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"abstract": "Poisson disk point sets are \"ideally\" generated through a process of dart throwing. The naive dart throwing algorithm is extremely expensive if a maximal set is desired, however. In this paper we present a hierarchical dart throwing procedure which produces point sets that are equivalent to naive dart throwing, but is very fast. The procedure works by intelligently excluding areas known to be fully covered by existing samples. By excluding covered regions, the probability of accepting a thrown dart is greatly increased. Our algorithm is conceptually simple, performs dart throwing in O(N) time and memory, and produces a maximal point set up to the precision of the numbers being used.",
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"abstract": "To develop accurate inference algorithms on embedded manifolds such as the Grassmannian, we often employ several optimization tools and incorporate the characteristics of known manifolds as additional constraints. However, a direct analysis of the nature of functions on manifolds is rarely performed. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to this inference by adopting a statistical pipeline that first generates an initial sampling of the manifold, and then performs subsequent analysis based on these samples. First, we introduce a better sampling technique based on dart throwing (called the Poisson disk sampling (PDS)) to effectively sample the Grassmannian. Next, using Grassmannian sparse coding, we demonstrate the improved coverage achieved by PDS. Finally, we develop a consensus approach, with Grassmann samples, to infer the optimal embeddings for linear dimensionality reduction, and show that the resulting solutions are nearly optimal.",
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"abstract": "In this paper we derive piecewise linear and piecewise cubic box spline reconstruction filters for data sampled on the body centered cubic (BCC) lattice. We analytically derive a time domain representation of these reconstruction filters and using the Fourier slice-projection theorem we derive their frequency responses. The quality of these filters, when used in reconstructing BCC sampled volumetric data, is discussed and is demonstrated with a raycaster. Moreover, to demonstrate the superiority of the BCC sampling, the resulting reconstructions are compared with those produced from similar filters applied to data sampled on the Cartesian lattice.",
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"title": "Monotonic Cubic Spline Interpolation",
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"abstract": "This paper describes the use of cubic splines for interpolating monotonic data sets. Interpolating cubic splines are popular for fitting data because they use low-order polynomials and have Z_$C^2$_Z continuity, a property that permits them to satisfy a desirable smoothness constraint. Unfortunately, that same constraint often violates another desirable property: monotonicity.The goal of this work is to determine the smoothest possible curve that passes through its control points while simultaneously satisfying the monotonicity constraint. We first describe a set of conditions that form the basis of the monotonic cubic spline interpolation algorithm presented in this paper. The conditions are simplified and consolidated to yield a fast method for determining monotonicity.This result is applied within an energy minimization framework to yield linear and nonlinear optimization-based methods. We consider various energy measures for the optimization objective functions. Comparisons among the different techniques are given, and superior monotonic cubic spline interpolation results are presented.",
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"content": "This paper describes the use of cubic splines for interpolating monotonic data sets. Interpolating cubic splines are popular for fitting data because they use low-order polynomials and have $C^2$ continuity, a property that permits them to satisfy a desirable smoothness constraint. Unfortunately, that same constraint often violates another desirable property: monotonicity.The goal of this work is to determine the smoothest possible curve that passes through its control points while simultaneously satisfying the monotonicity constraint. We first describe a set of conditions that form the basis of the monotonic cubic spline interpolation algorithm presented in this paper. The conditions are simplified and consolidated to yield a fast method for determining monotonicity.This result is applied within an energy minimization framework to yield linear and nonlinear optimization-based methods. We consider various energy measures for the optimization objective functions. Comparisons among the different techniques are given, and superior monotonic cubic spline interpolation results are presented.",
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"abstract": "In this paper we propose a method based on basis in Z_$S_4^2(\\Delta_3)$_Z for reconstructing volumetric data sampled on the BCC lattice. In particular we implement numerical representation of a trivariate box spline reconstruction kernel in Z_$S_4^2(\\Delta_3)$_Z. It is proved that the box spline have an uniform property and reconstruction that can be considered as a three dimensional extension of the well-known Zwart-Powell element in 2D. At the same time, we obtain the quasi-interpolation operators in Z_$S_4^2(\\Delta_3)$_Z and some supporting numerical results are presented.",
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"abstract": "Edgebreaker and valence-driven approaches use split operations to separate the 3D model into two components. These algorithms raise some bottlenecks for spending increased overheads to record the displacement, or an extra operator is needed for identifying the branch. This study applies an edge-based compression strategy, and proposes using the J operator to skip to the next edge of the active boundary. By using Q operator, two triangles are encoded to improve compression ratio. Additionally, the method requires neither splitting model topology nor multiple passes to achieve a good compression rate. To increase the compression ratio, the adaptive arithmetic coder was applied to compress the CQRLJ string. The experimental results demonstrate that an excellent compression ratio can be obtained, the average compression ratio with the proposed model is better than that with the valence-driven and Edgebreaker methods. The entropy/compression ratio relation curve of the variance-driven method has strong vibration, and the proposed algorithm exhibits coherent tendency. The proposed algorithm has a fixed number and value distribution of operators, and thus only considers the context between operators in achieving the best compression ratio.",
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"abstract": "Many applications of point cloud have recently been identified in automobile navigation system, visual communication, and so on. However, the huge data size of point cloud has been a bottleneck for the practical implementations. In this paper, we present a compression scheme that utilizes variable-rate coding of a same point cloud data at different quality. Point cloud is encoded at fixed-rate for highest representation. Encoder, however, can present variable-rate encoded data for any lowest to highest representation to decoder which is then decoded to reconstruct point cloud at different quality. Variable-rate encoding is achieved through the so-called binary tree quadtree (BTQT) scheme. The BTQT scheme made the compression more effective by dividing point cloud frame into blocks using binary-tree and encoding flat surfaces in the blocks by quadtree and non-flat surfaces by octree. Simulation results show that scalable coding solution can efficiently compress point cloud data at variable rate compensating the quality.",
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"abstract": "Synthesis of hair image is one of the most important and challenging computer graphics problems. In this paper, we propose a new technique for automatically generating realistic human hair texture on the 3D models of human character. The idea is inspired by the similarity between the texture of human hair and the texture generated with the LIC algorithm. The proposed technique generates the texture of human hair by using the vector field defining the directions of hair strands as the input to the 3D LIC algorithm.",
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"abstract": "Research into texture synthesis is normally concerned with genaration of 2D images of texture. However, real-world surface textures comprise rough surface geometry and various reflectance properties. These surface textures are different from 2D still texture as their images can therefore vary dramatically with illumination directions. This paper presents a simple framework for 3D surface texture synthesis. Firstly, we propose a novel 2D texture synthesis algorithm based on wavelet transform that can be efficiently extended to synthesise surface representations in multi-dimensional space. Then, Photometric Stereo (PS) is used to generate surface gradient and albedo maps from three synthesized surface texture images. The surface gradient maps can be further integrated to produce a surface height map (surface profile). With the albedo and height or gradient maps, new images of a Lambertian surface under arbitrary illuminant directions can be generated. Experiments show that the proposed approach can not only produce 3D surface textures under arbitrary illumination directions, but also has the ability to retain the surface geometry structure.",
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"content": "Research into texture synthesis is normally concerned with genaration of 2D images of texture. However, real-world surface textures comprise rough surface geometry and various reflectance properties. These surface textures are different from 2D still texture as their images can therefore vary dramatically with illumination directions. This paper presents a simple framework for 3D surface texture synthesis. Firstly, we propose a novel 2D texture synthesis algorithm based on wavelet transform that can be efficiently extended to synthesise surface representations in multi-dimensional space. Then, Photometric Stereo (PS) is used to generate surface gradient and albedo maps from three synthesized surface texture images. The surface gradient maps can be further integrated to produce a surface height map (surface profile). With the albedo and height or gradient maps, new images of a Lambertian surface under arbitrary illuminant directions can be generated. Experiments show that the proposed approach can not only produce 3D surface textures under arbitrary illumination directions, but also has the ability to retain the surface geometry structure.",
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"abstract": "Line integral convolution (LIC) is an effective technique for visualizing vector fields. The application of LIC to 3D flow fields has yet been limited by difficulties to efficiently display and animate the resulting 3D-images. Texture-based volume rendering allows interactive visualization and manipulation of 3D-LIC textures. In order to ensure the comprehensive and convenient exploration of flow fields, we suggest interactive functionality including transfer functions and different clipping mechanisms. Thereby, we efficiently substitute the calculation of LIC based on sparse noise textures and show the convenient visual access of interior structures. Further on, we introduce two approaches for animating static 3D-flow fields without the computational expense and the immense memory requirements for pre-computed 3D-textures and without loss of interactivity. This is achieved by using a single 3D-LIC texture and a set of time surfaces as clipping geometries. In our first approach we use the clipping geometry to pre-compute a special 3D-LIC texture that can be animated by time-dependent color tables. Our second approach uses time volumes to actually clip the 3D-LIC volume interactively during rasterization. Additionally, several examples demonstrate the value of our strategy in practice.",
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"abstract": "Explores the reconstruction of object surfaces from viewed changes in surface texture patterns. Our approach differs from those in the past in that instead of simply producing local estimates of the surface orientation, our algorithm recovers complete surfaces. Past approaches only found the surface orientation locally and, therefore, did not take advantage of the surface integrability constraint. Our algorithm does not assume that the surface texture pattern is isotropic, and it does not assume that the viewed surface is at some point fronto-parallel. Furthermore, our algorithm has mechanisms for handling texture boundaries and, consequently, does not produce erratic results in the regions abutting these boundaries. Results on real images are presented demonstrating the potential of our approach.",
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"abstract": "Image-space line integral convolution (LIC) is a popular approach for visualizing surface vector fields due to its simplicity and high efficiency. To avoid inconsistencies or color blur during the user interactions in the image-space approach, some methods use surface parameterization or 3D volume texture for the effect of smooth transition, which often require expensive computational or memory cost. Furthermore, those methods cannot achieve consistent LIC results in both granularity and color distribution on different scales. This paper introduces a novel image-space LIC for surface flows that preserves the texture coherence during user interactions. To make the noise textures under different viewpoints coherent, we propose a simple texture mapping technique that is local, robust and effective. Meanwhile, our approach pre-computes a sequence of mipmap noise textures in a coarse-to-fine manner, leading to consistent transition when the model is zoomed. Prior to perform LIC in the image space, the mipmap noise textures are mapped onto each triangle with randomly assigned texture coordinates. Then, a standard image-space LIC based on the projected vector fields is performed to generate the flow texture. The proposed approach is simple and very suitable for GPU acceleration. Our implementation demonstrates consistent and highly efficient LIC visualization on a variety of datasets.",
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"abstract": "Recent years have witnessed the convergence of two important trends in real-time systems: growing computational demand of applications and the adoption of processors with more cores. As real-time applications now need to exploit parallelism to meet their real-time requirements, they face a new challenge of scaling up computations on a large number of cores. Randomized work stealing has been adopted as a highly scalable scheduling approach for general-purpose computing. In work stealing, each core steals work from a randomly chosen core in a decentralized manner. Compared to centralized greedy schedulers, work stealing may seem unsuitable for real-time computing due to the non-predictable nature of random stealing. Surprisingly, our experiments with benchmark programs found that random work stealing (in Cilk Plus) delivers tighter distributions in task execution times than a centralized greedy scheduler (in GNU OpenMP).To support scalable soft real-time computing, we develop Real-Time Work-Stealing platform (RTWS), a real-time extension to the widely used Cilk Plus concurrency platform. RTWS employs federated scheduling to allocate cores to multiple parallel real-time tasks offline, while leveraging the work stealing scheduler to schedule each task on its dedicated cores online. RTWS supports parallel programs written in Cilk Plus and requires only task parameters that can be readily measured using existing Cilk Plus tools. Experimental results show that RTWS outperforms Real-Time OpenMP in term of deadline miss ratio, relative response time and resource efficiency on a 32-core system.",
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"title": "Generalized PolyCube Trivariate Splines",
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"abstract": "This paper develops a new trivariate hierarchical spline scheme for volumetric data representation. Unlike conventional spline formulations and techniques, our new framework is built upon a novel parametric domain called Generalized PolyCube (GPC), comprising a set of regular cubes being glued together. Compared with the conventional PolyCube (PC) that could serve as a \"one-piece'' 3-manifold domain, GPC has more powerful and flexible representation ability. We develop an effective framework that parameterizes a solid model onto a topologically equivalent GPC domain, and design a hierarchical fitting scheme based on trivariate T-splines. The entire data-spline-conversion modeling framework provides high-accuracy data fitting and greatly reduce the number of superfluous control points. It is a powerful toolkit with broader application appeal in shape modeling, engineering analysis, and reverse engineering.",
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"title": "Direct-Product Volumetric Parameterization of Handlebodies via Harmonic Fields",
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"abstract": "Volumetric parameterization plays an important role for geometric modeling. Due to the complicated topological nature of volumes, it is much more challenging than the surface case. This work focuses on the parameterization of volumes with a boundary surface embedded in 3D space. The intuition is to decompose the volume as the direct product of a two dimensional surface and a one dimensional curve. We first partition the boundary surface into ceiling, floor and walls. Then we compute the harmonic field in the volume with a Dirichlet boundary condition. By tracing the integral curve along the gradient of the harmonic function, we can parameterize the volume to the parametric domain. The method is guaranteed to produce bijection for handle bodies with complex topology, including topological balls as a degenerate case. Furthermore, the parameterization is regular everywhere. We apply the proposed parameterization method to construct hexahedral mesh.",
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"title": "Cascaded Cross-Domain Fusion of Virtual Try-On",
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"abstract": "Image-based virtual try-on, aiming to fit new in-shop clothes into a person image, has gained extensive attention in the fields of computer vision and image process community. However, the existing methods are difficult to generate photo-realistic try-on images when large-scale deformations or large occlusions occur. To address this issue, we propose a novel two stage visual try-on network. Specifically, in the first stage, we used a shape matching model to learn the geometric transformation of in-shop clothes. For the second stage, an U-net with cascaded attention mechanism is presented to learn the composition mask which adjust the clothes and rendered persons. The adjusted clothes and the rendered person are combined by the composition mask to get the final try-on result. Experimental results have shown that our method can generate photo-realistic images with no occlusion.",
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"abstract": "Image-based virtual try-on involves synthesising perceptually convincing images of a model wearing a particular garment and has garnered significant research interest due to its immense practical applicability. Recent methods involve a two stage process: i) warping of the garment to align with the model ii) texture fusion of the warped garment and target model to generate the try-on output. Issues arise due to the non-rigid nature of garments and the lack of geometric information about the model or the garment. It often results in improper rendering of granular details. We propose ZFlow, an end-to-end framework, which seeks to alleviate these concerns regarding geometric and textural integrity (such as pose, depth-ordering, skin and neckline reproduction) through a combination of gated aggregation of hierarchical flow estimates termed Gated Appearance Flow, and dense structural priors at various stage of the network. ZFlow achieves state-of-the-art results as observed qualitatively, and on quantitative benchmarks of image quality (PSNR, SSIM, and FID). The paper presents extensive comparisons with other existing solutions including a detailed user study and ablation studies to gauge the effect of each of our contributions on multiple datasets.",
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"content": "Image-based virtual try-on involves synthesising perceptually convincing images of a model wearing a particular garment and has garnered significant research interest due to its immense practical applicability. Recent methods involve a two stage process: i) warping of the garment to align with the model ii) texture fusion of the warped garment and target model to generate the try-on output. Issues arise due to the non-rigid nature of garments and the lack of geometric information about the model or the garment. It often results in improper rendering of granular details. We propose ZFlow, an end-to-end framework, which seeks to alleviate these concerns regarding geometric and textural integrity (such as pose, depth-ordering, skin and neckline reproduction) through a combination of gated aggregation of hierarchical flow estimates termed Gated Appearance Flow, and dense structural priors at various stage of the network. ZFlow achieves state-of-the-art results as observed qualitatively, and on quantitative benchmarks of image quality (PSNR, SSIM, and FID). The paper presents extensive comparisons with other existing solutions including a detailed user study and ablation studies to gauge the effect of each of our contributions on multiple datasets.",
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"authors": [
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"affiliation": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Media Lab",
"fullName": "Ayush Chopra",
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"title": "FashionMirror: Co-attention Feature-remapping Virtual Try-on with Sequential Template Poses",
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"abstract": "Virtual try-on tasks have drawn increased attention. Prior arts focus on tackling this task via warping clothes and fusing the information at the pixel level with the help of semantic segmentation. However, conducting semantic segmentation is time-consuming and easily causes error accumulation over time. Besides, warping the information at the pixel level instead of the feature level limits the performance (e.g., unable to generate different views) and is unstable since it directly demonstrates the results even with a misalignment. In contrast, fusing information at the feature level can be further refined by the convolution to obtain the final results. Based on these assumptions, we propose a co-attention feature-remapping framework, namely FashionMirror, that generates the try-on results according to the driven-pose sequence in two stages. In the first stage, we consider the source human image and the target try-on clothes to predict the removed mask and the try-on clothing mask, which replaces the pre-processed semantic segmentation and reduces the inference time. In the second stage, we first remove the clothes on the source human via the removed mask and warp the clothing features conditioning on the try-on clothing mask to fit the next frame human. Meanwhile, we predict the optical flows from the consecutive 2D poses and warp the source human to the next frame at the feature level. Then, we enhance the clothing features and source human features in every frame to generate realistic try-on results with spatiotemporal smoothness. Both qualitative and quantitative results show that FashionMirror outperforms the state-of-the-art virtual try-on approaches.",
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"content": "Virtual try-on tasks have drawn increased attention. Prior arts focus on tackling this task via warping clothes and fusing the information at the pixel level with the help of semantic segmentation. However, conducting semantic segmentation is time-consuming and easily causes error accumulation over time. Besides, warping the information at the pixel level instead of the feature level limits the performance (e.g., unable to generate different views) and is unstable since it directly demonstrates the results even with a misalignment. In contrast, fusing information at the feature level can be further refined by the convolution to obtain the final results. Based on these assumptions, we propose a co-attention feature-remapping framework, namely FashionMirror, that generates the try-on results according to the driven-pose sequence in two stages. In the first stage, we consider the source human image and the target try-on clothes to predict the removed mask and the try-on clothing mask, which replaces the pre-processed semantic segmentation and reduces the inference time. In the second stage, we first remove the clothes on the source human via the removed mask and warp the clothing features conditioning on the try-on clothing mask to fit the next frame human. Meanwhile, we predict the optical flows from the consecutive 2D poses and warp the source human to the next frame at the feature level. Then, we enhance the clothing features and source human features in every frame to generate realistic try-on results with spatiotemporal smoothness. Both qualitative and quantitative results show that FashionMirror outperforms the state-of-the-art virtual try-on approaches.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Virtual try-on tasks have drawn increased attention. Prior arts focus on tackling this task via warping clothes and fusing the information at the pixel level with the help of semantic segmentation. However, conducting semantic segmentation is time-consuming and easily causes error accumulation over time. Besides, warping the information at the pixel level instead of the feature level limits the performance (e.g., unable to generate different views) and is unstable since it directly demonstrates the results even with a misalignment. In contrast, fusing information at the feature level can be further refined by the convolution to obtain the final results. Based on these assumptions, we propose a co-attention feature-remapping framework, namely FashionMirror, that generates the try-on results according to the driven-pose sequence in two stages. In the first stage, we consider the source human image and the target try-on clothes to predict the removed mask and the try-on clothing mask, which replaces the pre-processed semantic segmentation and reduces the inference time. In the second stage, we first remove the clothes on the source human via the removed mask and warp the clothing features conditioning on the try-on clothing mask to fit the next frame human. Meanwhile, we predict the optical flows from the consecutive 2D poses and warp the source human to the next frame at the feature level. Then, we enhance the clothing features and source human features in every frame to generate realistic try-on results with spatiotemporal smoothness. Both qualitative and quantitative results show that FashionMirror outperforms the state-of-the-art virtual try-on approaches.",
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"abstract": "Virtual try-on aims to transfer a target clothing image onto a reference person. Though great progress has been achieved, the functioning zone of existing works is still limited to standard clothes (e.g., plain shirt without complex laces or ripped effect), while the vast complexity and variety of non-standard clothes (e.g., off-shoulder shirt, word-shoulder dress) are largely ignored. In this work, we propose a principled framework, Re-current Tri-Level Transform (RT-VTON), that performs full-range virtual try-on on both standard and non-standard clothes. We have two key insights towards the framework design: 1) Semantics transfer requires a gradual feature transform on three different levels of clothing representations, namely clothes code, pose code and parsing code. 2) Geometry transfer requires a regularized image deformation between rigidity and flexibility. Firstly, we predict the semantics of the “after-try-on” person by recurrently refining the tri-level feature codes using local gated attention and non-local correspondence learning. Next, we design a semi-rigid deformation to align the clothing image and the predicted semantics, which preserves local warping similarity. Finally, a canonical try-on synthesizer fuses all the processed information to generate the clothed person image. Extensive experiments on conventional benchmarks along with user studies demonstrate that our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance both quantitatively and qualitatively. Notably, RT-VTON shows compelling results on a wide range of non-standard clothes. Project page: https://lzqhardworker.github.io/RT-VTON/.",
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"content": "Virtual try-on aims to transfer a target clothing image onto a reference person. Though great progress has been achieved, the functioning zone of existing works is still limited to standard clothes (e.g., plain shirt without complex laces or ripped effect), while the vast complexity and variety of non-standard clothes (e.g., off-shoulder shirt, word-shoulder dress) are largely ignored. In this work, we propose a principled framework, Re-current Tri-Level Transform (RT-VTON), that performs full-range virtual try-on on both standard and non-standard clothes. We have two key insights towards the framework design: 1) Semantics transfer requires a gradual feature transform on three different levels of clothing representations, namely clothes code, pose code and parsing code. 2) Geometry transfer requires a regularized image deformation between rigidity and flexibility. Firstly, we predict the semantics of the “after-try-on” person by recurrently refining the tri-level feature codes using local gated attention and non-local correspondence learning. Next, we design a semi-rigid deformation to align the clothing image and the predicted semantics, which preserves local warping similarity. Finally, a canonical try-on synthesizer fuses all the processed information to generate the clothed person image. Extensive experiments on conventional benchmarks along with user studies demonstrate that our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance both quantitatively and qualitatively. Notably, RT-VTON shows compelling results on a wide range of non-standard clothes. Project page: https://lzqhardworker.github.io/RT-VTON/.",
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"abstract": "Virtual try-on systems under arbitrary human poses have significant application potential, yet also raise extensive challenges, such as self-occlusions, heavy misalignment among different poses, and complex clothes textures. Existing virtual try-on methods can only transfer clothes given a fixed human pose, and still show unsatisfactory performances, often failing to preserve person identity or texture details, and with limited pose diversity. This paper makes the first attempt towards a multi-pose guided virtual try-on system, which enables clothes to transfer onto a person with diverse poses. Given an input person image, a desired clothes image, and a desired pose, the proposed Multi-pose Guided Virtual Try-On Network (MG-VTON) generates a new person image after fitting the desired clothes into the person and manipulating the pose. MG-VTON is constructed with three stages: 1) a conditional human parsing network is proposed that matches both the desired pose and the desired clothes shape; 2) a deep Warping Generative Adversarial Network (Warp-GAN) that warps the desired clothes appearance into the synthesized human parsing map and alleviates the misalignment problem between the input human pose and the desired one; 3) a refinement render network recovers the texture details of clothes and removes artifacts, based on multi-pose composition masks. Extensive experiments on commonly-used datasets and our newly-collected largest virtual try-on benchmark demonstrate that our MG-VTON significantly outperforms all state-of-the-art methods both qualitatively and quantitatively, showing promising virtual try-on performances.",
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"abstract": "Image visual try-on aims at transferring a target clothes image onto a reference person, and has become a hot topic in recent years. Prior arts usually focus on preserving the character of a clothes image (e.g. texture, logo, embroidery) when warping it to arbitrary human pose. However, it remains a big challenge to generate photo-realistic try-on images when large occlusions and human poses are presented in the reference person. To address this issue, we propose a novel visual try-on network, namely Adaptive Content Generating and Preserving Network (ACGPN). In particular, ACGPN first predicts semantic layout of the reference image that will be changed after try-on (e.g.long sleeve shirt→arm, arm→jacket), and then determines whether its image content needs to be generated or preserved according to the predicted semantic layout, leading to photo-realistic try-on and rich clothes details. ACGPN generally involves three major modules. First, a semantic layout generation module utilizes semantic segmentation of the reference image to progressively predict the desired semantic layout after try-on. Second, a clothes warping module warps clothes image according to the generated semantic layout, where a second-order difference constraint is introduced to stabilize the warping process during training.Third, an inpainting module for content fusion integrates all information (e.g. reference image, semantic layout, warped clothes) to adaptively produce each semantic part of human body. In comparison to the state-of-the-art methods, ACGPN can generate photo-realistic images with much better perceptual quality and richer fine-details.",
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"abstract": "Complex natural lighting provides better realism compared to traditional artificial lights, which has been increasing in real-time graphic applications, such as video games and virtual reality. However, rendering with complex natural illumination proves quite costly owing to a spherical space integral. This paper addresses the problem of real-time rendering scenes under complex environment lighting that captures soft shadows and glossy reflections. The environment lighting is separated into low-frequency lighting component and highlight component based on a rejection-based sampling method. Scenes lit under low-frequency lighting are approximated via spherical harmonic lighting, while highlight illumination effects such as soft shadows and glossy reflections are simulated by a small set of sampled virtual point lights (VPL). Experimental results demonstrate that our method can be run in real-time under complex natural lighting without precomputation.",
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"abstract": "We present a new visibility-based prefetching algorithm for interactive out-of-core rendering of large models on an inexpensive PC. Using an approximate visibility technique, we can very accurately and efficiently determine which geometry will be visible in the near future and prefetch that geometry from disk before it must be rendered. Our prefetching algorithm is a key part of a visualization system capable of rendering a 13-million triangle model with 99% accuracy at interactive frame rates. Our prefetching algorithm is the first of its kind to be based on a from-point visibility technique, and enables interactive rendering on a commodity PC, as opposed to expensive high-end graphics workstations or parallel machines.",
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"abstract": "According to the energy yield of wind turbines, a new design method for optimizing wind turbine blades based on the aerodynamics is presented. The design object is the minimum cost of energy which is calculated from the Annual Energy Production (AEP) and the cost of the rotor. The design variables used in the current study are the chord and twist angle. The blade shape parameters and the loads of the blades are considered as the constraints. With the model in this paper, one 2 MW wind turbine rotor is designed. The aerodynamic characteristics of the designed rotor are simulated and plotted. To prove the reliability of the results, the comparison between the designed 2 MW rotor and one existing widely used 2 MW rotor is completed. The rated wind speed is reduced from the 15m/s to 12.8 m/s that displays the designed rotor has high power at the low wind speed. The maximum power coefficient is increased from 0.463 to 0.49 that can effectively improve the annual power generation.",
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"content": "According to the energy yield of wind turbines, a new design method for optimizing wind turbine blades based on the aerodynamics is presented. The design object is the minimum cost of energy which is calculated from the Annual Energy Production (AEP) and the cost of the rotor. The design variables used in the current study are the chord and twist angle. The blade shape parameters and the loads of the blades are considered as the constraints. With the model in this paper, one 2 MW wind turbine rotor is designed. The aerodynamic characteristics of the designed rotor are simulated and plotted. To prove the reliability of the results, the comparison between the designed 2 MW rotor and one existing widely used 2 MW rotor is completed. The rated wind speed is reduced from the 15m/s to 12.8 m/s that displays the designed rotor has high power at the low wind speed. The maximum power coefficient is increased from 0.463 to 0.49 that can effectively improve the annual power generation.",
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"abstract": "The world has recently seen wind energy to be one of the renowned sources of energy to lessen usage of fossil fuel gases involving coal and diesel yet possessing a speedy-growth nature. The expansion in the generation of wind power, numerically from Kilowatts to Megawatts, necessitates the insertion of yet another vital segment of control-design. This paper takes later part as a focal point and analyzes the research milestones achieved in the province of pitch control system for horizontal axis variable speed wind turbine. This specific control system technique is primarily used to optimize the power under low-rated wind speed, with a supplementary gain of regulating the output power in high-rated wind speed. Researchers and engineers have designed the blade pitch controller for variable speed wind turbine through the employment of numerous control methodologies. In this paper we will explore their diverse selection of control strategies involving PID, Fuzzy Logic, Sliding mode, H-infinity, artificial neural network, adaptive, Individual pitch control and recent trends concerning integration of various control strategies.",
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"title": "Modelling Analysis of Savonius and Darrieus Wind Turbine Models Using SolidWorks Flow Simulation",
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"abstract": "Fuel has been one of the most important nonrenewable energy in our lives, but it will reduce from year to year. Wind energy is a clean alternative source compared to fuel consumption which can cause smoke pollution. In this research, the objective is to model and simulate a vertical wind turbine model based on several blades to be analysed in terms of velocity, friction, and pressure first before proceeding to develop and incorporate it in the simulation stage. The innovation acts as the foundation of vitality through wind turbines. Compared to horizontal wind turbines, vertical wind turbines have more advantages and benefits. Horizontal wind turbines require taller masts and blades which are more difficult to transport and construct. With higher required velocity, the wind turbine configuration ensures that higher velocity means the rotor rotates the fastest and delivers the best possible energy. The modelling of the vertical wind turbine is categorised into Darrieus and Savonius wind models using SolidWorks. Based on the simulated results, the best wind turbine model is Savonius with 2 blades. This model has the highest velocity, which displays 15.8991 m/s, compared to the 3 blades of the Savonius wind turbine. The 2-bladed Darrieus wind turbine produces a larger velocity, which is 11.3341 m/s, compared to the 3-bladed Darrieus wind turbine, which is 11.2147 m/s. The investigation of the outcomes shows the viability of the developed model which can be utilized to anticipate the presentation of the vertical wind turbine generator framework.",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "Fuel has been one of the most important nonrenewable energy in our lives, but it will reduce from year to year. Wind energy is a clean alternative source compared to fuel consumption which can cause smoke pollution. In this research, the objective is to model and simulate a vertical wind turbine model based on several blades to be analysed in terms of velocity, friction, and pressure first before proceeding to develop and incorporate it in the simulation stage. The innovation acts as the foundation of vitality through wind turbines. Compared to horizontal wind turbines, vertical wind turbines have more advantages and benefits. Horizontal wind turbines require taller masts and blades which are more difficult to transport and construct. With higher required velocity, the wind turbine configuration ensures that higher velocity means the rotor rotates the fastest and delivers the best possible energy. The modelling of the vertical wind turbine is categorised into Darrieus and Savonius wind models using SolidWorks. Based on the simulated results, the best wind turbine model is Savonius with 2 blades. This model has the highest velocity, which displays 15.8991 m/s, compared to the 3 blades of the Savonius wind turbine. The 2-bladed Darrieus wind turbine produces a larger velocity, which is 11.3341 m/s, compared to the 3-bladed Darrieus wind turbine, which is 11.2147 m/s. The investigation of the outcomes shows the viability of the developed model which can be utilized to anticipate the presentation of the vertical wind turbine generator framework.",
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"Vertical Wind Turbine Generator Framework",
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"Velocity 11 2147 M S",
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"Rotational Speed Control",
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"affiliation": "Universiti Malaysia Perlis Sungai Chuchuh,Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System (eVess) Group, Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy (CERE), Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology,Padang Besar,Perlis,Malaysia,02100",
"fullName": "Liew Hui Fang",
"givenName": "Liew Hui",
"surname": "Fang",
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{
"affiliation": "Universiti Malaysia Perlis Sungai Chuchuh,Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology,Padang Besar,Perlis,Malaysia,02100",
"fullName": "Noor Afiq Ikram Mohd Noor",
"givenName": "Noor Afiq Ikram Mohd",
"surname": "Noor",
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"affiliation": "Universiti Malaysia Perlis Pauh Putra Campus,Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System (eVess) Group, Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy (CERE), Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology,Arau,Perlis,Malaysia,02600",
"fullName": "Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Romli",
"givenName": "Muhammad Izuan Fahmi",
"surname": "Romli",
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{
"affiliation": "Universiti Malaysia Perlis Sungai Chuchuh,Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology,Padang Besar,Perlis,Malaysia,02100",
"fullName": "Muhammad Zaid Aihsan",
"givenName": "Muhammad Zaid",
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"affiliation": "Universiti Malaysia Perlis Sungai Chuchuh,Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology,Padang Besar,Perlis,Malaysia,02100",
"fullName": "Junaidah Ali Mohd Jobran",
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"fullName": "Norhanisa Kimpol",
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"title": "2021 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Manufacture (AIAM)",
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"doi": "10.1109/AIAM54119.2021.00125",
"title": "Influence of Blade Tip Structure Change on Aerodynamic Noise of Wind Turbine under Yaw",
"normalizedTitle": "Influence of Blade Tip Structure Change on Aerodynamic Noise of Wind Turbine under Yaw",
"abstract": "In order to study the influence of blade tip structure change on aerodynamic noise of wind turbine under yaw, unmodified blade and double fork blade tip structure were studied 0=60° blade is simulated under the yaw angle of 0, 5, 15 and 30 respectively. The results show that the surface noise of both blades decreases with the increase of yaw angle. Compared with the unmodified blade, the variation range of blade surface noise with double fork tip structure is smaller. Under any yaw condition, the surface noise of the double fork modified blade is smaller than that of the unmodified blade, which is reduced by 1.6%, 1.4%, 1.7<sup>%</sup> and 0.09% respectively under the above four working conditions. This result provides a new idea for the low noise design of wind turbine blades.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "In order to study the influence of blade tip structure change on aerodynamic noise of wind turbine under yaw, unmodified blade and double fork blade tip structure were studied 0=60° blade is simulated under the yaw angle of 0, 5, 15 and 30 respectively. The results show that the surface noise of both blades decreases with the increase of yaw angle. Compared with the unmodified blade, the variation range of blade surface noise with double fork tip structure is smaller. Under any yaw condition, the surface noise of the double fork modified blade is smaller than that of the unmodified blade, which is reduced by 1.6%, 1.4%, 1.7<sup>%</sup> and 0.09% respectively under the above four working conditions. This result provides a new idea for the low noise design of wind turbine blades.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "In order to study the influence of blade tip structure change on aerodynamic noise of wind turbine under yaw, unmodified blade and double fork blade tip structure were studied 0=60° blade is simulated under the yaw angle of 0, 5, 15 and 30 respectively. The results show that the surface noise of both blades decreases with the increase of yaw angle. Compared with the unmodified blade, the variation range of blade surface noise with double fork tip structure is smaller. Under any yaw condition, the surface noise of the double fork modified blade is smaller than that of the unmodified blade, which is reduced by 1.6%, 1.4%, 1.7% and 0.09% respectively under the above four working conditions. This result provides a new idea for the low noise design of wind turbine blades.",
"fno": "173200a597",
"keywords": [
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"Blades",
"Wind Turbines",
"Blade Tip Structure Change",
"Aerodynamic Noise",
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"Yaw Angle",
"Blades Decreases",
"Blade Surface Noise",
"Double Fork Tip Structure",
"Yaw Condition",
"Double Fork Modified Blade",
"Low Noise Design",
"Wind Turbine Blades",
"Employee Welfare",
"Analytical Models",
"Blades",
"Aerodynamics",
"Wind Turbines",
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"Power Generation",
"Wind Turbine",
"Yaw",
"Noise",
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"authors": [
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"affiliation": "Shanghai DianJi University,Mechanical college,Shanghai,China",
"fullName": "Yao Hu",
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"affiliation": "Shanghai DianJi University,Mechanical college,Shanghai,China",
"fullName": "Yuanjun Dai",
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"affiliation": "Shanghai DianJi University,Mechanical college,Shanghai,China",
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"abstract": "Aiming at the problem that wind turbine blade icing poses a great threat to the power generation performance and safe operation of wind turbine, a blade icing prediction method based on deep belief network (DBN) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the invalid data in the original data are removed, and preprocessing such as labeling, averaging and normalization is performed. The resampling method is used to solve the problem of uneven distribution of positive and negative samples. According to the relationship model between icing and wind turbine performance, the features of wind speed and power related to icing fault are selected. Secondly, a four-layer DBN network consisting of two RBMs and one classifier is established. After the model parameters are set, the features and labels of the training set are placed in the DBN for training. Get the optimal model after multiple iterations. Finally, the test set is predicted and evaluated. Compared with SVM algorithm, this method has high prediction accuracy and strong stability, and has a significant effect on improving the efficiency of deicing system and reducing the risk of wind turbine operation.",
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"affiliation": "Shandong University",
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"abstract": "In order to solve the problem of different wind field air density leading to different fatigue life of wind turbine blades, this paper takes a 2MW blade as the research object. In this research, the load of wind turbine blade under different air density based on the blade unit momentum theory is calculated, then the blade load spectrum is established according to the actual measurement data of a wind field in Hunan Province, and the fatigue life of the blade is calculated using ANSYS and nCode Designlife. The fatigue load and cycle life of the blade at different air densities were also quantified. The results show that the air density is inversely proportional to the fatigue life of the blade. The greater the air density, the greater the fatigue damage. The influence of air density in different regions can be accommodated by optimizing the layered design of blade hazardous areas.",
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"abstract": "Summary form only given. Molecular dynamics simulation is a powerful tool for the investigation of nanoscopic processes that are hard or impossible to investigate by experiment in detail at the molecular level. The present work concerns tribological properties of model systems which are described by the Lennard-Jones truncated-shifted potential. Two related scenarios are studied: 1) Couette flow; 2) lubricated contact of two solid bodies. The influence of the solid-fluid interaction energy on the tribological properties, which is found to be significant, controls the adhesion of the fluid at the solid surface and therefore the wetting properties of the system. In particular, it is shown here that the solid-fluid interaction energy decisively affects the heat balance of stationary non-equilibrium states for the studied systems, regarding both the source and the sink term. Thereby, various phenomena combine in a non-trivial way: Firstly, upon increasing the solid-fluid interaction energy, the friction coefficient increases, so that more heat is dissipated. This leads to an enhanced heating of the surrounding fluid. Simultaneously, the thermal resistance at the solid-fluid interface decreases due to a stronger thermal coupling between the substrate and the adsorbed fluid. Since a greater solid-fluid interaction energy leads to a higher average fluid temperature (at otherwise constant conditions), the thermal conductivity of the fluid increases, which reinforces these effects by enhancing the transfer of the dissipated heat to the fluid.",
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"abstract": "Cloth draping is of particular interest in the field of garment engineering. Most cloth draping simulation stresses the visual effects of garment design. However, the accuracy of the draping effect should not be overlooked, particularly for garment manufacturing. The accuracy of the draping behaviour is largely affected by the fabric properties. This paper discusses the issue of incorporating the fabric properties into the cloth model, so that its draping behaviour can be realistically simulated. These fabric properties are expressed in terms of a set of measurable mechanical properties. The draping behaviour of the cloth is derived based on elastic theory. Dynamic draping simulation is presented with illustrative examples.",
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"content": "Cloth draping is of particular interest in the field of garment engineering. Most cloth draping simulation stresses the visual effects of garment design. However, the accuracy of the draping effect should not be overlooked, particularly for garment manufacturing. The accuracy of the draping behaviour is largely affected by the fabric properties. This paper discusses the issue of incorporating the fabric properties into the cloth model, so that its draping behaviour can be realistically simulated. These fabric properties are expressed in terms of a set of measurable mechanical properties. The draping behaviour of the cloth is derived based on elastic theory. Dynamic draping simulation is presented with illustrative examples.",
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"title": "Optimization of Fabric Deformation Based on Wind Field Simulation Based by Bernoulli Equation",
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"abstract": "Cloth simulation usually refers to using computer programs to simulate the true representation of flexible tensile materials in nature. This article is based on the traditional Mass-Spring model. The main improvement method is: giving a reasonable range of Hook variable to the original model, constraining the abnormal deformation of the spring under the action of powerful external force, which is called \"Hyperelastic phenomenon\"; In the case of the same types of traditional force, imitating the natural performance of the wind field to cloth, increase the pressure difference caused by the Bernoulli effect, resulting in a more realistic cloth simulation in wind field; Using the Symplectic Euler method to solve the differential equation of particle motion, since this method belongs to the implicit Euler method, it has a more stable performance than the explicit Euler method; Using mature geometric calculation formulas, collision detection is realized with less space and time complexity. Through this experiment, it is verified that the cloth simulation optimization based on this method has a better real-time and On-site reduction effect.",
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