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Trade winds - wikipedia <H1> Trade winds </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) <P> The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . </P> <P> In meteorology , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Cause </Li> <Li> 3 Weather effects </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail <P> The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word ' trade , ' meaning `` path '' or `` track . '' The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the sea '' but also `` return from the sea '' ) in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal , that is , to west and northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around 30 ° S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta 's voyage in 1565 . </P> <P> The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all . </P> <P> By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England 's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of ' trade ' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world 's oceans . </P> <H2> Cause ( edit ) </H2> 3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds <P> As part of the Hadley cell circulation , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough . Around 30 ° in both hemispheres , air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known as a trade wind inversion . </P> <P> The surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums . </P> <P> As they blow across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean . </P> <H2> Weather effects ( edit ) </H2> <P> Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central America . </P> <P> During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Intertropical Convergence Zone </Li> <Li> Winds in the Age of Sail </Li> <Li> Westerly wind burst </Li> <Li> Volta do mar </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company . p. 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry ( 1909 ). Advanced geography . W.W. Shannon , State Printing , pp. 246 . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read weather maps '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus . `` The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis '' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 - 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean 's Influence on North American Drought '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&oldid=817251427 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Climate patterns </Li> <Li> Atmospheric dynamics </Li> <Li> Wind </Li> <Li> Age of Sail </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ирон </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Limburgs </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 05 : 08 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>	what purpose did seasonal monsoon winds have on trade	[ "The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans .\n" ]	[ "enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans\n" ]
High School Musical 2 - Wikipedia <H1> High School Musical 2 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> High School Musical 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Promotional poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Peter Barsocchini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Kenny Ortega </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Zac Efron Vanessa Hudgens Ashley Tisdale Lucas Grabeel Corbin Bleu Monique Coleman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> David Nessim Lawrence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bill Borden Kenny Ortega </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Daniel Aranyó </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> Seth Flaum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 104 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Salty Pictures First Street Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Disney - ABC Domestic Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $7 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Disney Channel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> August 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> High School Musical </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> High School Musical 2 is the second film in the High School Musical series . The World Premiere took place on August 14 , 2007 , at Disneyland , in Anaheim , California . The primary cast , including Zac Efron , Vanessa Hudgens , Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel , and Corbin Bleu attended the event . The film debuted on television on August 17 , 2007 , on Disney Channel in the U.S. , and on Family in Canada . </P> <P> In the second installment of the Disney franchise , high school student Troy Bolton stresses over getting a job , with the price of college expenses looming on his mind , as well as trying to make sure he and Gabriella Montez are able to stay together all summer . This situation attracts the attention of Sharpay Evans , who attempts to steal Troy for herself by hiring him at her family 's country club . </P> <P> The premiere was seen by a total of over 17.2 million viewers in the United States which is almost 10 million more than its predecessor , making it the highest - rated Disney Channel Movie of all time as well as the highest - rated basic cable telecast at the time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Release </Li> <Li> 4 Songs </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! </Li> <Li> 7 Awards </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> The school year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation ( `` What Time Is It '' ) . Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez , who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother . Troy eventually decides to look for a summer job to gain money for college . </P> <P> Sharpay and Ryan Evans plan to spend part of the summer at their family 's country club , Lava Springs ( `` Fabulous '' ) , but Sharpay 's summer plans also include pursuing Troy , whom she has arranged to be hired at the club . However , Troy convinces the club 's manager , Mr. Fulton , into hiring Gabriella and their close group of friends as well ; including Taylor and Chad . Sharpay is enraged upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards , but is unable to get her fired . So she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would be best to quit . Fulton attempts to intimidate the group , but Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ( `` Work This Out '' ) . </P> <P> Troy continues to worry about funding for college . Sharpay senses his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted , hoping that this will convince him to sing with her at the talent show . Meanwhile , Kelsi writes a ballad for Troy and Gabriella . Troy agrees to sing with his friends in the show ( `` You Are The Music In Me '' ) , not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his attention . ( In the extended version , Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares for a date with Gabriella , and perform their potential show - stopper ( `` Humuhumunukunukuapua'a '' ) . ) </P> <P> Ryan realizes he does not mean much to Sharpay anymore , as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity to perform with Troy . This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders . Taylor and Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game , where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show ( `` I Do n't Dance '' ) . </P> <P> Troy and Gabriella 's relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella , sparking jealousy . Owing to a `` promise '' from Troy , he and Sharpay practice their song for the Midsummer Night 's Talent Show ( `` You Are The Music In Me ( Sharpay Version ) '' ) . </P> <P> When Sharpay discovers that Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show , she orders Mr. Fulton to ban all junior staff members from performing . Gabriella angrily confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs . Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her mind . Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ( `` Gotta Go My Own Way '' ) and leaves Lava Springs , and gives him the necklace back . It also seems that they broke up . </P> <P> Troy returns to work the next day to find that his friends refuse to talk to him . Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice from Mr. Fulton , causing Troy to question his own motivations ( `` Bet On It '' ) . He begins to reconcile with Chad and his other friends . Then Troy confronts Sharpay , informing her that he will not sing with her . The Wildcats and Chad forgive Troy for his absence and convince him to sing in the talent show , which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform as well . </P> <P> At Sharpay 's supposed instruction , Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show . As Troy goes onstage , he asks Sharpay why she switched the song , and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother tricked her . Troy sings the song ( `` Everyday '' ) alone until Gabriella surprisingly joins him onstage . In the end , Sharpay proudly presents her brother , Ryan , with the award for the talent show . After the talent show , all the Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks . </P> <P> Everyone celebrates the end of the summer with a pool party ( `` All for One '' ) which features a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus . </P> <H2> Cast </H2> Main article : List of High School Musical characters <Ul> <Li> Troy Bolton ( Zac Efron ) is Gabriella 's boyfriend , the most popular male student at East High School and the captain of the varsity basketball team . For this movie , Efron did all of his own singing , whereas , in the first High School Musical , his singing was blended with singer Drew Seeley 's voice . </Li> <Li> Gabriella Montez ( Vanessa Hudgens ) is Troy 's girlfriend who is relieved that she will still be attending East High . She is the lifeguard at the Lava Springs Country Club until Sharpay 's actions cause her to quit and break up with Troy . </Li> <Li> Ryan Evans ( Lucas Grabeel ) is Sharpay 's twin brother who lives in the shadow of his primadonna sister . </Li> <Li> Sharpay Evans ( Ashley Tisdale ) is Ryan 's primadonna twin sister determined to win the talent show while also vying for Troy 's attention and doing anything to help him . </Li> <Li> Chad Danforth ( Corbin Bleu ) is Troy 's best friend and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke . </Li> <Li> Taylor McKessie ( Monique Coleman ) is Gabriella 's best friend . She is also friends with Kelsi Nielsen and Martha Cox and is dating Chad . She is captain of the school Scholastic Decathlon team . She has a summer job at Lava Springs as an Activities Coordinator . </Li> <Li> Thomas Fulton ( Mark L. Taylor ) is the manager of Lava Springs . </Li> <Li> Coach Jack Bolton ( Bart Johnson ) is Troy 's father and East High 's basketball coach . </Li> <Li> Darby Evans ( Jessica Tuck ) is Sharpay and Ryan 's mother and president of the Lava Springs Board . </Li> <Li> Vance Evans ( Robert Curtis Brown ) is Sharpay and Ryan 's father . </Li> <Li> Ms. Darbus ( Alyson Reed ) is the stern drama teacher at East High . </Li> <Li> Zeke Baylor ( Chris Warren Jr . ) is friends with Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team . </Li> <Li> Jason Cross ( Ryne Sanborn ) is friends with Troy , Chad , and Zeke and plays on the basketball team . </Li> <Li> Kelsi Nielsen ( Olesya Rulin ) is friends with Gabriella and Taylor and a pianist and composer . </Li> <Li> Martha Cox ( Kaycee Stroh ) is friends with Gabriella , Kelsi , and Taylor . </Li> <Li> Jackie ( Tanya Chisholm ) is one of Sharpay 's friends ( a.k.a. The Sharpettes ) . </Li> <Li> Lucille Bolton ( Leslie Wing Pomeroy ) is Troy 's mother . </Li> <Li> Lea ( Kelli Baker ) is another Sharpette . </Li> <Li> Emma ( McCall Clark ) is another Sharpette . </Li> <Li> Unknown Wildcats player ( Shane Harper ) is the principal dancer . </Li> <Li> Girl At Pool ( Miley Cyrus ) is an unknown dancer at the end ( cameo ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Release </H2> <P> The premiere of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17 , 2007 , and included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie 's cast . On Saturday , August 18 , Disney Channel aired `` High School Musical 2 : Wildcat Chat '' , in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans . On August 19 , Disney aired a sing - along version of the movie . On May 23 , DirecTV announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high - definition airing of the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network - only channel , The 101 . </P> <P> Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High School Musical 2 , beginning on June 8 , 2007 , and leading up to the premiere of High School Musical 2 in August . The show offered viewers a behind - the - scenes look into the production of the movie . The world premiere of the opening number `` What Time Is It '' was on Radio Disney May 25 , 2007 , and similarly `` You Are The Music In Me '' premiered on July 13 , 2007 . </P> <P> On December 11 , 2007 , the movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray titled High School Musical 2 : Extended Edition . On September 15 , 2008 , a 2 - disc special edition of the movie was released titled High School Musical 2 : Deluxe Dance Edition . </P> <H2> Songs </H2> See also : High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Th> Chiefly sung by </Th> <Th> Other singers </Th> <Th> Scene </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> What Time Is It ? </Td> <Td> Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor </Td> <Td> Wildcats </Td> <Td> East High 's Classroom , Hallways , Cafeteria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> What Time Is It ( Reprise ) </Td> <Td> Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor </Td> <Td> Wildcats </Td> <Td> East High 's School Grounds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fabulous </Td> <Td> Sharpay </Td> <Td> Ryan & Sharpettes </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Pool </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Work This Out </Td> <Td> Troy , Gabriella , Chad , Taylor , Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason </Td> <Td> Wildcats and Kitchen Workers </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Kitchen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> You Are the Music in Me </Td> <Td> Troy and Gabriella </Td> <Td> Kelsi and Wildcats </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Dining Room </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Humuhumunukunukuapua'a </Td> <Td> Sharpay and Ryan </Td> <Td> Sharpettes </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Backstage Room </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I Do n't Dance </Td> <Td> Chad and Ryan </Td> <Td> Baseball Players , Wildcats , and Company </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Baseball Field </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> You Are the Music in Me ( Reprise ) </Td> <Td> Sharpay and Troy </Td> <Td> Sharpettes </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gotta Go My Own Way </Td> <Td> Gabriella </Td> <Td> Troy </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Pool , Locker Room , Grounds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bet On It </Td> <Td> Troy </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Golf Course </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Everyday </Td> <Td> Troy and Gabriella </Td> <Td> Wildcats and Company </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All for One </Td> <Td> Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor </Td> <Td> Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason , Wildcats , Company </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Pool </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception </H2> A performance of musical numbers from High School Musical 2 at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . <P> The first broadcast of the film on August 17 , 2007 broke records , receiving 17.2 million viewers . This number made it , at the time , the most - watched basic - cable telecast in history ( the previous record was held by an edition of ESPN 's Monday Night Football between the New York Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23 , 2006 , which attracted 16 million viewers ) , the most - watched made - for - cable movie ever ( the previous record was held by TNT 's January 21 , 2001 airing of Crossfire Trail , which brought in 12.5 million viewers ) , and the largest audience of any program on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season , along with Friday nights for the past five years . Ratings for the second showing of the movie fell to 8.4 million , and the third showing fell to 7.4 million , totaling the premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers . </P> <P> In Latin America , the premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north region . The film was the most - watched in its schedule , among all cable channels , and produced the highest rating of the channel , surpassing all original films of Disney Channel . Among other records , the premiere in Argentina surpassed the debut of High School Musical the last year , in a 107 percent , while in Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent , and Mexico did so with 61 percent . In the United Kingdom , the movie became Disney Channel UK 's most viewed program ever , totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing . </P> <P> The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics , gaining a score of 57 % on Rotten Tomatoes while gaining a score of 72 / 100 at Metacritic . USA Today 's Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four , saying High School Musical 2 was `` sweet , smart , bursting with talent and energy , and awash in innocence '' . While critics enjoyed the film , they noted that the timing of the movie 's premiere seemed odd , premiering just when school was about to start up again , while the movie 's plot involved the gang going on summer vacation . High School Musical 2 won the `` So Hot Right Now '' award at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 , in which High School Musical castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas . </P> <H2> High School Musical 2 : on stage ! </H2> Main article : High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! Pacific Repertory Theatre 's School of Dramatic Arts High School Musical Act 1 Finale . <P> Like the original High School Musical , the sequel has been adapted into two different theatrical productions : a one - act , 70 - minute version and a two - act full - length production . This stage production includes the song `` Hummuhummunukunukuapua'a '' that was left out of the original movie but included in the DVD . Through Music Theater International , Disney Theatrical began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008 . MTI had originally recruited 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full - length adaptation , but due to complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score , all but two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program . </P> <Ul> <Li> On May 18 , 2008 , Woodlands High School became the first school to produce High School Musical 2 . </Li> <Li> From July 17 - August 3 , 2008 , Harrell Theatre , in Collierville , Tennessee , was the first community theatre to perform the production , which featured both a senior cast and a junior cast . </Li> <Li> From January 15 - February 15 , 2009 , the West Coast premiere production was presented by Pacific Repertory Theatre 's School of Dramatic Arts . The production was directed by PacRep founder Stephen Moorer , who previously directed the California premiere of the first High School Musical . </Li> <Li> From 6 -- 18 April 2009 , the UK Premiere was performed by StageDaze Theatre Company in Cardiff . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> American Music Award </Td> <Td> Favorite Soundtrack ( High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bravo Magazine Award </Td> <Td> Bravo Otto for TV Star -- Male ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CMA Wild and Young Awards </Td> <Td> Best Single International ( You Are the Music in Me by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Family Television Awards </Td> <Td> Best Actor ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Fave Movie Star ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> So Hot Right Now ! </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Best TV Actress ( Ashley Tisdale ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best TV Actor ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Star Under 35 ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Choice TV : Movie </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> ALMA Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Director of a Made -- for -- TV Movie ( Kenny Ortega ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ASTRA Awards </Td> <Td> Favourite International Program </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favourite International Personality or Actor ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cinema Audio Society Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries ( Douglas Cameron , Terry O'Bright and Keith Rogers ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Directors Guild of America Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Program ( Kenny Ortega ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Reel Award </Td> <Td> Best Sound Editing -- Music for Long Form Television ( Michael Dittrick and Amber Funk ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Image Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Children 's Program </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PGA Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Producer for Long -- Form Television ( Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Primetime Emmy Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Choreography ( Kenny Ortega , Bonnie Story and Charles Klapow ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Children 's Program ( Don Schain , Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Television Critics Association Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Thedisneyblog.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' aces test '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patriots - Ravens game sets cable TV viewership record '' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' huge hit '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DisneyChannelFacts '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reuters.com , `` High School Musical 2 '' enters interactive semester </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DirecTV.com , Press Release </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' High School Musical 2 ' Debuts First Song '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 enters interactive semester '' . Reuters . July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of April 19 '' . USA Today . April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farandoo.com Archived 2008 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , HSM 2 alcanzó cifras récord en Latinoamérica ! ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Digitalspy.co.uk , `` High School Musical '' proves UK ratings hit </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 ( Disney ) - Reviews from Metacritic '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Bianco , `` ' High School Musical ' sequel holds onto note of innocence '' , August 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Timeout.com , Time Out New York : High School Musical 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pacrep.org Archived 2011 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HSM2onstage.co.uk </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : High School Musical 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to High School Musical . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 on IMDb </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Disneychannel-asia.com , Official Asia site . </Li> <Li> Adisney.go.com , Official Aggregate site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> High School Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High School Musical ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtrack albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High School Musical </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year </Li> <Li> Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hits Remixed </Li> <Li> Non-Stop Dance Party </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> High School Musical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` What I 've Been Looking For '' </Li> <Li> `` Stick to the Status Quo '' </Li> <Li> `` Breaking Free '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High School Musical 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` What Time Is It ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Fabulous '' </Li> <Li> `` Work This Out '' </Li> <Li> `` You Are the Music in Me '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Dance '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Now or Never '' </Li> <Li> `` Right Here , Right Now '' </Li> <Li> `` I Want It All '' </Li> <Li> `` A Night to Remember '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Makin ' the Cut ! </Li> <Li> Work This Out ! </Li> <Li> Senior Year Dance </Li> <Li> Senior Year DS </Li> <Li> Disney Sing It <Ul> <Li> High School Musical </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year </Li> <Li> Pop Hits </Li> <Li> Family Hits </Li> <Li> Party Hits </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other productions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Concert tour </Li> <Li> Stage production <Ul> <Li> Sequel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Music in You </Li> <Li> Get in the Picture </Li> <Li> El Desafío <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> A Seleção <Ul> <Li> Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> O Desafio <Ul> <Li> Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> High School Musical Jr </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Book series </Li> <Li> Characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney Channel Original Movies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Under Wraps ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Brink ! 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( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Frenemies ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Let It Shine ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zapped ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Swap ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Zombies ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Kenny Ortega </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Newsies ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> A Change of Heart ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_School_Musical_2&oldid=833368070 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Disney Channel Original Movie films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> High School Musical </Li> <Li> 2000s teen films </Li> <Li> 2007 television films </Li> <Li> American children 's films </Li> <Li> 2000s musical comedy films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Kenny Ortega </Li> <Li> Films shot in Salt Lake City </Li> <Li> Films set in New Mexico </Li> <Li> Television sequel films </Li> <Li> American television films </Li> <Li> American teen musical films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with Spanish - language external links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox television with editor parameter </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 37 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 03 : 50 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of Nobel laureates in Physics - wikipedia <H1> List of Nobel laureates in Physics </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Front side ( obverse ) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947 <P> The Nobel Prize in Physics ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i fysik ) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel ( who died in 1896 ) , awarded for outstanding contributions in physics . As dictated by Nobel 's will , the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Statistics </Li> <Li> 2 Laureates </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 4.2 Citations </Li> <Li> 4.3 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Skłodowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) . </P> <H2> Laureates ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Laureate </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Rationale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hendrik Lorentz </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pieter Zeeman </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Antoine Henri Becquerel </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pierre Curie </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maria Skłodowska - Curie </Td> <Td> Poland France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lord Rayleigh </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard </Td> <Td> Austria - Hungary Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his work on cathode rays '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph John Thomson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Albert Abraham Michelson </Td> <Td> United States Poland </Td> <Td> `` for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gabriel Lippmann </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guglielmo Marconi </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> `` for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Karl Ferdinand Braun </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johannes Diderik van der Waals </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilhelm Wien </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nils Gustaf Dalén </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max von Laue </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '' , an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Henry Bragg </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '' , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Lawrence Bragg </Td> <Td> Australia <P> United Kingdom </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded World War I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Glover Barkla </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements '' , another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1918 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max Planck </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1919 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johannes Stark </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Édouard Guillaume </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> `` for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel - steel alloys '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Albert Einstein </Td> <Td> Germany Switzerland </Td> <Td> `` for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Niels Bohr </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> `` for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Andrews Millikan </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manne Siegbahn </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> `` for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Franck </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gustav Hertz </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jean Baptiste Perrin </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur Holly Compton </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of the effect named after him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Thomson Rees Wilson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Owen Willans Richardson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louis Victor Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Werner Heisenberg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Erwin Schrödinger </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Dirac </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Chadwick </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the neutron '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victor Francis Hess </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carl David Anderson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of the positron '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clinton Joseph Davisson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Paget Thomson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Enrico Fermi </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernest Lawrence </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Otto Stern </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Isidor Isaac Rabi </Td> <Td> United States Poland </Td> <Td> `` for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Pauli </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Percy Williams Bridgman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward Victor Appleton </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so - called Appleton layer '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hideki Yukawa </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cecil Frank Powell </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Douglas Cockcroft </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Felix Bloch </Td> <Td> Switzerland United States </Td> <Td> `` for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward Mills Purcell </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frits Zernike </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for his demonstration of the phase contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max Born </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walther Bothe </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willis Eugene Lamb </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Polykarp Kusch </Td> <Td> United States Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Bardeen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walter Houser Brattain </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Bradford Shockley </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tsung - Dao Lee </Td> <Td> Republic of China </Td> <Td> `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chen Ning Yang </Td> <Td> Republic of China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ilya Frank </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Emilio Gino Segrè </Td> <Td> Italy United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of the antiproton '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Owen Chamberlain </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donald Arthur Glaser </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of the bubble chamber '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Hofstadter </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lev Davidovich Landau </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> `` for his pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eugene Paul Wigner </Td> <Td> Hungary United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maria Goeppert - Mayer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> J. Hans D. Jensen </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser principle '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alexander Prokhorov </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Hard Townes </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Phillips Feynman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Julian Schwinger </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shin'ichirō Tomonaga </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alfred Kastler </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hans Albrecht Bethe </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Luis Walter Alvarez </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Murray Gell - Mann </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louis Néel </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dennis Gabor </Td> <Td> Hungary United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his invention and development of the holographic method '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Bardeen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity , usually called the BCS - theory '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leon Neil Cooper </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Robert Schrieffer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leo Esaki </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ivar Giaever </Td> <Td> United States Norway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brian David Josephson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin Ryle </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Antony Hewish </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aage Bohr </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ben Roy Mottelson </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leo James Rainwater </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Burton Richter </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel Chao Chung Ting </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philip Warren Anderson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nevill Francis Mott </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Hasbrouck Van Vleck </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> `` for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low - temperature physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arno Allan Penzias </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sheldon Lee Glashow </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abdus Salam </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steven Weinberg </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Watson Cronin </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Val Logsdon Fitch </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nicolaas Bloembergen </Td> <Td> Netherlands United States </Td> <Td> `` for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur Leonard Schawlow </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> `` for his contribution to the development of high - resolution electron spectroscopy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kenneth G. Wilson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar </Td> <Td> India United States </Td> <Td> `` for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Alfred Fowler </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carlo Rubbia </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon van der Meer </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Klaus von Klitzing </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernst Ruska </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his fundamental work in electron optics , and for the design of the first electron microscope '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gerd Binnig </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heinrich Rohrer </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johannes Georg Bednorz </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Karl Alexander Müller </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leon Max Lederman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melvin Schwartz </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jack Steinberger </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Norman Foster Ramsey </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hans Georg Dehmelt </Td> <Td> United States Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the development of the ion trap technique '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Paul </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerome I. Friedman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Way Kendall </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard E. Taylor </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pierre - Gilles de Gennes </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular to liquid crystals and polymers '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georges Charpak </Td> <Td> France Poland </Td> <Td> `` for his invention and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional chamber '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Russell Alan Hulse </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr . </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bertram Brockhouse </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clifford Glenwood Shull </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the development of the neutron diffraction technique '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin Lewis Perl </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the tau lepton '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frederick Reines </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the detection of the neutrino '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Morris Lee </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of superfluidity in helium - 3 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Douglas D. Osheroff </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Coleman Richardson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steven Chu </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Claude Cohen - Tannoudji </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Daniel Phillips </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert B. Laughlin </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Horst Ludwig Störmer </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Daniel Chee Tsui </Td> <Td> Republic of China United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gerard ' t Hooft </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martinus J.G. Veltman </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zhores Ivanovich Alferov </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed - and optoelectronics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herbert Kroemer </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jack St. Clair Kilby </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eric Allin Cornell </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carl Edwin Wieman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Ketterle </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raymond Davis , Jr . </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Masatoshi Koshiba </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Riccardo Giacconi </Td> <Td> Italy United States </Td> <Td> `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov </Td> <Td> Russia United States </Td> <Td> `` for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anthony James Leggett </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David J. Gross </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hugh David Politzer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Wilczek </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roy J. Glauber </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John L. Hall </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their contributions to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical frequency comb technique '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Theodor W. Hänsch </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John C. Mather </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George F. Smoot </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Albert Fert </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Grünberg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Makoto Kobayashi </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Toshihide Maskawa </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yoichiro Nambu </Td> <Td> Japan United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles K. Kao </Td> <Td> Hong Kong United Kingdom United States </Td> <Td> `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willard S. Boyle </Td> <Td> Canada United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George E. Smith </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Andre Geim </Td> <Td> Russia United Kingdom Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Konstantin Novoselov </Td> <Td> Russia United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saul Perlmutter </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brian P. Schmidt </Td> <Td> Australia United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Adam G. Riess </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Serge Haroche </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David J. Wineland </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> François Englert </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Higgs </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Isamu Akasaki </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy - saving white light sources '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hiroshi Amano </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shuji Nakamura </Td> <Td> Japan United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Takaaki Kajita </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur B. McDonald </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David J. Thouless </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> <Td> `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> F. Duncan M. Haldane </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John M. Kosterlitz </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rainer Weiss </Td> <Td> Germany United States </Td> <Td> `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kip Thorne </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Barish </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Nobel laureates </Li> <Li> List of Nobel laureates by country </Li> <Li> List of physicists </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <P> ^ A . The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . Alternative spellings and name forms , where they exist , are given at the articles linked from this column . Where available , an image of each Nobel laureate is provided . For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation , see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org . </P> <P> ^ B . The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient 's birthplace or citizenship . </P> <P> ^ C. The citation for each award is quoted ( not always in full ) from nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . The links in this column are to articles ( or sections of articles ) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were presented . The links are intended only as a guide and explanation . For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate , please see the biography articles linked from the name column . </P> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alfred Nobel -- The Man Behind the Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Awarders '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 '' . Nobel Foundation . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>	who got the first nobel prize in physics	[ "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Skłodowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) .\n", "Year Laureate Country Rationale 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him '' 1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena '' Pieter Zeeman Netherlands 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity '' Pierre Curie France `` for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel '' Maria Skłodowska - Curie Poland France 1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom `` for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies '' 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Austria - Hungary Germany `` for his work on cathode rays '' 1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom `` for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases '' 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States Poland `` for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid '' 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference '' 1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy `` for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy '' Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids '' 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat '' 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys '' 1913 Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes Netherlands `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium '' 1914 Max von Laue Germany `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '' , an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy . 1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom `` For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '' , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography William Lawrence Bragg Australia United Kingdom 1916 Not awarded World War I 1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom `` For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements '' , another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy 1918 Max Planck Germany `` for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta '' 1919 Johannes Stark Germany `` for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields '' 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland `` for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel - steel alloys '' 1921 Albert Einstein Germany Switzerland `` for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect '' 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark `` for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them '' 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect '' 1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden `` for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy '' 1925 James Franck Germany `` for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom '' Gustav Hertz Germany 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium '' 1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States `` for his discovery of the effect named after him '' Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour '' 1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom `` for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him '' 1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie France `` for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons '' 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India `` for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him '' 1931 Not awarded 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen '' 1933 Erwin Schrödinger Austria `` for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory '' Paul Dirac United Kingdom 1934 Not awarded 1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom `` for the discovery of the neutron '' 1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation '' Carl David Anderson United States `` for his discovery of the positron '' 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson United States `` for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals '' George Paget Thomson United Kingdom 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons '' 1939 Ernest Lawrence United States `` for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements '' 1940 Not awarded World War II 1941 Not awarded World War II 1942 Not awarded World War II 1943 Otto Stern United States `` for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton '' 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States Poland `` for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei '' 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria `` for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle '' 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics '' 1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom `` for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so - called Appleton layer '' 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom `` for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation '' 1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan `` for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces '' 1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom `` for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method '' 1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom `` for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles '' Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland 1952 Felix Bloch Switzerland United States `` for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith '' Edward Mills Purcell United States 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands `` for his demonstration of the phase contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope '' 1954 Max Born West Germany `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction '' Walther Bothe West Germany `` for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith '' 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum '' Polykarp Kusch United States Germany `` for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron '' 1956 John Bardeen United States `` for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect '' Walter Houser Brattain United States William Bradford Shockley United States 1957 Tsung - Dao Lee Republic of China `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles '' Chen Ning Yang Republic of China 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union `` for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect '' Ilya Frank Soviet Union Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union 1959 Emilio Gino Segrè Italy United States `` for their discovery of the antiproton '' Owen Chamberlain United States 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States `` for the invention of the bubble chamber '' 1961 Robert Hofstadter United States `` for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons '' Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany `` for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name '' 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union `` for his pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium '' 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary United States `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles '' Maria Goeppert - Mayer United States `` for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure '' J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany 1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser principle '' Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union Charles Hard Townes United States 1965 Richard Phillips Feynman United States `` for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles '' Julian Schwinger United States Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Japan 1966 Alfred Kastler France `` for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms '' 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars '' 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis '' 1969 Murray Gell - Mann United States `` for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions '' 1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics '' Louis Néel France `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics '' 1971 Dennis Gabor Hungary United Kingdom `` for his invention and development of the holographic method '' 1972 John Bardeen United States `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity , usually called the BCS - theory '' Leon Neil Cooper United States John Robert Schrieffer United States 1973 Leo Esaki Japan `` for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively '' Ivar Giaever United States Norway Brian David Josephson United Kingdom `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect '' Martin Ryle United Kingdom `` for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars '' Antony Hewish United Kingdom Aage Bohr Denmark `` for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection '' Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark Leo James Rainwater United States 1976 Burton Richter United States `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind '' Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States 1977 Philip Warren Anderson United States `` for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems '' Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union `` for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low - temperature physics '' Arno Allan Penzias United States `` for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation '' Robert Woodrow Wilson United States 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States `` for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current '' Abdus Salam Pakistan Steven Weinberg United States 1980 James Watson Cronin United States `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons '' Val Logsdon Fitch United States 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Netherlands United States `` for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy '' Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden `` for his contribution to the development of high - resolution electron spectroscopy '' 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States `` for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions '' Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India United States `` for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars '' William Alfred Fowler United States `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe '' 1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction '' Simon van der Meer Netherlands 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect '' 1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany `` for his fundamental work in electron optics , and for the design of the first electron microscope '' Gerd Binnig West Germany `` for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope '' Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany `` for their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials '' Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland 1988 Leon Max Lederman United States `` for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino '' Melvin Schwartz United States Jack Steinberger United States 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States `` for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks '' Hans Georg Dehmelt United States Germany `` for the development of the ion trap technique '' Wolfgang Paul West Germany 1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics '' Henry Way Kendall United States Richard E. Taylor Canada 1991 Pierre - Gilles de Gennes France `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular to liquid crystals and polymers '' 1992 Georges Charpak France Poland `` for his invention and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional chamber '' 1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation '' Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr . United States 1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' Clifford Glenwood Shull United States `` for the development of the neutron diffraction technique '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' 1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States `` for the discovery of the tau lepton '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' Frederick Reines United States `` for the detection of the neutrino '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' David Morris Lee United States `` for their discovery of superfluidity in helium - 3 '' Douglas D. Osheroff United States Robert Coleman Richardson United States 1997 Steven Chu United States `` for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . '' Claude Cohen - Tannoudji France William Daniel Phillips United States 1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations '' Horst Ludwig Störmer Germany Daniel Chee Tsui Republic of China United States 1999 Gerard ' t Hooft Netherlands `` for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics '' Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands 2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed - and optoelectronics '' Herbert Kroemer Germany Jack St. Clair Kilby United States `` for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit '' 2001 Eric Allin Cornell United States `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates '' Carl Edwin Wieman United States Wolfgang Ketterle Germany 2002 Raymond Davis , Jr . United States `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos '' Masatoshi Koshiba Japan Riccardo Giacconi Italy United States `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources '' 2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia United States `` for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids '' Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom United States David J. Gross United States `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction '' Hugh David Politzer United States Frank Wilczek United States 2005 Roy J. Glauber United States `` for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence '' John L. Hall United States `` for their contributions to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical frequency comb technique '' Theodor W. Hänsch Germany 2006 John C. Mather United States `` for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation '' George F. Smoot United States 2007 Albert Fert France `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance '' Peter Grünberg Germany 2008 Makoto Kobayashi Japan `` for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature '' Toshihide Maskawa Japan Yoichiro Nambu Japan United States `` for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics '' 2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong United Kingdom United States `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication '' Willard S. Boyle Canada United States `` for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor '' George E. Smith United States Andre Geim Russia United Kingdom Netherlands `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene '' Konstantin Novoselov Russia United Kingdom 2011 Saul Perlmutter United States `` for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae '' Brian P. Schmidt Australia United States Adam G. Riess United States 2012 Serge Haroche France `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . '' David J. Wineland United States 2013 François Englert Belgium `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider '' Peter Higgs United Kingdom 2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy - saving white light sources '' Hiroshi Amano Japan Shuji Nakamura Japan United States 2015 Takaaki Kajita Japan `` for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass '' Arthur B. McDonald Canada 2016 David J. Thouless United Kingdom United States `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter '' F. Duncan M. Haldane United Kingdom United States John M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom United States 2017 Rainer Weiss Germany United States `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves '' Kip Thorne United States Barry Barish United States\n" ]	[ "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany\n", "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany\n", "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen\n", "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen\n" ]
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