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439,877 | **Khorugh** (Tajik: Хоруғ, Latin script: *Xoruƣ*; Russian: Хорог, romanized: *Khorog*; Persian: خاروغ, romanized: *Khārūgh*) is the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan. It is also the capital of the Shughnon District of Gorno-Badakhshan. It has a population of 30,500 (2020 est.).
Khorugh is 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) above sea level in the Pamir Mountains (ancient Mount Imeon) at the confluence of the rivers Ghunt and Panj. The city is bounded to the south (Nivodak) and to the north (Tem) by the deltas of the Shakhdara and Ghunt, respectively. The two rivers merge in the eastern part of the city flow through the city, dividing it almost evenly until its delta in the Panj, on the border with Afghanistan. Khorugh is known for its poplar trees that dominate the flora of the city.
History
-------
Until the late 19th century, Khorugh was in an area disputed between the Emir of Bukhara, Shah of Afghanistan, Russia and Britain. The Russians emerged the winners of the region after The Great Game, which fixed the current northern border of Afghanistan on the Panj River and established the territory of Russian Pamir around Khorugh.
Before 1896, when the Russians arrived and built a fort, the main town in the area was Kala-i Bar Panj (or Bar Panja Qal'a) somewhat downriver on the Afghan side. Following the fall of czarist Russia and the rise of the Soviet Union, Khorugh became the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan in 1925. Soviet leaders encouraged the migration of settlers to the area with promises of pay, medals and automobiles, but with no industry and little arable land, the effort was not successful.
Khorugh occupied headlines in July 2012 due to a government forces clash with guerrillas. Over 40 people, including 12 soldiers were killed (many reports indicated that the number of casualties could be higher). The country’s security forces moved in to arrest suspects in the murder of secret services General Abdullo Nazarov. The alleged criminals were linked to former guerrilla leader-turned-border patrol commander Tolib Ayombekov. Ayombekov is alleged to have been involved in drug trafficking and the smuggling of tobacco and precious stones for many years. In 2014, 2018, 2021 and most recently in May 2022, Khorugh was the scene of violent clashes and demonstrations against suspected human rights violations by security forces.
Pamir's botanical garden is the most popular view of Khorog. It was established in 1940 to test the survival rate of various plants in mountain climate conditions. More than 30,000 varieties of plants have been checked according to official statistics, which now covers around 4,000 types of garden collection. Located close to Khorog, the botanic garden of Pamir opens up a great panoramic view of the entire city.
Facilities and education
------------------------
Modern Khorugh is one of the poorest areas of Tajikistan, with the non-profit Aga Khan Foundation providing almost the only source of cash income. However, the city does have its own university (Khorugh State University), founded in 1992), twelve schools, and several hospitals. There is a museum, the Khorugh Regional Museum, an Ismaili Centre, and the second-highest botanical garden in the world, the Pamir Botanical Garden.
Khorugh is also host to the Aga Khan Lycee and one of the three campuses of the University of Central Asia (UCA). The university was founded in 2000 by the governments of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, and The Aga Khan. It is the world’s first internationally chartered institution of higher education. UCA has three Schools - School of Arts and Sciences, Graduate School of Development and the School of Professional and Continuing Education. The Khorugh Campus offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in Global Economics and Earth and Environmental Sciences.
Transportation
--------------
There is a bridge to the Afghan side of the river. Khorugh is situated along the Pamir Highway at the point where it leaves the Panj valley and heads east up the Ghunt valley. The Pamir highway is the main road in Gorno-Badakhshan and connects the Tajik capital of Dushanbe toward the west to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan to the northeast.
The highway is very difficult to pass in both directions, especially during winter and spring. Khorugh also has a small airport, which can accommodate smaller airplanes like AN-28 turboprop and the Yakovlev YAK-40, or helicopters.
Climate
-------
Khorugh experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification *BSk*) with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers.
| Climate data for Khorugh (1961–1990, extremes 1898–present) |
| --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.8(53.2) | 12.6(54.7) | 21.6(70.9) | 30.0(86.0) | 36.2(97.2) | 38.2(100.8) | 37.9(100.2) | 38.2(100.8) | 39.7(103.5) | 29.5(85.1) | 20.5(68.9) | 14.0(57.2) | 39.7(103.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −1.2(29.8) | 0.6(33.1) | 6.8(44.2) | 15.7(60.3) | 21.4(70.5) | 26.6(79.9) | 30.1(86.2) | 30.4(86.7) | 26.1(79.0) | 18.2(64.8) | 9.5(49.1) | 2.3(36.1) | 15.5(59.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −11.2(11.8) | −8.9(16.0) | −1.7(28.9) | 5.2(41.4) | 8.6(47.5) | 12.1(53.8) | 15.2(59.4) | 15.1(59.2) | 9.9(49.8) | 4.1(39.4) | −1.1(30.0) | −6.5(20.3) | 3.4(38.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.1(−16.8) | −26.6(−15.9) | −19.8(−3.6) | −7.6(18.3) | −1.3(29.7) | 1.9(35.4) | 7.4(45.3) | 5.4(41.7) | 1.5(34.7) | −14.0(6.8) | −13.2(8.2) | −24.7(−12.5) | −27.1(−16.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 33.8(1.33) | 35.5(1.40) | 45.6(1.80) | 42.2(1.66) | 29.9(1.18) | 8.4(0.33) | 3.4(0.13) | 1.4(0.06) | 1.0(0.04) | 5.6(0.22) | 7.5(0.30) | 11.5(0.45) | 225.8(8.89) |
| Average precipitation days | 11.5 | 13.2 | 16.4 | 13.5 | 12.2 | 5.7 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 5.6 | 7.5 | 11.5 | 103.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72.2 | 70.7 | 61.8 | 51.6 | 52.8 | 48.0 | 43.9 | 40.7 | 43.8 | 54.3 | 60.1 | 64.9 | 55.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 108 | 103 | 139 | 178 | 223 | 262 | 269 | 275 | 245 | 181 | 144 | 105 | 2,232 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation (average high and low/precipitation/precipitation days 1961–1990), NOAA (sun 1961–1990) |
| Source 2: climatebase.ru (humidity), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) |
Sports
------
Khorugh is the locality of highest altitude where bandy has been played.
Photo gallery
------------- | Kharugh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharugh | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt5\" class=\"infobox ib-settlement vcard\" id=\"mwCA\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"infobox-above\" colspan=\"2\"><div class=\"fn org\">Khorugh</div>\n<div class=\"nickname ib-settlement-native\"><span title=\"Tajik-language text\"><span lang=\"tg\" style=\"font-style: normal;\">Хоруғ</span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:100%; font-weight:normal\">(<a href=\"./Tajik_language\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Tajik language\">Tajik</a>)</span><br/><span title=\"Russian-language text\"><span lang=\"ru\" style=\"font-style: normal;\">Хорог</span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span class=\"languageicon\" style=\"font-size:100%; font-weight:normal\">(<a href=\"./Russian_language\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Russian language\">Russian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><td class=\"infobox-full-data\" colspan=\"2\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Khorog_1.jpg\"><img data-file-height=\"720\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"480\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"375\" resource=\"./File:Khorog_1.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Khorog_1.jpg/250px-Khorog_1.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Khorog_1.jpg/375px-Khorog_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Khorog_1.jpg 2x\" width=\"250\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><td class=\"infobox-full-data maptable\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"ib-settlement-cols\">\n<div class=\"ib-settlement-cols-row\"><div class=\"ib-settlement-cols-cell\"><span data-mw=\"\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Coat_of_Khorog.jpg\" title=\"Official seal of Khorugh\"><img alt=\"Official seal of Khorugh\" data-file-height=\"187\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"150\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"100\" resource=\"./File:Coat_of_Khorog.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Khorog.jpg/80px-Coat_of_Khorog.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Khorog.jpg/120px-Coat_of_Khorog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Coat_of_Khorog.jpg 2x\" width=\"80\"/></a></span><div class=\"ib-settlement-caption-link\">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><td class=\"infobox-full-data\" colspan=\"2\"><div class=\"center\"><div class=\"locmap\" style=\"width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto\"><div style=\"width:250px;padding:0\"><div style=\"position:relative;width:250px\"><span class=\"notpageimage\" data-mw=\"\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Tajikistan_adm_location_map.svg\" title=\"Khorugh is located in Tajikistan\"><img alt=\"Khorugh is located in Tajikistan\" data-file-height=\"903\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"1191\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"190\" resource=\"./File:Tajikistan_adm_location_map.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tajikistan_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Tajikistan_adm_location_map.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tajikistan_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Tajikistan_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tajikistan_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Tajikistan_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x\" width=\"250\"/></a></span><div class=\"od\" style=\"top:77.721%;left:53.046%\"><div class=\"id\" style=\"left:-3px;top:-3px\"><span class=\"notpageimage\" data-mw=\"\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span title=\"Khorugh\"><img alt=\"Khorugh\" data-file-height=\"64\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"64\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"6\" resource=\"./File:Red_pog.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x\" width=\"6\"/></span></span></div><div class=\"pv\" style=\"font-size:91%;width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em\"><div>Khorugh</div></div></div></div><div style=\"padding-top:0.2em\">Location of Khorugh in Tajikistan</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class=\"mergedbottomrow\"><td class=\"infobox-full-data\" colspan=\"2\">Coordinates: <span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kharugh&params=37_29_30_N_71_33_21_E_region:TJ_type:city(30500)\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink\"><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">37°29′30″N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">71°33′21″E</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"></span> / <span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"></span></span><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">37.49167°N 71.55583°E</span><span style=\"display:none\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"></span> / <span class=\"geo\">37.49167; 71.55583</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Country</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg\"><img data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"1200\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"13\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x\" width=\"25\"/></a></span> <a href=\"./Tajikistan\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Tajikistan\">Tajikistan</a></td></tr><tr class=\"mergedrow\"><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Regions_of_Tajikistan\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Regions of Tajikistan\">Region</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Gorno-Badakhshan\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Gorno-Badakhshan\">Gorno-Badakhshan</a></td></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Elevation<div class=\"ib-settlement-fn\"></div></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">2,123<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>m (6,965<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>ft)</td></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><th class=\"infobox-header\" colspan=\"2\">Population<div class=\"ib-settlement-fn\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span>(2020)</div></th></tr><tr class=\"mergedrow\"><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>•<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>Total</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">30,500</td></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Time_zone\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Time zone\">Time zone</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">GMT+5</td></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Telephone_numbering_plan\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Telephone numbering plan\">Area code</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">+992 3522</td></tr><tr class=\"mergedtoprow\"><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Köppen_climate_classification\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Köppen climate classification\">Climate</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Semi-arid_climate#Cold_semi-arid_climates\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Semi-arid climate\">BSk</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
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"caption": "Panorama of Khorugh from the north"
},
{
"file_url": "./File:Khorughpano.JPG",
"caption": "Panorama of Khorugh from the east"
}
] |
999,469 | **.ax** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Åland, Finland, introduced in 2006. Previously, most Åland websites were under the **.aland.fi** subdomain.
History
-------
On February 17, 2006, the Finnish parliament approved a modification of the laws regulating Finnish domain names to include the .ax top-level domain. During a three-year period, the aland.fi subdomain was phased out while .ax was used in parallel; no new registrations under the aland.fi subdomain were to be accepted, and all owners of domains under the aland.fi subdomain would receive registrations for the corresponding .ax domain.
On March 17, 2006, Finnish president Tarja Halonen signed the bill into law, effective as of March 27, 2006. The government of Åland began accepting registrations immediately following the changing of the law.
On June 9, 2006, ICANN approved delegating the .ax top-level domain to the government of Åland. The .ax domain was added to the root zone on June 21, 2006, and became active on August 15, 2006. The code ax itself comes from the ISO 3166 standard, and was assigned to Åland in 2004. The letter X is not included in any major or locally used language, but other possible codes were already taken, e.g. .al by Albania, .ad by Andorra, and .an by what was at the time the Netherlands Antilles.
Since September 5, 2016, anyone worldwide is permitted to register domain names under the .ax TLD.
* **^** Adopted Resolutions, special meeting of the board of ICANN | .ax | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ax | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt2\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.ax</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Ålands_Landskapsregering_(logotyp).png\"><img alt=\"Ålands Landskapsregeringen\" data-file-height=\"176\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"688\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"56\" resource=\"./File:Ålands_Landskapsregering_(logotyp).png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%C3%85lands_Landskapsregering_%28logotyp%29.png/220px-%C3%85lands_Landskapsregering_%28logotyp%29.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%C3%85lands_Landskapsregering_%28logotyp%29.png/330px-%C3%85lands_Landskapsregering_%28logotyp%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%C3%85lands_Landskapsregering_%28logotyp%29.png/440px-%C3%85lands_Landskapsregering_%28logotyp%29.png 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">2006</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Government_of_Åland\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Government of Åland\">Government of Åland</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Government_of_Åland\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Government of Åland\">Government of Åland</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with the <span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"340\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"520\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Åland.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Åland\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Åland\">Åland Islands</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Popular on the Åland Islands</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.iana.org/reports/ax-report-09jun06.pdf\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">IANA delegation report</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.regeringen.ax/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">www<wbr/>.regeringen<wbr/>.ax</a></span><br/><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://whois.ax/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">whois<wbr/>.ax</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
290,241 | **.hk** is the designated Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Hong Kong. It is administered by the Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation (HKIRC), the only organization endorsed by the Hong Kong Government to undertake the administration of 'hk' domain names. Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation (HKIRC) is a non-profit making, non-statutory, member-based corporation established in 2001.
History
-------
From its inception in 1990 until 2002, the domain was administered by the Joint University Computer Centre. In 2002, through a "Memorandum of Understanding" with the Hong Kong government, HKIRC took over the administration of '.hk', while the Hong Kong Domain Name Registration Corporation Limited (HKDNR), its wholly owned subsidiary of HKIRC, is responsible for the day-to-day management of the registration service for Specific '.hk' Domain Names and Generic '.hk' Domain Name (e.g., www.myname.hk). '.hk' domain names can be registered at both the second and third level.
On June 25, 2010, ICANN approved the use of the internationalized country code top-level domain **.香港** (*hongkong* in simplified Chinese characters and traditional Chinese characters; DNS name: .xn--j6w193g) by HKIRC. This TLD was added to the DNS in July 2010. The Pre Launch Priority Registration for .香港 was started on February 22, 2011. The first .香港 domain was activated on March 23, 2011. 香港 domain categories were opened for public registration since May 31, 2011.
Usage outside Hong Kong
-----------------------
Some Russian 2ch style imageboards use .hk webnames, such as iichan.hk and 2ch.hk.
Domain categories
-----------------
A Chinese domain name must contain at least one Chinese character but can contain English letters as long as there is at least 1 Chinese character while English domain names must not contain any Chinese characters. All domain names could contain alphanumeric characters and hyphens.
| For English domain names | For Chinese domain names | Eligible applicant |
| --- | --- | --- |
| .hk | .hk | .香港 | Local or overseas individuals or entities |
| .com.hk | .公司.hk | .公司.香港 | Commercial entities registered in Hong Kong |
| .org.hk | .組織.hk | .組織.香港 | Non-profit organisations registered or approved by the Hong Kong Government |
| .net.hk | .網絡.hk | .網絡.香港 | Network service providers with a licence from the Communications Authority |
| .edu.hk | .教育.hk | .教育.香港 | Educational institutions or registered schools in Hong Kong |
| .gov.hk | .政府.hk | .政府.香港 | Departments or Bureaux of the Hong Kong Government |
| .idv.hk | .個人.hk | .個人.香港 | HKID cardholders aged 11 or above |
Accredited registrars
---------------------
As of July 1, 2018.
### Local registrars
* HKDNR (wholly owned subsidiary of HKIRC)
* UDomain Web Hosting Company Limited
* Eranet International
* HKT
* Speedy Group
* Hu Yi Global
### International registrars
* Instra Corporation
* Atak Domain
* Alibaba Cloud
* Foshan Yidong
* Chengdu West Dimension
* Shenzhen Internet Works
* Shanghai Meicheng
* TopNets Technology
* Bizcn.com
* Ascio Technologies
* SafeBrands
* united-domains
* 1API
* InterNetX
* EuroDNS
* Web Commerce Communications (Singapore)
* Hosting Concepts
* IP Mirror
* AB Name ISP
* Net-Chinese
* Crazy Domains
* Safenames
* 101 Domain
* MarkMonitor
* Marcaria.com
* CSC Corporate Domains
See also
--------
* .mo (ccTLD for Macau)
* .cn (Mainland China)
* Communications in Hong Kong
* Internationalized domain name
* Telecommunications industry in Hong Kong | .hk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hk | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt2\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.hk</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:HKIRC_Logo.svg\"><img data-file-height=\"266\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"377\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"141\" resource=\"./File:HKIRC_Logo.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/HKIRC_Logo.svg/200px-HKIRC_Logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/HKIRC_Logo.svg/300px-HKIRC_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/HKIRC_Logo.svg/400px-HKIRC_Logo.svg.png 2x\" width=\"200\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">3 January 1990</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hkirc.hk/en/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with:\n<ul><li><span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"1200\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_1959.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./British_Hong_Kong\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"British Hong Kong\">British Hong Kong</a></li></ul>\n<dl><dd>(1990–1997)</dd></dl>\n<ul><li><span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Hong_Kong\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Hong Kong\">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</a></li></ul>\n<dl><dd>(1997–present)</dd></dl>\n</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Popular in Hong Kong</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Second-level registrations open to all Generic '.hk' domain categories; Specific third-level registrations require identity documents depending on varying rules for each sector; DNSSEC is not available on most local registries.</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hkirc.hk/en/our_services/domain_services/eligibility_required_documents/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Eligibility & required documents</a><br/><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hkirc.hk/upload/page/38/pdf_1/5e6b172e68b29.pdf\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Registration policies & procedures</a><br/><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hkdnr.hk/wp-content/uploads/HKDNR-Registration_Agreement_eng.pdf\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Registration agreement</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hkirc.hk/en/our_support/domain_dispute_policies_and_procedures/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Dispute resolution policies & procedures (HKIRC)</a><br/><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hkdnr.hk/en/dispute/how-to-raise-a-dispute/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">How to raise a dispute (HKDNR)</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hkdnr.hk\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">www<wbr/>.hkdnr<wbr/>.hk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>",
"<table about=\"#mwt6\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.香港</caption><tbody><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">2011</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Internationalized country code top-level domain\">Internationalized country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hkirc.hk/zh-hant/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Hong_Kong\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Hong Kong\">Hong Kong</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Used in Hong Kong</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><i>See .hk</i></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><i>See .hk</i></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hkdnr.hk/zho/home-zho/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">hkdnr.hk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
999,785 | **.by** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Belarus. It is administered by the Operations and Analysis Centre under the President of the Republic of Belarus (Оперативно-аналитический центр при Президенте Республики Беларусь). The BY code originates from the ISO code for *Byelorussia*, the former name of the country. The ccTLD was created for Belarus on 10 May 1994.
Eligibility
-----------
The Operations and Analysis Centre under the President of the Republic of Belarus allows for anyone (not only for those who reside in Belarus) to register a second level domain such as *something*.by. However, third-level domains .gov.by and .mil.by are reserved for government use only. The names chosen for second-level domains must not conflict with those already registered or with well-known brand names. The names also must have two or more Latin characters and they cannot either start or finish with a hyphen (-). Second-level names that might have words or phrases that are deemed to be vulgar or illegal can also be rejected by the Administrator of ccTLD BY.
History
-------
At the very beginning there was only one company in Belarus which carried out the registration of domains .by – Open Contact Ltd. In October 2006 two other Belarusian companies got the licence to provide technical protection of information, including its execution by cryptographic means, and comprising the usage of a digital signature. Those were Reliable Software Inc. and Business Network JV. The former one has started to receive inquiries and carry out domain registration since 27 March 2007. On 3 September 2007 the licence was granted also to Extmedia and on 29 June to Active Technologies. At present each of the five companies carries out domain registration officially. Since 1994 the only Technical Administrator of the .by domain has been Open Contact Ltd.
According to the results of the competition conducted in September 2010 by the Operations and Analysis Centre (OAC), the authorised government body for the purposes of security of the Internet, the .by domain was redelegated to Reliable Software Inc. (hoster.by). On 7 February 2012 ICANN approved the candidacy of the company unequivocally.
In 2007 while Open Contact Ltd. was the Technical Administrator of the .by domain it announced the reduction of price on national domains from 190,000 Belarusian rubels (US$88) to Rbls 130,000 ($60). This measure triggered the process of transmission of Belarusian web-sites from generic top-level domains to the national one.
Since 2012, when Reliable Software Inc. (hoster.by) became the Technical Administrator of the .by domain, several changes have been adopted: the assessment of inquiries in the Operations and Analysis Centre (OAC) and a free 30-day reservation of a domain name have been eliminated and WHOIS-service has started to work.
Fees
----
Since 2011 due to changes in currency exchange rate the price has decreased. The costs to use a .by domain is a US$12 fee for the first year and second payment of $12 to maintain the domain. The renewal of the domain occurs yearly. The maximum upfront payment is 1 years. The payment of the fees occur by bank transfer, WebMoney, credit card or cash depending on the registrar.
Internationalized country code top-level domain
-----------------------------------------------
Belarus applied for the Cyrillic top-level domain .бел, intended to be used with subdomains in the same script, which was approved by the ICANN in 2015.
Other uses
----------
The .by code is used for domain hack by institutions from the German state of Bavaria (German: *Bayern*), such as bayern.by, the Bavarian Tourism Agency. Since "by" means "town" or "city" in Norwegian, it's also used by some Norwegian newspapers, such as osl.by for an Oslo newspaper, and trd.by for a Trondheim newspaper. | .by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.by | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt8\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwCQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.by</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:DotBy_domain_logo.png\"><img data-file-height=\"284\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"588\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"106\" resource=\"./File:DotBy_domain_logo.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DotBy_domain_logo.png/220px-DotBy_domain_logo.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DotBy_domain_logo.png/330px-DotBy_domain_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DotBy_domain_logo.png/440px-DotBy_domain_logo.png 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">10 May 1994</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Reliable Software Inc.</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Operations and Analysis Centre under the President of the Republic of Belarus</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"1200\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Belarus\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Belarus\">Belarus</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Popular in Belarus and the German state of <a href=\"./Bavaria\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Bavaria\">Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registered domains</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">143,412 (2022-08-19)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">No restrictions; third-level subdomains have specific restrictions</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Second-level registrations are available, as well as third-level names beneath some second-level labels</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cctld.by/documents/instruction-on-the-procedure-of-registration-of-domain/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Registration procedure</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./DNSSEC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"DNSSEC\">DNSSEC</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">yes</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cctld.by/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">cctld.by</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
999,940 | **.im** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Isle of Man. It is administered by the Government of the Isle of Man and managed on a day-to-day basis by Domicilium, an offshore Internet Service Provider based on the Isle of Man.
On July 1, 2006, .im registration was made available to anyone in the world, including one, two, and three letter domains directly under .im, which opens up the possibility of .im domain hacks. The domain has gained popularity among companies who produce instant messaging (IM) software with names registered by Adium, ejabberd, Coccinella, Gitter, Meebo, Pandion, Pidgin, Prosody, Trillian, and Yahoo! among others. .IM is also used in German-, French- and Italian-speaking countries (i.e. Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, Switzerland, France, Italy and part of Belgium) for Real Estate purposes (Immobilien in German, Immobilier in French, Immobiliare in Italian). The abundance of available short names has also made the domain popular for personal use.
Currently, domain registrations cost £40.00 per year for domains of three letters or more, although they can be purchased much more cheaply through resellers. Premium domains with two character names are available for £495.00, and premium domains with one character names are available for £995.00.
Second-level domain names
-------------------------
* **.ac.im**, reserved for academic institutions
* **.co.im** and its third-level subdomains:
+ **.ltd.co.im**
+ **.plc.co.im**
* **.com.im**
* **.gov.im**, reserved for the Government of the Isle of Man
* **.net.im**, intended for network operators and others in networking or the online space
* **.org.im**, intended for nonprofit organisations
* **.ro.im**,[*needs update?*] deprecated
See also
--------
* .uk | .im | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.im | {
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] | [] |
30,873,332 | **.biz** is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for registration of domains to be used by businesses. The name is a phonetic spelling of the first syllable of *business*.
History
-------
The biz TLD was created to relieve some of the demand for domain names in the com top-level domain, and to provide an alternative for businesses whose preferred domain name in com had already been registered by another party. There are no specific legal or geographic qualifications to register a biz domain name, except that it must be for "bona fide business or commercial use." It was created in 2001 along with several other domains as the first batch of new gTLDs approved by ICANN in the expansion of the Domain Name System following the increased interest in internet commerce in the late 1990s. The TLD, originally administered by Neustar until 2020, is currently administered by GoDaddy and registrations are processed via accredited registrars.
In contrast to other newly installed top-level domains, the biz registry did not implement a sunrise period to grant trademark owners first chance at registration, but instead used a procedure it called the "IP Claims Service" whereby trademark owners could file intellectual property claims in advance and then challenge any eventual registrant through a policy named *Startup Trademark Opposition Policy* (STOP). This process was created by Jeffrey J. Neuman as proof-of-concept protection service and an alternative to the Sunrise policy. A number of domains were successfully obtained by trademark owners from other registrants through this policy; some of the more controversial cases included those of paint.biz and Canadian.biz, the latter being reversed by a court decision.
Use
---
On June 23, 2008 at the ICANN 32nd International Public Meeting in Paris, the biz registry announced that it had officially surpassed two million registrations worldwide.
In Turkish, *biz* means 'we' and is used in some sites such as *turkleriz.biz* (We are the Turks) and *fenerliyiz.biz* (We are fans of Fenerbahçe).
Alternative DNS roots
---------------------
Before ICANN approved of the biz top-level domain in the official DNS root, similar domains of the same name were already in use by alternative DNS roots. This created the possibility of a biz domain pointing to different IP addresses depending on the specific DNS configuration of a client computer. For this reason, the domain's registry, GoDaddy, requires that a DNS server be officially registered with them on their list of approved DNS servers before a domain registrar may register it in the WHOIS database. | .biz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.biz | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt2\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwAw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.biz</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:DotBiz_logo.svg\"><img data-file-height=\"245\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"512\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"105\" resource=\"./File:DotBiz_logo.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DotBiz_logo.svg/220px-DotBiz_logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DotBiz_logo.svg/330px-DotBiz_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/DotBiz_logo.svg/440px-DotBiz_logo.svg.png 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">June<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>26, 2001<span class=\"noprint\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\">;</span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>21 years ago</span><span style=\"display:none\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>(<span class=\"bday dtstart published updated\">2001-06-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Generic_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Generic top-level domain\">Generic top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://registry.godaddy/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Registry Services</a> (owned by <a href=\"./GoDaddy\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"GoDaddy\">GoDaddy</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">None</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Business\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Business\">Businesses</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Various uses</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registered domains</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">1,472,919 (1 January 2022)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">No prior restriction on registration, but registrations can be challenged if registrant is not a bona-fide commercial entity</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations at second level permitted</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.icann.org/tlds/agreements/biz/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">ICANN registry agreement</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy\">UDRP</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./DNSSEC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"DNSSEC\">DNSSEC</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">yes</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.my.biz/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">www<wbr/>.my<wbr/>.biz</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
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{
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"caption": "Logo at launch"
},
{
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"caption": "Last logo while administered by Neustar"
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] |
1,111,876 | **.cm** is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cameroon.
The official registrar for .cm domains is ***Netcom.cm***, based in Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon. *Netcom.cm Sarl* was founded in early 2008 as a partner of ANTIC (French: *Agence Nationale des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication*, lit. 'National Agency for Information and Communication Technologies'), the information technology regulator for Cameroon. On October 15, 2008, NETCOM.cm Sarl launched the registry service for .com.cm, .co.cm and .net.cm. The current version of .cm domains went live August 27, 2009.
History
-------
In August 2006, it was reported that the .cm registry had set up a wildcard DNS record, so that all unregistered domains in this top-level domain go to a parking page with paid search links. This was likely intended to take advantage of typographical errors by users attempting to reach .com web sites.
Auctions of .cm domains have been as high as $81,000 in 2009 for what pitchmen have termed "prime real estate". However, some bloggers have noted that nothing of any real value was actually put up for auction, despite the price war.
Namejet.com, the official auction site for the .CM domain registrar Netcom.cm, sold over $500,000 in .cm domain names the first day and over $2 million in the first week.
Reputation
----------
In a report published in December 2009 by McAfee, "Mapping the Mal Web - The world's riskiest domain", .cm was reportedly the riskiest domain in the world, with 36.7% of the sites posing a security risk to PCs. It is widely assumed that malicious domain programmers rely on inadvertent misspellings of well-trafficked websites ending in ".com" to lure unsuspecting users to their domains.
The .cm top-level domain is also used for domain name hacks by legitimate organizations, such as the CyanogenMod project, which used `get.cm` as an easily remembered URL shortener for distributing versions of its software, and *The Hill*, which uses `hill.cm` as a URL shortener when linking to its articles on social media. | .cm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cm | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt6\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.cm</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Netcom.cm_logo.png\"><img data-file-height=\"130\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"130\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"130\" resource=\"./File:Netcom.cm_logo.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/50/Netcom.cm_logo.png\" width=\"130\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">29 April 1995</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Agence Nationale des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cameroon</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Cameroon\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Cameroon\">Cameroon</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Some use in Cameroon; sometimes used in <a href=\"./Typosquatting\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Typosquatting\">Typosquatting</a> due to misspellings of <a href=\"./.com\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\".com\">.com</a> domains</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">None; Some labels reserved for government or educational agencies</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations are made directly at the second level or at the third level beneath various second level domains</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.antic.cm/index.php/en/cm-policy.html\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">'.cm' policy </a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.netcom.cm/files/Netcom_Complaint_Resolution.pdf\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Netcom Complaint Resolution</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://antic.cm/index.php/en/component/k2/item/309-management-of-cm-ip.html\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">ANTIC</a><br/><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://netcom.cm/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">NETCOM.cm Sarl (Official Registrar)</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
999,465 | **.bb** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Barbados.
History
-------
The .bb top-level domain has been maintained by several administrators since its creation, the first of which being the University of Puerto Rico.
In 1996, the Government of Barbados sought the relegation of .bb to the incumbent local exchange carrier, Cable & Wireless (BARTEL) Ltd.
A 2001 Memorandum of Understanding was then later signed between the Government of Barbados and both Cable & Wireless (Bartel) Ltd. and its sister company Cable & Wireless (BET) Ltd., to continue the administration of the ".bb" domains until the government selected alternate directives.
In November 2007, .bb was again relegated to the Telecoms Unit within the Government of Barbados.
The Government has indicated that the government's policy will be to maintain a semi-restricted domain. Legal issues regarding domains are to be handled by the Corporate Affairs and Intellectual Property Office (CAIPO) arm of the Government.
The fee for Barbados' main ccTLD and all of the second and third-level domains is BBD$120 annually. This pricing is significantly higher than most other domains, which has discouraged its use. At present the .bb namespace does not allow for commercial licenses to entities without some connection to Barbados.
At present, any person desirous of registering a ".bb" domain is required to fill out Form TU052 and send it the Telecommunications Unit for review. However, it is now possible to submit the form electronically via an online portal hosted on the GovOS platform.
Second-level domains
--------------------
* **.co.bb** - general use (usually commercial)
* **.com.bb** - commercial entities
* **.net.bb** - network providers
* **.org.bb** - general use (usually for not-for-profit organisations)
* **.gov.bb** - Barbadian government organisations
* **.edu.bb** - Barbadian educational organisations
* **.info.bb** - general use
* **.store.bb** - general use
* **.tv.bb** - general use
* **.biz.bb** - general use
Timeline
--------
* 1991-09 – University of Puerto Rico is delegated the .bb domain.
* 1996 – The .bb ccTLD becomes re-delegated from Univ. of Puerto Rico to Cable & Wireless.
* 2001-10-16 – The Government of Barbados and Cable & Wireless sign a MOU for the later to maintain interim-administration of the .bb ccTLD.
* 2007-11 – The Government of Barbados assumes total administration and control of the .bb ccTLD from C&W.
See also
--------
* Internet in Barbados
* ISO 3166-2:BB
* List of Internet top-level domains | .bb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bb | {
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] | [] |
1,034,276 | **.cz** is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Czech Republic. It is administered by CZ.NIC. Registrations must be ordered via accredited domain name registrars.
Until Czechoslovakia was dissolved in 1993, it used the domain *.cs*.
The maximum domain name length permitted is 63 characters, which may only be alphanumeric or the hyphen (-). Hyphens are restricted in that they may not be the first or last character, neither may they appear consecutively. As of 2013, there are six domains which use the maximum of 63 characters.
History
-------
The .cz domain came into effect in January 1993, following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
In 2009, new European Union legislation came into effect, allowing the use of diacritics in second-level domains under the .eu domain only. Czech customers were among the most interested in the new domains, only Germans bought more, with the French in third. The .cz domain, operated by the CZ.NIC association, continued to only offer standard characters, citing insufficient demand and lower accessibility from abroad as reasons behind their decision.
Over 850,000 internet sites had been registered as .cz by the end of 2011. In 2012, the number exceeded one million. The Czech Republic was therefore the 12th European Union member state with a top-level domain to top a million active domain names.
At the end of 2011, CZ.NIC reported that ownership of all domains, 58% were by individuals, whereas those held by organisations accounted for a minority of 42%. Domains were most popular in Prague, followed by Brno and Ostrava. | .cz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cz | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt2\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwAw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.cz</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:DotCZ_domain_logo.png\"><img data-file-height=\"320\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"320\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"220\" resource=\"./File:DotCZ_domain_logo.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/DotCZ_domain_logo.png/220px-DotCZ_domain_logo.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/DotCZ_domain_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/DotCZ_domain_logo.png 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">13 January 1993</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./CZ.NIC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"CZ.NIC\">CZ.NIC</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./CZ.NIC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"CZ.NIC\">CZ.NIC</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities affiliated with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Czech_Republic\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Czech Republic\">Czechia</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Very popular in Czechia</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registered domains</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">1,464,124 (2022-12-14)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Businesses must provide tax registration number</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Names can be registered directly at second level</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.cz/en/page.php?sid=17\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Rules</a>\n<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.cz/en/domains/verdicts/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Juridical verdicts</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.cz/en/page.php?aid=151&sid=37&wid=1\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Problems</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./DNSSEC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"DNSSEC\">DNSSEC</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">yes</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.cz/en/page.php?sid=13\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">nic.cz</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,234,198 | **.my** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Malaysia. **MYNIC** is the agency responsible for the domain, and is under the Ministry of Communications and Digital (KKD) and regulated by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).
MYNIC administers the name space for the .my, .com.my, .org.my, .net.my, .edu.my, .gov.my, .mil.my, .name.my top level domain (TLD). This involves the registration of domain names as well as the maintenance and operation of a domain name registry (a central database for .my domain names).
Responsibilities
----------------
In addition, MYNIC holds the responsibility of developing top level domain policies, and carries out research projects such as:
* IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)
* DNSSEC (Domain Name Server Security Extensions)
* ENUM (Telephone Number Mapping)
* Anycast and IDN (Internationalised Domain Names)
* Promoting and training activities for the usage of the technologies above
Services
--------
* Registering a .my domain name
* Modifying a record of a domain name already registered with MYNIC
* Deleting a domain name already registered with MYNIC
* Transferring a domain name already registered with MYNIC
* Searching for a domain name already registered with MYNIC
* News and information on the latest MYNIC policies for the .my domain
* Provision of a platform for dispute resolution between the registrant of a .my domain name and a third party
Chief Executive Officer
-----------------------
The following have been CEOs of MYNIC:
* Shariya Haniz Binti Zulkifli (1 August 2006–30 October 2010)
* Tengku Intan Narqiah Binti Tengku Othman (1 February–21 December 2011)
* Muhammad Ikmaluddin Bin Ismail (3 September 2012–4 February 2013)
* YBhg. Datuk Hasnul Fadhly Bin Hasan (8 October 2013–present)
Domain Names Categories
-----------------------
MYNIC administers eight (**8**) domain name categories, namely:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1) .my | - | for Malaysian individuals and organizations |
| 2) .com.my | - | for commercial organisation/activities |
| 3) .net.my | - | for network-related organisations/activities |
| 4) .org.my | - | for organisations/activities which do not qualify for other categories |
| 5) .edu.my | - | for Malaysian educational organisations only |
| 6) .gov.my | - | for Malaysian government organisations only |
| 7) .mil.my | - | for Malaysian military organisations only |
| 8) .name.my | - | for Malaysian individual's personal use only |
| 9) .biz.my | | for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises | | .my | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.my | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt10\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwCQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.MY</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" data-mw=\"\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Logo_of_MYNIC_Berhad.png\" title=\".my\"><img alt=\".my\" data-file-height=\"72\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"256\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"72\" resource=\"./File:Logo_of_MYNIC_Berhad.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Logo_of_MYNIC_Berhad.png\" width=\"256\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">8 June 1987</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"Malaysia Network Information Centre\"]}}' href=\"./Malaysia_Network_Information_Centre?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Malaysia Network Information Centre\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">Malaysia Network Information Centre</a> (MYNIC Berhad)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"Malaysia Network Information Centre\"]}}' href=\"./Malaysia_Network_Information_Centre?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Malaysia Network Information Centre\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">Malaysia Network Information Centre</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"1200\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Malaysia\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Malaysia\">Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Popular in Malaysia</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registered domains</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">317,532 (2022-11-30)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Malaysian presence required; various restrictions specific to different subdomains</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations are available at third level beneath some second-level labels</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ichoose.my\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Registration</a>; <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://mynic.my/resources/domains/faq/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">FAQs</a>; <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://mynic.my/resources/policies/my-registrant-agreement\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Agreement for registration of domain name</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://mynic.my/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/MYDRP_RULES-2013.pdf\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Dispute Resolution Policy</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./DNSSEC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"DNSSEC\">DNSSEC</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">yes</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mynic.my/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">MYNIC</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,236,251 | **.so** is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. It was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.
On 11 July 2013 the ISO 3166-1 code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for the ccTLD.
On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC), which introduced new limitations on purchasing **.so** domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia. As a result, several registrars suspended the registration of new **.so** domain names.
On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.
History
-------
### Overview
Due to the civil war in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated to Monolith Innovation Group, a company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia.
### The demise of Monolith (ml.org)
Monolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.
Second-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the form *example.ml.org* at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain like *example.com*, *example.org* or *example.net*
The domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for a country code domain, Monolith could have become able to issue \*.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.
According to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, "I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles."
However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to "technical and organisational problems" which included major server failures. Its second-level domains remain registered to Aveek Datta, president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use.
Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that "no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners."
However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured, so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.
### Relaunch
On February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.
The new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.
### Transfer
On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC).
On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator, the National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain name from SONIC and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry. Somaliland banned use of this TLD as a result of the 2018 transfer.
Name spaces
-----------
The .so domain currently offers thirteen namespaces: the second-level-space *.so* is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space *.com.so*, *.me.so*, *.net.so* and *.org.so* are set aside for commercial entities, individuals, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively. There also exists *.edu.so* for higher education institutions; *.gov.so* for government entities; *.sch.so* for schools; and *.gm.so*, *.hs.so*, *.jl.so*, *.pl.so*, and *.sw.so* for Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubbaland, Puntland, and South West states respectively.
Registrars
----------
SONIC maintains a list of officially accredited local and international registrars.
See also
--------
* Communications in Somalia | .so | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.so | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt6\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.so</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:DotSO_domain_logo.png\"><img data-file-height=\"96\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"172\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"96\" resource=\"./File:DotSO_domain_logo.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/DotSO_domain_logo.png\" width=\"172\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">28 August 1997</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">SONIC</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Somali Network Information Center</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Somalia\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Somalia\">Somalia</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Recently re-established</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Limited to institutions and organizations in Somalia, residents of Somalia, others who have a legitimate, clear and provable connection to Somalia</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations can be made via authorized registrars</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Somalia .so</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sonic.so/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dotso-domain-name-registration-policies_v1.1_2.pdf\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">.so domain name registration policies</a><br/><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cctld/so/index.html\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">WIPO</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://sonic.so/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">sonic<wbr/>.so</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,234,394 | **.gr** is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Greece. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and domain names in Greek characters may also be registered.
Second level domains
--------------------
There are five official second level domains:
* **com.gr**: for those engaging in commercial activities.
* **edu.gr**: for educational institutions.
* **net.gr**: Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and network providers.
* **org.gr**: non-profit organizations.
* **gov.gr**: exclusively for governmental organizations.
There are some other unofficial second level domains that belong to registrars offering third level domain name registrations.
* **mil.gr**: Exclusively for military purposes.
* **mod.gr**: Ministry of Defence
* **sch.gr**: local education authorities, schools, primary and secondary education, community education.
* **co.gr**: for commercial use (generally not as widely used as .com.gr).
Alternative top domain
----------------------
Greece applied for the internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) .ελ (.ΕΛ in capital letters) for domain names composed of letters of the Greek alphabet. This was turned down by ICANN in April 2011 because it was too visually similar to .EA in Latin letters should ICANN ever implement such a TLD (EA is an exceptionally reserved ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code element for Ceuta & Melilla).
In 2014, ICANN decided to allow Greece to have the domain .ελ. The right to this top-level domain was handed over to Greece in October 2015, and it became operational on the Internet on 10 July 2018.
For the first three months, domains already held under .gr as they already were in Latin or Greek letters or transcribed into Greek characters could be obtained for .ελ only by the holder of that .gr domain. Those restrictions ceased to exist in October 2018. | .gr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gr | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt6\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.gr</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Dotgr.png\"><img data-file-height=\"69\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"140\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"87\" resource=\"./File:Dotgr.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Dotgr.png\" width=\"176\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">19 February 1989</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">[FORTH-ICS]</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./Foundation_for_Research_&_Technology_-_Hellas\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas\">FORTH</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"400\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"600\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Greece.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Greece\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Greece\">Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Very popular in Greece</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Second-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Second-level domain\">second-level domains</a> and .com.gr <a href=\"./Domain_name\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name\">domain names</a> may be registered without restrictions; some restrictions apply on some of the specific subdomains</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations are taken directly at the second level or at the third level beneath various second-level subdomains</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/public/assets/docs/en/973-B-2018.pdf\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Rules & regulations</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./DNSSEC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"DNSSEC\">DNSSEC</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">yes</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/public/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">.gr Registry</a></td></tr></tbody></table>",
"<table about=\"#mwt10\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwCQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.ελ</caption><tbody><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">2015</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Internationalized country code top-level domain\">Internationalized country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"400\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"600\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Greece.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Greece\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Greece\">Greece</a> for content in the <a href=\"./Greek_alphabet\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Greek alphabet\">Greek alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Sometimes used in Greece</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Should be used with subdomains in the Greek alphabet</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">DNS name</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">.xn--qxam</td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,111,269 | **.ki** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kiribati.
From the early 1990s to the early 2000s the domain was managed on behalf of the Republic of Kiribati by Connect.com.au, an Australian ISP, with the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency, based in Honiara, Solomon Islands as original sponsor, then transferred to the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development of Kiribati and finally to the Ministry of Communications, Transport, and Tourism Development. In 2002 direct management of the ccTLD was transferred to Telecom Services Kiribati Limited. This initial set up was done by Franck Martin. As of 2007, the registry is being handled by the Telecommunications Authority of Kiribati using a system of multiple registrars similar to that used by gTLDs; however, few sites are using .ki domains. Because of the location of Kiribati and limited Internet connection, it is not uncommon for a website in Kiribati, such as a government website, to be very slow or inaccessible; however, many .ki sites are hosted outside Kiribati.
.ki is a member of CoCCA, a group of country-code domains making use of common registry and/or dispute resolution services.
Second-level domains
--------------------
Domains can be registered directly under *.ki*, or at the third level beneath *com.ki*, *biz.ki*, *net.ki*, *info.ki*, *org.ki*, *gov.ki*, *edu.ki*, *mob.ki*, and *tel.ki*. The fee for a second-level domain is AUD1,000, whilst all others with the exception of edu.ki, which costs AUD50, are AUD150. edu.ki and gov.ki and reserved for their respective entities in Kiribati, such as The University of the South Pacific, Kiribati Centre. | .ki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ki | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt6\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.ki</caption><tbody><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">19 April 1995</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"Telecommunications Authority of Kiribati\"]}}' href=\"./Telecommunications_Authority_of_Kiribati?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Telecommunications Authority of Kiribati\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">Telecommunications Authority of Kiribati</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"Ministry of Communications, Transport, and Tourism Development\"]}}' href=\"./Ministry_of_Communications,_Transport,_and_Tourism_Development?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ministry of Communications, Transport, and Tourism Development\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">Ministry of Communications, Transport, and Tourism Development</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"300\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"600\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Kiribati\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Kiribati\">Kiribati</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Sees some use in Kiribati; rarely used as a <a href=\"./Domain_hack\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain hack\">domain hack</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations are directly at second level or at third level beneath second-level labels</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cck.ki/index.php/downloads/finish/24-all-services/61-kiribati-domain-name-service-agreement-for-2nd-level-domain-names\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Registration Service Agreement</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cck.ki/index.php/domain-registration-form.html\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">cck.ki</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,111,948 | **.er** is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Eritrea.
2nd level domains
-----------------
A number of second level domains exist; however, there is no information available about their exact purposes (although inferences can be made) or restrictions.
* **com.er**, likely for commercial entities/businesses
* **edu.er**, likely for educational institutions
* **gov.er**, reserved for the Eritrean government
* **mil.er**, reserved for the Eritrean military; empty zone (unchanged since August 2004)
* **net.er**, likely for network operators/providers
* **org.er**, likely for nonprofit organisations
* **ind.er**, likely for Eritrean individuals; empty zone (unchanged since August 2004) | .er | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.er | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt3\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.er</caption><tbody><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">24 September 1996</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./EriTel\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"EriTel\">EriTel</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"Ministry of Transport and Communications (Eritrea)\"]}}' href=\"./Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communications_(Eritrea)?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ministry of Transport and Communications (Eritrea)\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">Ministry of Transport and Communications</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <a href=\"./Eritrea\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Eritrea\">Eritrea</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Very few in use; no known registry site</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registered domains</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><70 (2020)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations are at third level beneath names such as .com.er and .org.er</td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,054,335 | **.um** was the Internet country code top-level domain for the United States Minor Outlying Islands. It was administered by the United States Minor Outlying Islands Registry. Until late 2006 USMIR was housed at the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute (USC-ISI), which was the original administrator of .us prior to NeuStar absorbing that role.
In January 2007, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers reportedly dropped the .um domain from the master list of domain names in response to the domain's being unused and USC-ISI's desire to divest itself of responsibility for the domain. In November 2007 at the registry website of *www.nic.um* a message stated "Registration is CLOSED at this time. We are only accepting Registrar Accounts." Links to a brief description of each of the individual American islands were also given. In December 2007, registration was opened on an experimental basis with an "Annual Account Maintenance" fee of $1,200 and a $30 annual domain registration.
Since the USC-ISI divested itself of this registry, in late 2006, EP.NET hosted USMIR and continued to administer it. According to the www.nic.um site at that time, the TLD was no longer affiliated with USC-ISI and had spun off the venture into an independent company, USMIR, which has the same contact information as that of the limited liability company EP.net. Accessing the website without the "www" subdomain returned a copy of the main site for *EP.net*.
Some .um websites, like 'hotel.um' and 'co.um' appeared after the TLD registry opened; however, as of April 20, 2008, the .um domain has been removed from the DNS root zone. It appears ICANN took the action of removing .um from the root since USC-ISI requested this. Whether USMIR will refund domain owners is not known. According to the revocation report on the IANA website, the U.S. DOC has approved the removal and has also instructed ICANN not to reassign the domain without prior approval from the U.S. Department of Commerce.
See also
--------
* Internet in the United States
* .us | .um | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.um | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt17\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwCg\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.um</caption><tbody><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">1997</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Removed</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">April 20, 2008</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Changed to unassigned by ICANN action in 2007, since deleted from root zone</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">United States Minor Outlying Islands Registry</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./University_of_Southern_California\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"University of Southern California\">University of Southern California</a> (<a href=\"./Information_Sciences_Institute\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Information Sciences Institute\">Information Sciences Institute</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"1235\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"United States Minor Outlying Islands\">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">For experimental use</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.um/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">www<wbr/>.nic<wbr/>.um</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,237,563 | **.ly** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Libya.
Registration
------------
A .ly registration is the process of registering a user domain name within the ccTLD for Libya. The .ly domain, introduced in 1997, is administered by the registry LYNIC on behalf of the General Post and Telecommunication Company. This domain is mainly for the use of the general public of Libya.
LYNIC appoints recognized registrars to offer .ly domain names, and these registrars perform all the domain registration tasks on behalf of LYNIC. Libya Telecom & Technology (ltt.ly) is one of the pioneers that offer .ly domains to companies and organizations. Sub-domains are also provided within the .ly domain, at the second and third levels beneath various second levels.
According to the registration site, registered .ly domain names must not be "obscene, scandalous, indecent, or contrary to Libyan law or Islamic morality".
LYNIC registers domain names on a first-come, first-served basis. Applicants may apply for domains with a registration fee of $75 for each domain. Before registration, the domain name, company name, trademark registration, and other legal documents must be provided. In addition, the .ly domain names being registered should not violate any rules set forth by the registrar. Domain names may be registered for a minimum of one year.
Applicants may register domains online or through official registrars list. After completing the registration process, an email is sent to the applicant's billing contact address. The .ly domain name becomes active within a few minutes of that email notification.
### Second-level domains
The second-level domains which are open to third-level registrations are:
* **.com.ly** — commercial services
* **.net.ly** — Internet-related services
* **.gov.ly** — government and ministries
* **.plc.ly** — state-owned companies
* **.edu.ly** — educational and training institutions
* **.sch.ly** — schools
* **.med.ly** — health-related services
* **.org.ly** — non-profit organizations
* **.id.ly** — individuals.
Strings shorter than four symbols long are to be registered only through Libya Telecom and Technology to guarantee that registrants have local presence.
History
-------
IANA delegated registration authority for .ly to Khalil Elwiheishi at the Alshaeen for Information Technology in April 1997.
During the weekend of 20 August 2011 at the start of the Battle of Tripoli, the main nic.ly registration site appeared to have been defaced by hackers on the side of the National Liberation Army, though other sites such as bit.ly remained unaffected.
Domain hacks
------------
Many Libyan domains were reserved for English words that end with the suffix "ly", such as name.ly, musical.ly (now TikTok) and sincere.ly, so-called domain hacks. As the annual fee for .ly domains remains high ($75 a year), many domain names remain available on the domain prime market, and some popular ones can be bought on the domain secondary market, the result of the domain name speculation.
Many popular URL shortening services are registered in the .ly domain: brief.ly, adf.ly, bit.ly (former default for use on Twitter), ow.ly (default for use on Hootsuite), and 3.ly.
In October 2010, the domain of "sex-positive" URL shortening service vb.ly, which had been registered in 2009 by American journalist Violet Blue and Ben Metcalfe, was seized by the Libyan web authorities for not being compliant with the law of Libya. A Libya Telecom spokesman stated to Blue: "Pornography and adult material aren't allowed under Libyan Law ... Therefore, we removed the domain." According to one blogger, as of 2014 this was the only known domain seized by nic.ly, and it was seized only after several failed attempts to contact the registrant.
References
----------
1. 1 2 3 Libyan Spider Announcements, 29 July 2004. Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
2. ↑ "NIC.LY – Libya ccTLD..." Retrieved 16 October 2017.
3. ↑ "Regulations..." *www.nic.ly*. Archived from the original on 30 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
4. ↑ "Libya Telecom & Technology Tripoli Dealers". Ltt.ly. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
5. ↑ IANA Report on the Redelegation of the .ly Top-Level Domain, October 2004
6. ↑ Staff report (22 August 2011). "Hackers Disfigure Top Libyan Registry Domain with Anti-Gadhafi Messages". *International Business Times*. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
7. ↑ Grannell, Craig (22 August 2011). "Nic.ly website defaced by hackers; Concern for 'unstable' short URLs could speed uptake of Twitter's t.co". .net Magazine. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
8. ↑ Horn, Leslie (6 October 2010), "Libya Seizes URL Shortener Vb.ly", *PC Magazine*, archived from the original on 10 October 2010, retrieved 10 October 2010
9. ↑ "The .ly domain space to be considered awesome". hack.ly. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
External links
--------------
IANA .ly whois information
### Domain registrars
* NicLy
* .ly domain registrar (English) | .ly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ly | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt12\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwDA\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.ly</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Nicly.png\"><img data-file-height=\"62\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"149\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"62\" resource=\"./File:Nicly.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/Nicly.png\" width=\"149\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">April 1997</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"NIC.LY\"]}}' href=\"./NIC.LY?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"NIC.LY\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">NIC.LY</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./General_Posts_and_Telecommunications_Company\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"General Posts and Telecommunications Company\">General Posts and Telecommunications Company</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"480\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"960\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Libya.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Libya\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Libya\">Libya</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">A smattering of sites with various connections, both Libyan and foreign; URL shortening <i>e.g.</i>, <a href=\"./Bitly\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Bitly\">bit.ly</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registered domains</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">15,156 (16 October 2017)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Third-level sub-domains have varying restrictions</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations have been made directly at the second level as well as at the third level beneath various second level labels</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.ly/regulations.php\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Regulations</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.ly/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">www.nic.ly</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,168,034 | ***.mo** can also refer to the file extension of binary files that have been compiled from .po files using GNU gettext.*
**.mo** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Macau, China.
The registry for this domain name is operated by the Macao Network Information Centre (MONIC). Operated by the University of Macau since 1992, MONIC administers the registration of the country-code domain names ccTLD.
To further promote the development of services, the Government of Macau changed the operation entity of MONIC. Effective from 12 March 2011, HNET Asia Limited appointed by the Macau government, is responsible for operating MONIC.
HNET aims at optimising and developing the Macau domain name. It will be contributing to the development of the internet industry in Macau, as well as deploying Chinese domain names (including at the Top-Level, .澳門), DNSSEC and other capabilities for the registry.
At present, domain names are open to local businesses and organisations and cannot be registered by the general public.
Domain name registration
------------------------
**Second-level Domain name registrations:**
* .mo, .澳門 - commercial entities in Macau
**Third-level Domain name registrations:**
* .com.mo, .公司.mo, .公司.澳門 - commercial entities
* .edu.mo, .教育.mo, .教育.澳門 - educational institutions
* .gov.mo, .政府.mo, .政府.澳門 - government departments
* .net.mo, .網絡.mo, .網絡.澳門 - network service providers
* .org.mo, .組織.mo, .組織.澳門 - non-profit organizations
Internationalised top level domain
----------------------------------
In early 2015 two new top level domains were reserved for Macau. They are .澳门 (in simplified Chinese) and .澳門 (in traditional Chinese). MONIC has requested these domains.
See also
--------
* .hk (Hong Kong)
* .cn (Mainland China) | .mo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mo | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt2\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.mo</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:DotMO_domain_logo.png\"><img data-file-height=\"60\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"135\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"60\" resource=\"./File:DotMO_domain_logo.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/DotMO_domain_logo.png\" width=\"135\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">17 September 1992</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"MONIC\"]}}' href=\"./MONIC?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"MONIC\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">MONIC</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Government_of_Macau\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Government of Macau\">Government of Macau</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with\n<ul><li><span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"400\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"600\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span></span> <a href=\"./Portuguese_Macau\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Portuguese Macau\">Portuguese Macau</a></li></ul>\n<dl><dd>(1992–1999)</dd></dl>\n<ul><li><span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Macau.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span></span> <a href=\"./Macau\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Macau\">Macau, China SAR</a></li></ul>\n<dl><dd>(1999–present)</dd></dl>\n</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Gets limited use in Macau</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Limited to local businesses and organizations in Macau</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Second-level registrations are now available to registrants who already have the same name at third level</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.monic.mo/monic/faces/regulation\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Regulations</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.monic.mo/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">MONIC</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,237,639 | **.mu** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mauritius. It is administered by the Mauritius Network Information Centre and registrations are processed via accredited registrars. Some registrars market it as the .music and .museum TLD.
Usage
-----
A number of musical groups have started to use this domain, with .mu being used to indicate music. Some examples are the rock band Athlete, the country band Lonestar, the British progressive rock bands Muse and Pendragon, the New Age musical project Amethystium and the 80s influenced hardcore metal band Blessed By A Broken Heart. In addition, the UK-based record label Planet Mu also uses the .mu domain, with the .mu forming the second half of the label's name. The world's largest direct seller of musical instruments, (Musician's Friend), also uses a .mu URL (frnd.mu) as a link shortener for several of their social media channels, including Twitter. The French webpage for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Radio-Canada) uses the .mu domain for its Music network's web-only personalised music streams.
Recent events
-------------
In 2009, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Internet Direct and the Government of Mauritius. In 2012, the agreement was not renewed by the Ministry of IT. In July 2013, Internet Direct Limited stated that they would no longer provide services to the Government of Mauritius unless the arrears for domain name registrations and renewals are settled. The National Computer Board of Mauritius refused to pay, claiming that it should be free because they are the Government.
The Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA Mauritius) published a consultation paper in September 2011 and April 2012, with a view to forcing a re-delegation. At the public consultation meeting held on 12 April 2012, the international consultant informed ICTA that their proposal was clumsy and the Government does not have a case for re-delegation, because their proposed model is inappropriate and no proposal will be possible without working together with the current sponsoring organization "Internet Direct Ltd".
In October 2014, the portal of the government of Mauritius was no longer accessible outside the Orange network. Orange is a subsidiary of Mauritius Telecom, the state-owned telecom operator. Various IT experts including staff of AfriNIC, Google and the local Linux Group found that the DNS servers set up by Orange contained incorrect entries, thereby hiding from the Mauritius public the true situation when in fact the services were already disconnected. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology of Mauritius was not aware of the issue. All the websites hosted on the gov.mu domain name were no longer accessible. It turned out that the Government, despite numerous extensions given to settle the renewal fees, still did not pay for the services and requested the Supreme Court to order Internet Direct Ltd to provide the service for free in perpetuity. Both the Ministry of IT and Internet Direct Ltd have declined to provide any comments about the matter, since the case was still being disputed in court.
In January 2015, the Government formally withdrew their case against Internet Direct Ltd and are in discussion for an amicable settlement for the amount owed by the Government. There has been several meetings since between the various advisers.
Second-level domains
--------------------
* .com.mu: Commercial entities
* .net.mu: Network entities
* .org.mu: Non-profit organisations
* .biz.mu: Commercial entities
* .edu.mu: Educational institutions
* .gov.mu: Government organisations
* .ac.mu: Academic institutions
* .co.mu: Commercial entities (no longer available for new registration by most registrars)
* .or.mu: Non-profit organisations (no longer available for new registration by most registrars) | .mu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mu | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt2\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.mu</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Dotmu.png\"><img data-file-height=\"108\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"110\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"108\" resource=\"./File:Dotmu.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Dotmu.png\" width=\"110\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">6 October 1995</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"MUNIC\"]}}' href=\"./MUNIC?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"MUNIC\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">MUNIC</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"Internet Direct Ltd.\"]}}' href=\"./Internet_Direct_Ltd.?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Internet Direct Ltd.\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">Internet Direct Ltd.</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Mauritius\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Mauritius\">Mauritius</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Used by various sites, many (but not all) having something to do with Mauritius (e.g.: used for MUsic and MUseum sites)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">None</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Can register at second level or at third level beneath various second-level labels; there is some redundancy (both <b>.com.mu</b> and <b>.co.mu</b> exist)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Documents</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nic.mu/index.php/policies.html\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Policies</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nic.mu\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">MUNIC</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,234,189 | **.mx** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mexico, which in 2009 was re-opened to new registrations by NIC México. In 2009, the .mx ccTLD was rolled out in three steps:
* Sunrise period from 1 May to 31 July 2009, waiting period, registrants who have already registered any other .MX second-level domain were able to register their domain for one year
* Waiting period from 1 August to 31 August 2009, to set up the domains registered in the Sunrise period, and to resolve domain name disputes
* Initial registration period from 1 September to 31 October 2009; in this part the registration will be done with the policy first-come, first-served and only for one year with a special set of prices.[*needs update*]
After the three phases, .mx registrations was opened to the public.
Second-level domains
--------------------
Up to August 2009 domain registrations besides .MX, consist of third-level names beneath second-level names which parallel some of the top-level domains:
* .com.mx: Commercial entities (actually unrestricted, like .com)
* .net.mx: Network providers (registration limited to qualifying entities)
* .org.mx: Non-profit organizations (registration limited to qualifying entities)
* .ngo.mx: Non-profit organizations or Civil society organizations (registration NOT limited to qualifying entities)
* .edu.mx: Educational institutions (registration limited to qualifying entities)
* .gob.mx: Federal, State or Municipal Governmental entities only (*.gob* derives from the Spanish word for government: "***Gob**ierno*")
Currently second level domains can be registered directly under .mx.
On 30 April 2009, second level domain registrations were 0.06% of the total. A month later the value was up to 4.9% On 30 April 2010, second level registrations were 21.4% of the total.
See also
--------
* Internet in Mexico | .mx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mx | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt6\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.mx</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Domain_.mx.svg\"><img data-file-height=\"203\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"494\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"90\" resource=\"./File:Domain_.mx.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Domain_.mx.svg/220px-Domain_.mx.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Domain_.mx.svg/330px-Domain_.mx.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Domain_.mx.svg/440px-Domain_.mx.svg.png 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">1 February 1989</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./NIC_México\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"NIC México\">NIC México</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./ITESM\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ITESM\">ITESM</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"560\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"980\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"13\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Mexico\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Mexico\">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">No nexus or presence requirement is enforced, but most use is in Mexico</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registered domains</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">1,339,046 (2022-12-19)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">None for <b>.mx</b> nor <b>.com.mx</b>; other subdomains may have restrictions</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Second-level registrations after October 31, 2009; registration at third level beneath generic-category second-level domains</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.mx/es/Dominios.Politicas_LDRP\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">LDRP</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./DNSSEC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"DNSSEC\">DNSSEC</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Yes</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nic.mx/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">NIC México</a> <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.dominios.mx/en/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Dominios.mx</a></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
1,113,710 | **.qa** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Qatar.
History
-------
As of September 2011, members of the general public can register Qatar Internet domain names (.qa) that are available through accredited registrars. Prior to the making the .QA domain available to the public, QDR held a “sunrise” period for the domains which enabled trademark holders and government entities to register for the Qatar-specific domain names.
As of 2014, thirteen registrars have been accredited by Qatar Domains Registry to offer the domain names. These registrars are Qtel, W3infotech, IP Mirror, Ascio, MarkMonitor, Marcaria (registrar), EPAG Domainservices, Safenames, Thexyz, CPS-Datensysteme, DomainMonster, and InternetX.
Qatar Domains Registry, regulated by the Communications Regulatory Authority, manages Qatar's country code top-level domains (ccTLD), which includes domains which are offered through accredited registrars and other closed domains related to Qatari institutions which means you must register your domain name directly from the Qatar Domains Registry. Qatar is among the first countries in the world to be able to offer domain names in Arabic, قطر. domain represents Qatar's Arabic language online identity.
Qatar domains available through approved registrars are: .qa, .com.qa, .net.qa, .name.qa and Arabic قطر. the latter of which is represented as `.xn--wgbl6a` in Punycode.
The domains that are registered directly from the Qatar Domains Registry are : .gov.qa, .mil.qa, .org.qa, .edu.qa and .sch.qa.
Second-level domains
--------------------
* **.com.qa** – Commercial organisations; registered trademarks.
* **.edu.qa** – Licensed Higher educational organisations in Qatar.
* **.sch.qa** – Licensed private and public schools in Qatar.
* **.gov.qa** – Governmental organisations.
* **.mil.qa** – Ministry of State for Defense Affairs/Qatar Armed Forces.
* **.net.qa** – Licensed networks of data communications.
* **.org.qa** – Nonprofit organisations. | .qa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.qa | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt3\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBQ\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.qa</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Qatar_Domains_Registry_logo.png\"><img data-file-height=\"86\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"300\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"63\" resource=\"./File:Qatar_Domains_Registry_logo.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Qatar_Domains_Registry_logo.png/220px-Qatar_Domains_Registry_logo.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Qatar_Domains_Registry_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Qatar_Domains_Registry_logo.png 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">12 June 1996</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Active</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Qatar Domains Registry</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Sponsor</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Communications Regulatory Authority</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"550\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"1400\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"9\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./Qatar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Qatar\">Qatar</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Actual use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Fairly popular in Qatar</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registered domains</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">21,612 (July 2019)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registration restrictions</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registration must occur through an accredited registrar</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Country code top-level domain and second-level domains are available</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Dispute policies</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.cra.gov.qa/en/Services/Domains/Complains\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Complaints</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Registry website</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.domains.qa/en\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">www<wbr/>.domains<wbr/>.qa<wbr/>/en</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
999,966 | **.tp** was the listed Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Timor. The letters refer to *Timor Português,* or Portuguese Timor, a legacy from the nation's previous status as a Portuguese colony. The domain .tp was officially launched in December 1997 by connect.ie, an internet service provider based in Dublin, Ireland, in cooperation with the East Timorese authorities in absentia, while East Timor was under Indonesian authority.
.tp remained active for the period of transition, although it now no longer complies with the ISO 3166-1 standard for the two-letter codes for the name of countries as the code for East Timor changed from TP to TL after independence. Regardless, it retained a number of domains until it was finally deleted in February 2015. The last listed change and update for .tp was on April 22, 2008.
History
-------
In 1997, connect.ie discussed the potential of setting up a "virtual East Timor". They communicated these ideas to the East Timorese leadership and their representatives. This set in motion the acquisition the .tp domain (then the only available nomenclature for East Timor). After discussions with Jon Postel, IANA, it was realized that a set of necessary registration conditions would require to be met, including the provision of a local contact persons details. It was assumed by all parties in this discussion that there was a strong likelihood for a potential negative reaction to any person or indeed location listed for such purposes. After discussion with various East Timorese representatives, it was agreed that Xanana Gusmão, was at that time imprisoned in Jakarta, would be the appropriate contact person. The remaining issue and solution to providing local addressing and other contact details were provided by connect.ie. A telephone call was made to Dili to identify the address and telephone number of the Military Governor, the last local location of Xanana Gusmão. These details were provided to and accepted by IANA. The .tp domain registry was successfully acquired and activated mainly for the purpose of "declaring independence" at least in the virtual world.
The subsequent attack on the .tp domain registry gained extensive worldwide media coverage and public support. Within 6 days of this occurring, and much to everyone's surprise, President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie announced that a referendum would be held in East Timor to choose between special autonomy and independence. This activity finally concluded when East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002.
First "Internet" War
--------------------
During the 1999 East Timorese crisis the cctld server services for the '.tp' domain were attacked by hackers believed to be at the behest and with support from a faction of the Indonesian military. Connect Ireland also received malicious telephone calls and other communications at this time.
Confusion
---------
In August 1999, before the holding of the referendum, one of the independence leaders José Ramos-Horta, a former President of East Timor, was purported to have stated that arrangements had been made for hackers to attack Indonesian sites.
In response to these press reports, connect.ie issued a statement in response to these purported reports condemning any use of hacking for any activity that would negatively impact on ordinary Indonesian citizens, stating that they (CI) were not at "war" with the Indonesian people and cited the support that they had received from many Indonesian people after the earlier attack on the .tp domain.
Transition to .tl
-----------------
**.tl** is the ccTLD that now complies with the ISO 3166-1 standard. The Department of Information Technology in East Timor is working cooperatively with Connect Ireland to ensure a stable and secure transition to the .tl ccTLD. Existing registrants in the .tp ccTLD were initially granted the same domain in the .tl ccTLD at no cost for the first year of registration. Both the .tp and .tl "versions" continue to resolve and registrant information, whois data, and name server delegations were to be the same for both .tl and .tp, for legacy domains.
As of June 2005, no further registrations were accepted in the **.tp** domain.
Registration in **.tl** is available directly at second-level with no local presence requirement, through CoCCA and various resellers worldwide.
In 2008, search engines found approximately twice as many pages in the **.tp** domain as in its successor, **.tl** . By October 2009, this ratio dropped to 1:8, **.tl** being the more dominant. As of 2013, the same metric reached an insignificant 1:10000 in favour of **.tl**.
In 2015, the TLD was deactivated.
Dated IANA information
----------------------
For a long time,[*vague*] according to the IANA site, .tl was listed as unassigned, with .tp still being listed for East Timor (Xanana Gusmão, a major political figure and former president, is the administrative contact). The Department of Information Technology in East Timor sent a letter to IANA requesting that this information be updated. As of September 30, 2005, the update had been made and .tl is listed as an active top-level domain. | .tp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tp | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt6\" class=\"infobox\" id=\"mwBw\"><caption class=\"infobox-title\">.tp</caption><tbody><tr><td class=\"infobox-image\" colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Frameless\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"./File:Tp-dom.png\"><img data-file-height=\"100\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" data-file-width=\"100\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"100\" resource=\"./File:Tp-dom.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/Tp-dom.png\" width=\"100\"/></a></span><div class=\"infobox-caption\">.tp Domain Registration</div></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Introduced</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">December 1997</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Removed</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">February 2015</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Top-level domain\">TLD</a> type</th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Country_code_top-level_domain\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Country code top-level domain\">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Status</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Deleted in favour of new ccTLD, <a href=\"./.tl\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\".tl\">.tl</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"./Domain_name_registry\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Domain name registry\">Registry</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a class=\"new\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"Timor-Leste NIC\"]}}' href=\"./Timor-Leste_NIC?action=edit&redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Timor-Leste NIC\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\">Timor-Leste NIC</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Intended use</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Entities connected with <span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"flagicon\"><span class=\"mw-image-border\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" data-file-width=\"1200\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" resource=\"./File:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span></span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></span><a href=\"./East_Timor\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"East Timor\">Timor-Leste</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\">Structure</th><td class=\"infobox-data\">Registrations were accepted directly at second level, with some sites (mostly governmental) at third level</td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
35,597 | Year **105 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rufus and Maximus** (or, less frequently, **year 649 *Ab urbe condita***) and the **Sixth Year of Yuanfeng**. The denomination 105 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
------
### By place
#### Roman Republic
* January 1 – Gnaeus Mallius Maximus and Publius Rutilius Rufus become Roman consuls.
* October 6 – The Battle of Arausio, where the Cimbri destroy two Roman armies on the Rhône, is the most severe defeat of Roman forces since the Battle of Cannae.
* Gaius Marius, together with the consul Publius Rutilius Rufus, initiates sweeping reforms of the Roman army.
* Lucius Cornelius Sulla secures the capture of Jugurtha. His success is made possible by the treachery of Bocchus I, king of Mauretania, and this ends the Jugurthine War (which began in 112 BC).
* At Rome, the first official gladiator match is demonstrated by gladiators from Capua, as part of a training program for the military.
#### Asia
* The Han Dynasty forms an alliance with the Wusun by marrying a Han princess to their king.
* Wuwei Chanyu of the Xiongnu dies and is succeeded by his youthful son Er Chanyu. That winter heavy snowstorms lead to the deaths of many livestock, and there is discontent with the new ruler, who is regarded as belligerent.
Births
------
* Decimus Laberius, Roman nobleman and Latin writer (d. 43 BC)
* Tiberius Claudius Nero, Roman politician and general
* Marcus Atius Balbus, Roman praetor and governor (d. 51 BC)
Deaths
------
* Marcus Aurelius Scaurus, Roman politician and general, executed as a prisoner of war in the advent of the Battle of Arausio
1. ↑ October 2 in the Julian calendar. | 105 BC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105_BC | {
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"<table about=\"#mwt3\" class=\"infobox\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<tbody><tr><th style=\"text-align:right;\"><a href=\"./List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"List of decades, centuries, and millennia\">Millennium</a>:</th>\n<td><a href=\"./1st_millennium_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"1st millennium BC\">1st<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>millennium<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:right;\"><a href=\"./List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"List of decades, centuries, and millennia\">Centuries</a>:</th>\n<td><div class=\"hlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"./3rd_century_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"3rd century BC\">3rd<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>century<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><b><a href=\"./2nd_century_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"2nd century BC\">2nd<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>century<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a> </b></li>\n<li><a href=\"./1st_century_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"1st century BC\">1st<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>century<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:right;\"><a href=\"./List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"List of decades, centuries, and millennia\">Decades</a>:</th>\n<td><div class=\"hlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"./120s_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"120s BC\">120s<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"./110s_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"110s BC\">110s<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><b><a href=\"./100s_BC_(decade)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"100s BC (decade)\">100s<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></b></li>\n<li><a href=\"./90s_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"90s BC\">90s<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"./80s_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"80s BC\">80s<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:right;\"><a href=\"./List_of_years\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"List of years\">Years</a>:</th>\n<td><div class=\"hlist\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"./108_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"108 BC\">108<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"./107_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"107 BC\">107<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"./106_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"106 BC\">106<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><b><a href=\"./105_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"105 BC\">105<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></b></li>\n<li><a href=\"./104_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"104 BC\">104<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"./103_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"103 BC\">103<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"./102_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"102 BC\">102<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><small>BC</small></a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr>\n</tbody></table>",
"<table about=\"#mwt13\" class=\"infobox vevent\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption style=\"font-size:125%\"><span class=\"summary dtstart\">105 BC in various <a href=\"./Calendar_era\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Calendar era\">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"./Gregorian_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Gregorian calendar\">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>105 BC<br/><span style=\"font-family: serif;\"><i>CIV BC</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Ab_urbe_condita\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ab urbe condita\">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>649</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Egyptian_chronology\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Egyptian chronology\">Ancient Egypt era</a></td><td><a href=\"./Ptolemaic_dynasty\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ptolemaic dynasty\">XXXIII</a> <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./List_of_ancient_Egyptian_dynasties\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"List of ancient Egyptian dynasties\">dynasty</a>, 219</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./List_of_pharaohs\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"List of pharaohs\"><i>- Pharaoh</i></a></td><td><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./Ptolemy_X_Alexander\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ptolemy X Alexander\">Ptolemy X Alexander</a>, 3</td></tr><tr><td><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./Ancient_Greek_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ancient Greek calendar\">Ancient Greek era</a></td><td><a href=\"./108_BC\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"108 BC\">168th</a> <a href=\"./Olympiad\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Olympiad\">Olympiad</a>, year 4</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Assyrian_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Assyrian calendar\">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>4646</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Balinese_saka_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Balinese saka calendar\">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./Bengali_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Bengali calendar\">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>−697</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Berber_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Berber calendar\">Berber calendar</a></td><td>846</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Buddhist_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Buddhist calendar\">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>440</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Burmese_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Burmese calendar\">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>−742</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Byzantine_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Byzantine calendar\">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>5404–5405</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Chinese_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Chinese calendar\">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href=\"./Sexagenary_cycle\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Sexagenary cycle\">乙亥</a>年 (Wood<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><a href=\"./Pig_(zodiac)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Pig (zodiac)\">Pig</a>)<br/>2592 or 2532<br/><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><i>—<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>to<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>—</i><br/>丙子年 (Fire<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><a href=\"./Rat_(zodiac)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Rat (zodiac)\">Rat</a>)<br/>2593 or 2533</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Coptic_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Coptic calendar\">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>−388 – −387</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Discordian_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Discordian calendar\">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>1062</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Ethiopian_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ethiopian calendar\">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>−112 – −111</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Hebrew_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Hebrew calendar\">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>3656–3657</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Hindu_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Hindu calendar\">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>- <i><a href=\"./Vikram_Samvat\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Vikram Samvat\">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>−48 – −47</td></tr><tr><td><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>- <i><a href=\"./Indian_national_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Indian national calendar\">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>- <i><a href=\"./Kali_Yuga\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Kali Yuga\">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>2996–2997</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Holocene_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Holocene calendar\">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>9896</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Iranian_calendars\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Iranian calendars\">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>726 BP<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>– 725 BP</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Islamic_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Islamic calendar\">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>748 BH<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>– 747 BH</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Javanese_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Javanese calendar\">Javanese calendar</a></td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Julian_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Julian calendar\">Julian calendar</a></td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Korean_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Korean calendar\">Korean calendar</a></td><td>2229</td></tr><tr><td><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./Minguo_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Minguo calendar\">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>2016 before <a href=\"./Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Republic of China (1912–1949)\">ROC</a><br/>民前2016年</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Nanakshahi_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Nanakshahi calendar\">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−1572</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Seleucid_era\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Seleucid era\">Seleucid era</a></td><td>207/208 <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./Anno_Graecorum\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Anno Graecorum\">AG</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Thai_solar_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Thai solar calendar\">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>438–439</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"./Tibetan_calendar\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Tibetan calendar\">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阴木猪年<br/>(female Wood-<a href=\"./Pig_(zodiac)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Pig (zodiac)\">Pig</a>)<br/>22 or −359 or −1131<br/><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><i>—<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>to<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span>—</i><br/>阳火鼠年<br/>(male Fire-<a href=\"./Rat_(zodiac)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Rat (zodiac)\">Rat</a>)<br/>23 or −358 or −1130</td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
35,266 | The **0s BC** were the period between 9 BC and 1 BC, the last nine years of the before Christ era. It is one of two "0-to-9" decade-like timespans that contain nine years, along with the 0s.
This is a list of events occurring in the **0s BC** ordered by year.
Events
------
### 9 BC
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
* Pannonia is incorporated into the Roman Empire as part of Illyria.
* The Ara Pacis ("Altar of Augustan Peace"), voted for by the Senate four years earlier, is dedicated.
* Nero Claudius Drusus begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but dies soon after, due to a fall from his horse.
* Tiberius Claudius Nero continues the conquest of Germania. He is elevated by Emperor Augustus as his heir by succession.
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
* Livy completes compilation of his *Ab Urbe Condita Libri*, covering the history of Rome since its foundation in 142 books.
### 8 BC
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
* King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni and fights against the Roman Empire's expansion in Bohemia.
* Arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken as a hostage to Rome, where he receives a military education.
* After 20 years, Emperor Augustus initiates his second census of the Roman Empire.
* Sextilis, the eighth month of the early Julian calendar, is renamed *Augustus* (August) by a decree of the Roman Senate in honor of Augustus.
### 7 BC
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
* Tiberius Claudius Nero and Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso are Roman Consuls.
* Augustus' second census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,233,000 citizens.
### 6 BC
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
* Tiberius Claudius Nero is sent to Armenia, then retires to Rhodes.
* Emperor Augustus sends ferrets (named *viverrae* by Plinius) to the Balearic Islands to control the rabbit plagues.
### 5 BC
* March – Probable nova in the constellation Aquila.
* c. December – Probable supernova in the constellation Capricornus.
### 4 BC
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
* c. March – Upon the death of Herod the Great, there is unrest in his client kingdom of Judea. His son, Herod Archelaus, becomes the new ruler. Herod Antipas becomes tetrarch of Galilee and Perea. The Governor of Syria, Publius Quintilius Varus, assembles three of his four legions, including Legio X Fretensis, and marches down to Jerusalem from Antioch to restore order. He crucifies 2,000 Jewish rebels.
###### Asia
* c. October – The *Naikū* of Ise Grand Shrine is founded in Japan, according to chapter 6 of *Nihon Shoki*.
* Namhae becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.
### 3 BC
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
* King Maroboduus of the Marcomanni organises, in the area later known as Bohemia, a confederation of Germanic tribes, with the Hermunduri, Lombards, Semnoni and Vandals.
* Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus commands the Roman army in Germania and crosses the Elbe. He builds the *pontes longi* (“long bridges”) over the marshes between the Rhine and the Ems.
### 2 BC
#### Roman Empire
* Emperor Augustus is proclaimed *Pater Patriae*, or "father of the country" by the Roman Senate; this bestowed title is the logical consequence and final proof of Augustus' supreme position as *princeps*, the first in charge over the Roman state.
* Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus, is exiled on charges of treason and adultery to Pandateria; her mother Scribonia accompanies her.
* The Aqua Alsietina (or **Aqua Augusta**), a Roman aqueduct in Rome, is constructed during the reign of Augustus (approximate date).
#### Parthia
* Phraates V becomes king of the Parthian Empire, after he and his mother "the goddess Musa" have murdered his father Phraates IV.
### 1 BC
#### By place
###### Han Dynasty
* Emperor Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by his 8-year-old cousin Ping of Han.
* Wang Mang is appointed regent by Grand Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun, who is his aunt.
* Former regent Dong Xian, who was previously Emperor Ai of Han's lover, commits suicide with his wife.
###### Roman Empire
* Gaius Caesar marries Livilla, daughter of Antonia Minor and Nero Claudius Drusus, in an effort to gain prestige.
* The Roman theatre in Cartagena, built by Gaius and Lucius Caesar, finishes construction.
* Aulus Caecina Severus was appointed consul by Emperor Augustus succeeding Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus and Lucius Calpurnius Piso (consul 1 BC).
###### Kingdom of Kush
* The approximate date of Natakamani succeeding Amanishakheto as the King of Kush.
###### Satavahana dynasty
* Kunatala Satakarni is succeeded by Satakarni III.
#### By topic
###### Religion
* Estimated birth of Jesus, in the Christian religion, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his Anno Domini era; according to most scholars, Dionysius used the word "incarnation", but it is not known whether he meant conception or birth. However, at least one scholar thinks Dionysius placed the incarnation of Jesus in the next year, AD 1. Most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, and place the event several years earlier.
riiz
Significant people
------------------
* Tigranes IV, King of Armenia, r. 12–1 BC
* Erato, Queen of Armenia, 8–5 BC, 2 BC – AD 2, AD 6–11
* Artavasdes III, King of Armenia, r. 5–2 BC
* Jesus Christ, Jewish preacher and central figure of Christianity, (ca. 4 BC–ca. AD 33)
* Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC – AD 2
* Chend Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 32–7 BC
* Ai Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 7–1 BC
* Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC – AD 5
* Wang Mang, Chinese statesman and future emperor of China
* Dong Xian, Han Dynasty Chinese official under Emperor Ai of Han
* Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC – AD 17
* Arminius, Germanic war chief (18/17 BC – AD 21)
* Arshak II, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 20 BC – AD 1
* Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC – AD 10
* Lugaid Riab nDerg, legendary High King of Ireland, r. 33–9 BC
* Conchobar Abradruad, legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–8 BC
* Crimthann Nia Náir, legendary High King of Ireland, r. (8 BC – AD 9)
* Suinin, legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 29 BC – AD 70
* Amanishakheto, King of Kush, r. 10–1 BC
* Natakamani, King of Kush, r. 1 BC – AD 20
* Ma'nu III, King of Osroene, r. 23–4 BC
* Abgar V, King of Osroene, r. 4 BC-AD 7, AD 13–50
* Phraates IV, king of the Parthian Empire, r. 38–2 BC
* Phraates V, king of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC – AD 4
* Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC – AD 4
* Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – AD 14)
* Nero Claudius Drusus, Roman Consul, in office 9 BC
* Gaius Caesar, Roman general
* Livy, Roman historian
* Ovid, Roman poet
* Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician
* Tiberius, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor.
* Herod the Great, client king of Judea
* Hillel the Elder, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office c. 31 BC – AD 9
* Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC – AD 20
* Hyeokgeose, King of Silla, r. 57 BC – AD 4
Births
------
**9 BC**
* Claudius Livius Fresius (d. AD 57)
* Ping, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (d. AD 6)
* Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Roman historian (d. AD 76)
**8 BC**
* Wang, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 23)
**7 BC**
* Possible birthdate of Jesus, according to appearance of a very bright triple conjunction of the royal star Jupiter and Saturn in the sign of Pisces (land in the west) in May until December of that year since 854 years, with a retrogradation and stationing in November 12, 7 BC.
**6 BC**
* Unknown – Possible birthdate of Jesus
**5 BC**
* January 15 – Guang Wu, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 57)
* Aemilia Lepida, Roman noblewoman and fiancee of Claudius (d. AD 43)
* Lucius Vitellius the Elder, Roman consul and governor of Syria (d. AD 51)
* The birthdates of John the Baptist and Jesus are not generally known, but 5 BC is often assumed to be the date. The spring Passover feast (often around April 21) has been cited as a possible date for the birth of Christ, assuming that this had relevance to being a Messiah claimant, or that his birthday might have been related to Passover. Others theologically tie his birth to Sukkot, the fall Feast of Tabernacles.
+ John the Baptist (d. c. AD 30)
+ Possibly 29 September – Jesus
**4 BC**
* c. Possible months being June or October (due to convergence of Jupiter and Saturn forming the star of Bethlehem at his birth) – Jesus, Son of God who becomes the central figure of messianic Israelites and Christianity (d. AD 30 or AD 33).
* Approximate date – Seneca the Younger, Córdoban-born Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist (d. AD 65)
**3 BC**
* December 24 – Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman emperor (d. AD 69)
* Seneca the Younger, Roman statesman and philosopher (d. AD 65)
**2 BC**
* Jesus, basis of Christianity (born in the month of Ethanim (Tishrei) (September–October) (approximate date, according to Eusebius of Caesarea and Jehovah's Witnesses)
* Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, father of Nero
Deaths
------
**9 BC**
* Nero Claudius Drusus, son of Livia and stepson of Augustus (b. 38 BC)
**8 BC**
* November 27 – Horace, Roman lyric poet and writer (b. 65 BC)
* Gaius Maecenas, Roman politician and advisor (b. 70 BC)
* Polemon I, Roman client king of the Bosporan Kingdom
* Xu, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty
**7 BC**
* April 17 – Cheng, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 51 BC)
* Aristobulus IV, Jewish prince of Judea (b. 31 BC)
* Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek historian (approximate date)
* Geumwa of Dongbuyeo, Korean king
* Zhao Hede, Chinese consort of the Han Dynasty
**6 BC**
* Lady Ban (or **Ban Jieyu**), Chinese concubine and poet (b. 48 BC)
* Cleopatra Selene II, Ptolemaic princess of Egypt (approximate date)
* Feng Yuan (or **Zhaoyi**), Chinese concubine of the Han Dynasty
* Liu Xiang, Chinese scholar, editor of *Shan Hai Jing* and compiler of *Lienü zhuan*, father of Liu Xin (b. 77 BC)
* Soseono, Korean queen of Goguryeo (b. 67 BC)
**5 BC**
* Acme (enslaved woman), Jewish slave and personal maid in the service of the Empress Livia Drusilla, wife of Augustus
* Curia, Roman noblewoman and wife of Quintus Lucretius Vespillo
**4 BC**
* March or April – Herod the Great, king of Judea (b. 73 BC)
* Antipater, Jewish heir and son of Herod the Great
* Malthace, Jewish woman and wife of Herod the Great
* Marcus Porcius Latro, Roman rhetorician
* Marcus Tullius Tiro, Roman writer, freedman of Cicero
**3 BC**
* Fu, Chinese grand empress of the Han Dynasty (approximate date)
**2 BC**
* Fu, Chinese Grand Empress of the Han Dynasty
* Iullus Antonius, Roman consul and son of Mark Antony (b. 43 BC)
* Phraates IV, king of the Parthian Empire
**1 BC**
* August 15 – Ai of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 27 BC)
* Dong Xian, Chinese politician and commander-in-chief (b. 23 BC)
* Xiaoai, Chinese empress and wife of Ai of Han
* Zhao Feiyan, Chinese empress and wife of Cheng of Han (b. 45 BC) | 0s BC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0s_BC | {
"issues": [],
"selectors": [],
"templates": [
"template:for multi",
"template:decadebox bc",
"template:reflist",
"template:events by year for decade bc",
"template:births and deaths by year for decade",
"template:short description",
"template:cite web"
],
"rituals": []
} | [] | [
{
"file_url": "./File:Albrecht_Altdorfer_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Städel.jpg",
"caption": "Albrecht Altdorfer's painting the Adoration of the Magi (made ca. 1530) is one of several works of art concerning the Navity of Jesus. Though Jesus's exact birthdate is unknown (other than it would have occurred sometime during this decade)"
}
] |
407,366 | **107** (**one hundred [and] seven**) is the natural number following 106 and preceding 108.
In mathematics
--------------
107 is the 28th prime number. The next prime is 109, with which it comprises a twin prime, making 107 a Chen prime.
Plugged into the expression
2
p
−
1
{\displaystyle 2^{p}-1}
2^p - 1, 107 yields 162259276829213363391578010288127, a Mersenne prime. 107 is itself a safe prime.
It is the fourth Busy beaver number, the maximum number of steps that any Turing machine with 2 symbols and 4 states can make before eventually halting.
It is the number of triangle-free graphs on 7 vertices.
It is the ninth emirp, because reversing its digits gives another prime number (701)
In other fields
---------------
As "one hundred *and* seven", it is the smallest positive integer requiring six syllables in English (without the "and" it only has five syllables and seventy-seven is a smaller 5-syllable number).
**107** is also:
* The atomic number of bohrium.
* The emergency telephone number in Argentina and Cape Town.
* The telephone of the police in Hungary.
* A common designation for the fair use exception in copyright law (from 17 U.S.C. 107)
* Peugeot 107 model of car
### In sports
* The 107% rule, a Formula One Sporting Regulation in operation from 1996 to 2002 and 2011 onward.
* The number 107 is also associated with the Timbers Army supporters group of the Portland Timbers soccer team, in reference to the stadium seating section where the group originally congregated.
See also
--------
* List of highways numbered 107 | 107 (number) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107_(number) | {
"issues": [
"template:more citations needed"
],
"selectors": [
"table.box-More_citations_needed"
],
"templates": [
"template:infobox number",
"template:more citations needed",
"template:integers",
"template:reflist",
"template:cite oeis",
"template:cite web"
],
"rituals": []
} | [
"<table about=\"#mwt5\" class=\"infobox\" style=\"line-height: 1.5em\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"infobox-above\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"font-size: 150%\"><table style=\"width:100%; margin:0\"><tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"width:15%; text-align:left; white-space: nowrap; font-size:smaller\"><a href=\"./106_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"106 (number)\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\">←</span> 106 </a></td>\n<td style=\"width:70%; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align: center;\">107</td>\n<td style=\"width:15%; text-align:right; white-space: nowrap; font-size:smaller\"><a href=\"./108_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"108 (number)\"> 108 <span typeof=\"mw:Entity\">→</span></a></td>\n</tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class=\"infobox-subheader\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"font-size:100%;\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"> <a href=\"./99_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"99 (number)\">←</a> <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./100_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"100 (number)\">100</a> <a href=\"./101_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"101 (number)\">101</a> <a href=\"./102_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"102 (number)\">102</a> <a href=\"./103_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"103 (number)\">103</a> <a href=\"./104_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"104 (number)\">104</a> <a href=\"./105_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"105 (number)\">105</a> <a href=\"./106_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"106 (number)\">106</a> <a href=\"./107_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"107 (number)\">107</a> <a href=\"./108_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"108 (number)\">108</a> <a href=\"./109_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"109 (number)\">109</a> <a href=\"./110_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"110 (number)\">→</a></div><div style=\"text-align:center;\"> <div class=\"hlist\"><ul><li><a href=\"./List_of_numbers\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"List of numbers\">List of numbers</a></li><li><a href=\"./Integer\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Integer\">Integers</a></li></ul></div></div><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"./Negative_number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Negative number\">←</a> <a href=\"./0\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"0\">0</a> <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"./100_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"100 (number)\">100</a> <a href=\"./200_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"200 (number)\">200</a> <a href=\"./300_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"300 (number)\">300</a> <a href=\"./400_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"400 (number)\">400</a> <a href=\"./500_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"500 (number)\">500</a> <a href=\"./600_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"600 (number)\">600</a> <a href=\"./700_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"700 (number)\">700</a> <a href=\"./800_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"800 (number)\">800</a> <a href=\"./900_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"900 (number)\">900</a> <a href=\"./1000_(number)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"1000 (number)\">→</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Cardinal_numeral\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Cardinal numeral\">Cardinal</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">one hundred seven</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Ordinal_numeral\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ordinal numeral\">Ordinal</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">107th<br/>(one hundred seventh)</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Factorization\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Factorization\">Factorization</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\"><a href=\"./Prime_number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Prime number\">prime</a></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Prime_number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Prime number\">Prime</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">28th</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Divisor\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Divisor\">Divisors</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">1, 107</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Greek_numerals\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Greek numerals\">Greek numeral</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">ΡΖ´</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Roman_numerals\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Roman numerals\">Roman numeral</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">CVII</td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Binary_number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Binary number\">Binary</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">1101011<sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Ternary_numeral_system\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Ternary numeral system\">Ternary</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">10222<sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Senary\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Senary\">Senary</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">255<sub>6</sub></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Octal\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Octal\">Octal</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">153<sub>8</sub></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Duodecimal\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Duodecimal\">Duodecimal</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">8B<sub>12</sub></td></tr><tr><th class=\"infobox-label\" scope=\"row\" style=\"font-weight:normal\"><a href=\"./Hexadecimal\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Hexadecimal\">Hexadecimal</a></th><td class=\"infobox-data\">6B<sub>16</sub></td></tr></tbody></table>"
] | [] |
Dataset Card for SuperWIKI Cleaned
Dataset Summary
If you show most of those to people and ask them to form an opinion,
the answer isn't just going to be "I don't know": it'll be "I don't care."
SuperWIKI Cleaned is a focused dataset on wikipedia articles. This dataset is derived from raw files provided in SuperWIKI.
Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The dataset is generally used for Language Modeling.
Languages
- English
Dataset Structure
All the files are located in gzip'd jsonl files.
Data Instances
Refer to this sample to see all the fields:
{
"id": 35507,
"text": "In computer network communications, the **HTTP 404**, **404 not found**, **404**, **404 error**, **page not found** or **file not found** error message is a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) standard response code, to indicate that the browser was able to communicate with a given server, but the server could not find what was requested. The error may also be used when a server does not wish to disclose whether it has the requested information.<TRUNCATED>",
"title": "HTTP 404",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_404",
"filters": {
"issues": [],
"selectors": [],
"templates": [
"template:http",
"template:redirect",
"template:use dmy dates",
"template:cite book",
"template:portal",
"template:anchor",
"template:pp-move-indef",
"template:cite news",
"template:reflist",
"template:short description",
"template:citation",
"template:error messages",
"template:pp-semi-indef",
"template:cite journal",
"template:cite web"
],
"rituals": []
},
"infobox_html": [],
"figures_dict": [
{
"file_url": "./File:Wikipedia_404_Page.png",
"caption": "English Wikipedia's 404 Page"
},
{
"file_url": "./File:Wikimedia_error_404.png",
"caption": "The Wikimedia 404 message"
}
]
}
Data Fields
id
: The article ID in question
text
: The HTML Text (After post-processing) from SuperWIKI converted to markdown with links removed and formatting (Bold, italics) kept.title
: The title of the wikipedia article.url
: The URL of the article.filters
: Metadata of filters found/used in the dataset.
issues
: A list of custom list of templates that has been removed from the html (ala, pre-processing) for the article.selectors
:issues
are based on templates, which may have multiple templates but mean the same thing. In that case, the selectors provide a unduplicated css class selectors that were used for the article. (Template:Few sources
is the same asTemplate:More citations needed
for example.)rituals
: List of "Rituals" used to remove even more "Issue" templates. If not present, this field is empty.templates
: Used for debugging but are all the templates found in the article.
infobox_html
: A list of side infoboxes that ae extracted out from the text.figures_dict
: A list of figures used in the article. Again, extracted out from the text.
Q-Score Distribution
Not Applicable
Data Splits
No data splits were done.
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
"Wikipedia is a wonderful resources however it could be considered too sparse as there are many articles that are not important for the common user..."
The abundance of less significant or obscure topics can also contribute to the perceived sparsity. While Wikipedia's commitment to covering even niche subjects is commendable, it might be overwhelming for casual users seeking concise and essential information. For instance, niche historical events, minor fictional characters, or obscure scientific theories might exist as standalone articles, but their relevance to the everyday reader could be questioned. - ChatGPT
Source Data
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
Annotations
Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
Discussion of Biases
This article removes all "Notices" from all articles to provide a cleaner version of wikipedia.
You should consider adding flags back into the dataset if you want to tell the user about the potential issues.
Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
KaraKaraWitch
Licensing Information
Most of Wikipedia's text and many of its images are co-licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC BY-SA) and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts).
Some text has been imported only under CC BY-SA and CC BY-SA-compatible license and cannot be reused under GFDL; such text will be identified on the page footer, in the page history, or on the discussion page of the article that utilizes the text.
Citation Information
@misc{superwiki,
title = {SuperWIKI Cleaned: Wikipedia for commoners.},
author = {KaraKaraWitch},
year = {2023},
howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/RyokoExtra/SuperWIKI}},
}
Name Etymology
N/A
Contributions
- @KaraKaraWitch (Twitter) for gathering this dataset.
- @sirneggles (Twitter) for provided compute.
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