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[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: What makes stringed cheese stringed and other cheese sticks just cheese?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "From Huffington Post:\n> \"String cheese is just mozzarella cheese that has been heated to 140 degrees. At this temperature the cheese becomes very stretchy and the milk proteins move around and line up together in a row. It's this alignment that makes string cheese so stringy!\"\n\nOther cheese sticks are just cheese because they're a different type of cheese with a different flavour, and because there's a market for \"regular cheese sticks\" in comparison. This is simply because a lot of people don't like the consistency or flavour of the stretched mozzerella as much as they do other types like cheddar."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How do I know if Computer Science is right for me?\n\nI am starting University this September and thinking of changing my degree pathway to Computer Science but not sure if it's right for me.\n\nApart from coding/programming what does a CS degree entail?\nI have been looking at the Uni modules but don't really understand them as there's a lot of new stuff.\n\nI just started learning to code with Python and enjoy it so far and I like Maths in general but how do I know whether or not I will enjoy a CS degree and the jobs that come after\n\nEdit: Thank you for all those who reply and give advice, much appreciated."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "CS itself is a mathematical discipline, but tends to teach programming as a tool along with a bunch of theory that's useful for writing efficient software. Some degree programs lean toward the theory and math, but the exact focus is going to depend on the program itself."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why do we get bored?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, GABA, and other neurochemicals. We get a boost of dopamine from novel and stimulating activities. Eventually, or body produces less of it for the same experiences repeated over and over again, so we no longer get the same satisfaction that we had before.\n\nBasically, new experiences are exciting and fun because our brain makes chemical soup to reward us for trying new things. Eventually our brain quits giving us the same chemical soup and changes the ingredients, so we get bored. \n\nIt's essentially drug withdrawal."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why can juicy fruits like watermelon be grown in regions of the world that have horrible water pollution, but it doesn't seem to affect the people who eat it?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Plants absorb water through ultra-fine membranes made of plant tissue. Some chemical pollutants can indeed get in and poison the plant. But the most common pollutants we worry about in our water -- things like bacteria -- are way too big to make it in through that membrane."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Getting rid of the minimum wage?\n\nSince the goal of every corporation is to maximize profits, if we got rid of the minimum wage, would we see businesses reducing the wage of their workers?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Wages tend to be sticky. If an employer currently has someone working for $7.25/hour and then the minimum wage law is removed, the employer could try lowering the wage of the current employee, but that employee likely will not accept a wage reduction. What could happen is that the employer finds a new employee at a lower wage (if such a person exists) and replaces the $7.25/hr employee. However, it should be noted that companies usually look to maximize profits which is not the same as minimizing costs. So, while an employer can replace a higher-waged employee with a lower-wage employee, the employer has to consider the relative productivity of each of the workers. If the high-wage employee's productivity is more than the higher-wage, then the employer would not switch to the lower-wage worker."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Professor overstepping personal boundaries?\n\nI hope this is okay to post here. Im a female grad student in a class with a male professor who is also on my thesis committee. This is my second class with this professor and he has always been extremely nice, professional, and encouraging. However, recently Ive picked up on certain behaviors that give me some pause. \n\nA few weeks ago he began to text me on my cellphone on the weekends. I did not give him my number - he presumably got it from my email signature. He has kept it mostly school related but did call my cellphone and ended the conversation with random personal questions. He has also recently added me on Facebook. Additionally a male classmate and I had to have similar one-on-one meetings to discuss our final projects and I told the male classmate to expect to field lots of personal questions from this professor (since that was my experience in our meeting). My classmate came back saying that did not happen at all. However a female classmate of mine also experienced the same treatment as I did with lots of questions and compliments in the second half of the meeting that were off topic from the project. \n\nThe attention does not feel sexual in anyway but does feel excessive and gender specific. Should I say something to someone in the hopes that it doesnt progress or should I just stay observant and not make a big deal? Has anyone experienced this? \n\nI received another text from him today asking why I wasnt at an on campus event I had registered for. It all seems fairly innocuous but I feel sensitive to it. \n\nUPDATE: Thank you all for your feedback, its very helpful. I am removing my cellphone from my email signature, I completely agree that if I dont want people to contact me I shouldnt provide it. Ive had my cellphone on my email signature for years without issue so this is new territory. \n\nI also want to clarify that personal questions varied from, Do you have siblings? What do your parents do? to How did you pay for your undergraduate degree? to Why are you wanting to live in that city after graduation, do you have family or a boyfriend there? What made them more unnerving is that they came out of nowhere with no prompting. We would be talking about something related to work and then he would jump to asking me a fairly specific question about my personal life. When we talked on the phone he asked me if I was going to a music festival and if I knew how he could get tickets. It seemed more like a question for Google than for me. The conversation also had no urgency at all and I was going to see him in class the next day. Like I said, they are fairly innocuous but I do not have a strong personal relationship with him and this strikes me as a strange way to build one. I have had good friendships with colleagues and professionals before but this is not how I experienced forming those relationships. \n\nAs for the small sample size, I understand that not a lot can be gleaned from the experience of three people. However, I can say that the other female independently arrived at a feeling of discomfort in her interactions with him as well. I would say the three of us are equally engaged and ambitious, so theres no reason I can see that the professor would have to not offer the same treatment to my male classmate."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Document, document, document, but also be clear about boundaries you would like to have. If you don't want to get texts about academic stuff on the weekends, say that. You can frame it as \"work-life balance\" or whatever you want, but make it crystal clear."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Chrono Trigger] Why is every date in the game followed by BC or AD, when Christianity doesn't seem to exist in the Chrono Trigger universe?\n\nI've been playing through Chrono Trigger recently and have noticed that all the dates in the game are followed by either BC (Before Christ) or AD (~~After Death~~ Anno Domini). The problem is that the game doesn't seem to take place on Earth (at least not as we know it) and there are never any other references to Christ or Christianity.\n\nAdditionally, in the game's story Crono is a figure analogous to Christ, who dies to save humanity and is later resurrected, seeming to further suggest that Christ wouldn't exist in this universe.\n\nSo where to the BC and AD used to denote dates come form? And before someone says that BC stands for \"Before Crono\", I should point out that Crono sacrifices himself 12,000 years before year zero."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Just a quick clarification, 'AD' doesn't stand for 'After Death'. It stands for Anno domini, which is Latin for 'Year of Our Lord. \n\nThere isn't a 33 year long gap between 1bc and 1ad *(there's also no year 0)*"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5 Why does switching around the dying batteries in my remote make it work again?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It doesn't. Not pushing the buttons while you're messing around with the batteries makes it work again.\n\n\nYour standard remote has 2 AAs or 2 AAAs in series. That means the supply voltage of the remote is the sum of the two batterries' voltages. It also means that the position of the battery makes no difference, even if they're in a different state of charge.\n\n\nHowever, most remotes have a supply capacitor that gets charged by the batteries and that supplies the remote with power. Basically a tiny buffer battery. As the batteries get weaker, it takes longer and longer to recharge the capacitor to a level that allows the remote to function. If the batteries are weak and you use the remote a few times in quick succession, the capacitor will be discharged completely and the remote will no longer work.\n\n\nThe batteries are still recharging the capacitor, just very very slowly, and if you keep pushing buttons, it'll never get to a sufficient level of charge. When you switch the batteries, you're not pushing any buttons, so you're probably giving the cap 20-30 seconds of charging time, and that may be enough for it to power the remote again (for a few shots)."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: what is the process of going into shock?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Paramedic student here. When we speak of shock we are talking about inadequate tissue perfusion- basically, for whatever reason, oxygenated blood is not reaching the patients tissues. There are 5 major types of shock- \n\nhypovolemic (loss of blood volume, ie, the patient is bleeding out)\n\ncardiogenic (there is an issue with the mechanical activity of the heart pumping blood to the body), \n\nneurogenic (there is an issue with either the brain controlling the heart, or the electrical system in the heart itself)\n\nanaphylactic (life threatening allergic reactions, or other adrenal issues affecting perfusion)\n\nseptic (massive systemic infections)\n\nIn pre-hospital care (when you call for a paramedic), we can manage some of these. For hypovolemic, we can give you IV fluids to replace lost blood volume, but we have to balance that with making sure theres still enough actual blood there to carry oxygen to the tissues. For septic, we give fluids as well, but in the hopes of diluting the blood- theres very little we can do in the field to actually combat septic shock. For anaphylactic shock, we can give medications to mitigate and lessen to bodies reaction to what ever triggered the event. For neurogenic shock, we try to control heart rate and BP, without letting the system crash. For cardiogenic, we try to get you to the hospital as fast as we can, cause theres not much we can do for you in the field. \n\nAnother issue with shock is that theres 3 levels of shock- compensated, decompensated, and irreversible. Compensated shock is the early stage, where the patient is sweaty, pale, and has a rapid heart rate. This is the stage that is easiest to manage. Signs/symptoms can include agitation or anxiety, fast heart rate (tachycardia), fast breathing (tachypnea), nausea and/or vomiting, and a weak or thready pulse. Decompensated shock is the mid stage, where the patient becomes mentally altered (seems intoxicated, or passes out entirely), has no pulses in the extremities (but still has a carotid pulse), labored or odd breathing, and a falling blood pressure. This is the shock stage that we throw everything we have at, in order to keep the patient alive so we can get them to a doc. The last stage, irreversible shock, is just that, irreversible. If you hit that point, youre gonna die. Medics and doctors will do everything they can, but at that point, its a losing battle. Patients in this stage have lost the carotid pulse, theyll have very shallow and irregular breathing, very low blood pressure (hypotension), and theyll be unconscious. \n\nOur ultimate goal, regardless of the type or level of shock, is to get you to a hospital, or definitive care as we call it. Medics, despite all the tools, techniques, and meds at our disposal, are bandaids. We can stabilize, but it takes a doctor to fix the problem. So if you call 911, and the medic says you need to see a doc, go see one. Ideally, the medic will take you, but not every fire service does their own patient transports."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the difference between a Sea and an Ocean?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "To a large extent it's just a matter of what we call them, but the major ocean basins overlie a different type of crust than most inland and nearshore seas. Oceanic crust is basaltic, formed at mid-ocean ridges, and denser, so it floats lower on the mantle. Continental crust is andesitic, formed by subduction zone volcanism, and lighter."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Bioshock] why do some people become sploicers while our protagonists do not (possible spoilers)\n\nIt seems that all of Rapture, and some of Columbia is plagued with sploicers, while the protagonists, in all the games is not affected. Jack/Delta doesn't show any adverse affects, neater does Booker or Elizabeth. Each of these protagonists, take massive amounts of adam/vigors. Also most sploicers seem to only have one ability, while our protagonists has many. By the end of the game our protagonist should be really messed up!"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "*Splicers. \n\nAnyway, becoming disfigured is an effect of long therm ADAM abuse. Jack and Delta wasn't users for very long, and since both left Rapture, they basically had to go cold turkey, getting over the addiction.\n\nAnyway, we don't see their faces at the endings, so they could still be disfigured."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Spiderman] Concerning the origin of Spiderman's outfit in the original movie\n\nOne of the things I was interested in about the original Spider-Man movie with Tobey Maguire, was where he got that nifty costume. After having seen the suit in the trailer I was curious to see how they would explain it's origin. Sadly, they completely glossed over that part in the film. He starts off with homemade outfits and then they just cut to him with his final Spiderman suit out of nowhere. Where the hell did he get it?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "In the novelization, it's explained that when Peter was wrestling and kicked Bonesaw's ass, he met a wrestler who was so grateful that Bonesaw was beaten, especially after Bonesaw had almost crippled him. He told Peter that his brother was a tailor who did all sorts of costumes, and they hooked him up, though he wore a mask when he picked up the costumes."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: How does bonsai tree cultivation work? What makes them appear like a perfectly scaled down regular tree?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Mostly, it's a matter of trimming the roots and branches of the tree in just the right way to keep it small. That, plus the small pot size, prevents the tree from growing as big as it would in the wild.\n\nAdditionally, the species of tree is often chosen to be one that has naturally small leaves or needles, so it helps with the sense of scale.\n\nThere's also various techniques to get the tree to have the specific shape the artist wants it to have, such as grafting a branch onto the tree or using wires or clamps to push/pull branches into growing in a certain direction."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which topics are trending in contemporary political theory/philosophy?\n\nI'm particularly interesting in *novel* issues which are being debated *now*, rather than merely during the last decade or so."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Some new and interesting work is being done on the moral limits of markets. For instance, even if certain transactions are entirely voluntary, some philosophers hold that there are certain moral limits on what can be bought and sold.\n\nDebra Satz from Stanford has a book called *Why Some Things Should Not be for Sale* (2010). Sandel has *What Money Can't Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets* (2012). Brennan and Jaworski have a defense of markets in *Markets without Limits* (2015)."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "(in theory) Could you create a fission reaction with any element if its brought to an near unstable state or isotope?, and what would you need to use to create this reaction for different elements?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Any nucleus with A > 1 can be made to fission, it doesnt have to be unstable, and the reaction wont necessarily be exothermic.\n\nBut if youre asking in the context of a multiplying fission chain reaction, not just anything can be made to do that. You need something *fissile*, which means that it can undergo neutron-induced fission with neutrons of arbitrarily low energy. Whether or not its unstable isnt really relevant to whether its fissile, but it happens that all fissile nuclides are heavy enough to be unstable.\n\nSo that limits your chances to a few actinide/transuranic nuclides. But if the half-life of the desired nucleus is too short to gather it up as fuel, then its not practical to use for this purpose."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Could elements heavier than 114 be produced naturally in blackholes or other sources of tremendous gravity?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It's possible that elements much larger than uranium are created in supernovae but decay so quickly that we never detect them. Black holes aren't really good engines for nuclear fusion, although the high energy in accretion disks around them could conceivably lead to the production of large nuclei."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Every news organization is saying Obama \"killed\" the Keystone XL pipeline, what exactly did he do?\n\nEverything I am finding about the 6 Nov decision just states that it was \"killed\" or \"quashed\" by Obama. No elaboration on what exactly this means.\n\nI know he has vetoed a number of bills in the past regarding the Keystone XL, but this was not the case in the most recent development. The last bill that was proposed in Congress was vetoed in February and the veto failed to be overridden. This recent \"killing\" seems a more final decision on the matter preventing anything being proposed later.\n\nPresident Obama's announcement stated that the State Department concluded a study which did not find the pipeline to be in the best interests of the US and that he agrees with this conclusion. This study appears to have been concluded in 2013. \n\nSo, what exactly did Obama decide to \"kill\" and how did he go about \"killing\" it? Why does this prevent Congress from proposing any further legislation on the matter or individual states from granting eminent domain applications to TransCanada?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It's the state department's call as whether or not to approve the pipeline. Though it would be expected that the President could just tell the state department to approve or deny the application so theoretically he could have the final say on it hence the language in the media. The application for the installation of the pipe is what was denied. If there hadn't been so much push back from Republicans the application for the pipeline would likely have been denied back in 2013. The argument against it from the report was that it would have negligible impact on oil prices, would benefit Canada's economy instead of ours, create very few permanent jobs, and cause a unacceptable risk to the environment given that the pipeline would stretch across the whole country."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is your team's practice for new coding standards?\n\nI'm on a small team that has been struggling with communication and formal processes for the last few months while we grow and get more pressure from a growing startup. \n\nWe need a formal code standard process to be able to 1) introduce code standard proposals, 2) decide on whether to implement, 3) make sure the team knows what the code standards are.\n\nMy thinking is to have just that: a form of some kind where people can propose them, and every period of time we get together as a team and discuss them (maybe every week or before we start the next sprint). But I was curious if there are any other processes out there that people have liked on their teams.\n\nEdit: for clarity I'm not really asking for \"use linting\" - we already do that, we also already test builds for PRs and all code goes through code review. I'm asking for if your team has a process or there's a process you've used in the past for code standards that aren't linting rules. E.g. \"Single responsibility functions\", UI layout, when to put an index on a table, naming conventions, etc. We also do use best practices for the stack when they're available, ie our naming conventions for Postgres come from Postgres best practices -- however, just because *I* know something is a Postgres best practice doesn't mean everyone on the team does, and we need to put that information somewhere. Currently we don't have a process to literally say \"Hey this is the best practice for this, let's commit to it as a team\" and agree on that and put it in a place everyone can easily find it."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Use a code formatter. Use a common format across the entire team. \n\nUse some kind of static analysis tool if the language you work with has one. \n\nUse types addition if you are working with a dynamic language and find yourself fighting types often. \n\nEstablish a naming convention for common actions. When do you use get vs fetch vs retrieve? When do you use set or make or build? \n\nHold sprint post-mortems. What worked well, what didn't. What can stay, what needs changing.\n\nSetup what rough boundaries that is allowed by individuals devs without discussions. A new language feature? New lib? New service? How much refactoring is too much? Write that line in the sand so you don't have devs introducing too much new stuff in code reviews, blindsiding reviewers.\n\nReduce your API surface. Expose as few functions as possible and make it known that certain functions are called only by internals. Make it easy for other devs to how and where to extend existing functions."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why is hair growing out of moles thicker than other hair?\n\nI have three moles that seems to act like fertilizer to my hairgrowth. This \"superhair\" is similar to beard, as it is thicker and stronger than normal hair, and grows annoyingly fast."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Moles are basically a tumor. The unusual cell cluster pushes on the follicle, making it grow hair faster than usual. They're darker because of the extra melanin in the area from the mole. It's actually a good thing if your mole grows hair because that's a sign it's not cancerous."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Minecraft] The Nether is filled with Zombie Pigmen. Whatever happened to the living Pigmen?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "There never were any normal pigmen, only ever pigs. \n\nPigs, when they get hit by lightning, turn into Zombie pigmen, without ever having gone through the in between stage of having been a normal pig man. There is also no cure which can reverse this process. \n\nOriginally pigmen came from the overworld, pigs were hit by lightning and turned into Zombie Pigmen and roamed the land, turning more pigs into Zombies (I mean, they *are* zombies, so presumably can bite a pig and turn him too). \n\nThe plague grew worse, hordes of pigmen wandered the land turning the hugely prevalent pigs and growing the horde. Eventually something had to be done and the villagers banded together, created portals and drove the pigmen into the nether. \n\nNow the pigmen have adapted to this hellish world, developing immunity to the heat and plotting to one day return to the overworld, where they can destroy their foes and once again taste the sweet flesh of their brethren."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: When I'm several stories up and I look at the ground why do I feel like is want to jump knowing it would kill me?\n\nIf I'm at the top floor of a building why do I feel like I \"need\" to jump?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "There is a theory that Lappel du vide (call of the void) is a result of our base brain still recalling a time when we lived in trees and, like monkeys, would jump out into open space without hesitation to get to another tree or escape an obnoxious proto-human who was hassling us.\n\nThat may actually be partially the reason for fear of heights. There can be a painful cognitive dissonance between a curious urge to jump to freedom, and knowing it will kill you."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why cant you double dam a dam for more energy generation?\n\nThis might be a troll question, but once a ex-roommate said it to me in a drunken stuper, I havent been able to think of a way you couldnt do this. Why cant you double dam a dam for more energy generation? \n \nGranted, dams serve multiple purposes only one of them being energy generation. However if you could regulate the flow from the first dam into the 2nd one and on and on, why wouldnt it work? Also I realize that dams are placed in very strategic places often not even allowing for the idea to be done. Just assume you are in a perfect passage way with multiple staple places to place a dam if you wished. You wish to place one dam in front of the other regulating the flow and letting gravity do its work. could you double/triple the output of a green energy source?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The energy is completely derived from the gravitational potential of water behind the dam (high elevation) compared to the elevation of water after the dam (low elevation). That amount of energy will not change as you add dams.\n\nIf you have two dams far apart (more than one dam height in elevation difference), than you can harvest the energy again. This is done actually, though not so close.\n\nIf two dams are closer together (let's say 10 feet apart), then either the second dam will produce almost no energy (water will be at a low elevation behind it, so no potential energy to harvest), or the first dam will produce almost no energy (if you let the 10-foot space between dams fill up with water). Water is driven through a dam by the pressure behind it, and if there is equal pressure in front of it (in the 10 foot space between dams), then you get nothing.\n\nOf course, you could \"lift\" the water at the bottom of the first dam to the top of the second dam - but that would require more energy than what you will get from the same water."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Squid Game] So for the Second Game (Spoilers)...?\n\nWhy did Sang Woo mislead his teammates about the nature of the game and which shape they should pick?\n\nSurely if you have 3 other allies willing to listen to you, it'd vs better to keep them around rather than sabotaging them to potentially have them killed off. Then you're left with no allies.\n\nIt'd be extremely easy to say \"hey guys, let's all go triangle\". I get that you want more players to lose so the total increases, but doing it that early on with 187 players still active is just mind-bogglingly brain damaged. Ali saw Sang Woo almost like a saviour, and Gi-Hun treated him as the coolest childhood friend and smartest guy ever. Both of whom could fall for a misleading prank/trick at a more critical time in a later round."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Dude just had a really selfish nature. He probably always knew that he'd do anything to win the money once he knew what the stakes were. \n\nAny opportunity to minimise everyone else's chances was something he had to take, in this zero sum game. \n\nMight not have occurred to him he'd need solid allies for future games, or maybe he was confident that he'd be able to trick anybody, if it came to that."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[LOTR] If Sauron had won, would he eventually have been able to free Morgoth from the Timeless Void?\n\nWas freeing Morgoth ever a goal of Sauron, given that he instructed men to worship Morgoth which suggests Sauron still had respect for Morgoth? Sauron even had a Temple of Morgoth built in the Numenorian city of Armenelos. Would Sauron tolerate being subservient to Morgoth after conquering Middle Earth? Or was Morgoth worship a trick since people would be suspicious if Sauron explicitly said \"worship me\" and Sauron no longer had any loyalty to Morgoth?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "I dont recall it ever being said that Sauron ever considered this an important goal. Whenever hes talked about it seems hes always happy to try and dominate the world for his own gratification \n\n(It must be said he would not be able to do this if Morgoth came back and destroyed everything)"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[DC] I'm a prisoner in Arkham City. What would incentivize me to join, say, Joker's gang rather than Two-Face's? Or Penguin's?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Joker is straight crazy, if you're a member of a rival gang, he sees you as fair game. He'd think nothing of killing or maiming or torturing you. If you're in Joker's gang, Two-Face or Penguin wouldn't touch you, they don't want to have Joker turn on them."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5 : How do stocks work ?\n\nIf you had a lot of money, could you not buy a bunch of shares of a (usually stable) stock, which would cause the share price to rise (cause of a surge in demand caused by all the shares you just bought) and then sell your shares at the new price, making a bunch of profit. Rinse and repeat."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "As soon as your big sell order hits the market, people see that and the prices offered to buy will start to drop.\n\nIf you split your order in multiple small orders then the execution of those will similarly make the price start to go down. \n\nYou can't just buy or sell an arbitrary amount at the current price, only whichever volume is on offer at that price at the moment.\n\nSo what doesn't happen is:\n\nStep 1) Buy 1 million shares at 10 USD.\nStep 2) Price goes up.\nStep 3) Sell 1 million shares at 12 USD.\n\nIt's more like:\n\nStep 1) Try to buy 1 million shares at 10 USD. You get some at 10 USD some at 11USD some at 12 USD some at 13 USD some at 14 USD and some at 15 USD.\nStep 2) Try to sell at 15 USD? You get some at 15, some at 14, some at 13 etc.\n\nNet profit: Nothing."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Lack of alternative of Critical Theory?\n\nIm at university and notice while critical theory plays a huge part in how we understand our world, but in my attempt to learn both sides and to avoid the trap of only being exposed to a single side, there seems to be a lack of critics and theory that oppose critical theory.\n\nWhy? Have I missed something? Are there no serious opposition to critical theory? Because I havent been able to find books, essays or anything serious that argues or offers alternative ways of understanding our world."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Read Toril Mois *Revolution of the Ordinary*, Rita Felskis *The Limits of Critique*, and Amanda Andersons *The Way We Argue Now*. All three come out of a dissatisfaction with the dominance of Theory and all propose philosophically informed alternatives."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: How does light pollution work?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Air is made of tiny particles that can absorb and bend light. When there are lots of lights in one area the air bends the light in all different directions. You see this bending as a faint glow around cities that overpowers the ambient light from stars."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: How can concert tickets and big clothing drops seemingly be already sold out at the exact same second they go live?\n\nFor context:\nWas just attempting to get Anderson .Paak tickets from TicketMaster however their site was already displaying that they were sold out at the exact same second they went live."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Either someone had access to buy before that, or a lot of buyers were just faster than you.\n\nThere's many examples of employees buying the entire stock before the sale goes live. And there's also many examples of people making software to buy tickets as fast as possible (seconds) as soon as sales opens, leaving little chance to people who buy manually."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[General] How did adding mass to planet-wide cities affect their gravity?\n\nIn our multiverse, there are dozens - perhaps hundreds - of planet-wide cities teeming with many billions of sentients. Most of these cities were built with imported construction materials and have led to planets bulging with impossible structures. On some of the more improbable planets, entire mountain ranges have been dwarfed by city blocks. Entire planetoids have (probably) been mined out of existence to add to these cities.\n\nSo... how has gravity been affected on those planets?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The impact is almost non-existent.\n\nEven if you added a *solid* five-kilometer layer of matter on top of Earth, that added layer would only increase Earth's volume by about 0.2%. The increase in mass - and therefore gravity - would be similarly insignificant, unless you used materials of ridiculous density. \n\nOn top of that, a city is nowhere near a solid, there's plenty of empty space(ie. rooms) and it's rare for buildings to exceed that height, even in very advanced settings. \n\nAll in all, even if all the matter came from outside of the planet, the average inhabitant of the planet wouldn't even notice the difference. You'd need proper equipment to measure it."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why is it that the 80s, 90s, and many other decades in the 20th century had such distinctive personalities, but the last 15 years seem to have been a blur that we don't refer to by any particular name?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Partially because of how far removed we are from them. It takes a fair deal of distance to actually analyze something like that. Additionally, digital media have allowed niche cultures to become far more prominent, leading to each decade to have less of a uniform character."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[300] How long would the Spartans survive if they had not been betrayed and outflanked?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "People are overlooking something crucial. The Spartans crushed everything thrown at them. \n\nEverything. \n\nCavalry, monsters, grenades, immortals.\n\nXerxes had no more aces. \n\nHe can do two things. Throw more slaves at Sparta. These slave warriors don't cause casualties. \n\nIn fact, the longer the fight goes on, the more intimidated the slaves get.\n\nThey did and will again rout.\n\nThe Spartans don't get overrun.\n\nIt's a game of attrition, right? WRONG.\n\nPeople here who have no understanding of history and the movies forget about the parallel battle going on at sea. \n\nAthens was battling with Persia at the same time on sea! With 50 warships.\n\nThey begun fighting while Leonidas was still going strong. They learned of his demise after they've fight battles already.\n\nAnd remember what happened next in Rise of an Empire? Gorgo, the most badass woman of ancient Greece (also in actual history), wife of Leonidas, comes to join and win on sea. So, on the Sea you have Athens, Sparta, Delphi, Acadia, Olympia, Thebes. \n\nLeonidas is probably getting bored of slaughtering Persian slaves when the Greek armies come in to finish the job.\n\nEphialtes, the gollum of Sparta, ruined it big time."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Is the sweating response localized? If you warm one of someone's legs, will the other start sweating?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Sweating response might be localized, but body temperature is systemic. Yes, maybe the warmer leg will sweat first, but eventually you're going to warm the body systemically. Here's a simple test you could do. Jump in a hot tub, but don't submerge your head. Eventually your face will turn red even though your head isn't in the water."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Star Wars] How was Count Dooku seen after the Clone Wars?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Largely the same as he had been during the war. A traitorous Jedi who joined the separatists and seemed to want nothing more than the total destruction of everything the good people of the Republic/Empire held dear. \n\nThe Empire made sure to twist the narrative into such that many people believed that Dooku never left the Jedi order at all, and that he was largely responsible for turning all of the Jedi against their former allies. Granted, his name also largely disappeared from the records as the Empire worked to erase knowledge of the Jedi and their history from the galaxy. \n\nDecades after the war, only the most hardcore students of history would remember him. Luke pieced together a few scraps of Dooku's life, but not the whole picture."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "CMV: Cop cars should have to dim their lights at night to a noticable, but less intense level. [US]\n\nI work at night and 90% of my driving time is after the sun is down. At least twice a week, there is someone pulled over and the cops lights are so bright that it's blinding to a point where I cannot tell which lane they're in - if they are even in a lane - or if they're on the side of the road. It's more of a hazard than anything. Especially in rural areas with little to no street lights and construction zones with people working. \n\nI'm not sure if they have the capability to dim the lights, but they should be able to.\n\nChange my view."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The point of cop flashers is for people coming to slow down. There could be a wreck where both sets of headlights were broken, or where there are not easily visable hazards (black car parts at night most usually) so cops need to be able to have their lights seen far and potentially over nearby hills at night. You aren't supposed to be passing a cop with flashers above 30 mph in most states anyway, so the need to slow down is kinda purposeful because if you're zooming by a cop and hit a car that lost its lights, well now it's just a bigger wreak than they were called out for in the first place. Pulling people over the lights brightness just means that there is no denying that you know when a cop is pulling you over even if you have your radio so loud you can't hear sirens. It's functional for what it's supposed to do, and that just so happens to be grabbing everyone's attention with an annoyance."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "CMV: English speaking nations should do away with \"Miss\" and \"Mrs.,\" and only use \"Ms.\" instead.\n\nMiss means a young or unmarried woman. \n\nMrs. means a married woman. \n\nMs. either means an older unmarried woman or can be used for any woman.\n\nFor men, they all just have Mr. regardless of age or marital status.\n\nIt is much simpler and more streamlined to just have one for all women as well: Ms.\n\nIt's sexist and demeaning to divide women by age and marital status, and has a huge potential to insult since often the speaker has to make a judgment call as to how to address a woman by assuming her age range.\n\nMany married women idealize \"Mrs.\" but that's only because it's something that currently comes exclusively from getting married and it makes sense that people latch onto traditions and customs pertaining to a significant life event for them. But once Miss and Mrs are eliminated and women only go by Ms, then marriage won't often come with that Miss to Mrs change that many women desire so the emotional attachment to Mrs will go away. Just because some women enjoy a sexist custom isn't justification to keep the custom."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It is a useful distinction if the married woman took her husband's last name. That way you know it is not her maiden name. Whether or not a wife should take her husband's last name is another argument, but it happens very often, so whether or not it is right has little effect on this argument.\n\nIt is also useful in dating, because it is often the man who does the asking out, and having a woman referred to as mrs. indicates that she is automatically not available.\n\nThese are a few ways that the title can exist without being sexist, because it has a functional use."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Does Earth's rotation affect our weight?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Yes. The centrifugal force you experience will slightly reduce the effective gravity. By how much? \n\n**~ 1/300 Cos[Latitude].** \n\nWhere does this come from? The centripetal acceleration, a_c, is (*omega*)^2 *R, where R is the distance from the axis of rotation (radius of the earth) and *omega* is rotation of the earth in radians per second. The earth makes 1 rotation / 24 hours. So we need to do some unit conversion:\n\n*omega* = (1 rot / 24 h)(2 PI radians/ 1 rot)(1 hour / 3600 sec) = 2 PI / 86400 rad/sec = 0.000072722 rad/sec\n\na_c = (0.000072722 rad/sec)^2 (6.3675 x 10^6 m) = 0.03367 m/sec^2\n\na_g = 9.81 m/sec^2 (gravitational acceleration at the earth's surface).\n\na_c/a_g = 0.03367/9.81 = 0.00343 ~ 1/300\n\nThis last bit gives the ratio of how much the centrifugal force affects us versus how much gravity affects us. \n\nLastly, you have to take into account that when you are at the equator, the centrifugal force is more potent than when you move towards the poles of the earth. Basically this is taken into account by remembering that *omega* is determined by the distance from the axis of rotation. At the equator, this is the radius of the earth. As you move north or south, your distance from the *axis* of rotation (not point at the center of the earth) decreases. The formula for this is:\n\nR = R_earth Cos[Latitude]\n\nUsing this as R in the formula for *omega* gives the result in bold above."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why did Nietzsche eventually break with Schopenhauer's philosophy?\n\nWhat caused him to lose faith in it, so to speak?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Not inspiring enough. \n\nN and S were both interested in philosophy as a way of life or ways of being human. N's doesnt deny S's philosophy but rather takes it to the next level. It is like S 2.0. \n\n S's proposed way of life was basically taking walks, viewing art, and doing philosophy-which was fine, until N wanted more. S was a pessimist, N actually wasn't satisfied with pessimism- he wanted more. Contrary to popular conception, N was no nihilist, he was just drawing attention to nihilism. Nihilism was the very thing he was fighting against. N didn't want to just view art, he wanted to make his life into a work of art and become everything he could be. In short, S's philosophy wasn't life affirming and inspiring enough. It was very passive."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why do microscopic images have to be artificially colored?\n\nWhy do images of bacteria or other tiny organisms particles have to be provided with color? Can telescopes not pick up their natural colors?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Bacteria don't have much color on their own, so often they're stained. Things inside a cell, minus, say, chloroplasts, have almost no color at all, so those are almost always stained with a reagent that makes the feature of interest stand out. \n\nWhen you get down to, say, single molecules (yes, we can see single molecules with a microscope) the amount of signal you're dealing with is very, very small. To have a color camera you must divide the signal by at least 1/3, plus extra losses for additional filters, so it's prudent to use a detector that can see all light that hits it in a single channel and use filters to isolate the signal that you want. \n\nFalse coloring for multi-channel imaging for interpretation is very useful, as well. By falsely coloring the signal from images of the same sample taken with multiple filters we can see where the signals overlap more clearly than if we used true coloring.\n\nIf your question is actually about electron micrographs - they don't see color at all. The color has to be added after the fact, largely for artistic effect."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "CMV: Condemning somebody to hell for a sin is hypocritical because everybody is a sinner, so by that logic you are condemning yourself too\n\nI was browsing the CMV and I saw a post stating that homosexuality is wrong and you will go to hell for engaging in it because it is a sin. By that logic, isn't everybody condemned to hell then? Isn't everybody a sinner? I remember I had a conversation with a guy trying to convert me, and he states that its not about good deeds or even avoiding sin, its about accepting Jesus..because if you accept Jesus you wont want to sin anyway. So accepting Jesus is a get out of jail free card it seems like. Everybody sins no matter what, so accepting Jesus automatically absolves you of sin? It also doesn't make sense to judge others for their supposed sins, because if you sin you are in the same boat. Or is it the amount of sin. I will brag and boast because I sin less than you. Oh well, at least I try not to sin. Or maybe people keep a tally of sins and then compare each others scores? It all seems to very hypocritical. Original sin , we are all sinners, so one shouldn't judge anybody else for their sin, and yet so many do."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": ">Thus Jesus said, \"If your brother sins, rebuke him, and if he repents, forgive him. Luke 17:3\n\nRebuking is not the same as condemning. We are all our brother's keeper and holding each other to a standard while forgiving those who repent is one of the foundational parts of Christianity. Only God can condemn. I.E. decide that the person who sinned hasn't repented and been cleaned of that sin."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "CMV: People become more conservative over time because they change, not because the issues change\n\nA big part of this opinion comes from my experience of having a liberal left-wing father turn into a Trump supporter, so here's a bit of background information about what happened. My father lived under Maoist China as an adolescent and immigrated to a Western country (not the US) when he was a young adult. Needless to say, he became fascinated with politics since he was a teenager, as a result of living under a country where political ideology permeated every part of everyday life. As a result, he's always had quite a bit of cynicism towards socialism but that's another story...\n\nAnyways, when I was growing up since the age of 8/9, he would tell me stories about history and politics and we would watch the daily show with Jon Stewart quite regularly. Even though I didn't quite understand everything that was talked about, my dad was always a huge fan of Jon and that greatly influenced me with me being a liberal democrat currently (used to be a big social democrat)...\n\nHe hated Bush Jr (still does btw, he remained consistent on that), and loved Obama. He would show me clips of Obama speaking with his inspiring \"yes we can\" slogans, and he even tried to help me with my public speaking problems/stage fright, by showing me tips Obama gave on addressing an audience. When Jon was nearing retirement, we'd watch the last week tonight show with John Oliver together instead.\n\n But I could see over time, that his appreciation for liberal ideas lessening. He became more and more disillusioned with Obama, going from slight disappointment, to seeing Obama as a weak willed failure and a sell-out. Around this time was also when Trump first announced his run for presidency. We both took him as a joke originally, but as time went on and the Republican primaries went down to just a few candidates, my father became more and more sympathetic and supportive of Trump. We'd have endless fights over it, with me feeling a little betrayed that my father had abandoned the ideas and values he had raised me on. \n\nAfter Trump won the presidency, my father only became more and more of an ardent supporter but he knows that me and him disagree so he tries to bring it up as little as possible. However, every once in a while, the topic comes up at the dinner table, and it usually ends with both of us steaming off and not talking to each other for the rest of the day. I've tried to become more calm about it and so has he. \n\nWe've talked about why he really supports Trump, and a lot of it just comes from this jadedness and cynicism towards the system that he projects from a lot of the regrets of his own life and a lot of the dreams that never came to be as he grew older....I confronted him about that, and he just replied \"you wouldn't understand, until you've lived a life where all the dreams and optimism you currently have now, are shattered when you get to my age\". For him, he supports Trump no more than he sees Trump as a protest vote, a way to say f\\*\\*\\* off to the establishment and the political elites and a system that he fought for in his youth, which only abandoned him when globalisation came around. A middle finger of sorts to the upper class liberal establishment that advocate for political correctness and telling people what to say, think or who to vote for (as he puts it)....\n\nI asked him why he doesn't support Bernie then, and he said basically Bernie didn't have strong enough views on social issues and he didn't like how Bernie called himself a socialist...He thought it was insulting to all the suffering people under past socialist regimes had to deal with. (Father's very anti-illegal immigration, doesn't really like multi-culturalism but is very pro-choice on abortion, very pro gun-control, and about as tolerant of lgbtq a boomer from socially conservative china can be) He almost swapped sides because of Trump's refusal to do anything on gun control...\n\nSorry if this was really long, and if it came off a bit like just venting...but I've been thinking about this a lot and it just seems to me most people don't have any fixed political beliefs and rather just position themselves according to the where the Overton/normal discussion window is currently. A progressive who fight for the goals of today, will still fight for new progressivist goals if they were born after all the current day goals have already being met. \n\nSimilarly when someone gets older, they change, they care more about stability and security, become more cynical, jaded and no matter which direction the issues have shifted in comparison to their youth, they will align themselves with the conservative side of the overton window. (Not talking about everyone, just commenting on how quite a majority of the demographic become more conservative as they grow older)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It seems your father wanted change and was upset when Obama didn't fulfil that promise.\n\nNow he seems to be supporting Trump for that very reason.\n\nThat doesn't necessarily seem like has become more conservative, more that he feels Trump is more likely to deliver the change he wants.\n\nIn the end though, he's ultimately going to be disappointed.\n\nMaybe try approaching it from that angle?"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Steven Universe] Who manages The Big Donut? Who's the boss of Lars and Sadie?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The big donut is a corporate franchise, with Sadie acting as manager. It's a small town and the books always line up (Sadie's production orders are on point). \n\nWith low overhead, two employees and no accounting funny business, corporate lets the place run itself."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many galaxies/stars do we visually lose every year due to them accelerating and passing through the cosmological event horizon?\n\nI was reading about dark energy on Wikipedia and this question had me pondering on a bit.\n\n\nedit: \n\nHello everyone, I appreciate all the feedback received from this post and I'm grateful for such well presented answers. I realise that this sort of question can raise many different answers due to the question being too general. \n\nBut as I understand from most of the replies... The reason the light from those stars will never entirely vanish is because even when the star/galaxy passes the cosmological event horizon, the space between us and them is only expanding and so the light that was sent before the star/galaxy passing the cosmological event horizon will only stretch due to the expansion and continue to reach us but through other spectrums of light as it continues to redshift. Would this be correct? \n\nI would also like to bring forward a question that has been brought up by a few other redditors. However as it may seem there is no exact answer to it, I'd like to ask a question similar to it:\n\nWhich stars/galaxies have most noticeably redshifted or faded from visual light? I'd definitely like to read up on this topic so any names or articles would be great. Thanks again guys!"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "We don't visually lose them. The light that they emit now will never reach us, but the light they emitted before will take longer and longer to reach us, so they'll just gradually get dimmer and more redshifted, but never completely disappear."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Star Wars] Is the galaxy too big to be effectively governed by one government?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Yes, of course. The Republic suceeded for as long as it did by mostly preserving/respecting local authority and not interfering much outside of inter-system disputes. But the needs/wants/troubles of Coruscant, Naboo and Bespin are VERY different, and trying to put them all into one top-down fascist system worked *terribly.* They needed a freakin' PLANET-DESTROYING LASER to keep *their own people* in line. And it didn't even work!\n\nThe larger the system of government, the worse it will work. The galaxy is simply WAY too big."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why do CPUs and GPUs need fans and intricate cooling apparatuses, and where is the heat coming from?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Electrical resistance. They get hot for the same reason the heating elements in an oven do.\n\nHowever, there is an additional factor involved. Calculation is, on a fundamental level, a form of work. You're flipping physical bits from one to zero and back, and that has a cost. In this case, that cost is expressed in the form of waste heat. Entropy will always have its price.\n\nYou need to cool them down both because they could get so hot the circuit boards melt, and because increasing the local temperature increases the minimum amount of energy necessary to flip a bit. The computer will get slower at higher temperatures, so keeping it cool is also keeping it functional."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Are there any human bloods types that we know of, that no longer exist?\n\nPlease forgive the grammatical error in the title."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Blood decays without a trace quite early in the process of decomposition, well before any fossilization sets in. It would be a stroke of pure luck to find remains even from a few hundred years ago, let alone hundreds of thousands of years on which the bllod type can be determined."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[MCU] Can Ironman not being in winter soldier be explained by the fact that he destroyed his suits in ironman 3?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The events of Winter Soldier mostly happened over a few days. The only point where Tony would have been involved was potentially when SHIELD began the manhunt for Steve, but its unlikely that the corrupt SHIELD leadership wanted to get any of the other Avengers involved as it increases the chance of discovery and could potentially give Steve more allies to fight against them. Tony likely saw what happened in the news after the helicarriers were destroyed, got confirmation from Steve what went down, and decided to sit this one out in order to keep Pepper happy since it appeared Steve/Nat/Nick had it handled."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How does an elephant move its trunk if the trunk doesn't have any bones to support the muscles?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Beep. The elephant trunk is an example of something called a muscular hydrostat. Other examples include the tongues or ordinary mammals such as ourself, the arms of cephalopods, and the wiggly squiggly bodies of roundworms. The tissues of which these structures are made are effectively incompressible, so such a structure's volume is effectively constant. Muscles arranged in longitudinal and circumferential patterns can be selectively contracted to shrink some dimensions, which causes that volume to redistribute: squeeze the structure around its circumference, and it lengthens as it gets thinner. Squeeze along its length, and it shortens while engirthening. Such complementary, opposable sets of muscles are referred to as \"antagonist muscles,\" though we personally do not know whether this word use is limited to muscular hydrostats or applies to other actuator types. \n\nYou might also like to know that muscular hydrostats are a type of volumetric actuator, a more broad category of hydraulic mechanical stuffs, which includes some of the more powerful means by which arthropods move their limbs, including grasshoppers' and jumping spiders' powerful limb movements. Boop."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why are there different glasses for different drinks, and why does a beer glass make it taste any better?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Different glasses achieve different things. \n\nWine glasses have long stems to keep you from warming the wine while holding it, as wine is usually sipped. \n\nScotch/Whiskey glasses (drams) are short and wide, to allow for a couple of ice cubes (on the rocks), but also allows a wide opening for the drink to breath. This also allows you to smell (nose) of the drink. \n\nBeer glasses are generally thicker glass, which allows the beer to stay cooler, longer. As beer is usually consumed in quantity (more than a couple of ounces) the size is larger."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Fallout] How's the rest of the World holding up?\n\nI'm a bit shaky on my Fallout lore so I might seem a little naive. I understand North America is now an irradiated wasteland after the nuclear exchange with China but what kind of state are the rest of Earth's countries in? Is China just as desolate and lifeless? Has the entire world become barren due to the effects of the nuclear warheads? More importantly is England okay?\n\nEdit: Furthermore, is civilized society still in existence elsewhere in the world?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Well Europe and the Middle East had limited nuclear exchange before the rest of the world. So they're probably twice as irradiated. \n\nIf you look at China in Mothership Zeta (if we consider that crap cannon) than we see a glowing crater. No hope there.\n\nWe know Mexico is mostly irradiated from Raul.\n\nAnother thing to remember is that only the US had the Vault Program.\n\nOverall not good, I'd say."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why do Microwave ovens set to low cycle high/off in intervals instead of steadily using lower constant power?\n\nI have always wondered when microwaving foods why operating at 50% power for example the food is cooked at 100% power for 50% of the time instead of 50% power 100% of the time. \n\nIs it a functional effectiveness? cost saving? \n\nWhy not supply 500w instead of 1000w?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Microwave ovens utilize a device called a cavity magnetron to produce the electromagnetic radiation used to cook your food. The basic gist of how this device works is similar to how blowing air past the top of a bottle creates sound, only with electrons instead of air. If the voltage isn't high enough, then the resonance required for it to operate doesn't occur. Cutting the voltage in half will result in a device that just produces a little heat, and no radiation. Cutting the operating cycle in half produces the desired effect.\n\nPulsed operation is very common in electronics as a means to produce varied output, as it's generally easier to control. However, there are always side-effects of doing this, like noise from the pulsing itself. Your food doesn't care about this noise, so it's considered acceptable."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Postmodernism\n\nEDIT: What's with the mass downvoting going on in this thread? :/"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "There were a group of artists and writers that grew up during the first large scale wordwide modern war (WWI) and also lived through the second World War. This generation of creative people witnessed so many horrible things that the art that they made was really trying to make sense of all those awful, evil parts of life.\n\nThese writers and artists are called \"modernists\" and they really invented a lot of the ways that we tell stories today and how we decide whether something is a good or bad story. This is because the \"modernists\" really wanted to unite all of the evil they had experienced, with all of the good they knew that people could do. After all, these people saw so much killing and war, but they also saw people inventing so many wonderful new things. Think of if people were all riding horses now, but by the time you're finished with High School most of us have cars!\n\nIt was too bad though that none of the \"modernists\" ever really felt like they *were able* to tell one story that explained all of the bad things and all of the good things together. They never figured it out, and thought that they failed.\n\nThe artists that came next are called \"post-modernists\" only because they came *after* the \"modernists.\" They saw that the \"modernists\" weren't able to come up with a story that explained all the good and bad stuff humans could do, so they decided that there was *actually no way to explain it*. \n\nThat's why a lot of \"post-modern\" artists don't really try to create anything that is totally new and original. They figured that if the \"modernists\" tried so hard to tell this story they've pretty much tried everything that can be tried. The \"modernists\" wrote every book, painted every picture, and sang every song trying to \"figure out\" what life was all about.\n\ntl;dr (and you're over 5): Modernists tried to unite humanity with one grand narrative, but couldn't. Post-modernists decided the reason that they couldn't was because there is *no* way to unite the entire story of humanity in a grand narrative. Since there is no way forward we're stuck just regurgitating the art of the past, forever.\n\n\"Post-modernism\" is based on \"quoting\" and using other works of art as a way of coming to terms with the fact that there probably *is* no way that we can explain why people can do so many great things, but can also do so many really bad things at the same time."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: How do we determine if an animal has feelings, is self aware, or is sentient?\n\nOn the topic of animal cruelty... I feel like it isn't bad to eat animals, and birthing an animal just to be eaten may seem harsh, but are the animals even aware of their own existence? \n\n\nEdit: Wow! Thanks for all of the responses, I have read many but I'm gonna start reading the rest! I'm starting to feel guilty for my opinion up there, but I know you all just wanted to help!\n\nEdit 2: I came here to see if I should feel bad eating a burger... Now I'm back to the question my sentience phase. Thanks Reddit.\n\nEdit 3: While I would like to get more comments if anyone has anything to say, but I feel as though this has been answered the best it can. I got a little ethics lesson in as well."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "This is an interesting question and there is no single answer. It's not really a question of is an animal \"self aware\" or \"not self aware\" and more, \"how self aware\" is an animal. Even though it is a bit more complicated than this you can think of there being levels of self aware. \n\nThe standard test is called the mirror test. It's very simple but really clever. You put a mark on an animal (when it is asleep or not paying attention) in a place that it can't see it, like on it's head. Then you put the animal in front of a mirror.\n\nIf the animal sees the mark in the mirror and reaches up and grabs the mark then it recognized that the animal in the mirror was itself. If it doesn't do that then it doesn't realize that the thing in the mirror is itself and then probably doesn't even have an idea of \"self\". \n\nYou can look up lists of animals that can pass the mirror test. Great apes can definitely pass it. Elephants can, probably some types of birds but it is a little less easy to test a bird. \n\nThere are some other tests too, some are \"easier to pass\" than the mirror test meaning they show a lower level of self aware, and some are more difficult."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "This may seem heartless, but don't take it that way: How did 16 people manage to die in NY as a result of Sandy when they had days to prepare/evacuate?\n\nJust wondering. Was it the flood waters? Loss of power/life support? What was it?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Almost always its auto wreck related. Sometimes its people begin hit by large chunks of flying debris. \n\nAnd there are always people anywhere who will ignore warnings and stay in a dangerous area. No body thinks it could happen to them until it does."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[General Superhero] How do companies keep NDAs with super-hackers, psychics, and the like? Good compartmentalisation? Do they train important employees against stuff like that?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "They do whatever is necessary to keep secrets - ridiculously strict security, ban on external media and internet connections, no cell phones in protected areas...\n\nAnd mandatory psychic defense training. We see in Inception that CEOs can be trained against extraction which royally screwed Cobb's first on-screen job since his researcher failed to know this."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Warhammer 40K] Why does the Imperium use servitor skulls?\n\nNone of the original brain matter is used, just the skull itself, so the entire exercise seems pointless. Wouldn't it be easier to just build a regular metal casing instead of disfiguring a corpse?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Skulls are a important symbol in the Imperium, you find it everywhere.\n\nDoes not mater if you were born on Cadia, Kreig, Catachan, Macragge, Mars or Holy Terra, you all have the same skull.\n\nAnd to continue serving after death is seen as a positive thing too."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[MARVEL] If Black Panther's vibranium suit absorbs kinetic energy, how can T'challa kick it across the room in a mannequin?\n\nI just realized this when rewatching Black Panther during the scene where Shuri introduced T'challa his new suit. There is no resultant force if the suit takes in all the energy, so how does it fly away?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It's been a while but it's possible the suit, without being worn by a person, responded in that way just to showcase the ability. Remember Shuri works on her tablet then begins recording, so she could have toggle the ability on/off."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: What does Facebook have to gain from buying Whatsapp for $16 billion?\n\nHow does buying Whatsapp benefit Facebook? How can they make money from it and how could it possibly be worth $16 billion?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The main benefit is Whatsapp's client base - Whatsapp has roughly 450 million users.\n\nFacebook, like many other companies, earns its revenues from ads and selling premium services, so now they'll have 450 million more clients earn money from.\n\nAlso, Whatsapp, being a chat application and essentially a social network, is in direct competition with Facebook. This allows Facebook to eliminate the competition."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Do humans make bodily or vocal noises above or below the human hearing (20Hz to 20,000Hz) threshold?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Anything that causes a vibration causes a sound, because that's what sound is. While it may not be audible, pretty much any movement your body makes technically makes a sound.\n\nWaving your hand frantically may cause vibration of a few Hertz, for example, even though it's probably very quiet too. Of course, that's just an example you could easily mimic on purpose.\n\nShort answer is yes."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Ender's Game] Question in main post due to spoilers\n\nAt the end of Ender's Game, Ender finds the Queen's egg in a replication of the Giant's Game as he played it. How did the Buggers manage to find the image? Even if they could read human minds or hack into computers lightyears away, how did they know Ender was the one human they needed to find?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The humans have the ansible, which is how the communicate over distances of light years.\n\nIt's based off of the hive mind of the buggers. Because of this, it's assumed that this sent information that somehow got picked up by the hive mind, such as the contents of the Game, messages about Ender and so on. \n\nEnder's actions, which showed him to be an innocent but capable person that didn't harm others out of pleasure like Peter, didn't act out of pride like Bonzo, but also wasn't timid like Valentine, or subservient like Dumper. But most importantly, he was capable of existing as his own person able to put the needs of a species he was told to hate, in front of his own, which Alai couldn't do (seeing as he was elected as Caliph after returning to Earth), Bean wouldn't have worked, as he even realizes that even though he will always save the supreme commander, he will never be the supreme commander. It's because of these and his ability to think outside the box, and of course realize the true nature of war, that led the Buggers to select him to help them.\n\nThis allowed them to recreate the Game and hide the egg in a place they knew he would find it. And know that their only hope of survival was to have Ender take the egg to a suitable planet and allow the species to regrow."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Are showers better for our hygiene than baths?\n\nHow true is the fact that when we bathe we sit in water full of our filth? Is it more unhygienic because of that? Or does the dirt perhaps gets diluted in water and all those facts are really myths? Is there any scientific paper about this topic?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Say you have one dirty spot on you. A shower washes away the dirt because of the flowing water.\n\nA bath dissolves the dirt and spreads it evenly all over you as you soak in the dirt containing water.\n\nIt is obvious what is more hygienic."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why are some plastics so strong until a tear is made?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "For the same reason that some knots are so strong until you cut them. \n\nPlastics are long tangled and branched carbon chains, with the hardness of the plastic determined by the length, \"tangledness\", and \"branchedness\" of the chains. Once a cut or tear is made, you now only have to cut or pull out a few chains along the edge instead of cutting through the whole mass."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5 why nuclear bomb tests dont cause nuclear winters and other effects from nuclear bombs?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "They do cause all the same effects as a nuclear weapon dropped in war. The only difference is one of numbers. It is anticipated that if nuclear war ever occured that the involved nations will launch all of their available weapons. In the case of the U.S., Russian, and China this total will be in the thousands. There have been quite a few nuclear tests performed over the last 80 years, but they were spread out over time and still don't approach anywhere near that total."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "CMV: There should be an age cap that prevents politicians over 70 years old from holding public office.\n\nIm from Britain, but this applies to any country. \n\nAs the age of retirement in the UK is 60-65, I believe it is entirely reasonable to stop politicians from serving over the age of 70. In any industry, the retirement of the older generations makes room for others to progress into more experienced roles and new people to enter into the new vacancies. But in politics older politicians, who may have entered in their 50s but have stood for re-election over the next 30 years, continue to serve into their 80s. In the UK, there are multiple politicians who only enter politics because they have retired from their previous careers.\n\nThough it is unquestionable that there have been great older politicians, it is well known that older people generally tend to hold on to values and beliefs from their younger years, and this means politicians in their 70s and 80s are holding on to values and beliefs from 30-60 years ago. Is it any surprise that younger politicians often support modern movements (climate emergency, LGBT+ rights, womens rights, etc.) more than the older generations?\n\nOut of 650 members of Parliament currently serving in the UK, there are 81 MPs aged over 65, a total of 339 over the age of 50, and only 14 that are aged under 30 (all of whom are unknown because they are in the back benches). Parliaments role is to do what is right for the country, currently and in the future. With just 2% of MPs aged under 30, how can we justify politicians over the age of 70, who realistically have a limited future, shaping the country that the younger generations must live in?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "> Though it is unquestionable that there have been great older politicians, it is well known that older people generally tend to hold on to values and beliefs from their younger years \n\nWhy is it an issue in a democracy? Either people will agree and vote for them or they wont."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5:How does your body decide when it is time to start puberty?\n\nI undestand that puberty is caused by hormones like testosterone and estrogen, but what causes these hormones to be released? Does your body measure time and decide to release testosterone after a certain amount of time?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Adequate levels of leptin, released by fat, causes the hypothalamus in the brain to release gonadotropin-releasing hormone. This hormone causes the pituitary gland in the brain to release follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. \n\nBoth of these work in the testes/ovaries to begin sexual maturation and production/maturation of sperm and egg cells, and the release of sex hormones like estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, etc.\n\nSo basically, your body does monitor its own growth to decide when to start the process of puberty."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why do some bruises turn yellow or green after their purple phase?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The black / purple stage of a bruise is blood soaked into the tissue under the skin, due to ruptures in the capillaries.\n\nOxygenated blood is the red colour you're used to seeing.\n\nDeoxygenated blood is darker and lacks the red, so you get the purple colour.\n\nAs the bruise heals the first thing that happens is your body absorbs the iron in the hemoglobin. The rest of the red blood cells are broken down into biliverdin (which is greenish), which is in turn broken down into bilirubin (which is yellowish). \n\nBecause the process is consecutive you all ways get the same sequence of colours, though how quickly it happens will vary."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Marvel/MCU] Has Thor seen Point Break by the events of Ragnarok? He obviously realized what his code name is to activate the Quinjet but he seemed annoyed by it. Did he understand the reference?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Yes, and for the same reason that I've absolutely adored Thor's personality shift over the course of so many movies: he's fully-embraced his position of authority over the people of Midgard, which requires study of the local culture. Hence Thor's adopting of the modern lexicon, and expletives like \"son of a bitch\" even if it takes a second for him to translate."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Where does the energy come from to facilitate gravity?\n\nI hope this isn't a silly question with an obvious answer, but it's something that I thought of recently which I can't figure out. If one object lies within another's gravitational field, they will move towards eachother, right? But of course, for any object to move, it requires energy. And that energy has to come from somewhere. But where does it come from in this case?\n\nTo use the real-life example that made me wonder this. There's a clock in my lounge room which is one of those old-fashioned style one that uses weights. As the weight is pulled down to the earth by gravity, it moves the gears in the clock to make the clockwork operate. Every now and then you have to reset the weight when it gets to the bottom of the chain. But aside from that, it just seems like you're pulling energy to power the clock out of nowhere.\n\nThis feels like something that should have an easy enough answer that I ought to know, but I can't figure it out. Can someone explain this to me?\n\nEdit: Oh wow, I didn't expect so many responses, haha. So much reading.. But I understand a lot more about gravity, and even energy now guys. This is interesting stuff. Thanks!"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "You basically gave the answer yourself. Every once in a while you have to reset the weight. What you are doing then is increasing the distance between the weight and the earth and by that you are increasing its energy. We call that energy potential energy. \n \nWhen the weight slowly falls down again as it powers the clock, its potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5 : Why lawnmower mufflers suck\n\nCar/Truck mufflers do amazing work muffling noise. A car is nearly silent when running with a muffler, compared to what it would sound like with open manifolds. When I fire up my Honda push mower, the whole neighborhood knows about it, and it's actually kinda quiet as mowers go. So eli5 : Why can't lawnmower mufflers work like automotive mufflers?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Well a car muffler is about 100x larger. That's why. The sound bounces around way longer before exiting the muffler. If you attached a larger muffler on a mower it would be quieter, but it would also be more expensive and much heavier to push around."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: What happens in the body after eating a grease smothered meal, and how does the body adjust to constantly eating greasy foods?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Grease is liquefied fat. You need the molecules and compounds in the fats to make nerves, connective tissue, and hormones. \n\nThe liver produces bile and the gallbladder stores bile. When you eat greasy foods your gall bladder releases vile into your stomach to break fats down into their base compounds.\n\nIf you eat too much fat the liver will turn it into glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis and you can either burn it or convert it into human fat for later use."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: what causes the spins? Or, rather the feeling of spinning while intoxicated; especially on THC and alcohol at the same time?\n\nI, and others that I know, have experienced the spins, spinning feeling, from consuming alcohol and THC together in varying degrees. Why does one experience this, and why do these substances cause it?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Your body has three ways of measuring position and movement.\n\nYour inner ear is coated in little hairs that sense the movement of fluid. Your eyes can see what's going on. And your body can feel through touch.\n\nWith three systems, your brain is normally pretty happy as long as two of them agree. If you close your eyes, the other two systems still know what's going on so everything is still good.\n\nAs others have said alcohol messes with your inner ear system. While your eyes are open your eyes and touch both still know what's going on so you don't feel too bad.\n\nWhen you're lying in bed and close your eyes, you now only have one working system, touch. Your eyes are telling your brain nothing, so it ignores them. Touch is telling your brain that you're lying on your back. Your inner ear is telling your brain you're on a rollercoaster, so that gets fed into the calculation and you feel like you're spinning.\n\nThat's also the reason why you feel mostly fine when your eyes are open, and horrible when you close them."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why are steering wheels on buses positioned more horizontally than vertically?\n\nWhy are steering wheels on buses positioned more horizontally than vertically?\n\nA friend casually raised this issue the other day over lunch and it stuck with me. I assume it has something to with better handling but I don't know for sure."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Its for leverage. If power steering fails, youll be able to turn easily if the steering wheel is in the horizontal plane. Notice how they are bigger for this reason. The simplicity in design other comments suggest its just a bonus, one extra joint its not big deal nowadays."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why exactly do economists dislike corporate taxes?\n\n...and what would they propose to replace in order to raise revenues for the government? Would this amount be significantly more than purely corporate taxes? Why are they not simply taxed on gross income? How is it considered 'inefficient'?\n\n​\n\nI have heard of a consumption tax, would this be something like Value Added Tax?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The reason economists don't like corporation tax is that it distorts investment in the economy. The very simple example is that if you imagine a firm has a profitable venture () with probability (p) of being successful and cost c to attempt, then the firm will invest if:\n\nE(p)>c\n\nAdding a tax distorts the left hand side of the equation and reduces the potential gains of the project being successful, and therefore stops firms from investing in otherwise profitable ventures. The reason this is bad is that all investment (savings) is for future consumption, and thus distorting investment (savings) function reduces consumption in the long run. It's also why a progressive consumption tax is popular among economists, because it causes the least distortion in behavior. Other popular taxes are pigovian taxes (ones that fix an externality) such as carbon taxes. Finally, another popular tax is a Land Value Tax."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why are combat boots better than hiking or running shoes in a warfare?\n\nI am reading a lot about the RU logistical nightmare during the current war in UA. With all those additional hundreds of thousands of troops being mobilized, it seems they cant even afford to properly equip the ones already on the warfare. I have even seen soldiers that are wearing sneakers instead of combat boots.\n\nMy question is, why does it matter? Especially in a warmer months. Why cannot all soldiers just wear the trail running shoes or basic hiking shoes. How can it be that worse then proper military boots? Cannot it be even better, since it is usually lighter and more comfortable?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A couple of reasons.\n\nCombat boots are better at keeping your ankle from twisting. Sneakers are great on a flat road, but not when you're running through uneven terrain.\n\nCombat boots are much better at keeping water, rain, snow, etc., out. Sometimes, a soldier has to keep his shoes on for days at a time, and trench foot is really nasty and can permanently cripple a soldier.\n\nA sharp piece of metal (common in battlefield conditions) can pierce the bottom of a running show or slice through an unprotected ankle, so combat boots help protect from such hazards.\n\nBoots also help against other hazards, such as snakebites, insect bites, walking through thorns or poison ivy, walking through disease-ridden swamps (or even pools of blood), etc."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[The Simpsons] How does everyone tell the difference between animation (like Itchy and Scratchy), and live action (like McBane)?\n\nI would think that if animation mirrors their reality almost 100%, as to make it nearly indistinguishable from live action, then the Itchy and Scratchy cartoons would traumatize children much in the way that watching a real live cat getting tortured in our world would traumatize us. So there must be a visual difference between the two that we do not perceive. What does it look like to them?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "animals in the Simpsons universe aren't anthropomorphic so there's that to start with, Itchy and Scratchy also follow traditional 'cartoon' physics (ie over the top violence, pull giant weapons from their pockets, burst their eyeballs out of their head when scared/surprised etc)"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "eli5: Why can't you use licensed music on YouTube or Twitch but can when posting a video on social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Tiktok pays money for some songs to be licensed on their platform. You won't be able to find every song there, but there are quite a few.\n\nOther platforms generally do not pay for licenses and instead usually allow royalty free music where the artist has agreed that they don't need money for the music to be available."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Can someone give me a quick and dirty explanation of what neutrinos are and how they operate in the universe?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Neutrinos are little bits of practically-nothing that the universe uses to balance its books. Whenever an interaction occurs in which angular momentum would not normally be conserved, the universe tosses a neutrino onto the table as a way of making change.\n\nLook, you *said* you wanted quick and dirty!"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Is a hot sauce only going to be as hot as the spiciest ingredient?\n\nI understand the heat of a pepper is determined by the capsaicin concentration, but some companies promote their hot sauce by explaining it's a blend of multiple peppers. Wouldn't the sauce only be as hot as the hottest ingredient?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Yes. The spiciness will only be determined by capsaicin concentration. But people also like the consistency and taste of their hot sauce. Different peppers have different tastes. So blending certain peppers together will taste better than just a jar of pure capsaicin."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What would Baudrillard have to say about all the live action Disney remakes?\n\nCopies of copies of copies?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "He would consider them incredibly meaningless. Especially the new Lion King remake since it is just a rehash on an old and succesful idea. \n\nHe goes more into his theory that would support this argument in *Simulacra and Simulation* (1981) in case you didn't know. Wisecrack also has a video explaining his theory with *The Big Bang Theory.*"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[lotr] Are the members of the fellowship aware that Gandalf is a 1000 year old spirit or something?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Legolas almost certainly is, as the Elves in general are much more aware of his true nature as one of the Maiar. At the absolute bare minimum they know he isn't human. \n \nGimli is harder to say, though likewise he's probably aware that there's more to Gandalf than seems. Seeing as Gandalf adventured with Gimli's dad to reclaim Erebor and all. \n \nAragorn probably knows what's up too, as he's a Ranger and also has deep connections with the Elves. And he has some previous connections with Gandalf. \n \nBoromir is a bit more iffy. He might just think Gandalf is a wizard and nothing special. \n \nThe Hobbits are probably pretty oblivious."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Tolkien] What is Sauron's end goal, anyway?\n\nI've heard a lot that he's obsessed with order and control. Say he gets the ring back and completes himself once more and uses that power to find the rest of the ring bearers, bring them, and in the darkness bind them, and then his army spreads out and conquers all the lands of Middle Earth. What does he do then? Is there some Great Work he seeks to accomplish?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": ">...it had been [Sauron's] virtue (and therefore also the cause of his fall, and of his relapse) that he loved order and coordination, and disliked all confusion and wasteful friction. ...though the only real good in, or rational motive for, all this ordering and planning and organization was the good of all inhabitants of Arda (even admitting Sauron's right to be their supreme lord), his 'plans', the idea coming from his own isolated mind, became the sole object of his will, and an end, the End, in itself.*\n>\n>\\* [footnote to the text] But his capability of corrupting other minds, and even engaging their service, was a residue from the fact that his original desire for 'order' had really envisaged the good estate (especially physical well-being) of his Subjects'.\n\nSo no. No great work. No real \"master plan\" to speak of. Sauron became so fixated on the planning and organization that the plan itself became the goal, rather than merely the means to achieve some larger end goal."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[1408] Why not have a fake room prepared?\n\nThe manager of the Dolphin goes through a whole verbal argument, bribery, risks legal consequences, all possible ways of warning people not to go into 1408. Why not just set up a fake 1408?\n\nJust change the numbering scheme of the rooms for the floor, shift them all by a couple of numbers (he mentions 1404 has the same layout) and don't rent out the real 1408. Set up a show of \"no we possibly couldn't\" when someone shows up to check out 1408 and then give them the keys to the fake room.\n\nPeople only ask for this room specifically bcs it's infamous. No one will notice that a random room in a giant hotel isn't being rented."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "I don't know if the answer is different in the movie, but in the short story the room is haunted just because it's a room located on the 13th floor, and the numbers in its room number add together to 13. So if you make a fake 1408 and call the fake room 1408, it's going to be haunted as well. You're either going to end up with two haunted rooms instead of a safe, fake room that you can put people in, or the hauntings are going to move to the fake room.\n\nIt's unclear if the imagination of people give the hauntings life or if the evil entities are just attracted to those numbers, but as long as people or spirits believe the fake 1408 is the real 1408, the fake 1408 is going to continue to be haunted."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How does radiation affect the nucleus of an atom?\n\nIn chemistry/physics, you always hear about radiation exciting electrons to higher energy levels whenever they absorb a photon.\n\nHow does this work when looking at the protons in the nucleus of an atom? I've never heard about protons absorbing photons, or having discrete energy levels. But because they are a charged particle, surely they are affected by electromagnetic radiation, right?\n\nAny insight would be appreciated :)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Yes, nuclei have discrete energy levels too, but the excitation energies are typically on the order of hundreds of keV to a few MeV in low- and mid-mass nuclei. So in order to excite a nucleus, a photon usually needs to be a gamma ray or at least a hard x-ray."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Star Wars] During the time of the Republic, was it illegal to just be a Sith?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Yes, and then no. \n\nMore specifically, in Legends there was an Anti-Sith Law, but it was repealed a little while before the start of the Clone Wars. In both canons, Mace Windu's attempted arrest of the Supreme Chancellor was basically deemed unconstitutional. Of course, Windu was actually arresting Palpatine on conspiracy, not on the basis of his religion."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Skin colour relating to sunburn susceptability.\n\nIf darker colours absorb heat/light and lighter reflects, why is it harder for darker skinned people to get sunburn? \nWouldn't absorbing the energy from the sun make you burn more?\nHas it got something to do with uv being outside of visible light spectrum?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The darkness of your skin comes from a pigment called melanin. The darker your skin, the more melanin in it.\n\nMelanin absorbs UV radiation, it's the thing the damages cells which leads to sunburn or in worst cases to cancers/tumors.\n\nThink of the dark pigmentation in your skin as an umbrella against rain. The umbrella gets wet, but it protects you underneath it. Melanin gets hit by radiation, so that the vulnerable stuff beneath it doesn't.\n\nDo note, even people with a lot of melanin will burn in the sun eventually. It's resistance, but not absolute protection. An umbrella won't save you from a typhoon."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "I think parents should be held more accountable for the behavior of their offspring, CMV\n\nParenting has a dramatic effect on a child's outcome in life. I think we should have a system in place that reflects that. If your child is good, you reap benefits. If the child harms society, you don't.\n\nLet's give parents a tax break (or EITC) that varies accordingly to their child's earnings, or something. If the child is convicted of a criminal offense, the money decreases."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "How do you account for many parents being in a better position to raise children than others? What about children with disabilities (physical and mental)? How about the simple fact that children aren't robots? While parents can influence them, they're ultimately their own conscious beings who make their own decisions."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "If we turned off every electrical light in the whole world, would light pollution go away instantly, or take time?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Light would dissipate at the speed of light - so it would appear instantaneous to humans to the extent that photons would stop bouncing off of the air and traveling back to eyeballs in a fraction of a fraction of a second. \n\nYou probably wouldn't immediately see a wonderful dark sky, though, because human night vision takes time to acclimate to dark. The rods in your eye contain a protein which is destroyed by energetic light (not by low energy red light, importantly). When that protein in your rods is destroyed by a photon, it sends a signal to your brain, allowing you to construct a gray-scale image (night-vision is color blind!). Rods are much more efficient in detecting photons than are the color-sensitive cells in your eye, the cones. In bright light, all of the light-sensitive proteins are destroyed and they take about half an hour to build back up completely. So in half an hour or so, the effects of light pollution on your sight of the night sky would be gone."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "If looking further into space means looking back into time, can you theoretically see the formation of our galaxy, or even earth?\n\nI mean, if we can see the big bang as background radiation, isn't it basically seeing ourselves in the past in a way? \nI don't know, sorry if it's a stupid question."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The stuff that we're seeing in the distant past is also really far away. To see something, say, a billion years ago, it has to be far enough away that its light traveled toward us for a billion years. So we're not seeing our own past, we're seeing the past of other stuff.\n\nWe can't see our own past this way because the light from our past is moving away from us, so we'll never see it."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5 - How does a rice cooker know when the rice is done?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It depends on 3 things. \n\n1. As a rule of thumb rice is done when all the water is boiled off. \n2. When water is boiling it keeps the thing at 100C, any more energy just makes more water turn from liquid to gas. \n3. When a magnet gets too hot it gets less sticky. \n \nSo they have a magnet that's holding a electric connection to the heater that cooks the rice. \nWhen you press the cook tab, you hear a clunk, that's the magnet sticking. \nThe water in the cooking part with the rice starts boiling, when it's gone the temperature starts going above 100C. \nThat temperature makes the magnet less sticky and it falls off, breaking the connection with the cooking parts. \n\nThat or it's a boring temperature sensor and a microchip."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "When adding salt to a mixture of water and ice, why does the temperature drop?\n\nSo far I've understood that at 0 degrees celsius, there is an equilibrium between the ice and water that remains largely the same in ideal conditions. Salt binds up some of the liquid water molecules, making it harder for the ice to freeze the solution seeing as there are fewer free water molecules to freeze. (Correct me if I'm wrong.) This causes a freezing point depression.\n\n* Why does adding salt cause an almost instant temperature drop?\n* Salt is used to melt ice, so wouldn't the temperature drop freeze the water, or is the temperature drop still above the new freezing point?\n\nI'm asking because of a small-scale experiment where I mixed snow, water and lastly ice; the temperature dropped very fast."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The temperature drops because the system is in equilbrium between the solid and liquid states of water, and in the presence of salt the liquid can exist at lower temperatures. That is one of several properties called \"colligative properties\" of liquid solutions. The mechanism is that the dissociated ions in the dissolved salt solution pull at the polar ends of the water molecules on the boundary between solution and solid, breaking the hexagonal crystalline structures that make the ice solid. (Edit: Note that the ions don't remain affixed to the water molecules, they only change the dynamics that are going on at the solid/liquid boundary. Thanks, arble, for pointing that out.)\n\nThe reason the solution drops in temperature is that it takes energy to remove a water molecule from an ice crystal. That energy comes from the kinetic energy of the surrounding liquid water molecules: when a water molecule is lifted from the ice crystal structure, it leaves with less speed than the impacting water and salt molecules that knocked it out. Eventually, the average kinetic energy of the liquid water is less than it used to be (i.e. \"the water is colder\").\n\nThe temperature drop is rapid because (A) the heat of fusion of water is large (i.e. it takes a *lot* of energy to pull the water molecules out) and (B) the system is tightly coupled thermally, since it is after all an ice-water bath.\n\nContrariwise, if you flush the liquid salty water out and replace it with distilled water, the distilled water will freeze against the extra-cold ice, and warm up the system to 0 degrees C by releasing kinetic energy as the water molecules snap into place in the ice crystals.\n\nUsing salt to melt ice on a sidewalk depends on the fact that the sidewalk is in a large approximately-equal-temperature environment. The sidewalk cools well below 0C right away, and begins absorbing heat from its (presumably near-freezing) environment. That is different from an ice-cream maker or similar system, because in an ice-cream maker you isolate the ice cream and icy brine from the environment, to prevent it absorbing energy from outside."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How come earth is magnetic even though earth's core is above the Curie point (Temperature where nothing is magnetic) ?\n\nDoes it have something to do with the pressure or something ?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The Curie point refers to permanent magnetism, where half filled outer electron shells allow an atom to be magnetic. When the atoms in a substance are aligned such that their individual magnetic fields are in the same direction, the substance is magnetic (see ferromagnetism for more details). Above the Curie point, this breaks down, because the atoms won't stay aligned.\n\nThe earth's magnetic field, on the other hand, is created by dynamo action--that is, the flow of electrically conductive fluid (the outer core). This is driven largely by rotation and convection, which creates circulating electric currents, and thus, a magnetic field. The sun's magnetic field is created in a similar way, only with plasma instead of magma."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[WH40k] I was a member of one of the traitor legions when the heresy kicked off. After seeing what chaos does to people, I realised I may have been on the wrong side of that one. What are my options?\n\nI didn't really want to turn against the Emperor, but my brothers were all pretty keen on it and I didn't really want to go against them. I think I'm free from taint and haven't received any \"gifts\", so if I want to get out of this business what do I do? Do I hand myself in to the Inquisition? Do I try to join the Deathwatch and hope nobody asks where I came from? I hear those Tau guys can be pretty welcoming."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Find other like minded individuals in your chapter. Make sure you purge all records your existence from the traitor legion. Find some backwater imperial world, and pretend you are a new founding chapter. Come up with a name that sounds really loyalist, anything involving Blood and Raven should be fine.\n\nAnd since you are technically not an officially sanctioned chapter, you will often find yourself short on supplies. So you might need to \"acquire\" war-gears through more creative means."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why do dogs play with the toys we buy them? A squeaky ball, a squeaky, plushy thing, etc? \n\nI understand dog need stimulation and are playful and a lot of their behavior goes back to their genetics, to their ancestors, things they would or use to do in the wild before domestication. \n\nMy question is, why do they find amusement in a rubber ball that squeaks? My dog for example loves this squeaky rubber ball, she fetches it like most dogs, but what gets me is that she can spend hours on end walking around the house squeaking it non stop. She will lay down with it and bite down on it every few seconds so it squeaks, walk around the house from room to room with the ball in her mouth squeaking. \n\nIt doesn't annoy me, I am just curious as to why they do this. Is it because it possibly resembles an animal, a prey she thinks she caught so she walks around with it proudly. But why squeak it, I mean she obviously understand the concept that if she bites down, it will squeak, so she repeats it over and over. \n\nThis sounds like a dumb question, but I am genuinely curious. Or am I just over thinking this, and the dogs just see it as a toy to play with, nothing else?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Do you ever repetitively click a pen? Or jingle the change in your pocket? Or chew your nails? Or throw a baseball with a friend or your kid? Or play with a stress ball? Or... Or... or... or... Why do people do those things? \n\nI think you're right that you're probably over thinking it and it's just a toy."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Harry Potter] What are some good nsfw spells and potions that every adult wizard and witch should know?\n\nI just graduated from Hogwarts and going steady with my boo from Beauxbatons.. What are some good potions and incantations that I should put in my repertoire?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Well, engorgio can be used for more than just the obvious. For that matter, so can reducio. \n\nPolyjuice potion *might* be illegal, but it will absolutely spice things up. If you're creative enough, any transfiguration, up to and including ducklifors can be used in the bedroom."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How is Bataille viewed nowadays?\n\nI know this is a pretty open question but I don't really have a more specific one, about a particular concept of any sort. I've read \"Story of the Eye\" and parts of \"Literature and Evil\" and \"Erotism\" and while that isn't much, especially on the philosophical part of his work, I know that there is a philosophical part and would like to know how it is viewed. Thanks."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Pretty much any big name in 20th century French (continental) philosophy was influenced by Georges Bataille; but if we look at two trends sometimes called 'affirmative' (think Nietzsche) vs. 'negative' (you might put Adorno here) philosophy, it's fair to say anyone in the negative group has some debt to Bataille even if they don't know it. Some thinkers who have been pretty explicit about this influence are Nick Land and Alain Badiou. He definitely has a lot of respect in the continental tradition although he's a little bit of a 'background character'--his influence is sweeping and undeniable but he's rarely named explicitly."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Explain the whole voter ID controversy in the US.\n\nSaw one of my more conservative relatives railing about how you're considered a racist now for supporting voter ID. I have something of an idea of what it's about, but haven't done much research."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Basically, IDs take time to get. The most common one is a drivers licence, but not everyone needs to drive. Some don't have cars, some are too old to drive, some are still in college and don't need to drive (or are from another state originally and have not converted their licence). \n\nThese demographics, the very old, the very poor and students are disproportionately democratic. The very poor also has the added effect of being disproportionately less white than the population at large (which is part of what makes the group much more Democratic than Republican). \n\nSo voter ID laws will have the effect of decreasing turnout by making it more difficult to vote. And those that will be less likely to vote are disproportionately Democratic and disproportionately not white. Some say the point is influenced by the latter, that it is racially motivated. But it is more likely to the former.\n\nNow to be fair, supporters claim that this crackdown is in response to voter fraud. But such fraud just doesn't happen in any major degrees. In Ohio there were only 9 cases of the 3.8 million votes cast in 2010. Florida doesn't have a single reported case for that election. So while preventing fraud is the stated goal, its effect will swing states a small percentage towards Republicans that in part reduces the amount of minorities who vote. Weather that makes it racist or political is an argument to be had."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: What exactly do game studios have to do to port a game made for console to PC?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Games are computer programs. And computer programs are written as a series of commands that humans can understand, like 'jump character ' in so called 'high level languages'. These are then converted by a program called a 'compiler' to a series of 1 and 0 called 'machine code', which is what computers can process. \n\nDepending on the the specific capabilities and design of the computer you wish to run the program on, there are different compilers. \n\nFor example, on one computer, the command for 'jump character' may translate to a machine code '01001', while on a different computer it may be '10011'. On still another computer, there may be no 'jump character' instruction at all. Rather there is instead a command 'move character up' and 'move character down'. A jump would rerequire moving the character up and down really fast.\n\nThese changes have to be made by the creators of games to ensure that their game runs on a different computer. The process is called 'porting'. Porting can be very hard or very easy depending on the specific design and high level langiage platform that the games are written in. It also depends on how similar or different the two computers which are being targeted are in terms of capabilities."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5: Why are some spicy foods felt in the mouth (i.e. hot sauce) and some felt in the sinuses (i.e. wasabi?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "There are two different chemicals at work, capsaicin in many hot sauces/peppers, and allyl isothiocyanate in mustards (what we call wasabi is usually actually horseradish, as an aside). \n\nThe latter is more volatile, it evaporates more readily in the mouth and travels up into the nose with air. The former tends to stay a liquid and so is less inclined to do so. However, if you've ever sneezed after taking a big hit of hot sauce, you will discover that it definitely *can* be felt in the nose if you get it there."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "[Devil May Cry] Surely being a demon hunter must be a highly-sought after service. But how come Dante is always broke?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "I can't remember a single instance of Dante getting paid for his work in the series as typically his benefactor is planning on double crossing him, sacrificing him, using him as a bargaining chip, waste his time and energy and so forth. \n\nLet's look at 3, he isn't technically hired by anyone and his only ally Lady was his enemy at one point, same with Virigil. \n\nI mean his shop is usually trashed in the games and he must spend inordinate amounts of money on it being \n\nA. In the city \n\nB. Full of pizza\n\nC. Full of music equipment\n\nD. Full of arms and artifacts \n\n\nWe can also see in DMC (the bad one) that he lives in a trailer park, which is just as trashed as his shop was."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "system",
"value": "Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:"
},
{
"from": "human",
"value": "ELI5:How can a single wire in Coaxial cable carry so much information? Hundreds of channels, internet, and voip service in my case.\n\nThe single wire hooks into the cable box and it sees like a thousand different channels; it hooks into the modem and handles all the internet traffic from as many devices as I can attach to my network."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Superposition.\n\nBasically, waves at different frequencies don't interfere with each other. You can have one signal at 100khz, another at 110 kHz, on and on down the spectrum until you hit the maximum and minimum frequencies the wire is capable of carrying."
}
] |
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