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Yijia-Xiao
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pii-cord19

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Please summerize the given abstract to a title	BACKGROUND: Rapid detection, isolation, and contact tracing of community COVID-19 cases are essential measures to limit the community spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We aimed to identify a parsimonious set of symptoms that jointly predict COVID-19 and investigated whether predictive symptoms differ between the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) lineage (predominating as of April 2021 in the US, UK, and elsewhere) and wild type. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We obtained throat and nose swabs with valid SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results from 1,147,370 volunteers aged 5 years and above (6,450 positive cases) in the REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-1 (REACT-1) study. This study involved repeated community-based random surveys of prevalence in England (study rounds 2 to 8, June 2020 to January 2021, response rates 22%–27%). Participants were asked about symptoms occurring in the week prior to testing. Viral genome sequencing was carried out for PCR-positive samples with N-gene cycle threshold value < 34 (N = 1,079) in round 8 (January 2021). In univariate analysis, all 26 surveyed symptoms were associated with PCR positivity compared with non-symptomatic people. Stability selection (1,000 penalized logistic regression models with 50% subsampling) among people reporting at least 1 symptom identified 7 symptoms as jointly and positively predictive of PCR positivity in rounds 2–7 (June to December 2020): loss or change of sense of smell, loss or change of sense of taste, fever, new persistent cough, chills, appetite loss, and muscle aches. The resulting model (rounds 2–7) predicted PCR positivity in round 8 with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77. The same 7 symptoms were selected as jointly predictive of B.1.1.7 infection in round 8, although when comparing B.1.1.7 with wild type, new persistent cough and sore throat were more predictive of B.1.1.7 infection while loss or change of sense of smell was more predictive of the wild type. The main limitations of our study are (i) potential participation bias despite random sampling of named individuals from the National Health Service register and weighting designed to achieve a representative sample of the population of England and (ii) the necessary reliance on self-reported symptoms, which may be prone to recall bias and may therefore lead to biased estimates of symptom prevalence in England. CONCLUSIONS: Where testing capacity is limited, it is important to use tests in the most efficient way possible. We identified a set of 7 symptoms that, when considered together, maximize detection of COVID-19 in the community, including infection with the B.1.1.7 lineage.	Predictive symptoms for COVID-19 in the community: REACT-1 study of over 1 million people	Predictive symptoms for COVID-19 in the community: REACT-1 study of over 1 million people
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Background: Thousands of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been discharged from hospitals, persistent follow-up studies are required to evaluate the prevalence of post-COVID-19 fibrosis. Methods: : This study involves 462 laboratory confirmed patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital from January 11, 2020 to April 26, 2020. A total of 457 patients underwent thin-section chest CT scans during the hospitalization or after discharge to identify the pulmonary lesion. A total of 287 patients were followed up from 90 days to 150 days after the onset of the disease, and lung function tests were conducted in about three months after the onset. The risk factors affecting the persistence of pulmonary fibrosis were identified through regression analysis and the prediction model of the persistence of pulmonary fibrosis was established. Results: : Parenchymal bands, irregular interfaces, reticulation and traction bronchiectasis were the most common CT features in all COVID-19 patients. During the 0-30, 31-60, 61-90, 91-120 and >120 days after onset, 86.87%, 74.40%, 79.56%, 68.12% and 62.03% patients developed with pulmonary fibrosis and 4.53%, 19.61%, 18.02%, 38.30% and 48.98% patients reversed pulmonary fibrosis, respectively. It was observed that Age, BMI, Fever, and Highest PCT were predictive factors for sustaining fibrosis even after 90 days from onset. A predictive model of the persistence with pulmonary fibrosis was developed based-on the Logistic Regression method with an accuracy, PPV, NPV, Sensitivity and Specificity of the model of 76%, 71%, 79%, 67%, and 82%, respectively. More than half of COVID-19 patients revealed abnormal condition in lung function after 90 days from onset, and the ratio of abnormal lung function did not differ on a statistically significant level between the fibrotic and non-fibrotic groups. Conclusions: : Persistent pulmonary fibrosis was more likely to develop in patients with older age, high BMI, severe/critical condition, fever, long time to turn the viral RNA negative, pre-existing disease and delay to admission. Fibrosis developed in COVID-19 patients could be reversed in about a third of the patients after 120 days from onset. The pulmonary function of less than half of COVID-19 patients could turn to normal condition after three months from onset. An effective prediction model with an average Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.84 was established to predict the persistence of pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-19 patients for early diagnosis.	Pulmonary fibrosis and its related factors in discharged patients with new coronavirus pneumonia: A cohort study	Pulmonary fibrosis and its related factors in discharged patients with new coronavirus pneumonia: A cohort study
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Background: This study examines the global media framing of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) to understand the dominant frames and how choice of words compares in the media. Periods of health crisis such as the outbreak of coronavirus pandemic add to the enormous burden of the media in keeping people constantly informed. Extant literature suggests that when a message is released through the media, what matters most is not what is said but how it is said. As such, the media could either mitigate or accentuate the crisis depending on the major frames adopted for the coverage. Methods: The study utilises content analysis. Data were sourced from LexisNexis database and two websites that yielded 6145 items used for the analysis. Nine predetermined frames were used for the coding. Results: Human Interest and fear/scaremongering frames dominated the global media coverage of the pandemic. We align our finding with the constructionist frame perspective which assumes that the media as information processor creates 'interpretative packages' in order to both reflect and add to the 'issue culture' because frames that paradigmatically dominate event coverage also dominate audience response. The language of the coverage of COVID-19 combines gloom, hope, precaution and frustration at varied proportions. Conclusion: We conclude that global media coverage of COVID-19 was high, but the framing lacks coherence and sufficient self-efficacy and this can be associated with media's obsession for breaking news. The preponderance of these frames not only shapes public perception and attitudes towards the pandemic but also risks causing more problems for those with existing health conditions due to fear or panic attack.	Communicating health crisis: a content analysis of global media framing of COVID-19.	Communicating health crisis: a content analysis of global media framing of COVID-19.
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	BACKGROUND: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) is a promising treatment for COVID-19. Blood collectors have rapidly scaled up collection and distribution programs. METHODS: We developed a detailed simulation model of CCP donor recruitment, collection, production, and distribution processes. We ran our model using varying epidemic trajectories from 11 U.S. states and with key input parameters drawn from wide ranges of plausible values to identify key drivers of ability to scale collections capacity and meet demand for CCP. RESULTS: Utilization of available CCP collections capacity followed increases in COVID-19 hospital discharges with a lag. Utilization never exceeded 75% of available capacity in most simulations. Demand was met for most of the simulation period in most simulations, but a substantial portion of demand went unmet during early, sharp increases in hospitalizations. For epidemic trajectories that included multiple epidemic peaks, second wave demand could generally be met due to stockpiles established during the decline from an earlier peak. Apheresis machine capacity (number of machines) and probability that COVID-19 recovered individuals are willing to donate were the most important supply-side drivers of ability to meet demand. Recruitment capacity was important in states with early peaks. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemic trajectory was the most important determinant of ability to meet demand for CCP, although our simulations revealed several contributing operational drivers of CCP program success.	Factors driving availability of COVID-19 convalescent plasma: Insights from a demand, production, and supply model	Factors driving availability of COVID-19 convalescent plasma: Insights from a demand, production, and supply model
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has become the most critical global health challenge in recent history. With SARS-CoV-2 infection, there was an unexpectedly high and specific prevalence of olfactory and taste disorders (OTDs). These high rates of hyposmia and hypogeusia, initially reported as up to 89% in European case series, led to the global inclusion of loss of taste and/or smell as a distinctive feature of COVID-19. However, there is emerging evidence that there are striking differences in the rates of OTDs in East Asian countries where the disease first emerged, as compared to Western countries (15.8 vs. 60.9%, p-value < 0.01). This may be driven by either variations in SARS-CoV-2 subtypes presenting to different global populations or genotypic differences in hosts which alter the predisposition of these different populations to the neuroinvasiveness of SARS-CoV-2. We also found that rates of OTDs were significantly higher in objective testing for OTDs as compared to subjective testing (73.6 vs. 60.8%, p-value = 0.03), which is the methodology employed by most studies. Concurrently, it has also become evident that racial minorities across geographically disparate world populations suffer from disproportionately higher rates of COVID-19 infection and mortality. In this mini review, we aim to delineate and explore the varying rates of olfactory and taste disorders amongst COVID-19 patients, by focusing on their underlying geographical, testing, ethnic and socioeconomic differences. We examine the current literature for evidence of differences in the olfactory and gustatory manifestations of COVID-19 and discuss current pathophysiological hypotheses for such differences.	Geographical Variations in Host Predisposition to COVID-19 Related Anosmia, Ageusia, and Neurological Syndromes	{{ORGANIZATION}} in Host Predisposition to {{NAME}} Ageusia, and Neurological Syndromes
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	The mathematical accepts while analysing the evolution of real word problems magnetizes the attention of many scholars In this connection, we analysed and find the solution for nonlinear system exemplifying the most dangerous and deadly virus called coronavirus The six ordinary differential equations of fractional order nurtured the projected mathematical model and they are analysed using q-homotopy analysis transform method (q-HATM) Further, most considered fractional operator is applied to study and capture the more corresponding consequences of the system, known as Caputo operator For different fractional order, the natures of the achieved results are illustrated in plots Lastly, the present investigation may aid us analyse the distinct and diverse classes of models exemplifying real-world problems and helps to envisage their corresponding nature with parameters associated with the models © 2021 NSP Natural Sciences Publishing Cor	New dynamical behaviour of the coronavirus (2019-ncov) infection system with non-local operator from reservoirs to people	New dynamical behaviour of the coronavirus (2019-ncov) infection system with non-local operator from reservoirs to people
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	BackgroundA two-dose regimen of ChAdOx1 coronavirus disease 19 (Covid-19) vaccine with an inter-dose interval of three months has been implemented in many countries with restricted vaccine supply. However, there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of ChAdOx1 by dose in elderly populations in countries with high prevalence of the Gamma variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). MethodsWe conducted a test-negative case-control study to estimate the effectiveness of ChAdOx1 vaccine in adults aged 60 years or older during a Gamma-variant-associated epidemic in Sao Paulo state, Brazil, between 17 January and 2 July 2021. Cases and matched test-negative controls were individuals, identified from surveillance databases, who experienced an acute respiratory illness and underwent SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the effectiveness by dose against RT-PCR-confirmed Covid-19, Covid-19 hospitalization, and Covid-19-related death. Results61,164 individuals were selected into matched case-control pairs. Starting [≥]28 days after the first dose, adjusted effectiveness of a single dose of ChAdOx1 was 33.4% (95% CI, 26.4 to 39.7) against Covid-19, 55.1% (95% CI, 46.6 to 62.2) against hospitalization, and 61.8% (95% CI, 48.9 to 71.4) against death. Starting [≥]14 days after the second dose, the adjusted effectiveness of the two-dose schedule was 77.9% (95% CI, 69.2 to 84.2) against Covid-19, 87.6% (95% CI, 78.2 to 92.9) against hospitalization, and 93.6% (95% CI, 81.9 to 97.7) against death. ConclusionsCompletion of the ChAdOx1 vaccine schedule afforded significantly increased protection over a single dose against mild and severe Covid-19 outcomes in elderly individuals during widespread Gamma variant transmission.	Effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 vaccine in the elderly during SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant transmission in Brazil	Effectiveness of the {{NAME}} vaccine in the elderly during SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant transmission in Brazil
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Background: While individuals living in long-term care (LTC) homes have experienced adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection, few studies have examined a broad range of predictors of 30-day mortality in this population. Methods: We studied residents living in LTC homes in Ontario, Canada, who underwent PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection from January 1 to August 31, 2020, and examined predictors of all-cause death within 30 days after a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. We examined a broad range of risk factor categories including demographics, comorbidities, functional status, laboratory tests, and characteristics of the LTC facility and surrounding community were examined. In total, 304 potential predictors were evaluated for their association with mortality using machine learning (Random Forest). Results: A total of 64,733 residents of LTC, median age 86 (78, 91) years (31.8% men), underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing, of whom 5029 (7.8%) tested positive. Thirty-day mortality rates were 28.7% (1442 deaths) after a positive test. Of 59,702 residents who tested negative, 2652 (4.4%) died within 30 days of testing. Predictors of mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection included age, functional status (e.g., activity of daily living score and pressure ulcer risk), male sex, undernutrition, dehydration risk, prior hospital contacts for respiratory illness, and duration of comorbidities (e.g., heart failure, COPD). Lower GFR, hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte count, and serum albumin were associated with higher mortality. After combining all covariates to generate a risk index, mortality rate in the highest risk quartile was 48.3% compared with 7% in the first quartile (odds ratio 12.42, 95%CI: 6.67, 22.80, p < 0.001). Deaths continued to increase rapidly for 15 days after the positive test. Conclusions: LTC residents, particularly those with reduced functional status, comorbidities, and abnormalities on routine laboratory tests, are at high risk for mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recognizing high-risk residents in LTC may enhance institution of appropriate preventative measures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)	Predictors of mortality among long-term care residents with SARS-CoV-2 infection	Predictors of mortality among long-term care residents with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Circulating concentrations of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are known to be increased in pro-inflammatory critical care syndromes, such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Elevations in serum IL-6 concentrations in patients with severe COVID-19 have led to renewed interest in the cytokine as a therapeutic target. However, although the pro-inflammatory properties of IL-6 are widely known, the cytokine also has a series of important physiological and anti-inflammatory functions. An adequate understanding of the complex processes by which IL-6 signalling occurs is crucial for the correct interpretation of IL-6 concentrations in the blood or lung, the use of IL-6 as a critical care biomarker, or the design of effective anti-IL-6 strategies. Here, we outline the role of IL-6 in health and disease, explain the different types of IL-6 signalling and their contribution to the net biological effect of the cytokine, describe the approaches to IL-6 inhibition that are currently available, and discuss implications for the future use of treatments such as tocilizumab in the critical care setting.	Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness	Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	This current work presents an SEIQR model with fuzzy parameters. The use of fuzzy theory helps us to solve the problems of quantifying uncertainty in the mathematical modeling of diseases. The fuzzy reproduction number and fuzzy equilibrium points have been derived focusing on a model in a specific group of people having a triangular membership function. Moreover, a fuzzy non-standard finite difference (FNSFD) method for the model is developed. The stability of the proposed method is discussed in a fuzzy sense. A numerical verification for the proposed model is presented. The developed FNSFD scheme is a reliable method and preserves all the essential features of a continuous dynamical system.	Construction and numerical analysis of a fuzzy non-standard computational method for the solution of an SEIQR model of COVID-19 dynamics	Construction and numerical analysis of a fuzzy non-standard computational method for the solution of an {{ORGANIZATION}} model of {{ORGANIZATION}}
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Non-adherence after heart transplantation (HTx) is a significant problem. The main objective of this study was to evaluate if a mHealth strategy is more effective than standard care in improving adherence and patients’ experience in heart transplant recipients. Methods: This was a single-center, randomized controlled trial (RCT) in adult recipients >1.5 years post-HTx. Participants were randomized to standard care (control group) or to the mHeart Strategy (intervention group). For patients randomized to the mHeart strategy, multifaceted theory-based interventions were provided during the study period to optimize therapy management using the mHeart mobile application. Patient experience regarding their medication regimens were evaluated in a face-to-face interview. Medication adherence was assessed by performing self-reported questionnaires. A composite adherence score that included the SMAQ questionnaire, the coefficient of variation of drug levels and missing visits was also reported. Results: A total of 134 HTx recipients were randomized (intervention N = 71; control N = 63). Mean follow-up was 1.6 (SD 0.6) years. Improvement in adherence from baseline was significantly higher in the intervention group versus the control group according to the SMAQ questionnaire (85% vs. 46%, OR = 6.7 (2.9; 15.8), p-value < 0.001) and the composite score (51% vs. 23%, OR = 0.3 (0.1; 0.6), p-value = 0.001). Patients’ experiences with their drug therapy including knowledge of their medication timing intakes (p-value = 0.019) and the drug indications or uses that they remembered (p-value = 0.003) significantly improved in the intervention versus the control group. Conclusions: In our study, the mHealth-based strategy significantly improved adherence and patient beliefs regarding their medication regimens among the HTx population. The mHeart mobile application was used as a feasible tool for providing long-term, tailor-made interventions to HTx recipients to improve the goals assessed.	Mobile Health to Improve Adherence and Patient Experience in Heart Transplantation Recipients: The mHeart Trial	{{ORGANIZATION}} in Heart Transplantation Recipients: The mHeart Trial
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic should be a lesson learnt with respect to the effort we have to invest in the development of new strategies for the treatment of viral diseases, along with their cheap, easy, sensitive, and selective detection. Since we live in a globalized world where just hours can play a crucial role in the spread of a virus, its detection must be as quick as possible. Thanks to their chemical stability, photostability, and superior biocompatibility, carbon dots are a kind of nanomaterial showing great potential in both the detection of various virus strains and a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy. The biosensing and antiviral properties of carbon dots can be tuned by the selection of synthesis precursors as well as by easy post-synthetic functionalization. In this review, we will first summarize current options of virus detection utilizing carbon dots by either electrochemical or optical biosensing approaches. Secondly, we will cover and share the up-to-date knowledge of carbon dots’ antiviral properties, which showed promising activity against various types of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. The mechanisms of their antiviral actions will be further adressed as well. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and distadvantages of the use of carbon dots in the tangled battle against viral infections in order to provide valuable informations for further research and development of new virus biosensors and antiviral therapeutics. [Image: see text]	Carbon dots for virus detection and therapy	Carbon dots for virus detection and therapy
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	This paper studies the problem of principal-agent with moral hazard in continuous time. The firm’s cash flow is described by geometric Brownian motion (hereafter GBM). The agent affects the drift of the firm’s cash flow by her hidden effort. Meanwhile, the firm rewards the agent with corresponding compensation and equity which depend on the output. The model extends dynamic optimal contract theory to an inflation environment. Firstly, the authors obtain the dynamic equation of the firm’s real cash flow under inflation by using the Itô formula. Then, the authors use the martingale representation theorem to obtain agent’s continuation value process. Moreover, the authors derive the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation of investor’s value process, from which the authors derive the investors’ scaled value function by solving the second-order ordinary differential equation. Comparing with He([1]), the authors find that inflation risk affects the agent’s optimal compensation depending on the firm’s position in the market.	Agent’s Optimal Compensation Under Inflation Risk by Using Dynamic Contract Model	Agent’s Optimal Compensation Under Inflation Risk by Using Dynamic Contract Model
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	OBJECTIVES: The public relies on various media sources and communication platforms for receipt of COVID-19 information. Therefore, identifying the primary sources of COVID-19 information among older adults can be valuable, as it can enable information on life-saving measures to be effectively disseminated to this population. METHODS: We analyzed the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey COVID-19 Supplement that was administrated from June 2020 through July 2020 (n=8,050). A survey-weighted logistic model was conducted to examine the association between sources of COVID-19 information Medicare beneficiaries most relied on (i.e., traditional news sources, social media, comments/guidance from government officials, other webpages/internet, friends/family members, and health care providers) and engaging in all three recommended preventive behaviors (i.e., mask wearing, social distancing, and handwashing). RESULTS: Among study participants, 89.8% engaged in all three recommended preventive behaviors. Approximately 59.3% of beneficiaries reported that they most relied upon traditional news sources for COVID-19 information; 11.4% reported health care providers; 10.6% reported comments/guidance from government officials; 8.8% reported other webpages/internet, 8.6% reported friends/family members; and 1.3% reported they relied upon social media. Beneficiaries who relied on comments/guidance from government officials for COVID-19 information (vs. traditional news sources) were more likely to engage in preventive behaviors (OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.20,2.35). However, those who relied on COVID-19 information from friends/family members (vs. traditional news sources) were less likely to engage in preventive behaviors (OR=0.56, 95% CI=0.44,0.73). DISCUSSION: Our findings can inform decision making about the effective communication sources to reach Medicare beneficiaries for public health messaging regarding preventive measures, including COVID-19 vaccination.	The Role of Media Sources for COVID-19 Information on Engaging in Recommended Preventive Behaviors among Medicare Beneficiaries Aged ≥ 65 Years	The Role of Media Sources for COVID-19 Information on Engaging in Recommended Preventive Behaviors among Medicare Beneficiaries Aged ≥ 65 Years
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	BACKGROUND: Currently, no consensus on the use of blood tests for monitoring disease recurrence in patients with resected melanoma exists. The only meta-analysis conducted in 2008 found that elevated serum S100B levels were associated with significantly worse survival in melanoma patients. Serum LDH is an established prognostic factor in patients with advanced melanoma. OBJECTIVE: To compare the discriminative and prognostic ability of serum S100B with that of serum LDH in patients with melanoma. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis were reported in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42019137138). RESULTS: A quantitative analysis of data from 6 eligible studies included 1,033 patients with cutaneous melanoma. The discriminative ability of serum S100B at identifying disease relapse [pooled Area Under the ROC (AUROC) 78.64 (95% CI 70.28; 87.01)] was significantly greater than the discriminative ability of serum LDH [AUROC 64.41 (95% CI 56.05; 7278)] (p=0.013). Ten eligible studies with 1,987 patients were included in the risk of death analysis. The prognostic performance of serum S100B [pooled estimate of adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.78 (95% CI 1.38; 2.29)] was independent but not superior to that of serum LDH [HR 1.60 (95% CI 1.36; 2.29)]. LIMITATIONS: A relatively small number of articles were eligible and there was considerable heterogeneity across the included studies. CONCLUSIONS: Serum biomarkers may provide relevant information on melanoma patient status and should be further researched. Serum S100B is a valid marker for diagnosis of melanoma recurrence. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42019137138).	Predictive Performance of Serum S100B Versus LDH in Melanoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	Predictive Performance of Serum S100B {{NAME}} in Melanoma Patients: A Systematic Review and {{ORGANIZATION}}
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Disasters such as an earthquake, a flood, and an epidemic usually lead to large numbers of casualties accompanied by disruption of the functioning of local medical institutions. A rapid response of medical assistance and support is required. Mobile hospitals have been deployed by national and international organizations at disaster situations in the past decades, which play an important role in saving casualties and alleviating the shortage of medical resources. In this paper, we briefly introduce the types and characteristics of mobile hospitals used by medical teams in disaster rescue, including the aspects of structural form, organizational form, and mobile transportation. We also review the practices of mobile hospitals in disaster response and summarize the problems and needs of mobile hospitals in disaster rescue. Finally, we propose the development direction of mobile hospitals, especially on the development of intelligence, rapid deployment capabilities, and modularization, which provide suggestions for further research and development of mobile hospitals in the future.	Application and Prospect of a Mobile Hospital in Disaster Response	Application and Prospect of a Mobile Hospital in Disaster Response
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Background:Secondary bacterial co-infections are not common in patients with COVID19.However ,the rate of bacterial pneumonia is high in critically ill patients with COVID19 and there is increased risk of joining bacterial infection by increasing of severity of COVID19 and achieving maximal rate in intubated patients.And there is increased rate of overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics in patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU) department.Objective:The aim of our investigation was to evaluate the rate of secondary bacterial co-infection in critically ill patients with COVID19 and its impact to the mortality rate in such patients.Method and measurements:Of 129 COVID-19 patients admitted in our ICU from 21 April 2020 to 15 August 2020,93 have been mechanically ventilated.BALF was performed in 68 patients during ICU stay and all were suspected of bacterial pneumonia.Bacterial cultures of BALF positively defined in case of grew with significant amount of bacteria(ie,>-104 colony-forming units/ml).All pneumonia cases in intubated patients was assessed as Ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) and was defined as eraly-onset and late onset as pneumonia diagnosed before and after 5 days of mechanical ventilation, respectively.Results:In 51% (n=35) of 78 patients was obtained bacterial cultires and just in 5(7.4%) of 68 patients was evaluated the early-onset VAP and in remaining 63 patients (92%) of patients was detected late-onset VAP.VAP in patients commonly was associated with ARDS compared to non-VAP patients(OR 3.57[0.89-7.92]CI 95%;p=0.001) and although late-onset VAP in patients significantly often was associated with kidney failure (OR 2.95[075-6.32]CI 95%;p=0.003) and septic shock 3.68[1.05-8.21] CI95%;p=0.001).In all early-onset pneumonia patients ,bacterial pathogens were most commonly gram positive bacteria(100%) and 80%(4/5) were susceptible to cefotaxime, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem.Conversely, in late-onset VAP, most bacterial pathogens were gram-negative bacteria(29/30) and muti-drug resistant (MDR)pathogens(14/30).Among MDR gram-negative bacteria causing late-onset VAP, most commonly was obtained Acinotebacter baumannii(9/30),followed Pseudomonas aeruginosa(6/30),folowed Klebsiella pneumoniae (5/30) and Escherichia coli(5/30) and Aspergillus fumigates(5/30).And just 13% of patients with late-onset VAP were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam,17% were susceptible to cefepime and 34% were susceptible to meropenem.Late-onset VAP was associated with high mortality rate among intubated compared to early-onset VAP and non-VAP patients ( OR 4.87[1,54-10.32] CI95%;p=0.001;OR 6.33[1.58-14.25] CI 95%;p=0.0008).Conclusions:Secondary bacterial co-infection is common in intubated critically ill patients with COVID19 and most commonly presentation of bacterial infection is late-onset VAP causing by multi-drug resitant pathogens which are associated commonly with ARDS, kidney failure and septic shock.In patients with late-onset VAP MDR pathogens may predict high mortality rate.	Secondary bacterial co-infection and mortality risk in intubated patients with critically ill COVID19	Secondary bacterial co-infection and mortality risk in intubated patients with critically ill COVID19
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Preface:We are pleased to present this volume of the selected contributed articles, submitted and presented in the 2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Internet of Things (ICCIIoT 2021) which held on February 23-24, 2022 (initially planned on November 22 & 23, 2021 but postponed due to COVID19) at Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST), Arunachal Pradesh, India, in collaboration with International Association of Academicians (IAASSE), USA. (Conference link: http://icciiot.iaasse.org/.)The 2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Internet of Things (ICCIIoT 2021) is the 2nd in the series) is a platform for researchers, engineers, academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research results and development activities in Computational Intelligence and Internet of Things. The event (ICCIIoT 2021) took place in hybrid model and thereby allowing some authors to present their papers virtually because of Covid–19 and the government’s restriction on any gathering. And by that, organizers fulfilled their commitments with researchers and supports the scientific research. The eminent professors and experts in their fields were invited to deliver their speech at ICCIIoT 2021.List of Acknowledgment, Disclaimer, Guest Editors are available in this pdf.	2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Internet of Things (ICCIIoT 2021)	2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Internet of Things (ICCIIoT 2021)
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	OBJECTIVE: To define urology applicant attitudes and usage trends of social media (SM) during the 2021 urology match cycle. METHODS: We emailed an anonymous, de-identified 22-question, multiple choice survey to all applicants to our institution for the 2021 Urology Residency Match. We asked participants about use of SM and which aspects they found useful in the application process. Univariate descriptive analyses were conducted based on survey responses. Chi-square analyses were performed to define significant differences in use of social media and resultant match outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 528 students who registered for the 2021 AUA Match, 398 received our survey (75%), and 144 responded (27% of applicants nationwide). Of survey participants, 49% made a new account on Twitter while 30% had a preexisting account. Most participants (71%) had a preexisting Instagram account, while only 3% made a new account. Most participants agreed Twitter was used as a source to gather information about programs (84%) and learn about events (89%). Participants found SM most helpful for announcing event dates (71%) and highlighting resident social life (59%). Applicants did not match more highly on their rank lists if they used Twitter (Pâ¯=â¯.427) or Instagram (Pâ¯=â¯.166) and were not more likely to get more interviews if they used Twitter (Pâ¯=â¯.246) or Instagram (Pâ¯=â¯.114) CONCLUSION: Applicants found Twitter to be an important source of information through the virtual interview process. Despite the use of SM by most applicants, published content did not impact rank list decisions nor did SM engagement predict match outcomes.	Twitter and Instagram Use in the Urology Residency Application Process	Twitter and {{NAME}} in the Urology Residency Application Process
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	We have an aversion to density in America. Density is a continual trope in this country, blamed for all of the ills of urban life, from crime and racial unrest in the middle of the 20th century to public health concerns today. In the early stages of the COVID pandemic density was the culprit, even though we’ve subsequently seen outbreaks in rural areas and sprawling cities across the United States. This paper will look into the root of America’s problems with density and argue that density is not the problem but the solution to the challenges of today’s and tomorrow’s cities. As we deplete the resources of the planet, density is our most direct pathway to recover some balance with nature. Dense living is more efficient, less carbon intensive and more environmentally sustainable. As geospatial differentiations matter less due to advances in communication technology, it's the density of people and ideas that will continue to fuel innovation. Finally, in a world that is increasingly dominated by pluralism, denser living promotes openness, tolerance and diversity.	Defending Density	Defending Density
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically altered everyday life worldwide, and some individuals may be at increased risk for pandemic-related distress. In a U.S. community sample (N = 236, 64% female; 78% White; M age = 30.3) assessed prior to COVID-19 and during the initial surge, we examined, prospectively, whether pandemic disruptions and a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were associated with changes in depressive symptoms, stress, sleep, relationship satisfaction, and substance use over time, and with concurrent anxiety and peritraumatic distress. Negative pandemic-related events were associated with significantly higher depressive symptoms and stress and lower satisfaction over time, as well as higher concurrent anxiety and peritraumatic distress. ACEs were associated with more negative pandemic-related events, which in turn associated with higher peri-pandemic depressive symptoms, stress, anxiety, and peritraumatic distress. Findings underscore that COVID-19 disruptions are associated with greater distress, and that childhood trauma is a key axis of differential risk.	A Prospective Study of Mental Health, Well-Being, and Substance Use During the Initial COVID-19 Pandemic Surge.	A Prospective Study of Mental Health, Well-Being, and {{NAME}} During the Initial COVID-19 Pandemic Surge.
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	OBJECTIVE To evaluate the knowledge, routine, and perception of older adults from four countries about dealing with COVID-19 in the social isolation period. METHODS Qualitative study with semistructured interviews. Older persons (≥60 years old), who lived in the urban centers of four different countries (Brazil, United States, Italy, and Portugal), were asked about the changes experienced during the pandemic, new habits or restrictions during isolation, sources of social and emotional support, and their knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic. Data was transcribed, codified, and submitted to content analysis. RESULTS Twenty-five older persons (10 from Brazil, 5 from Italy, 5 from Portugal, and 5 from the United States) were interviewed. Participants reported feeling restricted in their daily life activities and emotional instability. Described adaptations in habits, coping strategies, and greater understanding of the diseased based on information available in the media. There was homogeneity in the statements of the elderly, showing that the pandemic affected them in a similar way, even though they lived in different cultures and contexts. CONCLUSION The social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic changed the structure for the performance of many occupations, having an impact in the perception social participation and wellbeing of elders. This data can aid health professionals to outline strategies to deal with the impact of the social isolation in older persons.	Perceptions, feelings, and the routine of older adults during the isolation period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study in four countries.	Perceptions, feelings, and the routine of older adults during the isolation period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study in four countries.
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	In order to assess the impact of COVID-19 on catholic pastoral care, an exploratory study was conducted in South Tyrol (Italy) by administering an online survey to parish priests and laypeople with an office within the local Diocese. With reference to the lockdown period, the research aimed to investigate: (1) how pastoral care was delivered;(2) changes in the use of ICT within religious activities;and (3) the vision of the future for the Church in a mediatized world. Respondents believe that: (1) pastoral activities have slowed down, even though contact with the faithful was kept up through phone or the Internet;(2) the level of digitalization of the parishes has increased;however, the communication was mostly one-way and top-down. Finally, results show that (3) attitudes towards digital media are divergent: they are perceived as having the potential to either strengthen or weaken the relationship between the Church and the faithful.	Pastoral Care at the Time of Lockdown: An Exploratory Study of the Catholic Church in South Tyrol (Italy)	Pastoral Care at the Time of Lockdown: An Exploratory Study of {{ORGANIZATION}} in South Tyrol (Italy)
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	OBJECTIVE: To utilize publicly reported, state-level data to identify factors associated with the frequency of cases, tests, and mortality in the USA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study using publicly reported data collected included the number of COVID-19 cases, tests and mortality from March 14th through April 30th. Publicly available state-level data was collected which included: demographics comorbidities, state characteristics and environmental factors. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify the significantly associated factors with percent mortality, case and testing frequency. All analyses were state-level analyses and not patient-level analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1,090,500 COVID-19 cases were reported during the study period. The calculated case and testing frequency were 3332 and 19,193 per 1,000,000 patients. There were 63,642 deaths during this period which resulted in a mortality of 5.8%. Factors including to but not limited to population density (beta coefficient 7.5, p < .01), transportation volume (beta coefficient 0.1, p < .01), tourism index (beta coefficient −0.1, p = .02) and older age (beta coefficient 0.2, p = .01) are associated with case frequency and percent mortality. CONCLUSIONS: KEY MESSAGES: There were wide variations in testing and case frequencies of COVID-19 among different states in the USA. States with higher population density had a higher case and testing rate. States with larger population of elderly and higher tourism had a higher mortality.	Disparities in case frequency and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among various states in the United States	Disparities in case frequency and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 ({{ORGANIZATION}}) among various states in the United States
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Muscle oximetry based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electromyography (EMG) techniques in adherent clothing might be used to monitor the muscular activity of selected muscle groups while exercising. The fusion of these wearable technologies in sporting garments can allow the objective assessment of the quality and the quantity of the muscle activity as well as the continuous monitoring of exercise programs. Several prototypes integrating EMG and NIRS have been developed previously; however, most devices presented the limitations of not measuring regional muscle oxyhemoglobin saturation and did not embed textile sensors for EMG. The purpose of this study was to compare regional muscle oxyhemoglobin saturation and surface EMG data, measured under resting and dynamic conditions (treadmill run and strength exercises) by a recently developed wearable integrated quadriceps muscle oximetry/EMG system adopting smart textiles for EMG, with those obtained by using two "gold standard" commercial instrumentations for EMG and muscle oximetry. The validity and agreement between the wearable integrated muscle oximetry/EMG system and the "gold standard" instrumentations were assessed by using the Bland-Altman agreement plots to determine the bias. The results support the validity of the data provided by the wearable electronic garment developed purposely for the quadriceps muscle group and suggest the potential of using such device to measure strength and endurance exercises in vivo in various populations.	Validation of Fabric-Based Thigh-Wearable EMG Sensors and Oximetry for Monitoring Quadriceps Activity during Strength and Endurance Exercises	Validation of Fabric-Based Thigh-Wearable EMG Sensors and Oximetry for Monitoring Quadriceps Activity during Strength and {{ORGANIZATION}}
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Background: Recent evidence suggested that the higher titers of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody from convalescent plasma donors contributed to the clinical improvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies varied in each individual, and the precise factors that might govern such variation have not been elucidated. Objectives: To assess the factors associated with high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody among COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) donors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia. Information of interest including demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory findings, and the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody among COVID-19 CCP donors were collected. The correlation was assessed using multiple logistic regression. Results: A total of 50 COVID-19 CCP donors with the titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody of more than 1:320 and 33 donors with the titers of less than 1:320 were analyzed. Our analysis revealed that CCP donors with history of cough, fever, dyspnea, and pneumonia significantly had higher titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody compared to asymptomatic donors. Moreover, CCP donors with elevated levels of eosinophils and immature granulocytes and low levels of albumins had higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody. The titer of antibody was not affected by comorbidities of donors. Conclusions: CPP donors who had experience of symptomatic COVID-19 with high eosinophils level, high immature granulocytes and low albumin level have higher titers of anti-SARS-COV-2 antibody than those who experienced asymptomatic COVID-19. Our current findings may be used as the additional baseline criteria for selecting the donors of CCP for the management of COVID-19.	The predictors of high titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody of convalescent plasma donors	The predictors of high titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody of convalescent plasma donors
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Introduction Les pneumopathies infectieuses liées au COVID-19 présentent actuellement un motif fréquent d’hospitalisation aux services de pneumologie. Il s’agit d’une pathologie potentiellement grave notamment sur le plan respiratoire. Par ailleurs, plusieurs autres atteintes peuvent être associées pouvant altérer la qualité de vie des patients. Peu d’études se sont intéressées à décrire les symptômes du bas appareil urinaire au cours de l’infection à COVID-19. L’objectif de notre travail était de dépister les symptômes urinaires associés à l’infection COVID-19 et de déterminer leur prévalence en fonction de la sévérité du tableau clinique. Méthodes Nous avons mené une étude descriptive faisant inclure 51 patients hospitalisés au service de pneumologie de l’hôpital militaire de Tunis entre mars et août 2021. Le recueil des données clinicobiologiques et radiologiques a été rétrospectif. Le dépistage des signes urinaires a été réalisé en utilisant le Questionnaire de Symptômes Urinaires USP (Urinary Symptom Profile), à travers un entretien téléphonique. Les données ont été saisies et analysées à l’aide du logiciel SPSS version 25. Résultats Notre population comportait 22 femmes (41,5 %) et 29 hommes (54,7 %), avec un âge moyen de 54,86±16 ans. Aucun de nos patients n’avait un antécédent urinaire antérieur à l’infection COVID-19. Les signes du bas appareil urinaires retrouvés chez nos patients étaient : une incontinence urinaire (58 %), une hyperactivité vésicale (68,3 %) et une dysurie (14,6 %). L’étendue des lésions pulmonaires scanographiques étaient réparties comme suit : étendue légère (10–25 %) : 13,5 % ; étendue modérée (25–50 %) : 11,5 % et étendue sévère (>50 %) : 69,2 %. Sur le plan clinique l’hyperactivité vésicale, la dysurie et l’incontinence urinaire étaient significativement corrélées à une prévalence plus importante de formes sévères (p =0,003, p =0,03 et p =0,01 respectivement). L’hyperactivité vésicale a été significativement associée à une atteinte scanographique étendue (p =0,003), à une procalcitonine positive (p =0,001) et à une hyperfibrinogénémie (p =0,03). Aucune corrélation n’a été retrouvée entre l’hyperactivité vésicale et l’augmentation de la C reactive protein (CRP). Conclusion Notre étude a mis l’accent sur la prévalence des symptômes du bas appareil urinaire chez les sujets atteints de pneumopathie type COVID-19. D’autres travaux prospectifs sont nécessaires afin de déterminer le mécanisme physiopathologique et la valeur pronostique des atteintes urinaires.	Les symptômes du bas appareil urinaire et pneumopathie COVID-19 : quels liens ?	Les symptômes du bas appareil urinaire et pneumopathie COVID-19 : quels liens ?
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	INTRODUCTION We describe a teaching and training method with objective evaluation to improve medical engineering students' knowledge and analysis skills about Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) instrumentation and techniques through hands-on experience. Training has been scheduled during a three-month course. METHODS Twenty medical engineering students were trained to perform three times on a pelvic trainer a sequence of standardized drills connected with the selected MIS techniques, in order to improve their dexterity. The time required to perform each dexterity drill was recorded in seconds.Then, the participants were divided into groups and asked to write an essay about an instrument they chose, analyzing and criticizing the instrument itself. RESULTS All the trainees showed steady improvement in skill acquisition on the laparoscopic simulator and discussed their essays, making proposals in order to improve the instrument they tested. CONCLUSION Significant improvement in performance with increasing skillness has been measured; during the course and during their discussion the participants showed deep knowledge of the instrument, ability to analyze and criticize it and ability to make improvement proposals.Dry lab experience for medical engineering students is useful for teaching and improving analysis and management of laparoscopic devices, allowing identification of problems and developing better devices.	A dry lab for medical engineers?	A dry lab for medical engineers?
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2), was identified in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. Since then, it has continued to spread rapidly in numerous countries, while the search for effective therapeutic options persists. Coronaviruses, including SARSCoV2, are known to suppress and evade the antiviral responses of the host organism mediated by interferon (IFN), a family of cytokines that plays an important role in antiviral defenses associated with innate immunity, and has been used therapeutically for chronic viral diseases and cancer. On the other hand, OncoTherad, a safe and effective immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), increases IFN signaling and has been shown to be a promising therapeutic approach for COVID19 in a case report that described the rapid recovery of a 78yearold patient with NMIBC with comorbidities. The present review discusses the possible synergistic action of OncoTherad with vitamin D, zinc and glutamine, nutrients that have been shown to facilitate immune responses mediated by IFN signaling, as well as the potential of this combination as a therapeutic option for COVID19.	Vitamin D, zinc and glutamine: Synergistic action with OncoTherad immunomodulator in interferon signaling and COVID19 (Review)	{{NAME}}, zinc and glutamine: Synergistic action with {{ORGANIZATION}} immunomodulator in interferon signaling and {{ORGANIZATION}})
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	PURPOSE: Arterio-ureteral fistula (AUF) is an uncommon diagnosis, but potentially lethal. Although the number of reports has increased over the past two decades, the true incidence and contemporary urologists’ experience and approach in clinical practice remains unknown. This research is conducted to provide insight in the incidence of AUF in The Netherlands, and the applied diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches in modern practice. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire analysis was performed by sending a survey to all registered Dutch urologists. Data collection included information on experience with patients with AUF; and their medical history, diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up, and were captured in a standardized template by two independent reviewers. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: Response rate was 62% and 56 AUFs in 53 patients were reported between 2003 and 2018. The estimated incidence of AUF in The Netherlands in this time period is 3.5 AUFs per year. Hematuria was observed in all patients; 9% intermittent microhematuria, and 91% presenting with, or building up to massive hematuria. For the final diagnosis, angiography was the most efficient modality, confirming diagnosis in 58%. Treatment comprised predominantly endovascular intervention. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis AUF should be considered in patients with persistent intermittent or massive hematuria. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00345-021-03910-3.	Arterio-ureteral fistula: a nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire analysis	Arterio-ureteral fistula: a nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire analysis
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	This article represents a prototype experiment regarding the practical implementation of an affordable, wireless, and online monitoring pulse oximetry device, for a Covid-19 infected patient that is quarantined at home By using an Arduino based IoT (Internet of Things) embedded platform and a free online API (Application Programming Interface) live data stream server, the family physician can remotely monitor the patient's pulse and blood oxygen level, by using a mobile phone, a tablet or a computer, without any contamination risk or contact, with the infected patient	IoT PULSE OXIMETRY STATUS MONITORING FOR HOME QUARANTINED COVID-19 PATIENTS	IoT PULSE OXIMETRY STATUS MONITORING FOR HOME {{NAME}} PATIENTS
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	The impact of COVID-19 varies markedly, not only between individual patients but also between different populations. We hypothesised that differences in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes might influence this variation. Using next generation sequencing, we analysed the class I and class II classical HLA genes of 147 individuals of European descent experiencing variable clinical outcomes following COVID-19 infection. Forty-nine of these patients were admitted to hospital with severe respiratory disease. They had no significant pre-existing comorbidities. We compared the results to those obtained from a group of 69 asymptomatic hospital workers who evidence of COVID exposure based on blood antibody testing. Allele frequencies in both the severe and asymptomatic groups were compared to local and national healthy controls with adjustments made for age and sex. With the inclusion of hospital staff who had reported localised symptoms only (limited to loss of smell/taste, n = 13) or systemic symptoms not requiring hospital treatment (n = 16), we carried out ordinal logistic regression modelling to determine the relative influence of age, BMI, sex and the presence of specific HLA genes on symptomatology. We found a significant difference in the allele frequency of HLA-DRB104:01 in the severe patient compared to the asymptomatic staff group (5.1% vs. 16.7%, P = .003 after adjustment for age and sex). There was a significantly lower frequency of the haplotype DQA101:01-DQB105:01-DRB101:01 in the asymptomatic group compared to the background population (P = .007). Ordinal logistic regression modelling confirmed the significant influence of DRB1*04:01 on the clinical severity of COVID-19 observed in the cohorts. These alleles are found in greater frequencies in the North Western European population. This regional study provides evidence that HLA genotype influences clinical outcome in COVID-19 infection. Validation studies must take account of the complex genetic architecture of the immune system across different geographies and ethnicities.	The influence of HLA genotype on the severity of COVID-19 infection	The influence of HLA genotype on the severity of COVID-19 infection
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) are substantial threats to global health, as exemplified by the emergence of two severe acute respiratory syndrome CoVs (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) within two decades1-3. Host immune responses to CoVs are complex and regulated in part through antiviral interferons. However, interferon-stimulated gene products that inhibit CoVs are not well characterized4. Here, we show that lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) potently restricts infection by multiple CoVs, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Mechanistic studies revealed that LY6E inhibits CoV entry into cells by interfering with spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Importantly, mice lacking Ly6e in immune cells were highly susceptible to a murine CoV-mouse hepatitis virus. Exacerbated viral pathogenesis in Ly6e knockout mice was accompanied by loss of hepatic immune cells, higher splenic viral burden and reduction in global antiviral gene pathways. Accordingly, we found that constitutive Ly6e directly protects primary B cells from murine CoV infection. Our results show that LY6E is a critical antiviral immune effector that controls CoV infection and pathogenesis. These findings advance our understanding of immune-mediated control of CoV in vitro and in vivo-knowledge that could help inform strategies to combat infection by emerging CoVs.	LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease	LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus strain and the causative agent of COVID-19 was identified to have emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [1]. This pandemic situation and magnitude of suffering has led to global effort to find out effective measures for discovery of new specific drugs and vaccines to combat this deadly disease. In addition to many initiatives to develop vaccines for protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, some of which are at various stages of clinical trials researchers worldwide are currently using available conventional therapeutic drugs with potential to combat the disease effectively in other viral infections and it is believed that these antiviral drugs could act as a promising immediate alternative. Remdesivir (RDV), a broad-spectrum anti-viral agent, initially developed for the treatment of Ebola virus (EBOV) and known to show promising efficiency in in vitro and in vivo studies against SARS and MERS coronaviruses, is now being investigated against SARS-CoV-2. On May 1, 2020, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for RDV to treat COVID-19 patients [2]. A number of multicentre clinical trials are on-going to check the safety and efficacy of RDV for the treatment of COVID-19. Results of published double blind, and placebo-controlled trial on RDV against SARS-CoV-2, showed that RDV administration led to faster clinical improvement in severe COVID-19 patients compared to placebo. This review highlights the available knowledge about RDV as a therapeutic drug for coronaviruses and its preclinical and clinical trials against COVID-19.	A review on Remdesivir: A broad-spectrum antiviral molecule for possible COVID-19 treatment.	A review on {{ORGANIZATION}}: A broad-spectrum antiviral molecule for possible COVID-19 treatment.
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	BACKGROUND/AIMS To perform a 12-month comparison between the different extents and locations of Schlemm's canal incisions during suture trabeculotomy ab interno for open-angle glaucoma (OAG). METHODS This is a prospective, single-centre, three-arm randomised trial. A total of 99 eyes of 99 patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the 360° incision group (n=34), the upper-180° incision group (n=34) and the lower-180° incision group (n=31). Intraocular pressure (IOP), number of medications and complications were evaluated until 12 months after surgery. Surgical success (with or without medication) was defined as IOP ≤21 mmHg and ≥20% IOP reduction (criterion A) or IOP ≤15 mmHg and ≥20% IOP reduction (criterion B). RESULTS The mean IOP (±SD) in all eyes was reduced from 18.6 (5.9) mmHg with 3.1 (1.1) medications to 13.7 (3.4) mmHg (20.8% reduction; p<0.001) with 1.4 (1.3) medications (p<0.001) at postoperative 12-month. Each group produced comparable mean reductions in both IOP and the number of medications throughout 12 months of follow-up. Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival analyses showed no significance among these three groups for criterion A and criterion B. Postoperative hyphema with niveau formation occurred significantly more in the 360° group than in the lower-180° group (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS The different extents and locations of Schlemm's canal incisions during suture trabeculotomy ab interno for OAG, including the 360° incision, the upper-180° incision and the lower-180° incision, do not affect both the IOP reduction and the medications throughout 12 months of follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UMIN000021169.	12-month randomised trial of 360° and 180° Schlemm's canal incisions in suture trabeculotomy ab interno for open-angle glaucoma.	12-month randomised trial of 360° and 180° {{ORGANIZATION}}'s canal incisions in suture trabeculotomy ab interno for open-angle glaucoma.
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Mitochondria, as the energy factory of cells, participate in metabolism processes and play a critical role in the maintenance of human life activities. Mitochondria belong to semi-automatic organelles, which have their own genome different from nuclear genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations can cause a series of diseases and threaten human health. However, an effective approach to edit mitochondrial DNA, though long-desired, is lacking. In recent years, gene editing technologies, represented by restriction endonucleases (RE) technology, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology, CRISPR system and pAgo-based system have been comprehensively explored, but the application of these technologies in mitochondrial gene editing is still to be explored and optimized. The present study highlights the progress and limitations of current mitochondrial gene editing technologies and approaches, and provides insights for development of novel strategies for future attempts.	Strategies for mitochondrial gene editing	Strategies for mitochondrial gene editing
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	The neonatal fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor (FcRn) functions as a recycling mechanism to prevent degradation and extend the half-life of IgG and albumin in the circulation. Several FcRn inhibitors selectively targeting IgG recycling are now moving rapidly toward clinical practice in neurology and hematology. These molecules accelerate the destruction of IgG, reducing pathogenic IgG and IgG immune complexes, with no anticipated effects on IgA, IgM, IgE, complement, plasma cells, B cells, or other cells of the innate or adaptive immune systems. FcRn inhibitors have potential for future use in a much wider variety of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. Given the imminent clinical use, potential for broader utility, and novel mechanism of action of FcRn inhibitors, here we review data from 4 main sources: (a) currently available activity, safety, and mechanism-of-action data from clinical trials of FcRn inhibitors; (b) other procedures and treatments that also remove IgG (plasma donation, plasma exchange, immunoadsorption); (c) diseases resulting in loss of IgG; and (d) primary immunodeficiencies with potential mechanistic similarities to those induced by FcRn inhibitors. These data have been evaluated to provide practical considerations for the assessment, monitoring, and reduction of any potential infection risk associated with FcRn inhibition, in addition to highlighting areas for future research.	Targeting FcRn for immunomodulation: Benefits, risks, and practical considerations	{{NAME}} for immunomodulation: Benefits, risks, and practical considerations
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	BACKGROUND: In COVID-19 survivors a relatively high number of long-term symptoms have been observed. Besides impact on quality of life, these symptoms (now called Post-COVID-Syndrome) may have an impact on functioning and may also hinder to participation in social life in affected people. However, little is known about developing such syndrome a for patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 who did not need hospitalization or intensive care. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 1027 patients with mild or moderate COVID-19 was performed in two communities in Bavaria, Germany. The Rehabilitation-Needs-Survey (RehabNeS) including the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) on health-related quality of life, was used. Descriptive statistics were calculated. RESULTS: In all, 97.5% of patients reported one symptom in the infection stage, such as fatigue, respiratory problems, limitations of the senses of taste and smell, fear and anxiety and other symptoms. In this time period, 84.1% of the participants experienced activity limitations and participation restrictions such as carrying out daily routines, handling stress, getting household tasks done, caring for/supporting others, and relaxing and leisure concerns. In all, 61.9% of participants reported persisting symptoms more than 3 months after infection. These were fatigue, sleep disturbances, respiratory problems, pain, fear and anxiety, and restrictions in movement; 49% of the participants reported activity limitations and participation restrictions. Predominately, these were handling stress, carrying out daily routines, looking after one’s health, relaxing and leisure activities and doing house work. The impacts on quality of life and vocational performance were rather low. CONCLUSION: The results show that long-term symptoms after mild and moderate COVID-19 are common and lead to limitations of activities and participation. However, it seems that in most cases they are not severe and do not lead to frequent or serious issues with quality of life or work ability.	The impact of Post-COVID-Syndrome on functioning – results from a community survey in patients after mild and moderate SARS-CoV-2-infections in Germany	The impact of {{ORGANIZATION}} on functioning – results from a community survey in patients after mild and moderate SARS-CoV-2-infections in Germany
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	The aim of this study was to compare ribavirin therapy versus supportive therapy only for patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A total of 115 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were retrospectively analysed. All patients received supportive care as well as regular laboratory and clinical monitoring. The 115 patients comprised 44 patients who received intravenous ribavirin (treatment group) and 71 who did not (control group). Baseline laboratory and clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups. The negative conversion time for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RT-PCR in the ribavirin group was 12.8 ± 4.1 days compared with 14.1 ± 3.5 days in the control group (P = 0.314). Moreover, 7/41 patients (17.1%) in the ribavirin group died compared with 17/69 (24.6%) in the control group (P = 0.475). Adverse effects were similar between the two groups. In conclusion, in patients with severe COVID-19, ribavirin therapy is not associated with improved negative conversion time for SARS-CoV-2 test and is not associated with an improved mortality rate. Further assessment in designed randomised controlled trials is recommended.	Ribavirin therapy for severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study	{{ORGANIZATION}} therapy for severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study
Please summerize the given abstract to a title	Some pathogens utilize unique routes to enter cells that may evade the intracellular barriers encountered by the typical clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. Retrograde transport and caveolar uptake are among the better characterized pathways, as alternatives to clathrin-mediated endocytosis, that are known to facilitate entry of pathogens and potential delivery agents. Recent characterization of the trafficking mechanisms of prion proteins and certain bacteria may present new paradigms for strategizing improvements in therapeutic spread and retention of therapy. This review will provide an overview of such endocytic pathways, and discuss current and future possibilities in using these routes as a means to improve therapeutic delivery.	“Alternative” Endocytic Mechanisms Exploited by Pathogens: New Avenues for Therapeutic Delivery?	“Alternative” {{ORGANIZATION}} by Pathogens: New Avenues for Therapeutic Delivery?