give us important clues about the conditions under which the stars were formed . Calculating the center of mass in binary stars ( edit ) In a simple binary case , r , the distance from the center of the first star to the center of mass or barycenter , is given by : r 1 = a ⋅ m 2 m 1 + m 2 = a 1 + m 1 m 2 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 1 ) = a \ cdot ( \ frac ( m_ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( 1 + ( \ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ( m_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) where : a is the distance between the two stellar centers and m and m are the masses of the two stars . If a is taken to be the semi-major axis of the orbit of one body around the other , then r will be the semimajor axis of the first body 's orbit around the center of mass or barycenter , and r = a -- r will be the semimajor axis of the second body 's orbit . When the center of mass is located within the more massive body , that body will appear to wobble rather than following a discernible orbit . Center of mass animations ( edit ) Main article : Barycenter Images are representative , not simulated . The position of the red cross indicates the center of mass of the system . ( a . ) Two bodies of similar mass orbiting around a common center of mass , or barycenter . ( b . ) Two bodies with a difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter , like the Charon - Pluto system ( c . ) Two bodies with a major difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter ( similar to the Earth -- Moon system ) ( d . ) Two bodies with an extreme difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter ( similar to the Sun -- Earth system ) ( e . ) Two bodies with similar mass orbiting in an ellipse around a common barycenter . Research findings ( edit ) Multiplicity likelihood for Population I main sequence stars Mass Range Multiplicity Frequency ≤ 0.1 M 6999220000000000000 ♠ 22 % + 6 % − 4 % 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 0.5 M 6999260000000000000 ♠ 26 % ± 3 % 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 ± 1.3 M 6999440000000000000 ♠ 44 % ± 2 % 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 ± 5 M ≥ 50 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ± 16 M ≥ 60 % ≥ 16 M ≥ 80 % It is estimated that approximately one third of the star systems in the Milky Way are binary or multiple , with the remaining two thirds being single stars . The overall multiplicity frequency of ordinary stars is a monotonically increasing function of stellar mass . That is , the likelihood of being in a binary or a multi-star system steadily increases as the mass of the components increase . There is a direct correlation between the period of revolution of a binary star and the eccentricity of its orbit , with systems of short period having smaller eccentricity . Binary stars may be found with any conceivable separation , from pairs orbiting so closely that they are practically in contact with each other , to pairs so distantly separated that their connection is indicated only by their common proper motion through space . Among gravitationally bound binary star systems , there exists a so - called log normal distribution of periods , with the majority of these systems orbiting with a period of about 100 years . This is supporting evidence for the theory that binary systems are formed during star formation . In pairs where the two stars are of equal brightness , they are also of the same spectral type . In systems where the brightnesses are different , the fainter star is bluer if the brighter star is a giant star , and redder if the brighter star belongs to the main sequence . Artist 's impression of the sight from a ( hypothetical ) moon of planet HD 188753 Ab ( upper left ) , which orbits a triple star system . The brightest companion is just below the horizon . The mass of a star can be directly determined only from its gravitational attraction . Apart from the Sun and stars which act as gravitational lenses , this can be done only in binary and multiple star systems , making the binary stars an important class of stars . In the case of a visual binary star , after the orbit and the stellar parallax of the system has been determined , the combined mass of the two stars may be obtained by a direct application of the Keplerian harmonic law . Unfortunately , it is impossible to obtain the complete orbit of a spectroscopic binary unless it is also a visual or an eclipsing binary , so from these objects only a determination of the joint product of mass and the sine of the angle of inclination relative to the line of sight is possible . In the case of eclipsing binaries which are also spectroscopic binaries , it is possible to find a complete solution for the specifications ( mass , density , size , luminosity , and approximate shape ) of both members of the system . Planets ( edit ) Main article : Habitability of binary star systems Schematic of a binary star system with one planet on an S - type orbit and one on a P - type orbit . While a number of binary star systems have been found to harbor extrasolar planets , such systems are comparatively rare compared to single star systems . E.g. observations by the Kepler space telescope have shown that most single stars of the same type as the Sun have plenty of planets , but only one - third of binary stars do . According to theoretical simulations , even widely separated binary stars often disrupt the discs of rocky grains from which protoplanets form . On the other hand , other simulations suggest that the presence of a binary companion can actually improve the rate of planet formation within stable orbital zones by `` stirring up '' the protoplanetary disk , increasing the accretion rate of the protoplanets within . Detecting planets in multiple star systems introduces additional technical difficulties , which may be why they are only rarely found . Examples include the white dwarf - pulsar binary PSR B1620 - 26 , the subgiant - red dwarf binary Gamma Cephei , and the white dwarf - red dwarf binary NN Serpentis ; among others . A study of fourteen previously known planetary systems found three of these systems to be binary systems . All planets were found to be in S - type orbits around the primary star . In these three cases the secondary star was much dimmer than the primary and so was not previously detected . This discovery resulted in a recalculation of parameters for both the planet and the primary star . Science fiction has often featured planets of binary or ternary stars as a setting , for example George Lucas ' Tatooine from Star Wars , and one notable story , `` Nightfall '' , even takes this to a six - star system . In reality , some orbital ranges are impossible for dynamical reasons ( the planet would be expelled from its orbit relatively quickly , being either ejected from the system altogether or transferred to a more inner or outer orbital range ) , whilst other orbits present serious challenges for eventual biospheres because of likely extreme variations in surface temperature during different parts of the orbit . Planets that orbit just one star in a binary system are said to have `` S - type '' orbits , whereas those that orbit around both stars have `` P - type '' or `` circumbinary '' orbits . It is estimated that 50 -- 60 % of binary systems are capable of supporting habitable terrestrial planets within stable orbital ranges . Examples ( edit ) The two visibly distinguishable components of Albireo . The large distance between the components , as well as their difference in color , make Albireo one of the easiest observable visual binaries . The brightest member , which is the third - brightest star in the constellation Cygnus , is actually a close binary itself . Also in the Cygnus constellation is Cygnus X-1 , an X-ray source considered to be a black hole . It is a high - mass X-ray binary , with the optical counterpart being a variable star . Sirius is another binary and the brightest star in the night time sky , with a visual apparent magnitude of − 1.46 . It is located in the constellation Canis Major . In 1844 Friedrich Bessel deduced that Sirius was a binary . In 1862 Alvan Graham Clark discovered the companion ( Sirius B ; the visible star is Sirius A ) . In 1915 astronomers at the Mount Wilson Observatory determined that Sirius B was a white dwarf , the first to be discovered . In 2005 , using the Hubble Space Telescope , astronomers determined Sirius B to be 12,000 km ( 7,456 mi ) in diameter , with a mass that is 98 % of the Sun . Luhman 16 , the third closest star system , contains two brown dwarfs . An example of an eclipsing binary is Epsilon Aurigae in the constellation Auriga . The visible component belongs to the spectral class F0 , the other ( eclipsing ) component is not visible . The last such eclipse occurred from 2009 -- 2011 , and it is hoped that the extensive observations that will likely be carried out may yield further insights into the nature of this system . Another eclipsing binary is Beta Lyrae , which is a semi-detached binary star system in the constellation of Lyra . Other interesting binaries include 61 Cygni ( a binary in the constellation Cygnus , composed of two K class ( orange ) main - sequence stars , 61 Cygni A and 61 Cygni B , which is known for its large proper motion ) , Procyon ( the brightest star in the constellation Canis Minor and the eighth - brightest star in the night time sky , which is a binary consisting of the main star with a faint white dwarf companion ) , SS Lacertae ( an eclipsing binary which stopped eclipsing ) , V907 Sco ( an eclipsing binary which stopped , restarted , then stopped again ) and BG Geminorum ( an eclipsing binary which is thought to contain a black hole with a K0 star in orbit around it ) . Multiple star examples ( edit ) Systems with more than two stars are termed multiple stars . Algol is the most noted ternary ( long thought to be a binary ) , located in the constellation Perseus . Two components of the system eclipse each other , the variation in the intensity of Algol first being recorded in 1670 by Geminiano Montanari . The name Algol means `` demon star '' ( from Arabic : الغول ‎ al - ghūl ) , which was probably given due to its peculiar behavior . Another visible ternary is Alpha Centauri , in the southern constellation of Centaurus , which contains the fourth - brightest star in the night sky , with an apparent visual magnitude of − 0.01 . This system also underscores the fact that binaries need not be discounted in the search for habitable planets . Alpha Centauri A and B have an 11 AU distance at closest approach , and both should have stable habitable zones . There are also examples of systems beyond ternaries : Castor is a sextuple star system , which is the second - brightest star in the constellation Gemini and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky . Astronomically , Castor was discovered to be a visual binary in 1719 . Each of the components of Castor is itself a spectroscopic binary . Castor also has a faint and widely separated companion , which is also a spectroscopic binary . The Alcor -- Mizar visual binary in Ursa Majoris also consists of six stars , four comprising Mizar and two comprising Alcor . See also ( edit ) Space portal Star portal 104 Aquarii , possible binary 107 Aquarii , ' double star ' , about 240 light - years from earth Beta Centauri Binary stars in fiction Binary system HD 30453 , a spectroscopic binary with a 3rd component Rotational Brownian motion ( astronomy ) Two - body problem in general relativity Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gale - Enter Product Login '' . go.galegroup.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Filippenko , Alex , Understanding the Universe ( of The Great Courses on DVD ) , Lecture 46 , time 1 : 17 , The Teaching Company , Chantilly , VA , USA , 2007 ^ Jump up to : The Binary Stars , Robert Grant Aitken , New York : Dover , 1964 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Herschel , William ( 1802 ) . `` Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae , Nebulous Stars , Planetary Nebulae , and Clusters of Stars ; With Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 92 : 477 -- 528 ( 481 ) . Bibcode : 1802RSPT ... 92 ... 477H . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1802.0021 . JSTOR 107131 . ^ Jump up to : Heintz , W.D. ( 1978 ) . Double Stars . Dordrecht : D. Reidel Publishing Company . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 0885 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visual Binaries '' . University of Tennessee . Jump up ^ Heintz , W.D. ( 1978 ) . Double Stars . Dordrecht : D. Reidel Publishing Company . p. 5 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 0885 - 1 . Jump up ^ Heintz , W.D. ( 1978 ) . Double Stars . D. Reidel Publishing Company , Dordrecht . p. 17 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 0885 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : The Binary Stars , Robert Grant Aitken , New York : Dover , 1964 , p. 1 . 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Archived from the original on June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bruton , D. `` Eclipsing Binary Stars '' . Stephen F. Austin State University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Worth , M. `` Binary Stars '' . Stephen F. Austin State University . Archived from the original ( PowerPoint ) on 2003 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wilson , R.E. ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Eclipsing Binary Solutions in Physical Units and Direct Distance Estimation '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 672 ( 1 ) : 575 -- 589 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 672 ... 575W . doi : 10.1086 / 523634 . Jump up ^ Bonanos , Alceste Z. ( 2006 ) . `` Eclipsing Binaries : Tools for Calibrating the Extragalactic Distance Scale '' . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 2 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0610923 . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921307003845 . Jump up ^ Lev Tal - Or ; Simchon Faigler ; Tsevi Mazeh ( 2014 ) . `` Seventy - two new non-eclipsing BEER binaries discovered in CoRoT lightcurves and confirmed by RVs from AAOmega '' . EPJ Web of Conferences. 101 : 06063 . arXiv : 1410.3074 . doi : 10.1051 / epjconf / 201510106063 . Jump up ^ Bock , D. `` Binary Neutron Star Collision '' . NCSA . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Asada , H. ; T. Akasaka ; M. Kasai ( 27 September 2004 ) . `` Inversion formula for determining parameters of an astrometric binary '' . Publ. Astron. Soc. Jap. 56 : L35 -- L38 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0409613 . Bibcode : 2004PASJ ... 56L ... 35A . doi : 10.1093 / pasj / 56.6. L35 . Jump up ^ `` Astrometric Binaries '' . University of Tennessee . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Q. `` Roche model '' . San Diego State University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Voss , R. ; T.M. Tauris ( 2003 ) . `` Galactic distribution of merging neutron stars and black holes '' . 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Jump up ^ Entry 14396 - 6050 , discoverer code RHD 1AB , The Washington Double Star Catalog , United States Naval Observatory . Accessed on line August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ References and discoverer codes , The Washington Double Star Catalog , United States Naval Observatory . Accessed on line August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) -- see essential notes : `` Hot companion to Antares at 2.9 arcsec ; estimated period : 678yr . '' Jump up ^ Kenyon , S.J. ; Webbink , R.F. ( 1984 ) . `` The nature of symbiotic stars '' . Astrophysical Journal . 279 : 252 -- 283 . Bibcode : 1984ApJ ... 279 ... 252K . doi : 10.1086 / 161888 . Jump up ^ Iping , Rosina C. ; Sonneborn , George ; Gull , Theodore R. ; Massa , Derck L. ; Hillier , D. John ( 2005 ) . `` Detection of a Hot Binary Companion of η Carinae '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 633 ( 1 ) : L37 -- L40 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510581 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 633L ... 37I . doi : 10.1086 / 498268 . Jump up ^ Nigel Henbest ; Heather Couper ( 1994 ) . 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( 1984 ) . `` Mass transfer and accretion in close binaries -- A review '' . Vistas in Astronomy . 27 : 149 -- 169 . Bibcode : 1984VA ... 27 ... 149B . doi : 10.1016 / 0083 - 6656 ( 84 ) 90007 - 2 . Jump up ^ Vanbeveren , D. ; W. van Rensbergen ; C. de Loore ( 2001 ) . The Brightest Binaries . Springer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 5155 - X . Jump up ^ Chen , Z ; A. Frank ; E.G. Blackman ; J. Nordhaus ; J. Carroll - Nellenback ( 2017 ) . `` Mass Transfer and Disc Formation in AGB Binary Systems '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 468 : 4465 -- 4477 . arXiv : 1702.06160 . Bibcode : 2017MNRAS. 468.4465 C . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stx680 . Jump up ^ Blondin , J.M. ; M.T. Richards ; M.L. Malinowski . `` Mass Transfer in the Binary Star Algol '' . American Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Artist 's Illustration of Scenario for Plasma Ejections from V Hydrae '' . www.spacetelescope.org . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoogerwerf , R. ; de Bruijne , J.H.J. ; de Zeeuw , P.T. ( December 2000 ) . `` The Origin of Runaway Stars '' . Astrophysical Journal . 544 ( 2 ) : L133 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0007436 . Bibcode : 2000ApJ ... 544L. 133H . doi : 10.1086 / 317315 . Jump up ^ Prialnik , D. ( 2001 ) . `` Novae '' . Encyclopaedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics . pp. 1846 -- 1856 . Jump up ^ Icko , I. ( 1986 ) . `` Binary Star Evolution and Type I Supernovae '' . Cosmogonical Processes . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Fender , R. ( 2002 ) . `` Relativistic outflows from X-ray binaries ( a.k.a. ' Microquasars ' ) '' . Lect. Notes Phys . Lecture Notes in Physics. 589 ( 101 ) : 101 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0109502 . Bibcode : 2002LNP ... 589 ... 101F . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 46025 - X_6 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 43518 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Duchêne , Gaspard ; Kraus , Adam ( August 2013 ) , `` Stellar Multiplicity '' , Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 51 ( 1 ) : 269 -- 310 , arXiv : 1303.3028 , Bibcode : 2013ARA&A ... 51 ... 269D , doi : 10.1146 / annurev - astro - 081710 - 102602 . See Table 1 . Jump up ^ Most Milky Way Stars Are Single , Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Jump up ^ Hubber , D.A. ; A.P. Whitworth ( 2005 ) . `` Binary Star Formation from Ring Fragmentation '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 437 : 113 -- 125 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0503412 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 437 ... 113H . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20042428 . Jump up ^ Schombert , J. `` Birth and Death of Stars '' . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ `` Binary Star Motions '' . Cornell Astronomy . Jump up ^ Kraus , Adam L. ; Ireland , Michael ; Mann , Andrew ; Huber , Daniel ; Dupuy , Trent J. ( 2017 ) . `` The Ruinous Influence of Close Binary Companions on Planetary Systems '' . 229 . Bibcode : 2017AAS ... 22921905K . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) The Ruinous Influence of Close Binary Companions on Planetary Systems by Adam L Kraus et al , American Astronomical Society , AAS Meeting # 229 , id. 219.05 ^ Jump up to : Elisa V. Quintana ; Jack J. Lissauer ( 2007 ) . `` Terrestrial Planet Formation in Binary Star Systems '' . arXiv : 0705.3444 ( astro - ph ) . Jump up ^ Schirber , M ( 17 May 2005 ) . `` Planets with Two Suns Likely Common '' . Space.com . Jump up ^ More circumbinary planets are listed in : Muterspaugh ; Lane ; Kulkarni ; Maciej Konacki ; Burke ; Colavita ; Shao ; Hartkopf ; Boss ( 2010 ) . `` The PHASES Differential Astrometry Data Archive . V. Candidate Substellar Companions to Binary Systems '' . The Astronomical Journal . 140 ( 6 ) : 1657 . arXiv : 1010.4048 . Bibcode : 2010AJ ... 140.1657 M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 140 / 6 / 1657 . Jump up ^ Daemgen , S. ; Hormuth , F. ; Brandner , W. ; Bergfors , C. ; Janson , M. ; Hippler , S. ; Henning , T. ( 2009 ) . `` Binarity of transit host stars -- Implications for planetary parameters '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 ( 2 ) : 567 -- 574 . arXiv : 0902.2179 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 498 ... 567D . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 200810988 . Jump up ^ See sources at Cygnus X-1 Jump up ^ McGourty , C. ( 2005 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Hubble finds mass of white dwarf '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Elisa V. Quintana ; Fred C. Adams ; Jack J. Lissauer & John E. Chambers ( 2007 ) . `` Terrestrial Planet Formation around Individual Stars within Binary Star Systems '' . Astrophysical Journal . 660 : 807 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0701266 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 660 ... 807Q . doi : 10.1086 / 512542 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Binary stars . Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Binary star '' dated 2006 - 06 - 21 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles The Wikibook Glossary of Astronomical Terms has a page on the topic of : binary star The Double Star Library , at the U.S. Naval Observatory ianridpath.com : List of the best visual binaries , for amateurs , with orbital elements Pictures of binaries at Hubblesite.org Chandra X-ray Observatory Binary Stars at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) An extensive simulation for the Algol system by North Carolina State University Selected visual double stars and their relative position as a function of time permanent dead link ) Artistic representations of binary stars by Mark A. Garlick The Orbits and ' Velocity Curves ' of Spectroscopic Binaries , J. 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differentiate competitor intelligence competitive intelligence and business intelligence

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Competitive_intelligence&oldid=837062009

Competitive intelligence - wikipedia Competitive intelligence Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section appears to contain a large number of buzzwords . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . Please help improve this section if you can . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Strategy Major dimensions ( hide ) Strategy Strategic management Military strategy Maritime strategy Strategic planning Game theory Strategic studies Strategic thinking Major thinkers ( hide ) Michael Porter Rita Gunther McGrath Bruce Henderson Gary Hamel Candace A. Yano C.K. Prahalad Jim Collins Liddell Hart Carl von Clausewitz Sun Tzu Julian Corbett Alfred Thayer Mahan J.C. Wylie Adrian Slywotzky Sharon Oster Chris Zook Henry Mintzberg Clay Christensen Concepts ( hide ) Business model Competitive advantage Experience curve Value chain Portfolio theory Core competency Generic strategies Uberisation Sharing economy Frameworks and tools ( hide ) SWOT Five forces Balanced scorecard PEST analysis Growth -- share matrix Competitive intelligence ( CI ) is the action of defining , gathering , analyzing , and distributing intelligence about products , customers , competitors , and any aspect of the environment needed to support executives and managers in strategic decision making for an organization . CI means understanding and learning what is happening in the world outside the business to increase one 's competitivity . It means learning as much as possible , as soon as possible , about one 's external environment including one 's industry in general and relevant competitors . Key points : Competitive intelligence is a legal business practice , as opposed to industrial espionage , which is illegal . The focus is on the external business environment . There is a process involved in gathering information , converting it into intelligence and then using it in decision making . Some CI professionals erroneously emphasise that if the intelligence gathered is not usable or actionable , it is not intelligence . Another definition of CI regards it as the organizational function responsible for the early identification of risks and opportunities in the market before they become obvious ( `` early signal analysis '' ) . This definition focuses attention on the difference between dissemination of widely available factual information ( such as market statistics , financial reports , newspaper clippings ) performed by functions such as libraries and information centers , and competitive intelligence which is a perspective on developments and events aimed at yielding a competitive edge . The term CI is often viewed as synonymous with competitor analysis , but competitive intelligence is more than analyzing competitors ; it embraces the entire environment and stakeholders : customers , competitors , distributors , technologies , and macroeconomic data . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historic development 2 Recent trends 3 Similar fields 4 Ethics 5 Outsourcing 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Historic development ( edit ) CI literature is best exemplified by the bibliographies that were published in the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals ' academic journal The Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management . Although elements of organizational intelligence collection have been a part of business for many years , the history of competitive intelligence arguably began in the U.S. in the 1970s , although the literature on the field pre-dates this time by at least several decades . In 1980 , Michael Porter published the study Competitive - Strategy : Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors which is widely viewed as the foundation of modern competitive intelligence . This has since been extended most notably by the pair of Craig Fleisher and Babette Bensoussan , who through several popular books on competitive analysis have added 48 commonly applied competitive intelligence analysis techniques to the practitioner 's tool box . In 1985 , Leonard Fuld published his best selling book dedicated to competitor intelligence . However , the institutionalization of CI as a formal activity among American corporations can be traced to 1988 , when Ben and Tamar Gilad published the first organizational model of a formal corporate CI function , which was then adopted widely by US companies . The first professional certification program ( CIP ) was created in 1996 with the establishment of The Fuld - Gilad - Herring Academy of Competitive Intelligence in Cambridge , Massachusetts . In 1986 the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals ( SCIP ) was founded in the United States and grew in the late 1990s to around 6,000 members worldwide , mainly in the United States and Canada , but with large numbers especially in the UK and Australia . Due to financial difficulties in 2009 , the organization merged with Frost & Sullivan under the Frost & Sullivan Institute . SCIP has since been renamed `` Strategic & Competitive Intelligence Professionals '' to emphasise the strategic nature of the subject , and also to refocus the organisation 's general approach , while keeping the existing SCIP brandname and logo . A number of efforts have been made to discuss the field 's advances in post-secondary ( university ) education , covered by several authors including Blenkhorn & Fleisher , Fleisher , Fuld , Prescott , and McGonagle . Although the general view would be that competitive intelligence concepts can be readily found and taught in many business schools around the globe , there are still relatively few dedicated academic programs , majors , or degrees in the field , a concern to academics in the field who would like to see it further researched . These issues were widely discussed by over a dozen knowledgeable individuals in a special edition of the Competitive Intelligence Magazine that was dedicated to this topic . In France , a Specialized Master in Economic Intelligence and Knowledge Management was created in 1995 within the CERAM Business School , now SKEMA Business School , in Paris , with the objective of delivering a full and professional training in Economic Intelligence . A Centre for Global Intelligence and Influence was created in September 2011 in the same School . On the other hand , practitioners and companies regard professional accreditation as especially important in this field . In 2011 , SCIP recognized the Fuld - Gilad - Herring Academy of Competitive Intelligence 's CIP certification process as its global , dual - level ( CIP - I and CIP - II ) certification program . Global developments have also been uneven in competitive intelligence . Several academic journals , particularly the Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management in its third volume , provided coverage of the field 's global development . For example , in 1997 the École de guerre économique ( fr ) ( School of economic warfare ) was founded in Paris , France . It is the first European institution which teaches the tactics of economic warfare within a globalizing world . In Germany , competitive intelligence was unattended until the early 1990s . The term `` competitive intelligence '' first appeared in German literature in 1997 . In 1995 a German SCIP chapter was founded , which is now second in terms of membership in Europe . In summer 2004 the Institute for Competitive Intelligence was founded , which provides a postgraduate certification program for Competitive Intelligence Professionals . Japan is currently the only country that officially maintains an economic intelligence agency ( JETRO ) . It was founded by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry ( MITI ) in 1958 . Accepting the importance of competitive intelligence , major multinational corporations , such as ExxonMobil , Procter & Gamble , and Johnson and Johnson , have created formal CI units . Importantly , organizations execute competitive intelligence activities not only as a safeguard to protect against market threats and changes , but also as a method for finding new opportunities and trends . Organizations use competitive intelligence to compare themselves to other organizations ( `` competitive benchmarking '' ) , to identify risks and opportunities in their markets , and to pressure - test their plans against market response ( business wargaming ) , which enable them to make informed decisions . Most firms today realize the importance of knowing what their competitors are doing and how the industry is changing , and the information gathered allows organizations to understand their strengths and weaknesses . One of the major activities involved in corporate competitive intelligence is use of ratio analysis , using key performance indicators ( KPI ) . Organizations compare annual reports of their competitors on certain KPI and ratios , which are intrinsic to their industry . This helps them track their performance , vis - a-vis their competitors . The actual importance of these categories of information to an organization depends on the contestability of its markets , the organizational culture , the personality and biases of its top decision makers , and the reporting structure of competitive intelligence within the company . Strategic Intelligence ( SI ) focuses on the longer term , looking at issues affecting a company 's competitiveness over the course of a couple of years . The actual time horizon for SI ultimately depends on the industry and how quickly it 's changing . The general questions that SI answers are , ' Where should we as a company be in X years ? ' and ' What are the strategic risks and opportunities facing us ? ' This type of intelligence work involves among others the identification of weak signals and application of methodology and process called Strategic Early Warning ( SEW ) , first introduced by Gilad , followed by Steven Shaker and Victor Richardson , Alessandro Comai and Joaquin Tena , and others . According to Gilad , 20 % of the work of competitive intelligence practitioners should be dedicated to strategic early identification of weak signals within a SEW framework . Tactical Intelligence : the focus is on providing information designed to improve shorter - term decisions , most often related with the intent of growing market share or revenues . Generally , it is the type of information that you would need to support the sales process in an organization . It investigates various aspects of a product / product line marketing : Product -- what are people selling ? Price -- what price are they charging ? Promotion -- what activities are they conducting for promoting this product ? Place -- where are they selling this product ? Other -- sales force structure , clinical trial design , technical issues , etc . With the right amount of information , organizations can avoid unpleasant surprises by anticipating competitors ' moves and decreasing response time . Examples of competitive intelligence research is evident in daily newspapers , such as the Wall Street Journal , Business Week , and Fortune . Major airlines change hundreds of fares daily in response to competitors ' tactics . They use information to plan their own marketing , pricing , and production strategies . Resources , such as the Internet , have made gathering information on competitors easy . With a click of a button , analysts can discover future trends and market requirements . However competitive intelligence is much more than this , as the ultimate aim is to lead to competitive advantage . As the Internet is mostly public domain material , information gathered is less likely to result in insights that will be unique to the company . In fact there is a risk that information gathered from the Internet will be misinformation and mislead users , so competitive intelligence researchers are often wary of using such information . As a result , although the Internet is viewed as a key source , most CI professionals should spend their time and budget gathering intelligence using primary research -- networking with industry experts , from trade shows and conferences , from their own customers and suppliers , and so on . Where the Internet is used , it is to gather sources for primary research as well as information on what the company says about itself and its online presence ( in the form of links to other companies , its strategy regarding search engines and online advertising , mentions in discussion forums and on blogs , etc . ) . Also , important are online subscription databases and news aggregation sources which have simplified the secondary source collection process . Social media sources are also becoming important -- providing potential interviewee names , as well as opinions and attitudes , and sometimes breaking news ( e.g. , via Twitter ) . Organizations must be careful not to spend too much time and effort on old competitors without realizing the existence of any new competitors . Knowing more about your competitors will allow your business to grow and succeed . The practice of competitive intelligence is growing every year , and most companies and business students now realize the importance of knowing their competitors . According to Arjan Singh and Andrew Beurschgens in their 2006 article in the Competitive Intelligence Review , there are four stages of development of a competitive intelligence capability with a firm . It starts with `` stick fetching '' , where a CI department is very reactive , up to `` world class '' , where it is completely integrated in the decision - making process . Recent trends ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The technical advances in massive parallel processing offered by the Hadoop `` big data '' architecture has allowed the creation of multiple platforms for named - entity recognition such as the Apache Projects OpenNLP and Apache Stanbol . The former includes pre-trained statistical parsers that can discern elements key to establishing trends and evaluating competitive position and responding appropriately . Public information mining from SEC.gov , Federal Contract Awards , social media ( Twitter , Reddit , Facebook , and others ) , vendors , and competitor websites now permit real - time counterintelligence as a strategy for horizontal and vertical market expansion and product positioning . This occurs in an automated fashion on massive marketplaces such as Amazon.com and their classification and prediction of product associations and purchase probability . Similar fields ( edit ) Competitive intelligence has been influenced by national strategic intelligence . Although national intelligence was researched 50 years ago , competitive intelligence was introduced during the 1990s . Competitive - intelligence professionals can learn from national - intelligence experts , especially in the analysis of complex situations . Competitive intelligence may be confused with ( or seen to overlap ) environmental scanning , business intelligence and market research . Craig Fleisher questions the appropriateness of the term , comparing it to business intelligence , competitor intelligence , knowledge management , market intelligence , marketing research and strategic intelligence . Fleisher suggests that business intelligence has two forms . Its narrow ( contemporary ) form is more focused on information technology and internal focus than CI , while its broader ( historical ) definition is more inclusive than CI . Knowledge management ( KM ) , when improperly achieved , is seen as an information - technology driven organizational practice relying on data mining , corporate intranets and mapping organizational assets to make it accessible to organization members for decision - making . CI shares some aspects of KM ; they are human - intelligence - and experience - based for a more - sophisticated qualitative analysis . km is essential for effective change . A key effective factor is a powerful , dedicated IT system executing the full intelligence cycle . Market intelligence ( MI ) is industry - targeted intelligence developed in real - time aspects of competitive events taking place among the four Ps of the marketing mix ( pricing , place , promotion and product ) in the product ( or service ) marketplace to better understand the market 's attractiveness . A time - based competitive tactic , MI is used by marketing and sales managers to respond to consumers more quickly in the marketplace . Fleisher suggests it is not distributed as widely as some forms of CI , which are also distributed to non-marketing decision - makers . Market intelligence has a shorter time horizon than other intelligence areas , and is measured in days , weeks , or ( in slower - moving industries ) months . Market research is a tactical , method - driven field consisting of neutral , primary research of customer data ( beliefs and perceptions ) gathered in surveys or focus groups , and is analyzed with statistical - research techniques . CI draws on a wider variety ( primary and secondary ) of sources from a wider range of stakeholders ( suppliers , competitors , distributors , substitutes and media ) to answer existing questions , raise new ones and guide action . Ben Gilad and Jan Herring lay down a set of prerequisites defining CI , distinguishing it from other information - rich disciplines such as market research or business development . They show that a common body of knowledge and a unique set of tools ( key intelligence topics , business war games and blindspots analysis ) distinguish CI ; while other sensory activities in a commercial firm focus on one segment of the market ( customers , suppliers or acquisition targets ) , CI synthesizes data from all high - impact players ( HIP ) . Gilad later focused his delineation of CI on the difference between information and intelligence . According to him , the common denominator among organizational sensory functions ( whether they are called market research , business intelligence or market intelligence ) is that they deliver information rather than intelligence . Intelligence , says Gilad , is a perspective on facts rather than the facts themselves . Unique among corporate functions , competitive intelligence has a perspective of risks and opportunities for a firm 's performance ; as such , it ( not information activities ) is part of an organization 's risk - management activity . Ethics ( edit ) Ethics has been a long - held issue of discussion among CI practitioners . The questions revolve around what is and is not allowable in terms of CI activity . A number of scholarly treatments have been generated on this topic , most prominently addressed through Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals publications . The book Competitive Intelligence Ethics : Navigating the Gray Zone provides nearly twenty separate views about ethics in CI , as well as another 10 codes used by various individuals or organizations . Combining that with the over two dozen scholarly articles or studies found within the various CI bibliographic entries , it is clear that no shortage of study has gone into better classifying , understanding and addressing CI ethics . Competitive information may be obtained from public or subscription sources , from networking with competitor staff or customers , disassembly of competitor products or from field research interviews . Competitive intelligence research is distinguishable from industrial espionage , as CI practitioners generally abide by local legal guidelines and ethical business norms . Outsourcing ( edit ) Outsourcing has become a big business for competitive intelligence professionals . There a many different companies in this field , including market research and consulting firms . See also ( edit ) Business intelligence Commercial intelligence Competitor analysis Due diligence Economic and industrial espionage Industry or market research Information broker Legal case management Location intelligence Market research Marketing analysis Open source intelligence Porter 's four corners model Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals Sourcing ( personnel ) SWOT analysis Trend analysis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Competitive Intelligence Definition Small Business Encyclopedia '' . Entrepreneur.com. 2014 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` SCIP Code of Ethics for CI Professionals '' . Strategic and Competitive Intelligence Professionals . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Haag , Stephen . Management Information Systems for the Information Age . Third Edition . McGraw - Hill Ryerson , 2006 . Jump up ^ McGonagle , John J. and Carolyn M. Vella ( 2003 ) . The Manager 's Guide to Competitive Intelligence . Westport CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 184 . ISBN 1567205712 . Jump up ^ Gilad , Ben . `` The Future of Competitive Intelligence : Contest for the Profession 's Soul '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 2008 , 11 ( 5 ) , 22 Jump up ^ Dishman , P. , Fleisher , C.S. , and V. Knip . `` Chronological and Categorized Bibliography of Key Competitive Intelligence Scholarship : Part 1 ( 1997 - 2003 ) , Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management , 1 ( 1 ) , 16 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Fleisher , Craig S. , Wright , Sheila , and R. Tindale . `` Bibliography and Assessment of Key Competitive Intelligence Scholarship : Part 4 ( 2003 -- 2006 ) , Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management , 2007 , 4 ( 1 ) , 32 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Fleisher , Craig S. , Knip , Victor , and P. Dishman . `` Bibliography and Assessment of Key Competitive Intelligence Scholarship : Part 2 ( 1990 - 1996 ) , Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management , 2003 , 1 ( 2 ) , 11 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Knip , Victor , P. Dishman , and C.S. Fleisher . `` Bibliography and Assessment of Key Competitive Intelligence Scholarship : Part 3 ( The Earliest Writings - 1989 ) , Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management , 2003 , 1 ( 3 ) , 10 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Fleisher , Craig S. and Babette E. Bensoussan . Strategic and Competitive Analysis : Methods and Techniques for Analyzing Business Competition . Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River , 2003 . Jump up ^ Fleisher , Craig S. and Babette E. Bensoussan . Business and Competitive Analysis : Effective Application of New and Classic Methods , FT Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fuld , Leonard M. , Competitor Intelligence : How to Get It , How to Use It . NY : Wiley , 1985 . Jump up ^ Gilad , Benjamin Gilad and Tamar Gilad . The Business Intelligence System . NY : American Management Association , 1988 . Jump up ^ Blenkhorn , D. and C.S. Fleisher ( 2003 ) . `` Teaching CI to three diverse groups : Undergraduates , MBAs , and Executives '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 6 ( 4 ) , 17 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Fleisher , C.S. ( 2003 ) . `` Competitive Intelligence Education : Competencies , Sources and Trends , '' Information Management Journal , March / April , 56 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Fuld , 2006 Jump up ^ Prescott , J. ( 1999 ) . `` Debunking the Academic Abstinence Myth of Competitive Intelligence '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 2 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ McGonagle , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Bibliography : Education in CI , '' Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 6 ( 4 ) , 50 . Jump up ^ ( Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 2003 , 6 ( 4 ) , July / August ) ^ Jump up to : Gilad , Ben and Jan Herring . `` CI Certification - Do We Need It ? '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 2001 , 4 ( 2 ) , 28 - 31 . Jump up ^ Blenkhorn , D. and C.S. Fleisher . Competitive Intelligence and Global Business . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2005 Jump up ^ ( Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management , volume 2 , numbers 1 - 3 Jump up ^ Calof , Jonathan L ; Sheila Wright ( 2008 ) . `` Competitive intelligence : A practitioner , academic and inter-disciplinary perspective '' . European Journal of Marketing . 42 ( 7 / 8 ) : 717 -- 730 . doi : 10.1108 / 03090560810877114 . Jump up ^ http://competitive-intelligence.mirum.net/competitive-intelligence-methods/what-is-a-business-wargame.html Jump up ^ `` Why do businesses need competitive intelligence ? - Netscribes '' . Netscribes. 2018 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gilad , Ben ( 2001 ) . `` Industry Risk Management : CI 's Next Step '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 4 ( 3 ) , May -- June . Jump up ^ Gilad , Ben . Early Warning . NY : American Management Association , 2003 . Jump up ^ Gilad , Ben ( 2006 ) . `` Early Warning Revisited '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 9 ( 2 ) , March -- April . Jump up ^ Shaker , Steven and Richardson , Victor ( 2004 ) . `` Putting the System Back into Early Warning '' . Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 7 ( 3 ) , May -- June . Jump up ^ Comai , Alessandro and Tena , Joaquin ( 2007 ) . `` Early Warning Systems for your Competitive Landscape '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 10 ( 3 ) , May -- June . Jump up ^ Comai , Alessandro and Tena , Joaquin ( 2006 ) . `` Mapping and Anticipating the Competitive Landscape '' , Emecom Ediciones , Barcelona , Spain . Jump up ^ `` Why do businesses need competitive intelligence ? - Netscribes '' . Netscribes. 2018 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Krapohl , Don ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Working entity extractor with openNLP models for name extraction '' . AugmentedIntel . AugmentedIntel . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnea , A. , ( 2010 ) , `` Intelligence Failures : Competitive Intelligence and Strategic Surprises '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , Vol. 13 . No. 3 , July / September . ^ Jump up to : Fleisher , Craig S. and David Blenkhorn . Controversies in Competitive Intelligence : The Enduring Issues . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Fleisher , Craig S. ( 2003 ) . `` Should the Field be Called ' Competitive Intelligence ? ' pp. 56 - 69 in Fleisher , Craig S. and David Blenkhorn ( eds . ) , Controversies in Competitive Intelligence : The Enduring Issues . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2003 . Jump up ^ Barnea , Avner ( May -- June 2009 ) . `` '' Intelligence Solutions through the Use of Expert Tools `` , '' . Competitive Intelligence Magazine . 12 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Skyrme , D.J. ( 1989 ) . `` The Planning and Marketing of the Market Intelligence Function , '' Marketing Intelligence and Planning , 7 ( 1 / 2 ) , 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sharp , S. ( 2000 ) . `` Truth or Consequences : 10 Myths that Cripple Competitive Intelligence '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 3 ( 1 ) , 37 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gilad , B. ( 2008 ) `` The Future of Competitive Intelligence : Contest for the Profession 's Soul '' , Competitive Intelligence Magazine , 11 ( 5 ) , 21 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Competitive Intelligence Foundation ( 2006 ) . Competitive Intelligence Ethics : Navigating the Gray Zone . D. Fehringer and Hohhof , B. ( Eds ) , Alexandria , VA : Competitive Intelligence Foundation Jump up ^ Knip , Fleisher , & Dishman , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Ethics in Competitive Intelligence , University of Ottawa '' . Wiki.telfer.uottawa.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` white pages '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Its and about page and see how we work on Competitive intelligence External links ( edit ) Competitive Intelligence - Explained With Maps ( documentary ) Competitive Intelligence - Part 1 ( quick pdf short course ) Competitive Intelligence - Part 2 ( quick pdf short course ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Competitive_intelligence&oldid=837062009 '' Categories : Competitive intelligence Innovation economics Business intelligence Competition ( economics ) Market research Marketing strategy Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2017 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles containing buzzwords from February 2017 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 14 : 01 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Chinese_marriage&oldid=836459607

Chinese marriage - wikipedia Chinese marriage Jump to : navigation , search A Qing Dynasty wedding . The groom 's parents are seated . The bride is the one in the centre wearing a red dress and blue headpiece , presenting tea to her mother - in - law . The groom usually wears a sash forming an `` X '' in front of him . Sometimes the `` X '' includes a giant bow or flower , though not in this picture . Traditional Chinese marriage ( Chinese : 婚姻 ; pinyin : hūnyīn ) , as opposed to marriage in modern China , is a ceremonial ritual within Chinese societies that involve a union between spouses , sometimes established by pre-arrangement between families . Within Chinese culture , romantic love and monogamy was the norm for most citizens . Wedding rituals and customs often varied by region because of China 's extensive and rich history and because of the numerous different cultures and ethno - linguistic groups that have been subsumed into modern Chinese culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Marriage in a Confucian context 3 Ancient Chinese marriages 3.1 Marriages in early societies 3.2 Mythological origin 3.3 Historic marriage practices 3.4 Maternal marriage and monogamy 3.5 Marriage Matters in Xinjiang ( 1880 - 1949 ) 3.6 Marriage During the Han Dynasty ( 202 BCE - 220 CE ) 4 Traditional marriage rituals 4.1 Six etiquettes 5 Modern practices 6 Traditional divorce process 7 Divorce in contemporary China 8 Monogamy 8.1 Sororate marriage 8.2 Multiple wives with equal status 8.3 Concubinage 8.4 Polyandry 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) In more ancient writings for the word 婚姻 , the former has the radical 昏 ( pinyin : hūn , literally `` dusk , nightfall , twilight , dark '' ) beside the radical 女 ( pinyin : nǚ , literally `` a female '' ) . This implies that the wedding ceremony is performed in the evening , which is deemed as a time of fortune . Similarly , 姻 ( pinyin : yīn ) has the same pronunciation as 因 ( pinyin : yīn ) . According to Zhang Yi 's ( 張 揖 ) Guangya Shigu ( 廣 雅 釋 詁 ) , a dictionary of ancient Chinese characters , 因 ( pinyin : yīn ) means `` friendliness '' , `` love '' and `` harmony '' , indicating the correct way of living for a married couple . Marriage in a Confucian context ( edit ) Main article : Confucian view of marriage In Confucian thought , marriage is of grave significance both to families and to society as well as being important for the cultivation of virtue . Traditionally incest has been defined as marriage between people with the same surname . From the perspective of a Confucian family , marriage brings together families of different surnames and so continues the family line of the paternal clan . This is generally why having a boy is preferred over a girl when giving birth . Therefore , the benefits and demerits of any marriage are important to the entire family , not just the individual couples . Socially , the married couple is thought to be the basic unit of society . In Chinese history there have been many times when marriages have affected the country 's political stability and international relations . During the Han Dynasty , the rulers of the powerful Xiongnu tribe demanded women from the imperial family . Many periods of Chinese history were dominated by the families of the wife or mother of the ruling emperor . Ancient Chinese marriages ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Chinese marriage . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs expansion with : examples and additional citations . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marriages in early societies ( edit ) In modern Chinese thinking , people in `` primitive '' societies did not marry , but had sexual relationships with one another indiscriminately . Such people were thought to live like animals , and they did not have the precise concept of motherhood , fatherhood , sibling , husband and wife , and gender , not to mention match - making and marriage ceremony . Part of the Confucian `` civilizing mission '' was to define what it meant to be a Father or a Husband , and to teach people to respect the proper relationship between family members and regulate sexual behavior . Mythological origin ( edit ) The story about the marriage of Nüwa and Fu Xi , who were once sister and brother respectively , told about how they invented proper marriage procedures after becoming married . At that time the world was unpopulated , so the siblings wanted to get married but , at the same time , they felt ashamed . So they went up to Kunlun Shan and prayed to the heavens . They asked for permission for their marriage and said , `` if you allow us to marry , please make the mist surround us . '' The heavens gave permission to the couple , and promptly the peak was covered in mist . It is said that in order to hide her shyness , Nüwa covered her blushing face with a fan . Nowadays in some villages in China , the brides still follow the custom and use a fan to shield their faces . Historic marriage practices ( edit ) Marriage ceremony , Prosperous Suzhou by Xu Yang , 1759 Endogamy among different classes in China were practiced , the upper class like the Shi class married among themselves , while commoners married among themselves also , avoiding marriage with slaves and other ordinary people . This practice was enforced under the law . Maternal marriage and monogamy ( edit ) In a maternal marriage , a male would become a son - in - law who lived in the wife 's home . This happened in the transformation of antithetic marriage into monogamy , which signified the decline of matriarchy and the growing dominance of patriarchy in ancient China . Marriage Matters in Xinjiang ( 1880 - 1949 ) ( edit ) Even though Muslim women are forbidden to marry non-Muslims in Islamic law , from 1880 - 1949 it was frequently violated in Xinjiang since Chinese men married Muslim Turki ( Uyghur ) women , a reason suggested by foreigners that it was due to the women being poor , while the Turki women who married Chinese were labelled as whores by the Turki community , these marriages were illegitimate according to Islamic law but the women obtained benefits from marrying Chinese men since the Chinese defended them from Islamic authorities so the women were not subjected to the tax on prostitution and were able to save their income for themselves . Chinese men gave their Turki wives privileges which Turki men 's wives did not have , since the wives of Chinese did not have to wear a veil and a Chinese man in Kashgar once beat a mullah who tried to force his Turki Kashgari wife to veil . The Turki women also benefited in that they were not subjected to any legal binding to their Chinese husbands so they could make their Chinese husbands provide them with as much their money as she wanted for her relatives and herself since otherwise the women could just leave , and the property of Chinese men was left to their Turki wives after they died . Turki women considered Turki men to be inferior husbands to Chinese and Hindus . Because they were viewed as `` impure '' , Islamic cemeteries banned the Turki wives of Chinese men from being buried within them , the Turki women got around this problem by giving shrines donations and buying a grave in other towns . Besides Chinese men , other men such as Hindus , Armenians , Jews , Russians , and Badakhshanis intermarried with local Turki women . The local society accepted the Turki women and Chinese men 's mixed offspring as their own people despite the marriages being in violation of Islamic law . Turki women also conducted temporary marriages with Chinese men such as Chinese soldiers temporarily stationed around them as soldiers for tours of duty , after which the Chinese men returned to their own cities , with the Chinese men selling their mixed daughters with the Turki women to his comrades , taking their sons with them if they could afford it but leaving them if they could n't , and selling their temporary Turki wife to a comrade or leaving her behind . Marriage during the Han Dynasty ( 202 bce - 220 ce ) ( edit ) Marriages during this time included a number of mandatory steps , of which the most important of them was the presentation of betrothal gifts from the groom and his family to the bride and her family . The bride 's family then countered with a dowry . Sometimes the bride 's family would buy goods with the betrothal money . Using a betrothal gift for family financial needs rather than saving it for the bride was viewed as dishonorable because it appeared as though the bride has been sold . A marriage without a dowry or a betrothal gifts was also seen as dishonorable . The bride was seen as a concubine instead of a wife . Once all the goods were exchanged the bride was taken to the ancestral home of the groom . There she was expected to obey her husband and his living relatives . Women continued to belong to their husband 's families even if they had passed . If the widow 's birth family wanted her to marry again , they would often have to ransom her back from her deceased husband 's family . If they had any children they stayed with his family . Traditional marriage rituals ( edit ) Further information : Chinese pre-wedding customs A modern wedding held in a Ming Dynasty format Chinese marriage became a custom between 402 and 221 BC . Despite China 's long history and many different geographical areas , there are essentially six rituals , generally known as the three letters and six etiquettes ( 三 書 六 禮 ) . Unfortunately for some traditional families , the wife 's mother can not go to her son - in - law 's family until one year ( according to the Chinese lunar calendar or Chinese Lunar New Year ) after the wedding has elapsed . However , during this one year the daughter can go back at any time . Six etiquettes ( edit ) Proposal : After an unmarried boy 's parents found a potential daughter - in - law , they located a matchmaker whose job was to assuage the conflict of interests and general embarrassments when discussing the possibility of marriage on the part of two families largely unknown to each other . Marriages were chosen based upon the needs of reproduction and honor , as well as the need of the father and husband . Birthdates : If the selected girl and her parents did not object to the proposal , the matchmaker would match the birthdates ( Chinese : 秊 庚 八字 ; pinyin : niángēng bāzì ; literally : `` the 8 cyclic characters for year , month , day and hour of birth of a man , which determine his fate '' ) in which suan ming ( Chinese fortune telling ) is used to predict the future of that couple - to - be . If the result of suan ming was good , they then would go to the next step , submitting bride price . Bridewealth ( betrothal gifts ) : At this point the bridegroom 's family arranged for the matchmaker to present a bride price ( betrothal gifts ) , including the betrothal letter , to the bride 's family . Wedding gifts : The groom 's family would then send an elaborate array of food , cakes , and religious items to the bride 's family . Arranging the wedding : Before the wedding ceremony , two families would arrange a wedding day according to Chinese tung shing . Selecting an auspicious day to assure a good future for the couple is as important as avoiding what is believed to be an unlucky day . In some cases there may be no auspicious dates and the couple will have to review their potential date range . Wedding ceremony : The final ritual would be the actual wedding ceremony where bride and groom become a married couple , which consists of many elaborate parts ( see below ) : Wedding procession : Before the meeting party 's arrival , the bride would be helped by a respectable old woman to tie up her hair with colorful cotton threads . She would wear a red skirt because the Chinese believed red symbolised happiness . When the party arrived , the bride must cry with her mother to symbolize her reluctance to leave home . She would then be led or carried by her elder brother to the sedan . From here , the wedding procession from the bride 's home to the groom 's home consists of a traditional band , the bride 's sedan , the maids of honor 's sedans ( if there are maids of honor ) , and bride 's dowry in the forms other than money . The most common dowries included scissors like two butterflies never separating , rulers indicating acres of fields , and vases for peace and wealth . Welcoming the bride : The wedding procession of the bride 's family stops at the door of the groom 's home . In the meeting party the groom would meet a series of difficulties intentionally set in his path . Only after coping with these could he pass to see his wife - to - be . Actual wedding ceremonies : On the arrival of the sedan at the wedding place , there would be music and firecrackers . The bride would be led along the red carpet in a festive atmosphere . The groom , also in a red gown , would kowtow three times to worship the heaven , parents and spouse . Equivalent to exchanging vows in the west , the couple would pay respect to the Jade Emperor , the patron family deities ( or patron buddhas and bodhisattvas ) , paying respect to deceased ancestors , the bride and groom 's parents and other elders , and paying respect to each other . Then , the new couple would go to their bridal chamber and guests would be treated to a feast . Wedding banquets In Chinese society , the wedding banquet is known as xǐ - jǐu ( 喜酒 , lit . joyful wine ) , and is sometimes far more important than the actual wedding itself . There are ceremonies such as the bride presenting wines or tea to parents , spouse , and guests . In modern weddings , the bride generally picks red ( following Chinese tradition ) or white ( more Western ) for the wedding , but most will wear the red traditional garment for their formal wedding banquet . Traditionally , the groom is not responsible for the cost of the wedding invitation sweet treats ( often pastries ) , the banquet invitations , and the wedding itself . Wedding banquets are elaborate and consist usually of 5 - 10 courses , with ingredients such as shark fin , abalone , lobster , squab , sea cucumber , swift nests or fish roe in soup or as decoration on top of a dish to symbolize fertility , and local delicacies . Traditionally , the father of the bride is responsible for the wedding banquet hosted on the bride 's side and the alcohol consumed during both banquets . The wedding banquets are two separate banquets : the primary banquet is hosted once at the bride 's side , the second banquet ( smaller banquet ) at the groom 's side . While the wedding itself is often based on the couple 's choices , the wedding banquets are a gesture of thanks and appreciation , to those that have raised the bride and groom ( such as grandparents and uncles ) . It is also to ensure the relatives on each side meet the relatives on the other side . Thus out of respect for the elders , wedding banquets are usually done formally and traditionally , which the older generation is thought to be more comfortable with . On the night of the wedding day , there was a custom in some places for relatives or friends to banter the newlyweds . Though this seemed a little noisy , both of them dropped shyness and got familiar with each other . On the third day of the marriage , the new couple would go back to the bride 's parents ' home . They would be received with also a dinner party including relatives . Modern practices ( edit ) A collective wedding in Chungking in 1941 ( Harrison Forman ) A couple , with the bride in a traditionally red dress , being photographed at the Temple of Heaven in Beijing Since the late 1990s , it has become popular to create an elaborate wedding album , often taken at a photography studio . The album usually consists of many pictures of the bride and groom taken at various locations with many different outfits . In Singapore , these outfits often include wedding outfits belonging to different cultures , including Arab and Japanese wedding outfits . In contrast to Western wedding pictures , the Chinese wedding album will not contain pictures of the actual ceremony and wedding itself . In Mandarin Chinese , a mang nian `` 盲 年 `` , or ' blind year ' , when there are no first days of spring , such as in year 2010 , a Year of the Tiger , is considered an ominous time to marry or start a business . In the preceding year , there were two first days of spring . In recent years , Confucian wedding rituals have become popular among Chinese couples . In such ceremonies , which are a recent innovation with no historic antecedent , the bride and groom bow and pay respects to a large portrait of Confucius hanging in the banquet hall while wedding attendants and the couple themselves are dressed in traditional Chinese robes . Before the bride and groom enter the nuptial chambers , they exchange nuptial cups and perform ceremonial bows as follows : first bow - Heaven and Earth second bow - ancestors third bow - parents fourth bow - spouse Traditional divorce process ( edit ) In traditional Chinese society , there are three major ways to dissolve a marriage . The first one is no - fault divorce . According to the legal code of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) , a marriage may be dissolved due to personal incompatibility , provided that the husband writes a divorce note . The second way ( 義 绝 ) is through state - mandated annulment of marriage . This applies when one spouse commits a serious crime ( variously defined , usually more broadly for the wife ) against the other or his / her clan . Finally , the husband may unilaterally declare a divorce . To be legally recognized , it must be based on one of the following seven reasons ( 七 出 ) : The wife lacks filial piety towards her parents - in - law ( 不順 舅 姑 ) . This makes the parents - in - law potentially capable of breaking a marriage against both partners ' wills . She fails to bear a son ( 無 子 ) . She is vulgar or lewd / adulterous ( 淫 ) . She is jealous ( 妒 ) . This includes objecting to her husband taking an additional wife or concubine . She has a vile disease ( 有 惡疾 ) . She is gossipy ( 口 多 言 ) . She commits theft ( 竊 盜 ) . There are , however , three clearly defined exceptions ( 三 不 去 ) , under which unilateral divorce is forbidden despite the presence of any of the seven aforementioned grounds : She has no family to return to ( 有 所 取 無 所 歸 ) . She had observed a full , three - year mourning for a parent - in - law ( 與 更 三 年 喪 ) . Her husband was poor when they married , and is now rich ( 前 貧賤 後 富貴 ) . The above law about unilateral divorce was in force from Tang Dynasty up to its final abolition in the Republic of China 's Civil Code ( Part IV ) Section 5 , passed in 1930 . Divorce in Contemporary China ( edit ) After the establishment of the People 's Republic in 1949 , the country 's new Marriage Law also explicitly provided for lawful divorces . Women were permitted to divorce their husbands and many did , sparking resistance from rural males especially . Kay Ann Johnson reported that tens of thousands of women in north central China were killed for seeking divorces or committed suicide when blocked from doing so . During the Mao era ( 1949 -- 1976 ) divorce was rare , but in the reform era , it has become easier and more commonplace . A USC U.S. - China Institute article reports that the divorce rate in 2006 was about 1.4 / 1000 people , about twice what it was in 1990 and more than three times what it was in 1982 . Still , the divorce rate in China is less than half what it is in the United States . One of the most important breakthroughs in the marriage institution were amendments added to the Marriage Law in 2001 , which shortened the divorce - application procedure and added legitimate reasons for divorce , such as emphasizing the importance of faithfulness within a married couple , a response to rising failure of marriages due to unfaithful affairs during marriage that have come into public knowledge . With the rising divorce rates nowadays , public discussions and governmental organs often criticize the lack of effort in marriage maintenance which many couples express . This is evident , for example in the new ' divorce buffer zones ' established in the marriage registration offices in certain provinces , which is a room where the couples wait , as a stage within the divorce application procedure , and are encouraged to talk things over and consider giving their marriage another chance . However , such phenomena do n't contradict the increasing permissiveness of the systems and of married couples which lead to the constant growth in divorce rates in China . Amendments have also been made to Article 32 of the revised 2001 Marriage Law . Parties to a marriage can apply for Divorce under , and by showing , the following grounds : Bigamy or a married person cohabiting with a third party ; Domestic violence or maltreatment and desertion of one family member by another ; Bad habits of gambling or drug addiction that remain incorrigible despite repeated admonition ; Separation caused by incompatibility , which lasts two full years ; Any other circumstances causing alienation of mutual affection . Monogamy ( edit ) In ancient China , women did not have social status . A woman could only obey and rely on her husband ; even if her husband was dead , she was still not allowed to remarry . While the man could have many wives and many concubines , the emperor had imperial harems . The general dignitaries also had many wives and concubines . A man could marry many women and not be held to legal restrictions . Sororate marriage ( edit ) Sororate marriage is a custom in which a man marries his wife 's sister ( s ) . Later it is expanded to include her cousins or females from the same clan . The Chinese name is 妹 媵 ( 妹 = younger sister , 媵 = co-bride / concubinage ) . It can happen at the same time as he marries the first wife , at a later time while the wife is still alive , or after she dies . This practice occurred frequently among the nobility of the Zhou Dynasty ( 1045 BC -- 256 BC ) , with cases occurring at later times . Multiple wives with equal status ( edit ) Emperors of some relatively minor dynasties are known to have multiple empresses . Created by special circumstances . For example , during wartime a man may be separated from his wife and mistakenly believe that she had died . He remarries , and later the first wife is found to be alive . After they are reunited , both wives may be recognized . Qianlong Emperor of Qing dynasty began to allow polygamy for the specific purpose of siring heirs for another branch of the family ( see Levirate marriage ) . Called `` multiple inheritance '' ( 兼 祧 ) , if a man is the only son of his father 單傳 , and his uncle has no son , then with mutual agreement he may marry an additional wife . A male child from this union becomes the uncle 's grandson and heir . The process can be repeated for additional uncles . Beside the traditional desire for male children to carry on the family name , this allowance partially resolves a dilemma created by the emperor himself . He had recently banned all non-patrilineal forms of inheritance , while wanting to preserve the proper order in the Chinese kinship . Therefore , a couple without son can not adopt one from within the extended family . They either have to adopt from outside ( which was regarded by many as passing the family wealth to unrelated `` outsiders '' ) , or become heirless . The multiple inheritance marriages provided a way out when the husband 's brother has a son . Concubinage ( edit ) Women in concubinage ( 妾 ) were treated as inferior , and expected to be subservient to the wife ( if there was one ) . The women were not wedded in a whole formal ceremony , had less right in the relationship , and could be divorced arbitrarily . They generally came from lower social status or were bought as slaves . Women who had eloped may have also become concubines since a formal wedding requires her parents ' participation . The number of concubines was sometime regulated , which differs according to the men 's rank . In ancient China , men of higher social status often supported several concubines , and Chinese emperors almost always have dozens of , even hundreds of royal concubines . A European painting of an emperor of China inspecting his fantasy fishing fleet with his concubines Despite the limitations imposed on ancient Chinese concubines , history and literature have examples of concubines achieving great power and influence . For example , in one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China , The Dream of the Red Chamber ( believed to be a semi-autobiographical account of author Cao Xueqin 's own family life ) , three generations of the Jia family are supported by one favorite concubine of the emperor . Imperial concubines , kept by emperors in the Forbidden City , were traditionally guarded by eunuchs to ensure that they could not be impregnated by anyone but the emperor . Lady Yehenara , otherwise known as Empress Dowager Cixi , was arguably one of the most successful concubines in China 's history . Cixi first entered the court as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor and gave birth to an illegitimate male heir , who would become the Tongzhi Emperor . The emperor passed over many legitimate male heirs and named Cixi 's son the crown prince . She would eventually become the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years after her son 's death . A somewhat different form of it is the so - called `` two primary wives '' ( 兩頭 大 ) . Traditionally , a married woman is expected to live with her husband 's family . When the husband has to live away from his family , however , she has to stay with her in - laws and take care of them . A man who thus suffers chronic separation from his wife , such as a traveling merchant , may `` marry '' another woman where he lives and set up a separate household with her . Due to the geographical separation , the second woman often regards herself as a full wife for all practical matters , yet legally this marriage is not recognized , and she is treated as a concubine . In China specifically , in cases where the primary wife fails to have sons to preserve the male lineage , i.e. family name , a secondary wife is allowed by law via the sing - song girls concept . Although modern Chinese law explicitly prohibits polygamy , there has been a recent surge of polygamy in mainland China . Since the opening of China 's borders in the 1970s , businessmen from Hong Kong and Taiwan started setting up `` secondary wives '' ( 二奶 , er nai ) in the Mainland . Since then the practice has spread to local affluent men . Someone considered as 二奶 would receive more privileges than another woman regarded as 小三 ( xiao san ) , a term reserved for a mere mistress rather than a role more akin to second wife or concubine . Although this practice is condemned throughout society many men still have 二奶 and 小三 , which can cause conflict and trauma , just as it would in western countries . Some juries in China consider married people who leave home to live with their lovers to have committed bigamy . However most law cases filed were before 2000 , and as of 2014 the situation does not really differ from that in western countries . People will not get prosecuted for `` bigamy '' for out - of - marriage relationships as long as they do not register another marriage , but might be required to cede more possessions in divorce cases involving a former wife . Polyandry ( edit ) Polyandry , the practice of one woman having multiple husbands , is traditionally considered by Han as immoral , prohibited by law , and uncommon in practice . However , historically there have been instances in which a man in poverty rents or pawns his wife temporarily . However amongst other Chinese ethnicities polyandry existed and exists , especially in mountainous areas . In a subsistence economy , when available land could not support more than one family , dividing it between surviving sons would eventually lead to a situation in which none would have the resources to survive ; in such a situation a family would together marry a wife , who would be the wife of all the brothers in the family . Polyandry in certain Tibetan autonomous areas in modern China remains legal . This however only applies to the ethnic minority Tibetans of the region and not to other ethnic groups . See also ( edit ) Chinese culture Chinese social relations Confucian view of marriage New Marriage Law Red envelope Shanghai marriage market Southern Chinese wedding Wedding reception in Chinese societies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rubie Sharon Watson , Patricia Buckley Ebrey , Joint Committee on Chinese Studies ( U.S. ) ( 1991 ) . Marriage and inequality in Chinese society . University of California Press . p. 225 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07124 - 7 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ildikó Bellér - Hann ( 2008 ) . Community Matters in Xinjiang , 1880 - 1949 : Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur . BRILL . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 16675 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ildikó Bellér - Hann ( 2008 ) . Community Matters in Xinjiang , 1880 - 1949 : Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur . BRILL . pp. 84 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 16675 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ildikó Bellér - Hann ( 2008 ) . Community Matters in Xinjiang , 1880 - 1949 : Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur . BRILL . pp. 85 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 16675 - 0 . Jump up ^ 1952 - , Wiesner , Merry E. , ( 2011 ) . Gender in history : global perspectives ( 2nd ed . ) . Malden , Mass : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 9781405189958 . OCLC 504275500 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture . Taylor & Francis . pp. 897 -- 899 . ISBN 9780415241298 . Jump up ^ Jennifer 8 . Lee , The New York Times , Sunday 8 January 2010 p . ST - 15 ( Sunday Styles ) Jump up ^ Yang , Fenggang ; Joseph Tamney ( 2011 ) . Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond . BRILL . pp. 325 -- 327 . ISBN 9789004212398 . Jump up ^ Li Wenxian ( 2011 ) . `` Worshipping in the Ancestral Hall '' . Encyclopedia of Taiwan . Taipei : Council for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ law.moj.gov.tw Jump up ^ Kay Ann Johnson , Women , the Family , and Peasant Revolution in China http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?mode=toc&bookkey=76671 Jump up ^ USC US - China Institute , `` Divorce is increasingly common '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Romantic Materialism ( the development of the marriage institution and related norms in China ) , Thinking Chinese , October 2011 Jump up ^ 江苏 将 推广 设立 离婚 缓冲 室 ( Chinese ) , sina.com , May 23 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Concubines in Ancient China '' . Beijing Made Easy . Jump up ^ Sterling Seagrave ; Peggy Seagrave ( 1993 ) . Dragon Lady : The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China . Vintage Books . Jump up ^ `` China 's New Concubines '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ China.org.cn criminal law 18 . Gender in History , Global Perspectives , Second Edition . Written by Merry E. Wiesner - Hanks. ( p29 - 33 ) Further reading ( edit ) Guide to China Divorce and Separation spousal interests in real properties and corporate equities in China Wolf , Arthur P. and Chieh - shan Huang . 1985 . Marriage and Adoption in China , 1845 - 1945 . Stanford University Press . This is the most sophisticated anthropological account of Chinese marriage . Diamant , Neil J. 2000 . Revolutionizing the Family : politics , love and divorce in urban and rural China , 1949 - 1968 . University of California Press . Wolf , Margery. 1985 . Revolution Postponed : Women in Contemporary China . Stanford University Press . Alford , William P. , `` Have You Eaten , Have You Divorced ? Debating the Meaning of Freedom in Marriage in China '' , in Realms of Freedom in Modern China ( William C. Kirby ed. , Stanford University Press , 2004 ) . Sexuality and gender in China Topics Women Women in ancient China Globalization and women in China Sexuality Chinese marriage Women 's healthcare One - child Policy Feminism Prostitution LGBT rights in Hong Kong in Macau LGBT history HIV / AIDS ( in Yunnan ) Recognition of same - sex unions Homosexuality in China Transgender in China Organizations All - China Women 's Federation Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Catholic Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Same - sex marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_marriage&oldid=836459607 '' Categories : Sexuality in China Marriage in Chinese culture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Accuracy disputes from September 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 23 : 10 . 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Fiorello H. LaGuardia High school - wikipedia Fiorello H. LaGuardia High school Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts The exterior of LaGuardia , one block west of Lincoln Center Address Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all 100 Amsterdam Avenue New York , NY , USA Coordinates 40 ° 46 ′ 27 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 08 '' W  /  40.77417 ° N 73.98556 ° W  / 40.77417 ; - 73.98556 Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 27 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 08 '' W  /  40.77417 ° N 73.98556 ° W  / 40.77417 ; - 73.98556 Information Type Public ( exam school ) Established 1961 School district 10 Principal Dr Lisa Mars Staff 163 Grades 9 -- 12 Enrollment 2730 Color ( s ) Red and white Website laguardiahs.org Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts is a high school specializing in teaching visual arts and performing arts , situated near Lincoln Center in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of the Upper West Side , Manhattan , New York City , in the U.S. state of New York . Located at 100 Amsterdam Avenue between West 64th and 65th Streets , the school is operated by the New York City Department of Education , and resulted from the merger of the High School of Music & Art and the School of Performing Arts . The school has a dual mission of arts and academics , preparing students for a career in the arts or conservatory study as well as a pursuit of higher education . Informally known as LaGuardia Arts , or LaGuardia High School , the school is the only one among the nine specialized high schools in New York City that receives special funding from the New York State legislature through the Hecht Calandra Act . The school in 2013 -- 2014 had 2,730 students and 163 staff members , with a teacher -- student ratio of 1 : 20 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Academic curriculum 3 Studio Curriculum 3.1 Art 3.2 Music 3.2. 1 Instrumental program 3.2. 2 Vocal program 3.2. 3 Musicology program 3.3 Drama 3.4 Dance 3.5 Technical theater 4 Notable alumni 5 Applications 6 Sports 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The High School of Music & Art was founded by Fiorello H. LaGuardia in 1936 . As the mayor of New York City he wanted to establish a public school in which students could hone their talents in music , art and the performing arts . In 1948 , a similar institution -- the School of Performing Arts -- was created in an effort to harness students ' talents in dance . The schools merged on paper in 1961 and were to be combined in one building . However , this took many years and it was not until 1984 that they moved to a new concrete building adjacent to Lincoln Center designed by Eduardo Catalano . The Board of Education honored Mayor LaGuardia posthumously by naming the new building after him . Prior to the building 's completion in 1985 , Music & Art -- colloquially known as `` The Castle on the Hill '' -- was located on Convent Avenue and 135th Street in what has since become part of City College ( CCNY ) 's South Campus ; the building is home to A. Philip Randolph High School . Performing Arts was located in midtown on 46th Street , both in Manhattan . Mayor La Guardia regarded Music & Art as the `` most hopeful accomplishment '' of his long administration as mayor . The 1980 dramatic film Fame was based on student life at the School of Performing Arts prior to its merger into LaGuardia High School . It was so successful that a television series , Fame , was launched in 1982 , a musical adaptation was premiered in 1988 , and the film was remade and released in 2009 . Paul McCartney said he wanted a school like LaGuardia aka `` the FAME School '' in Liverpool , England , his hometown . With the school 's principal , Mark Weatherstone - Witty he created the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts . Alumni from LaGuardia and its two legacy schools , High School of Music and Art and School of Performing Arts , are active in supporting the students and the school through scholarships and support for special programs , school events , and reunions held at the school and throughout the world . The school 's alumni organization has a full - time executive director and offices at the school . It functions as an independent charitable organization organized under the laws of New York . Academic curriculum ( edit ) Students at LaGuardia take a full academic course load while participating in conservatory - style arts concentration . Each student majors in one studio , choosing from among Dance , Drama , Art , Vocal Music , Instrumental Music , and Technical Theater . Many graduates from LaGuardia continue their studies in universities or conservatories after graduation . LaGuardia had offered an honors track to students entering after 2006 , known as the DaVinci Program . DaVinci Scholars took more difficult classes in math and science and participated in a supplementary after - school enrichment program . The program no longer exists and students can take honors classes by choice or programming . LaGuardia also offers several Advanced Placement courses . Studio curriculum ( edit ) The school also presents an annual musical . The Musical Theater class , an elective school - wide course , is offered through the collaboration of faculty members from Music , Drama , Dance , and the Tech Theater Studios , culminating in a major musical theater performance . Recent productions have included Les Misérables , West Side Story , Hair , Ragtime , Hairspray , Guys and Dolls , Sweet Charity , Grease , In the Heights and Beauty and the Beast . Art ( edit ) For the first two years of education , the art department stresses traditional artistic skills and discipline . Students work on drawing from observation , learning color theory , and the principles of design . Following this , students elect vocationally oriented courses in the fine arts such as Computer Graphics , Architecture , and Photography . In their senior year , art majors can submit portfolios to the department for consideration for a place in the senior galleries , which are a series of shows organized and constructed by the chosen students and a student curator . Music ( edit ) The music department features two symphony orchestras , five choirs , four string ensembles , two concert bands , two jazz bands , a chamber group , a gospel choir , a show choir , an opera company with pit orchestra and an experimental composition class in popular music . Vocal and instrumental students study in a conservatory curriculum featuring three hours of music per day , including performing ensembles , electives ( in areas such as music technology and composition ) , music theory and history . The department has done featured work with composers and organizations such as Eric Whitacre , Josh Groban , Arturo O'Farrill , Béla Fleck and NPR 's Radiolab . Instrumental program ( edit ) Every student in the instrumental department must join a performing ensemble as well as a class specific to their instrument 's musicological classification ( one of two winds ensembles , two string orchestras or a percussion corp ) . After completing their first year with an ensemble , students may fulfill the remainder of performance credits with electives . The LaGuardia Philharmonia ( `` Junior Orchestra '' ) was formed with the goal of exposing students to more complex and professional repertoire . The LaGuardia Symphony ( `` Senior '' ) Orchestra accepts students through a rigorous secondary audition process . It is one of LaGuardia 's best known ensembles . Junior Jazz teaches elementary jazz performance and theory . Senior Jazz is the school 's premier , award - winning jazz band . Chamber Ensemble Junior Band was formed as an alternative to the orchestral program , exposing wind , brass and percussion students to repertoire that features their instruments . Symphonic Band Pit Orchestra , a program consisting of two distinct ensembles that perform with the annual musical and opera . Vocal program ( edit ) Every student in the vocal department must perform with Elementary Chorus within their first or second year . At the secondary level , students must perform with either Mixed Chorus or Girls ' Chorus . Third - year vocal music majors must complete an additional year of chorus , performing either with Mixed Chorus , Women 's Chorus , or Senior Chorus . Women 's Chorus is an all - female group that is open to third - and fourth - year voice students . It is not audition - based . Senior Chorus is a competitive elective class open to juniors and seniors . The ensemble is one of LaGuardia 's most well known and has been routinely selected to perform for the American Choral Directors Association . Gospel Chorus is an elective open to all students . Show Choir is also an elective course that accepts students from any studio . Opera Workshop is open to third - and fourth - year vocal majors through audition , where operatic works are analyzed and studied . The opera of choice is performed halfway through the spring semester . In 2011 , the Broadway musical team of Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin announced a musical with LaGuardia 's Opera Workshop and Pit Orchestra . The musical , entitled Life of the Party , is a comedy based on Stalinist movie musicals of the Soviet Union . The work ran from May 3 through May 6 , 2012 . Solo Voice teaches operatic solos through private instruction . Musicology program ( edit ) Every music student must pass an elementary sight singing course as well as a year of music theory and history in order to graduate . The LaGuardia New Music Ensemble focuses on popular music composition and theory . Students are able to compose their own original songs and perform them during school productions . The ensemble grants admission through auditions , in which a portfolio is required . Music Technology is a class in music production , electronic music history and computer theory . AP Music Theory can be taken by members of either department . Composition is taught through private instruction , currently with composer Jim Pugliese . Drama ( edit ) The Drama studio at LaGuardia is highly competitive . The students do not get a chance to perform publicly until their junior year with musical theater , or senior year during the Spring Drama Festival . The exceptions for drama students ' ability to perform are the annual school musical , in which any second - , third - , or fourth - year student may audition for any number of roles , and the Rising Stars talent show , where any group of students can prepare an act . There are several guest teachers in the drama department , who are featured particularly in the junior and senior courses . Many actors such as Jake Gyllenhaal , Alan Rickman , and Darren Criss have given their knowledge on the audition process and career management . Dance ( edit ) The Dance Department is based strictly on pre-conservatory - based training in the field of dance . Students spend the first two years training solely in classical ballet and the combined modern techniques of Graham and Horton . In their junior year they are given the opportunity to take musical theater and tap classes . Beyond that , the junior class performs for the first time junior year . The second semester of junior year they take a choreography class in which they create pieces of their own to perform . Senior year , the dancers take career management classes to support their success and take part in two performances : the Winter Showcase and the Graduation Dance Concert of the spring . Alumni of the program include Desmond Richardson and Suzanne Vega . Technical theater ( edit ) The Technical Theater Studio is a professional training program that provides students with the skills and techniques necessary to pursue a career in technical theater . Concepts and aesthetics are taught using contemporary teaching methods that utilize state - of - the - art equipment . Professionally produced events in the concert hall , thrust - stage theater , and black - box theater provide students with practical hands - on work experiences . Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni Applications ( edit ) Students are accepted based on auditions ( Dance , Drama , Instrumental Music , Vocal Music and Technical Theater ) and portfolios ( Art and Technical Theater ) . Their academic and attendance records are also scrutinized with most incoming students scoring at least a `` 3 '' - meeting standards - on their seventh grade standardized exams . Auditions are held in November and December . Sports ( edit ) LaGuardia offers 21 different sports on the Varsity level . It is one of 8 schools in New York City which still runs the Gymnastics Program . LaGuardia competes with the Public School Athletic League ( PSAL ) . In the fall , they offer sports such as bowling , swimming , volleyball , cross country ( girls ' ) , fencing ( co-ed ) , soccer , and cross country ( boys ' ) . In the winter , students can participate in other sports such as basketball , gymnastics , and indoor track ( boys ' and girls ' ) . In the spring , the school offers baseball , outdoor track , tennis , volleyball ( boys ' ) , handball , softball and tennis ( girls ' ) . See also ( edit ) New York City portal Schools portal Dance portal Professional Children 's School Professional Performing Arts School School of American Ballet Special Music School References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 2017 Specialized High Schools Student Handbook '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Education . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . Schools.nyc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` LaGuardia Arts : The . Mission '' . LaGuardia High School website . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Norval ; Willensky , Elliot & Leadon , Fran ( 2010 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 5th ed . ) , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195383867 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Steigman , Benjamin : Accent on Talent -- New York 's High School of Music & Art Wayne State University Press , 1984 ISBN 0 - 686 - 87975 - 9 Jump up ^ Lytton , Charlotte ( 2013 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts guide '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ mick andreano . `` SCHOOL OF PERFORMING ARTS ALUMNI '' . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni & Friends of LaGuardia '' . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S. 485 Fiorello H. LaGuardia HS of Music & Art and Performing Arts '' . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LaGuardia Arts '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LaGuardia Arts -- Art Studio '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LaGuardia Arts -- Student Life '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts . Official website New York City Department of Education List of public elementary schools List of high schools Empowerment Schools Schools Chancellor Specialized High Schools Admissions Test Panel for Educational Policy Specialized high schools The Bronx Bronx HS of Science HS of American Studies at Lehman College Brooklyn Brooklyn Latin Brooklyn Technical HS Manhattan Fiorello H. LaGuardia HS HS for Math , Science and Engineering at City College Stuyvesant HS Queens Queens HS for the Sciences Staten Island Staten Island Tech HS Performing , creative , fine , and visual arts high schools in the United States California Charter High School of the Arts ( Los Angeles ) Ramon C. Cortines School of Visual and Performing Arts ( Los Angeles ) Los Angeles County High School for the Arts ( Los Angeles ) Oakland School for the Arts Orange County School of the Arts ( Santa Ana ) San Diego School of Creative and Performing Arts Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts Florida New World School of the Arts ( Miami ) Illinois Chicago High School for the Arts Chicago Academy for the Arts Indiana Wirt - Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High Ability Academy ( Gary ) Maryland Baltimore School for the Arts Massachusetts Boston Arts Academy Michigan Detroit School of Arts New York Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School ( New York City ) High School of Art and Design ( New York City ) Ohio Cleveland School of the Arts Pennsylvania Philadelphia High School for the Creative and Performing Arts The Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush ( Philadelphia ) Pittsburgh Creative and Performing Arts School Rhode Island Beacon Charter High School for the Arts ( Woonsocket ) Texas Austin School for the Performing and Visual Arts Fort Worth Academy of Fine Arts Fine Arts Academy at McCallum High School ( Austin ) High School for the Performing and Visual Arts ( Houston ) Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts ( Dallas ) Vidal M. Trevino School of Communications and Fine Arts ( Laredo ) Former schools Wilmer - Hutchins Performing Arts High School ( Dallas ) The High School of Music & Art ( New York City ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_H._LaGuardia_High_School&oldid=834057829 '' Categories : Gifted education Educational institutions established in 1936 Public high schools in Manhattan Schools of the performing arts in the United States Specialized high schools in New York City Lincoln Square , Manhattan Art schools in New York City 1936 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

-8095010923243354647

what is the average temperature in ecuador in january

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Ecuador&oldid=816045490

Climate of Ecuador - Wikipedia Climate of Ecuador Jump to : navigation , search The climate of Ecuador varies by region , due to differences in elevation and , to a degree , in proximity to the equator . Ecuador map of Köppen climate classification . The coastal lowlands in the western part of Ecuador are typically warm with temperatures in the region of 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) . Coastal areas are affected by ocean currents and between January and April are hot and rainy . The weather in Quito is consistent with that of a subtropical highland climate . The city has barely any cool air since it is close to the equator . The average temperature during the day is 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , which generally falls to an average of 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) at night . The average temperature annually is 64 ° F ( 17.8 ° C ) . There are only really two seasons in the city : dry and wet . The dry season ( winter ) runs from June to September and the wet season ( summer ) is from October to May . As most of Ecuador is in the southern hemisphere , June to September is considered to be winter , and winter is generally the dry season in warm climates . Spring , summer , and fall are generally the `` wet seasons '' while winter is the dry ( with the exception of the first month of fall being dry ) . See also ( edit ) Climate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Climate of Ecuador '' . Jump up ^ `` Climate in Ecuador '' . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador : Climate '' . External links ( edit ) Ecuador Weather & When to Travel Climate map Description climates for each region Climate of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Ecuador articles History Gran Colombia Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Paquisha War Cenepa War 1998 -- 1999 banking crisis Economic history 2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis Geography Birds Cities Climate Earthquakes Environment Islands Mammals Mountains National parks Provinces Rivers Volcanoes Politics Constitution Tribunal Elections Foreign relations LGBT history Military National Congress Political parties President Vice President Economy Banking Central Bank Coffee production Currency Mining Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport airports railways Water supply and sanitation Society Crime Demographics Education Health Religion Social class Culture Cinema Cuisine Dishes and foods Flag Indigenous peoples Newspapers Music Notable people Public holidays Sport Smoking Television Outline Index Portal This climatology / meteorology -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Ecuador&oldid=816045490 '' Categories : Geography of Ecuador Climate by country Atmospheric science stubs Talk About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

876619900426357295

the eyes of the dragon by stephen king

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Eyes_of_the_Dragon&oldid=826764098

The Eyes of the Dragon - wikipedia The Eyes of the Dragon Jump to : navigation , search For the gamebook by Ian Livingstone , see Eye of the Dragon . The Eyes of the Dragon First edition cover Author Stephen King Country United States Language English Genre Fantasy Publisher Viking Publication date February 2 , 1987 Media type Print ( Hardcover ) Pages 326 ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81458 - 9 The Eyes of the Dragon is a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen King , first published as a limited edition slipcased hardcover by Philtrum Press in 1984 , illustrated by Kenneth R. Linkhauser . The novel would later be published for the mass market by Viking in 1987 , with illustrations by David Palladini . This trade edition was slightly revised for publication . The 1995 French edition did not reproduce the American illustrations ; it included brand new illustrations by Christian Heinrich . At the time of publication , it was a deviation from the norm for King , who was best known for his horror fiction . This book is a work of epic fantasy in a quasi-medieval setting , with a clearly established battle between good and evil , and magic playing a lead role . The Eyes of the Dragon was originally titled Napkins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Relationship with other works 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television adaptation 6 References Plot ( edit ) Title page from the original 1984 Philtrum Press edition ( book issued without cover ) The Eyes of the Dragon takes place entirely within the realm of Delain ( which itself is located within In - World from The Dark Tower series , as established in `` The Little Sisters of Eluria '' ) . It is told from the perspective of an unnamed storyteller / narrator , who speaks casually and frankly to the reader , frequently adding his own commentary on characters ' motivations and the like . King Roland 's magician , Flagg , seeking to destroy the Kingdom of Delain , sees his plans being ruined by the good heart of Queen Sasha . After Sasha gives birth to Peter , a noble and worthy future king , Flagg realizes that his position , his plans , and his life may be in danger because of Peter . When Sasha is pregnant with a second son , Flagg seizes the opportunity . He forces the Queen 's midwife to cut Sasha as the second son , Thomas , is born . Sasha bleeds to death and Flagg begins plotting to remove Peter . As Peter becomes a teenager , he begins the custom of bringing a glass of wine to his father before bed each night . Flagg decides to use this as a means of framing Peter . He dissolves a poison called `` Dragon Sand '' in a glass of wine and delivers it to the king after Peter leaves . Previously , in an attempt to win Thomas ' friendship , Flagg had shown him a secret passage where Thomas could spy on his father . Unbeknownst to Flagg , when he delivers the poison , Thomas is watching through the glass eyes of the mounted head of Roland 's greatest trophy , the dragon . Flagg plants evidence incriminating Peter . After a brief trial , during which the judge decides Peter is guilty , he is locked up in the enormous tower called the Needle in the center of the city . Thomas is then crowned King , although he is only twelve years old ; due to his youth and his fearful inexperience , he allows Flagg enormous amounts of power . At the start of his long stay in the Needle , Peter manages to send a note to the judge who convicted him , Anders Peyna , with the seemingly innocuous requests to have his mother 's old dollhouse and napkins with his meals . Peyna is puzzled by the requests , but , seeing no harm in them , grants them . Five years later , Peter escapes from the Needle , having used the toy loom in the dollhouse and threads from the napkins to make a rope . After the escape he and his allies rush to get Roland 's bow and arrow . However , it is not to be found because Thomas had it once they got into the king 's `` sitting room '' . Flagg , now revealed as a demonic being , is about to kill them when Thomas reveals himself and tells Flagg that he ( Thomas ) watched Flagg poison Roland . Thomas shoots Flagg in the eye , but Flagg uses magic to disappear and escape . At the end of the novel , Peter is declared to be the rightful king . Thomas , who has become deeply hated in Delain , sets off alongside his butler , Dennis , to find Flagg . They find him and confront him , but the narrator does not reveal the outcome . Characters ( edit ) Flagg ( pictured right ) with King Peter from The Eyes of the Dragon . Art by David Palladini King Roland -- The King of Delain . While renowned for slaying a dragon in his younger , more virile days , he has now become somewhat infirm and addled . He trusts Flagg , his advisor , but little does he realize that Flagg intends ill will toward Roland . However , early in the story he does favor his wife 's advice more than Flagg 's . He also is the father of both Thomas and Peter . Flagg -- The Advisor to the King . Flagg is a powerful magician and has been around for centuries . In his incarnation in The Eyes of the Dragon , he has served as an advisor to four successive monarchs : Roland 's grandparents and parents , Roland himself , and Thomas . Though he has lived in Delain for roughly seventy years , he has only appeared to age ten . Later in the story , it is revealed that he has appeared in Delain multiple times , under multiple guises , the oldest of which that is mentioned in the book took place over five hundred years in the past . His ultimate goal is to cause Delain to overthrow the monarchy and be plunged into `` a thousand years of bloody anarchy , give or take a few years '' . Flagg , whose first name is not identified here but is Randall in other books , can be found in some form in quite a few of King 's novels . In The Stand , he is the personification of evil . He plays a part in The Dark Tower novels , as well . Coincidentally or purposefully , the initials R.F. are used randomly in the names of antagonistic characters in a number of other Stephen King works . Peter -- Roland 's older son and the heir to the throne . Peter is a tall , lithe , handsome young man who has inherited his mother 's good looks and his father 's love of the common man . He is the clear favorite among the people to be the next King . Thomas -- Roland 's younger son . Thomas takes after Roland in that he is slow and heavy even in youth . He feels overshadowed by Peter and resents his brother in the knowledge that Roland clearly loves Peter more . He is , however , a talented archer like his father , and in this he can outstrip even Peter . As Thomas gets older , Flagg becomes his only friend and sole source of comfort . Crowned `` Thomas the Light - Bringer , '' he soon receives the nickname `` Thomas the Tax - Bringer '' due to the merciless 80 % tax increase he imposed upon the people of Delain at the urging of Flagg . Queen Sasha -- Roland 's wife and the mother of Peter and Thomas . Sasha was chosen for Roland because she was an innocent girl from a lesser noble family and seemed to be the shyest of the lot that Flagg had selected for Roland . Flagg also believed she posed the least long - term threat to his authority . Roland chose her since she seemed the least likely to frighten him . However , she revealed herself to be a strong , independent woman , who truly loved ( and was loved in return by ) both Roland and the kingdom . She was murdered under Flagg 's orders while giving birth to Thomas . Ben Staad -- Peter 's best friend . The Staad family is described as the most unlucky family within Delain ; but Ben and Peter strike up a close friendship . Ben is strong , handsome and loyal . Dennis -- Peter 's butler . Dennis 's family has been butlers to the royals of Delain for centuries , and Dennis takes great pride in his work . He is complicit in Peter 's imprisonment . This is because he found the poison that killed King Roland inside of Peter 's room . He was then later transferred to serving as Thomas 's butler upon his father 's death . He then aids in Peter 's escape . He later goes with Thomas on his quest to find Flagg . Naomi -- A peasant girl who is with the exiles ( a developing resistance group ) . She helps Ben to find where Dennis is with the aid of her dog , Frisky . She later marries Ben . Anders Peyna -- The Kingdom 's Judge - General . The people are far more afraid of Peyna than they are of the King . It is Peyna who condemns Peter to his imprisonment , but later believes in the prince 's innocence . Along with Dennis and Ben Staad , he aids in Peter 's escape ( albeit mostly unknowingly ) by providing the funding for the jailhouse bribe which allows Peter to have the dollhouse and napkins . Reception ( edit ) The Eyes of the Dragon was warmly received by professional critics . Barbara Tritel of The New York Times described The Eyes of the Dragon as drawing clear influence from European fairy tales and wrote that the novel was `` more elegant than any other novel Mr. King has written so far . '' Some of King 's established fans rejected the novel , considering it a children 's book - King originally wrote the novel for his children . Another reason for fan rejection of The Eyes of the Dragon was the fact that it was epic fantasy , with little to no elements of the horror that typified King 's most successful work of this era . Negative fan reaction to The Eyes of the Dragon was an inspiration for King 's subsequent novel Misery . The protagonist of Misery was a successful romance novelist who killed off his most popular character to allow himself to write in other styles of fiction only to be imprisoned by a deranged fan ; King saw Misery as a metaphor for the fact that he felt chained to writing horror fiction . Relationship with other works ( edit ) Flagg ( Randall Flagg ) , the villain of this story , is directly involved with The Dark Tower series , appearing as one of Roland of Gilead 's main antagonists . He is also the main antagonist in The Stand . In The Dark Tower II : The Drawing of the Three , Roland Deschain mentions Thomas and Dennis visiting Gilead . `` Great Letters '' are also used in both novels . The witch Rhiannon ( Rhea ) of the Coos appears in The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass , and uses Flagg 's technique of becoming `` dim '' . Garlan , the land Flagg claims to be from , is also mentioned several times . Flagg mentions Abdul Alhazred and the Plateau of Leng from the works of H.P. Lovecraft . Adaptations ( edit ) Rights to The Eyes of the Dragon have been optioned twice , once for a film and once for a television series . Film ( edit ) Initially The Eyes of the Dragon was to be created as an animated film produced through the French company WAMC Entertainment . The movie would have a budget of $45 million and was expected to release in late 2001 or early 2002 . However the movie did not progress into active production and the rights lapsed in 2000 . Television adaptation ( edit ) In 2012 Syfy announced that they were developing several projects for potential television adaptations , one of which was The Eyes of the Dragon . If successfully developed , the book would be made into either a movie or miniseries . Michael Taylor and Jeff Vintar were confirmed to be penning the script and Taylor and Bill Haber would act as executive producers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Eyes of the Dragon , on the Club Stephen King Jump up ^ Beahm , George ( 1992 ) . The Stephen King Story ( 2nd ed . ) . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 8004 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alissa Stickler , `` The ( Mid ) Evil Nightmare of Yesterday and Tomorrow : Flagg as the Immortal Monster in Stephen King 's The Eyes of the Dragon and The Stand , '' in : The Year 's Work of Medievalism 15 ( 2002 ) , ed . Jesse Swan and Richard Utz . Jump up ^ Tritel , Barbara ( 1987 - 02 - 22 ) . `` What the Wicked Magician Did '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Beahm , George ( 1992 ) . The Stephen King Story ( 2nd ed . ) . Andrews and McMeel . pp. 136 -- 137 , 242 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 8004 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 2003 ) . The Essential Stephen King . Career Press . p. 78 . ISBN 156414710X . Jump up ^ Meaux Saint Marc , Francoise . `` WAMC set to animate Stephen King 's Dragon '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` a WINTER 'S TALE '' . Empire ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Willmore , Alison . `` Stephen King 's ' The Eyes of the Dragon ' Being Developed as a Syfy Series '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' Eyes of the Dragon ' in development at Syfy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean . `` Syfy is going to do something to Stephen King 's The Eyes Of The Dragon '' . AV Club . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) Elevation ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book The Dark Tower series by Stephen King Novels The Gunslinger The Drawing of the Three The Waste Lands Wizard and Glass Wolves of the Calla Song of Susannah The Dark Tower The Wind Through the Keyhole Short stories `` The Gunslinger '' `` The Way Station '' `` The Oracle and the Mountains '' `` The Slow Mutants '' `` The Gunslinger and the Dark Man '' `` The Little Sisters of Eluria '' Comics The Gunslinger Born The Long Road Home Treachery The Sorcerer Fall of Gilead Battle of Jericho Hill The Journey Begins The Little Sisters of Eluria Characters Roland Deschain Father Callahan Randall Flagg Crimson King Related books ' Salem 's Lot The Stand The Talisman Skeleton Crew It The Eyes of the Dragon Insomnia Rose Madder Desperation The Regulators Bag of Bones Hearts in Atlantis Black House Everything 's Eventual From a Buick 8 Charlie the Choo - Choo Other All - World Multiverse Film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Eyes_of_the_Dragon&oldid=826764098 '' Categories : 1987 American novels American fantasy novels Novels by Stephen King Viking Press books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

-5651373891639810866

where does the saying brownie points come from

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Brownie_points&oldid=807225393

Brownie points - wikipedia Brownie points Jump to : navigation , search Brownie points in modern usage are a hypothetical social currency , which can be acquired by doing good deeds or earning favor in the eyes of another , often one 's superior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conjectures for etymology 1.1 Girlguiding 1.2 Brown stamps 1.3 George R. Brown 1.4 Curtis Publishing 1.5 Scatological 1.6 Earliest use 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Conjectures for etymology ( edit ) Girlguiding ( edit ) A popular etymology is an allusion to the merit badges or six points earned by Brownies ( junior Girl Guides / Girl Scouts ) for carrying out good deeds . Brownies were named after a kind of mythological elf that does helpful things around the house . Brown stamps ( edit ) A popular marketing practice employed by many stores in post-World War II US was the distribution of stamps with each purchase . The number of stamps given out varied with the amount of the purchase . These stamps were collected by customers and later redeemed for household gifts . The earliest of these stamps were brown in color and known as `` brown stamps '' or `` brown points '' . The relationship between a purchase and the collection of these `` brown points '' equated with doing a good thing ( supporting the local vendor ) and getting a bonus ( the valuable stamps ) . Purportedly , the collection of these `` brownie points '' eventually evolved into the modern usage . The term Browniepoints is still used as a marketing practice in business today by a New Zealand power company and also used by a gift service . George R. brown ( edit ) Another proposed etymology is that the term derives from the name of a 19th - century American railroad superintendent , George R. Brown who , in 1886 , devised what was then an innovative system of merits and demerits for railroad employees on the Fall Brook Railway in New York state . Accounts of his system were published in railroad journals , and adopted by many leading U.S. railroads . American railroad employees soon began referring colloquially to `` brownie points '' , and at some point , the term entered the general vocabulary . Curtis Publishing ( edit ) In the 1930s , The Curtis Publishing Company , published several magazines , including the Saturday Evening Post and the Ladies Home Journal . These magazines were distributed to subscribers through a delivery network that used youths , primarily boys , to go around to the individual houses . The boys received a small commission but , in return for meeting certain sales targets , they could also receive company scrip , comprising green and brown vouchers . These vouchers were usually known as `` greenies '' and `` brownies '' . Five greenies equalled one brownie . The greenies and brownies could be redeemed against goods from the company 's catalogue . Scatological ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary conjectures that this expression could also have derived from U.S. military slang for sycophants , `` brown - nosers '' , while also mentioning the popular etymology that derives it from the awards system of the Brownies . The term `` brownie '' in the sense of `` brown - noser '' was in use in the 1940s . It has been suggested that the term was given impetus though its coincidence with related scatological slang . Earliest use ( edit ) The earliest published citation given in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from 1963 ( when it was reported in the journal American Speech ) , but the term is in fact somewhat older . Its frequent appearance in newspapers in the 1950s date back to the earliest known usage in 1951 , where a man in the Los Angeles Times speaks of earning favor with his wife in terms of brownie points . See also ( edit ) Barnstar Egoboo wikt : kudos Whuffie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brownie , n . 1 '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . Accessed 14 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Genesis Energy loyalty scheme Genesis Energy Limited Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Browniepoints gift service . Jump up ^ Browne , K.J. Norman , `` The Brown and Other Systems of Railway Discipline '' in Publications Received , Railway Gazette ( London ) December 7 , 1923 , page 715 Jump up ^ CPRR Museum Discussion Group ^ Jump up to : World Wide Words : Brownie points External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of Brownie point at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brownie_points&oldid=807225393 '' Categories : Ethics Fictional currencies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 18 : 07 . About Wikipedia

3266237706199525070

who sits in front of president during state of the union

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=State_of_the_Union&oldid=836214476

State of the Union - wikipedia State of the Union This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` States of the Union '' redirects here . For other uses , see State of the Union ( disambiguation ) . For the most recent State of the Union address , see 2018 State of the Union Address . The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation , and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda ( for which the cooperation of Congress is needed ) and national priorities . The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically `` give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . '' During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . After 1913 , Woodrow Wilson , the 28th U.S. President , began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremony 2 History 3 Delivery of the speech 3.1 Invitations 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics 4 Opposition response 5 Significance 6 Local versions 7 Historic speeches 8 TV ratings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Ceremony ( edit ) The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States : He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . -- Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution Although the language of this State of the Union Clause of the Constitution is not specific , since the 1930s , the President makes this report annually in late January or early February . Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3 , and as late as February 12 . While not required to deliver a speech , every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress . Before that time , most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report . Since Franklin Roosevelt , the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term , but this speech is not officially considered to be a `` State of the Union '' . What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States . Since the advent of radio , and then television , the speech has been broadcast live on most networks , preempting scheduled programming . To reach the largest audience , the speech , once given during the day , is now typically given in the evening , after 9pm ET ( UTC - 5 ) . History ( edit ) George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address , January 8 , 1790 . Full 7 pages . George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 1790 , in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital . In 1801 , Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person , regarding it as too monarchical ( similar to the Speech from the Throne ) . Instead , the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy . However , there have been exceptions to this rule . Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses . The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981 , after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended . For many years , the speech was referred to as `` the President 's Annual Message to Congress '' . The actual term `` State of the Union '' first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase , becoming its generally accepted name since 1947 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prior to 1934 , the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year , in December . The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23 , 1933 , changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January , affecting the delivery of the annual message . Since 1934 , the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February . The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term . In years when a new president is inaugurated , the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message , but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981 . In 1953 and 1961 , Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president . Since 1989 , in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year , newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a `` State of the Union '' message . In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address , given January 26 , 1982 Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio , albeit to a limited audience , while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation . Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television . Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening . Three years later , in 1968 , television networks in the United States , for the first time , imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address . Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by , among others , Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed . He had planned to deliver it on January 28 , 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day 's events . Bill Clinton 's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . Delivery of the speech ( edit ) A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address . Invitations ( edit ) Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address . The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box . The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker 's box . Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first - in , first - served basis with no reservations . The Cabinet , Supreme Court justices , members of the Diplomatic Corps , and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating . Protocol of entry into House chamber ( edit ) By approximately 8 : 30 pm on the night of the address , the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session . Then , the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate , who enter and take the seats assigned for them . The Speaker , and then the Vice President , specify the members of the House and Senate , respectively , who will escort the President into the House chamber . The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces , in order , the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called . The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker 's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Sergeants at Arms of the House ( left ) and Senate ( right ) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . Just after 9 pm , as the President reaches the door to the chamber , the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors , faces the Speaker , and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber . When the President is ready , the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance , loudly stating the phrase : `` Mister Speaker , the President of the United States ! '' As applause and cheering begins , the President slowly walks toward the Speaker 's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee . The President 's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands , hug , kiss , and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress . After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk , he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech , to the Speaker and Vice President . After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished , the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators , stating : `` Members of Congress , I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States . '' This leads to a further round of applause and , eventually , the beginning of the address by the President . At close of the ceremony , attendees leave on their own accord . The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber . Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out . Designated survivor and other logistics ( edit ) Customarily , one cabinet member ( the designated survivor ) does not attend the speech , in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President , the Vice President , and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber . Additionally , since the September 11 attacks in 2001 , a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster . Since 2003 , each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor . President George W. Bush with Senate President ( U.S. Vice President ) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address . 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair . ( audio only ) Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker 's desk , behind the President for the duration of the speech . If either is unavailable , the next highest - ranking member of the respective house substitutes . Once the chamber settles down from the President 's arrival , the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress . The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber . In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration 's accomplishments over the previous year , as well as the agenda for the coming year , often in upbeat and optimistic terms . Since the 1982 address , it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery , such as American citizens or visiting heads of state . During that 1982 address , President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 . Since then , the term `` Lenny Skutniks '' has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery , and then cited by the President , during the State of the Union . State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour , partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout . The applause is often political in tone , with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President 's own party . As non-political officeholders , members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality . In recent years , the presiding officers of the House and the Senate , the Speaker and the Vice President , respectively , have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies , as they , too , stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree . For the 2011 address , Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party , as well as the avoiding of standing ; this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt . This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after . Opposition response ( edit ) Main article : Response to the State of the Union address Since 1966 , the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President 's party . The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience . In 1970 , the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon , as well as a televised response to Nixon 's written speech in 1973 . The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan 's speeches in 1982 and 1985 . The response is not always produced in a studio ; in 1997 , the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students . In 2004 , the Democratic Party 's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time , by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . In 2011 , Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express , a first for a political movement . Significance ( edit ) Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law , in modern times , the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar . It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof : members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President 's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition , the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans , who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady . Local versions ( edit ) Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor . For most of them , it is called the State of the State address . In Iowa , it is called the Condition of the State Address ; in Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address . The mayor of Washington , D.C. gives a State of the District address . American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor . Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor . Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor , county commissioner or board chair , including Sonoma County , California ; Orlando , Florida ; Cincinnati , Ohio ; New Haven , Connecticut ; Parma , Ohio ; Detroit , Michigan ; Seattle , Washington ; Birmingham , Alabama ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Los Angeles , California ; Buffalo , New York ; Rochester , New York ; San Antonio , Texas ; McAllen , Texas ; and San Diego , California . The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville , Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address . Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term . Private companies usually have a `` State of the Corporation '' or `` State of the Company '' address given by the respective CEO . The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union , and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron . Historic speeches ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Roosevelt 's Second Bill of Rights ( excerpt ) President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2 , 1823 . It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest - standing tenets , and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents , including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6 , 1941 . In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : freedom of speech and expression , freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear . During his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 , FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt 's argument was that the `` political rights '' guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had `` proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness '' . During his State of the Union address on January 8 , 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the `` War on Poverty '' . This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent . The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO ) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty . During his State of the Union address on January 15 , 1975 , Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that `` the state of the Union is not good : Millions of Americans are out of work ... We depend on others for essential energy . Some people question their Government 's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them ; they expect Washington politics as usual . '' Ford said he did n't `` expect much , if any , applause . The American people want action , and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want . Progress and solutions can be achieved , and they will be achieved . '' George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union In his 2002 State of the Union Address , President George W. Bush identified North Korea , Iran , and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States . He said , `` States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil , arming to threaten the peace of the world '' . In this speech , he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror . TV Ratings ( edit ) Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were : Date President Viewers , millions Households , millions Rating Networks 1 / 30 / 2018 Donald Trump 45.551 32.168 26.9 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , ESTRELLA , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , PBS 2 / 28 / 2017 Donald Trump 47.741 33.857 28.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , UNIVISION , PBS , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , NBC UNIVERSO 1 / 12 / 2016 Barack Obama 31.334 23.040 19.6 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , NBC , NBC UNIVERSO , UNIVISION * * 1 / 20 / 2015 Barack Obama 31.710 23.137 19.9 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUNDOFOX , NBC , UNIVISION * * 1 / 28 / 2014 Barack Obama 33.299 23.949 20.7 CBS , ABC , NBC , FOX , AZTECA , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , CNN , MSNBC , CNBC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , GALAVISION , MUN2 , UNIVISION * * 2 / 12 / 2013 Barack Obama 33.497 24.767 21.8 FOX , ABC , CBS , NBC , PBS , AZTECA , UNIVISION , MFX , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , CURRENT , CENTRIC , GALAVISION 1 / 24 / 2012 Barack Obama 37.752 27.569 24.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , TF , UNIVISION , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUN2 1 / 25 / 2011 Barack Obama 42.789 30.871 26.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , CENTRIC , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2010 Barack Obama 48.009 34.182 29.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , BET , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 24 / 2009 Barack Obama 52.373 37.185 32.5 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 1 / 28 / 2008 George W. Bush 37.515 27.702 24.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO * * , UNIVISION 1 / 24 / 2007 George W. Bush 45.486 32.968 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 2 / 01 / 2006 George W. Bush 43.179 30.528 31.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , AZTECA AMERICA , TELFUTURA 2 / 02 / 2005 George W. Bush 39.432 28.359 35.3 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , TELEFUTURA 1 / 20 / 2004 George W. Bush 43.411 30.286 28.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 28 / 2003 George W. Bush 62.061 41.447 38.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 29 / 2002 George W. Bush 51.773 35.547 33.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 27 / 2001 George W. Bush 39.793 28.201 27.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2000 Bill Clinton 31.478 22.536 22.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 19 / 1999 Bill Clinton 43.500 30.700 31.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 1998 Bill Clinton 53.077 36.513 37.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , CNBC 2 / 04 / 1997 Bill Clinton 41.100 27.600 28.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 23 / 1996 Bill Clinton 40.900 28.400 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 24 / 1995 Bill Clinton 42.200 28.100 29.5 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 1 / 25 / 1994 Bill Clinton 45.800 31.000 32.9 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 2 / 17 / 1993 Bill Clinton 66.900 41.200 44.3 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN Notes The 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 addresses were not , officially , State of the Union addresses , but rather addresses to a joint session Congress because in those years the presidents were in office for only a few weeks at the time the speech was given . * * Tape delayed See also ( edit ) List of joint sessions of the United States Congress State Opening of Parliament United States presidential address References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` State of the Union Address US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . history.house.gov . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Daniella ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why Trump 's Tuesday speech is n't a State of the Union address '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government '' . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres . Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Nielsen Company ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2015 . On Tuesday , Jan. 20 , 2015 , President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address . The address was carried live from 9 : 00 p.m. to 10 : 15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape - delayed on Univision . Jump up ^ Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak ( 2002 ) . `` The Legislator - In - Chief '' . William and Mary Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The President 's State of the Union Address : Tradition , Function , and Policy Implications ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . January 24 , 2014 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union Addresses and Messages : research notes by Gerhard Peters '' . The American Presidency Project ( APP ) . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard . `` State of the Union Messages '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kolakowski , Michael & Neale , Thomas H. ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` The President 's State of the Union Message : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President to Appear Before Congress : Message to be Delivered Friday night '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner . Associated Press . January 2 , 1936 . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Yoon , CNN Political Research Director ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` State of the Union firsts '' . CNN . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2004 ) . 1968 : The Year That Rocked the World . New York : Ballantine . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 9659111 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( January 29 , 1986 ) . `` The Shuttle Explosion : Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . Joint Meetings , Joint Sessions , and Inaugurations . House History . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union 2015 '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H414 . January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Delivers State of the Union Address '' ( Transcript ) . CNN . January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H415 . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` The truth behind the ' designated survivor , ' the president of the post-apocalypse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Joint session 2017 : The history of the `` designated survivor '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oritz , Erik ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Designated survivors recount nights as doomsday presidents '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` The State of the Union Is Unreal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Three decades of ' Skutniks ' began with a federal employee '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiggin , Addison ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Small Business Owners Should Be Obama 's Lenny Skutnik '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Francis X . ( August 24 , 1996 ) . `` Bonding as New Political Theater : Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rival parties to mix it up -- nicely -- at State of the Union '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . `` Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages ( 1966 -- Present ) '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sincere , Richard E. , Jr . ( February 1997 ) . `` O.J. , J.C. , and Bill : Reflections on the State of the Union '' . Metro Herald . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person , while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is ' old enough to remember the Jim Crow ' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small - town Oklahoma . Jump up ^ York , Byron ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` The Democratic Response You Did n't See '' . National Review . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . And then there was the Spanish - language response -- the first ever -- delivered by New Mexico governor , and former Clinton energy secretary , Bill Richardson . Jump up ^ `` Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Washington Post . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNH State of the University 2015 '' . The University of New Hampshire ( Press release ) . February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State of the University 2015 '' . Santa Clara University ( Press release ) . February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Why Your Company Deserves a ' State of the Union ' Address '' . Inc . Jump up ^ `` EU has survived economic crisis , Barroso says in first State of Union address '' . EUobserver.com . September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents The American Presidency Project : State of the Union Messages `` Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California , Santa Barbara , '' currently ( January 2010 ) , the APP `` archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency '' . State of the Union videos and transcripts at C - SPAN ( since 1945 ) State of the Union ( Visualizations , Statistical Analysis , and Searchable texts ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2002 ) ( in downloadable electronic file formats ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2006 ) ( HTML format ) Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2009 ) The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office ( GPO ) from January 28 , 1992 to current date Top 10 State of the Union Addresses , RealClearPolitics.com The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube ( 1 : 01 : 02 ) State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents ( hide ) State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress , summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_Union&oldid=836214476 '' Categories : Article Two of the United States Constitution State of the Union addresses 1790 establishments in the United States Speeches by heads of state Annual events in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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which of these is best description of passive transport

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Passive_transport&oldid=807319909

Passive transport - wikipedia Passive transport Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Passive diffusion across a cell membrane . Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input . Unlike active transport , it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy . The rate of passive transport depends on the permeability of the cell membrane , which , in turn , depends on the organization and characteristics of the membrane lipids and proteins . The four main kinds of passive transport are simple diffusion , facilitated diffusion , filtration , and osmosis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diffusion 2 Facilitated diffusion 3 Filtration 4 Osmosis 5 See also 6 References Diffusion ( edit ) Main article : Diffusion Passive diffusion on a cell membrane . Diffusion is the net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration . The difference of concentration between the two areas is often termed as the concentration gradient , and diffusion will continue until this gradient has been eliminated . Since diffusion moves materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration , it is described as moving solutes `` down the concentration gradient '' ( compared with active transport , which often moves material from area of low concentration to area of higher concentration , and therefore referred to as moving the material `` against the concentration gradient '' ) . However , in many cases ( e.g. passive drug transport ) the driving force of passive transport can not be simplified to the concentration gradient . If there are different solutions at the two sides of the membrane with different equilibrium solubility of the drug , the difference in degree of saturation is the driving force of passive membrane transport . It is also true for supersaturated solutions which are more and more important owing to the spreading of the application of amorphous solid dispersions for drug bioavailability enhancement . Simple diffusion and osmosis are in some ways similar . Simple diffusion is the passive movement of solute from a high concentration to a lower concentration until the concentration of the solute is uniform throughout and reaches equilibrium . Osmosis is much like simple diffusion but it specifically describes the movement of water ( not the solute ) across a selectively permeable membrane until there is an equal concentration of water and solute on both sides of the membrane . Simple diffusion and osmosis are both forms of passive transport and require none of the cell 's ATP energy . Facilitated diffusion ( edit ) Main article : Facilitated diffusion Depiction of facilitated diffusion . Facilitated diffusion , also called carrier - mediated osmosis , is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins that are embedded within the cellular membrane . Large , insoluble molecules , such as glucose , vesicles and proteins require a carrier molecule to move through the plasma membrane . Therefore , it will bind with its specific carrier proteins , and the complex will then be bonded to a receptor site and moved through the cellular membrane . Facilitated diffusion is a passive process : the solutes move down their concentration gradient and do not require the expenditure of cellular energy for this process . Carrier proteins and channel proteins allow for the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane . Carrier proteins undergo conformational alterations to allow molecules to pass , while channel proteins form unblocked pores . Facilitated diffusion may be achieved as a consequence of charge gradients in addition to concentration gradients . Plant cells create an unequal distribution of charge across their plasma membrane by actively taking up or excluding ions . Active transport of protons by H ATPases alters membrane potential allowing for facilitated passive transport of particular ions such as Potassium down their charge gradient through high affinity transporters and channels . Filtration ( edit ) Main article : Filtration Filtration . Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system . Depending on the size of the membrane pores , only solutes of a certain size may pass through it . For example , the membrane pores of the Bowman 's capsule in the kidneys are very small , and only albumins , the smallest of the proteins , have any chance of being filtered through . On the other hand , the membrane pores of liver cells are extremely large , but not forgetting cells are extremely small to allow a variety of solutes to pass through and be metabolized . Osmosis ( edit ) Main articles : Osmosis and Tonicity Effect of osmosis on blood cells under different solutions . Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane . The net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of high water potential to an area of low water potential . A cell with a less negative water potential will draw in water but this depends on other factors as well such as solute potential ( pressure in the cell e.g. solute molecules ) and pressure potential ( external pressure e.g. cell wall ) . There are three types of Osmosis solutions : the isotonic solution , hypotonic solution , and hypertonic solution . Isotonic solution is when the extracellular solute concentration is balanced with the concentration inside the cell . In the Isotonic solution , the water molecules still moves between the solutions , but the rates are the same from both directions , thus the water movement is balanced between the inside of the cell as well as the outside of the cell . A hypotonic solution is when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell . In hypotonic solutions , the water moves into the cell , down its concentration gradient ( from higher to lower water concentrations ) . That can cause the cell to swell . Cells that do n't have a cell wall , such as animal cells , could burst In in this solution . A hypertonic solution is when the solute concentration is higher ( think of hyper - as high ) than the concentration inside the cell . In hypertonic solution , the water will move out , causing the cell to shrink . See also ( edit ) Active transport Transport phenomena References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Borbas , E. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Investigation and Mathematical Description of the Real Driving Force of Passive Transport of Drug Molecules from Supersaturated Solutions '' . Molecular Pharmaceutics. 13 : 3816 -- 3826 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. molpharmaceut. 6b00613 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Arcizet , Delphine ; Meier , Börn ; Sackmann , Erich ; Rädler , Joachim O. ; Heinrich , Doris . `` Temporal Analysis of Active and Passive Transport in Living Cells '' . Physical Review Letters. 101 ( 24 ) . doi : 10.1103 / physrevlett. 101.248103 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Geoffrey M ( 2000 ) . The Cell : A Molecular Approach ( 2nd ed . ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates Inc . ISBN 978 - 0878931064 . Jump up ^ Palmgren , Michael G. ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . `` PLANT PLASMA MEMBRANE H+ - ATPases : Powerhouses for Nutrient Uptake '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology . 52 ( 1 ) : 817 -- 845 . PMID 11337417 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 52.1. 817 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , Ingo ; Uozumi , Nobuyuki ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Potassium channels in plant cells '' . FEBS Journal . 278 ( 22 ) : 4293 -- 4303 . ISSN 1742 - 4658 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1742 - 4658.2011. 08371. x . Alcamo , I. Edward ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 2 -- 5 : Passive transport '' . Biology coloring workbook . Illustrations by John Bergdahl . New York : Random House . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 9780679778844 . Sadava , David ; H. Craig Heller ; Gordon H. Orians ; William K. Purves ; David M. Hillis ( 2007 ) . `` What are the passive processes of membrane transport ? '' . Life : the science of biology ( 8th ed . ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates . pp. 105 -- 110 . ISBN 9780716776710 . Srivastava , P.K. ( 2005 ) . Elementary biophysics : an introduction . Harrow : Alpha Science Internat . pp. 140 -- 148 . ISBN 9781842651933 . ( hide ) Membrane transport Mechanisms for chemical transport through biological membranes Passive transport Simple diffusion ( or non-mediated transport ) Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Channels Carriers Active transport Uniporter Symporter Antiporter Primary active transport Secondary active transport Cytosis Endocytosis Efferocytosis Non-specific , adsorptive pinocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Potocytosis Receptor - mediated endocytosis Transcytosis Exocytosis Degranulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_transport&oldid=807319909 '' Categories : Transport phenomena Cellular processes Membrane biology Physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 06 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

2018400616094279189

who was the first rock band to have a video game made featuring their music and images

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rock_Band_(video_game)&oldid=811329448

Rock Band ( video game ) - wikipedia Rock Band ( video game ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the video game . For the video game franchise , see Rock Band . Rock Band Rock Band cover art Developer ( s ) Harmonix ( Xbox 360 / PS3 ) Pi Studios ( PS2 / Wii / ) Publisher ( s ) MTV Games , Electronic Arts Designer ( s ) Greg LoPiccolo , Rob Kay , Dan Teasdale Series Rock Band Platform ( s ) Xbox 360 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 2 Wii Release Xbox 360 NA : November 20 , 2007 EU : May 23 , 2008 AU : November 7 , 2008 PlayStation 3 NA : November 20 , 2007 EU : September 12 , 2008 AU : November 7 , 2008 PlayStation 2 NA : December 17 , 2007 EU : September 12 , 2008 AU : November 7 , 2008 Wii NA : June 22 , 2008 EU : September 12 , 2008 AU : November 7 , 2008 Genre ( s ) Rhythm game Mode ( s ) Single player , multiplayer Rock Band is a music video game developed by Harmonix , published by MTV Games and Electronic Arts . It is the first title in the Rock Band series . The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions were released in the North America on November 20 , 2007 , while the PlayStation 2 version was released on December 18 , 2007 with the Wii version being released on June 22 , 2008 . The Xbox 360 version was released in Europe on May 23 , 2008 while the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 2 , and Wii versions were released on September 12 , 2008 . All four ports of the game were released in Australia on November 7 , 2008 . The game was to be released in Japan and to be developed by Q Entertainment but it was canceled . Rock Band allows up to four players to simulate the performance of popular rock music songs by playing with controllers modeled after musical instruments . Players can play the lead guitar , bass guitar , and drums parts to songs with `` instrument controllers '' , as well as sing through a USB microphone . Players are scored on their ability to match scrolling musical `` notes '' while playing instruments , or by their ability to match the singer 's pitch on vocals . Players with the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions can interact with players on the same platform through both online and offline multiplayer capabilities . In addition to the 58 core songs included on the game disc , over 2,000 downloadable songs were released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions . At launch , the game software was made available in a bundle that packaged it together with the instrument peripherals , as well as for purchase separately . Individual instrument peripherals were released at a later date . The game has received widespread critical acclaim , with sales of four million units and global revenues of $600 million . Players have made over 100 million downloadable song purchases since Rock Band 's release . The game 's success prompted the release of six sequels : Rock Band 2 , The Beatles : Rock Band , Lego Rock Band , Green Day : Rock Band , Rock Band 3 and Rock Band 4 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Instrument peripherals 1.2 Band World Tour mode 1.3 Solo Tour modes 1.4 Other modes 2 Soundtrack 2.1 Downloadable songs and Track Packs 3 Development 3.1 Online community 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Editions 4.3 Technical issues and guitar incompatibility 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards 5.3 Cultural impact 5.4 Sequel 5.5 Patent litigation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) See also : Gameplay in Rock Band series Gameplay of a full band playing Metallica 's `` Enter Sandman '' . Each instrument is represented by a different interface : bass guitar ( right ) , drums ( middle ) , lead guitar ( left ) , vocals ( top ) . The Band Meter ( green meter on left ) measures the performance of each band member , while the Energy Meter ( gold meter beneath each interface ) tracks each player 's Overdrive . Reusing many gameplay elements from the Guitar Hero series , Rock Band players use peripherals modeled after musical instruments to simulate the performance of rock music . Players use these instruments by playing scrolling musical `` notes '' on - screen in time with the music . Rock Band expands upon the Guitar Hero series , in that it offers gameplay for drums and vocals , in addition to lead and bass guitar . Rock Band 's gameplay and on - screen interface uses a combination of elements from Guitar Hero and Karaoke Revolution . Rock Band has up to three tracks of vertically scrolling colored music notes , one section each for lead guitar , drums , and bass . The colored notes on - screen correspond to buttons on the guitar and drum peripherals . For lead and bass guitar , players play their notes by holding down colored fret buttons on the guitar peripheral and pushing the controller 's strum bar ; for drums , players must strike the matching colored drumhead , or step on the pedal to simulate playing bass drum notes . Along the top of the screen is the vocals display , which scrolls horizontally , similar to Karaoke Revolution . The lyrics display beneath green bars , which represent the pitch of the individual vocal elements . When singing vocals , the player must sing in relative pitch to the original vocals . A pitch indicator displays the singer 's accuracy relative to the original pitch . The remainder of the screen is used to display the band 's virtual characters as they perform in concert . During cooperative play as a band , all players earn points towards a common score , though score multipliers and `` Overdrive '' are tracked separately for each player . Overdrive is collected during select portions of a song by successfully playing all white notes within that section ( or by using the guitar controller 's whammy bar during white sustained notes ) . Once the Energy Meter is filled halfway , players can deploy their Overdrive , resulting in the `` Band Meter '' ( which tracks how well each player is doing ) changing more dramatically . This allows players to strategically use Overdrive to raise the Band Meter and pass portions of a song they otherwise might have failed . Overdrive can be used to activate score multipliers , which vary based on a player 's note streak . Players can deploy Overdrive independently of each other , as well as collect additional Overdrive while it is deployed and draining . Each band member can choose the difficulty at which they play ( spanning Easy , Medium , Hard , and Expert ) . If a player does not play well enough and falls to the bottom of the Band Meter , they will fail out of the song and their instrument will be muted from the audio mix . However , any active player can activate their Overdrive to bring failed players back into the song , `` saving '' the band member . However , a band member can only be saved twice ; after the third failure , they can not be brought back for that song . Failed players continuously drag the band 's Band Meter down until they are saved . If the player is not saved before the Band Meter reaches the bottom , the band fails the song . Players can earn Overdrive bonuses from `` Unison Phrases '' and extra points from a `` Big Rock Ending . '' Unlike the PlayStation 2 and Wii version , players with the Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 versions can create and customize their own in - game character , complete with adjustable hair , body physique , clothing , tattoos , onstage movements , and instruments . Each character is permanently locked into a specific instrument . Using cash earned within the game , the player may purchase items at the in - game `` Rock Shop , '' with which they can customize their rock star . The game features an art maker where players can combine different clip art elements to create custom face paint , tattoos , clothing designs , instrument artwork , and band logos . Instrument peripherals ( edit ) The Fender Stratocaster Controller , which features 10 frets , a whammy bar , and an effects switch . The game features special Rock Band - branded guitar controllers modeled after the Fender Stratocaster to be used for the lead and bass guitar gameplay . These are similar to the Guitar Hero controllers , as they feature five colored fret buttons on the neck , a strum bar , and a whammy bar . The Stratocaster controller has five additional fret buttons of smaller size located closer to the guitar 's main body . These buttons can be used to play notes in guitar solos ( denoted by the note track turning blue ) as hammer - ons and pull - offs , without the need to strum . Additionally , the controller features an effects pickup switch that can toggle between five different effects , which are applied in solos and when Overdrive is activated . Overdrive for guitarists can be deployed by holding the controller in a vertical position or pressing the `` Select / Back '' button . The controller is offered in both wired and wireless versions . Harmonix confirmed most Guitar Hero guitar controllers and additional third - party controllers are compatible with the game . The Stratocaster controller is not compatible with Guitar Hero II or III . The drum controller , which features 4 pads , a bass drum pedal , and real drumsticks . The drum controller features four rubber drum pads and a kick pedal . The pads have colored rings around the edges that correspond to the notes on - screen , representing the snare drum ( red ) , hi - hat ( yellow ) , tom - tom ( blue ) , and crash cymbal ( green ) . The kick pedal simulates the bass drum , with on - screen notes represented as orange horizontal lines . A pair of authentic drum sticks are included with the controller . Drummers can improvise in special `` freestyle drum fill '' sections of songs , indicated by the columns for each note turning a solid color . Overdrive for drummers can be deployed by hitting the crash cymbal ( green note for right - handed configuration ) that appears directly after a freestyle drum fill . Harmonix representatives have suggested , `` If you can play the drum parts on hard , you can pretty much play the drums ( in reality ) . '' Rock Band 's USB microphone instrument is similar to the model used in the Harmonix - developed Karaoke Revolution games . For the most part , singers are judged on how closely they match the relative pitch of the song 's vocalist . During `` talking parts '' that do not judge pitch , a phoneme detector will pick up individual vowels and consonants of the spoken lyrics . Some sections without vocals will display circle notes , allowing for the microphone to be used as a tambourine and cowbell by tapping it or making vocal cues . Overdrive for singers can be deployed by singing in freestyle vocal sections of songs , denoted by yellow artwork in the background of the vocals interface . Band World Tour mode ( edit ) The world map in Band World Tour , which allows the band to select a city , venue , and setlist . `` Band World Tour '' is the game 's primary multiplayer mode . It allows any combination of 2 - 4 local players to create a virtual band , play gigs , and tour a virtual representation of the world . Although online play is not supported for Band World Tour , players can use the `` Band Quickplay '' mode to play together as a band online . For the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game , Band World Tour mode lets bands play in 41 different venues spanning 17 cities , including Los Angeles , Seattle , Boston , New York , London , Sydney , Stockholm , and Rome . After creating their band , characters , and logo , the players can begin playing concerts in small venues in their hometown until they unlock vans , tour buses and private jets , which unlock other cities and continents . Successful performances also earn the band fans , stars , and in - game cash . Most cities and larger venues require the band to achieve a certain number of fans and stars before they are unlocked . In - game venues are inspired by real - life venues and often display local art styles from each of the represented cities . For the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions , rather than complete predetermined lists of songs ( like in previous Guitar Hero games ) , players complete unique sets of activities at each venue . Performances consist of single songs , multiple song sets , `` make your own '' setlists , and mystery setlists . Players are also faced with decisions that Harmonix refers to as `` risk - versus - reward . '' For certain performances , bands are faced with an optional challenge that requires the band to average a certain number of stars for their gig in order to reap the rewards . Bands can also choose to perform a benefit concert ( earning no in - game money but gaining more fans ) or `` sell - out '' ( earning more in - game money but losing fans ) . Additionally , for certain gigs , bands can compete for band personnel , as well as a recording deal with a record label . The `` Endless Setlist '' provides players with all - day concert experience , as the setlist requires playing the entire game disc 's setlist from start to finish . The PlayStation 2 and Wii versions of Rock Band contain a more stripped - down version of the Band World Tour mode , as 2 -- 4 local players will only be able to play by completing predetermined tiers of songs ordered by difficulty . Players can not create their own characters , nor can they choose a city , venue , or a setlist to play . Solo Tour modes ( edit ) `` Solo Tour '' is a single - player mode offered for the lead guitar , drum , and microphone peripherals ( there is no support for bass ) . Rather than feature the open - ended gameplay and features of the next - generation versions of Band World Tour mode , Solo Tour is structured much in the same vein as the career mode in Guitar Hero games . Players choose / create their character ( on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions only ) and complete predetermined sets of songs ordered by difficulty , with each instrument 's setlist ordered differently . By completing these sets of songs , additional songs are unlocked for play across all game modes . For the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions , players can use money earned for each performance to purchase merchandise at the `` Rock Shop '' . The character 's cash carries over into Band World Tour mode , and vice versa . Other modes ( edit ) Players can quickly play any song on any instrument individually in `` Solo Quickplay '' . For a competitive experience , players can individually compete against each other for each instrument type in the `` Tug of War '' ( much like Guitar Hero 's `` Face - off '' , in which players trade playing sections of a song to move a meter in their favor ) and `` Score Duel '' ( much like Guitar Hero II 's `` Pro Face - off '' , in which each player plays the song in its entirety on the same difficulty level to earn points ) . These head - to - head modes are available both online ( for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions ) and locally . `` Band Quickplay '' mode allows bands to quickly play any song ; the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions allow any combination of 2 -- 4 local or online players to play as a band , while the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions only supports 2 -- 4 local players . Also included in Rock Band are `` Tutorial Mode '' , which allows players to learn how to play each instrument , and `` Practice Mode '' , which allows players to practice songs for each instrument . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : List of songs in Rock Band All versions of Rock Band feature the same core 58 playable tracks on the game disc ; 45 of these are featured tracks in the main setlist , while the other 13 tracks are `` bonus songs '' by independent or lesser - known bands , as well as bands made up of Harmonix employees . In total , 51 of the 58 songs are master recordings . The Wii version of the game features 5 additional songs . Featured tracks include `` Dani California '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers , `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' by Blue Öyster Cult , `` Enter Sandman '' by Metallica , `` Here It Goes Again '' by OK Go , `` Highway Star '' by Deep Purple , `` Learn to Fly '' by Foo Fighters , `` Suffragette City '' by David Bowie , `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' by Bon Jovi , and `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' by The Who . All but three songs on the Rock Band disc can be transferred to the user 's hard drive on the Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 to be used for Rock Band 2 . Furthermore , an extra two songs from Rock Band can not be carried over into Rock Band 3 . Harmonix co-founder Alex Rigopulos commented that the game 's soundtrack would be `` covering a great breadth , from metal to classic rock to Southern rock to everything in between . '' Five record labels agreed to supply most of the master recordings by their artists for use in the game , including EMI Music , Hollywood Records , Sony BMG Music Entertainment , Universal Music Group 's Universal Music Enterprises , and Warner Music Group 's Rhino Entertainment . Downloadable songs and track packs ( edit ) Main article : Downloadable songs for Rock Band series The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game support downloadable songs . Users can download songs on a track - by - track basis , with many of the tracks digitally bundled together in `` song packs '' or complete albums at a discounted rate . Harmonix has likened the Rock Band game to a new platform for future music releases , and the company built the library of downloadable content up to hundreds of songs within the first year of the game 's release by releasing new content on a weekly basis . Fifteen songs were made available at the game 's launch date . To date , over 1,480 downloadable songs are available and over 100 million song purchases have been made by players . Downloadable songs are playable within every game mode , including the Band World Tour career mode . All downloadable songs released before Rock Band 3 came out are cross-compatible between Rock Band and Rock Band 2 . Downloadable albums have been a major selling point for the game , with nine albums having been released to date . Currently , most song packs containing three songs are priced at $5.49 / 440 Microsoft Points , while most individual songs are available for the standard price of $1.99 / 160 MSP . Occasionally , certain songs are initially priced at $0.99 / 80 MSP for a limited time . The prices for albums differ , depending on the amount of songs the album contains . Main article : List of Rock Band track packs As both the PlayStation 2 and Wii version lack downloadable content , Harmonix released a series of `` Track Pack '' standalone games that are sold in retail stores . Each volume contains several of the tracks available as downloadable content for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . Track Pack Vol. 2 saw an expanded release on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , as well . One Track Pack , exclusively featuring the songs of AC / DC 's 1991 Live at Donington concert , was released in November 2008 . Development ( edit ) Harmonix Music Systems was previously responsible for making the Guitar Hero series , while RedOctane manufactured the peripherals and owned the rights to the series . However , in June 2006 , RedOctane was bought by Activision , while in September 2006 , Harmonix was purchased by MTV Networks . As a result of the two purchases , Harmonix would no longer be able to develop future Guitar Hero games . Instead , Neversoft , a subsidiary of Activision , would take over development ; the company released Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock on October 28 , 2007 . According to `` The Business '' , Rock Band cost $200 million to develop . Harmonix 's Vice President of Product Development , Greg LoPiccolo , stated that the game took about 20 months to develop , already having envisioned the possibility of different instruments before they were completed with the Guitar Hero series . Development started around February 2006 , working with industrial designers J. Hayes and contract manufacturer Canyon Creations for prototyping instruments . One of the first needs for developing Rock Band was new hardware , specifically for the drums , since they already had experience with guitar controllers from Guitar Hero . Working in tandem between software and hardware development , Harmonix spent time working on a drum controller prototype and how its track would be shown on screen . One difficulty faced was the drum bass pedal 's visual representation ; the four drum pads were generally matched in visual space as to the onscreen note track , but using a standard note `` gem '' for bass pedals threw testers off . They eventually came to the solution of using a bar that spanned the note track for bass pedal , which worked well . Once the drum prototypes were done , they started working on the guitar controllers . Preliminary hardware pieces were completed by April 2007 , leading to mass production in China for release . Harmonix noted that they had not started their discussions with their Chinese manufacturers early enough , as they needed to push a team to be in China during the principle production months from June to September 2007 to make sure initial production was completed and in transit to meet release . Gameplay was designed to be focused around the feeling of being in a band . Initial playtests showed that there was a lack of cohesion if each member of the band just played their parts . Harmonix created its Harmonix Design Cabal from senior designers and veterans of the studio to play around with the gameplay and UI to help identify means that would encourage a more unified band . This Cabal led to the introduction of saving failing teammates , unison bonuses , bass grooves , guitar and drum solos , and Big Rock Endings in the final game . For networking , they opted to use the Quazal networking scheme rather than the platforms ' current network offerings , which allowed them flexibility in Rock Band and future games . Large scale testing and debugging for their network and server capabilities was done by renting time on a supercomputer to simulate 100,000 simultaneous connections . In visual style , Harmonix used the keyword `` authenticity '' , which drove the appearance of the costumes , based on various music genres , the in - game instruments , and the animations used during a song to simulate a music video . In selecting the soundtrack for Rock Band , the developers recognized that they needed to select songs that were recognizable , particularly on vocals ; in contrast , when they were selecting songs for Guitar Hero , they were able to pick songs that played better even if they were less recognizable . They also consider songs that would help players come together socially , such as in The Who 's `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' , where they retained the long synthesizer solo such that the band members would all start playing again after it for a big finish . The team were able to introduce songs from smaller artists that they felt were good additions , such as `` Maps '' by the Yeah Yeah Yeahs and `` Electric Version '' by the New Pornographers to help also introduce players to those classes of music . For about half the songs , they hired a studio to sing along to the lyrics as a crowd would at a stadium , such that during the game , when players are performing well , the additional crowd sing - alongs would add to the performance experience . Current Harmonix parent company MTV provided financial support to the development process , taking advantage of its stature to facilitate deals with record companies for licensing rights to songs . Several record companies pledged their support by offering master recordings . Pressed for office space , Harmonix was forced to move its offices in the middle of Rock Band 's beta period in order to support the company 's 130 - person staff . However , they continued to bring on more developers in order to complete the title on time . This led to several problems in bringing the newer coders on board without any technical plan , requiring the team to redesign several parts of the game , such as online matchmaking , several times to correct . Although the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game were developed in - house , Harmonix outsourced development of the PlayStation 2 version to Pi Studios , as it omits certain features . Harmonix faced difficulty in making the Xbox 360 guitar wireless , as developers are charged a licensing fee to use Microsoft 's wireless technology . Had Harmonix chosen to pay the fee , the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 bundles of Rock Band would have sold at different price points . Instead , Harmonix chose a wired technology for the Xbox 360 bundle 's guitar . In the certification process for both Xbox and PlayStation platforms , Harmonix encountered difficulty in how to assign service profiles to different instruments ; while they ended with a profile management systems that met the certification requirements , the solution was concerned just functional and awkward to use . Around 160 developers had been involved on Rock Band , though Harmonix noted they likely needed to hire more . They found the various department leads overwhelmed with tasks , despite being those that also offered the most creative input on the game 's design . Harmonix also found during development that they jumped head - first into some technical approaches which initially seemed to work but failed on larger - scale tests ; the online functionality went through several such iterations . Rock Band was first announced on April 1 , 2007 . Harmonix CEO Alex Rigopulos said in the announcement that Rock Band `` takes the core premise of Guitar Hero and expands it tenfold . It lets you create a complete collaborative band . '' Rock Band was a featured game at the 2007 E3 convention and provided one of the exhibition 's highlights ; Harmonix employees and Microsoft executive Peter Moore played the game on - stage , performing The Hives ' `` Main Offender '' . Moore paused the game twice when he accidentally hit the guitar 's Xbox Guide button . A software update was released on March 21 , 2008 , which added new features to the game . The update included an in - game music store with preview and sorting options , revised microphone performance , and faster downloadable content loading . Online community ( edit ) On October 25 , 2007 , Harmonix and MTV announced RockBand.com would be transformed into an extensive community website at the game 's launch , and that it would extend the features of the game . The community website was absent at the game 's launch in order to fix bugs and complete features , but was launched on December 19 , 2007 . The site offered leaderboards , customizable band profile pages with stats , a classified area for bands to find additional members , band blogs , online forums , and other sharing features . Many originally announced features , such as the ability for players to pose their avatars , take photo shoots and order T - shirts , bumper stickers , and figurines , were eventually made available on the website for Rock Band 2 . Release ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) MTV and Harmonix promoted Rock Band heavily in the months leading up to the game 's release . The game made a nationwide promotional tour of the United States . Several tour buses made stops at major American cities to set up demo stations and showcase playable versions of the game for fans . Many of the locations included college campuses . Additionally , fan - created `` bands '' were able to audition on - stage by playing the game ; their performances were recorded and sent to MTV casting directors , who selected two bands to appear on Total Request Live in a `` battle of the bands . '' The promotional tour commenced with a featured showcase at the MTV Video Music Awards in Las Vegas on September 9 , 2007 . MTV invested in additional promotions that totaled about $30 million . The game was set up within the homes of The Real World participants , allowing for on - air visibility . VH1 also produced a brief spoof documentary in the style of Behind the Music titled `` Rock Band Cometh : The Rock Band Band Story , '' documenting a fictional band that plays the game . The game appeared in demo kiosks at Best Buy , Wal - Mart , and Sam 's Club stores . The demo contained 15 songs and supports gameplay for all 4 instruments ( although the actual in - store setup varied ) . The demo 's drum set lacked a bass pedal , with the game automatically playing bass drum notes . Other companies helped to promote Rock Band through free and reduced cost downloadable content . Best Buy offered two free downloadable tracks by the band Disturbed for customers that pre-ordered their Indestructible album online ; these tracks were made available to all users in June 2008 for $0.99 / 80MSP . McDonald 's sponsored a month - long program that reduced the cost of two selected downloadable tracks to $ 1 ( approximately half the standard cost ) for each week during the month of May 2008 as part of their Dollar Menu promotion . The United Kingdom release of the game took place in London , where a number of bands including The Automatic , The Whip , and The Courteeners performed short sets . Editions ( edit ) Special Edition bundles Features Xbox 360 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 2 Wii Release date ( US ) November 20 , 2007 November 20 , 2007 December 18 , 2007 June 22 , 2008 Release date ( EU ) May 23 , 2008 May 23 , 2008 September 22 , 2008 September 25 , 2008 Release date ( AUS ) November 7 , 2008 November 7 , 2008 November 7 , 2008 November 7 , 2008 Guitar controller type Wired and Wireless Wireless Wireless Wireless The `` Special Edition '' bundle includes the game software , as well as guitar , drum , and microphone peripherals . The PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii bundles include a wireless guitar , whereas the Xbox 360 bundle contains a wired guitar ( a separate wireless guitar is currently available for the Xbox 360 ) . Initially , a USB hub was only included in the Xbox 360 , Wii , and PlayStation 2 bundles , in order to increase the number of available USB ports on the console . The more recent PlayStation 3 bundles now include a USB hub , with a sticker on the box indicating so . MTV originally announced Rock Band would be released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on November 23 , 2007 , Black Friday , one of the busiest shopping days in the United States . However , the release date was eventually moved to November 20 , 2007 . The game software was made available for purchase individually at the game 's launch , allowing players with a USB microphone or a compatible guitar controller to take advantage of the vocals , lead guitar , and bass guitar gameplay . Individual Rock Band - branded instruments became available in retail stores later , starting with the drum kit on February 12 , 2008 . An individual wireless guitar became available on April 8 , 2008 . On April 8 , 2008 , EA announced a timed Xbox 360 exclusive for a partial European launch , with other versions to follow later in the summer . Technical issues and Guitar incompatibility ( edit ) A snapped bass drum pedal . This is one common malfunction occurring in Rock Band peripherals Upon release , many players reported hardware issues with Rock Band peripherals . Many complaints stemmed from the bass drum pedal snapping in two , the Stratocaster controller 's strum bar being unresponsive , and it occasionally lagging when tilted to activate Overdrive . In response to these issues , Harmonix admitted the guitars bundled with initial shipment of the game bundles were subject to manufacturing issues and stated that they would replace all faulty peripherals . Players affected by faulty peripherals were able to take advantage of the 60 - day warranty on the peripherals and obtain replacements from EA . However , a class action lawsuit was issued against Harmonix , MTV Games , Viacom , and Electronic Arts over the failures of the bass drum pedal , claiming the companies conspired to force consumers to pay for repairs or upgrade to the Rock Band 2 drum kit . Attempts were made to settle the lawsuit in 2008 , but were unsuccessful . In September 2009 , the original plaintiff dropped the lawsuit . Other players discovered at the game 's launch that the Gibson Les Paul guitar controller bundled with the PlayStation 3 version of Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock was initially not compatible with the PlayStation 3 version of Rock Band , despite Harmonix stating that any controllers that followed the open - controller standard would work . While this incompatibility could have been resolved through technical solutions , both Harmonix and Activision cited the other party as being at fault for failing to correct the incompatibility . Harmonix developed a patch to fix the issue , but it was blocked by Activision . Activision stated that MTV Games was unwilling to reach an agreement to pay Activision to use the Guitar Hero III technology in Rock Band . This incompatibility also applies to the Wii 's Les Paul peripheral . However , a patch for the PlayStation 3 version of Rock Band was eventually released on September 11 , 2008 , allowing the Guitar Hero III Les Paul controller to work with Rock Band . Nyko has released a PlayStation 3 version of their `` Frontman '' guitar controller that is compatible with both Guitar Hero III and Rock Band . At a press conference at the 2008 E3 convention , Activision confirmed that the Xbox 360 version of Guitar Hero World Tour will be able to use Rock Band 's instruments , adapting the note tracks to account for the smaller number of drum pads , and that this compatibility was patched into Guitar Hero : Aerosmith as a result of additional arrangements . Reception ( edit ) Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 Publication Score Notes 1UP.com Electronic Gaming Monthly 9.0 , 9.5 , 9.0 Gold Award Game Informer 9.25 / 10 GamePro GameSpot 9.0 / 10 Editor 's Choice Award IGN 9.4 / 10 Editor 's Choice Award Official Xbox Magazine 9.5 / 10 Editor 's Choice Award Wired 10 / 10 X-Play Awards 2007 1UP Network Editorial Awards Best Multiplayer Experience ( console ) GamePro Editors ' Choice 2007 Innovation Award Best Party Game GameSpot 's Best of 2007 Best Rhythm / Music Game Best New Gaming Hardware Best Downloadable Content Best Sound Design Best Multiplayer Game IGN 's Best of 2007 Best Music Game ( 360 / PS3 ) Best Local Multiplayer Game ( 360 / PS3 ) Best Downloadable Content ( PS3 ) Best Console Peripheral Best Music Game Best Licensed Soundtrack Best Local Multiplayer Game Official Xbox Magazine 2007 Game of the Year Awards Best Reason to Move to a Bigger House / Apartment Studio of the Year ( Harmonix ) Game of the Year 2007 Spike Video Game Awards Best Rhythm Game Best Soundtrack Wired 's Top 10 Games of 2007 Game of the Year X-Play Best of 2007 Awards Best Multiplayer Game PlayStation 2 Publication Score Notes 1UP.com B+ GameSpot 8.0 / 10 IGN 8.4 / 10 Wii Publication Score Notes 1UP.com B - IGN 7.9 / 10 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 X-Play NGamer 80 % Official Nintendo Magazine 69 % Prior to release , EA CEO John Riccitielo remarked that the company would not be able to meet the high demand for Rock Band in the 2007 holiday season , stating , `` We 're not going to be able to put enough inventory to meet demand in North America or Europe this calendar year or this fiscal ( year ) . '' This prompted many retailers to limit the number of preorders they sold before the game was released . Official Xbox Magazine published the first review of Rock Band , scoring the Xbox 360 version a 9.5 / 10 and calling it `` gaming 's most intensely rewarding co-op experience . '' OXM also commented that the game 's `` payoff is n't visceral or technical ; it 's emotional . '' IGN awarded the game a 9.4 / 10 score and an Editor 's Choice Award for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions . IGN largely praised the game , calling it `` one of the must - have games of the year '' and suggesting it `` may just be among the best party games ever released . '' 1UP.com gave the next - generation versions of the game an A , stating that `` Rock Band unquestionably , unequivocally rocks . '' GameSpot rated the next - generation versions of the game a 9.0 / 10 , calling Rock Band `` one of the best party games of all time . '' They also gave the game their Editor 's Choice award . The Xbox 360 version of Rock Band has an average critic score of 92 % , according to Metacritic , tying it for the 24th - highest - scored Xbox 360 game . Similarly , the PlayStation 3 version of Rock Band has an average critic score of 92 % on Metacritic , making it the 25th - highest - scored PlayStation 3 game . Most critics have commended the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of Rock Band for the game 's group gameplay , the depth of Band World Tour mode , and the introduction of a drum peripheral . Common complaints about the game focus on the different feel of the packaged Fender Stratocaster controller , as well as the game 's Solo Tour modes not being as enjoyable as the multiplayer offerings . IGN 's video review lamented the lack of a single player Band World Tour mode . The PlayStation 2 version of the game was well received , but was subject to criticism for the omission of the character customization features , as well as the stripped - down Band World Tour mode . GameSpot rated it an 8.0 / 10 , stating that `` Rock Band is still a lot of fun on the PS2 -- it 's just nowhere near the ideal version of the experience . '' IGN.com rated it an 8.4 / 10 , noting that the removed features made the game feel like a `` lessened '' version , but that the game still `` succeeds because it 's infinitely fun to play with your friends . '' Reviews for the Wii version of Rock Band also criticize the lack of features compared to the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions . The Wii version is basically the same as its PlayStation 2 counterpart , but IGN criticized it for its late release and their effort in completing a full game . However , IGN noted that the drum controller is an improvement over the original version , stating , `` The pads are quieter and the kick pedal will withstand more abuse . '' Sales ( edit ) By October 9 , 2008 , the game sold four million units and generated global revenues of $600 million . The sales of Rock Band helped Viacom to become the fifth - largest video game publisher in the United States , although analysts estimated that Viacom was only breaking even on sales of the game . In a March 2011 list , the NPD Group listed Rock Band as the fifth - highest - grossing video game in the United States since 1995 , earning $670.7 million in revenue . By May 2011 , over 100 million songs had been downloaded from the Rock Band music store . Viacom estimated that it is averaging the sale of 1 million downloadable songs every 9 days . Sales of songs were in favor of hard rock bands ; Mötley Crüe 's single `` Saints of Los Angeles '' , debuting as a Rock Band track at the same time as the release of the album of the same name , saw 48,000 Rock Band downloads and 14,000 iTunes downloads during its first week of release . The popularity of some tracks also led to groups considering releasing more material for the game . Rush 's alternate version of `` Working Man '' released only for Rock Band was met with so much praise from players of Rock Band that the group released the song for download through iTunes , as well as considered making full albums available , which they went on to do for their 1981 album Moving Pictures , released for the game two months later . Awards ( edit ) Prior to the game 's release , Rock Band was featured at the 2007 E3 convention , garnering attention and several awards , including the Game Critics ' `` Best of E3 2007 '' awards for `` Best of Show , '' `` Best Hardware / Peripheral , '' and `` Best Social / Casual / Puzzle , '' 1UP. com 's `` Best of E3 , '' and GameSpot 's `` Best Stage Demo '' and `` Best Xbox 360 Game . '' After its release , Rock Band won dozens of awards covering game releases from 2007 . The game won seven awards from IGN 's `` Best of 2007 , '' receiving honors for `` Best Music Game '' for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , `` Best Local Multiplayer Game '' for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , `` Best Downloadable Content '' for the PlayStation 3 , and `` Best Console Peripheral , '' as well as overall awards for `` Best Music Game , '' `` Best Licensed Soundtrack , '' and `` Best Local Multiplayer Game . '' GameSpot awarded Rock Band five awards in its `` Best of 2007 , '' recognizing the game for `` Best Rhythm / Music Game , '' `` Best New Gaming Hardware , '' `` Best Downloadable Content , '' `` Best Sound Design , '' and `` Best Multiplayer Game . '' Wired , Official Xbox Magazine , and Ars Technica all named Rock Band the `` Game of the Year , '' while Next Generation Magazine named it the second - best game of 2007 . GamePro honored Rock Band with the `` Innovation Award '' for four - person cooperative play , as well as the selection of `` Best Party Game '' of 2007 . GameSpy also recognized the game as the `` Music Game of the Year '' on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . Additionally , Rock Band was awarded `` Best Multiplayer Experience ( console ) '' by 1UP.com . The game won two awards at the 2007 Spike Video Game Awards , receiving honors for `` Best Rhythm Game '' and `` Best Soundtrack , '' while the game 's developer , Harmonix , won `` Studio of the Year . '' The game also won an award for `` Best Multiplayer Game '' in the X-Play Best of 2007 Awards . The Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences awarded Rock Band with honors for three of the eight categories in which it was nominated ; the game won awards for `` Family Game of the Year '' , `` Outstanding Achievement in Soundtrack '' , and `` Outstanding Innovation in Gaming '' . Rock Band was named `` Best Party Game '' of the year from Game Informer Magazine . The game has also been called the best rhythm game of all time by GameTap . Cultural impact ( edit ) See also : Cultural impact of Rock Band series Like the Guitar Hero series , Rock Band has had a significant impact on culture . Alex Rigopulos and Eran Egozy , the founders of Harmonix , were together named in Time Magazine 's list of the 100 most influential people of 2008 for their creation of Rock Band . In the article , guitarist Steven Van Zandt claims , `` in the history of rock ' n ' roll , Rock Band may just turn out to be up there with the rise of FM radio , CDs , or MTV . '' Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Rock Band 2 Rock Band 2 was officially announced on June 30 , 2008 , and was released on September 14 , 2008 on the Xbox 360 , with other platform releases following later in the year . Original instruments from Rock Band are compatible with Rock Band 2 , which features new instruments that been described as quieter and more reliable . Furthermore , both existing and any forthcoming downloadable content will be cross-compatible between Rock Band and Rock Band 2 . Rock Band 2 saw enhancements to the existing Band World Tour mode , as well as inclusions of new `` Drum Trainer '' and `` Battle of the Bands '' modes . 55 of the 58 Rock Band songs can be exported for use in Rock Band 2 , with the purchase of a $5 export key . Patent litigation ( edit ) On March 21 , 2008 , EA , MTV , and Harmonix were sued by the Gibson Guitar Corporation for violation of the 1999 U.S. Patent 5,990,405 , which Gibson claims covers technology that simulates a concert performance via pre-recorded audio and a musical instrument ; this follows similar action that Gibson has taken against the Guitar Hero series , which was later settled out of court . The Gibson - Harmonix case was put on hold shortly after its filing to allow the United States Patent and Trademark Office to open a re-examination of the 405 patent . On subsequent review , the 405 patent was modified to more exactly define the type of musical instrument that the patent covers , as the original language had conflicted with U.S. Patent 5,488,196 . Due to the change in language , Harmonix sought to have the case go forward and requested a summary judgement , believing that the new language of the 405 patent did not include the Rock Band controllers . In mid 2010 , the case was settled between all parties under non-disclosed terms . On July 10 , 2008 , Konami filed a separate lawsuit against Harmonix , Viacom , and MTV attempting to block the sale of Rock Band , over infringement of their patents on a `` musical - rhythm matching game '' issued in 2002 and 2003 , including U.S. Patent 6,390,923 . An MTV spokesperson expressed that the lawsuit was `` extremely surprising '' and that they intend to defend themselves against the suit . On December 2 , 2008 , Viacom issued a countersuit against Konami , claiming that Rock Band significantly improves on Konami 's original patent , and that their Rock Revolution game uses controllers that are similar to Rock Band . Both suits were settled for undisclosed terms in September 2010 . See also ( edit ) Guitar Hero World Tour Drum Machine Rock Revolution Ultimate Band Frets on Fire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Snow , Blake ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Rock Band Page '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rick , Christopher ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` Rock Band Price Cut for Europe , UK '' . Gamers Daily News . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Accardo , Sal ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band Preview '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Pattison , Narayan ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` EA Finally Sets A Date For Rock Band In Australia '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Games and Harmonix Unveil Set List for Rock Band '' . Harmonix . October 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock Band Officially Rocking Wii '' . Next Generation . March 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Music Catalog Surpasses 2,000 - Song Milestone With The Jimi Hendrix Experience 's Classic Song , ' Are You Experienced ? ' '' ( Press release ) . Harmonix. 2010 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band ( Xbox 360 ) '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virtual battle of the bands rocks on '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matt ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) . `` The Past And Future Of Rock Band DLC '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Plunkett , Luke ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band Details Explosion '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` ScoreHero Invades Harmonix ( Rock Band Impressions ) '' . ScoreHero . October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Blevins , Tal & Jeremy Dunham ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` Pre-E3 2007 : Rock Band Hands - On '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock Band Official Website '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band : The New Album '' , Game Informer , pp. 62 -- 69 , July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Single post in `` Uh oh ... '' thread - Official Rock Band Forums `` . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Band World Tour ( and consequently the endless setlist ) does n't have an online mode . It was something we really wanted in there but the time to do it ( ... ) was seriously prohibitive . It is something we are totally working for in the future as not only do you want to play it but so do we ( more than you know ) . That said we do have our band quickplay and the competitive modes online and it they are amazing . Sorry for the confusion . ^ Jump up to : `` On Location With Rock Band '' . GameSpy . October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Brad ( October 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band Exclusive - Rock Around the World '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Exclusive : The Endless Setlist '' . ScoreHero . October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Brad ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band Hands - On -- The PS2 Edition '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . 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Jump up ^ `` New line - up , new sound , new album for the Welsh rockers ... '' MTV . May 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` '' Rock Band '' PS3 / Xbox360 Price Set , PS2 Release Moved Up To 2007 `` . MTV Multiplayer . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 79 OXM Podcast '' . Official Xbox Magazine . September 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` $169 Rock Band on November 23 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Euro Rock Band release set for May 23 , bundle to cost GBP 180 / / News / / GamesIndustry.biz Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band Guitar Controllers Failing '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` Harmonix Replacing Broken Rock Band Guitars '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Blake ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Harmonix Gets Rock Band 2 Class Action Lawsuit '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Graff , Kris ( 2009 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Rock Band Foot Pedal Case Dropped By Plaintiff '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Activision Blocks Rock Band Patch , Kills GHIII Guitar Support '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Remo , Chris ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Activision Responds to Harmonix / MTV Accusations : Harmonix ' Unwilling to Discuss an Agreement ' '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Rock Band guitar compatibility & music export patch now live Joystiq Jump up ^ G4 - The Feed - Nyko 's Frontman Available Now Jump up ^ Tolito , Stephan ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Activision : ' Guitar Hero : World Tour ' Is Compatible With ' Rock Band ' Instruments '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` Xbox Rock Band Instruments Work With New Guitar Hero '' . Wired . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock Band Review '' . 1UP.com . November 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Gaming Monthly , January 2008 , Issue 224 , pp. 92 - 93 . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Rock Band Review '' . Game Informer . November 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rock Band for Xbox 360 '' . GamePro . November 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 21 . 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Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN Best of 2007 - PlayStation 3 - Best Music Game '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN Best of 2007 - Xbox 360 - Best Local Multiplayer Game '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN Best of 2007 - PlayStation 3 - Best Local Multiplayer Game '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN Best of 2007 - PlayStation 3 - Best Downloadable Content '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN Best of 2007 - Gear - Best Console Peripheral '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN Best of 2007 - Overall - Best Music Game '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN Best of 2007 - Overall - Best Licensed Soundtrack '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN Best of 2007 '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` OXM 's 2007 Game of the Year Awards '' . Official Xbox Magazine . March 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dobson , Jason ( December 8 , 2007 ) . `` BioShock downs the competition at 2007 VGAs '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Kohler , Chris ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` Top 10 Games of 2007 '' . Wired . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Suttner , Nick ( December 21 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band PS2 Review '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Navarro ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band for PlayStation 2 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Greg ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band : Special Edition Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tsao , Jennifer ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Rock Band Wii Review '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Hatfield , Daemon ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Rock Band : Special Edition ( Wii ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Wii Review '' . Game Informer . June 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Wii Review '' . X-Play . December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Band : Time to Start Worrying About Availability '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Rated Xbox 360 Video Games of All Time '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Rated PlayStation 3 Video Games of All Time '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Worden , Nat ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` Sales Of Viacom 's ' Rock Band ' Sing , But Profits Fall Flat '' . Dow Jones Newswires . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris ( 2011 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Call of Duty , Guitar Hero Top All - Time Best Selling List '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . `` The Best Selling Video Games of This Generation '' . CNBC . 2011 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Robert ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` Planned Guns N ' Roses Deal Underscores Power of Video Games to Sell Songs '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Game Critics Awards '' . Game Critics . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 1UP Network 's Best of E3 2007 Picks '' . 1UP . July 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` E3 07 Editors ' Choice Awards - Best Stage Demo '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` E3 07 Editors ' Choice Awards - Best Xbox 360 Game '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( January 2 , 2008 ) . `` Kill Me , Kiss Me , Thrill Me : ups and downs in gaming 2007 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Next - Gen 's Best 30 Games of 2007 '' . Next Generation Magazine . December 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpy 's Game of the Year 2007 - Xbox 360 '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpy 's Game of the Year 2007 - PS3 '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` And The Winner Is : X-Play Awards Bio-Shock Game of the Year '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 11th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards '' . Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rea , Jared ( December 6 , 2007 ) . `` No Doubt , Get Loud ! The 10 greatest rhythm games of all time '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Van Zandt , Steven ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Alex Rigopulos & Eran Egozy '' . Time 100 . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Rock Band 2 this September '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Rock Band 2 : The Opening Act '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Activision and Gibson settle Guitar Hero patent lawsuit Jump up ^ Patent Arcade : Back on Stage in the Guitar Hero / Gibson Suit ? Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Gibson Settles Another Music Game Patent Case '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Decker , Susan ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Konami Sues Viacom Over ' Rock Band ' Music Video Game '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` ' Rock Band ' Creators Sued By ' Rock Revolution ' Publisher Konami '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Decker , Susan ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Viacom 's Harmonix Sues Konami Over ' Rock Revolution ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Tom ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Konami , Viacom Settle Rock Band Suit '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock Band ( video game ) . Official Rock Band website Official Rock Band Store website Rock Band Main games Rock Band songs Rock Band 2 songs Rock Band 3 songs Rock Band 4 songs Band - centric games The Beatles songs Green Day songs Spin - offs Unplugged Lego songs Blitz Mobile games Mobile iOS Reloaded Additional songs Full list 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017 2018 Track packs Rock Band Network 1.0 songs 2.0 songs Related articles Harmonix Guitar Hero Rhythm game Rhythm game accessories Book Harmonix games Frequency series Frequency Amplitude Phase Guitar Hero series Guitar Hero songs Guitar Hero II songs Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s Rock Band series Rock Band songs Rock Band 2 songs Rock Band Unplugged The Beatles : Rock Band songs Rock Band Mobile Rock Band ( iOS ) Rock Band Reloaded Lego Rock Band songs Green Day : Rock Band songs Rock Band 3 songs Rock Band Blitz Rock Band 4 songs Dance Central series Dance Central Dance Central 2 Dance Central 3 Dance Central Spotlight Other games Karaoke Revolution songs EyeToy : AntiGrav Fantasia : Music Evolved A City Sleeps DropMix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_Band_(video_game)&oldid=811329448 '' Categories : 2007 video games Cooperative video games Drumming video games Guitar video games Karaoke video games PlayStation 2 games PlayStation 3 games Xbox 360 games Wii games Rock Band series Video games developed in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 22 : 58 . 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where is the bulk of medicaid funds spent

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Expenditures_in_the_United_States_federal_budget&oldid=828547686

Expenditures in the United States federal budget - Wikipedia Expenditures in the United States federal budget Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( hide ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( show ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Healthcare reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns : 1980 1995 -- 1996 2013 2018 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation Continuing resolution Main article : United States federal budget U.S. Federal spending and revenue components for fiscal year 2016 The United States federal budget consists of mandatory expenditures ( which include entitlement programs such as Medicare and Social Security ) , discretionary spending for defense , Cabinet Departments ( e.g. , United States Department of Justice ) and agencies ( e.g. , Securities & Exchange Commission ) , and interest payments on debt . During FY2016 , the federal government spent $3.27 trillion on a budget or cash basis , up $18 billion or 1 % vs. FY2015 spending of $3.25 trillion . Major categories of FY 2016 spending included : Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ( $1,060 B or 28 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $910 B or 24 % ) , Non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ( $600 B or 16 % ) , Defense Department ( $585 B or 15 % ) , Interest ( $240 B or 6 % ) . Expenditures are classified as mandatory , with payments required by specific laws , or discretionary , with payment amounts renewed annually as part of the budget process . Expenditures averaged 20.3 % GDP over the 1967 - 2016 period , generally ranging + / - 2 % GDP from that level . The 2016 spend was 20.9 % GDP , versus 2015 spend of 20.6 % GDP and a recent 2009 peak of 24.4 % GDP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discretionary vs. mandatory spending 1.1 Growth of mandatory spending 2 Mandatory spending and entitlements 2.1 Medicare and Medicaid 2.1. 1 Growth in medical spending 2.2 Social Security 3 Military spending 3.1 Debate about military spending 3.2 Budgetary treatment of Iraq & Afghanistan war expenses 4 Discretionary spending 5 Interest expense 6 Analytical perspectives 6.1 Federal spending per capita 7 References 8 External links Discretionary vs. mandatory spending ( edit ) The share of Federal spending for mandatory programs ( e.g. , Social Security and Medicare ) is increasing over time as the country ages and healthcare costs grow faster than inflation . Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill , which is a piece of legislation . Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees . Since the spending is typically for a fixed period ( usually a year ) , it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress . Some appropriations last for more than one year ( see Appropriation bill for details ) . In particular , multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs . Direct spending , also known as mandatory spending , refers to spending enacted by law , but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill . Most mandatory spending consists of entitlement programs such as Social Security benefits , Medicare , and Medicaid . These programs are called `` entitlements '' because individuals satisfying given eligibility requirements set by past legislation are entitled to Federal government benefits or services . Many other expenses , such as salaries of Federal judges , are mandatory , but account for a relatively small share of federal spending . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reports the costs of mandatory spending programs in a variety of annual and special topic publications . Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs . Certain entitlement programs , because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills , are termed `` appropriated entitlements . '' This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction , since the programs , such as Food Stamps , would continue to be funded even if the appropriation bill were to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted . The share of Federal spending for mandatory programs has been increasing as the U.S. population ages , while the discretionary spending share has fallen . Growth of mandatory spending ( edit ) CBO projects that spending for Social Security , Healthcare programs and interest costs will rise relative to GDP over the 2017 - 2027 period , while defense and other discretionary spending will decline relative to GDP . Over the past 40 years , mandatory spending for programs such as Medicare and Social Security has grown as a share of the budget and relative to GDP , while other discretionary categories have declined . Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security grew from 4.3 % of GDP in 1971 to 10.7 % of GDP in 2016 . In the long - run , expenditures related to Social Security , Medicare and Medicaid are growing considerably faster than the economy overall as the population matures . The Congressional Budget Office estimates that Social Security spending will rise from 4.8 % of GDP in 2009 to 6.2 % of GDP by 2035 , where it will stabilize . However , CBO expects Medicare and Medicaid to continue growing , rising from 5.3 % GDP in 2009 to 10.0 % in 2035 and 19.0 % by 2082 . CBO has indicated healthcare spending per beneficiary is the primary long - term fiscal challenge . Further , multiple government and private sources have indicated the overall expenditure path is unsustainable . Mandatory spending and entitlements ( edit ) Further information : Social programs in the United States Table compares US federal spending and revenue in 2016 vs. 2015 using CBO historical data . Entitlement Spending Risks . Medicare & Social Security . Social Security and Medicare expenditures are funded by permanent appropriations and so are considered mandatory spending according to the 1997 Budget Enforcement Act ( BEA ) . Social Security and Medicare are sometimes called `` entitlements , '' because people meeting relevant eligibility requirements are legally entitled to benefits , although most pay taxes into these programs throughout their working lives . Some programs , such as Food Stamps , are appropriated entitlements . Some mandatory spending , such as Congressional salaries , is not part of any entitlement program . Funds to make federal interest payments have been automatically appropriated since 1847 . Major categories of FY 2014 mandatory spending included : Social Security ( $845 B or 24 % of spending ) , Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ( $831 B or 24 % ) , other mandatory programs such as food stamps and unemployment compensation ( $420 B or 12 % ) and interest ( $229 B or 6.5 % ) . As a share of federal budget , mandatory spending has increased over time . Mandatory spending accounted for 53 % of total federal outlays in FY2008 , with net interest payments accounting for an additional 8.5 % . In 2011 , mandatory spending had increased to 56 % of federal outlays . From 1991 to 2011 , mandatory spending grew from 10.1 percent to 13.6 percent of GDP , according to figures from the Congressional Budget Office . This spending is expected to continue to increase as a share of GDP . According to the conservative Heritage Foundation , spending on Social Security , Medicare , and Medicaid will rise from 8.7 % of GDP in 2010 , to 11.0 % by 2020 and to 18.1 % by 2050 . Since the federal government has historically collected about 18.4 % of GDP in tax revenues , this means these three mandatory programs may absorb all federal revenues sometime around 2050 . Unless these long - term fiscal imbalances are addressed by reforms to these programs , raising taxes or drastic cuts in discretionary programs , the federal government will at some point be unable to pay its obligations without significant risk to the value of the dollar ( inflation ) . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2011 49.1 % of the U.S. population lived in a household where at least one household member received a government benefit including Social Security and Medicare . This figure represented an increase from 30 % in the early 1980s and 44.4 % in 2008 . While federal outlay for welfare was reduced by half since 1996 , programs such as food stamps have seen increases in spending . In 2012 , 35 % of the U.S. population lived in a household that received government benefits , counting only means - tested programs such as food stamps , housing assistance and Medicaid . Mandatory programs are affected by demographic trends . The number of workers continues declining relative to those receiving benefits . For example , the number of workers per retiree was 5.1 in 1960 ; this declined to 3.3 in 2007 and is projected to decline to 2.1 by 2040 . According to census data for 2011 , 16 % of the population lived in a household where at least one individual received Social Security and 15 % lived in a household where at least one individual received Medicare . From 2012 to 2027 , approximately 78 million individuals will retire and begin receiving Social Security and Medicare . These programs are also affected by per - person costs , which are also expected to increase at a rate significantly higher than the economy . The unfavorable combination of demographics and per - capita rate increases is expected to drive both Social Security and Medicare into large deficits during the 21st century . Multiple government sources have argued these programs are fiscally unsustainable as presently structured due to the extent of future borrowing and related interest required to fund them ; here is a 2009 summary from the Social Security and Medicare Trustees : The financial condition of the Social Security and Medicare programs remains challenging . Projected long run program costs are not sustainable under current program parameters . Social Security 's annual surpluses of tax income over expenditures are expected to fall sharply this year and to stay about constant in 2010 because of the economic recession , and to rise only briefly before declining and turning to cash flow deficits beginning in 2016 that grow as the baby boom generation retires . The deficits will be made up by redeeming trust fund assets until reserves are exhausted in 2037 , at which point tax income would be sufficient to pay about three fourths of scheduled benefits through 2083 . Medicare 's financial status is much worse . As was true in 2008 , Medicare 's Hospital Insurance ( HI ) Trust Fund is expected to pay out more in hospital benefits and other expenditures this year than it receives in taxes and other dedicated revenues . The difference will be made up by redeeming trust fund assets . Growing annual deficits are projected to exhaust HI reserves in 2017 , after which the percentage of scheduled benefits payable from tax income would decline from 81 percent in 2017 to about 50 percent in 2035 and 30 percent in 2080 . In addition , the Medicare Supplementary Medical Insurance ( SMI ) Trust Fund that pays for physician services and the prescription drug benefit will continue to require general revenue financing and charges on beneficiaries that grow substantially faster than the economy and beneficiary incomes over time . Since the government borrowed and spent the trust funds ' assets , there is no `` lockbox '' or marketable investment portfolio of $2.4 trillion for Social Security or $380 billion for Medicare . The trust funds contain non-marketable `` IOU 's '' that the government is legally obligated to pay . In the absence of significant budget surpluses , the government will be required to convert these non-marketable securities to marketable securities by borrowing in the future , as trust fund claims are redeemed . Medicare and Medicaid ( edit ) Main articles : Health care finance in the United States , Medicare ( United States ) , and Medicaid Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP . The Medicare Trustees have reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as % GDP , mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases . Medicare was established in 1965 and expanded thereafter . In 2009 , the program covered an estimated 45 million persons ( 38 million aged and 7 million disabled ) . It consists of four distinct parts which are funded differently : Part A ( Hospital Insurance , or HI ) covers inpatient hospital services , skilled nursing care , and home health and hospice care . The HI trust fund is mainly funded by a dedicated payroll tax of 2.9 % of earnings , shared equally between employers and workers . Part B ( Supplementary Medical Insurance , or SMI ) covers physician services , outpatient services , and home health and preventive services . The SMI trust fund is funded through beneficiary premiums ( set at 25 % of estimated program costs for the aged ) and general revenues ( the remaining amount , approximately 75 % ) . Part C ( Medicare Advantage , or MA ) is a private plan option for beneficiaries that covers all Part A and B services , except hospice . Individuals choosing to enroll in Part C must also enroll in Part B. Part C is funded through the HI and SMI trust funds . Part D covers prescription drug benefits . Funding is included in the SMI trust fund and is financed through beneficiary premiums ( about 25 % ) and general revenues ( about 75 % ) . Various reform strategies were proposed for healthcare , including Medicare and Medicaid . Examples include : comparative effectiveness research ; independent review panels ; modifying doctor incentives to focus on better care rather than fee for service ; addressing a shortage of doctors and nurses ; taxing healthcare benefits paid for by employers ; addressing tort reform and defensive medicine ; preventing obesity and related expensive conditions ; addressing fraud ; streamlining redundant payment systems ; and improved healthcare technology . Growth in Medical spending ( edit ) Spending on Medicare and Medicaid is projected to grow dramatically in coming decades . The number of persons enrolled in Medicare is expected to increase from 47 million in 2010 to 80 million by 2030 . While the same demographic trends that affect Social Security also affect Medicare , rapidly rising medical prices appear to be a more important cause of projected spending increases . The CBO has indicated that : `` Future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid -- the federal government 's major health care programs -- will be the most important determinant of long - term trends in federal spending . Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs -- which will be difficult , in part because of the complexity of health policy choices -- is ultimately the nation 's central long - term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy . '' Further , the CBO also projects that `` total federal Medicare and Medicaid outlays will rise from 4 percent of GDP in 2007 to 12 percent in 2050 and 19 percent in 2082 -- which , as a share of the economy , is roughly equivalent to the total amount that the federal government spends today . The bulk of that projected increase in health care spending reflects higher costs per beneficiary rather than an increase in the number of beneficiaries associated with an aging population . '' President Obama stated in May 2009 : `` But we know that our families , our economy , and our nation itself will not succeed in the 21st century if we continue to be held down by the weight of rapidly rising health care costs and a broken health care system ... Our businesses will not be able to compete ; our families will not be able to save or spend ; our budgets will remain unsustainable unless we get health care costs under control . '' The present value of unfunded obligations under all parts of Medicare during FY 2007 is approximately $34.1 trillion . In other words , this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the shortfall over the next 75 years . This is over six times as large as the Social Security unfunded obligation of $5.3 trillion , discussed below . Social Security ( edit ) Main article : Social Security ( United States ) OASDI Income and Cost Rates Under Intermediate Assumptions . Source : 2009 OASDI Trustees Report . Note : CBO estimates that policy changes with a 0.6 % of GDP annual impact are sufficient to address the 75 - year program shortfall . Abbreviations are explained in the chart page . Source : CBO Report -- July 2010 . Social Security is a social insurance program officially called `` Old - Age , Survivors , and Disability Insurance '' ( OASDI ) , in reference to its three components . It is primarily funded through a dedicated payroll tax . During 2009 , total benefits of $686 billion were paid out versus income ( taxes and interest ) of $807 billion , a $121 billion annual surplus . An estimated 156 million people paid into the program and 53 million received benefits , roughly 2.94 workers per beneficiary . During 2008 , total benefits of $625 billion were paid out versus income ( taxes and interest ) of $805 billion , a $180 billion annual surplus . An estimated 162 million people paid into the program and 51 million received benefits , roughly 3.2 workers per beneficiary . There is significant confusion about the program , due in part to the accounting for surplus payroll tax receipts and the agendas of various political constituencies . A few key points to understand under current law , if no reforms are implemented : Social Security is funded by a dedicated payroll tax of 12.4 % . This means that Social Security will be paid at least to the extent of payroll tax collections . Program payroll tax collections were roughly equal to payouts in 2010 and are estimated to fall to about 75 % of payouts by the mid-2030s and continue around that level through the early 2080s . Claims that the program is `` bankrupt '' or `` going bankrupt '' can be evaluated in this context . Since the Greenspan Commission in the early 1980s , Social Security has cumulatively collected far more in payroll taxes dedicated to the program than it has paid out to recipients -- nearly $2.4 trillion by 2008 . This surplus amount is commonly referred to as the `` Social Security Trust Fund . '' This surplus amount has not added to the public debt ; rather it is the spending of surplus funds dedicated to the program for other purposes that has added to the debt . The Trust Fund represents a legal claim by Social Security recipients , enabling them to compel the government to borrow or otherwise fund 100 % of program obligations as long as Trust Fund amounts remain . As sources of funds ( other than the dedicated payroll taxes ) are diverted to the program , the Trust Fund balance is reduced . Once the Trust Fund is liquidated in the mid-2030s under various estimates , program payouts will fall to about 75 % of currently scheduled benefits . Social Security then becomes a true `` pay as you go '' program , without Trust Fund amounts to cover shortfalls . Redemption of Trust Fund claims means that the government will have to borrow an additional $2.4 trillion in total ( based on the 2008 Trust Fund balance ) over approximately 20 years , from the time the program payouts begin to exceed tax collections around 2015 to the time the Trust Fund is exhausted in the mid-2030s . This is a funding challenge for the government overall , not just Social Security . Social Security spending will increase sharply over the next decades , largely due to the retirement of the baby boom generation . The number of program recipients is expected to increase from 44 million in 2010 to 73 million in 2030 . Program spending is projected to rise from 4.8 % of GDP in 2010 to 5.9 % of GDP by 2030 , where it will stabilize . The CBO projected in 2010 that an increase in payroll taxes ranging from 1.6 -- 2.1 % of the payroll tax base , equivalent to 0.6 % - 0.8 % of GDP , would be necessary to put the Social Security program in fiscal balance for the next 75 years . In other words , raising the payroll tax rate to about 14.4 % during 2009 ( from the current 12.4 % ) or cutting benefits by 13.3 % would address the program 's budgetary concerns indefinitely ; these amounts increase to around 16 % and 24 % if no changes are made until 2037 . Projections of Social Security 's solvency are sensitive to assumptions about rates of economic growth and demographic changes . Since recommendations of the Greenspan Commission were adopted in the early 1980s , Social Security payroll taxes have exceeded benefit payments . In FY2008 , Social Security received $180 billion more in payroll taxes and accrued interest than it paid out in benefits . This annual surplus is credited to Social Security trust funds that hold special non-marketable Treasury securities . The Social Security surplus reduces the amount of U.S. Treasury borrowing from the public , as the surplus funds may be used for other government purposes . The total balance of the trust funds was $2.4 trillion in 2008 and is estimated to reach $3.7 trillion by 2016 . At that point , payments will exceed payroll tax revenues , resulting in the gradual reduction of the trust funds balance as the securities are redeemed against other types of government revenues . By 2037 , according to some estimates , the trust funds will be exhausted . Under current law , Social Security payouts would be reduced by 24 % at that time , as only payroll taxes are authorized to cover benefits . The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of January 1 , 2009 has been estimated at approximately $5.3 trillion over a 75 - year horizon . In other words , this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the shortfall over the next 75 years . The estimated annual shortfall averages 1.9 % of the payroll tax base or 0.7 % of gross domestic product . For a GDP of approximately $14 trillion in 2009 , this 0.7 % gap is roughly $100 billion per year or 5 % of tax revenue . Over an infinite time horizon , these shortfalls average 3.4 % of the payroll tax base and 1.2 % of GDP . Various reforms have been debated for Social Security . Examples include reducing future annual cost of living adjustments ( COLA ) provided to recipients , raising the retirement age , and raising the income limit subject to the payroll tax ( $106,800 in 2009 ) . The Urban Institute estimated the effects of solution alternatives during May 2010 , including an estimated program deficit reduction for each : Reducing the COLA by one percentage point : 75 % Indexing the COLA to prices rather than wages , except for bottom one - third of income earners : 65 % Raising the payroll tax rate by one percentage point : 50 % . Raising the payroll tax cap ( currently at $106,800 ) to cover 90 % instead of 84 % of earnings : 35 % Increasing the full retirement age to 68 : 30 % The CBO reported in July 2010 the effects of a series of policy options on the `` actuarial balance '' shortfall , which over the 75 year horizon is approximately 0.6 % of GDP . This is slightly different from the 0.7 % estimated by the Social Security Trustees , as indicated above . For example , CBO estimates that raising the payroll tax by two percentage points ( from 12.4 % to 14.4 % ) over 20 years would increase annual program revenues by 0.6 % of GDP , solving the 75 - year shortfall . The various impacts are summarized in the CBO chart at right . CBO estimated in January 2012 that raising the full retirement age for Social Security from 67 to 70 would reduce outlays by about 13 % . Raising the early retirement age from 62 to 64 has little impact , as those who wait longer to begin receiving benefits get a higher amount . Raising the retirement age increases the size of the workforce and the size of the economy by about 1 % . Military spending ( edit ) Main article : Military budget of the United States Defense Spending as % Outlays FY 1950 -- 2007 . Defense Spending 2000 -- 2011 . During FY 2009 , the GAO reported that the U.S. government incurred approximately $683 billion in expenses for the Department of Defense ( DoD ) and $54 billion for Homeland Security , a total of $737 billion . The GAO financial statements present data on an accrual basis , meaning as expenses are incurred rather than actual cash payments . President Obama 's 2010 budget proposal includes a total of $663.8 billion , including $533.8 billion for the DOD and $130 billion for overseas contingencies , primarily the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . The proposed DoD base budget represents an increase of $20.5 billion over the $513.3 billion enacted for fiscal 2009 . This is an increase of 4 % , or 2.1 % percent real growth after adjusting for inflation . The fiscal 2010 budget proposal brought the overseas contingency supplemental requests into the budget process , adding the $130 billion amount to the deficit . The U.S. defense budget ( excluding spending for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan , Homeland Security , and Veteran 's Affairs ) is around 4 % of GDP . Adding these other costs places defense and homeland security spending between 5 % and 6 % of GDP . The DoD baseline budget , excluding supplemental funding for the wars , has grown from $297 billion in FY2001 to a budgeted $534 billion for FY2010 , an 81 % increase . According to the CBO , defense spending grew 9 % annually on average from fiscal year 2000 -- 2009 . Debate about military spending ( edit ) Democratic Congressman Barney Frank called for a significant reduction in the defense budget during February 2009 : `` The math is compelling : if we do not make reductions approximating 25 percent of the military budget starting fairly soon , it will be impossible to continue to fund an adequate level of domestic activity even with a repeal of Bush 's tax cuts for the very wealthy . I am working with a variety of thoughtful analysts to show how we can make very substantial cuts in the military budget without in any way diminishing the security we need ... ( American ) well - being is far more endangered by a proposal for substantial reductions in Medicare , Social Security or other important domestic areas than it would be by canceling weapons systems that have no justification from any threat we are likely to face . '' U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote in January 2009 that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world : `` What all these potential adversaries -- from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers -- have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms . The United States can not take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs , platforms , and personnel that will ensure that dominance 's persistence . But it is also important to keep some perspective . As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War , for example , in terms of tonnage , its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined -- and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners . '' In 2009 , the US Department of Defense 's annual report to Congress on China 's military strength offered several estimates of actual 2008 Chinese military spending . In terms of the prevailing exchange rate , Pentagon estimates range between US $105 and US $150 billion , the second highest in the world after the US . Budgetary treatment of Iraq & Afghanistan war expenses ( edit ) CBO estimated in January 2010 that approximately $1.1 trillion was authorized for spending on the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars between 2001 and 2010 . Spending peaked in 2008 at $187 billion and declined to $130 billion by 2010 . Much of the costs for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have not been funded through regular appropriations bills , but through emergency supplemental appropriations bills . As such , most of these expenses were not included in the budget deficit calculation prior to FY2010 . Some budget experts argue that emergency supplemental appropriations bills do not receive the same level of legislative care as regular appropriations bills . In addition , emergency supplemental appropriations are not subject to the same budget enforcement mechanisms imposed on regular appropriations . Funding for the first stages of the Vietnam War was provided by supplemental appropriations , although President Johnson eventually acceded to Congressional demands to fund that war through the regular appropriations process . Budget authority is legal authority to obligate the federal government . For many war - related activities there may be a long lag between the time when budget authority is granted and when payments ( outlays ) are made by the U.S. Treasury . In particular , spending on reconstruction activities in Iraq and Afghanistan has lagged behind available budget authority . In other cases , the military uses contracts that are payable upon completion , which can create long lags between appropriations and outlays . In principle , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) separates war funding from base funding . In most cases , however , funds for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan use the same accounts as other DoD accounts . This raises challenges to attempts to achieve a precise separation of expenditures on operations in Iraq and Afghanistan from the base defense operations . Discretionary spending ( edit ) FY 2013 Estimated Federal Spending per 2012 Budget Federal funding of science and technology research by year . The spike in 2009 is due to the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act . Discretionary spending is spending that is not mandated on a multi-year basis by existing legislation , and thus must be determined anew in each year 's budget . Discretionary spending is used to fund the Cabinet Departments ( e.g. , the Department of Education ) and Agencies ( e.g. , the Environmental Protection Agency ) , although these are often the recipients of some mandatory funding as well . Discretionary budget authority is established annually by Congress , as opposed to mandatory spending that is required by laws that span multiple years , such as Social Security or Medicare . The Federal government spent approximately $600 billion during 2016 on the Cabinet Departments and Agencies , excluding the Department of Defense , representing 16 % of budgeted expenditures or about 3.3 % of GDP . The 2011 budget included estimated spending for 2010 , shown in the graph at right for selected Departments and Agencies with over $10 billion in budget authority . Funding for the Department of Defense is mostly discretionary , but is excluded from this total and analyzed separately in this article . However , certain defense - related spending is included in other Departments , such as Homeland Security and Veteran 's Affairs . The U.S. Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 ) grants the Congress the authority to `` To raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years . '' Funding for science research and development is mainly funded through discretionary funding through agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , Department of Energy Office of Science , National Aeronautics and Space Administration , and National Science Foundation . Slightly more than half of federal research and development funds go to the Department of Defense and thus overlaps with military spending . Several politicians and think tanks have proposed freezing non-defense discretionary spending at particular levels and holding this spending constant for various periods of time . President Obama proposed freezing discretionary spending representing approximately 12 % of the budget in his 2011 State of the Union address . Interest expense ( edit ) Components of interest on the debt . Budgeted net interest on the public debt was approximately $245 billion in FY2012 ( 7 % of spending ) . During FY2012 , the government also accrued a non-cash interest expense of $187 billion for intra-governmental debt , primarily the Social Security Trust Fund , for a total interest expense of $432 billion . This accrued interest is added to the Social Security Trust Fund and therefore the national debt each year and will be paid to Social Security recipients in the future . However , since it is a non-cash expense it is excluded from the budget deficit calculation . Net interest costs paid on the public debt declined from $203 billion in 2011 to $187 billion in 2012 because of lower interest rates . Should these rates return to historical averages , the interest cost would increase dramatically . During 2013 , the U.S. Federal Reserve is expected to purchase about $45 billion of U.S. treasury securities per month in addition to the $40 billion in mortgage debt it 's purchasing , effectively absorbing about 90 percent of net new dollar - denominated fixed - income assets . This reduces the supply of bonds available for sale to investors , raising bond prices and lowering interest rates , which helps boost the U.S. economy . During 2012 , global demand for U.S. debt was strong and interest rates were near record lows . U.S. spending per person from 1980 to 2011 . Blue line indicates nominal spending per person , while the cyan line is adjusted for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) excluding food and energy . Analytical perspectives ( edit ) Federal spending per capita ( edit ) Federal spending per capita ( that is , per person in the U.S. ) was approximately $11,551 during 2011 , versus $6,338 in 2000 . Adjusted for inflation , these amounts were $5,133 in 2011 and $3,496 in 2000 . Adjusted for inflation , federal spending per person remained around $3,500 throughout the 1990s . It then began to rise steadily after 2000 , then jumped in 2008 and 2009 due to the subprime mortgage crisis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : CBO - Budget and Economic Outlook 2017 - 2027 - January 2015 Jump up ^ CBO -- The Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2013 to 2023 -- February 2013 Jump up ^ CBO Historical Tables - Retrieved November 2015 Jump up ^ Charlie Rose Show - Senators Bayh , Gregg and Roger Altman - February 1 , 2010 Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - The Right Target : Stabilize the Federal Debt January 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Long Term Budget Outlook -- June and August 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Testimony -- June 2008 ^ Jump up to : Social Security Trustees Report -- 2009 Summary Jump up ^ GAO Briefing -- January 2008 Jump up ^ Peter G. Peterson Foundation -- Citizen 's Guide 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Historical Data June 2017 ^ Jump up to : D. Andrew Austin ; Mindy R. Levit ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mandatory Spending Since 1962 '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Congressional Budget Office , An Analysis of the President 's Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal Year 2010 , June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Closer Look at Mandatory Spending '' ( PDF ) . cbo.gov . Congressional Budget Office . 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heritage Foundation -- Book of Charts -- Retrieved March 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Heritage Foundation -- Book of Charts -- Retrieve March 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ GAO Citizens Guide Jump up ^ Huffington Post-Lynn Parramore - Nine Deficit Myths We Cannot Afford - April 2010 Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` CNN Fact Check : Santorum misleads on ' dependence ' '' . CNN . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Phil Izzo ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Number of the Week : Half of U.S. Lives in Household Getting Benefits '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Spalding ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Why the U.S. has a culture of dependency '' . CNN . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Palmer ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Exactly How Many Americans Are Dependent on the Government ? '' . Slate . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Concord Slides Jump up ^ Sloan - Fortune - Social Security : The Next Great Bailout - July 2009 Jump up ^ Bruce Bartlett - Forbes - The 81 % Tax Increase - May 2009 Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service -- Medicare Primer -- March 2009 Jump up ^ Atul Gawande - The New Yorker - The Cost Conundrum - June 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Economist -- As Boomers Wrinkle -- December 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Testimony Jump up ^ President Obama -- Weekly Radio Address -- May 16 2009 Jump up ^ GAO Fiscal Briefing Page 17 Jump up ^ 2010 Social Security Trustees Report Summary Press Release Jump up ^ 2008 Social Security -- Trustees Report Summary Press Release ^ Jump up to : Congressional Budget Office - Social Security Policy Options - July 2010 Jump up ^ Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - Bowles - Simpson Social Security Proposal Evaluation - February 2011 Jump up ^ Heritage Foundation - Book of Charts - As of November 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Long - Term Outlook - June 2010 - Page 50 Jump up ^ 2009 OASDI Trustees Report Pages 3 and 19 Jump up ^ 2009 OASDI Trustees Report -- Page 9 and 19 Jump up ^ Trustees Report Long Range Estimates -- Section 5a Table IV. B6 Jump up ^ AARP Public Policy Institute - Reform Options for Social Security Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report - 12 Ways to Fix Social Security - May 2010 Jump up ^ Urban Institute - Distributional Effects of Alternative Social Security Reforms - Details Matter - May 2010 Jump up ^ CBO -- Raising the Ages of Eligibility for Social Security and Medicare - January 2012 Jump up ^ GAO - 2009 Financial Statements of the U.S. Government -- Page 45 Jump up ^ DoD News Release - Fiscal 2010 Budget Proposal - May 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Eaglen , Mackenzie ; Eric Sayers ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` USA : A 21st Century Maritime Posture for an Uncertain Future '' . Defense Industry Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DOD -- Defense Trend Spending Chart - May 7 , 2009 Archived February 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CBO - Monthly Budget Review - Sept 09 Jump up ^ Barney Frank -- The Nation Jump up ^ Gates - A Balanced Strategy Jump up ^ Office of the Secretary of Defense -- Annual Report to Congress : Military Power of the People 's Republic of China 2009 ( PDF ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ CBO ( January 2010 ) . `` The Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2010 to 2020 '' . CBO . Retrieved February 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Anthony Cordesman and Erin Fitzgerald , September , 2009 Resourcing for Defeat , Center for Strategic and International Studies ^ Jump up to : `` Investing in the Building Blocks of American Innovation : Federal R&D , Technology , and STEM Education in the 2011 Budget '' ( PDF ) . Office of Science and Technology Policy . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United States Jump up ^ State of the Union Speech - January 2011 Archived February 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO Audit Report on Treasury Debt -- FY2012 '' ( PDF ) . November 2012 . p. 13 . Retrieved November 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bloomberg - Treasury Scarcity to Grow as Fed Buys 90 % of New Bonds - November 2012 Jump up ^ FRED Database - Spending , Population , and Inflation Index Graph - October 2013 External links ( edit ) Cogan , John F. ( 2002 ) . `` Federal Budget '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Kotlikoff , Laurence J. ( 2002 ) . `` Federal Deficit '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 The New York Times : Obama 's 2012 Budget Proposal -- A visualization of the Obama administration 's FY2012 budget proposal . CBPP - Policy Basics - Where Do Our Federal Tax Dollars Go ? April 2013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expenditures_in_the_United_States_federal_budget&oldid=828547686 '' Categories : United States federal budgets Expenditure Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from April 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 07 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

8522090805544288444

where does the last name agustin come from

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Augusten_Burroughs&oldid=818526701

Augusten Burroughs - wikipedia Augusten Burroughs Jump to : navigation , search Augusten Burroughs Augusten Burroughs in New York City , 2007 Christopher Richter Robison ( 1965 - 10 - 23 ) October 23 , 1965 ( age 52 ) Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States Occupation Screenwriter , memoirist , essayist . Nationality United States Period 2000 -- present Subject Memoir , humor Notable works Running with Scissors ( 2002 ) , A Wolf at the Table ( 2008 ) Spouse Christopher Schelling Relatives John Elder Robison ( brother ) Website www.augusten.com Augusten Xon Burroughs ( born Christopher Richter Robison , October 23 , 1965 ) is an American writer known for his New York Times bestselling memoir Running with Scissors ( 2002 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Lawsuit over Running with Scissors 3 Film and television 4 Bibliography 4.1 Contributions 5 References 6 External links Life ( edit ) Christopher Richter Robison was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , the younger of two sons to poet Margaret Robison and John G. Robison , former head of the philosophy department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . He is the younger brother of fellow memoirist John Elder Robison . He was raised in Massachusetts , including the towns of Shutesbury , Amherst , and Northampton . His parents divorced on July 29 , 1978 , when Burroughs was twelve years old , and he was adopted by his mother 's psychiatrist who resided in the Northampton area . Robison dropped out of school after the sixth grade and obtained a GED at age 17 . At age 18 , he legally changed his name in Boston to Augusten Xon Burroughs . He later enrolled at Holyoke Community College in Holyoke , Massachusetts , as a pre-med student , dropping out before the end of the first semester . He decided to settle in New York City and worked for a Manhattan - based advertising company . In 1996 , he sought treatment for alcoholism at a rehabilitation center in Minnesota before returning to Manhattan . His books are published by St. Martin 's Press and Picador . Some of his childhood experiences were chronicled in Running with Scissors ( 2002 ) , which was later made into a film . Augusten Burroughs discusses his road to writing , sobriety and the Turcottes over dinner in the East Village . In addition to Scissors , Burroughs penned a second memoir , Dry ( 2003 ) , about his experience during and after treatment for alcoholism . It was followed by two collections of memoir essays , Magical Thinking ( 2003 ) and Possible Side Effects ( 2006 ) . His first novel , Sellevision ( 2000 ) , is currently in production as a feature film . Burroughs ' writing focuses on subjects such as advertising , psychiatrists , religious families , and home shopping networks . It has appeared in publications such as The New York Times , House & Garden , BlackBook , New York , The Times , Bark , Attitude , and Out . Burroughs writes a monthly column for Details . Early in his career , he was a regular commentator on National Public Radio 's Morning Edition . Burroughs has been profiled in People , The Guardian , and Entertainment Weekly , where he ranked 15 on the 2005 list of `` The 25 Funniest People in America '' and was named to the magazine 's `` It List '' . In a January 2005 interview , reflecting on his life with his then partner , graphic designer Dennis Pilsits , Burroughs said paying tax should allow same - sex couples full legal entitlements : `` That 's what gay people need to be allowed to do -- get married . Not have domestic partnerships ; that 's not acceptable . I do n't believe for a moment ( gay marriage ) would destroy the sanctity of marriage . But let 's just say for a moment that it does . Well , then the sanctity of marriage just has to be destroyed . It 's just too bad . You ca n't have one set of benefits and only give them to some of the people . '' In 2005 , Universal Studios and Red Wagon Productions bought the rights to a film based on a then - unreleased memoir about Burroughs ' relationship with his father . The book , called A Wolf at the Table , was released on April 29 , 2008 . In October 2009 , Burroughs released You Better Not Cry : Stories for Christmas , a book of short Christmas stories based on true events that occurred during his childhood . In 2012 , Burroughs released This Is How , a book of advice and memoirs . Burroughs divides time between New York City and Amherst , Massachusetts . On April 1 , 2013 , Burroughs married his longtime agent and companion Christopher Schelling at New York City Hall in Staten Island . Burroughs was presented with a special Trustee Award at the Lambda Literary Awards in 2013 . Lawsuit over Running with Scissors ( edit ) `` It 's still a memoir , it 's marketed as a memoir , they 've agreed one hundred percent that it is a memoir . '' -- Augusten Burroughs on the Running with Scissors settlement In August 2007 , Burroughs and his publisher , St. Martin 's Press , settled with the Turcotte family , who stated that they were the basis for the Finch family portrayed in Running with Scissors . The Turcottes , who alleged that Running with Scissors was largely fictional and written in a sensational manner , sought damages of $2 million for invasion of privacy , defamation , and intentional infliction of emotional distress . Burroughs defended his work as `` entirely accurate , '' but agreed to call the work a `` book '' ( instead of `` memoir '' ) in the author 's note , to alter the acknowledgments page in future editions to recognize the Turcotte family 's conflicting memories of described events , and express regret for `` any unintentional harm '' to the Turcotte family . Burroughs felt vindicated by the settlement . `` I 'm not at all sorry that I wrote it . And you know , the suit settled -- it settled in my favor . I did n't change a word of the memoir , not one word of it . It 's still a memoir , it 's marketed as a memoir , ( the Turcottes ) agreed one hundred percent that it is a memoir . '' Upon settling the Running with Scissors case in August 2007 , Burroughs stated , I consider this not only a personal victory but a victory for all memoirists . I still maintain that the book is an entirely accurate memoir , and that it was not fictionalized or sensationalized in any way . I did not embellish or invent elements . We had a very strong case because I had the truth on my side . '' Film and television ( edit ) Running with Scissors was made into a film in 2006 . It was directed by Ryan Murphy , produced by Brad Pitt , and starred Joseph Cross , Brian Cox , Annette Bening , Alec Baldwin , and Evan Rachel Wood . Bening was nominated for a Golden Globe for her role . Burroughs is currently writing the screenplay for two upcoming television series : he is working on a Showtime series based on his memoir , Dry , and writing a drama series for CBS titled The Nature of Fire , which follows a group of firefighters . Bibliography ( edit ) 2000 -- Sellevision ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 26772 - X ) ( fiction ) 2002 -- Running with Scissors ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 28370 - 9 ) 2003 -- Dry ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 42379 - 9 ) 2004 -- Magical Thinking ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 31594 - 5 ) 2006 -- Possible Side Effects ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 31596 - 1 ) 2008 -- A Wolf at the Table ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 42827 - 8 ) 2009 -- You Better Not Cry : Stories for Christmas ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 34191 - 1 ) 2011 -- Take Five : Four Favorite Essays Plus One Never - Been - Seen Essay ( ISBN 1 - 429 - 95854 - 5 ) 2012 -- This Is How : Proven Aid in Overcoming Shyness , Molestation , Fatness , Spinsterhood , Grief , Disease , Lushery , Decrepitude & More . For Young and Old Alike . ( ISBN 9780312563554 ) 2016 -- Lust & Wonder : A Memoir ( ISBN 9780312342036 ) Contributions ( edit ) 2007 -- Look Me in the Eye : My Life with Asperger 's -- John Elder Robison ( ISBN 0 - 7393 - 5768 - 9 ) ( foreword ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : About -- Augusten Burroughs . Augusten.com . Jump up ^ Augusten Burroughs And The Art Of Memoir . CBS News ( January 27 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Christopher Schelling , Augusten Burroughs -- Weddings -- The New York Times . Nytimes.com ( April 7 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Burroughs , Augusten . `` Losing a ' Boyfriend , ' the Best Way Possible '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 2013 . p . ST6 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( July 30 , 2002 ) . `` Growing Up Truly Absurd '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sellevison . Hollywood.com . Retrieved on November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ In ' Sellevision , ' expect silly , not satire . Sptimes.com ( January 5 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Augusten Burroughs on Twitter : `` Dennis and I have split . It is painful . But we 're talking , which we have not done enough of . For the dogs , it just means 2 sets of toys . '' . Twitter.com ( October 21 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steve Dow , Journalist . Stevedow.com.au ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bolonik , Kera ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` Shaken and stirred '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved December 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 25th annual Lambda Literary Award winners announced '' . LGBT Weekly , June 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shankbone , David ( October 12 , 2007 ) Interview with Augusten Burroughs , Wikinews . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless with Scissors '' , Vanity Fair , Buzz Bissinger . January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Burroughs Settles Lawsuit with Scissors Family '' , USA Today , Rodrique Ngowi . August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Entertainment News -- Latest Breaking Celebrity , Film , TV , Music and Movie News . Townhall.com ( 2007 - 08 - 30 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 22 . ( hide ) The works of Augusten Burroughs Sellevision ( 2000 ) Running with Scissors ( 2002 ) Dry ( 2003 ) Magical Thinking ( 2004 ) Possible Side Effects ( 2006 ) A Wolf at the Table ( 2008 ) You Better Not Cry : Stories for Christmas ( 2009 ) This Is How ( 2012 ) Lust & Wonder : A Memoir ( 2016 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Augusten Burroughs . Official website VIAF : 120663788 LCCN : n00030949 ISNI : 0000 0001 2149 1345 GND : 129188700 SUDOC : 086908855 BNF : cb146159479 ( data ) BIBSYS : 4017406 MusicBrainz : eca1a81f - 3c88 - 4f04 - 8458 - 8c4c8b2c9fe7 NDL : 01009585 BNE : XX1800549 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusten_Burroughs&oldid=818526701 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people American memoirists 20th - century American novelists American humorists Copywriters Gay writers LGBT writers from the United States Writers from Pittsburgh People from Amherst , Massachusetts Lambda Literary Award winners LGBT memoirists LGBT novelists LGBT people from Pennsylvania American male novelists Child sexual abuse People from Shutesbury , Massachusetts 20th - century male writers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contributions Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

9016377288651052867

ted tells robin he is moving to chicago

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Something_New_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=829281852

Something New ( How I Met Your Mother ) - Wikipedia Something New ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 ) `` Something New '' How I Met Your Mother episode The Mother ( Cristin Milioti ) is finally seen in this episode . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Original air date May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Cristin Milioti ( The Girl with the Yellow Umbrella / The Mother ) Casey Wilson ( Krirsten ) Keegan - Michael Key ( Calvin ) Suzie Plakson ( Judy Eriksen ) Marshall Manesh ( Ranjit ) Joe Nieves ( Carl ) Ned Rolsma ( Marcus Eriksen ) Brian Huskey ( Rand ) Lyndsy Fonseca ( Daughter ) David Henrie ( Son ) Cherub Moore ( Hostess ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Something Old '' Next → `` The Locket '' `` Something New '' is the 24th and final episode of the eighth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , and the 184th episode overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Future Ted tells his kids that , during the spring of 2013 , he was making the final adjustments to the house he bought , while Barney and Robin were preparing for their wedding . As Lily and Marshall pack their things to go to Italy , Marshall 's mother calls them and Lily slips the fact that they are moving . To compensate , Marshall promises her that he and his son will visit her for a week . A free Lily visits Ted in MacLaren 's and he shows her his finished house . Meanwhile , Barney and Robin sit in a bar and an obnoxious couple starts bothering them - not letting them look at their cigars and stealing their reserved table . Barney and Robin start planning to break them up , so Robin puts her engagement ring in one of their champagne glasses . When Krirsten , the couple 's woman , finds the ring , she excitedly responds that she will marry her boyfriend , Calvin , but he has no intentions of doing so . After their break - up , Robin and Barney smoke happily in a park when the couple finds them . The couple say that after the fight , they agreed to get married . Barney and Robin feel proud after seeing them happy . When Lily and Ted reach his house , Lily realizes that Marshall 's mother is trying to convince Marshall to not go to Italy , after seeing some Facebook photos . When Lily sees a `` For Sale '' sign , Ted reveals that he 's moving to Chicago because he can not be around Robin after the wedding . Marshall calls Lily for a final time , saying that no matter what happens , he will move to Italy with her . After this , Marshall receives a call , saying that his application to be a judge has been granted . Marshall realizes then that he ca n't join Lily in Italy . Ted reveals to Lily what happened in the previous episode : he found Robin digging her old locket , and when she found the empty box , she grabbed Ted 's hand , since she interpreted it as a sign to not marry Barney . Ted left , saying that he would see her at her wedding . He realizes that after all these years , he still feels something for Robin and would do anything to make her smile . Lily admits where the locket is : before Ted almost married Stella , Lily chanced upon Robin drinking away her sorrows at Ted going ahead with his wedding . Both of them went to the park where the locket was buried and Robin found it , taking it to Ted 's apartment and putting it in a race - car pencil box which she intended to take to Japan . Ted realizes he still has that box and wants to give her the locket as a wedding gift . With the wedding scheduled in 56 hours , Ted moves out of his empty apartment and meets up with Lily to go to the wedding . When she asks how he 's returning to the city before going to Chicago , Ted says that he 'll take the train . Ranjit picks up Robin and Barney at their apartment . Marshall calls Lily and she reminds him that in a week , they 'll be living in Italy . When Marshall 's brother Marcus reminds him that he has n't told her about the job , Marshall says that it is `` face to face '' news . During a closing montage featuring all of the main characters heading to Farhampton for the wedding , the titular `` mother '' ( Cristin Milioti ) is finally revealed to the audience for the first time , as she steps up to a counter at a Long Island Rail Station while carrying her signature yellow umbrella and bass guitar and asks for a ticket to Farhampton ( where she will eventually meet Ted ) . Production ( edit ) Milioti 's scene was filmed on March 27 , 2013 ; John Lithgow helped her make the flight to Los Angeles in time for the shoot , not knowing about his role in the show . Although The Mother only says one line , the scene was filmed in secrecy , with scripts only kept on hardcopy that were destroyed , Milioti being driven to the studio very late at night , and members of the production staff serving as extras during the train station scene . They welcomed Milioti to the stage like `` Jesus has risen '' , show creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas said , with the latter describing it as `` a very surreal moment . It was a moment we pictured for a lot of years '' . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Including DVR viewing , the episode was watched by 10.44 million viewers with an 18 -- 49 rating of 4.5 . Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Something New received acclaim . Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A − . Max Nicholson of IGN scored the episode 7.5 . TV.com 's Bill Kuchman described the episode as `` monumental '' and said that it `` did a fantastic job '' of keeping the show 's future `` under wraps '' , adding that the production team took a risk in casting a relatively unknown actress as the Mother . Alan Sepinwall believed that the show had cast the unknown Milioti So that we would have no preconceived notions about the Mother . We did n't spend years watching her on `` Scrubs , '' or `` The O.C. '' or even a few months on `` Good Morning , Miami . '' She is a blank slate , onto whom the show and its audience can project whatever qualities we feel should be in Ted Mosby 's ideal woman , without insisting that Elliott Reed or Summer Roberts or Chris Elliott 's daughter would act that way , play bass that way , etc . She is the Mother ; she has put on this world to cross Ted Mosby 's path on the night of his best friend 's wedding and make him forget all about Robin Scherbatzky and a move to Chicago . Earlier knowledge of her is not required and maybe not even preferred . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 9 Spoilers : Wedding Weekend Cristin Milioti '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly , 6 September 2013 Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Casting Cristin Milioti as the mother Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : The Big Bang Theory Again Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; 90210 Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 34 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Something New '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Something New '' . IGN . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review : Kids , Here 's How WE Met The Mother '' . TV.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Season finale review : ' How I Met Your Mother ' -- ' Something New ' '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . External links ( edit ) `` Something New '' on IMDb ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Season 8 `` Farhampton '' `` The Pre-Nup '' `` Nannies '' `` Who Wants to Be a Godparent ? '' `` The Autumn of Break - Ups '' `` Splitsville '' `` The Stamp Tramp '' `` Twelve Horny Women '' `` Lobster Crawl '' `` The Over-Correction '' `` The Final Page '' `` Band or DJ ? '' `` Ring Up ! '' `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Bad Crazy '' `` The Ashtray '' `` Weekend at Barney 's '' `` The Fortress '' `` The Time Travelers '' `` Romeward Bound '' `` The Bro Mitzvah '' `` Something Old '' `` Something New '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Something_New_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=829281852 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) episodes 2013 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 18 : 08 . 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when did the nfl start playing the national anthem

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=U.S._national_anthem_protests_(2016%E2%80%93present)&oldid=838500113

U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) - Wikipedia U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Jump to : navigation , search For the previous protests , see U.S. national anthem protests . Parts of this article ( those related to what happened after September 's wider protests . Did they vanish ? No ? Yes ? Why ? How ? ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2017 ) U.S. national anthem protests Colin Kaepernick with the San Francisco 49ers ( 2013 ) Date August 14 , 2016 -- ongoing ( 1 year , 8 months , 1 week and 6 days ) Location National Football League stadiums Goals End police brutality and racial inequality in the United States Methods Protest Since 2016 , some U.S. professional athletes have silently protested police brutality and racial inequality during the playing of the U.S. national anthem . The demonstrations have generated mixed reactions . Some have called the protests unpatriotic and disrespectful of the U.S. flag , the national anthem , the police , and the military . The protests began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick sat and later kneeled during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , before his team 's preseason games of 2016 . Throughout the 2016 season , members of various NFL and other sports teams have engaged in similar silent protests . On September 24 , 2017 , the NFL protests became more widespread when over 200 players sat or kneeled in response to Donald Trump 's calling for owners to fire the protesting players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning behind protesting the U.S. national anthem and kneeling 2 Reasons for the protest and related charity 2.1 Trump calls for firing protesting players 3 NFL protests 3.1 2016 preseason 3.2 2016 season 3.3 2017 season 4 Other athletes join 4.1 Soccer 4.2 College 4.3 High school 4.4 Baseball 4.5 Basketball 4.6 Ice hockey 5 Reaction 5.1 Political figures 5.2 Corporations 5.3 Athletes and sports media 5.4 Entertainment 6 See also 7 References Meaning behind protesting the U.S. national anthem and kneeling ( edit ) Further information : U.S. national anthem protests It is a tradition in the United States to play The Star - Spangled Banner , the national anthem , before sporting events . Those present should stand at attention with right hand over heart . NFL players were not mandated to be on the field for the playing of the national anthem until 2009 . It is also noteworthy this tradition did not acquire prominence as an official act until the twenty - first century . The NFL has stated that `` players are encouraged but not required to stand during the playing of the National Anthem '' ; its game operations manual reads that players `` should stand '' for the anthem . Americans are divided on the intended meaning of the anthem . Some believe it salutes military and police officers who have died on duty ; for others , it honors the United States generally . Kaepernick and his 49er teammate Eric Reid say they choose to kneel during the anthem to call attention to the issues of racial inequality and police brutality . `` After hours of careful consideration , and even a visit from Nate Boyer , a retired Green Beret and former NFL player , we came to the conclusion that we should kneel , rather than sit , ... during the anthem as a peaceful protest , '' said Reid . `` We chose to kneel because it 's a respectful gesture . I remember thinking our posture was like a flag flown at half - mast to mark a tragedy . '' While some people find this protest uncomfortable for bringing into light racial inequality , others find kneeling disrespectful to those who have died or been wounded in service of the United States , such as police officers or military veterans . Reasons for the protest and related charity ( edit ) Criminal justice reform is one of the top issues that NFL players have been protesting . Kaepernick was initially moved to protest by the deaths of African Americans by police actions or while in police custody that gained prominence through the Black Lives Matter movement and through general reporting in recent years . During a post-game interview on August 26 , 2016 , he stated , `` I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color . To me , this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way . There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder '' , adding that he would continue to protest during the anthem until he feels like `` ( the United States flag ) represents what it 's supposed to represent . '' After that interview , Kaepernick pledged to donate the first $1 million of his $11.9 million salary from the 2016 -- 2017 season to different organizations that help communities in need . He pledged to donate $100,000 per month for 10 months to various organizations . Days later , the San Francisco 49ers matched Kaepernick by pledging $1 million to two organizations addressing racial and social inequality . Kaepernick has been following through on his commitment and has donated $900,000 as of September 2017 to groups including Meals on Wheels , United We Dream , Black Veterans for Social Justice and many others . Kaepernick has also held `` Know Your Rights '' camps for young people of color . The camps include legal education from attorneys that give advice on how to interact with police when being detained and lectures from prominent academics on the history of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States . The NFL Player 's Union named Kaepernick the Week One MVP in September 2017 for his charity work related to the protest . Trump calls for firing protesting players ( edit ) See also : Protests against Donald Trump President Trump meeting with the players and staff of New England Patriots at the White House on April 19 , 2017 following their Super Bowl LI win over the Atlanta Falcons . In September 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump , speaking at a rally in Huntsville , Alabama , said NFL owners should fire players who kneel during the national anthem , and encouraged fans to walk out . Trump advised NFL owners to say `` Get that son of a bitch off the field right now , out , he 's fired . He 's fired ! '' Trump called the players ' protest `` a total disrespect of our heritage . '' He went on to say that new NFL safety rules meant to protect players from concussions are ruining the game . His statement came after new research indicates NFL players are at high risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) due to the likelihood of multiple head injuries . Although 70 percent of NFL players were black , Trump denied his criticism of the protesters was related to race . `` This has to do with respect for our country and respect for our flag , '' he said . In the games immediately following Trump 's statements , the protest gained broader participation when over 200 players sat or kneeled during the anthem , others linked arms with their teammates or raised fists , and three teams chose to stay in the locker room for the anthem . However , the response was more a reaction to Trump than Kaepernick 's original protests of racial injustice . Reasons cited by players , owners , and coaches included supporting freedom of speech and opposing what they considered intimidation by Trump . Others said they took offense to Trump demeaning the integrity of their primarily African American colleagues , when a month earlier he had called the white nationalists who protested in Charlottesville , Virginia , `` Very fine people '' . The reaction to Trump 's remarks overshadowed other ongoing issues his administration was facing , including failed attempts at healthcare reform , the primary election loss of Trump - backed candidate Luther Strange for the Alabama seat in the U.S. Senate , recovery efforts for Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico and Hurricane Harvey in Houston , and relations with North Korea over their nuclear and missile testing . NFL protests ( edit ) 2016 preseason ( edit ) Kaepernick began sitting during the national anthem at the start of the 2016 NFL preseason . His actions went unnoticed for two weeks before he was questioned by the media . In the 49ers ' final 2016 preseason game on September 1 , 2016 , after talking to Boyer , Kaepernick opted to kneel during the U.S. national anthem rather than sit as he did in their previous games . He explained his decision to switch was an attempt to show more respect to former and current U.S. military members while still protesting during the anthem . Eric Reid joined Kaepernick in kneeling during the national anthem during the final preseason game . Seattle Seahawks player Jeremy Lane also did not stand for the anthem during his final preseason game the same day , stating , `` It 's something I plan to keep on doing until justice is being served . '' 2016 season ( edit ) In Week 1 , eleven NFL players joined Kaepernick 's protests . Denver Broncos player Brandon Marshall knelt during the national anthem prior to the start of the Kickoff game , which was broadcast on NBC . The act of kneeling as protest has been referred to as `` taking a knee '' . Kaepernick and Marshall were teammates at the University of Nevada . On September 11 , Kansas City Chiefs player Marcus Peters raised his fist while the rest of the team interlocked their arms showing solidarity . Two members of the New England Patriots , Devin McCourty and Martellus Bennett , raised their fists on Sunday Night Football . The entire Seattle Seahawks team stood and interlocked arms . Jelani Jenkins , Arian Foster , Kenny Stills , and Michael Thomas of the Miami Dolphins all kneeled during the National Anthem . At the same time , a group of Jacksonville Jaguars players , led by cornerback Prince Amukamara , initially planned to join the protest but chose not to do so after photographs of Kaepernick wearing socks with a crude anti-police message during training camp were made public . On November 13 , 2016 , 5 days after Donald Trump was elected President , Tampa Bay Buccaneers wide - receiver Mike Evans decided to sit during the national anthem . According to Sports Illustrated , Evans said , `` If this happens , then America 's not right right now . I said this a long time ago . When he ran , I thought it was a joke , and the joke continues . I 'm not a political person that much , but I got common sense . And I know when something 's not right . '' However , his protest began the day following Veterans Day , so he received criticism . He quickly changed his method of protesting and joined his teammates during the following game against the Kansas City Chiefs . He apologized to veterans and other members of the military for his actions -- citing that the timing of his protest was poor . `` On the field , I 'm going to continue to do what I do -- play hard . I 'm playing hard because I 've got this right -- freedom , because of the vets . I 'm going to reach out to organizations , organizations that I feel are doing the best job to help the minority ... women , LGBT , African Americans , Latinos , people that are in fear of Donald Trump and his presidency . '' 2017 season ( edit ) Oakland Raiders players kneeling in week 3 Cleveland Browns tight end Seth DeValve became the first white football player to kneel or sit during the anthem on the team 's August 21 , 2017 preseason game against the New York Giants . Washington Redskins players kneeling before the game with the Oakland Raiders Members of the San Francisco 49ers kneeling during the National Anthem before a game against the Washington Redskins in week 6 In Week 3 of the season the majority of games were played two days after Trump made his statements . The protest gained broader participation when over 200 players sat or kneeled during the anthem . Many players , coaches and NFL teams protested and / or issued statements expressing dismay with Trump 's comments : Twenty - seven members of the Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars kneeled during the American National Anthem at their game at Wembley Stadium in London . Retired Ravens star and honorary Team Captain Ray Lewis kneeled with members of his team . All of the players stood for the British national anthem `` God Save the Queen '' with many remaining in locked arms . Several members of the Philadelphia Eagles raised their fists during the anthem before their game against the New York Giants . Before the same game , various Giants players stood with arms locked while others kneeled . The Seattle Seahawks and the Tennessee Titans did not take the field during the playing of the anthem , staying in their locker rooms until it concluded . The players of the Seahawks released a statement saying , `` We will not stand for the injustice that has plagued people of color in this country . Out of love for our country and in honor of the sacrifices made on our behalf , we unite to oppose those that would deny our most basic freedoms . '' Meghan Linsey , the Nashville singer who performed the anthem , kneeled when she completed the song . Before the opening of their game against the Houston Texans , various New England Patriots players and staff also expressed their concerns , including quarterback Tom Brady locking arms with Phillip Dorsett , and head coach Bill Belichick crossing his arms in front of him . Sixteen members of the Patriots kneeled during the anthem . Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he was disappointed at the tone in which Trump 's comments were made . Several members of the Miami Dolphins wore `` # IMWITHKAP '' T - shirts on the field during the pregame warmup , in support of Kaepernick 's actions . The team locked arms during the anthem , with five members kneeling . The opposing team , the New York Jets , also linked arms during the anthem . All Pittsburgh Steelers players except Alejandro Villanueva , who served as an Army Ranger , refused to leave the locker room during the anthem . On the sideline , the Chicago Bears players locked their arms while the anthem was performed . Villanueva has since expressed regret for his actions . The majority of the Oakland Raiders either sat or knelt during the anthem , with several members of the opposing Washington Redskins either kneeling or joining arms as well . Thirty - two members of the Denver Broncos kneeled during the anthem . At least ten members of the Buffalo Bills also kneeled during the anthem , while other team members locked arms . Running back LeSean McCoy said `` My message to him ( Trump ) is , be a president , be respectful , man . You know , us Americans , we are together . Stop trying to divide us . '' McCoy performed stretches during the national anthem . The Dallas Cowboys and Arizona Cardinals players locked arms during the anthem , while everyone on the Cowboys , including owner and general manager Jerry Jones , kneeled before the anthem was played . The New Orleans Saints established a plan with their team prior to their game against the Miami Dolphins on how they will handle the national anthem before the game . Drew Brees stood and stated the thoughts of his team as a whole by tweeting `` As a way to show respect to all , our # Saints team will kneel in solidarity prior to the national anthem & stand together during the anthem . '' More than ten Indianapolis Colts and about 20 Cleveland Browns players kneeled on one knee while the remaining players locked arms during the playing of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' in Indianapolis , Indiana which was met by boos from the crowd at Lucas Oil Stadium . Indiana is the home state of Vice President Mike Pence , who weeks later intentionally walked out of a Colts game against the 49ers . In Week 8 at Seattle , the majority of the Texans ' players kneeled during the anthem after Houston owner Bob McNair had commented about having the `` inmates running the prison '' during a league owner meeting regarding the ongoing protest . McNair had apologized , stating that he was not referring to the players , but rather to the `` relationship between the league office and team owners . '' It was the first time a Texans ' player had knelt during the anthem . Other athletes join ( edit ) Soccer ( edit ) Megan Rapinoe in 2011 Seattle Reign FC and U.S. women 's national soccer team player Megan Rapinoe knelt during the national anthem in a game on September 5 , 2016 , explaining that her decision was a `` nod to Kaepernick and everything that he 's standing for right now '' . In a subsequent match at the Washington Spirit , Spirit owner Bill Lynch -- anticipating Rapinoe 's protest -- moved the national anthem 's performance without warning or notice to occur before the players ' appearances on the pitch . Jeff Plush , the league 's commissioner , was present at the game and told reporters that he was unaware of Lynch 's plans and disagreed with the act of moving the anthem 's performance . The Spirit 's players issued a joint statement also disagreeing with Lynch 's decision to move the anthem without first consulting the team 's players or coaches . As a member of the U.S. women 's national soccer team , Rapinoe also knelt before an international friendly match against Thailand on September 16 , despite public statements of disagreement with her protest methods issued before the match by the U.S. Soccer Federation and her coach Jill Ellis . U.S. Soccer proceeded to pass a policy that now requires all of its players to stand `` respectfully '' during the national anthem making it the first American sports league or governing body to do so . College ( edit ) On September 7 , 2016 , three volleyball players from West Virginia Tech knelt during the national anthem . On October 1 , at East Carolina University , about 19 members of the band kneeled , while about another two held the American flag during the national anthem at the beginning of the football game against the University of Central Florida . There have been almost no such incidents involving college football players , for the simple reason that college players and coaches are typically in the locker room when the anthem is played . There has been at least one exception to the rule , however . During a September 2016 away game at Northwestern , where players are traditionally on the field during the anthem , three Nebraska players knelt on the sideline . The NCAA football rule book does not address the issue of pregame ceremonies ( patriotic or otherwise ) at all , except to say that team captains must be present for a coin toss three minutes before the first - half kickoff . College of the Ozarks president Jerry Davis announced in September 2017 that his college 's teams would refuse to play any team whose players knelt during the anthem . In response , the NAIA chose to move its Division II men 's basketball champion game away from College of the Ozarks ; the championship game had been held there since 2000 . High School ( edit ) On September 2 , 2016 , a football player at Brunswick High School in Ohio knelt during the national anthem after he heard his teammates saying `` nigger '' . After his protest , the player received racial threats . On September 9 , high school players across the country knelt during the national anthem . On September 23 , four players from Withrow High School , three black and one white , in Cincinnati knelt during the national anthem before their football game . In September 2017 , Principal Waylon Bates of Parkway High School in Louisiana referred to the national anthem protests as a `` disruption '' and threatened to kick any player out of the football team if he knelt during the national anthem . Two black students on the Victory & Praise Christian Academy football team protested during the anthem . Immediately after the anthem concluded , their coach removed them from the team , having them take off their uniforms on the sidelines . Baseball ( edit ) On September 23 , 2017 , Bruce Maxwell of the Oakland Athletics knelt during the national anthem , becoming the first MLB player to join the protest . His team backed him up by saying , `` The Oakland A 's pride ourselves on being inclusive . We respect and support all of our players ' constitutional rights and freedom of expression . '' Maxwell received a standing ovation from A 's fans before his first at - bat following his protest . Basketball ( edit ) On September 24 , 2017 , prior to Game 1 of the 2017 WNBA Finals , players from the Los Angeles Sparks chose to stay in the locker room during the national anthem , while members of the Minnesota Lynx locked arms on the court . Ice hockey ( edit ) On October 7 , 2017 , J.T. Brown of the Tampa Bay Lightning raised his fist while standing on the bench during the national anthem . He had also done the same in a preseason game , in an attempt to `` bring awareness to police brutality against minorities and racial inequality . '' He stated that he had `` received death threats '' after the protest . Reaction ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Political figures ( edit ) Vice President Pence stands for anthem prior to leaving after players knelt In September 2016 , President Barack Obama stated that Kaepernick was `` exercising his constitutional right '' to protest . He went on : `` I do n't doubt his sincerity . I think he cares about some real , legitimate issues that have to be talked about . If nothing else , he 's generated more conversation about issues that have to be talked about . '' Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg criticized the protest as `` dumb and disrespectful , '' stating that athletes have the right to protest `` if they want to be stupid . '' The Supreme Court later issued a statement from Ginsburg stating that her comments were `` inappropriately dismissive and harsh . I should have declined to respond . '' On September 25 , 2017 , U.S. Representative Sheila Jackson Lee knelt on the floor of the House of Representatives . Fellow congressman Mark Pocan kneeled on the floor of the House the next day . On October 8 , 2017 , Vice President Mike Pence left a game between the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the San Francisco 49ers , members of which had knelt during the anthem , `` because President Trump and I will not dignify any event that disrespects our soldiers , our Flag , or our National Anthem . '' Oklahoma senator James Lankford said Russian internet trolls , seeking to polarize Americans , helped fuel a debate . '' We watched , even this weekend , the Russians and their troll farms , their internet folks , start hashtagging out # TakeAKnee and also hashtagging out # BoycottNFL , '' he said during a hearing on threats faced by the United States. `` They were taking both sides of the argument this weekend ... to try to raise the noise level of America and make a big issue seem like an even bigger issue as they are trying to push divisiveness in this country . '' Corporations ( edit ) Major sports sponsors Nike , Under Armour , and Ford all issued statements in support of athlete 's freedom of expression after Trump 's comments regarding the NFL . Nike 's statement read , `` Nike supports athletes and their right to freedom of expression on issues that are of great importance to our society . '' In September 2016 , after Brandon Marshall knelt during the national anthem , Century Link and Air Academy Federal Credit Union dropped him as a paid sponsor . Radio station WFAY dropped a broadcast of an East Carolina University football game on the station after the marching band took part in the protest , calling it an insult to the U.S. Armed Forces . John Schnatter of sponsor Papa John 's Pizza blamed the protests for a drop in sales and a 24 % fall in stock during 2017 , saying that the `` controversy is polarizing the customer , polarizing the country . '' Later that day , the company announced that the NFL shield or `` official sponsor '' designation on Papa John 's commercials and advertising would be removed . In December 2017 Sanderson Farms CEO questioned whether the NFL protests were to blame for falling chicken wing prices . Athletes and sports media ( edit ) Throughout the remainder of the 2016 season , Kaepernick received public backlash for his protest , with an anonymous NFL executive calling Kaepernick `` a traitor '' . He also stated that he received death threats . Sportscaster Bob Costas offered support for Kaepernick stating , `` Patriotism comes in many forms and what has happened is it 's been conflated with a bumper - style kind of flag - waving and with the military only so that people can not see that in his own way Colin Kaepernick , however imperfectly , is doing a patriotic thing . '' Trent Dilfer criticized Kaepernick . `` The big thing that hit me through all this was this is a backup quarterback whose job is to be quiet , and sit in the shadows and get the starter ready to play Week 1 , '' Dilfer said on Sunday NFL Countdown . `` Yet he chose a time where all of a sudden he became the center of attention . And it has disrupted that organization . It has caused friction . And it 's torn at the fabric of the team . '' The September 2016 police shootings of Terence Crutcher and Keith Lamont Scott bolstered support for his protest . Kaepernick said of the Terence Crutcher shooting , `` this is a perfect example of what this is about . '' Boxer Floyd Mayweather , criticized Kaepernick , stating , `` You know , a lot of times , we get stuck , and we are followers . When you hear one person say ' black lives matter ' or ' blue lives matter , ' all lives matter . '' Adding moments later , `` With me being a fighter , and my hands being registered , if I hit a guy for breaking in my house , or breaking in my car , it 's gon na cost me more money , so I got ta work smarter , not harder . I 'm gon na call the cops . '' In August 2017 , discussion continued . Baseball Hall of Famer Hank Aaron said , `` I think he 's getting a raw deal '' from the NFL . That same month , Pro Football Hall of Famer and longtime civil rights activist Jim Brown , who a year earlier supported Kaepernick `` 100 percent , '' now criticized him , suggesting Kaepernick ought to decide whether to be an athlete or an activist . `` I 'm an American , '' said Brown . `` I do n't desecrate my flag and my national anthem. ... This is my country , and I 'll work out the problems , but I 'll do it in an intelligent manner . '' Jim Harbaugh , Kaepernick 's former coach , penned a strong statement of support for him as part of Time 's `` 100 Most Influential People '' series . Harbaugh wrote , `` His willingness to take a position at personal cost is now part of our American story . How lucky for us all and for our country to have among our citizens someone as remarkable as Colin Kaepernick . '' NASCAR team owners Richard Petty and Richard Childress have supported Trump and said that they would fire drivers and employees who would not stand for the national anthem . Petty said , `` Anybody that do n't stand up for the anthem ought to be out of the country . Period . '' Childress said , `` It 'll get you a ride on a Greyhound bus '' if anyone on his team protested the anthem . Driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. , however , expressed support for the peaceful protests , quoting President John F. Kennedy , `` Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable . '' NASCAR released a statement on September 25 in response to the protests that said , `` Sports are a unifying influence in our society , bringing people of differing backgrounds and beliefs together . Our respect for the national anthem has always been a hallmark of our pre-race events . Thanks to the sacrifices of many , we live in a country of unparalleled freedoms and countless liberties , including the right to peacefully express one 's opinion . '' Jemele Hill , an ESPN anchor who called Trump a `` white supremacist '' in a series of tweets earlier in the month , tweeted , `` Just so we 're clear : the president 's comments will only incite more player protests , not quell them . '' following the Trump 's initial response to the protests . Hill was later put on a two - week suspension for `` a second violation of our social media guidelines , '' after Hill suggested people direct their disagreements towards advertisers of Dallas Cowboys owner , Jerry Jones , after Jones stated he will bench any player who protested the national anthem on October 9 , 2017 . On September 25 , 2017 , Bill Russell posted a photo to Twitter while kneeling and wearing his Presidential Medal of Freedom . On September 26 , 2017 , Joey Odoms , the national anthem singer for the home games of the Ravens , resigned citing the `` tone / actions of a large number of NFL fans in the midst of our country 's cultural crisis . '' Former Chicago Bears coach Mike Ditka commented , `` If you do n't respect our country , then you should n't be in this country playing football ... So I would say , adios . '' He added that he was `` not condemning anybody or criticizing anybody '' in his remarks . According to Ditka , `` there has been no oppression in the last 100 years that I know of . '' Entertainment ( edit ) Stevie Wonder knelt during the 2017 Global Citizen Festival on September 23 , saying `` Tonight , I 'm taking a knee for America '' . Eddie Vedder , Pharrell Williams , Dave Matthews , John Legend and Roger Waters knelt to support the protests during concerts on September 24 . The same day Sonequa Martin - Green posted in her Instagram account a picture of several members from Star Trek : Discovery 's cast alongside producer Akiva Goldsman and herself kneeling . Shonda Rhimes posted a photo kneeling with the cast of Grey 's Anatomy . Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny posted a photo on Twitter of themselves kneeling with arms locked on September 26 . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal 1968 Olympics Black Power salute United States Flag Code Quarterback kneel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kevin Jackson : ' Kaepernick Effect ' to Blame for NFL 's Ratings Decline '' . FoxNews.com . September 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mindock , Clark ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taking a knee : Why are NFL players protesting and when did they start kneeling ? '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hafner , Josh ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Anthem kneeling is n't aimed at veterans , and other NFL protest misconceptions '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL player protests sweep league after President Donald Trump 's hostile remarks '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How national anthem became essential part of sports '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 Jump up ^ `` What must Americans do during the anthem ? '' . BBC News . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 5 : 02 PM ET , Mon September 25 , 2017 . `` The national anthem in sports ( spoiler : it was n't always this way ) '' . CNN . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ O'Malley , Nick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NFL rulebook does not require players to stand for national anthem ; Game Operations manual does '' . MassLive.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Har , Janie ; Contreras , Russell ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Diverse America divided on flag , anthem , other symbols '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid , Eric ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Opinion Eric Reid : Why Colin Kaepernick and I Decided to Take a Knee '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Military veterans divided over NFL protests - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid , Jason ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NFL owners , players are moving in the wrong direction '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Mark Joseph ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg Was Never Really `` Notorious RBG '' `` . Slate . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wyche , Steve ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick Allen ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick : NFL Black Lives Matter protests recall rebellious spirit of 1960s sporting greats '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick to donate $1 million to charities that aid communities in need '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biderman , Chris . `` Colin Kaepernick to donate $100 ka month for 10 months '' ( September 20 , 2016 ) . USA Today . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` 49ers to donate $1 million to charities that focus on racial issues cited by Colin Kaepernick '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick has donated $800 k to empower oppressed communities '' . For The Win . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` Do n't Ignore This Positive PR Twist To Colin Kaepernick '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Know Your Rights Camp '' . knowyourrightscamp.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . 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Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Nate . `` Broncos linebacker Brandon Marshall takes knee during national anthem '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion What the NFL take - a-knee protests mean '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ CNN , Alexandra King , . `` Bob Costas : Stand for anthem , then take a knee '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about why NFL players are taking a knee and where it came from '' . The Independent . 2017 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gajanan , Mahita . `` Kansas City Chiefs Cornerback Marcus Peters Raises Fist During National Anthem '' . Time . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Geoffrey . `` Seattle Seahawks lock arms during national anthem '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Habib , Hal . `` 4 Miami Dolphins kneel during national anthem '' . ajc . 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Because he felt Trump tried to ' scare ' or ' intimidate ' him '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Chicago to London , NFL players react to Trump 's protest critiques '' . WGN - TV . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Villanueva on anthem flap : ' It was n't me stepping forward ' '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice . `` Most of the Raiders took a seat during national anthem '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Von Miller among 32 Broncos players who take a knee for national anthem '' . The Denver Post . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills lock arms during national anthem in response to Donald Trump '' . NewYorkUpstate.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeSean McCoy says Donald Trump should ' be a president , ' ' be respectful ' '' . PennLive.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd ; Weinfuss , Josh ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys , Cardinals lock arms for national anthem in show of unity '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees : Saints plan to kneel before national anthem , stand during it on Sunday '' . 2017 NOLA media group . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colts kneel , lock arms in show of unity against Donald Trump 's comments '' . WRTV . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL players who protested during the national anthem in Week 3 '' . ESPN . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( What is cost for Mike Pence to leave the Colts - 49ers game What is cost for Mike Pence to leave the Colts - 49ers game ) - IndyStar Jump up ^ Barshop , Sarah ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Texans ' Duane Brown on kneeling for anthem : Team felt sense of unity playing for each other '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickersham , Seth ; Van Natta Jr. , Don ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Gaffes , TV ratings concerns dominated as NFL , players forged anthem peace '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Aaron ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Texans ' Duane Brown says Bob McNair meeting ' did n't go too well ' '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Euan McKirdy . `` Megan Rapinoe takes knee in solidarity with Kaepernick '' . CNN . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steven Goff ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Megan Rapinoe does n't get chance to kneel for national anthem . It was played with teams in locker room '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steven Goff ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Washington Spirit players unhappy with owner 's anthem move '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USWNT 's Megan Rapinoe kneels for national anthem before Thailand match '' . Sports Illustrated . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer banned Megan Rapinoe 's national anthem protest without caring to understand it '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gunderson , Kalea . `` West Virginia Tech volleyball players kneel during national anthem '' . ABC . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , Lindsay . `` Tracking the Kaepernick Effect : The anthem protests are spreading '' . think progress . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ECU chancellor , Gov. McCrory speak out about band members kneeling '' . Witn.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2017/9/26/16354940/protests-college-football-nfl-national-anthem Jump up ^ http://journalstar.com/sports/huskers/football/prior-to-game-rose-ivey-told-team-of-his-decision/article_781e987e-82b0-11e6-93cc-53559523f8fe.html Jump up ^ http://www.news-leader.com/story/news/education/2017/09/29/no-pledge-no-play-policy-college-ozarks-student-athletes/717937001/ Jump up ^ http://www.news-leader.com/story/sports/college/2017/10/27/anthem-protest-policy-moves-naia-basketball-tournament-away-college-ozarks/807857001/ Jump up ^ Freeman , Kevin . `` First home game for Brunswick High School since player said he received racial threats '' . Fox . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogage , Jacob ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Louisiana high school will kick students off team if they do n't stand for national anthem '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Local high school football players kicked off team after protest during anthem '' . sfgate.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A 's Bruce Maxwell first MLB player to kneel for anthem '' . Jump up ^ Madani , Doha ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` MLB 's First Player Just Took A Knee During The National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In his first at - bat after taking a knee , Bruce Maxwell got a standing ovation from fans '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Theisen , Lauren ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Sparks Leave Court Before National Anthem in Game 1 of WNBA Finals '' . Deadspin . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joe ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Lightning 's J.T. Brown raises fist in protest during anthem before Panthers game '' . tampabay.com . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingstone , Flip ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Lightning 's Brown : ' I have received death threats ' after protest '' . TheScore.com . Score Media Ventures Inc . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hjelmgaard , Kim . `` 24095 924 494 Obama defends Kaepernick 's national anthem protest '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg apologizes for criticizing anthem protests '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chason , Rachel . `` ' That is racism ' : Black lawmaker condemns Trump , kneels in Congress to honor NFL players '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Another Democrat takes a knee on House floor to support NFL protests '' . TheHill . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romo , Vanessa ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Defends Pence 's NFL Protest Amid Claims It Was A Publicity Stunt '' . NPR . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Devlin Barrett ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Lawmaker : Russian trolls trying to sow discord in NFL kneeling debate '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/russian-trolls-using-nfl-protests-sow-discord-online-republican-senator-n805296 Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/russian-internet-trolls-calling-takeaknee-boycottnf-sow-discord/story?id=50132807 Jump up ^ `` Nike , an NFL sponsor , takes clear side in Trump vs NFL '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Curtis . `` Brandon Marshall picks up new endorsement after losing two following anthem kneel '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Nick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . Local ESPN Radio Station To Drop ECU Game After Band Protest . Deadspin . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyersohn , Nathaniel ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Papa John 's says NFL protests are hurting sales '' . CNN Money . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Papa John 's says anthem protests are hurting deal with NFL '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durisin , Megan ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Chicken Wing Company Says NFL Player Protests Are Hurting Sales '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike . `` Kaepernick Anger Intense in NFL Front Offices '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : US : Colin Kaepernick says he has received death threats . Al Jazeera . September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas puts the entire national anthem debate in perspective with one powerful segment '' . For The Win . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inman , Cam . `` Colin Kaepernick told by ESPN 's Trent Dilfer to ' be quiet , sit in the shadows ' '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silence From Kaepernick Critics Speaks Volumes . HuffPost . September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather advises people to ' follow order ' because ' all lives matter ' '' . The Washington Post . October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Hall of Famer Hank Aaron says Colin Kaepernick is ' getting a raw deal ' from NFL '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Brown : I 'm with Colin Kaepernick ' 100 percent ' '' . National Football League . August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Brown says ' I do n't desecrate my flag , ' thinks Colin Kaepernick should pick football or activism '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Brown on Colin Kaepernick : ' I do n't desecrate my flag and my national anthem ' '' . USA Today . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick : The World 's 100 Most Influential People '' . Time . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parco , Nicholas ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR owners threaten to fire any drivers who kneel during national anthem '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ; Hamilton , Tracee ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Richard Petty , other NASCAR owners decry protests , but Dale Earnhardt Jr. offers support '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR 's Dale Earnhardt Jr. voices support for peaceful protests in America '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR statement '' . NASCAR.com . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN says it accepts Jemele Hill 's apology after anti-Trump tweets '' . CNN . September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Jemele Hill : Trump 's NFL remarks will only make more players protest '' . The Hill . September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Jones : Cowboys will bench any player who ' disrespects ' flag '' . ESPN . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN suspends Jemele Hill over tweets '' . CNNMoney . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics legend Bill Russell takes knee in photo with Presidential Medal of Freedom -- Boston News , Weather , Sports WHDH 7News '' . Whdh.com . February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zrebiec , Jeff ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ravens national anthem singer Joey Odoms , a combat veteran , informs team he is resigning '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Ditka on NFL Protests : There 's Been No Oppression in U.S. in Last 100 Years '' . NBC News . October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kristine ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' I 'm taking a knee for America ' : Stevie Wonder joins a movement Trump deplores '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Eddie Vedder , Roger Waters Take Knee Onstage in Protest '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery cast takes a knee in premiere night protest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast , Creator Take a Knee in Instagram Post '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' X-Files ' stars Gillian Anderson , David Duchovny take a knee '' . CNET . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . 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who was involved in the great wall of china

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=819047776

History of the Great Wall of China - Wikipedia History of the Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation , search Course of the Wall throughout history The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria . Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical considerations 2 Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) 7 Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) 8 Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) 8.1 Liao dynasty frontier 8.2 The two walls of Jin dynasty 8.3 The Tangut Great Wall 8.4 The onset of the Mongols 9 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 9.1 The early walls 9.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches 9.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass 10 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) 10.1 Western appreciation of the Wall 11 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) 12 Historiography 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography Geographical considerations ( edit ) Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜 峰 口 ) . Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成 周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . However the Chu border fortifications consisted of many individual mountain fortresses ; they do not constitute to a lengthy , single wall . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕 昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林 胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓 煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高 闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) Qin dynasty frontier walls In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) 塞 下 曲 ( 望 臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) 飲 馬渡 秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , 水 寒風 似 刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . 平 沙 日 未 沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , 黯 黯 見 臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . 昔日 長城 戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall 咸 言 意氣 高 Were described with praise and awe . 黃 塵 足 今 古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust 白骨 亂 蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降 城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷 戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞 詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Song dynasty Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城 口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹 瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定 川 寨 ) . Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) ( edit ) The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . Liao dynasty frontier ( edit ) In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . The two walls of Jin dynasty ( edit ) When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完 顏 襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . The Tangut Great Wall ( edit ) In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Xia were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ming Great Wall The early walls ( edit ) The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華 雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China Yu Zijun ( 余子 俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅 鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王 越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫 城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花 馬 池 鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水 營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大 邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二 邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海 冶 口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣 府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁 萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏 頭 關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內 邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河 邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸 壁 長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊 州 鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平 鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji - Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape still recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) The Great Wall in 1907 The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不 到 长城 非 好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱 我 中华 , 修 我 长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽 鵬 飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成 大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . See also ( edit ) History of China History of Central Asia Military history of China before 1911 Foreign relations of Imperial China Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Centre , United Nations Educational , Scientific and World Organization ( UNESCO ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 533 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield 1989 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 1999 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : di Cosmo 2002 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 13 -- 4 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 ; Waldron 1990 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 349 ; di Cosmo 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 441 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 465 , note 35 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Yap 2009 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 387 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Chang 2007 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Guo 2002 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 208 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Graff 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 154 -- 55 ( translation ) . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 108 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 112 , note 33 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lorge 2008 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 116 . It should be noted that in 1075 the Song eventually yielded to Liao demands and shifted the border south to conform with the Hengshan watershed lines instead of the Northern Qi walls . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , pp. 116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 64 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Mote 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Standen 2009 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Bush 1981 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 130 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 647 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Spindler 2009 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 800 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 265 ; Mote 1999 , p. 809 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1979 , p. 621 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 652 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 203 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579 . This section is the report of Góis ' travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Petty , John Ira ; Dunbar , Brian , eds. ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) . `` China 's Wall Less Great in View from Space '' . News Topics . United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Beijing : National Geographic Society . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 648 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 31 , note 92 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Man 2008 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barfield , Thomas ( 1989 ) . The Perilous Frontier . Oxford : B. Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 043 - 9 . Bodde , Derk ( 1978 ) . `` 1 . The state and empire of Ch'in '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Bush , Susan ( 1981 ) . `` Archeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Song - Yüan Studies . 17 : 6 -- 31 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Chang , Chun - shu ( 2007 ) . The Rise of the Chinese Empire , Volume 1 : Nation , State , and Imperialism in Early China , ca . 1600 B.C. -- A.D. 8 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11533 - 4 . de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1984 ) . Northern frontier : the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire . Canberra : Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University . ISBN 0 - 86784 - 410 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 1999 ) . `` 13 . The Northern Frontier in pre-Imperial China '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47030 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 2002 ) . Ancient China and Its Enemies : The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 052 - 1 - 77064 - 4 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . Edmonds , Richard L. ( December 1979 ) . `` The Willow Palisade '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 621 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1979. tb01285. x . JSTOR 2563132 . Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Graff , David ( 2002 ) . Medieval Chinese warfare , 300 -- 900 . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23955 - 4 . Guo , Xuezhi ( 2002 ) . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97259 - 2 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1937 ) . `` Origins of the Great Wall of China : A Frontier Concept in Theory and Practice '' . Geographical Review . American Geographical Society ( 4 ) : 529 -- 549 . JSTOR 209853 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1962 ) . Inner Asian frontiers of China . Boston : Beacon Press . Lorge , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Ditch of China and the Song - Liao Border '' . In Don J. Wyatt . Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 59 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 ... Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- 2000 AD . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Man , John ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall : the extraordinary history of China 's wonder of the world . London England : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Mote , Frederick W. ( 1999 ) , Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01212 - 7 Needham , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Science and Civilisation in China . 4 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 07060 - 0 . Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Pickowicz , Paul G. ( 1991 ) , `` The Theme of Spiritual Pollution in Chinese Films of the 1930s '' , Modern China , 17 ( 1 ) Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Spindler , David ( 2009 ) . `` A Twice - Scorned Mongol Woman , the Raid of 1576 , and the Building of the Brick Great Wall '' . Ming Studies . Maney Publishing . 60 : 66 -- 94 . Standen , Naomi ( 2009 ) , `` The Five Dynasties '' , in Denis C. Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith , Cambridge History of China , Vol. 5 , Part One : The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors , 907 -- 1279 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 38 -- 132 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1 Tackett , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Wall and Conceptualizations of the Border Under the Northern Song '' . Journal of Song - Yuan Studies . The Society for Song , Yuan , and Conquest Dynasty Studies . 38 : 99 -- 138 . doi : 10.1353 / sys. 0.0032 . Wakeman , Frederic ( 1985 ) , The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China , Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0 . In two volumes . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 663 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu : a translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . Yu , Ying - Shih ( 1978 ) . `` 6 . Han foreign relations '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国 长城 遗迹 调查 报告 集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . 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all tables are to be numbered using arabic numerals

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Arabic_numerals&oldid=838082334

Arabic numerals - wikipedia Arabic numerals Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Arabic numerals ( disambiguation ) . Arabic numerals sans - serif Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems Arabic numerals , also called Hindu -- Arabic numerals , are the ten digits : 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , based on the Hindu -- Arabic numeral system , the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today . In this numeral system , a sequence of digits such as `` 975 '' is read as a single number , using the position of the digit in the sequence to interpret its value . They are descended from the Hindu - Arabic numeral system developed by Indian mathematicians around AD 500 . The system was adopted by Arabic mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on to the Arabs farther west . There is some evidence to suggest that the numerals in their current form developed from Arabic letters in the Maghreb , the western region of the Arab world . The current form of the numerals developed in North Africa , distinct in form from the Indian and Eastern Arabic numerals . It was in the North African city of Bejaia that the Italian scholar Fibonacci first encountered the numerals ; his work was crucial in making them known throughout Europe . The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade , books and colonialism . The term Arabic numerals is ambiguous . It most commonly refers to the numerals widely used in Europe and the Americas ; to avoid confusion , Unicode calls these European digits . Arabic numerals is also the European name for the entire family of related numerals of Arabic and Indian numerals . It may also be intended to mean the numerals used by Arabs , in which case it generally refers to the Eastern Arabic numerals . It would be more appropriate to refer to the Arabic numeral system , where the value of a digit in a number depends on its position . Although the phrase `` Arabic numeral '' is frequently capitalized , it is sometimes written in lower case : for instance , in its entry in the Oxford English Dictionary , which helps to distinguish it from `` Arabic numerals '' as the East Arabic numerals specific to the Arabs . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.1. 1 Popular myths 1.2 Adoption in Europe 1.3 Adoption in Russia 1.4 Adoption in China 2 Evolution of symbols 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Main article : History of the Hindu -- Arabic numeral system The decimal Hindu -- Arabic numeral system was developed in India by around AD 700 . The development was gradual , spanning several centuries , but the decisive step was probably provided by Brahmagupta 's formulation of zero as a number in AD 628 . The system was revolutionary by including zero in positional notation , thereby limiting the number of individual digits to ten . It is considered an important milestone in the development of mathematics . One may distinguish between this positional system , which is identical throughout the family , and the precise glyphs used to write the numerals , which varied regionally . The glyphs most commonly used in conjunction with the Latin script since early modern times are 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . The first universally accepted inscription containing the use of the 0 glyph in India is first recorded in the 9th century , in an inscription at Gwalior in Central India dated to 870 . Numerous Indian documents on copper plates exist , with the same symbol for zero in them , dated back as far as the 6th century AD , but their dates are uncertain . Inscriptions in Indonesia and Cambodia dating to AD 683 have also been found . Brahmi numerals ( lower row ) in India in the 1st century AD The numerals used in the Bakhshali manuscript , dated to sometime between the 3rd and 7th century AD . Modern - day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Arabic numerals : Western Arabic / European numerals on the left and Eastern Arabic numerals on the right The numeral system came to be known to the court of Baghdad , where mathematicians such as the Persian Al - Khwarizmi , whose book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals was written about 825 in Arabic , and the Arab mathematician Al - Kindi , who wrote four volumes , On the Use of the Indian Numerals ( Ketab fi Isti'mal al - ' Adad al - Hindi ) about 830 , propagated it in the Arab world . Their work was principally responsible for the diffusion of the Indian system of numeration in the Middle East and the West . In the 10th century , Middle - Eastern mathematicians extended the decimal numeral system to include fractions , as recorded in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu'l - Hasan al - Uqlidisi in 952 -- 953 . The decimal point notation was introduced by Sind ibn Ali , who also wrote the earliest treatise on Arabic numerals . A distinctive West Arabic variant of the symbols begins to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al - Andalus ( sometimes called ghubar numerals , though the term is not always accepted ) , which are the direct ancestor of the modern `` Arabic numerals '' used throughout the world . Woepecke has proposed that the Western Arabic numerals were already in use in Spain before the arrival of the Moors , purportedly received via Alexandria , but this theory is not accepted by scholars . Popular myths ( edit ) Some popular myths have argued that the original forms of these symbols indicated their numeric value through the number of angles they contained , but no evidence exists of any such origin . Adoption in Europe ( edit ) Adoption of the Hindu numerals through the Arabs by Europe Woodcut showing the 16th century astronomical clock of Uppsala Cathedral , with two clockfaces , one with Arabic and one with Roman numerals . A German manuscript page teaching use of Arabic numerals ( Talhoffer Thott , 1459 ) . At this time , knowledge of the numerals was still widely seen as esoteric , and Talhoffer presents them with the Hebrew alphabet and astrology . Late 18th - century French revolutionary `` decimal '' clockface . In 825 Al - Khwārizmī wrote a treatise in Arabic , On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals , which survives only as the 12th - century Latin translation , Algoritmi de numero Indorum . Algoritmi , the translator 's rendition of the author 's name , gave rise to the word algorithm . The first mentions of the numerals in the West are found in the Codex Vigilanus of 976 . From the 980s , Gerbert of Aurillac ( later , Pope Sylvester II ) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe . Gerbert studied in Barcelona in his youth . He was known to have requested mathematical treatises concerning the astrolabe from Lupitus of Barcelona after he had returned to France . Leonardo Fibonacci ( Leonardo of Pisa ) , a mathematician born in the Republic of Pisa who had studied in Béjaïa ( Bougie ) , Algeria , promoted the Indian numeral system in Europe with his 1202 book Liber Abaci : When my father , who had been appointed by his country as public notary in the customs at Bugia acting for the Pisan merchants going there , was in charge , he summoned me to him while I was still a child , and having an eye to usefulness and future convenience , desired me to stay there and receive instruction in the school of accounting . There , when I had been introduced to the art of the Indians ' nine symbols through remarkable teaching , knowledge of the art very soon pleased me above all else and I came to understand it . The numerals are arranged with their lowest value digit to the right , with higher value positions added to the left . This arrangement was adopted identically into the numerals as used in Europe . Languages written in the Latin alphabet run from left - to - right , unlike languages written in the Arabic alphabet . Hence , from the point of view of the reader , numerals in Western texts are written with the highest power of the base first whereas numerals in Arabic texts are written with the lowest power of the base first . The reason the digits are more commonly known as `` Arabic numerals '' in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabic - speakers of North Africa , who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco . Arabs , on the other hand , call the system `` Hindu numerals '' , referring to their origin in India . This is not to be confused with what the Arabs call the `` Hindi numerals '' , namely the Eastern Arabic numerals ( ٠ ‬ - ١ ‬ - ٢ ‬ - ٣ ‬ - ٤ ‬ - ٥ ‬ - ٦ ‬ - ٧ ‬ - ٨ ‬ - ٩ ‬ ) used in the Middle East , or any of the numerals currently used in Indian languages ( e.g. Devanagari : ०. १. २. ३. ४. ५. ६. ७. ८. ९ ) . The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press , and they became widely known during the 15th century . Early evidence of their use in Britain includes : an equal hour horary quadrant from 1396 , in England , a 1445 inscription on the tower of Heathfield Church , Sussex ; a 1448 inscription on a wooden lych-gate of Bray Church , Berkshire ; and a 1487 inscription on the belfry door at Piddletrenthide church , Dorset ; and in Scotland a 1470 inscription on the tomb of the first Earl of Huntly in Elgin Cathedral . ( See G.F. Hill , The Development of Arabic Numerals in Europe for more examples . ) In central Europe , the King of Hungary Ladislaus the Posthumous , started the use of Arabic numerals , which appear for the first time in a royal document of 1456 . By the mid-16th century , they were in common use in most of Europe . Roman numerals remained in use mostly for the notation of Anno Domini years , and for numbers on clockfaces . Today , Roman numerals are still used for enumeration of lists ( as an alternative to alphabetical enumeration ) , for sequential volumes , to differentiate monarchs or family members with the same first names , and ( in lower case ) to number pages in prefatory material in books . Adoption in Russia ( edit ) Cyrillic numerals were a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet , used by South and East Slavic peoples . The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals . Adoption in China ( edit ) Iron plate with an order 6 magic square in Persian / Arabic numbers from China , dating to the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) . Arabic numerals were introduced to China during the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) by the Muslim Hui people . In the early 17th century , European - style Arabic numerals were introduced by Spanish and Portuguese Jesuits . Evolution of symbols ( edit ) Main article : Algorism The numeral system employed , known as algorism , is positional decimal notation . Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu -- Arabic numeral system , potentially including both symbols that evolved from the Brahmi numerals , and symbols that developed independently . The symbols used to represent the system have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages : The widespread Western Arabic numerals used with the Latin script , in the table below labelled European , descended from the West Arabic numerals developed in al - Andalus ( Andalucía , Spain ) and the Maghreb . Spanish scholars , because of the geographic proximity , trade , and constant warfare with the Muslim kingdoms of Southern Spain , saw a potential in the simplicity of Arabic numbers , and decided to adopt those symbols , and later other Europeans followed suit . There are two typographic styles for rendering European numerals , known as lining figures and text figures . The Arabic -- Indic or Eastern Arabic numerals , used with the Arabic script , developed primarily in what is now Iraq . A variant of the Eastern Arabic numerals used in the Persian and Urdu languages is shown below as East Arabic - Indic . The Devanagari numerals used with Devanagari and related variants are grouped as Indian numerals . The evolution of the numerals in early Europe is shown here in a table created by the French scholar Jean - Étienne Montucla in his Histoire de la Mathematique , which was published in 1757 : The Arabic numeral glyphs 0 -- 9 are encoded in ASCII and Unicode at positions 0x30 to 0x39 , matching up with the second hexadecimal digit for convenience : Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal Glyph 0011 0000 060 48 30 0 0011 0001 061 49 31 0011 0010 062 50 32 0011 0011 063 51 33 0011 0100 064 52 34 0011 0101 065 53 35 5 0011 0110 066 54 36 6 0011 0111 067 55 37 7 0011 1000 070 56 38 8 0011 1001 071 57 39 9 See also ( edit ) Abjad numerals Chinese numerals Counting rods -- decimal positional numeral system with zero Decimal Greek numerals Japanese numerals Maya numerals Regional variations in modern handwritten Arabic numerals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schipp , Bernhard ; Krämer , Walter ( 2008 ) , Statistical Inference , Econometric Analysis and Matrix Algebra : Festschrift in Honour of Götz Trenkler , Springer , p. 387 , ISBN 9783790821208 Jump up ^ Lumpkin , Beatrice ; Strong , Dorothy ( 1995 ) , Multicultural science and math connections : middle school projects and activities , Walch Publishing , p. 118 , ISBN 9780825126598 ^ Jump up to : Bulliet , Richard ; Crossley , Pamela ; Headrick , , Daniel ; Hirsch , Steven ; Johnson , Lyman ( 2010 ) . The Earth and Its Peoples : A Global History , Volume 1 . Cengage Learning . p. 192 . ISBN 1439084742 . Indian mathematicians invented the concept of zero and developed the `` Arabic '' numerals and system of place - value notation used in most parts of the world today Jump up ^ On the Origin of Arabic Numerals - A. Boucenna - Université Ferhat Abbas Setif ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Arabic '' , Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. and E.F. Robertson . 2000 . Indian Numerals , MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive , School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St. Andrews , Scotland . Jump up ^ Plofker 2009 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Jump up ^ Kunitzsch , The Transmission of Hindu - Arabic Numerals Reconsidered 2003 , pp. 12 -- 13 : `` While specimens of Western Arabic numerals from the early period -- the tenth to thirteenth centuries -- are still not available , we know at least that Hindu reckoning ( called ḥisāb al - ghubār ) was known in the West from the tenth century onward ... '' Jump up ^ Kunitzsch , The Transmission of Hindu - Arabic Numerals Reconsidered 2003 , pp. 12 -- 13 : `` Since edition of and research on the Pseudo-Boethius ( 41 ) we now know that the texts running under his name and carrying Arabic numerals date from the eleventh century . Thus the assumed way of transmission from Alexandria to Spain is impossible and this theory can no longer be taken as serious . '' Jump up ^ Smith , D.E. ; Karpinski , L.C. ( 2013 ) ( first published in Boston , 1911 ) , The Hindu - Arabic Numerals , Dover , Chapter V , ISBN 0486155110 Jump up ^ Gandz , Solomon ( November 1931 ) , `` The Origin of the Ghubār Numerals , or the Arabian Abacus and the Articuli '' , Isis , 16 ( 2 ) : 393 -- 424 , doi : 10.1086 / 346615 , JSTOR 224714 ^ Jump up to : Ifrah , Georges ( 1998 ) . The universal history of numbers : from prehistory to the invention of the computer ; translated from the French by David Bellos . London : Harvill Press . pp. 356 -- 357 . ISBN 9781860463242 . Jump up ^ Philosophy Of Mathematics Francis , John -- 2008 -- Page 38 Jump up ^ The Ellipse : A Historical and Mathematical Journey Arthur Mazer -- 2011 Jump up ^ `` al - Khwarizmi - Muslim mathematician '' . Jump up ^ Models of Computation : An Introduction to Computability Theory -- Page 1 Maribel Fernández -- 2009 Jump up ^ `` MATHORIGINS. COM_V '' . www.mathorigins.com . Jump up ^ Rowlett , Russ ( 4 July 2004 ) , Roman and `` Arabic '' Numerals , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , retrieved 22 June 2009 Jump up ^ Achenbach , Joel ( 16 September 1994 ) , Article : Take a Number , Please. , The Washington Post , retrieved 22 June 2009 Jump up ^ `` 14th century timepiece unearthed in Qld farm shed '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Erdélyi : Magyar művelődéstörténet 1 - 2 . kötet . Kolozsvár , 1913 , 1918 Jump up ^ Mathforum.org Jump up ^ Helaine Selin , ed. ( 31 July 1997 ) . Encyclopaedia of the history of science , technology , and medicine in non-western cultures . Springer . pp. 198 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 4066 - 9 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Meuleman , Johan H. ( 23 August 2002 ) . Islam in the era of globalization : Muslim attitudes towards modernity and identity . Psychology Press . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1691 - 3 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Peng Yoke Ho ( 16 October 2000 ) . Li , Qi and Shu : An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China . Courier Dover Publications . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 41445 - 4 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Kunitzsch , Paul ( 2003 ) , `` The Transmission of Hindu - Arabic Numerals Reconsidered '' , in J.P. Hogendijk ; A.I. Sabra , The Enterprise of Science in Islam : New Perspectives , MIT Press , pp. 3 -- 22 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 19482 - 2 Plofker , Kim ( 2009 ) , Mathematics in India , Princeton University Pres , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12067 - 6 Further reading ( edit ) Ore , Oystein ( 1988 ) , `` Hindu - Arabic numerals '' , Number Theory and Its History , Dover , pp. 19 -- 24 , ISBN 0486656209 . Burnett , Charles ( 2006 ) , `` The Semantics of Indian Numerals in Arabic , Greek and Latin '' , Journal of Indian Philosophy , Springer - Netherlands , 34 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 15 -- 30 , doi : 10.1007 / s10781 - 005 - 8153 - z . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Kim Plofker ) ( 2007 ) , `` mathematics , South Asian '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Online , 189 ( 4761 ) : 1 -- 12 , Bibcode : 1961Natur. 189S. 273. , doi : 10.1038 / 189273c0 , retrieved 18 May 2007 . Hayashi , Takao ( 1995 ) , The Bakhshali Manuscript , An ancient Indian mathematical treatise , Groningen : Egbert Forsten , ISBN 906980087X . Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) , A Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to Computers , New York : Wiley , ASIN 0471393401 , ISBN 0471393401 CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) . Katz , Victor J. ( ed . ) ( 20 July 2007 ) , The Mathematics of Egypt , Mesopotamia , China , India , and Islam : A Sourcebook , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0691114854 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Arabic numerals ( category ) Development of Hindu Arabic and Traditional Chinese Arithmetic History of Counting Systems and Numerals . Retrieved 11 December 2005 . The Evolution of Numbers. 16 April 2005 . O'Connor , J.J. and Robertson , E.F. Indian numerals . November 2000 . 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who played the joker in the dark night rises

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Joker_(The_Dark_Knight)&oldid=838520810

Joker ( the Dark Knight ) - wikipedia Joker ( the Dark Knight ) Jump to : navigation , search The Joker The Dark Knight character Heath Ledger as the Joker First appearance The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Created by Christopher Nolan David S. Goyer Portrayed by Heath Ledger The Joker is a fictional character who appears in Christopher Nolan 's 2008 superhero film The Dark Knight . Based upon the DC Comics character of the same name , he was played by Australian actor Heath Ledger . A psychopathic mass murderer with a sadistic sense of humor , the Joker 's arc follows his attempt to undermine the efforts of Batman ( Christian Bale ) , James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ) , and Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) to rid Gotham City of crime . The character embodies themes of chaos , anarchy and obsession : throughout the film , he expresses a desire to upset social order through crime , and defines himself by his conflict with Batman . Ledger 's interpretation of the character is specifically influenced by the graphic novels Batman : The Killing Joke and Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth . In the film , he wears the character 's traditional color palette , while his facial appearance includes clown makeup that covers facial scars of a Glasgow smile . The character also explores techniques found in Ledger 's previous performances , including his clown act in Terry Gilliam 's fantasy film The Brothers Grimm . Further , it references paintings by artist Francis Bacon , Anthony Burgess ' novel A Clockwork Orange and various punk rock musicians . Ledger 's casting as the Joker was initially controversial . The Joker is considered Ledger 's finest performance ; he himself regarded it as his most enjoyable . When the film was released in July 2008 , six months after the actor had died from an accidental prescription drug overdose , the performance caused a sensation , receiving universal acclaim and numerous posthumous accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character arc 2 Background 3 Performance 3.1 Description 3.2 Development 3.3 Execution 3.3. 1 Effects of Heath Ledger 's death 4 Reception and legacy 4.1 Announcement and early response 4.2 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References Character arc ( edit ) The Joker ( Heath Ledger ) and five accomplices , all wearing clown masks , rob a mob - owned bank . He tricks four of them into killing each other , then kills the last one himself and escapes with the money . Interrupting a videoconference between mob leaders Sal Maroni ( Eric Roberts ) , the Chechen ( Ritchie Coster ) and Gambol ( Michael Jai White ) with their accountant Lau ( Chin Han ) , he offers to kill Batman ( Christian Bale ) for half of the mob 's money . Gambol refuses the offer and puts a bounty on the `` clown '' . Later , the Joker kills Gambol and takes over his gang . After learning that Batman has retrieved Lau , Maroni and the Chechen accept the Joker 's offer . The Joker announces that people will die each day until Batman reveals his true identity , and makes good on his threat by murdering Gotham Police Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb ( Colin McFarlane ) and mob trial Judge Janet Surillo ( Nydia Rodriguez Terracina ) . When Gotham 's district attorney , Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) , attempts to draw him out by identifying himself as Batman , the Joker tries to kidnap him , only to be arrested . Batman interrogates him after Dent goes missing . The Joker also reveals that Dent 's girlfriend ( and Bruce Wayne 's childhood sweetheart ) Rachel Dawes ( Maggie Gyllenhaal ) has also gone missing and reveals their separate locations , both rigged up to time bombs . Switching their whereabouts , the Joker tricks Batman into saving Dent , who is disfigured in the explosion , while Rachel is killed . The Joker then escapes the police station with Lau , who had previously fled to Hong Kong only to be captured by Batman . The Joker kills Lau and the Chechen , burns all of the mob 's money , and takes over the Chechen 's gang . Then , to prevent Wayne Enterprises M&A law accountant Coleman Reese ( Joshua Harto ) from revealing Batman 's alter ego on TV , he announces that he will blow up a hospital if Reese is not dead within 60 minutes . During the panic , the Joker sneaks into Gotham General Hospital disguised as a nurse to meet with Dent , and persuades him to take revenge on the people he holds responsible for Rachel 's death . He then blows up the hospital and takes a busload of hostages . He rigs explosives on two of the ferries separately containing citizens and criminals and tells the passengers that he will destroy both boats unless one blows up the other . Ultimately , however , the hostages choose not to blow each other up . Batman subsequently apprehends the Joker , who states that neither will kill each other and believes that they are meant to fight each other forever . The Joker gloats that he has won `` the battle for Gotham 's soul '' , as the city 's inhabitants will lose hope once Dent 's rampage as the murderous vigilante `` Two - Face '' become known . The Joker is then taken into custody as he laughs hysterically . Batman ultimately foils the Joker 's plan by taking the blame for Dent 's crimes . Background ( edit ) I feel like this is an opportunity for me to not take myself too seriously , and for some reason I just gravitated towards ( The Joker ) and I knew I had something to give to him . And I just instantly had an idea of how to do it . -- Heath Ledger on why he preferred playing the super-villain . As a starting actor , Heath Ledger did not attach himself seriously to the roles he was playing . This changed , however , when at age 22 he started to watch some of his films . Realizing that they were movies he himself might not actually have wanted to see , it made him more cautious and respectful towards his professional choices . The 2005 fantasy film The Brothers Grimm marked a turning point for the actor as director Terry Gilliam gave Ledger ( and his co-star , Matt Damon ) opportunities to create characters they had not been given before . Gilliam helped Ledger put on a clown act for that film , an experience the actor later acknowledged as an influence for his performance as the Joker . Director Christopher Nolan had met with Ledger over the years for different roles . While meeting for the part of Batman in Batman Begins , Ledger explained that he was not interested in working on such a film . The actor reflected on his problems with portraying superheroes , saying ; `` I would just feel stupid and silly . I could n't pull it off and there are other people who can perfectly , but I just could n't take myself seriously . '' However , later impressed with Batman Begins , Ledger sought the part of the Joker from Nolan . Impressed with Ledger 's determination , Nolan cast him in the part . `` Heath was just ready to do it , he was ready to do something that big . '' Casting director John Papsidera reflected on the casting choice , saying the filmmakers knew they needed somebody courageous to play the part . Heath Ledger was cast before there was a script . Performance ( edit ) Heath Ledger described the Joker as a `` psychopathic , mass murdering , schizophrenic clown with zero empathy . '' Highlighting the opportunity for freshness , the actor aimed for a new and different interpretation of the character , separate from previous film incarnations . Ledger and Christopher Nolan both explained seeing eye - to - eye on the Joker 's appearance in the film , sharing common reference points for who the character was going to be . Based on philosophical ideas of anarchy and chaos , they looked at art by Francis Bacon for visual reference and they talked about Malcolm McDowell 's performance as Alex in Stanley Kubrick 's film A Clockwork Orange , and who Alex is in Anthony Burgess ' novel of the same name . Ledger was given Alan Moore 's graphic novel Batman : The Killing Joke for preparation for the role , as well as Grant Morrison 's graphic novel Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth , which the actor `` really tried to read and put it down '' . In an interview with MTV , Ledger said he regarded the experience playing the Joker as the most fun he ever had , `` and probably will ever have '' . Description ( edit ) `` Everything about what he does from every gesture , every little facial tick , everything he 's doing with his voice -- it all speaks to the heart of this character . It all speaks to this idea of a character who 's devoted to a concept of pure anarchy and chaos . It 's hard to get a handle on how those elements combine . The physicality reminds me of the great silent comedians . It has a bit of ( Buster ) Keaton and ( Charlie ) Chaplin about it . '' -- Christopher Nolan on Ledger 's performance . Wearing the character 's traditional color palette , the Joker is dressed in a thin tie and green waistcoat , topped by a purple overcoat , stylistic choices that hearken back to the era of New Romanticism . His shoes have an upward swoop at the toe , reminiscent of clown shoes . He carries no identification of any kind and offers no clear details about his true name or background ; when he is arrested by the Gotham City police , they find only knives and lint in his pockets . The Joker 's hair is stringy , unkempt , and dyed green . His face is covered in a cracked and runny layer of white clown makeup , with his eyes thickly rimmed in black . A sloppy red grin is painted on the Glasgow smile beneath the makeup , extending from the mouth to the cheeks . Film critic Peter Travers wrote about the Joker as having `` grungy hair and yellow teeth of a hound fresh out of hell '' . The character 's mannerisms carry a quality of unpredictability . His voice frequently shifts in pitch , so that he speaks his dialogue hitting higher notes , followed by an immediate lower voice capable of landing two octaves below . Nolan acknowledges this unpredictability to be part of the character 's slinky physical movements as well , saying that Ledger 's performance `` ( is ) always a surprise '' . About the Joker 's physical appearance , Geoff Boucher wrote for the Los Angeles Times that the character probes the facial scars with his tongue and `` walks with shoulders bowed and his chin out and down , like a hyena '' . Development ( edit ) Steve Alexander , Heath Ledger 's agent , said the actor had a `` pay - or - play '' deal on The Dark Knight , `` so he felt free to do whatever he wanted to do as the Joker , no matter how crazy . '' According to The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus cinematographer Nicola Pecorini , Ledger had talked with him about Johnny Depp 's off - kilter portrayal in Pirates of the Caribbean in relation to The Dark Knight , aiming to make a performance that would be `` so far out he 'd be fired . '' As Ledger was cast early in pre-production , Nolan explained that the actor had `` months and months '' to prepare for the role . `` Inside . He 's laughing red and black and red and black till there 's nothing left to laugh . Until , almost tenderly , he turns inside out through his mouth . '' -- Scrawlings from Heath Ledger 's Joker diary During a span of six weeks , Ledger `` locked '' himself away in a hotel room , forming a character diary and experimenting with voices . `` It 's a combination of reading all the comic books I could that were relevant to the script and then just closing my eyes and meditating on it , '' he said about his process . The diary contains scrawling and cuttings inside . Christopher Hooton , writing for The Independent , said that the ' Joker journal ' had several stills from Stanley Kubrick 's film A Clockwork Orange , joker cards , photos of hyenas , unhinged clown makeup and the word `` chaos '' highlighted in green . Furthermore , it contains a list of things the Joker would find funny , such as AIDS , landmines , and geniuses suffering brain damage . It was revealed that Ledger had read Grant Morrison 's writing of The Clown at Midnight ( Batman # 663 ) and based the list upon the Batman writer 's prose . Ledger highlighted the importance of finding an iconic voice and laugh for the character , relating the voice as `` the key to the demented killer . '' Nolan explained Ledger 's early and `` peculiar '' ambition for the voice of the character , saying that the actor had studied the way ventriloquist dummies talk . The filmmaker also acknowledged that the voice performance was based on the Alexander technique . Ledger developed the Joker 's voice and mannerism slowly over time and during camera tests . `` Do n't act , just read it '' , Nolan had told Ledger for test screening . In hair and makeup tests , Ledger would start exploring the movements of the character . While test recording without sound , he shared his take on the Joker 's voice and moves , and `` in that way he sort of sneaked up on it . '' The actor developed the physical appearance of the character , being `` very involved '' with the painting of his face , says prosthetic supervisor Conor O'Sullivan . O'Sullivan acknowledged how Ledger , Nolan and makeup artist John Caglione all gravitated towards a Francis Bacon painting Nolan was referring to . Ledger also got to choose the Joker 's weapon among different rubber knives , and he worked closely with costume designer Lindy Hemming on deciding the look for the character . Nolan noted , `` We gave a Francis Bacon spin to ( his face ) . This corruption , this decay in the texture of the look itself . It 's grubby . You can almost imagine what he smells like . '' With costume designer Lindy Hemming picking inspiration for the `` chaotic '' look from such countercultural pop culture artists as Iggy Pop , Johnny Rotten , and Sid Vicious . She gave the image for the Joker of someone who is `` very sweaty '' and who `` probably does n't have a proper home . '' She tried to present a backstory for the character `` that he really does n't look after himself . '' Execution ( edit ) Application of Heath Ledger 's makeup was done with the actor scrunching special facial expressions . Caglione called the application work `` a dance '' . This technique created facial textures for the white paint . As Ledger closed his eyes tight , Caglione put on the black makeup . Then , water was sprayed over the eyes and the actor would squeeze his eyes and shake his head and `` all that black drippy , smudgy stuff would happen '' . To get in character for filming , Ledger used his Joker diary which he carried with him on set . Between takes , Heath Ledger stayed out of character even as he wore the character costume , just being himself . The actor would goof around , skateboarding while in his Joker costume on set , and smoking cigarettes . John Caglione described Ledger as helping others around to relax , never letting `` the intense nature of the roles overwhelm him . '' The first sequence shot was the films IMAX opening , the `` prologue '' . As the Joker wears a mask through the scene with minimal dialogue , Nolan set the prologue first in schedule because he wanted to put off performance worries , allowing Ledger to enjoy that relief . The interrogation scene between Batman and the Joker was the first scene shot with Ledger really showing the full performance all together . The director and his leading actors all liked the idea of shooting the key scene early on . During rehearsals , the actors kept things loose and improvisational , saving for the actual shoot . Bale confirmed that Ledger did not perform the Joker 's voice during rehearsals , waiting to get in character when the cameras rolled . Nolan later acknowledged the scene to be his favorite in the film , saying `` I had never seen anybody sell a punch the way Heath was able to do with Christian . '' Ledger was allowed to shoot and direct the threat videos the Joker sends out as warnings . Each take Ledger made was different from the last . Nolan was impressed enough with the first video shoot that he chose to not be present when Ledger shot the video with a kidnapped reporter ( Anthony Michael Hall ) . Heath Ledger always showed up early on set . The first thing he would do , according to Caglione , was to give bear hugs to cast and crew members around the set . `` And no matter how banged - up or bruised Heath was after a long day , after we 'd take off the last drop of makeup , he 'd just hug everybody in the trailer before he left '' . At the end of shooting , on his Joker diary 's final page , Ledger wrote `` BYE BYE '' . Effects of Heath Ledger 's death ( edit ) On January 22 , 2008 , after he had completed filming The Dark Knight , Ledger died , aged 28 , of an accidental prescription drug overdose , leading to intense press attention and memorial tributes . `` It was tremendously emotional , right when he passed , having to go back in and look at him every day ( during editing ) , '' Nolan recalled . `` But the truth is , I feel very lucky to have something productive to do , to have a performance that he was very , very proud of , and that he had entrusted to me to finish . '' All of Ledger 's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming ; in editing the film , Nolan added no `` digital effects '' to alter Ledger 's actual performance posthumously . Nolan has dedicated the film in part to Ledger 's memory . Ledger 's death affected the marketing campaign for The Dark Knight and also both the production and marketing of Terry Gilliam 's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ; both Nolan and Gilliam celebrated and paid tribute to Ledger 's work in these films . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Announcement and early response ( edit ) On July 31 , 2006 , The Dark Knight was officially announced by Warner Bros with the casting of Heath Ledger as the Joker . The casting decision surprised others , and was seen as a controversial move at the time , receiving notable negative reactions on the internet . Nolan remembered the cynicism he endured surrounding Ledger 's casting , saying that `` the whole world turned around and said ' What are you doing ? ' You know , Heath Ledger , Joker , did n't make any sense to people at all . '' In his 2016 book The Caped Crusade : Batman and the Rise of Nerd Culture , NPR contributor Glen Weldon recalled that fans were outraged over the choice of Ledger , due to his past roles in films such as Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) . However , with the first trailer released in 2007 , the film and its portrayal of the Joker received very positive response from audiences and entertainment industry professionals alike . Mexican filmmaker Guillermo del Toro gushed of his impression for Ledger 's performance , finding it `` really , really edgy and scary . '' American Batman writers Paul Dini and Jeph Loeb both chimed with the positive reactions . Loeb , who had been critical of Jack Nicholson 's portrayal of the Joker in 1989 's Batman , expressed his excitement for Ledger 's interpretation , saying the casting felt `` just about right . I eagerly anticipate more ! '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` Heath Ledger is magnificent . The Joker , incarnated with chilling authority by the actor , is simply one of the most twisted and mesmerizing creeps in movie history . '' -- Richard Corliss , Time Heath Ledger 's portrayal of the Joker received critical acclaim , winning numerous posthumous awards for his performance , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture , the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor , a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role , and a Best Actor International Award at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards . `` I can only speak superlatives of Ledger , who is mad - crazy - brilliant as the Joker '' , wrote Peter Travers of Rolling Stone , stating that the film is deeper than its predecessor , with a `` deft '' script that refuses to scrutinize the Joker with popular psychology . Travers praised the cast , saying each brings his or her `` ' A ' game '' to the film . '' Travers said Ledger moves the Joker away from Jack Nicholson 's interpretation into darker territory , and expresses his support for any potential campaign to have Ledger nominated for an Academy Award , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times stated that Heath Ledger 's portrayal is a `` key performance '' and pondered whether he would become the first posthumous Academy Award - winning actor since Peter Finch in 1976 . Mark Dinning from Empire magazine called Ledger 's performance `` monumental '' and wrote `` The Dark Knight is Ledger 's movie . It is a towering performance ... A force of fucking nature '' . Kevin Smith commented on Ledger , calling his `` incredible '' performance `` the most frightening , smart and well - played villains ever . Ever . '' Mark Lee , writing for The Daily Telegraph , commented that Ledger accomplished `` a genuinely unsettling , brilliant nuanced portrait of evil '' . Tim Teeman commented for The Times that `` Ledger is so terrifying and unpredictable that his very presence on screen makes you nervous . '' Total Film reviewed that Ledger is `` burning brightly as he embodies an icon ... This is the definitive Joker '' , calling the performance `` a masterpiece '' . For The Hollywood Reporter , Kirk Honeycutt called Ledger 's performance `` a beauty . '' \ Entertainment Weekly put the film on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Every great hero needs a great villain . And in 2008 , Christian Bale 's Batman found his in Heath Ledger 's demented dervish , the Joker . '' Emanuel Levy wrote Ledger `` throws himself completely '' into the role . David Denby of The New Yorker , otherwise critical of the film , praised Ledger 's `` sinister and frightening '' performance , which he says is the film 's one element of success . Denby called Ledger `` mesmerising '' and said , `` His performance is a heroic , unsettling final act : this young actor looked into the abyss . '' `` It 's just one of the most iconic movie performances of modern times , '' declared chief film critic of Variety Scott Foundas . Film critics , co-stars Maggie Gyllenhaal and Michael Caine , and many of Ledger 's colleagues in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in recognition of Ledger 's performance in The Dark Knight . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Joker in other media Barack Obama `` Joker '' poster References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Collura , Scott ( November 7 , 2006 ) . `` The Dark Knight : Heath Ledger Talks Joker '' . IGN . San Francisco , California : J2Global . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Neumaier , Joe ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` A look at how Heath ledger viewed his career ' '' . New York Daily News . New York City : Tronc . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff ( August 22 , 2005 ) . `` Interview : Matt Damon and Heath Ledger '' . IGN . San Francisco , California ) ) : J2Global . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about meeting and working with Heath Ledger . English , USA . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Nolan Reflects On His Batman Trilogy , Heath Ledger & More , 3 Dec 2012 . Retrieved on 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jolin , Dan ( December 2009 ) . `` The Making of Heath Ledger 's Joker '' . Empire . London , England : Bauer Media . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about Heath Ledger and his role of the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 50 : 50 . Casting director Papsidera talks about casting the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Mattina , Eric ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Spends the ' Knight ' at Lincoln Center : 5 Things Learned About Batman and Beyond '' . Indiewire . Los Angeles , California : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Movies : In Stetson or Wig , He 's Hard to Pin Down '' . The New York Times . New York City : New York Times Company . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about his conversations with Heath Ledger about the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` IESB Exclusive : Heath Ledger Talks the Joker ! '' . The Movie Reporter . IESB.net . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh . Heath Ledger Discusses Delving Into Dylan For I 'm Not There and Channeling Sid Vicious For The Dark Knight , 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : PuppetMaster . `` Redesigning the Bat Suit for The Dark Knight '' Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Dark Knight Set Visit : Lindy Hemming , 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter . The Dark Knight , 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ name = `` verbicidemagazine.com '' Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff . `` Christopher Nolan 's Knight Vision '' , Los Angeles Times , 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Biskind , Peter . The Last of Heath , Hollywood , August 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher . A look inside Heath Ledger 's sinister Joker journal , BST , 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly . World Exclusive : The Joker Speaks EMPIRE. 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer . Arkham Asylum Scribe Grant Morrison Opens Up On Heath Ledger 's Joker Diary , 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . Writer / Director Christopher Nolan Talks About ' The Dark Knight ' And Heath Ledger 's Incredible Performance about entertainment . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ James , David ( January 14 , 2008 ) . `` Indy , Batman , Narnia All Return in 2008 '' . MSNBC . Retrieved January 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dressing the Joker '' . IGN . February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Van Luling , Todd . 5 Stories You 've Never Heard Before About Heath Ledger As The Joker , Posted 4 April 2015 . Updated 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott . Giving voice to the villain presents quite the acting challenge , Posted on 15 July 2008 . Updated on 17 July 2008 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff . Christopher Nolan revisits his favorite scene in Dark Knight , 28 Oct 2008 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick '' ( pseudonym ) ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Nolan Talks DARK KNIGHT Blu - Ray , a 100,000 Person Screening of the Film ( Featuring Live Q & A w / Nolan ) , TDK Sequel , and More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 ... WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Oscar Nominated Make - Up Artist , time , at 53 : 00 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Heath Ledger 's Creepy Joker Diary Revealed , 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Larry ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dark Knight ' Stars , Director Want Film To ' Celebrate ' Heath Ledger 's Work '' . MTV . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Dark Knight Director Shuns Digital Effects for the Real Thing '' . Wired . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Knight Dedicated to Ledger '' . BBC News . June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 2008 ) . `` The Dark Knight '' . Empire . 228 : 92 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Halbfinger , David M. ( March 9 , 2008 ) . `` Batman 's Burden : A Director Confronts Darkness and Death '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 , 16 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Christine ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Production Suspended on Heath Ledger 's Latest Movie '' . People . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger 's Death Puts Last Films in a Bind '' . CNN . January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Batman sequel title announced 31 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan . The Making Of The Joker , December 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Finamore , Brian . Robin Williams ' Batman Near Misses ! The Riddler ? The Joker ? Hugo Stange ? , 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin . Christopher Nolan Foolishly Casts Heath Ledger Over Paul Bettany as The Joker in Batman Begins Sequel , Posted 3 August 2006 . Reloaded 1 April 2013 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Beall , Mark . Nolan Defends Heath Ledger Casting , 11 October 2006 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten . Everyone Was Also Furious With The Initial Casting Of Heath Ledger As The Joker , 23 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 52 : 35 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about Heath Ledger and his casting as the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Weldon , Glen ( 2016 ) . The Caped Crusade : Batman and the Rise of Nerd Culture . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 5669 - 1 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex . Del Toro 's , Dini 's and Loeb 's Reaction to Heath Ledger 's Joker 21 Dec 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite news first = Richard last = Corliss url = http://time.com/3833863/the-dark-knight-movie-review/%7Ctitle=Batman Is Back work = Time publisher = Meredith Corporation location = New York City date = July 9 , 2008 accessdate = September 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe . `` Slumdog Millionaire wins Oscar for Best Picture ; the late Heath Ledger is Best Supporting Actor '' , Daily News , 23 Feb 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Elseworth , Catherine . `` Golden Globes 2009 : Heath Ledger wins best supporting actor for The Dark Knight '' , Telegraph , 12 Jan 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Winslet wins best actress Bafta '' , BBC News , 8 Feb 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg `` Dark Knight tops Saturn Awards '' , Reuters , 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane . `` PGA and SAG Bow to Peer Pressure , Name Slumdog Millionaire Best Picture '' , Vulture Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger honoured by Australian film industry '' , Telegraph , 8 Dec 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Dark Knight '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ( Postdated ) Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` The Dark Knight '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dinning , Mark . The Dark Knight , Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kevin . Kevin 's Review : The Dark Knight , 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Davies , Rebecca . `` The critics ' verdict on Heath Ledger in The Dark Knight '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( December 11 , 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS . '' Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel ( n.d. ) . `` Movie Review : Dark Knight , The : A '' . emanuellevy.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Past Shock '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . ( Postdated ) Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 54 : 45 . Scott Foundas on Heath Ledger 's acting . English , USA . Jump up ^ Smith , Nina Hämmerling ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Movie News : Ledger 's Knight Costars Call for Posthumous Oscar '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . 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Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Batman : Dead End Grayson World 's Finest Robin 's Big Date City of Scars Seeds of Arkham Batman : Death Wish See also Batman franchise media Batman : Gotham Knight Batman OnStar commercials Catwoman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joker_(The_Dark_Knight)&oldid=838520810 '' Categories : Batman characters Batman in other media Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional clowns Fictional mass murderers Fictional mobsters Fictional serial killers Psychopathy in fiction Terrorism in fiction The Dark Knight Trilogy Superhero film characters The Joker Fictional victims of child abuse Male characters in film Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 04 . 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is there any strike in punjab on 10 april 2018

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=April_2018_caste_protests_in_India&oldid=835739274

April 2018 caste protests in India - wikipedia April 2018 caste protests in India Jump to : navigation , search April 2018 caste protests in India Date 2 April 2018 Location India Caused by The Supreme Court order on the Atrocities Act Methods Protesting , rioting , arson , mobbing , Bandh Status ongoing Casualties Death ( s ) 14 Arrested 100 ( Haryana ) 32 ( Uttar Pradesh ) In early April 2018 , thousands of people belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC / ST ) protested across India against an order of the Supreme Court on the Atrocities Act . In subsequent violence , ten people died and hundreds were injured . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Protests 3 Response 4 Aftermath 5 References Background ( edit ) The Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 protects the SC / ST caste groups . The act does not allow the court to grant anticipatory bail to accused person . The police must file a First Information Report ( FIR ) and arrest the accused on receiving a complaint . In 2016 , the conviction rate under the act was 25.7 % in cases of atrocities against SC and 20.8 % in cases against ST in 2016 , according to the National Crime Records Bureau . On 20 March 2018 , the Supreme Court of India ruled that no arrests can be made without prior permission and allowed a court to grant an anticipatory bail if it , prima facie , finds the complaint an abuse of the law . The Attorney General of India , on behalf of the Government of India , filed a review petition against the order of the Supreme Court . Protests ( edit ) The people from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC / ST ) protested against the Supreme Court order . Thousands of people took to the streets on 2 April 2018 , when a national strike was announced by representatives of the SC / ST caste groups in protest of the decision . The protests turned violent across several states in India as the protestors blocked trains , damaged property , and clashed with police and other civilians . There were also incidents involving arson , vandalism and gunfire . At least fourteen people were killed : nine in Madhya Pradesh , Three in Uttar Pradesh , two in Rajasthan ; hundreds of others were injured . Violent incidents were also reported in the states Punjab , Bihar , Jharkhand , Odisha , Gujarat , Haryana , Maharashtra and Delhi . A mob burnt the house of Bharosi Lal Jatav , a former Indian National Congress ( INC ) legislator , and ransacked the home of Rajkumari Jatav , a Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) legislator from Hindaun , Rajasthan . A curfew was imposed in Hindaun following the violence , and later extended . Twenty four government vehicles and sixty private vehicles were damaged in Haryana. 84 police officials and eight civilians were injured during the violence on 2 April in Haryana . Nine policemen were injured in Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh . Response ( edit ) Thousands of protesters were arrested and curfew was imposed in several places . 1700 anti-riot police were sent to states by the Government of India . Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code ( CrPC ) ( which prohibits assembly of more than four people ) was imposed in Haridwar , Uttarakhand . Police had filed reports against 5,000 unidentified and 285 named miscreants , while 32 agitators were arrested under various sections of the Indian Penal Code in Ghaziabad . At least fifteen FIRs were registered by the police in Ludhiana , Punjab against hundreds of unidentified protesters for alleged road blockades and for causing obstructions . The Haryana Police booked around 4,000 persons and 100 others were arrested for indulging in violence while as many as 47 FIRs were lodged . The internet services were suspended in Punjab and Rajasthan . Aftermath ( edit ) The Supreme Court held hearing on the review petition on 3 April 2018 but did not stay the order and have called to hear the matter in ten days . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` SC refuses to stay its order on SC / ST Act ; to hear matter '' . dna. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Violence during Bharat Bandh : 100 arrested in Haryana '' . The Indian Express . 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dalit protests : 5,000 booked , 32 arrested for violence and arson in Ghaziabad '' . The Indian Express . PTI. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Lower - Caste Dalits Lead Nationwide Protests Against Court Judgment '' . The New York Times . REUTERS. April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anger in India as Lowest Caste Protests Supreme Court Order '' . The New York Times . THE ASSOCIATED PRESS. April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eight dead in massive India caste protests '' . BBC . 2 April 2018 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dalit fury and what led up to it '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Johari , Aarefa . `` Supreme Court says SC / ST Atrocities Act is misused . So what explains the low conviction rates ? '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SC / ST Act : Centre files review petition , says data shows weak execution of law , not its misuse '' . Hindustan Times . 2 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bharat Bandh ' against SC 's ruling on SC / ST Act : Top developments '' , The Times of India , 3 April 2018 Jump up ^ Naveen , P ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Bharat bandh : Death toll in Madhya Pradesh hits 7 , 51 FIRs lodged '' . Times of India . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wu , Huizhong ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` 10 killed as widespread Indian caste protests turn violent '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Bandh : 9 killed in Dalits protest over SC , ST act ; train , internet services hit ; top highlights '' . Financial Express . April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bharat Bandh LIVE : Nine Dead ; 1,700 Anti-riot Police Personnel Sent to Violence - hit States '' . News18. 2 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat bandh highlights : Dalit protests spread across north India ; 9 killed in Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , UP '' . Hindustan Times . 2 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Goswami , Rakesh ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Dalit protests : Normalcy returns to Rajasthan 's Hindaun but curfew remains '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Bandh : Section 144 imposed in Haridwar '' . Business Standard . ANI. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dalit protests : 15 FIRs against protesters in Ludhiana '' . The Indian Express . 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dalits in India hold protests against ' dilution ' of SC / ST Act '' . Al Jazeera. 2 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ( hide ) Caste in India Caste and reservation Caste Caste system in India Caste politics in India Caste - related violence in India Reservation in India Court Cases related to Reservation IIT reservation policy Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu History Communal Award Poona Pact Mandal Commission protests of 1990 Namantar Andolan 2006 anti-reservation protests 1996 Bathani Tola Massacre 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra 2008 Gurjjar agitation Patidar agitation Jat agitation Maratha Kranti Morcha Bhima Koregaon protests April 2018 protests Terms Dalit Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC and ST ) Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) Forward classes Affirmative action Creamy layer Untouchability Gramanya Commissions Kalelkar Commission Mandal Commission National Commission for Backward Classes Laws Atrocities Act Organisations Bahujan Samaj Party Dalit Panther Justice Party Ranvir Sena Lists Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Other Backward Classes Including Muslim OBC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_2018_caste_protests_in_India&oldid=835739274 '' Categories : Ongoing protests 2018 in India 2018 protests January 2018 events in India Riots and civil disorder in India Protests in India Dalit politics Dalit history History of India History of Madhya Pradesh ( 1947 -- present ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 13 : 48 . 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where does will find the sign of stone

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Is_Rising_Sequence&oldid=837622497

The Dark is Rising sequence - wikipedia The Dark is Rising sequence Jump to : navigation , search The Dark Is Rising Sequence Omnibus edition front cover Author Susan Cooper Cover artist Oliver Burston Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Children 's fantasy novels Publisher Random House Children 's Books Publication date 1984 Media type Print ( trade ppb ) Pages 786 pp ISBN 0 - 14 - 031688 - 4 OCLC 50597816 The Dark Is Rising is a series of five contemporary fantasy novels for older children and young adults , written by the English author Susan Cooper and published 1965 to 1977 . The Dark Is Rising , the second novel in the series , was published in 1973 . The series is sometimes called The Dark Is Rising Sequence , which is the title of its UK omnibus edition ( first 1984 ) and its US boxed set edition ( first 1986 ) . It depicts a struggle between forces of good and evil called the Light and the Dark and is based on Arthurian legends , Celtic mythology , Norse mythology and English Folklore . Both magical and ordinary children are prominent throughout the series . It was inaugurated in 1965 with the U.K. publication of Over Sea , Under Stone by Jonathan Cape . The sequels were published 1973 to 1977 , almost simultaneously in the U.K. and the U.S. Volume four , The Grey King ( 1975 ) , won both the Newbery Medal , recognizing the year 's `` most distinguished contribution to American literature for children '' , and the inaugural Welsh Tir na n - Og Award for English - language books with Welsh background . The concluding Silver on the Tree ( 1977 ) also won the annual Tir na n - Og Award . The novel The Dark Is Rising features Will Stanton , age 11 , who learns on that birthday that he is an `` Old One '' and thus destined to wield the powers of The Light in the ancient struggle with The Dark . In the U.S. it was a Newbery Honor Book ( runner up for the medal ) . Its 2007 film adaptation , titled The Seeker in America and The Dark Is Rising in Britain , made significant plot and character divergences from the book . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Artefacts 3 The Magics 4 Miscellaneous 5 Rhymes 6 Works in the series 6.1 Over Sea , Under Stone 6.2 The Dark Is Rising 6.3 Greenwitch 6.4 The Grey King 6.5 Silver on the Tree 7 Locations 8 Critical reception 9 Film adaptation 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Characters ( edit ) Simon , Jane , and Barney Drew : The main characters of the first novel , the Drew siblings , are human children who have known Merriman Lyon as their `` Great Uncle Merry '' for years . While on holiday in Cornwall , they get caught up in the battle between the Light and the Dark and join the search for the Things of Power . In the first novel , Over Sea , Under Stone , they search for the legendary Grail of King Arthur . They also appear in the third book , Greenwitch , and the last book in the series , Silver on the Tree . In the poem featured prominently throughout The Dark Is Rising , they are the ones referred to as `` three from the track '' . Their last name is linked with Will Stanton 's in British paleohistory ; see Stanton Drew stone circles . Simon Drew : Simon is the eldest of the Drews . In Over Sea , Under Stone , Simon and Barney are the two to go into the cave and retrieve the Grail . In Greenwitch , he is jealous of Will because Merriman brought him to Cornwall for `` unnecessary '' reasons , but eventually warms up to him . He loves sailing and anything to do with ships . Jane Drew : Jane is the middle Drew . In Greenwitch , Jane is allowed to attend the Greenwitch ceremony , which is traditionally for female locals only , and through her compassion develops a special bond with the entity which constitutes the magical aspect of the Greenwitch . She subsequently receives from the entity the case containing the coded manuscript for deciphering the runes on the Grail . She also develops a special bond with the Lady of the Light in Silver on the Tree . Barnabas ( Barney ) Drew : Barney is the youngest of the Drews . He loves King Arthur legends and , although he is quite wary of his talent at first , paints . In Greenwitch , Barney sketches a picture of the bay , which is later stolen by an agent of the Dark , but Merriman recovers it and presents it to Tethys as a gift . Old Ones : Ancient and immortal , the Old Ones are mystical beings who possess great magical power . They are found in all parts of the world and are of many races and cultures . Capable of performing many seemingly impossible feats , including freezing time and controlling the elements , they serve the Light in the war against the Dark . The Great Lords of the Dark have many similar characteristics and abilities but are not Old Ones . The two factions struggle to determine the destiny of mankind ; while the Light fights for freedom and free will , the Dark fights for chaos , confusion and the subversion of man 's agency . Will Stanton : The main character of the second novel , and a major character in the entire series , he is the seventh son of a seventh son , in a large , close human family . His eleventh birthday marks the beginning of his magical awakening and rise to power as the last of the Old Ones . The Dark Is Rising tells how he came to power , met Merriman Lyon , and accumulated the six `` signs '' to help fight the Dark . Will is the last of the Old Ones ; no others will be born after him . In Greenwitch , he is invited to come to Cornwall by Merriman in order to help recover the Grail and cypher that reveals how to read the runes on the Grail . He later gives Jane a bracelet of gold engraved with the words , `` power from the Greenwitch '' , which she throws into the sea as an offering to the Greenwitch in appreciation for its help . In The Grey King , Will goes to Wales to recover from sickness , where he meets Bran and awakens the Sleepers . In Silver on the Tree , Will travels with Bran to the Lost Land to recover the crystal sword Eirias , and helps to vanquish the Dark . Will is the only Old One to remain on Earth afterward , and the only one of the Light 's allies who remembers the struggle against the Dark ; in this , he is referred to as `` the watchman '' , staying behind to keep watch for any attempt by the Dark to return . Cooper named Will for William Shakespeare . Merriman Lyon : Merriman is the first Old One . He and Will Stanton have a special bond as each of them is one end of the long line of Old Ones . It is said that with the birth and coming to power of Will Stanton , the circle of Old Ones is complete . A friend of the Drew family for over a generation , he assisted Barney , Jane , and Simon in their quest for the Grail , in addition to protecting them until their task was completed ; they occasionally refer to him as `` Great Uncle Merry '' or `` Gumerry '' . Throughout the series Merriman is portrayed in numerous historical periods , but particularly as King Arthur 's chief adviser , the mythical Merlin , as Arthur calls him `` Mer Lion '' , old English for `` my lion '' , in Silver on the Tree . The Lady : The Lady is the most powerful of the Old Ones . Gentle , wise and enigmatic , she is a pivotal figure throughout the series , appearing usually at important moments to turn the tide in the Light 's favor . She is an especial friend and mentor to Will and Jane . At one point in The Dark Is Rising , Will Stanton makes a critical mistake during a battle with the Dark and is saved by the Lady . Merriman tells Will that the Lady on her own is the only Old One able to overcome the full power of the Dark , although at a great cost . The sacrifice by the Lady is a critical point in the Story because she is a key element of the battle . At a later high ceremony of Old Ones , the Lady is missing and Merriman tells Will that her depleted power prevents her arrival , and she is beyond their magic to rescue but will return . She represents the Lady of the Lake , or the Lady of Avalon , King Arthur 's sister , as they both embark on Arthur 's boat Pridwen in Silver on the Tree . The Lady , like King Arthur , is affiliated with The Light and the High Magic . In Silver on the Tree , she initially can only communicate with Jane Drew , the one girl among the Six , telling Jane they share a special bond in being female , and calls her `` Jane , Jana , Juno '' , referring to Jana ( in Roman mythology , a variant form of Diana ) or Juno , the queen of the gods . The Black Rider : One of the great Lords of the Dark , comparable to Merriman in power and influence . The Rider is the major nemesis of Will during his many trials . He patronises John Wayland Smith 's establishment , where he meets Will for the first time and attempts to bring Will over to the Dark . He is given one name by the humans in the story : Mitothin ( a name connected with the jötunn Loki , who helps bring about Ragnarok ) . The White Rider : Another servant and Lord of the Dark , introduced in Silver on the Tree . The White Rider is almost equal in power to the Black Rider , and despite being feminine in her true form , often affects a masculine guise while attacking agents of the Light . She is revealed as disguising herself as Blodwen Rowlands , an `` aunt '' figure to Bran Davies . She acts kind and caring , to keep an eye on Bran while developing emotional bonds , while controlling events around Cader Idris , which means `` chair of Arthur '' , and the Sleepers . Will Stanton hypothesized that the monochromatic ' colour ' of the White Rider 's robes , like those of the Black Rider , reflected the extremism of their evil -- either darkened by their ignorance , or blinded by the brightness of their ideas . The Walker : A human who betrayed the Light and was cursed to carry the Sign of Bronze , one of six Things of Power that repel the Dark , through the centuries until the last Old One claimed it from him . The Walker was once Hawkin , a liege man and foster son of Merriman during the 13th century . His betrayal of the Light stemmed largely from Merriman 's acceptance of Hawkin 's willingness to sacrifice his life to protect the Book of Gramarye , the secrets of which the human Hawkin can neither possess nor partake of . In The Dark Is Rising his appearance in Will Stanton 's town precipitates Will 's `` awakening '' and rise to power . He presents Will with his second sign . The Sleepers : Ancient knights who served during the time of King Arthur . In The Grey King they are awakened from a mystic slumber by the Harp of the Light , to ride against the Dark during the final battle in Silver on the Tree . Pendragon : This is a reference to two characters . First , it is the figurative title referring to status as a leader , of several traditional Kings of the Britons , notably King Arthur . It is also his son in this series , Bran Davies , who is predestined to wield the Crystal Sword of Light that is vital to the final conflict with the Dark . Bran Davies is brought forward in time by Merriman at the request of his mother , Guinevere , who feared that Arthur would reject Bran as a true son because of Guinevere 's affair with Lancelot . Bran is an albino , meaning he has very pale skin and white hair , eyebrows , and eyelashes , but his eyes are an unusual tawny colour . Will meets him in Wales during The Grey King , where they wake the Sleepers using the Harp . In Silver on the Tree , Bran and Will travel to the Lost Land and recover the sword Eirias . The rooks : The majority of these birds are servants of the Dark and attract their forces wherever they are seen . Farmer Dawson : An Old One who lives near Will Stanton and presents him with his first Sign . John Wayland Smith : Another Old One who lives near Will Stanton ; he is also a skilled smith . Though he is affiliated with the Light , he aids all who pass in his smithy . It is suggested that he might be the legendary Saxon smith , Weyland , the Saxon equivalent of the legendary elf smith Volund . Artefacts ( edit ) Things of Power : The Old Ones have four Things of Power that will be used in the final battle which will allow them to defeat the Dark : the circle of Signs , the Grail , the Harp , and the Sword . They are obtained in The Dark Is Rising , Over Sea , Under Stone , The Grey King , and Silver on the Tree , respectively . Greenwitch is the story of the recovery of the stolen Grail . The Signs : A set of six circles quartered ( divided evenly in four sections ) by crosses . The six signs are each made of a different material and represent a different element : wood , bronze , iron , water , fire , and stone . The six Signs represent the Six champions of the Light , referred to in the recurring Poem of the Dark Is Rising series , as `` three from the Circle , three from the Track '' . When used , the signs have the power to repel the Dark . The Grail : Presumably the source of the King Arthur Holy Grail legend , it is an artefact of power used by the Light . There are markings on it in a writing similar to Ogham , which is long lost . It is eventually translated by the Old Ones , thanks to a coded manuscript inside a metal case held by the Greenwitch . The Harp ( the harp of gold ) : A golden harp that is obtained by Will Stanton and Bran Davies from a triumvirate of the High Magic by answering three riddles . The Light uses it in The Grey King in order to wake the Sleepers in preparation for the final battle . Whoever plays the harp creates powerful music that negates any magic , through the protection of the High Magic . The Crystal Sword : A magical sword , commissioned by the Light , crafted in the magical Lost Lands by the Lost King . It is named Eirias ; therefore , `` blazing '' , also called sword of the sunrise . In the presence of the Dark , it burns with blue fire . It can cut portals through magical barriers , as seen in Silver on the Tree , and is encased in a magical scabbard of invisibility . It is used by Bran Davies , the Pendragon , heir of King Arthur , to cut the one fully blossomed silver flower on the Midsummer 's Tree , which is caught by Merriman . The Book of Gramarye : The ancient Book of the Old Ones , it is an Old One 's rite of passage , while also teaching everything about their powers , and through it , they experience the magical spells . Gramarye , or grimoire , from the Old French word grammaire and the Old English word grammar , initially referred to all books , most written in Latin , which almost no one could read , and perceived by the masses as `` magical '' . The Book of Gramarye is protected by an enchanted device of a pendulum in a longcase clock , that if touched , will detonate and destroy any human that attempts to gain access to the book . This powerful book is further protected in that it is written in the Old Speech , which only an Old One can read and understand . It is blasted out of existence by Merriman after Will has read it . The Doors : A set of carved oak doors that lead through Time . Old Ones can summon these doors to appear at will to transport themselves through time and space . The doors disappear when the Old Ones pass through them , accompanied by the haunting bell chime music of the Light . Their origin is not explained in the books . Midsummer 's Tree : In Chiltern , England , The Tree produces a silver flower , which blooms once every 700 years , and is the final challenge for the Six of the Light . The person who obtains the silver flower gains control of the High Magic , to put out of Time the Dark or the Light forever . Bran Davies , the Pendragon and heir of King Arthur , wields the Crystal Sword to cut the fully blossomed silver flower on the Midsummer 's Tree , which is caught by Merriman , making the Light victorious . The magics ( edit ) Old Magic : A powerful elemental magic , of which the Light and the Dark are the two opposite extremes . Wild Magic : The magic of nature , first used in The Dark Is Rising to provide strength to the forces of the Light in the book 's final battle . In Greenwitch , we learn that the Wild Magic is equal in strength to both the Dark and the Light , but that it stands apart and is unaffected by either . High Magic : The most powerful magic , being of the Cosmos . A spell of this type is used by the Old Ones in Greenwitch to be able to communicate with Tethys , the Queen of the Sea , and plead for her help in obtaining the scroll that will help translate the writing on the Grail . In The Grey King , Will Stanton and Bran Davies obtain the Harp of Gold from a place guarded by the High Magic after being tested by a Lord of the Dark , a Lord of the Light , and a Lord of the High Magic . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Old Speech : This is the spoken form of the ancient language of the Old Ones . When an Old One comes to power , this language is used instinctively by the Old One when speaking to members of the Light or the Dark . Will Stanton begins to do this without even realizing it . When an Old One speaks the Old Speech in front of a normal human , it will sound like gibberish . Some agents of the Dark , such as the Rider , can also speak Old Speech , but with a distinctive accent which gives them away to the Old Ones . Rhymes ( edit ) Small rhyming prophecies serve to guide the protagonists throughout the series . Science Fiction author and filker Julia Ecklar has set these rhyming prophecies to music , and the resulting song , also called `` The Dark Is Rising '' , won the 1997 Pegasus Award for Best Sorcery Song . Works in the series ( edit ) Over Sea , Under Stone ( edit ) Main article : Over Sea , Under Stone The characters in this book , which was published several years before the others , are younger than those in the rest of the series , and the issues are presented as less cosmic . Overall the book is aimed at younger readers more than the other four books in the series . In this tale , Susan Cooper introduces the audience to Merriman , a pivotal character for the forces of the Light and also ties him with Simon , Jane and Barney Drew , three young mortal children , in a quest by the sea which will lead them over sea and under stone to find a grail of legend to help the Light in its struggle against the Dark . The Dark is Rising ( edit ) `` You are the seventh son of a seventh son , Will Stanton . You step through time . One by one , the Signs will call to you . You will gather them and gain the power of the Light . You are the Sign - Seeker . '' In this second book , Will Stanton begins to have strange experiences on his 11th birthday , just before Christmas . He soon learns he is one of the Old Ones , a guardian and warrior for the Light . He learns that he must help find the four Things of Power for the Light in order to battle the forces of the Dark . The first of these Things of Power is the Circle of Six Signs . This book is the key book for the main character , Will Stanton . It is in this book that he collects the six signs which become the Circle of Signs , one of the Things of Power , by finding the additional five mandalas ( he has been given one earlier ) and uses the completed Circle to ward off the forces of the Dark . The book features elements of English folklore that are especially associated with the Thames Valley , with Herne the Hunter making an appearance . The Dark is Rising was one American Library Association Newbery Honor Book in 1974 . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association named it one of `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number 22 among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . Greenwitch ( edit ) This story returns to the characters introduced in Over Sea , Under Stone , uniting them with Will Stanton , and involves a quest for magic from beneath the sea . Jane Drew witnesses the creation of a ritualistic offering known as the ' Greenwitch ' , and senses both great power and great sadness in it . She wishes that the Greenwitch could be happy , and that wish has important consequences later when it turns out that the Greenwitch possesses something that will unlock the secrets of the Grail . Karen Patricia Smith has written , `` Greenwitch , the third book in the series , is quite different in mood from the earlier books . In this dreamlike novel set in Cornwall , magic often occurs during the hours of darkness and yet readers are not left with the feeling that experiences have been merely imagined . The Greenwitch , a figure created by village women , comes into possession of a great secret coveted by the powers of Light and Dark . Young Jane 's innocence moves the creature to release the secret . Jane is an interesting figure because at first she appears to be a rather flat character who reacts according to convention . Yet as the story progresses , we learn that even those who are skilled and knowledgeable in fighting the powers of the Dark are powerless in this instance . Ironically it is Jane who is successful , not through dramatic means , but rather through communicating her compassion for the Greenwitch . '' The Grey King ( edit ) Main article : The Grey King In this book , Will is sent to Wales to recuperate after an illness . Here he meets Bran , the Pendragon , son of King Arthur , and befriends him . He must also awaken the Sleepers to fight the Dark . The Grey King was awarded the 1976 Newbery Medal . Welsh folklore figures strongly in the book . Silver on the Tree ( edit ) All of the main characters from the other books in the sequence come together in this book , some meeting for the first time , and the current struggle between the Light and the Dark is resolved . After the Light wins the battle , Bran is offered a chance to rejoin his father , but chooses to give up his immortality to stay with his friends and his mortal adoptive father . All immortal characters except Will Stanton leave the Earth forever . All the mortal characters lose all memory of any dealings with magic and the Old Ones , though the Drews and Bran have snatches of something come back to them in dreams . One reviewer for The Junior Bookshelf offered a mixed review : `` One of the difficulties lies in accepting that apparently very ordinary children have a special destiny . This is the major obstacle to the acceptance of Narnia . Four at least of the Six who have the duty of holding back the Dark do not seem up to the task . Time switches too , although handled skilfully enough , are not always easy to swallow . Where Miss Cooper excels is in the management of setting ... The writer captures the smell of the countryside ... Miss Cooper shows how fine her observation is and her ability to convey its tingling reality . Perhaps , now that the Dark has been put finally to flight , she will pursue this aspect of her art . '' Fantasy scholar Carole Scott remarks how , in one chapter of this novel , `` the power of evil is presented in modern dress through a bigoted Englishman 's outburst of racial prejudice directed against an immigrant of color . '' Locations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nearly all the locations mentioned in the books are based on real places . Over Sea , Under Stone and Greenwitch are set in Trewissick , which is based on a village in southern Cornwall called Mevagissey which Susan Cooper used to visit as a child . The Dark Is Rising is set in the part of Buckinghamshire where Cooper grew up : Huntercombe is based on the small village of Dorney , and the Great Hall is Dorney Court . The Welsh setting in The Grey King and Silver on the Tree is the area around Aberdyfi , the village where Cooper 's grandmother was born and where her parents lived . Critical reception ( edit ) John Clute wrote in The Encyclopedia of Fantasy , `` The overall tale evolves -- not without occasional narrative confusion when time paradoxes and puzzles must be confronted -- towards a guardedly affirmative climax in which it seems that the various young protagonists plus Bran Davies ( King Arthur 's son ) may succeed in staving off entropy and totalitarianism . '' Karen Patricia Smith wrote , `` Susan Cooper has come to be recognized as a major author of books for children and young adults . Her first work for children , Over Sea , Under Stone came as a response to a contest designed to honor the memory of E. Nesbit . Cooper 's major contribution to date has been The Dark Is Rising series , which greatly expands the mythical theme suggested in Over Sea , Under Stone and reveals Cooper 's extraordinary prowess as an author of fantasy ... The shadowy aspect of the conflict and the inability to ' read ' clearly the motivations of some of the characters are areas in which Cooper has been criticized . However , I feel that the ambiguity of protagonists and antagonists is a deliberate literary device . Rather than succumbing to artistic flaw , Cooper goes beyond the conventional expectations of her readers by inviting them to glimpse the complex , the unexplainable , and often the threatening aspects of mankind 's nature . By offering the thesis that the human psyche may manifest itself in explicit actions or present itself in a mysterious and often frustrating manner , Cooper exceeds the traditional presentations of good versus evil often found in fantasy literature . '' Mary Corran has written , `` Cooper 's scholarly knowledge of legend , and skill in drawing together all the complexities of the five books into a triumphant finale , produce an epic of great power . There are differences in quality in the novels -- Greenwitch ... is perhaps the weakest , and The Dark Is Rising and The Grey King the strongest ; Silver on the Tree , while suitably life - affirming in its conclusion , is slightly preachy , but that is a natural hazard of the subject matter . Cooper deals with the innate antagonism between mortals and immortals impressively , and in The Grey King reaches great heights as she mingles the worlds and peoples of legend and the present day . The sequence is a remarkable achievement , and Cooper 's gifts for description and characterization provide additional pleasure to novels already replete with intellectual enjoyment . '' Joel Chaston writes , `` Among Cooper 's books for children , the Dark Is Rising series is her masterwork . The five novels in it are rich with symbolism and poetic passages . The Dark Is Rising , perhaps the best single book of the series , certainly rivals and sometimes surpasses the work of the major fantasy writers -- with whose work it is frequently compared . '' Amelia A. Rutledge says that the series `` integrates the traditional lore of the British Isles with modern concerns . Her work , although commercially designated for a younger audience , exemplifies sophisticated mythopoeic writing not limited to that age group and is one of the major contributions to Arthurian fantasy of the 1970s . '' Professor Michael D.C. Drout argues that Cooper makes greater `` use of Anglo - Saxon source materials '' than other critics have identified : `` Cooper 's uses of Anglo - Saxon sources are allusions that fit into a schema of history rather than ( in the words of one reviewer ) being merely tossed `` pell - mell '' into the mythical pot ... It is Cooper 's Anglo - Saxonism , I argue , which generates the notions of British national identity explicated in the novels , notions that contradict the author 's overt political stance . In addition , Cooper 's particular version of Anglo - Saxonism , with its strong focus on teaching and learning , is isomorphic to the ideology of adult / child power relations represented in the novels , an ideology that puts great weight on the value of obedience to authority . Adult / child power relations are both replicated and reinforced by two other sets of opposed terms : British / non-British and supernatural / mundane , and all of these terms are finally subsumed in Cooper 's Manichaean binary , Light / Dark , leading to a closed symbolic economy which exalts personal obedience to authority and views Anglo - Saxons and their ideologies -- as they were for the Venerable Bede in A.D. 771 -- as clearly on the side of the angels . '' The New York Times Book Review wrote of the novel The Dark Is Rising , `` This is a muscular fantasy ... The writing is robust , but noticeably better out of human time than at the Stanton hearth : as if the author 's style , too , had experienced a salutary , magical translation ... The fantastic style is virile and , for all its paraphernalia , spare . Susan Cooper 's vocabulary is athletic ; the complications are dense . Her book seems to have been prepared for a special small age group : those who can read with fluency and attention , but who have n't yet been afflicted by adolescent cynicism . '' Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Seeker : The Dark Is Rising Following the successful film adaptations of other fantasy classics , it was announced in 2005 that the Dark Is Rising series was being developed as a major motion picture . The Seeker was a joint venture between 20th Century Fox and Walden Media . John Hodge wrote the screenplay and the film was directed by David L. Cunningham and produced by Marc E. Platt . Ian McShane played the role of Merriman Lyon while Alexander Ludwig played the young Will Stanton as an American . Frances Conroy and Christopher Eccleston ( as The Rider ) ( 1 ) also star . Filming began in February 2007 in Bucharest , Romania . The film was released on 5 October 2007 , in the United States and the U.K . It was not successful . Screenwriter Hodge made substantial changes to the novel 's plot , tone , and characters . For example , to differentiate him from Harry Potter , the film version of Will Stanton is a 13 - to 14 - year - old American living in Britain . Hodge also felt that the `` lyrical , poetic , kaleidoscopic fashion '' of the book could not be filmed and felt compelled to add action for Will where `` he does n't actually do very much . '' Cooper was disappointed by changes in the screenplay from the book and requested that some be undone . For example , she considers it crucial that Will is only 11 because that is before puberty . The film portrays , and one of its trailers featured , Will as an adolescent teased for and preoccupied with his shyness and inexperience with girls . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Speculative fiction portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Almost simultaneous : ISFDB reports 1965 UK and 1966 US publication of the first book and matching publication years for the sequels : April US and May UK , volume 2 ; US months missing , volumes 3 and 4 ; September US and October UK , volume 5 . ^ Jump up to : Will Stanton 's eleventh birthday is momentous in the book . In the Hollywood version he is 13 to 14 years old ( and American ) in order to help distinguish him from Harry Potter , a later creation but earlier international film success who learns on his eleventh birthday that he is a wizard . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Dark Is Rising first omnibus edition publication contents at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ( ISFDB ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : The Dark Is Rising Sequence series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Select a title to see its linked publication history and general information . Select a particular edition ( title ) for more data at that level , such as a front cover image or linked contents . ^ Jump up to : `` Newbery Medal and Honor Books , 1922 - Present '' . Association for Library Service to Children . ALA . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Tir na n - Og awards past winners '' Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Welsh Books Council ( Cyngor Llyfrau Cymru ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Chaston , Joel D. ( 1996 ) . `` Susan ( Mary ) Cooper '' . In Caroline C. Hunt . Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 161 : British Children 's Writers Since 1960 : First Series . Detroit : Gale . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Silver Tree , page 265 . Edition : Simon & Schuster , 2010 , ISBN 9780689849183 . ( This is the second page of the final chapter . ) Jump up ^ Included on Ecklar 's CD Horsetamer . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Karen Patricia ( 1994 ) . `` Susan Cooper : Overview '' . In Laura Standley Berger . Twentieth - Century Young Adult Writers . Detroit : St. James Press . Jump up ^ `` For Children from Ten to Fourteen : Silver on the Tree '' . The Junior Bookshelf. 42 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 100 . April 1978 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Scott , Carole ( 1997 ) . `` High and Wild Magic , the Moral Universe , and the Electronic Superhighway : Reflections of Change in Susan Cooper 's Fantasy Literature '' . In Sandra L. Beckett . Reflections of Change : Children 's Literature Since 1945 . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Publishers . pp. 91 -- 97 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Clute , John ( 1997 ) . `` Cooper , Susan '' . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Corran , Mary ( 1996 ) . `` Susan Cooper : Overview '' . In David Pringle . St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers . New York : St. James Press . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Amelia A. ( 2002 ) . `` Susan ( Mary ) Cooper '' . In Darren Harris - Fain . Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 261 : British Fantasy and Science - Fiction Writers Since 1960 . Detroit : Gale . Jump up ^ Drout , Michael D.C. ( April 1997 ) . `` Reading the Signs of Light : Anglo Saxonism , Education , and Obedience in Susan Cooper 's The Dark Is Rising '' . The Lion and the Unicorn . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . 21 ( 2 ) : 230 -- 250 . doi : 10.1353 / uni. 1997.0039 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mano , D. Keith ( 22 April 1973 ) . `` The Dark Is Rising '' . The New York Times Book Review . p. 8 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Margot Adler ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Author Uncertain About ' Dark ' Leap to Big Screen '' . National Public Radio ( NPR ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Margot Adler ( 27 September 2007 ) . `` Author Uncertain About ' Dark ' Leap to Big Screen '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Radio broadcast narrated by Adler incorporating material from interviews with Susan Cooper and John Hodge . Audio transcript at npr.org ( select `` Listen to the story '' ) retrieved 2013 - 01 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Susan Cooper at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database The Lost Land -- further information on the series . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Is_Rising_Sequence&oldid=837622497 '' Categories : Modern Arthurian fiction Series of children 's books Novels by Susan Cooper Fantasy novel series Low fantasy novels British fantasy novels English fantasy novels Welsh fantasy novels 1970s fantasy novels Novels set in Buckinghamshire British novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 00 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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history of public administration in the united states

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Public administration - wikipedia Public administration Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the discipline . For the journal , see Public Administration ( journal ) . Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice ; the latter is depicted in this picture of United States federal public servants at a meeting . Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties Public Administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service . As a `` field of inquiry with a diverse scope '' whose fundamental goal is to `` advance management and policies so that government can function '' . Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are : `` the management of public programs '' ; the `` translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day '' ; and `` the study of government decision making , the analysis of the policies themselves , the various inputs that have produced them , and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies . '' Public administration is `` centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programs as well as the behavior of officials ( usually non-elected ) formally responsible for their conduct '' . Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators , including heads of city , county , regional , state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors , human resources ( HR ) administrators , city managers , census managers , state mental health directors , and cabinet secretaries . Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies , at all levels of government . In the United States , civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted civil service reform in the 1880s , moving public administration into academia . However , `` until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Weber 's theory of bureaucracy '' there was not `` much interest in a theory of public administration '' . The field is multidisciplinary in character ; one of the various proposals for public administration 's sub-fields sets out six pillars , including human resources , organizational theory , policy analysis , statistics , budgeting , and ethics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 History 2.1 Antiquity to the 19th century 2.2 US in the 1940s 2.2. 1 1950s to the 1970s 2.3 1980s -- 1990s 3 Core branches 4 Decision - making models 4.1 Niskanen 's budget - maximizing 4.2 Dunleavy 's bureau - shaping 5 Academic field 5.1 Comparative public administration 5.2 Master 's degrees 5.3 Doctoral degrees 5.4 Notable scholars 6 International organizations 7 Public management 7.1 Organizations 8 See also 8.1 Societies 8.2 Public management academic resources 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Public management 12 External links Definitions ( edit ) Administrators tend to work with both paper documents and computer files : `` There has been a significant shift from paper to electronic records during the past two decades . Although government institutions continue to print and maintain paper documents as ' official records , ' the vast majority of records are now created and stored in electronic format . '' ( pictured here is Stephen C. Dunn , Deputy Comptroller for the US Navy ) In 1947 Paul H. Appleby defined public administration as `` public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action '' . In a democracy , it has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity , the worth , and the potentials of the citizen . One year later , Gordon Clapp , then Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority defined public administration `` as a public instrument whereby democratic society may be more completely realized . '' This implies that it must `` relate itself to concepts of justice , liberty , and fuller economic opportunity for human beings '' and is thus `` concerned with `` people , with ideas , and with things '' . According to James D. Carroll & Alfred M. Zuck , the publication by `` Woodrow Wilson of his essay , `` The Study of Administration '' in 1887 is generally regarded as the beginning of public administration as a specific field of study `` . Drawing on the democracy theme and discarding the link to the executive branch , Patricia M. Shields asserts that public administration `` deals with the stewardship and implementation of the products of a living democracy '' . The key term `` product '' refers to `` those items that are constructed or produced '' such as prisons , roads , laws , schools , and security . `` As implementors , public managers engage these products . '' They participate in the doing and making of the `` living '' democracy . A living democracy is `` an environment that is changing , organic '' , imperfect , inconsistent and teaming with values . `` Stewardship is emphasized because public administration is concerned `` with accountability and effective use of scarce resources and ultimately making the connection between the doing , the making and democratic values '' . More recently scholars claim that `` public administration has no generally accepted definition '' , because the `` scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define '' . Public administration is a field of study ( i.e. , a discipline ) and an occupation . There is much disagreement about whether the study of public administration can properly be called a discipline , largely because of the debate over whether public administration is a subfield of political science or a subfield of administrative science `` , the latter an outgrowth of its roots in policy analysis and evaluation research . Scholar Donald Kettl is among those who view public administration `` as a subfield within political science '' . According to Lalor a society with a public authority that provides at least one public good can be said to have a public administration whereas the absence of either ( or a fortiori both ) a public authority or the provision of at least one public good implies the absence of a public administration . He argues that public administration is the public provision of public goods in which the demand function is satisfied more or less effectively by politics , whose primary tool is rhetoric , providing for public goods , and the supply function is satisfied more or less efficiently by public management , whose primary tools are speech acts , producing public goods . The moral purpose of public administration , implicit in its acceptance of its role , is the maximization of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants . The North American Industry Classification System definition of the Public Administration ( NAICS 91 ) sector states that public administration `` ... comprises establishments primarily engaged in activities of a governmental nature , that is , the enactment and judicial interpretation of laws and their pursuant regulations , and the administration of programs based on them '' . This includes `` Legislative activities , taxation , national defense , public order and safety , immigration services , foreign affairs and international assistance , and the administration of government programs are activities that are purely governmental in nature '' . From the academic perspective , the National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) in the United States defines the study of public administration as `` A program that prepares individuals to serve as managers in the executive arm of local , state , and federal government and that focuses on the systematic study of executive organization and management . Includes instruction in the roles , development , and principles of public administration ; the management of public policy ; executive - legislative relations ; public budgetary processes and financial management ; administrative law ; public personnel management ; professional ethics ; and research methods . '' History ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Antiquity to the 19th century ( edit ) Dating back to Antiquity , Pharaohs , kings and emperors have required pages , treasurers , and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government . Prior to the 19th century , staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism , favouritism , and political patronage , which was often referred to as a `` spoils system '' . Public administrators have long been the `` eyes and ears '' of rulers . In medieval times , the abilities to read and write , add and subtract were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment . Consequently , the need for expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in such necessary activities as legal record - keeping , paying and feeding armies and levying taxes . As the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over other continents and people , the need for a sophisticated public administration grew . The field of management may well be said to have originated in ancient China , including possibly the first highly centralized bureaucratic state , and the earliest ( by the second century BC ) example of an administration based on merit through testing . Far in advance of the rest of the world until almost the end of the 18th century , Sinologist Herrlee G. Creel and other scholars find the influence of Chinese administration in Europe by the 12th century , for example , in Fredrick II 's promulgations , characterized as the `` birth certificate of modern bureaucracy '' . Though Chinese administration can not be traced to any one individual , emphasizing a merit system figures of the Fa - Jia like 4th century BC reformer Shen Buhai ( 400 -- 337 BC ) may have had more influence than any other , and might be considered its founder , if not valuable as a rare pre-modern example of abstract theory of administration . Creel writes that , in Shen Buhai , there are the `` seeds of the civil service examination '' , and that , if one wishes to exaggerate , it would `` no doubt be possible to translate Shen Buhai 's term Shu , or technique , as ' science ' '' , and argue that he was the first political scientist , though Creel does `` not care to go this far '' . The eighteenth - century noble , King Frederick William I of Prussia , created professorates in Cameralism in an effort to train a new class of public administrators . The universities of Frankfurt an der Oder and University of Halle were Prussian institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines , with the goal of societal reform . Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi was the most well - known professor of Cameralism . Thus , from a Western European perspective , Classic , Medieval , and Enlightenment - era scholars formed the foundation of the discipline that has come to be called public administration . Lorenz von Stein , an 1855 German professor from Vienna , is considered the founder of the science of public administration in many parts of the world . In the time of Von Stein , public administration was considered a form of administrative law , but Von Stein believed this concept too restrictive . Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many prestablished disciplines such as sociology , political science , administrative law and public finance . He called public administration an integrating science , and stated that public administrators should be concerned with both theory and practice . He argued that public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method . Modern American public administration is an extension of democratic governance , justified by classic and liberal philosophers of the western world ranging from Aristotle to John Locke to Thomas Jefferson . Woodrow Wilson In the United States of America , Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration . He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled `` The Study of Administration '' . The future president wrote that `` it is the object of administrative study to discover , first , what government can properly and successfully do , and , secondly , how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy '' . Wilson was more influential to the science of public administration than Von Stein , primarily due to an article Wilson wrote in 1887 in which he advocated four concepts : Separation of politics and administration Comparative analysis of political and private organizations Improving efficiency with business - like practices and attitudes toward daily operations Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil servants , merit - based assessment The separation of politics and administration has been the subject of lasting debate . The different perspectives regarding this dichotomy contribute to differentiating characteristics of the suggested generations of public administration . By the 1920s , scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson 's solicitation and thus textbooks in this field were introduced . A few distinguished scholars of that period were , Luther Gulick , Lyndall Urwick , Henri Fayol , Frederick Taylor , and others . Frederick Taylor ( 1856 -- 1915 ) , another prominent scholar in the field of administration and management also published a book entitled The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) . He believed that scientific analysis would lead to the discovery of the `` one best way '' to do things or carrying out an operation . This , according to him could help save cost and time . Taylor 's technique was later introduced to private industrialists , and later into the various government organizations ( Jeong , 2007 ) . Taylor 's approach is often referred to as Taylor 's Principles or Taylorism . Taylor 's scientific management consisted of main four principles ( Frederick W. Taylor , 1911 ) : Replace rule - of - thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks . Scientifically select , train , and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves . Provide `` detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker 's discrete task '' ( Montgomery 1997 : 250 ) . Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers , so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks . Taylor had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system ( approach ) : ' It is only through enforced standardization of methods , enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions , and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured . And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with management alone . ' The American Society for Public Administration ( ASPA ) the leading professional group for public administration was founded in 1939 . ASPA sponsors the journal Public Administration Review , which was founded in 1940 . US in the 1940s ( edit ) Luther Gulick ( 1892 -- 1993 ) was an expert on public administration . The separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant role in public administration today . However , the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged by second generation scholars , beginning in the 1940s . Luther Gulick 's fact - value dichotomy was a key contender for Wilson 's proposed politics - administration dichotomy . In place of Wilson 's first generation split , Gulick advocated a `` seamless web of discretion and interaction '' . Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick are two second - generation scholars . Gulick , Urwick , and the new generation of administrators built on the work of contemporary behavioural , administrative , and organizational scholars including Henri Fayol , Fredrick Winslow Taylor , Paul Appleby , Frank Goodnow , and Willam Willoughby . The new generation of organizational theories no longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical and enlightened theorists . Gulick developed a comprehensive , generic theory of organization that emphasized the scientific method , efficiency , professionalism , structural reform , and executive control . Gulick summarized the duties of administrators with an acronym ; POSDCORB , which stands for planning , organizing , staffing , directing , coordinating , reporting , and budgeting . Fayol developed a systematic , 14 - point treatment of private management . Second - generation theorists drew upon private management practices for administrative sciences . A single , generic management theory bleeding the borders between the private and the public sector was thought to be possible . With the general theory , the administrative theory could be focused on governmental organizations . The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick . The politics - administration dichotomy remained the centre of criticism . 1950s to the 1970s ( edit ) During the 1950s , the United States experienced prolonged prosperity and solidified its place as a world leader . Public Administration experienced a kind of heyday due to the successful war effort and successful post war reconstruction in Western Europe and Japan . Government was popular as was President Eisenhower . In the 1960s and 1970s , government itself came under fire as ineffective , inefficient , and largely a wasted effort . The costly American intervention in Vietnam along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic party headquarters ( the 1974 Watergate scandal ) are two examples of self - destructive government behaviour that alienated citizens . The costly Vietnam War alienated U.S. citizens from their government ( pictured is Operation Arc Light , a U.S. bombing operation ) There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective , wasteful bureaucracy . Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective . Elected officials supported these reforms . The Hoover Commission , chaired by University of Chicago professor Louis Brownlow , to examine reorganization of government . Brownlow subsequently founded the Public Administration Service ( PAS ) at the university , an organization which has provided consulting services to all levels of government until the 1970s . Concurrently , after World War II , the whole concept of public administration expanded to include policymaking and analysis , thus the study of `` administrative policy making and analysis '' was introduced and enhanced into the government decision - making bodies . Later on , the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of public administration . This period witnessed the development and inclusion of other social sciences knowledge , predominantly , psychology , anthropology , and sociology , into the study of public administration ( Jeong , 2007 ) . Henceforth , the emergence of scholars such as , Fritz Morstein Marx with his book The Elements of Public Administration ( 1946 ) , Paul H. Appleby Policy and Administration ( 1952 ) , Frank Marini ' Towards a New Public Administration ' ( 1971 ) , and others that have contributed positively in these endeavors . 1980s -- 1990s ( edit ) In the late 1980s , yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last . The new theory , which came to be called New Public Management , was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book Reinventing Government . The new model advocated the use of private sector - style models , organizational ideas and values to improve the efficiency and service - orientation of the public sector . During the Clinton Administration ( 1993 -- 2001 ) , Vice President Al Gore adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches . In the 1990s , new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US , the UK and , to a lesser extent , in Canada . The original public management theories have roots attributed to policy analysis , according to Richard Elmore in his 1986 article published in the `` Journal of Policy Analysis and Management '' . Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller , more fragmented agencies , encouraging competition between different public agencies , and encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms and using economic incentives lines ( e.g. , performance pay for senior executives or user - pay models ) . NPM treats individuals as `` customers '' or `` clients '' ( in the private sector sense ) , rather than as citizens . Some critics argue that the New Public Management concept of treating people as `` customers '' rather than `` citizens '' is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector model , because businesses see customers as a means to an end ( profit ) , rather than as the proprietors of government ( the owners ) , opposed to merely the customers of a business ( the patrons ) . In New Public Management , people are viewed as economic units not democratic participants which is the hazard of linking an MBA ( business administration , economic and employer - based model ) too closely with the public administration ( governmental , public good ) sector . Nevertheless , the NPM model ( one of four described by Elmore in 1986 , including the `` generic model '' ) is still widely accepted at multiple levels of government ( e.g. , municipal , state / province , and federal ) and in many OECD nations . In the late 1990s , Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public services model in response to the dominance of NPM . A successor to NPM is digital era governance , focusing on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities , needs - based holism ( executing duties in cursive ways ) , and digitalization ( exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage ) . One example of this is openforum.com.au , an Australian non-for - profit eDemocracy project which invites politicians , senior public servants , academics , business people and other key stakeholders to engage in high - level policy debate . Another new public service model is what has been called New Public Governance , an approach which includes a centralization of power ; an increased number , role and influence of partisan - political staff ; personal - politicization of appointments to the senior public service ; and , the assumption that the public service is promiscuously partisan for the government of the day . In the mid-1980s , the goal of community programs in the United States was often represented by terms such as independent living , community integration , inclusion , community participation , deinstitutionalization , and civil rights . Thus , the same public policy ( and public administration ) was to apply to all citizens , inclusive of disability . However , by the 1990s , categorical state systems were strengthened in the United States ( Racino , in press , 2014 ) , and efforts were made to introduce more disability content into the public policy curricula with disability public policy ( and administration ) distinct fields in their own right . Behaviorists have also dominated `` intervention practice '' ( generally not the province of public administration ) in recent years , believing that they are in opposition to generic public policy ( termed ecological systems theory , of the late Urie Bronfenbrenner ) . Increasingly , public policy academics and practitioners have utilized the theoretical concepts of political economy to explain policy outcomes such as the success or failure of reform efforts or the persistence of suboptimal outcomes . Core branches ( edit ) In academia , the field of public administration consists of a number of sub-fields . Scholars have proposed a number of different sets of sub-fields . One of the proposed models uses five `` pillars '' : Organizational theory in public administration is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them . Ethics in public administration serves as a normative approach to decision making . Policy analysis serves as an empirical approach to decision making . Public budgeting is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce resources among unlimited demands . Human resource management is an in - house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased , ethical and values - based manner . The basic functions of the HR system are employee benefits , employee health care , compensation , and many more ( e.g. , human rights , Americans with Disabilities Act ) . The executives managing the HR director and other key departmental personnel are also part of the public administration system . Decision - making models ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Given the array of duties public administrators find themselves performing , the professional administrator might refer to a theoretical framework from which he or she might work . Indeed , many public and private administrative scholars have devised and modified decision - making models . Niskanen 's budget - maximizing ( edit ) In 1971 , Professor William Niskanen proposed a rational choice variation which he called the `` budget - maximizing model '' . He claimed that rational bureaucrats will universally seek to increase the budgets of their units ( to enhance their stature ) , thereby contributing to state growth and increased public expenditure . Niskanen served on President Reagan 's Council of Economic Advisors ; his model underpinned what has been touted as curtailed public spending and increased privatization . However , budgeted expenditures and the growing deficit during the Reagan administration is evidence of a different reality . A range of pluralist authors have critiqued Niskanen 's universalist approach . These scholars have argued that officials tend also to be motivated by considerations of the public interest . Dunleavy 's bureau - shaping ( edit ) The bureau - shaping model , a modification of Niskanen , holds that rational bureaucrats only maximize the part of their budget that they spend on their own agency 's operations or give to contractors and interest groups . Groups that are able to organize a `` flowback '' of benefits to senior officials would , according to this theory , receive increased budgetary attention . For instance , rational officials will get no benefit from paying out larger welfare checks to millions of low - income citizens because this does not serve a bureaucrats ' goals . Accordingly , one might instead expect a jurisdiction to seek budget increases for defense and security purposes in place programming . If we refer back to Reagan once again , Dunleavy 's bureau shaping model accounts for the alleged decrease in the `` size '' of government while spending did not , in fact , decrease . Domestic entitlement programming was financially deemphasized for military research and personnel . Academic field ( edit ) See also : Master of Public Administration and Doctor of Public Administration University programs preparing students for careers in public administration typically offer the Master of Public Administration ( MPA ) degree , although in some universities , an MA in Public Administration is awarded . In the United States , the academic field of public administration draws heavily on political science and administrative law . Some MPA programs include economics courses to give students a background in microeconomic issues ( markets , rationing mechanisms , etc . ) and macroeconomic issues ( e.g. , national debt ) . Scholars such as John A. Rohr write of a long history behind the constitutional legitimacy of government bureaucracy . In Europe ( notably in Britain and Germany ) , the divergence of the field from other disciplines can be traced to the 1720s continental university curriculum . Formally , official academic distinctions were made in the 1910s and 1890s , respectively . The goals of the field of public administration are related to the democratic values of improving equality , justice , security , efficiency and effectiveness of public services in a non-profit venue ; business administration , on the other hand , is primarily concerned with expanding market share , generating revenue and earning profit . For a field built on concepts ( accountability , governance , decentralization and clientele ) , these concepts are often ill - defined and typologies often ignore certain aspects of these concepts ( Dubois & Fattore 2009 ) . The more specific term `` public management '' refers to ordinary , routine or typical management that aims to achieve public good . In some definitions , `` public management '' refers to private sector , market - driven perspective on the operation of government . This typically involves putting senior executives on performance contracts , rather than tenured positions , instituting pay - for - performance systems for executives , creating revenue - generating agencies and so on . This latter view is often called `` new public management '' ( NPM ) by its advocates . New Public Management represents a reform attempt that emphasizes the professional nature of public administration . NPM advocates aim to replace the academic , moral or disciplinary emphasis of traditional public administration with a professional focus . Some theorists advocate a `` bright line '' differentiation of the professional field from related academic disciplines like political science and sociology ; it remains interdisciplinary in nature . One public administration scholar , Donald Kettl , argues that `` public administration sits in a disciplinary backwater '' , because `` for the last generation , scholars have sought to save or replace it with fields of study like implementation , public management , and formal bureaucratic theory '' . Kettl states that `` public administration , as a subfield within political science ... is struggling to define its role within the discipline '' . He notes two problems with public administration : it `` has seemed methodologically to lag behind '' and `` the field 's theoretical work too often seems not to define it '' - indeed , `` some of the most interesting recent ideas in public administration have come from outside the field '' . Public administration theory is the domain in which discussions of the meaning and purpose of government , the role of bureaucracy in supporting democratic governments , budgets , governance , and public affairs takes place . In recent years , public administration theory has periodically connoted a heavy orientation toward critical theory and postmodern philosophical notions of government , governance , and power . However , many public administration scholars support a classic definition of the term emphasizing constitutionality , public service , bureaucratic forms of organization , and hierarchical government . Comparative public administration ( edit ) Comparative public administration or CPA is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries . There have been several issues which have hampered the development of comparative public administration , including : the major differences between Western countries and developing countries ; the lack of curriculum on this sub-field in public administration programs ; and the lack of success in developing theoretical models which can be scientifically tested . Even though CPA is a weakly formed field as a whole , this sub-field of public administration is an attempt at cross-cultural analysis , a `` quest for patterns and regularities of administrative action and behavior . '' CPA is an integral part to the analysis of public administration techniques . The process of comparison allows for more widely applicable policies to be tested in a variety of situations . Comparative public administration emerged during the post-World War II period in order to seek international developmental strategies which aided in the containment of communism during the Cold War . ( Riggs 1954 , Heady 1960 ) The developers of this field expanded on a general theory , a research agenda , and generalized `` lessons learned '' . ( Riggs 1954 , Heady 1960 ) A prominent figure of Public Administration , Woodrow Wilson , commented on the study by saying , `` Like principles of civil liberty are everywhere fostering like methods of government ; and if comparative studies of the ways and means of government should enable us to offer suggestions which will practicably combine openness and vigor in the administration of such governments with ready docility to all serious , well - sustained public criticism , they will have approved themselves worthy to be ranked among the highest and most fruitful of the great departments of political study '' . As the financial state of the powering countries began to stabilize toward the decline of the Cold War , the field of CPA began to diminish . The resulting decline caused the lack of further expansion of this study making it irrelevant . Comparative public administration lacks curriculum , which has prevented it from becoming a major field of study . This lack of understanding of the basic concepts that build this field 's foundation has ultimately led to its lack of use . For example , William Waugh , a professor at Georgia State University has stated `` Comparative studies are difficult because of the necessity to provide enough information on the sociopolitical context of national administrative structures and processes for readers to understand why there are differences and similarities . '' He also asserts , `` Although there is sizable literature on comparative public administration it is scattered and dated . '' Waugh argues that public administration requires an understanding of different administrative structures and a comparison of different public administration models . The literature to build this base of knowledge is scattered and often hard to obtain . The lack or ill - formed use of comparative public administration has been detrimental for many countries , including the United States . Fred Riggs a political scientist , states that `` comparisons to the United States also can be problematic , because of the tendency of many American scholars to presume the American organizational structures and processes are models for other nations to emulate , which was a failing of early developmental administrative studies . '' In this , he claims the misuse and misapplication of comparative public administration has led to it being underdeveloped . The development and better use comparative public administration could lead to better understanding . In 2002 , the National Security Strategy was used in the battle of hearts and minds . They tried to assimilate with an Arab and Islamic audience to push American values and democracy in an attempt to stop terrorism , when in fact the lack of comparison on the public level was ineffective and backfired . The lack of willingness to understand their culture led to more tension in the Middle East . In conclusion of these events there are not enough resources directed to the study of comparative public administration . For a basic understanding of sociopolitical structure of a society or culture is a key component of comparative public administration . Despite all of its set backs there are examples of the application of well - formed Comparative Public Administration working in the world today . One of which is the comparison on the national level David Clark an author in this field states `` In spite of similarities in public management reform rhetoric , it is argued that there is increasing divergence in the philosophy & practice of public service in the two nations , & and these differences reflect regimes that incorporate different ideals of citizenship . '' This highlights the benefit of proper comparison of public administration . By examining patterns that emerge in international public sectors one can identify similarities and differences in many things including ideals of citizenship on the local level . Although the United States failed use of Comparative Public Administration in the Middle East is noted , they did properly incorporate it domestically . `` During the Clinton administration , the focus on residential energy consumption in the United States was elevated to a high level with the inauguration of the Million Solar Roofs initiative , in which the Department of Energy ( DOE ) sponsored workshops , developed a pool of existing federal lending and financing options , and worked with partners in the solar and building industries to remove market barriers to strengthen grassroots demand for solar technologies '' . This grassroots demand may have come from the comparative knowledge that concluded `` In the United States , residential and commercial buildings combined now use 71 % of all electricity produced and account for 79 % of all electricity expenditures . Annual CO emission attributed to electricity consumption in these U.S. buildings constitute 43 % of the country 's annual total CO emission , which is approximately equivalent to the total CO emission of Japan , France , and the United Kingdom combined . These levels support the claim of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that energy use in buildings offer more potential for reducing carbon emission than any other single sector in the United States and abroad . '' . This example compares CO emission in the United States to other countries and through the buildings sector ; the US could cut down on CO2 emission . The field of comparative public administration is often misunderstood for the definition itself is complex and requires layers of understanding . The field will require many more years of collaborative research before it becomes a widely recognized academic study . Master 's degrees ( edit ) The Knapp - Sanders Building , the home of the School of Government at the University of North Carolina . Some public administration programs have similarities to business administration programs , in cases where the students from both the Master 's in Public Administration ( MPA ) and Master 's in Business Administration ( MBA ) programs take many of the same courses . In some programs , the MPA ( or MAPA ) is more clearly distinct from the MBA , in that the MPA often emphasizes substantially different ethical and sociological criteria that pertain to administering government programs for the public good that have not been key criteria for business managers , who typically aim to maximize profit or share price . The MPA is related to similar graduate - level government studies programs including Master of Arts ( MA ) programs in public affairs , public policy , and political science . MPA degrees may be more likely to include program emphases on policy analysis techniques or other topical focuses such as the study of international affairs as opposed to MA degrees , which tend to focus on constitutional issues such as separation of powers , administrative law , contracting with government , problems of governance and power , and participatory democracy . Some MPA degrees may be more oriented towards training students to undertake public service work tasks , whereas some MA programs may have a more academic , theoretical focus . Some universities offer their Masters in public administration as an MA degree ( e.g. , Carleton University in Ottawa , Canada and the University of Kerala in India ) . Some universities offer mid-career Master 's programs , sometimes called an MC / MPA , that can be taken part - time ( often outside of business hours ) by public servants and public service managers who are working full - time . Community programs may offer internships or continuing education credits . One example is the Maxwell School 's mid-career Masters at Syracuse University , which was launched by Robert Iversen in the 1970s . Doctoral degrees ( edit ) There are two types of doctoral degrees in public administration : the Doctor of Public Administration ( DPA ) and the Ph. D. in public administration . The DPA is an applied - research doctoral degree in the field of public administration , focusing on the practice of public administration more than on its theoretical aspects . The DPA requires coursework beyond the Masters level and a thesis , dissertation or other doctoral project . Upon successful completion of the doctoral requirements , the title of `` Doctor '' is awarded and the post-nominals of D.P.A. can be used . Some universities use the Ph. D. as their doctoral degree in public administration ( e.g. , Carleton University in Ottawa , Canada , and the University Of Kerala in India ) . The Ph. D. is typically sought by individuals aiming to become professors of public administration or researchers . Individuals pursuing a Ph. D. in public administration often pursue more theoretical dissertation topics than their DPA counterparts . Notable scholars ( edit ) Main article : List of notable public administration scholars Notable scholars of public administration have come from a range of fields . In the period before public administration existed as its own independent discipline , scholars contributing to the field came from economics , sociology , management , political science , administrative law , and , other related fields . More recently , scholars from public administration and public policy have contributed important studies and theories . International organizations ( edit ) There are a number of international public administration organizations . The Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management ( CAPAM ) is diverse , as it includes the 54 member states of the Commonwealth from India and the UK to Nauru . Its biennial conference brings together ministers of public service , top public officials and leading scholars . The oldest organization is the International Institute of Administrative Sciences ( IIAS ) . Based in Brussels , Belgium , the IIAS is a worldwide platform providing a space for exchanges that promote knowledge and good practices to improve the organization and operation of public administration . The IIAS also aims to ensure that public agencies will be in a position to better respond to the current and future expectations and needs of society . The IIAS has set up four entities : the International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration ( IASIA ) , the European Group for Public Administration ( EGPA ) , The Latin American Group for Public Administration ( LAGPA ) and the Asian Group for Public Administration ( AGPA ) . IASIA is an association of organizations and individuals whose activities and interests focus on public administration and management . The activities of its members include education and training of administrators and managers . It is the only worldwide scholarly association in the field of public management . EGPA , LAGPA and AGPA are the regional sub-entities of the IIAS . Another body , the International Committee of the US - based Network of Schools of Public Policy , Affairs , and Administration ( NASPAA ) , has developed a number of relationships around the world . They include sub regional and National forums like CLAD , INPAE and NISPAcee , APSA , ASPA . The Center for Latin American Administration for Development ( CLAD ) , based in Caracas , Venezuela , this regional network of schools of public administration set up by the governments in Latin America is the oldest in the region . The Institute is a founding member and played a central role in organizing the Inter-American Network of Public Administration Education ( INPAE ) . Created in 2000 , this regional network of schools is unique in that it is the only organization to be composed of institutions from North and Latin America and the Caribbean working in public administration and policy analysis . It has more than 49 members from top research schools in various countries throughout the hemisphere . NISPAcee is a network of experts , scholars and practitioners who work in the field of public administration in central Europe and Eastern Europe , including the Russian Federation and the Caucasus and Central Asia . The US public administration and political science associations like NASPAA , American Political Science Association ( APSA ) and American Society of Public Administration ( ASPA ) . These organizations have helped to create the fundamental establishment of modern public administration . Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration ( EROPA ) is a state - membership based organization , open to other organizations and individuals , headquartered in The Philippines with centres and membership organized around the Asia Pacific region . EROPA organizes annual conferences , and publishes a journal Asian Review of Public Administration ( ARPA ) . It has a number of centres in the region , and assists in networking experts with its members . Public management ( edit ) `` Public management '' is an approach to government administration and non-profit administration that resembles or draws on private - sector management and business techniques and approaches . These business approaches often aim to maximize efficiency and effectiveness and provide improved customer service . A contrast is drawn with the study of public administration , which emphasizes the social and cultural drivers of government that many contend ( e.g. , Graham T. Allison and Charles Goodsell ) makes it different from the private sector . Studying and teaching about public management are widely practiced in developed nations . Organizations ( edit ) Many entities study public management in particular , in various countries , including : In the US , the American Society for Public Administration . Indiana University Bloomington In Canada , the Institute of Public Administration of Canada , the Observatoire de l'Administtation publique , and various projects of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and Infrastructure Canada In the UK , Warwick Business School , the London School of Economics , University College London , the UK local democracy project and London Health Observatory . In the Netherlands , The Hague University of Applied Sciences In Australia , the Institute of Public Administration Australia . In France , the École nationale d'administration , the Sciences Po School of Public Affairs , the INET , National Institute of Territorial Studies , and the IMPGT , Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance in Aix - en - Provence , Aix - Marseille University . In Belgium , the Public Governance Institute , KU Leuven . In Germany , the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer , the Hertie School of Governance , the Bachelor and Master of Politics , Administration & International Relations ( PAIR ) at the Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen , and the Bachelor and Master of Public Policy & Management and the Executive Public Management Master of University of Potsdam . In Switzerland , the University of Geneva and the Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration ( IDHEAP ) . In Italy , the SDA Bocconi School of Management , the graduate business school of Bocconi University in Milan , Italy . In Cyprus , the Cyprus International Institute of Management or CIIM . In Ireland , the Institute of Public Administration , Dublin . In South Africa , Regenesys Business School through the Regenesys School of Public Management and MANCOSA . Comparative public management , through government performance auditing , examines the efficiency and effectiveness of two or more governments . See also ( edit ) Book : Public administration Administration ( government ) Administrative law Budgeting Bureaucracy Civil society Community services Max Weber Doctor of Public Administration List of Public Administration Journals Municipal government Official Politics Professional administration Public administration theory Public policy Policy Studies Public policy schools Teleadministration Theories of administration The Study of Administration Societies ( edit ) International Institute of Administrative Sciences American Society for Public Administration Chinese Public Administration Society Dutch Association for Public Administration Indian Institute of Public Administration Korea Institute of Public Administration Royal Institute of Public Administration Public management academic resources ( edit ) International Journal of Public Sector Management , ISSN 0951 - 3558 , Emerald Group Publishing Public Management Review , ISSN 1471 - 9045 ( electronic ) ISSN 1471 - 9037 ( paper ) Routledge Public Works Management & Policy , ISSN 1552 - 7549 ( electronic ) ISSN 1087 - 724X ( paper ) , SAGE Publications Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Random House Unabridged Dictionary '' . Dictionary.infoplease.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Public Administration . Eds Jack Rabin , W. Bartley Hildreth , and Gerard J. Miller . 1989 : Marcel Dekker , NY . p. iii Jump up ^ Robert and Janet Denhardt . Public Administration : An Action Orientation . 6th Ed . 2009 : Thomson Wadsworth , Belmont CA . ^ Jump up to : Kettl , Donald and James Fessler. 2009 . The Politics of the Administrative Process . Washington D.C. : CQ Press . Jump up ^ Jerome B. McKinney and Lawrence C. Howard . Public Administration : Balancing Power and Accountability . 2nd Ed . 1998 : Praeger Publishing , Westport , CT . p. 62 Jump up ^ UN Economic and Social Council . Committee of Experts on Public Administration . Definition of basic concepts and terminologies in governance and public administration . 2006 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Woodrow . June , 1887 . `` The Study of Administration '' , Political Science Quarterly 2 . Jump up ^ Public administration . ( 2010 ) In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : Shafritz , J.M. , A.C. Hyde . 2007 . Classics of Public Administration . Wadsworth : Boston . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Records and Document Management Systems : A New Tool for Enhancing the Public 's Right to Access Government - Held Information ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Appleby , Paul 1947 . `` Toward Better Public Administration '' , Public Administration Review Vol. 7 , No. 2 pp. 93 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Gordon . 1948 . `` Public Administration in an Advancing South '' , Public Administration Review Vol. 8 . no . 2 pp. 169 -- 75 . Clapp attributed part of this definition to Charles Beard . Jump up ^ Carroll , J.D. & Zuck , A.M. ( 1983 ) . `` The Study of Public Administration Revisited '' . A Report of the Centennial Agendas project of the American Society for Public Administration . Washington , DC ; American Society for Public Administration . Jump up ^ Shields , Patricia . 1998 . `` Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science : A Tool for Public Administration '' Research in Public Administration Vol. 4 . pp. 195 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Shields , Patricia . 1998 . `` Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science : A Tool for Public Administration '' , Research in Public Administration Vol. 4 . p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/public-administration/ . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Haveman , R.H. ( 1987 ) . Policy analysis and evaluation research after twenty years . `` Policy Studies Journal '' , 16 ( 1 ) : 191 -- 218 . ^ Jump up to : Kettl , Donald F. `` The Future of Public Administration '' ( PDF ) . H-net.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lalor , Stephen A General Theory of Public Administration ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Definition Public Administration ( NAICS 91 ) '' . Ic.gc.ca . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CIP user site '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ewan Ferlie , Laurence E. Lynn , Christopher Pollitt ( 2005 ) The Oxford Handbook of Public Management , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Kazin , Edwards , and Rothman ( 2010 ) , 142 . One of the oldest examples of a merit - based civil service system existed ' in the imperial bureaucracy of China . Tan , Chung ; Geng , Yinzheng ( 2005 ) . India and China : twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations . University of Michigan Press . p. 128 . China not only produced the world 's first `` bureaucracy '' , but also the world 's first `` meritocracy '' Konner , Melvin ( 2003 ) . Unsettled : an anthropology of the Jews . Viking Compass . p. 217 . China is the world 's oldest meritocracy Tucker , Mary Evelyn ( 2009 ) . `` Touching the Depths of Things : Cultivating Nature in East Asia '' . Ecology and the environment : perspectives from the humanities . Harvard Divinity School : 51 . To staff these institutions , they created the oldest meritocracy in the world , in which government appointments were based on civil service examinations that drew on the values of the Confucian Classics Jump up ^ Ewan Ferlie , Laurence E. Lynn , Christopher Pollitt 2005 p. 30 , The Oxford Handbook of Public Management Jump up ^ Herrlee G. Creel , 1974 p. 119 . `` Shen Pu - Hai : A Secular Philosopher of Administration '' , Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1 . Jump up ^ Creel , `` The Origins of Statecraft in China , I '' , The Western Chou Empire , Chicago , pp. 9 - 27 Jump up ^ Otto B. Van der Sprenkel , `` Max Weber on China '' , History and Theory 3 ( 1964 ) , 357 . Jump up ^ Creel , What Is Taoism ? , 94 Creel , 1974 p. 4 , 119 Shen Pu - hai : A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. Creel 1964 : 155 - 6 Herrlee G. Creel , 1974 p. 119 . Shen Pu - Hai : A Secular Philosopher of Administration , Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1 . Paul R. Goldin , p. 16 Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism . https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_ Jump up ^ Second Treatise on Government Jump up ^ Declaration of Independence Jump up ^ Ryan , M. , Mejia , B. , and Georgiev , M. ( Ed ) . 2010 . AM Gov 2010 . McGraw Hill : New York . ^ Jump up to : Jeong Chun Hai Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2007 ) . Principles of Public Administration : An Introduction . Kuala Lumpur : Karisma Publications . ISBN 978 - 983 - 195 - 253 - 5 Jump up ^ Frederick W. Taylor . ( 1856 -- 1915 ) . Principles of Scientific Management . New York & London : Harper Brothers ; Also see , Jeong Chun Hai Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2007 ) . Principles of Public Administration : An Introduction . Kuala Lumpur : Karisma Publications . ISBN 978 - 983 - 195 - 253 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Our Web Site Has Moved ! '' . Aspanet.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fry , Brian R. 1989 . Mastering Public Administration ; from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo . Chatham , New Jersey : Chatham House Publishers , Inc. p. 80 Jump up ^ Kamensky , John M. ( May -- June 1996 ) . `` Role of the `` Reinventing Government '' movement in Federal management reform `` . Public Administration Review . Wiley . 56 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 976448 . JSTOR 976448 . Jump up ^ Elmore , Richard F. ( 1986 ) . `` Graduate education in public management : working the seams of government '' . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . Wiley . 6 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 83 . doi : 10.1002 / pam. 4050060107 . Jump up ^ Margetts , Helen ; Dunleavy , Patrick ; Bastow , Simon ; Tinkler , Jane ( July 2006 ) . `` New public management is dead -- long live digital - era governance '' . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory . Oxford Journals. 16 ( 3 ) : 467 -- 94 . doi : 10.1093 / jopart / mui057 . Jump up ^ Diane Stone , ( 2008 ) `` Global Public Policy , Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks '' , Journal of Policy Sciences . Jump up ^ Denhardt , Robert B. ; Vinzant Denhardt , Janet ( November -- December 2000 ) . `` The new public service : serving rather than steering '' . Public Administration Review . Wiley . 60 ( 6 ) : 549 -- 59 . doi : 10.1111 / 0033 - 3352.00117 . JSTOR 977437 . Jump up ^ Aucoin , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` New Public Management and the Quality of Government : Coping with the New Political Governance in Canada '' , Conference on New Public Management and the Quality of Government , SOG and the Quality of Government Institute , University of Gothenburg , Sweden , 13 -- 15 November 2008 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elmore , Richard F. ; Watson , Sara ; Pfeiffer , David ( 1992 ) . `` A case for including disability policy issues in public policy curricula '' . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management ( Curriculum and Case Notes ) . Wiley . 11 ( 1 ) : 167 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 3325146 . Jump up ^ Zola , Irving K. ( 1993 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Brown , Susan T. , An Independent Living Approach to Disability Policy Studies , Berkeley , CA : Research and Training Center on Public Policy And Independent Living , World Institute on Disability , OCLC 36404707 . Jump up ^ Racino , Julie A. ( 2015 ) . Public administration and disability community services administration in the US . Boca Raton : CRC Press . ISBN 9781466579828 . Jump up ^ Corduneanu - Huci , Cristina ; Hamilton , Alexander ; Masses Ferrer , Issel ( 2012 ) . Understanding Policy Change : How to Apply Political Economy Concepts in Practice . Washington DC. : The World Bank . Jump up ^ Dubois , Hans F.W. ; Fattore , Giovanni ( 2009 ) . International Journal of Public Administration . 32 . Routledge Taylor & Francis Group . pp. 704 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 01900690902908760 . The field of public administration knows many concepts . By focusing on one such concept , this research shows how definitions can be deceptive ... Jump up ^ Jreisat , Jamil E. ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Comparative Public Administration Is Back In , Prudently '' . Public Administration Review . 65 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 42 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6210.2005. 00447. x . ISSN 1540 - 6210 . ^ Jump up to : utminers.utep.edu/spena2/PAD5355/WHAT % 20IS % 20CPA. ppt Jump up ^ `` American Founders The Heritage Foundation '' . Heritage.org. 2013 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Off Campus Database Authentication '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Off Campus Database Authentication '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Off Campus Database Authentication '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Off Campus Database Authentication '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NASPAA International Web Portal '' . Globalmpa.net . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CLAD '' . CLAD. 2007 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 25 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Studio , Floyd ; Andruch , Ján . `` Homepage - NISPAcee Information Portal '' . nispa.sk . Jump up ^ `` APSA - American Political Science Association '' . Apsanet.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ aspanet.org Jump up ^ `` Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration '' . Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Mancosa . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Institute Of Public Administration - Home '' . Iipa.org.in . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . References ( edit ) Kirchwey , George W. ( 1905 ) . `` Civil Administration '' . In Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Further reading ( edit ) Dubois , H.F.W. & Fattore , G. ( 2009 ) , ' Definitions and typologies in public administration research : the case of decentralization ' , International Journal of Public Administration , 32 ( 8 ) : 704 -- 27 . Jeong Chun Hai @ Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2007 ) . Principles of Public Administration : An Introduction . Kuala Lumpur : Karisma Publications . ISBN 978 - 983 - 195 - 253 - 5 Smith , Kevin B. and Licari , Michael J. Public Administration -- Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government , ISBN 1 - 933220 - 04 - X White , Jay D. and Guy B. Adams . Research in public administration : reflections on theory and practice . 1994 . Donald Menzel and Harvey White ( eds ) 2011 . The State of Public Administration : Issues , Challenges and Opportunity . New York : M.E. Sharpe . Public management ( edit ) Janicke , M. ( 1990 ) . State Failure . Cambridge : Polity Press . Kanter , R.M. ( 1985 ) . The Change Masters : Corporate Entrepreneurs at Work . Hemel Hempstead : Unwin Paperbacks . Lane , R.E. ( 1991 ) . The Market Experience . New York : Cambridge University Press . Lynn , L.E. , Jr. ( 1996 ) . `` Public Management as Art , Science , and Profession . '' Chatham House , CQ Press . Lynn , L.E. , Jr. ( 2006 ) . `` Public Management : Old and New . '' Routledge . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Public administration Gov Monitor : A public administration , policy and public sector website Public Administration Theory Network ( PAT - Net ) : This is an international network of professionals concerned with the advancement of public administration theory . The Global Public Administration Resource : A forum where practitioners , academics and students can discuss topics in public administration . United Nations Public Administration Network ( UNPAN ) : A body which aims to establish an Internet - based network that links regional and national institutions devoted to public administration . 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bert and ernie how they got their names

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bert_and_Ernie&oldid=821422942

Bert and Ernie - wikipedia Bert and Ernie Jump to : navigation , search Ernie ( left ) , with his rubber duckie , and Bert ( right ) Bert and Ernie are two Muppets who appear together in numerous skits on the popular U.S. children 's television show Sesame Street . Originated by Frank Oz and Jim Henson , the characters are currently performed by puppeteers Eric Jacobson and Peter Linz ; Oz occasionally performed Bert between 2000 and 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ernie 3 Bert 4 In popular culture 5 Internationally 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Bert and Ernie were built by Don Sahlin from a simple design scribbled by Jim Henson , creator of The Muppets . Initially , Henson performed Bert and Oz performed Ernie , but after just one day of rehearsal , they switched characters . The original idea was to show that even though two people can have totally different characteristics , they can still be good friends . According to writer Jon Stone , the relationship between Bert and Ernie reflected the real - life friendship between Henson and Oz . According to A&E 's Biography , Bert and Ernie were virtually the only Muppets to appear in the Sesame Street pilot episode , which was screen tested to a number of families in July 1969 . Their brief appearance was the only part of the pilot that tested well , so it was decided that not only should Muppet characters be the `` stars '' of the show , but would also interact with the human characters , something that was not done in the pilot . An ordinary Bert and Ernie skit involves Ernie coming up with a hare brained idea , and Bert trying to talk him out of it , ending with Bert losing his temper and Ernie remaining unaware of the results of his own bad idea . For example , in one sketch , Ernie tells Bert he started to collect ice cubes the day before , and put them under the electric blanket overnight . When he shows the ice cubes to Bert , he finds out that they have melted into water . Bert knows what happened , and tries to tell Ernie that his ice cubes melted because of the electric blanket , but Ernie takes this to mean that a fish from the ocean came into the apartment and melted his ice cubes , and vows to find the ( non existent ) fish that melted them . The age of the characters is unclear . Sesame Street Live performer Taylor Morgan said in an interview that `` I just kind of try to think like a 6 -- year -- old or a 7 -- year -- old , because that 's how old Bert is . '' Ernie ( edit ) Main article : Ernie ( Sesame Street ) Ernie was originally performed by Jim Henson . From 1993 to 2014 , Muppeteer Steve Whitmire took on the role of Ernie ( following the death of Henson in 1990 ) . In 2014 , Billy Barkhurst took on the role of Ernie ; currently , the character is performed by Peter Linz . Ernie is a `` live hand puppet '' , meaning that while operating the head of the puppet with his right hand , the puppeteer inserts his left hand into a T shaped sleeve , capped off with a glove that matches the fabric `` skin '' of the puppet , thus `` becoming '' the left arm of the puppet . A second puppeteer usually provides the right arm . Ernie 's performance of `` Rubber Duckie , '' wherein he sings affectionately about his squeaking toy duck and the joy it brings him during bath time , became a modest mainstream hit , reaching No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 1970 . Bert ( edit ) Main article : Bert ( Sesame Street ) Bert was initially performed by Frank Oz . Since 2001 , Muppeteer Eric Jacobson has been phased in as Bert 's primary performer after Oz retired from most of his Muppet duties to focus on directing ( Oz , however , did continue to perform the character occasionally ) . Bert is a `` hand rod puppet '' , which means that while the puppeteer 's right arm is inserted into Bert 's head to control the mouth , the puppeteer 's left hand uses rods to control the arms of the puppet . In popular culture ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bert and Ernie are among a handful of Sesame Street - specific Muppets to also appear on The Muppet Show , making occasional cameo appearances , such as at the end of The Muppets Valentine Show , the 1974 pilot episode for the series . While several other Muppets featured on Sesame Street such as Kermit the Frog would crossover into the other program , Bert and Ernie were primarily confined to the occasional cameo . Bert and Ernie live together in an apartment in the basement of 123 Sesame Street . Despite sleeping in separate beds , they share the same bedroom , which has led to some speculation that they are a representation of gay lovers . This is denied by Sesame Workshop , and some of Bert 's interactions with female characters appear to show that he is attracted to women : serenading Connie Stevens in the Some Enchanted Evening segment of a first - season episode of The Muppet Show , and recording a song about his girlfriend , I Want to Hold Your Ear , which was released on several albums . But the idea of Bert and Ernie as a couple is sufficiently widespread that it has been used as the basis of jokes on the shows Saturday Night Live , American Dad ! , Modern Family , The Simpsons , Friends , 2DTV , The Middle , Family Guy , and Supernatural . Sportscaster Jim Rome has received emails and phone calls from listeners to his radio program on the subject , and has expressed disgust with them . More recently , The New Yorker magazine chose an image of Bert and Ernie by artist Jack Hunter , titled Moment of Joy , as the cover of their July 8 , 2013 publication , which covers the Supreme Court decisions on the Defense of Marriage Act and California 's Proposition 8 . From March 30 , 1997 , to ca . 2002 , the parody website `` Bert is Evil '' displayed Bert in a number of doctored photographs , implicating him in crimes ranging from the Assassination of John F. Kennedy to those of Jack the Ripper . A similar image from another source and featuring Bert conferring with Osama bin Laden was mistakenly included by a Bangladeshi print shop on a series of protest signs in October 2001 and 2002 . The German comedy sketch series Freitag Nacht News had a recurring sketch called Bernie und Ert created by Attik Kargar , who performed the puppets and supplied the voice of Bernie . Bernie and Ert are an obscene parody of Ernie and Bert , and especially re dubbed on Sesamstrasse . The puppets had no nose , one eye each , and swapped hairstyles . Each sketch focused on such topics as crime , drug abuse and Friday the 13th . In February 2003 , Bernie and Ert were dropped from the series because of legal concerns ; however , older episodes circulate on the internet . They also appeared in a Freitag Nacht News sequence called Bullzeye in a sketch called `` Popo Club '' . Bernie & Ert wore black masks and leather jackets , disguised as Unknown No. 1 and Unknown No. 2 respectively , with another character named Winfred , propagating bizarre sexual practices . This skit became popular that it resulted in more skits called `` Popo Club '' featuring Unknown No. 1 & 2 , with occasional appearances by Winfred . Characters named Bert and Ernie appear in the film It 's a Wonderful Life as a taxi driver and a policeman , respectively , but those behind Sesame Street claim that it is merely a coincidence . Jerry Juhl , a writer on many Henson related projects , said , `` Despite his many talents , Jim had no memory for details like this . He knew the movie , of course , but would not have remembered the police officer and the cabdriver . '' This is referenced in the Sesame Street special Elmo Saves Christmas , where due to Elmo 's wish , Christmas repeats itself every day and `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' plays on television continuously . The part where Bert and Ernie are referenced is toward the end , where the two ( who do n't speak ) are walking by the television and stop short when they hear their names mentioned . In April 2013 , a pair of high energy neutrinos detected at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory , possibly of extragalactic origin , have been nicknamed `` Bert '' and `` Ernie '' . The British soap opera EastEnders has confirmed that characters Bert and Ernie Moon are named after the Muppets characters . Internationally ( edit ) Arab World , Iftah Ya Simsim , Bert is `` Badr '' , and Ernie is `` Anis '' . They are called `` Anis w Badr '' Brazil , Vila Sésamo , Bert is `` Beto '' , and Ernie is `` Ênio '' . They 're called `` Ênio e Beto '' . Egypt , Alam Simsim , Bert is `` Hadi '' , and Ernie is Shadi . They are known as `` Shadi w Hadi '' . France , 1 , Rue Sésame , Bert is `` Bart '' and Ernie is `` Ernest '' . They are called `` Ernest et Bart '' . It is also interesting to note that in the French version , when Bert 's brother Bart comes to visit , he is called `` Bert '' . Germany , Sesamstraße , they are called `` Ernie und Bert '' . Israel , Rechov Sumsum , Bert is `` Bentz '' , a common short - form for the name `` Ben - Tzion '' , and Ernie is `` Arik '' , short - form for `` Ariel '' . Italy , `` Sesamo apriti '' , Bert is `` Berto '' and Ernie is `` Ernesto '' . They are called `` Ernesto e Berto '' . Mexico and all Latin America , Plaza Sésamo , Bert is `` Beto '' , while Ernie is `` Enrique '' . In addition , Ernie 's cousin Ernestine is called `` Enriqueta '' . Netherlands , Sesamstraat they are `` Bert en Ernie '' . Paul Haenen provides Bert 's voice , and Wim T. Schippers provides Ernie 's . Norway , Sesam Stasjon , Bert is `` Bernt '' , while Ernie is `` Erling '' . Usually , they 're called `` Bernt og Erling '' , respecitvely voiced by Harald Mæle and Magnus Nielsen . Pakistan , Khul Ja Sim Sim , Bert is `` Bablu '' , while Ernie is `` Annu '' . They are commonly called `` Annu aur Bablu '' . Poland , Ulica Sezamkowa , Bert is `` Hubert '' and Ernie is `` Emil '' . They are called `` Hubert i Emil '' . Portugal , Rua Sésamo , Bert is `` Becas '' and Ernie is `` Egas '' . They are called `` Egas e Becas '' , in the opposite order . Russia , Ulitsa Sezam , Bert is Vlas and Ernie is Yenik . They are called Yenik i Vlas Spain , Barrio Sésamo , Bert is `` Blas '' , and Ernie is `` Epi '' . Also , they 're always called `` Epi y Blas '' , in the opposite order . Turkey , Susam Sokağı , Bert is `` Büdü '' , while Ernie is `` Edi '' . They are commonly called `` Edi ile Büdü '' . See also ( edit ) Muppets portal Fictional characters portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ONTD_Political - Bert and Ernie Come Out in the New Yorker '' . Ontd-political.livejournal.com. 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Davis , Michael ( 2008 ) . Street Gang : The Complete History of Sesame Street . New York : Viking Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 01996 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` macon.com '' . macon.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2007 ) . `` Top Pop Singles : 1955 - 2006 '' . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara and David P. `` Open Sesame '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Barbara and David P. Mikkelson . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . The Children 's Television Workshop has steadfastly denied rumors about Bert and Ernie 's sexual orientation ... Jump up ^ Françoise Mouly ; Mina Kaneko . `` Cover Story '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 28 . `` It 's amazing to witness how attitudes on gay rights have evolved in my lifetime , '' said Jack Hunter , the artist behind next week 's cover Jump up ^ BBC News - Bert in the frame with Bin Laden Jump up ^ Carroll , Jon ( 2000 - 01 - 03 ) . `` A Few Tiny Errors , Part I '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ George Dvorsky ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Neutrinos From Another Galaxy Have Been Discovered in Antarctica '' . Io9.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob ( 22 June 2014 ) . `` EastEnders spoilers : Kat and Alfie Moon 's twin boys to be named after Muppets Bert and Ernie - Mirror Online '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sesame Street at PBS Kids Sesame Workshop Tough Pigs Anthology Transcripts of Bert and Ernie sketches ( hide ) Sesame Street characters Muppets of Sesame Street Abby Cadabby Barkley The Bear family Bert and Ernie Bert Ernie Big Bird Cookie Monster Count von Count Don Music Elmo Granny Bird Grover Grouches Grundgetta Guy Smiley Herry Monster Honkers Hoots the Owl Irvine Julia Kermit the Frog Mr. Johnson Mrs. Grouch Murray Monster Natasha Oscar the Grouch Prairie Dawn Roosevelt Franklin Rosita Roxie Marie Sherlock Hemlock Slimey the Worm Mr. Snuffleupagus Telly Monster Two - Headed Monster Yip Yips Zoe Human characters Alan Bob Johnson Chris Robinson Gordon Robinson David Gabi Rodriguez Gina Jefferson Hiroshi Linda Luis Rodriguez Maria Rodriguez Miles Robinson Mr. Hooper Mr. Noodle Natalie Olivia Robinson The Number Painter Susan Robinson Trash Gordon Animated characters Teeny Little Super Guy International co-production characters Abelardo the Dragon Basil Chaos Don Pimpón Espinete Kami Kippi Ben Kippod Moishe Oofnik Pong Pagong MusicBrainz : 38f0c0f7 - 7984 - 404b - b580 - cf82968eacd4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_and_Ernie&oldid=821422942 '' Categories : American comedy duos Fictional characters introduced in 1969 Television duos Animated duos Sesame Street Muppet characters Sesame Street segments Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles that may contain original research from June 2013 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Frysk Galego Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 11 : 11 . 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how many chapters are in son by lois lowry

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Son_(novel)&oldid=831522542

Son ( novel ) - wikipedia Son ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( November 2013 ) Son by Lois Lowry Author Lois Lowry Country United States Language English Series The Giver Quartet Genre Young adult fiction Dark fantasy Publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publication date October 2 , 2012 Media type Print ( hardback ) Pages 393 pp ISBN 978 - 0 - 54788 - 720 - 3 Preceded by Messenger Son is the final entry in The Giver Quartet by Lois Lowry . It was preceded by Messenger , the third book of the series . The book follows Claire , the mother of Gabriel , the baby seen in The Giver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Before 1.2 Between 1.3 Beyond 2 Themes and development 3 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Son is written in three parts , each with a subtitle : Before , Between , and Beyond . Before ( edit ) Before takes place in the same location ( `` The Community '' ) and at the same time as The Giver . Claire 's assigned occupation in the community is Birth Mother , whose primary responsibility is to give birth . At the start of the book , Claire is nearing the end of her pregnancy . She gives birth to her child at 14 , but complications during labor necessitate delivery by Cesarean section . Three weeks after giving birth , Claire reports to the birthing unit office and is reassigned to work at the Fish Hatchery . Before she leaves , she inquires after the baby she delivered , and the officer informs her that the baby is healthy , accidentally informing Claire that the child is male and number Thirty - Six in his year . Claire retains curiosity for her son as she begins work at the Fish Hatchery and begins casually volunteering at the infant nurturing center to see him . As she plays with Thirty - Six , she quickly grows to love him , a feeling she finds that she alone experiences . She later realizes that all adult community members take pills that suppress emotions . As a Birth Mother , she was instructed not to take the pills , and the matter was overlooked in her reassignment . Claire is told that Thirty - Six is going `` Elsewhere '' for his failure to thrive according to the community 's standards . Before she can do anything , her son is saved and taken away by Jonas , the protagonist from The Giver . Claire attempts to follow them on a supply boat , but the boat soon encounters a strong storm and is shipwrecked . Between ( edit ) In Between , Claire is rescued from the beach the supply boat shipwrecked on . She is taken in by a midwife , Alys , while she tries to regain her memory , as she has suffered from temporary amnesia after the wreck . Once her memories return , a man , Lame Einar , trains her to be able to escape the village they are in . She must be able to climb a steep cliff up out of the valley . After climbing the cliff , she meets an evil entity , Trademaster , which offers to take her to her son if she trades her youth . Claire agrees and is turned into an old woman , and her son , named Gabriel ( Gabe ) , is located . Beyond ( edit ) In Beyond , Gabe is now a young man , with a power to see into other people 's minds for a split second , called `` veering . '' Gabe is also curious about his old home and his real mother . Meanwhile , Jonas notices Claire , finds out that she is the mother of Gabe , and convinces Gabe that Claire is his mother and that the Trademaster is evil and caused her to grow old . Gabe is then told that the Trademaster must be killed . He meets the Trademaster , veers into its body , and understands that the Trademaster is hungry for suffering . Gabe then tells the Trademaster of all the people that he has tried to destroy and how they are living happily again . That destroys the Trademaster , and when Gabe returns home , Claire returns to her younger self . Themes and development ( edit ) Themes in Son include those of love , obligation , sacrifice , and loss . Lowry had originally not planned on writing Son or any sequels to The Giver , but she was inspired to write the story after she `` decided to describe what became of him ( Gabriel ) as he grew up . '' Initially intending to center the book on Gabriel and his determination to discover his past , Lowry instead found herself being drawn to write more about Claire . She stated , `` I was n't aware of it at the time ... but when I was writing of her yearning to find her boy , that was coming out of my own yearning to have my own son back . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Reception for Son has been mostly positive , with the book gaining starred reviews from Kirkus Reviews and Booklist . A reviewer for The Washington Post wrote that the book had a `` quiet climax '' , stating that the ultimate `` power of this parable '' is that `` It confronts us with some of the choices we are making and plays out the consequences . '' Robin Wasserman of The New York Times commented that Son did well as a standalone novel and praised Lowry 's descriptions in the book . The Boston Globe criticized the book 's `` over-elaborations and pacing '' while writing that `` overall the journey is still worth the effort '' . The AV Club commented that while the book could have used more world - building , it is also `` just plain good young - adult literature '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Williams , John . `` Book Review Podcast : The Final Book in Lois Lowry 's ' Giver ' Quartet '' . New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wasserman , Robin . `` The Searcher '' . New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dar , Mahnaz . `` Lois Lowry Talks About Her Latest Novel , ' Son ' '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kois , Dan . `` The Children 's Author Who Actually Listens to Children '' . New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SON by Lois Lowry Kirkus Book Reviews '' . 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Irene ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Son , by Lois Lowry Booklist Online '' . Booklist Online . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Quattlebaum , Mary ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Book World : ' Son ' by Lois Lowry concludes series that began with ' The Giver ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Liz ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Son ' by Lois Lowry '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin . `` Lois Lowry 's new Son finally concludes and resolves the classic story of The Giver '' . AV Club . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lois Lowry 's web site ( hide ) Novels by Lois Lowry The Giver Quartet The Giver ( 1993 ) Gathering Blue ( 2000 ) Messenger ( 2004 ) Son ( 2012 ) The Anastasia Series Anastasia Krupnik ( 1979 ) Anastasia Again ! ( 1981 ) Anastasia at Your Service ( 1982 ) Anastasia , Ask Your Analyst ( 1984 ) Anastasia on Her Own ( 1985 ) Anastasia Has the Answers ( 1986 ) Anastasia 's Chosen Career ( 1987 ) Anastasia at This Address ( 1991 ) Anastasia Absolutely ( 1995 ) The Sam Series All About Sam ( 1988 ) Attaboy Sam ! ( 1992 ) See You Around , Sam ! ( 1996 ) Zooman Sam ( 1999 ) The Tates Series The One Hundredth Thing About Caroline ( 1983 ) Switcharound ( 1985 ) Your Move , J.P. ! ( 1990 ) The Gooney Bird Series Gooney Bird Greene ( 2002 ) Gooney Bird and the Room Mother ( 2006 ) Gooney the Fabulous ( 2007 ) Gooney Bird Is So Absurd ( 2009 ) Autobiographical Looking Back ( 1998 ) Other A Summer to Die ( 1977 ) Here in Kennebunkport ( 1978 ) Find a Stranger , Say Goodbye ( 1978 ) Autumn Street ( 1980 ) Taking Care of Terrific ( 1983 ) Us and Uncle Fraud ( 1984 ) Rabble Starkey ( 1987 ) Number the Stars ( 1989 ) Stay ! Keeper 's Story ( 1997 ) The Silent Boy ( 2003 ) Gossamer ( 2006 ) The Willoughbys ( 2008 ) Crow Call ( 2009 ) The Birthday Ball ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Son_(novel)&oldid=831522542 '' Categories : 2012 American novels Dystopian novels Lois Lowry Giver series Novels by Lois Lowry Dark fantasy novels Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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