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On Episode 251 of NASA’s Houston We Have a Podcast, Courtney Black describes the Amateur Radio program that connects astronauts in space to people and students around the globe.
This episode was recorded on May 27, 2022.
On this podcast we bring in the experts, scientists, engineers, and astronauts, all to let you know what’s going on in the world of human spaceflight. Along with jam-packed days of science and maintenance, astronauts aboard the International Space Station dedicate some time to connect with people on Earth. It can be by an IP (internet protocol) phone to call a family member, a televised event to connect with media, or even amateur radio to connect with students.
Amateur Radio on the International Space Station, or ARISS, helps create education opportunities that inspire students to pursue careers in STEM-related fields – -that’s engineering, math, science, or technology — by having the opportunity to talk to crew members on orbit. Today, we hear the story of a former teacher who has seen first-hand how ARISS communication impacts students’ lives here on Earth, and how important this program is for future generations of space explorers.
Courtney Black is an education project manager with the International Space Station U.S. National Laboratory. Before joining the National Lab, Black served as a formal educator for 14 years, educating elementary to high school students. Her passion for incorporating space education in lessons earned her recognition among her peers and allowed for students to participate in once in a lifetime opportunities, such as ARISS contacts and a downlink with the International Space Station.
Black is a Space Station Ambassador, a Solar System Ambassador, teacher liaison to the Space Foundation, Space Center Houston SEEC (Space Educator Expedition Crew) crew member, and an education, an educator member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Civil Air Patrol.
Black has presented at multiple conferences and is excited to continue presenting on topics to help bring awareness and encourage utilization of a myriad of resources available which aim to improve life on Earth through the investigation and exploration of space.
And of course, we’re very excited to have her share these resources on today’s episode of Houston We Have a Podcast. So let’s get right into it. Enjoy.
Listen to the podcast at
Source: NASA Podcast Episode 251 https://nasa.gov/johnson/HWHAP/amateur-space-radio
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| 0.929371 | 516 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Birch trees are known for their paper-like bark, which may be peeled away from the trunk. The trees have a smooth appearance when young and take on a blackened look as they age. Birches are susceptible to fungus, cankers, borers and leaf miner attacks that can defoliate the tree and lead to slow death. If your tree is in decline, you can cut it down and kill the roots with copper nails.
Examine the birch tree to determine the tree’s shape. Birch trees may grow with a single stem or in a clump. If a birch grows in a clump, you will need to remove each trunk individually.
Look around the base of the birch and remove any obstacles that may be in the tree’s drop zone. Birch trees may be as much as 50 foot high and 25 foot wide. Remove anything that can be damaged by the tree’s fall in a ring 75 feet around the tree.
Measure the size of each birch trunk in the clump. Use a chainsaw to remove each trunk that is larger than 6 inches in diameter. For trunk smaller than 6 inches in diameter, use a hand saw. In this way, the upright trunks do not prevent the felled trunks from falling.
Make a wedge-shaped cut near the base of the birch tree’s trunk or stem. This cut should open at a 45-degree angle in the direction that you want the tree to fall, and should only extend one-third of the way through the tree.
Make a second cut on the other side of the trunk. This cut should be slightly higher on the tree’s trunk than the first cut. The tree’s trunk will begin to tilt and fall. Step away from the birch as the tree falls.
Place the pointed tip of a 3-inch copper spike nail in the center of the cut surface of each trunk of the birch clump. Drive the spike nail into the trunk.
Water the tree’s trunk frequently to keep it damp. This will help to oxidize the copper and will also speed the rotting process of the trunk.
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| 0.930553 | 448 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Kobalos Malware Description
The Kobalos Malware is a threatening Linux backdoor that can infect a wide range of operating systems, including Linux, BSD, Solaris and potentially AIX and Windows. The research that analyzed the threat discovered that it exhibited a sophisticated package of threatening and anti-detection features. It appears that the main targets of the attack campaign involving the Kobalos Malware are high-performance computing (HPC) clusters, primarily located in Europe. The threat also has compromised an endpoint security software vendor in the U.S. and a large Internet service provider from Asia.
The Kobalos Malware is capable of carrying out all of the generic threatening functions associated with a backdoor threat, which makes determining the real purpose of the campaign that much harder. Once established inside the infected target, the threat can manipulate the file system, spawn terminal sessions, and initiate proxied connections to other infected systems. To reach their malware tool, the hackers can use several different methods. In most cases, the Kobalos Malware is embedded in the OpenSSH server executable (sshd), and, to trigger the backdoor functionality, the inbound connection must come from a specific TCP source port. If a standalone variant not embedded in the sshd is deployed, it can attempt to reach a Command-and-Control (C2, C&C) server or waits for a connection on a given TCP port.
A unique aspect of Kobalos discovered by the infosec researchers is that the threat carries with itself the necessary code to run a C&C server. In practice, this means that any compromised server can be turned into a C&C server for the threatening campaign with a single command from the attackers.
The hackers' true goal is impossible to discern, as no other malware payloads have been dropped onto the infected machines, except a credentials collector that modifies the SSH client of the victims. This data collector is rather basic in design and nowhere near the level of sophistication found in Kobalos. Earlier versions included unencrypted strings, while all of the misappropriated account credentials were deposited in a file stored on the disk. The hackers appear to be improving this tool of their arsenal actively, though, and more recent versions now include some obfuscation and are able to exfiltrate the collected usernames and passwords. Any credentials obtained by the threat actor could then be used to spread the Kobalos Malware further.
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https://www.enigmasoftware.com/kobalosmalware-removal/
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| 0.925791 | 500 | 2.625 | 3 |
Learn today about what happens when you are referred for a MRI scan or a CT scan. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. CT stands for computed tomography. The pdf information booklet and audio link below will tell you what happens when you are sent to have a MRI scan or a CT scan on your back or brain.
I found this great mp3 audio from the Brain and Spine Foundation in the UK. These are the same people who developed a map of all the neurological hospitals in the UK.
Brain and Spine Scans Using MRI or CT
You will find out:
- The difference between a MRI scanner and a CT scanner
- What happens before, during and after having a MRI or CT scan
- Will you need an injection and if so what will happen to you
- When will you get the results of your MRI or CT scan
- The difference between a radiologist, radiographer, radiology nurses and neuroradiology nurses
As promised here is the audio link to listen to the information pamphlet from the Brain and Spine Foundation:
If you would like to view the adobe pdf of the patient information leaflet you can do so below:[gview file=”http://www.brainandspine.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/brain_and_spine_scans.pdf”]
Hope this information about MRI scans and CT scans helps put your mind at ease if you have been told by a doctor that you need to have a scan of your spine or brain.
A MRI scan is best if you have a disc herniation or disc bulge concern in your lower back or neck. This is the scan a neurosurgeon or orthopaedic surgeon would order to be done before any spinal surgery.
The major disadvantage with a MRI scan is it uses strong magnetic fields so you can’t have it done if you have metal in your body like a joint replacement prosthesis (i.e hip replacement). Then a CT scan using x-rays will be used.Image Credit: Some rights reserved by Image Editor
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https://healthcog.com/mri-scan-ct-scan-what-happens/
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| 0.905945 | 432 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The study, funded by the AAA's Foundation for Traffic Safety, found that 78 percent of drivers aged 55 or older were on medications for one medical condition or another, but only 28 percent were aware of the effects the medication might have on their driving ability.
Sixty-eight percent of respondents reported taking medications that could potentially harm driving ability, which researchers labeled potentially driver impairing (PDI). Only 18 percent said the medical professional prescribing the medication had warned them of the impact on driving ability.
The report's authors noted that prior research has shown a connection between increased use of medications and increased risk of motor vehicle crashes.
"With the potential to affect safe decisions regarding health-related driving avoidance behaviors,
clinicians (i.e., physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners and nurses) and pharmacists should put more emphasis on patient education regarding PDI medications, particularly among potential high risk groups," the report said.
The researchers interviewed 630 people, aged 56 to 93. 94 percent of those interviewed reported having one medical condition or another. A fifth of those interviewed said they were on five medications or more.
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http://blog.al.com/live/2009/08/uab_study_many_older_drivers_o.html
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| 0.975248 | 227 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Scientists at Northwestern University have discovered a small RNA molecule known as miR-182 that has the ability to quash cancer-causing genes in mice with glioblastoma mulitforme (GBM), an incurable and deadly type of brain cancer.
Unlike standard treatment with chemotherapy drugs that stop cancer cells from reproducing which often results in damage of DNA, the new method implements sperical nucliec acids (SNAS) to safely deliver miR-182 across the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells. This way, it stops the expression of several oncogenes that encourage the development of cancerous cells. In short, the molecule miR-182 suppresses Bcl2L12, a cancer gene that prevents cancer cell from being eliminated by either chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Also when researcher examined large-scale genomic datasets, they found that the patients with higher levels of miR-182 had a longer chance of surviving glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). miR-182 molecule is a short non-coding microRNA that binds to several genes to suppress their protein expression in cells. [Northwestern University ]
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CC-MAIN-2019-39
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https://sparkonit.com/2015/04/04/brain-cancer-turned-off-with-mir-182-molecule/
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| 0.929876 | 240 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Scaling craters in carbonates: Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of shock damage
Carbonate samples from the 8.9-Mt nuclear (near-surface explosion) crater, OAK, and a terrestrial impact crater, Meteor Crater, were analyzed for shock damage using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Samples from below the OAK apparent crater floor were obtained from six boreholes, as well as ejecta recovered from the crater floor. The degree of shock damage in the carbonate material was assessed by comparing the sample spectra to spectra of Solenhofen and Kaibab limestone, which had been shocked to known pressures. Analysis of the OAK Crater borehole samples has identified a thin zone of allocthonous highly shocked (10–13 GPa) carbonate material underneath the apparent crater floor. This ∼5- to 15-m-thick zone occurs at a maximum depth of ∼125 m below current seafloor at the borehole, sited at the initial position of the OAK explosive, and decreases in depth towards the apparent crater edge. Because this zone of allocthonous shocked rock delineates deformed rock below, and a breccia of mobilized sand and collapse debris above, it appears to outline the transient crater. The transient crater volume inferred in this way is found to be 3.2±0.2×10^6 m^3, which is in good agreement with a volume of 5.3×10^6 m^3 inferred from gravity scaling of laboratory experiments [Schmidt et al., 1986]. A layer of highly shocked material is also found near the surface outside the crater. The latter material could represent a fallout ejecta layer. The ejecta boulders recovered from the present crater floor experienced a range of shock pressures from ∼0 to 15 GPa with the more heavily shocked samples all occurring between radii of 360 and ∼600 m. Moreover, the fossil content, lithology, and Sr isotopic composition all demonstrate that the initial position of the bulk of the heavily shocked rock ejecta sampled was originally near surface rock at initial depths in the 32 to 45-m depth (below sea level) range. The EPR technique is also sensitive to prehistoric shock damage. This is demonstrated by our study of shocked Kaibab limestone from the 49,000-year-old Meteor (Barringer) Crater Arizona. We found shock damage present in the β member of the Kaibab Formation exposed in the crater walls corresponding to peak shock stress in the 0.3- to 0.6 GPa range. Carbonate ejecta recovered from within the crater experienced shock pressures of up to 0.6 GPa. Assuming shock damage levels of 0.3 to 0.6 GPa for the lightly shocked carbonate on the walls of the Meteor crater, combined with the shock pressure versus distance model of Moss and Lamb et al. , Meteor Crater impact energies of 2.4 to 8.9 Mt are obtained. This approximately agrees with energies of 3.3 to 7.1 Mt calculated from the crater scaling of Schmidt and Housen .
Copyright 1994 by the American Geophysical Union. (Received November 2, 1992; revised November 3, 1993; accepted December 17, 1993.) Paper number 93JE03574. Research supported by NASA and DNA. We thank Robert Couch, Jr., for technical advice and support of the Enewetak project and Thomas W. Henry, Robert Halley, and Byron Ristvet for assistancein sample acquisition. Eugene Shoemaker, David Roddy, and Ralph Hopkins helped us collect samples from Meteor Crater and Diablo Canyon. Papo Oelle, Mike Long, and Leon Young assisted with the shock wave experiments. The use of the Caltech EPR facilities under the direction of Sunney Chan is appreciated. Comments on the manuscript from Jaoan Vizgirda, Byron Ristvet, David Live, and Fun-dow Tsai were most helpful. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, contribution 4704.
Published - jgre369.pdf
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https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g52r8-zjk29
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| 0.915655 | 856 | 2.625 | 3 |
Fires in Thailand, Myanmar, and Cambodia
This image was captured by the MODIS on the Aqua satellite on February 21, 2008. Central in the image is Thailand. West of Thailand is Myanmar (formerly Burma) and east is Cambodia. Black lines denote country borders.
There are several bodies of water in this image too. West of Myanmar is the Andaman Sea, and south of Thailand is the Gulf of Thailand. Thailand's capital city of Bangkok sits on its southern shore, where the Chao Phraya River flows into the large bay in the northern Gulf of Thailand. Moving eastward from Bangkok, one can see the Tonle Sap—Cambodia's largest inland body of water. Waters from the Tonle Sap flow southeastward and converge with the mighty Mekong River, just east of Phnom Penh, Cambodia's capital.
Each of the red dots on the image represents an active fire.
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http://www.redorbit.com/images/pic/18438/fires-in-thailand-myanmar-and-cambodia/
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| 0.944215 | 189 | 2.71875 | 3 |
During the first half of the 19th Century there were very few safe manufacturing facilities around. However, after 1850, the industry would change. As safes began changing in appearance (becoming more like cabinets), and demand for them as mediums of safety and storage for the increased amount of fluid cash went up, more safe manufacturing facilities opened their doors. Eventually many more new manufacturers would come into play, resulting in further technological development and advancement.
As time went on, new demands and requirements for safes would also take shape. Safes would not only serve the purpose of providing act as a place to safely deposit valuable possessions for protection against theft, but they would also protect the contents from fire hazards. That was especially necessary considering the large amounts of paper money, contracts, accounting vouchers, etc., that were in circulation at that time.
These new demands and requirements would require action – at that point safes began being manufactured with double walls. Additionally, depending on the manufacturer and time epoch, in order to further satisfy quality, the cavity between the double walls were filled with marble, burned tone, or other adequate materials.
There was a problem, however. Fire still threatened the security of bank notes and other paper-type items due to the spacing between the columns and the door. Heat and gas could penetrate that opening, thus damaging the contents. This led to the young safe industry addressing the problem by modifying the safes with special grooving and improved construction. These new modifications would create the well-known ‘clanging noise’ that is associated with the closing of safes and vaults. Having that sound would become the hallmark and criteria for having a well-constructed, high quality safe.
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https://antique-luxury-safes.com/en/home/craftsmanship/manufacturing
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| 0.98306 | 349 | 3.609375 | 4 |
By Tim Radford
Researchers say they have found evidence that in the last 30 years wet seasons have been becoming wetter and dry ones drier, as changes in the seasonal precipitation cycle continue.
Even if the total annual rainfall does not change very much, the seasonal cycles will – with obvious consequences.
Floods and droughts will become more frequent, according to Chia Chou of the University of Taipei, and colleagues from Taiwan and California.
Like all pronouncements about the future, this one comes with caveats: the research is based on climate simulations of future warming, and the forecasts are only as good as the data fed into such simulations.
But the authors start with a trend they can already measure: they report in Nature Geoscience that they looked at rainfall data between 1979 and 2010.
They found that the wet seasons were already clearly getting wetter, at the rate of almost a millimetre a day per century, while the dry seasons became drier with just over half a millimetre less in rainfall per day per century.
And the gap between wet and dry seasons was widening at a rate of 1.47 millimetres per day per century.
All three trends, they report, “are significant at the 99% confidence level.”
In the real world most of us experience, it’s hard to be sure that rainy spells are rainier, and dry seasons are drier: that is because, as the authors concede, global rainfall patterns are “spatially complex”.
But there is general agreement that such changes are taking place, with good physical reasons for doing so: a warmer world means more evaporation, and more precipitation.
Furthermore, the authors say, simulations predict such a pattern and observations confirm it.
“The effect is often termed the thermodynamic contribution, or the rich-get-richer mechanism”, they write.
“Even if the total amount of annual rainfall does not change significantly, the enhancement in the seasonal precipitation cycle could have marked consequences for the frequency of droughts and floods.”
This article was produced by the Climate News Network
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<urn:uuid:928a640e-1389-4e76-a2d4-60843437978a>
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http://www.climatechangenews.com/2013/03/04/why-climate-change-means-more-rain-and-drought/
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| 0.959374 | 445 | 3.734375 | 4 |
We are broadly interested in the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that determine species ranges and maintain populations within these ranges. Our research includes genetics, community ecology, biogeography, and conservation biology, with a special focus on marine ecosystems.
Global distribution of the Pyura stolonifera species complex
Our research can be divided in six sections:
1. Genetics and colonisation
The ever-increasing environmental impacts derived from human activities have extensively modified evolutionary trajectories of populations across species ranges. Biological invasions are both direct and indirect consequences of such large-scale anthropogenic impacts, and constitute a crucial factor shaping biodiversity and biogeographic patterns worldwide. There is growing recognition that biological invasions are often extremely complex due to the high prevalence of multiple sources and non-independent introductions. However, the relative importance of the trade-off between losses of genetic diversity due to bottleneck processes during colonisation, and high genetic diversity as a result of multiple origins or introduction events, remains to be fully understood. In order to track routes of invasion of a widely distributed species, we have developed new molecular tools and implemented innovative analytical techniques that allow contrasting a wide range of complex scenarios.
General questions include:
– Can the native range be reliably identified? If so, is genetic admixture responsible for the genetic composition of the introduced range?
– Are colonisations generally non-independent?
– In what sequence have introduced populations been colonised?
– Are genetically-diverse populations a result of a single introduction of a large number of genetically heterogeneous individuals, or of recurrent introductions?
Ordóñez et al. 2013.Marine Biology pdf
2. Naturalisation of non-indigenous species
The mechanisms that determine the introduction, establishment and spread of non-indigenous species can only be correctly interpreted by first obtaining rigorous historical data. In addition, acquiring ecological data on life-history traits within its introduced range is vital to understand relevant key characteristics of the invasion process such as generation time and adaptive phenotypic plasticity. We have assessed the magnitude and characteristics of marine and estuarine introductions along coastlines using both a regional and global approach.
Substratum dominated by the introduced ascidian
Microcosmus squamiger in the Mediterranean Sea
Airoldi et al. 2015.Diversity Distribution pdf Mead et al. 2011.Journal of Natural History pdf
Rius & Griffiths 2011.Book chapter pdf
Mead et al. 2011.Biological Invasions pdf
Rius et al. 2009.Biological Invasions pdf
Turon et al. 2007.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology pdf
Robinson et al. 2005.African Journal of Marine Science pdf
3. Evolutionary history and speciation
Many of the world’s coastal regions contain a large proportion of marine species that cannot be clearly identified due to a lack of systematic, biogeographical and historical evidence. The increasing availability of DNA sequence data has improved this situation, resulting in an increase in the identification of cryptic biodiversity.
We combined a morphological analysis with genetic data to unravel cryptic speciation within a widespread species complex that is highly abundant along temperate coastal regions of the southern hemisphere, namely the Pyura stolonifera species complex. This species complex is popularly known as cunjevoi in Australia and as redbait in South Africa.
Extensive aggregates of Pyura stolonifera
Our research has revealed that in Australasia this complex comprises three species (two new to science) that are both morphologically and genetically distinct, and not one species (Pyura praeputialis) as previously thought. This work has been highlighted in both scientific and popular articles, including a piece entitled ‘Molecular view reassesses species’ published in Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, where the controversial topic of species delimitation is discussed and framed around the assessment and conservation of global biodiversity.
Dorsal tubercle of Pyura dalbyi
Appeltans et al. 2012.Current Biology pdf
4. Ecological processes across multiple life-history stages
Most organisms have complex life-cycles whereby individuals undergo dramatic developmental transitions before reaching adulthood.
Larva of Pyura herdmani obtained by artificial fertilization in the laboratory
While studies have investigated key community traits such as biotic resistance during adult stages, there is little understanding of the relative importance of processes affecting early life-history stages and their carry-over effects. we found that lethal and non-lethal effects on early life-history stages can determine the viability of adults of native sessile species. In addition, we studied selection pressures in a species with complex life-cycles, in which mothers must balance the fecundity costs of increasing propagule size with the fitness benefits of increased propagule performance.
Questions addressed include:
– Are settlement preferences a good predictor of adult field distribution?
– Is biotic resistance occurring evenly across multiple life-history stages?
– Are offspring size effects consistent across the entire life cycle?
Rius et al. 2014.Journal of Animal Ecology pdf
Pineda et al. 2012.PLoS ONE pdf
Rius et al. 2010.Functional Ecology pdf
Rius et al. 2010.Marine Ecology Progress Series pdf
Rius et al. 2009.Oecologia pdf
5. Community ecology
Studies on species interactions have traditionally focused on negative interactions such as competition and predation, but there is increasing recognition that positive interactions are more important than previously thought. We have conducted experiments assessing the relative role of competition and facilitation in determining the distribution of marine foundation species. In addition, and considering that abiotic stresses can directly influence the outcome of species interactions, we analysed species interactions along gradients of conditions.
Wave action is one of the primary causes of disturbance
on rocky shores, often preventing dominant competitors
from monopolizing primary space
The results untangled the influence of abiotic factors in mediating biotic interactions and coexistence between newcomers and well-established species. Through this work we addressed questions such as:
– Are positive and negative interactions temporally and spatially partitioned?
– How are species interactions maintained over long periods?
Ordóñez et al. 2013.Marine Ecology Progress Series pdf
6. Marine conservation
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are crucial for conservation biology and management. Most studies of MPAs focus on the recovery of top predators with fewer studies focusing on lower trophic level organisms. In my early work, we assessed the impact of recreational exploitation along protected and non-protected coastlines in southern Europe, as well as how inaccessible or formally protected areas are beneficial to the recovery of exploited populations. In South Africa, we studied how ancestral subsistence exploitation is reconciled with modern day conservation enforcement.
Human harvesting is an ancestral activity
Aerial surveys along the South African coast to assess patterns of exploitation pressure
Rius & Zabala 2008.Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems pdf
Rius 2007.Scientia Marina pdf
Rius et al. 2006.South African Journal of Science pdf
Rius & Cabral 2004.Scientia Marina pdf
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<urn:uuid:15d5d1de-b5e3-4fcb-afce-7e2fcf3b88bd>
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CC-MAIN-2017-51
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https://marcriusvil.wordpress.com/research/
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| 0.886764 | 1,474 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A range of free texts turn out to be available on the web. Of course there is the risk that they’ll be pulled off line, so before adopting contact the authors to make sure that’s not a prospect. There is also a cognitive prejudice against the quality of free things that may discourage you or your students, but hopefully we’re becoming accustomed enough to finding good free resources on the web to think past that bias.
Here are some I’ve skimmed for you, and list in the order of estimated utility:
- University of Oklahoma philosopher Chris Swoyer’s Critical Reasoning: A User’s Manual v.3 (2002). A large and comprehensive book that I will give a whirl next time I teach a general CT class, and from which I will lift chapter 24 on “reasoning in groups” for my social epistemology course. This book seems to offer great flexibility and the assurance of being authored by a well-established scholar in the relevant fields. This book covers a great number of approaches and is one of only three philosophy CT textbooks I know of that addresses cognitive biases (the others being Tim Kenyon’s Clear Thinking in a Blurry World, Nelson, 2008 and Diane F. Halpern’s Thought and Knowledge Taylor & Francis, in several editions).
- Steve’s Primer of Practical Persuasion by blogger Steve Booth-Butterfield whose experience in policy and academics provides a lively and useful read. Although philosophers traditionally disdain persuasion because of how it can undermine good reasoning, it can also be a force to encourage good reasoning; and understanding how it works is a valuable general form of critical thinking. The brevity of Booth-Butterfield’s Primer also recommends it as a supplement to other texts. Revised in 2007?.
- Ed Brandon’s Argument Analysis, a very brief on-line introduction to many dimensions of argumentation. Chatty and accessible, with an emphasis on understanding each other and how our exchanges of reason can go wrong. Revised in 1988.
- Research Methods Knowledge Base on-line from a Cornell University social scientist, revised in 2006. If you are teaching social science students, this may be useful as its all directed toward social research methods and seems quite comprehensive, including research ethics too. It may also aid understanding of a perspective on “critical thinking” quite different from those common in philosophy.
- Introduction to Probability, second edition, by Charles M. Grinstead and J. Laurie Snell. A downloadable pdf that looks like a good resource if you want to teach probability or numeracy. No date evident.
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A variety of foods can be genetically modified using biotechnology – these are known as GM [Genetically Modified] foods. Through genetic engineering the genetic material is altered. Selected individual genes with specific traits are transferred from one organism to another. Traditional breeding can achieve similar effects, but it takes a lot of time. Genetic modification of food is not new because food crops and animals have been altered through selective breeding for ages. However, while genes can be transferred during selective plant breeding, the scope for exchanging genetic material is much wider using genetic engineering. Today many foods have been modified to increase productivity and to make them resistant to insects and viruses and more able to tolerate herbicides. Crops have been modified for these purposes in a number of countries, with approval from the relevant authorities. In the US market now, 60-70% of the processed foods are genetically modified.
Among many crops is also the Pineapple that has been modified genetically to enable them to remain fresh for a longer period of time thus increasing their shelf life.
Pineapple (Ananas comosus), a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, named forthat resembles ance to the pine cone. Pineapples may be cultivated from the part containing the leaves above the fruit, flowering in 20-24 months and fruiting in the following six months. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow.
Southeast Asia dominates world production. Thailand and the Philippines are leading producers. Brazil too is a big producer. The primary exporters of fresh pineapples are Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire and the Philippines.
Costa Rica and Hawai are the two countries known for their GM Pineapples. Since about 2000, the most common fresh pineapple fruit found in U.S. and European supermarkets is a low-acid hybrid that was developed in Hawaii in the early 1970s. In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits.
The Costa Rican Government granted LM Veintiuno permission to expand the area cultivated with a genetically modified (GM) pineapple called “Piña Rose”. They granted the permission despite the doubts and the lack of information on the impacts of large-scale GM pineapple production. LM Veintiuno has experimented with growing GM pineapple since 2005 in the south of Costa Rica, on land that belongs to a subsidiary of Del Monte. There have been protests recently as GM crops entail environmental risks and risks to human health which include problems of water pollution, erosion and destruction of forests.
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A lot of us have experienced the dismay of dropping your phone to pick it up with a shattered or cracked screen. The dilemma can be an unexpected blow to the wallet. Now, scientists from the University of Akron have found a new way to make phone screens shatter proof.
Assistant professor of polymer science Yu Zhu and his team discovered that, by adding a (fully transparent) layer of electrodes to a polymer surface, it makes the surface way more durable and flexible. The new method will also be just as transparent as current coatings and that it may even be more conductive.
Traditional touch screens have coatings of indium tin oxide (ITO) which has compromised scratch resistance by being a bit more brittle than desired. ITO's are also both weaker and more expensive than the new electrode coating. "These two pronounced factors drive the need to substitute ITO with a cost-effective and flexible conductive transparent film," Zhu said in a news release.
[Image Source: University of Akron]
"We expect this film to emerge on the market as a true ITO competitor," Zhu continued, "The annoying problem of cracked smart phone screens may be solved once and for all with this flexible touch screen."
There has yet to be a detailed release of exactly what the electrode coating is but tests have shown that the material can be bent over 1o00 times without breaking - although we're not sure how often you're going to bend your phone unless it paves the way for new bendable devices. It was also tested with Scotch Tape to ensure the coating remains on the surface (don't underestimate Scotch Tape, it was the major component to the discovery of Graphene).
The current information on the method doesn't mention anything about scratch resistance, as normally an increase in shatter resistance means a decrease in scratch resistance. Either way, it's nice to see that there may be competition on its way, as competition can drives a products improvements in the future.
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What the New Animal Welfare Act Means for Pet Owners
The Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture (PACT) Act was signed into law November 25, 2019, making animal cruelty a federal crime. President Donald Trump signed the act into law the same day the White House welcomed Conan the military dog.
What is PACT?
PACT strengthens the 2010 Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act, which prohibits the creation, sale and distribution of videos in which people step on and crush animals.
With PACT, law enforcement will now be able to prosecute people who are carrying out acts of cruelty instead of just those that are involved in the video production. Anyone who is charged with and convicted of “crushing” animals will now face up to seven years in jail and hefty fines.
Legal experts don’t expect PACT to result in many more crush video prosecutions, but they do believe that it will further discourage people from making these videos in the first place. Those that do produce such videos will now face heftier penalties and will be charged with a federal crime.
PACT doesn’t stop at crushing. Under the new legislation, “animal crushing” refers to any conduct in which a living animal is “purposely crushed, burned, drowned, suffocated, impaled or otherwise subjected to serious bodily injury.”
There are some exceptions to the law, such as:
- Customary veterinary, animal management or agricultural husbandry practices
- The slaughter of animals
- During euthanasia
- Self-defense to protect life or property of a person
- Hunting, fishing, trapping or other sports not prohibited by Federal law, pest control or predator control
- Scientific or medical research
The signing of PACT marks the first time a national law has been passed that helps prevent animal cruelty and abuse. Prior to PACT, the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 was the primary source of federal animal cruelty law.
Animal Welfare Act of 1966
The Animal Welfare Act of 1966 was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It marked the first federal law that addressed the handling, transporting and sale of certain types of animals for research and other purposes.
Although its scope was limited, it was a historic law that was a step towards a future free of animal cruelty.
How Will PACT Effect Pet Owners?
One of the biggest questions pet owners have is: how will this affect me?
For responsible pet owners, PACT won’t affect them in any way.
For pet owners who abuse their animals, PACT gives federal authorities the ability to prosecute abusers. Those who break the law will face hefty fines as well as jail time.
Cases of animal cruelty are more common than you think.
Earlier in the week, 22 horses were seized from a non-profit rescue, which is now being investigated for animal cruelty. Authorities stepped in after an equine veterinarian found parasites in the horses’ feces. The animals had poor access to shelter and were living in extremely muddy terrain. The environment put the horses at greater risk of further bacterial infections.
In another case, a man was arrested this week from New York for alleged animal abuse. Surveillance video footage allegedly showed the man abusing a dog in a woodshop. He has been accused of throwing rubber boots and wood at the animal for no apparent reason. The footage shows the dog, named Trigger, sitting in the corner of the workshop. The man who was arrested was not the owner of the dog. He was charged with two counts of second-degree menacing and one count of third-degree criminal mischief.
Yet another man from Pennsylvania was charged with animal cruelty this week for allegedly killing a raccoon with a hammer and posting in on Facebook. He faces multiple charges, including a felony for aggravated animal cruelty.
These unfortunate cases are exactly what PACT aims to prevent and address.
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Help needed from Michigan residents: Protect America’s boxwood from invasive caterpillar
Box tree moth will destroy most boxwood shrubs in the country if it becomes established. Michigan residents can assist in the early detection trapping program.
On May 28, 2021, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) announced that they confirmed the presence of box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, in the continental United States and are working to contain and eradicate the invasive pest. The infested boxwood has been removed and surrounding host-material has been treated. Caterpillars of the invasive moth, native to east Asia, first consume the leaves and then the bark of the plant, thereby killing the shrubs. The box tree moth was first accidentally introduced in 2007 in Germany and since then has destroyed an estimated 75% of boxwood shrubs in Europe.
To our knowledge, the box tree moth is not established anywhere in Michigan. However, we are asking residents who have purchased boxwood plants in 2020 or 2021 to check them for signs of infestation and any suspected damage. In Michigan, the moths are expected to complete two generations between June and October, so quick action is essential to prevent this pest from establishing itself in our country. While it is very unlikely that boxwoods purchased this spring were infested, please help protect America’s boxwood plants and be part of this outreach and eradication effort! How? Know the signs of the box tree moth caterpillar and damage and volunteer to hang a trap in your yard!
Signs of the box tree moth
Box tree moth caterpillars only feed and reproduce on boxwood (Buxus spp.). First, you will see the beginning of defoliation of the boxwood leaves (Photo 1). If you begin to see signs of damage, check the boxwood plants for caterpillars (0.25 inches after egg hatch to 1.5 inches long when mature), which are lime green with black stripes and have white spots and hairs (Photo 2). The caterpillars have a shiny black head. As feeding progresses, caterpillars eat the leaves and bark, leaving only the midribs of leaves (Photo 3). With extensive feeding damage, you will see webbing from caterpillar silk and the eventual death of the plants.
How you can help: Early detection through trapping
Michigan State University Extension is partnering with the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) and the USDA APHIS to implement an early detection program for box tree moth throughout Michigan. The box tree moth was detected at three locations this spring, but MDARD and APHIS have removed the threat in those locations. By working with homeowners throughout Michigan, we seek to learn if the box tree moth has been introduced elsewhere in Michigan. How can you help?
We are seeking Michigan homeowners who have purchased and planted boxwoods in 2020 and 2021 to help us set pheromone traps to determine if the boxwood moth is present in Michigan. The pheromone traps have proved to be very effective for attracting male box tree moths in Europe. Please note that attracting male moths will not cause infestations because the female moths need to be present to lay eggs. The traps mimic the pheromones females emit so they can find a mate. Consequently, the pheromone traps only attract males. If you hang traps on your boxwood, rest assured, you will not be causing a new infestation. You will only be detecting whether box moths are already there.
The adult moths are distinctive and have both a light morph (iridescent white wings with brown border, brown body [Photo 4]) and a dark morph (brown body and wings with white forewing spots [Photo 5]).
An excellent publication, “Box Tree Moth and its SE US Lookalikes,” published by the University of Georgia and Clemson Cooperative Extension, shows the box tree moths and those that may be similar. If you believe you’ve detected the box tree moth, please email photos to the box tree moth team at MSU Extension at [email protected] for positive identification.
Please be aware that at this point we must notify USDA APHIS of any positive finds of box tree moth in Michigan. If caterpillars or moths of box tree moth are found, it is likely that infested plants will need to be treated or removed, and preventive treatments of boxwoods in the area may be initiated. We sincerely hope that we do not find any in Michigan, but if we do, early detection is our best chance of preventing establishment and spread.
Box tree moth team contacts to obtain traps
If you are willing to hang a box tree moth pheromone trap on your property, please fill out the survey below to determine which county MSU Extension office is closest to you to pick up a trap. Each team member has a limited number of PHEROCON IIB BTM Kits for cooperating citizens. Another option is contact the only distributor of box tree moth pheromone traps in Michigan: Great Lakes IPM. Cooperators can learn how to use their kits by watching this instructional video.
Protecting your boxwoods
If you purchased boxwood during 2020 or 2021 and suspect there could be box tree moths or unexplained decline in your boxwoods and you desire to protect your shrubs, we recommend spraying boxwood shrubs twice this summer—in late July and early September—with bifenthrin (several ready-to-use products available at the garden center) or any pyrethroid insecticide for homeowner use. Pyrethroid insecticides are those where the active ingredient ends in thrin, for example cyfluthrin, permethrin, resmethrin, cypermethrin, lamba-cyhalothrin, sumithrin.
Alternatively, homeowners can also spray a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) product once every two weeks. Bt is a bacterium that kills insects when ingested. There are subspecies of Bt that affect specific types of insects; kurstaki is the subspecies that specifically targets caterpillar larvae. Look for product labels that say Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk).
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George has posted a useful summary of the course so far http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/connectivism/?p=173 in which he says ‘All learning begins with a connection’, which has prompted me to consider the reasons why and the circumstances under which it might not be possible to make connections.
Robin Heyden has a post on her blog Stepping Stones about the personal qualities that might be needed to make connections, which brings up the interesting consideration of the introvert, the ‘lurker’ and the shy person and whether this particular personality type makes fewer or less effective connections. I suspect that their strength might be in being the ‘weak ties’. We musn’t forget too that people can be making conceptual connections as opposed to social connections.
Of course as is pointed out in the Moodle thread – Do networks cause the end of geography? – huge numbers of people around the world do not even have electricity, so that in itself would prevent digital connections – although I think we have established that you do not need to be online to be connected.
Then there are the people with disabilities – physical, mental or social – that might prevent effective learning connections from being made.
I have mentioned elsewhere in this blog that emotion and an ability to understand norms might also affect a person’s ability to make connections.
I haven’t yet got my head round how identity is linked to the ability to make connections. If we assume that identity is both influenced by the network and in turn influences the network, then what is the effect on identity of not making connections?
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Dropping unwanted pounds requires consuming healthy food products. Nonetheless, lots of healthful products consist of substances which cause weight gain. The best diet to lose weight will involve reading food packaging labels so that nutritious food items without any ingredients that contribute to extra pounds are selected.
Certain foods furnish health related benefits but contain items which contribute to weight gain. A great illustration will be wheat bread. Unprocessed wheat is rich in fiber. However, a lot of wheat bread is manufactured with processed wheat. That wheat will have the majority of its fiber removed.
Thus, eating these bread will not give the human body all the advantages dietary fiber offers.
Fiber rich food products can keep digestive systems happy. They reduce the chance of cardiovascular disease. Plus, eating items full of fiber could help with eliminating extra weight.
Thus, consuming foods high in dietary fiber is very important in eliminating excessive weight and provides other medical health advantages.
Another item to be careful of with some bread is these products are made with sugar. This ingredient might be listed as dextrose, high fructose corn syrup, sugar along with some other expressions. Try not to be deceived. Regardless the expression, every one means processed sugar.
Another example is jellies and jams. These products are made with fruits which are packed with dietary fiber. Ingesting fruit will be very useful when attempting to decrease excess weight. However, often the primary ingredient found in jams and jellies is processed sugar. Like talked about previously, sugar causes additional pounds.
Thus, a person’s best diet to lose weight does not include eating abundant jelly and jam. An additional example will be peanut butter. This food is made with nuts that are filled with dietary fiber.
Eating uncooked peanuts is very beneficial whenever attempting to get rid of excessive body fat.
Nevertheless, the bulk of these items is made with sugar, salt, and hydrogenated oil. Those three items lead to extra pounds.
An incredible substitute is nut butter. That item typically just contains raw nuts. But, people might need a little time to get accustomed to this product.
Obviously, a jam and peanut butter sandwich everyone assumes is a nourishing snack, in fact, leads to excess fat. In its place, consume a delicious whole wheat tortilla filled with roasted turkey and spinach. When wanted, eat one handful of walnuts to get a tad more fiber.
The best diet to lose weight involves consuming healthy products high in fiber without any ingredients which result in excessive fat.
Change in lifestyle along with eating healthy to shed pounds will cause a much better weight-loss without any bad unwanted effects or health risks. Many fad diet plans restrict food intake to only certain goods, and this can leave a lot of people deficient in needed vitamins and minerals.
Eat several little meals during the day, making certain to eat a small amount every few hours. Eating more may seem like a way to gain pounds but when the foods picked are healthful choices this change could cause fat loss instead. Calories are essential for digestion and if food is not supplied the body can start to conserve energy.
Eating throughout the day helps sustain an ideal metabolism and avoid any fat conservation work by the body.
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Brain STEM games include a wide variety of activities and games that focus on an individual development of the brain. Neuron connections can be built at any age! Well-developed board game can definitely contribute to our healthy lifestyle.
The facts are well-researched and documented that children do not need to have high tech toys to develop their brain power. What they need is parental support and toys and games that provoke thoughts and ignite imagination. Here’s a list of some of the Best Brain STEM and STEAM Games for your to consider when choosing a gift for your child.
Hands-on activities are the essential part of any STEM game and toy!
STEM Board Games for Toddlers and PreSchoolers
STEM board games have a lot of benefits that play into each child’s development and a well-rounded human being.
Such games teach teamwork and collaboration on different levels. Just imagine not having this skill when she grows up! You can deal with the “mine” demands now, but sooner, than later, a child has to learn a group or team play. Better yet, STEM activities show kids how to be a good loser, which is part of a bigger life.
Board games are invaluable when it comes learning language skills. The connections that develop during playing such games become a definite factor in child’s success at school and in social life.
In addition to the scholastic benefits, brain STEM games are a great source for destressing and peaceful problem solving. That is why as a parent, I consider board games a powerful key to my children’s development.
Toy Story Puzzle
Who doesn’t love Toy Story characters and the story behind them? This is one of out top favorite Disney animation movies ever!
This Ravensburger Toy Story 4 puzzles are so bright and literally hands-on experience! Preschoolers can enjoy putting together their favorite characters on the table or on the floor. Choose either or both, as children love to change the dynamic of their play. Buy this game HERE.
Fancy Nancy Find Your Fancy
This clever guessing game puts your child’s self-care and styling skills to the test. Help Fancy Nancy to dress and choose the right outfit for different occasions.
Kids are encouraged to use decision-making skills and deductive reasoning to guess what shirt, shoes, dress or hat will make her feel fabulous! Buy this fascinating board game HERE.
Heads Talk Tails Walk Game
If you need your child to work on developing memory, matching, and image recognition skills, then go after Heads Talk Tails Walk games. In this silly game, players try to match hidden animal head tiles to the correct body tails.
If you don’t make a match, you will have to walk and talk like your mismatched tile! What a huge FUN it is to play it with your child! You can buy it HERE.
BRIO My First Farm
To promote the development of gross motor skills and hand-eye coordination in toddlers, this BRIO My First Farm is an excellent toy to go with.
This playset inspires creative, open-minded play where toddlers can use their imaginations to create their own stories. Children can listen to the fun animal sounds and take their barnyard friends on an imaginative train ride! You can buy this toy HERE.
More Games that Develop Focus and Strategy in Children.
STEM Activities, Games and Toys for Kids 5-11
STEM activities provide hands-on and minds-on experiences that cannot be learned or captured in any other way. That is why as a parent I make it a point to explain to my children why it is vital to try different games and toys even if they initially do not have any interest in them. Most of the time, when they experience a game when playing it, they love it.
Snapsies to Develop Fine Motor Skills
FACT: A Four-year study on the benefits of hands-on learning conducted in an elementary school in California, found that the longer students participated in hands-on learning, the higher were their scores in science, writing, reading, and mathematics.
Without a doubt, Fine Motor Skills Remain Critical Throughout Our Life.
But they need to be cultivated in early childhood and groomed throughout of our adult life.
The more we practice small motor skills, the better chance we remain independent in our lives and being capable to perform the tasks that require these skills.
That’s why I always look to the benefits a toy may have when I make a gift purchase. These SNAPSIES from the Funko company are not only full of Surprises – you never know what you get – but also call for those fine motor skills to be exercised.
There are 18 different Snapsies characters, but each has many snap-on accessories that will get your mind and creativity going! You can get them at Target for an amazing Gift Idea HERE.
For any child, developing reasoning skills are essentials in everyday life and in making strategic deicsions. The Domino Maze puts these skills to the test, as we navigate our way through 60 different dynamic challenges including pivots, blockers, and stairs! Fun and challenge exist in one STEM board game. You can buy it HERE.
Thinking Putty Puzzle
This Thinking Putty Puzzle is so seemingly easy to do. But this STEM activity is a mind-stretching logic game. Players pull, knead, and stretch the putty to solve 60 sticky challenges. The participants use the putty to connect various starting and ending points without overlap. It comes with six vibrant putty colors, including an exclusive, custom “Binary Blue” shade. You can buy this game HERE.
Story Time Chess
Playing chess is one of the best ways to train one’s mind to think strategically many steps ahead. This is a unique game that can be used to learn to think in 3D and with many ramifications. Skills learned while playing chess can be transferred into real life.
The beauty of the Story Time Chess is that children as young as 3-year-old can begin their exciting playing in chess. With engaging stories, colorful figures and easy-to-follow steps, children can develop an healthy obsession to this game (you can buy it HERE). This game includes:
- Beautifully Designed Storybook
- Exercises for Each Piece
- Matching Pieces and Board
- Mini games That Reinforce Mechanics
- Custom Chess Pieces
- Double-Sided Chess Board
Invasion of the Cow Snatchers
If you are into family board games nights, then this is an absolute must-have! With Invasion of the Cow Snatchers, you maneuver your flying saucer around various farm obstacles to magnetically beam up all the cows in the correct order.
Use your best problem-solving skills to move around hay bales, barns, fences to beam up cows and fly off into space! While it is a single-player game, Cow Snatchers offers kids the option to collaborate and solve the puzzles together. Buy this fun board STEM game HERE.
Harry Potter Labyrinth
Like to play hide-and-seek? Then this Harry Potter Labyrinth board game will require all your mental concentration to outdo the rest of the world. Your favorite characters from the beloved book are waiting to be found in this game.
The Labyrinth series is one of the popular games sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. Harry Potter, Ron, Hermione, Professor Dumbledore, Hagrid, and Hedwig the owl will be played in this game.
Any cool game or gift deserves a beautiful gift wrapping presentation! Check out HOW you can do it EASILY.
GraviTrax STEM Activities
If your child is a STEM enthusiast, then this interactive track system called GraviTrax is the way to play. The main objective of the game is to design and build marble racetracks and experiment with gravity, magnetism, and kinetics to propel your ball to the finish line. Parents are welcome to join in.
This year, the game has added new accessories: the trampoline, the scoop, and the lifter. This STEM toy and game makes it a super gift for any occasion. To buy, head over HERE.
Check out unique Active Games to play with kids during Birthdays and celebrations. You probably have never seen them, yet!
Surprising Benefits of Puzzles
Did you know that puzzles as a game have surprising health benefits? Solving puzzles allows our brain connections to grow stronger, hence improved memory. Doing puzzles on the regular basis improves visual-spatial reasoning in both kids and adults and betters problem-solving skills.
The health benefits of puzzle solving do not end there. Just look at this list:
- Lowers stress levels
- Delays Dementia and Alzheimer’s
- Improves mood and boosts self-motivation
When children get involved in solving puzzles, they develop basic skills like shape recognition, concentration, goal setting, patient, hand-eye coordination and motor skills. The list is pretty impressive, isn’t it?
Doing puzzles at any age elevates our personal cognitive and physical skills.
Brain STEM Games for Middle School and High School Students
Keep in mind that these brain STEM games are so fun that any adult who loves board games would love to join in!
This first-of-its-kind Escape Puzzle series combines the fun of puzzling and thrill of an “escape the room”-style game.
After solving a 759-piece puzzle, players find the hidden riddles, solve the mystery and plot their escape piece-by-piece.
Similar to physical Escape Rooms, the Escape Puzzles are perfect for social gatherings where you can work together to puzzle your way out.
You can get all the varieties of the ESCAPE PUZZLES HERE.
Love Jaws movie? Then you’re up for a cool challenge in this JAWS board game.
JAWS features a special, double-sided game board that’s played in two acts. In Act 1, the humans must protect Amity Island while the hidden shark tries to silently devour swimmers. In
Act 2, the humans try to defend the Orca boat while the shark rips the boat apart piece-by- piece. Short on time? You can play either Act as a stand-alone game. Buy it HERE for yourself or someone else.
Disney Villainous Wicked to the Core
Disney fans, here’s a cool new edition from the Disney Villainous franchise. The two games, Wicked to the Core and Evil Comes Prepared, you will deal with nothing, but villains! Who would have thought that these Disney games have a powerful source for learning and can be considered brain STEM games! Why? Because they teach the values for teamwork and superior language skills.
Wicked to the Core includes Hades from Hercules, Dr. Facilier from The Princess & the Frog, and the Evil Queen from the iconic Snow White. You can buy it HERE.
Evil Comes Prepared includes Scar from The Lion King, Ratigan from The Great Mouse Detective, and Yzma from The Emperor’s New Groove. Buy this board game HERE.
3D Porsche 911 Puzzle
This 3D Porsche 911 Puzzle offers car-lovers the chance to piece the car together. Even the wheels rotate! Ravensburger the world’s leading puzzle maker, teamed up with Porsche to create this 3D wonder of the legendary 911R, first built in 1967 for racing and then reissued in 2016. You can buy this puzzle HERE.
STEM Board Games for Entire Family
The thought provoking STEM board games are something any family would enjoy playing. Be it a Holiday season, an evening time together or a match of mighty minds, the real entertainment is in games.
While exercising thinking skills, these awesome games of Tenzi and Pairzi will keep excited and well-entertained. The brain will be working fast to keep up with dice rolling. The fact is that when you give yourself a time limit how quickly to solve a problem or reach a goal, your brain neurons create valuable connections. The more frequently you play, the faster your thinking and decision-making becomes.
TENZI Board Game Features
If you want to become a quick thinker, here’s a game to play! And with an additional set of cards, you can learn how to play this game over seventy ways. You can buy your TENZI board game HERE.
– Easy to learn for anyone from 7 to 97
– Object is to roll dice as fast as possible
– First player to get all ten of their dice to match shouts “TENZI” and wins (hence the name of the game!)
– A set of cards with 77 ways to play this game is the way to go!
PAIRZI Board Game Features
This board game is all about speed. Find the most matching pairs of Critter Cards to win! Here’s the twist, before you can look for Critter Cards, you must roll a pair with your dice. If you roll two 3’s for example, you get to find 3 pairs of Critter Cards. Then back to rolling your dice, Roll a pair of 5’s, you get to find 5 pairs of Critter Cards. Gotta Getta Pair! You can buy your PAIRZI board game HERE.
– The skills you develop and practice is speed of thinking and image matching
– Easy to learn for anyone from 6 to 96
– Instructions have a variation of 5 different ways to play this game
– The critters cards are fun and so adorable, too!
Brain STEM games don’t need to be elaborate to develop agility of your thinking and creativity. Tenzi and Pairzi are some of the fast-paced board games that are inclusive of a wide variety of ages and abilities.
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The Birsiban system was a star with an associated star system located 70,000 light years from the Sol system, in the the galaxy's Delta Quadrant. Its fifth planet was home to the Birsiban civilization. (VOY novel: Echoes)
The Birsiban system contained 14 planets and circa 75 moons which orbited a single G-type star. In 150 parallel universes the fifth planet had been destroyed. Its debris formed a ring of asteroids. The sixth planet held the beginnings of basic life.
Primary of the Birsiban system was a main sequence (type G2V or bright yellow dwarf) star . The star was orbited by at least two habitable worlds, including the class M planet Birsiba, and the sixth planet. Birsiba was approximately 70,000 light years away from Sol.
The Birsibans utilized energy from a variety of sources, including solar energy powered by their system's primary.
- Birsiba (primary)
- unnamed planets I-IV
- asteroid belt (debris of destroyed Birsiba V)
- sixth planet
- unnamed planets VII-XIV
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Definition of vicarious
1a : serving instead of someone or something elseb : that has been delegated vicarious authority
2 : performed or suffered by one person as a substitute for another or to the benefit or advantage of another : substitutionary a vicarious sacrifice
3 : experienced or realized through imaginative or sympathetic participation in the experience of another a vicarious thrill
4 : occurring in an unexpected or abnormal part of the body instead of the usual one vicarious menstruation manifested by bleeding from the nose
vicarious was our Word of the Day on 08/02/2010. Hear the podcast!
Examples of vicarious in a sentence
I am a vicarious eater, often preferring a description of a meal to eating it. I hoard the Wednesday food section of the New York Times, savoring it as my late-night reading, finishing always with the restaurant review. —Anne-Marie Slaughter, Commonweal, 14 June 2002
Most people caged in the humdrum routines of modern life are eager for vicarious glimpses of pain, joy, and especially vitality. —Robert Jackall et al., Image Makers, 2000
There is an immense sub-middle class with enough money to preserve it from rancorous envy of the rich, but not enough to preserve it from boredom; it needs vicarious compensations and manages to find them in the gossip columns. —Aldous Huxley, The Olive Tree, 1937
To give himself the vicarious illusion of companionship, he fell back on letters. —Amy Lowell, John Keats, 1925
By means of ferocious jokes … he could vent his hatred of pioneer life and all its conditions, those conditions that were thwarting his creative life; he could, in this vicarious manner, appease the artist in him … —Van Wyck Brooks, The Ordeal of Mark Twain, 1920
Did You Know?
If you act in someone’s stead, you take his or her place, at least temporarily. The oldest meaning of "vicarious," which was first recorded in 1637, is "serving in someone or something’s stead." The word vicarious derives from the Latin noun vicis, which means "change," "alternation," or "stead." "Vicis" is also the source of the English prefix vice- (as in "vice president"), meaning "one that takes the place of."
Origin and Etymology of vicarious
Latin vicarius, from vicis change, alternation, stead — more at week
First Known Use: 1637
VICARIOUS Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of vicarious for English Language Learners
: experienced or felt by watching, hearing about, or reading about someone else rather than by doing something yourself
VICARIOUS Defined for Kids
Definition of vicarious for Students
: sharing in someone else's experiences through the use of imagination or sympathetic feelings She got vicarious enjoyment from her sister's travels.
Medical Definition of vicarious
: occurring in an unexpected or abnormal part of the body instead of the usual one bleeding from the gums sometimes occurs in the absence of the normal discharge from the uterus in vicarious menstruation
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up vicarious? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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In the brouhaha surrounding the 4-1 majority verdict in Indian Young Lawyers Association and Ors versus The State of Kerala and Ors, one crucial fact has been missed — Ayyappa is a celibate god who enjoys the company of other men. His is not a patriarchal set-up in which women are oppressed in order to promote men. There is not a single mythological story to suggest that Ayyappa has anything against women, or that he considers menstruation unclean. The exclusion of menstruating women is an invention of priests who interpret male homosociality to sanction the worst strictures of patriarchy. Ayyappa is interested in men. So why is he being dragged into a battle about women?
Let us think more about this particular god’s desires, and the settings in which his legends have been produced. Ayyappa is a celibate god — this is the reason cited for not allowing women in the vicinity of his temple. The cited reason ties in with predictable and drearily misogynistic narratives about (a) menstruating women being unclean, and (b) women more generally being seductresses. But the legends surrounding Ayyappa have more to say about men than women. He is the son of two men — his father is Shiva and his mother is Vishnu (in drag as Mohini). He is the boon companion of Vavar — a Muslim sailor whom Ayyappa held dear to his heart. In fact, he is reported to have told his (earthly) father, king of Pandalam, to “consider Vavar as myself”. The pilgrimage to Ayyappa’s shrine at Sabarimala has to also take in the shrine to Vavar, built during Ayyappa’s lifetime. This is why the Ayyappa temple in Sabarimala is famous as a place of worship across religions and castes. Finally, Ayyappa is known as the god who wanted to abolish birth and death. If there is no death, then there is no need of birth, he reasoned, and so in one fell swoop, Ayyappa planned to do away with heterosexual copulation and reproduction. The gods got worried about this possible drop in their revenue, and so found a means of banishing him from the heavens back to earth, where he is still thought to reside.
Ayyappa is thus pro-men rather than anti-women. What stands out in the myths about Ayyappa is his opposition to heterosexuality rather than his misogyny. His all-male milieu does not preclude women — it simply does not evince sexual interest in women and, in fact, stipulates that men should not be sexually interested in women.
It is true that such a preference by a man for other men can be seen as an outcrop of patriarchal privilege — indeed, it is the basis of patriarchy that men conspire to keep women subordinated by not giving them equal access to opportunities. But there is a difference between an all-male club that supports and espouses heterosexuality, on the one hand, and that which commits to a decidedly non-heterosexual milieu, on the other. Historically, heterosexuality has proved to be far more misogynistic than homosexuality. Seen from this perspective, Ayyappa, in his headquarters in Sabarimala, presides over the possibility of a community of devotees removed from the pressures of heterosexual copulation and reproduction. How has this been twisted by priests to mean that women should be shunned by men as being unclean?
Far from a heterosexist insistence on the uncleanness of women, then, Ayyappa’s emphasis is on the non-heterosexual nature of (his) desire. What might it mean for men and women to live together non-sexually? Men mingling without fear of pregnancy? Women developing intimate bonds like the one between Mohini and Lakshmi? Four members of the bench that delivered the Sabarimala judgment were also judges who earlier read down Section 377, so one would hope they would be capable of thinking of desire in non-heterosexual contexts.
We need to stop thinking of sexual relations as occurring only between men and women (which is where the fear of a male god being seduced by a female devotee comes from). We need to remember that there is no mention of clean men and unclean women in the legends surrounding Ayyappa. He is the god who encourages all devotees, regardless of caste and religion and gender.
His only stated inclination is about sexual preferences. Women can be devotees of Ayyappa at all times and in all seasons. But we are not of sexual interest to the god. How liberating that is for women, especially in the age of #MeToo.
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The answer to the question ‘do male dogs have nipples’ is surprisingly simple: yes. In fact, almost all mammals of both sexes have nipples, with some exceptions such as male rats, male platypuses, and male mice. The more complicated question is why do male dogs have nipples?
How Many Nipples Do Male Dogs Have?
The nipples on a male dog are found in the same place as they are on a female dog. They run in two lines down the abdomen, pair by pair. The nipples are pretty much the same, regardless if the dog is a neutered male, a spayed female, an intact male, or an intact female, although there are some differences in female nipples compared to male nipples.
The number of nipples on a dog, depends on the size. A larger breed dog can have ten nipples in five pairs. A smaller dog can have eight nipples in four pairs. Although, it is possible for some dogs to have more or less.
What Do The Nipples On A Male Dog Look Like?
If you have a long haired breed, you might never have seen your dog’s nipples. If your dog has a short haired coat, then you may have noticed his nipples. Male nipples look very similar to female nipples. They are small, round bumps. They may be the same color as your dog’s skin color, under his coat, or they may be a different color. Both are completely normal, and nothing to worry about.
Do The Nipples Have Names?
The nipples on a male dog actually have names. The names relate to where on the body they are. Assuming that the dog has ten nipples, the first pair of nipples are closest to the front legs, and are called the cranial thoracic nipples. After them comes a pair of caudal thoracic nipples followed by the cranial abdominal nipples, and the caudal abdominal nipples. The last are of nipples are near the groin and are called the inguinal nipples.
Why Do Male Dogs Have Nipples?
Female mammals have nipples to feed milk to their babies, so it seems pretty pointless for male animals to have nipples. Most male mammals have no role in feeding the offspring, so why do male dogs have nipples?
It’s nothing to do with feeding. Nipples are what’s called a rudimentary state. When a mammal, in this case a dog is conceived, it begins to develop as am embryo. Before it develops its sex, it develops other body parts first, and nipples are developed in this first developmental stage. Basically at the initial developmental stages, all embryos are exactly the same. As the puppy continues to grow in the womb, it develops other parts of its body, including the hormones that determine whether it’s a girl or a boy.
As there’s no evolutionary necessity to change the development process, male dogs have nipples. Another example of a rudimentary state would be the pelvic bones in whales. They no longer have a purpose, but they don’t cause any harm so they haven’t been eradicated through natural selection.
Can Male Dogs Have Problems With Their Nipples?
Generally speaking, nipples won’t cause your dog any issues. They tend to be harmless, quite useless, but harmless. However, that doesn’t mean that you can completely ignore them. Make checking your dog’s nipples part of his routine so that your will notice any changes as soon as possible. Some changes may be completely benign, but others can have a more sinister cause.
- Changes In Size
Changes in the size of your dogs nipples can be a cause for concern. Enlarged nipples can be a symptom of testicular cancer. Testicular cancer can affect both neutered and intact male dogs, but it is much more common in intact dogs. If you notice that your dog has enlarged nipples, you should look for other common symptoms, such as swelling in the abdomen, symmetrical hair loss, pain in the abdomen, and anemia. You may also notice other male dogs becoming overly interested in yours.
Even if you don’t notice any of these other signs, you should still contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. If your dog is diagnosed with testicular cancer, then there will be two treatment options. If he is intact, then neutering can remove all of cancer. If he is neutered then he may need to have chemotherapy treatment. However, testicular cancer is not usually aggressive and doesn’t often spread to other areas. This means that in most cases, the prognosis is very positive.
- Changes In Color
It’s common for your dog’s nipples to change color over a period of time. In most cases, this is nothing more than a sign of aging. Both male and female dog’s nipples can go through a color change as they get older. A change in color in younger female dog could be a symptom of mastitis, but it’s not a condition male dogs can get.
- Not Actually A Nipple
Most owners will panic when they see or feel anything out of the ordinary, and sometime may mistake a nipple for a tick. It’s happened to most of us, so it’s really nothing to feel bad about. If you aren’t sure if what you’re feeling is a nipple, or possibly a tick, have a look at it. If the bump is fully attached to your dog’s body, then it’s a nipple, or a mole, or a scab. If it looks like it’s partially buried into his flesh, then it’s more than likely a tick. You can remove ticks yourself, but you do need to be sure that you’ve removed all of the tick and not just the body. Check out some of the tick-removing tools that can help you to remove ticks from your pet’s skin.
- Do Male Dogs Have Nipples?, Michelson Found Animals
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For more information about National Park Service air resources, please visit http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/.
Ozone & Meteorology Monitoring
The NPS Air Resources Division operates a network of air quality monitoring stations that measures meteorological parameters and ozone. This is sometimes referred to as the Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program (GPMP). Many stations are jointly operated with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet).
The GPMP historically concentrated on determining the levels of two gaseous air pollutants, ozone and sulfur dioxide, which can be toxic to native plants. Other gaseous pollutants (e.g., other photochemical oxidants, nitrogen compounds, and toxic organic compounds) are also of interest to the NPS because they relate to physiological, morphological, or historical injury to park biological resources, or to global climate change.
- Data Access
- Objectives & Procedures
Ozone Monitoring Locations
Most NPS ozone monitoring locations are operated by the NPS in parks identified as mandatory Class I areas. Class 1 areas, defined by the Clean Air Act, are held to a higher air quality standard than other areas. Some ozone monitoring stations in the parks are operated by State agencies.
|Metadata||what, where, and when monitors have operated in national parks|
|NPS Gaseous Pollutant & Meteorology||ozone and sulfur dioxide (for a limited number of parks) hourly concentrations; wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, solar radiation, and wetness at NPS sites|
|CASTNET data||ozone hourly concentrations, meteorology, and filter-pack data at all CASTNet sites|
|Real-time Scenic and Air Quality Conditions||current on-line scenic views, ozone, PM2.5, and/or meteorological data|
|Current Ozone & Weather Data||current 1-hour average ozone concentration, wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and rainfall for NPS sites (available May–September only)|
|Health Advisories||current health advisories (available May–September) and summaries of past advisory seasons.|
|Ozone Standard Exceedances||park list of ozone standard exceedances by month and year (2000–present)|
|Current Map of Ozone Data||map of current ozone data at NPS sites (available May–September only)|
|Criteria Pollutants & Meteorology||ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, PM10, PM2.5, and meteorology annual summaries|
NPS Ozone monitoring data summaries, analysis, and results are made available as reports, through Air Atlas, and other publications.
- Annual Data Summary Reports
- Annual Performance and Progress Report
- 2011 Data Quality Assurance Report (pdf, 96 KB)
- Current year exceedance summary tables. These list high ozone concentrations and exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in parks based on screened preliminary data. Preliminary data are used to get a quick look at the high 8-hour ozone averages that exceed 75 ppb.
- Exceedances of the ozone standard in parks, 2011 (pdf, 203 KB) (csv, 4 KB)
- List of parks where ozone standard is violated, 2011 (pdf, 45 KB) (csv, 5 KB)
- Resource injury ozone indices table and map, 2011 (pdf, 192 KB) (csv, 5 KB)
- Implications to the NPS of the 76 ppb Ozone Standard (pdf, 1.4 MB)
- Annual reports of the EPA-NPS CASTNet network
Ozone trends are an important product of NPS monitoring. Summary data from the Quick Look Annual Summary Statistics Report and the Annual Data Summary Report can now be viewed with the web-based interactive trend plotter. The present air quality can be assessed in relation to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Trends can then be considered to determine an overall condition. For more detailed information, see the Annual Data Summary Reports and the 2008 Annual Performance and Progress Report.
Publications Using NPS Data
- Surface ozone in Yosemite National Park. Burley, Ray. Atmospheric Environment 41, 6048–6062 (2007), (pdf, 816 KB)
- Increase in Surface Ozone at Rural Sites in the Western US. Jaffey, Ray. Atmospheric Environment 41, 5452–5463 (2007). (pdf, 390 KB)
Monitoring Objectives & Procedures
- Provide data to help scientists’ asses the risks that certain pollutants pose to natural resources in the parks.
- Collect air quality data in parks that reveals how well parks are doing with respect to the national ambient air quality standards set by the EPA. These data are also useful for EPA’s New Source Review permitting program and Prevention of Significant Deterioration program which seek to ensure that new and modified industrial development do not significantly degrade air quality.
- Identify air quality trends from measured data to aid in compliance predictions, policy objectives, and regional air quality assessments in areas that lack direct monitoring.
- Assist modeling efforts, regional pollution and transportation studies, State Implementation Plan development (to address regional haze), and national air quality control strategies through special studies.
- Provide timely NPS air quality information to the public and researchers.
The standard NPS monitoring station measures ozone using a UV-absorption analyzer, a transfer standard, a weather station including wind speed, wind direction, temperature at two heights, solar radiation, relative humidity, and a wetness sensor. Additionally a stacked filter-pack measures sulfate, sulfur dioxide, nitrate, ammonium, and nitric acid, and at some sites a sulfur dioxide. Park staff operate the stations and a contractor maintains and calibrates the network equipment. Data are transmitted nightly, validated, and archived. Hourly data files are transferred to the EPA Air Quality Systems database and are available on the web.
- Quality Assurance Plan (pdf, 800 KB) for the NPS gaseous pollutant monitoring network.
- Quality Management Plan (pdf, 300 KB) for the NPS gaseous pollutant monitoring network.
- The on-line Standard Operating Procedures for site operators
of the monitoring stations. These are the procedures and forms used at the air quality stations in the NPS monitoring network.
- Ozone Monitoring Protocol for the Inventory and Monitoring program (pdf, 580 KB)
- Monitoring network overview (pdf, 500 KB) document lists the NPS monitoring objectives, the basics of the monitoring strategy, and information about the operation of the network.
- How the NPS ozone monitoring fits into US air quality monitoring is explained in a brochure (pdf, 3.5 MB).
- Related NPS ozone monitoring includes special studies programs using passive samplers, portable O3 monitors, and enhanced multi-pollutant analyzers.
- The US EPA has set an ozone national standard (NAAQS) of 75 ppb over an 8-hour period for human health and for natural resources. The standard is a calculated value over 3 years using the 4th highest annual ozone of the daily maximum 8-hour averages. See EPA for the full details.
- AirNow – Map of Today’s Ozone. Daily contour plots of ozone concentrations are available from AirNow.gov during the ozone season and include input from National Park Service monitoring stations. These maps are handy for understanding regional distributions and movements of ozone.
National Park Service, Air Resources Division staff – operations, contracts, analysis, and reporting,
- John Ray, Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program Manager (303) 969-2820
Air Resource Specialists – field support and data center contractor, Fort Collins, CO
- John Faust, Field Support Operations Manager (970) 484-7941
- Jessica Ward, Project Manager, Information Management Center (970) 484-7941
Last Updated: February 11, 2013
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Session 14/15Page 1/7 Teenagers and Leaving Foster Care
Teenagers and Leaving Foster Care
Competences to be exercised:
- Understanding the common challenges of puberty for the young person and the foster family.
- Preparing the child for puberty through dialogues.
- Managing foster parent control versus independence: contracting instead of controlling.
- The importance of the peer group.
- Aftercare planning
- The leaving-home-party
Theme of the session:
In this training session you are going to work with supporting the transition phase where the foster child becomes a teenager and starts creating his or her own identity. You will also work with supporting the young person when he/she is going to leave the foster family.
Aims of the session:
The goal of the session is for you to understand and manage the changes in the foster family life when the foster child becomes a teenager and also how you can support the transition from living in foster care to living as an adult in society.
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Johnny Gruelle, who was a successful American writer, cartoonist, storyteller and illustrator- created the wildly popular Raggedy Ann doll in 1915 (US patent D47789). Gruelle worked for a popular magazine at the time called Physical Culture at the time. What many do not know is why Gruelle created the doll.
The story goes, one afternoon Marcella had been rummaging around in the attic of her grandmother’s house when she found an old storage chest, where she found a faceless rag doll. When she showed her dad the faceless doll he drew a unique face on it. He put the famous black eyes, red triangle nose, and separated mouth on the original doll and then her Grandma made a new dress.
Johnny then proceeded to walk over to his bookshelf, where he pulled down a book of poems by James Whitcomb Riley. After thumbing through the pages, he found two poems that suited him and combined their titles to create a name for his daughter’s rag doll. So “The Raggedy Man” and “Little Orphan Annie,” poem titles were morphed into “Raggedy Ann.” Gruelle then suggested Marcella name her rag doll Raggedy Ann.
Not long after the creation of the much beloved Raggedy Ann, Gruelle’s only child, Marcella- 13 years old- died a painful death after receiving a routine small pox vaccination at school, which was given without parental consent. Her parents didn’t even know anything about the vaccines being given at school, and had never given their consent.
Reports indicate that after the initial inoculation Marcella had, “… lost her appetite, and became feverish and fatigued.” Amazingly, more inoculations were given despite her negative reaction from the first vaccines. Predictably Marcella’s health continued to decline to the point where she lost all muscle control, “becoming listless and lifeless like a rag doll.”
Sadly, Marcella died a slow and agonizing death. The Gruelle’s were convinced beyond any doubt that the vaccination was the culprit behind the death of their only child, even though school authorities and vaccination proponents insisted Marcella had died from a preexisting heart defect.
Ultimately, the formal outcome of seven leading physicians’ investigation was that six of the seven physicians agreed that the death of the child was the result of vaccine-induced poisoning and call it malpractice. The seventh, being the head of the school board and a supporter of vaccinations, declined to comment.
Not long after his daughter’s death from vaccination, Johnny Gruelle was commissioned to create an illustration for an article titled “Vaccines Killed My Two Sisters.” Cleverly, Gruelle enclosed the following note along with his submitted illustration:
“Having recently lost our only daughter through vaccination (in public school, without our consent) you may realize how terribly HUMOROUS the subject of vaccination appears to Mrs. Gruelle and myself. Of the seven physicians called in on the case, six pronounced it in emphatic terms MALPRACTICE. The seventh did not commit himself, being the head of the school board and a firm advocate of vaccination.”
The tragic vaccine induced death of Marcella propelled Johnny to become a staunch member of the anti-vaccination movement of the time. Johnny’s wife, Myrtle Gruelle, explained that Johnny had been putting the final touches on the Raggedy Ann doll just prior to Marcella’s untimely death. Ironically, the patent for the Raggedy Ann character, soon to be adopted as an iconic symbol for anti-vaccination advocates, had been granted around the same time as Marcella’s death from vaccination.
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Practice of Polygyny
Polygyny is a form of marriage in which one man marries more than one woman at a given time. Generally the practice of having more than one wife at a one time is called polygyny or where a male has more than one recognized female sexual partners or wife at the one time.
It had practiced more in ancient civilization. Though today Hindu Law is very strictly make provisions against polygyny, today too its widely spread among primitive tribes. Its mainly practiced among the Gondos of India, African Nigros, Cirow tribes, Eskimo tribes etc.
There have so many causes which leads to Polygyny are as following:
More women less men
Polygyny becomes a natural practice whenever there is a access of females over males. Its usually practice due to imbalance of sex ratio. Due to female foeticides, women atrocities the number of female quite reduce which is the cause of polygyny.
Some of the African tribes practice polygyny for economic reason. In that type of tribes women have contribute income to the family by various means. Some time the 1st wife compel the husband to go for second marriage so that she can reduce her load of work at home.
Women as bodges of distinction
A man’s social status has often measure in terms of numbers of wife that he has. In some communities people think that greater the number of women greater the prestige.
Sex is a biological phenomena
Constancy of sex urge is the natural urge of male. Man have the sex stimulation throughout the year and polygyny provides them an opportunity to enjoy sex life, mainly during pregnancy 0f wife.
Childlessness/infertility is one of the important cause leads to polygyny. In the Hindu culture it has a legend that the male child have given pinda to the parents, after they die. So to get Moksha generally people are going for polygyny.
Taste for variety
Generally male persons are go for several women because to taste for variety, it's one type of recreation. Mainly in the State of Rajastan, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar & Odisha we found thes types of practice.
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SOD, or superoxide dismutase, is an endogenous enzyme belonging to the group of oxidoreductases. It protects against the harmful effects of oxygen free radicals and is a key element of the antioxidant barrier of the body. It plays an important role in reducing the intensity of oxidative stress and inflammation in the body. In addition, it prevents carcinogenesis, which leads to the development of cancer. Considering the great importance of SOD for health and the proper functioning of the body, it is worth ensuring the appropriate level of this enzyme in the body.
Our offer includes a number of preparations that are conducive to increasing the concentration of superoxide dismutase. They contain compounds that enhance the endogenous production of this enzyme, and also directly supply plant-extracted SOD molecules to the body. One of the fruits that naturally produces a large amount of highly bioavailable superoxide dismutase is the cantaloupe melon. Wheat germs also have high SOD content.
The preparations offered in this category are conducive to improving the health condition and slowing down the aging of the body. They may prevent common diseases of the 21st century, and thus extend the life and improve its quality. They are recommended especially for people who lead an intense lifestyle, exposed to chronic stress and excessive physical or intellectual effort. They work out well in athletes.
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Genomics involves measuring everything about a genome and the changes between genomes. The genome consists of all the nucleic acid inside of a cell. This includes all the chromosomal DNA and, if an organism is a eukaryote, this includes chromosomes from both the mitochondria and the nucleus. Commonly used techniques in genomics are DNA sequencing, microarrays, and PCR.
Genomics is becoming increasingly used in medicine to help diagnose disease since an individual's DNA sequence can provide insights into the potential for developing specific diseases.
Genomics is one of many "-omics" disciplines that is becoming more prominent in biotechnology and research as a whole, alongside proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, exomics, and others. Novel discoveries in this field often track closely with innovations in the technologies available to conduct analysis and perform sequencing or assays. In each case, "-omics" approaches allow for study of biological systems from a holistic standpoint, and findings can motivate directed research on specific genes or pathways.
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One of the most Frequently Asked Questions that come from the parents of today is: my child does not want to do homework. And instead of finding the reason of the dislike, they start feeling dejected. A sizeable number of them become fearful of the future their children and start blaming their spouse, friends, schools, teachers, surroundings, so on and so forth. A simple Homework-fobia snowballs into something career-threatening menace for the most number of parents.
Given below are the 5 steps to Hassle-free Homework:
- Do Away with Distractions: It is one of the most important steps to know among the 5 steps for hassle-free homework. Mind, you cannot say to your child: do not do what I do, do what I teach you to do. You will always fail if you try to make them behave in a certain way by preaching and not by practising. The parents can make their children immune to any kind of screen addictions (computer, mobile,TV, etc.), by not getting addicted to it themselves. Therefore, you yourself use mobile, computer, television, etc. judiciously before asking your child to do so.
- Try to Understand the Learning Method of your Child: As a parent it is your duty to deal with the learning disabilities of your child, if any. Some children face difficulties in understanding what is being taught to them, as they have some hearing difficulties, some do not copy in their notebook what is written in whiteboard, because they have some vision problems, some do not answer a question because they have some speech problems, or they are not able to pronounce some words naturally. Likewise, some students start fearing with some teachers due to some previous punishments that they receive from those teachers and hence their natural learning abilities get stopped in the classes taken by those teachers. If your child often gives completing the homework of a particular teacher a miss, instead of yelling at your child, you should try to find out its reason. This is one of the most crucial steps among the 5 steps for hassle-free homework.
- Create a Creative Workspace for your Child: A creative workspace is very important to avoid distractions and begin homework with full concentration. In 5 steps for hassle-free homework, it is one of the most important steps. You need not make a high-tech office, but try to make it commodious, airy, with adequate light. Just make sure that all the reading/writing stuff is just at his hands’ reach. If the child does not find any book or pen near him, the chances are that the moment he will get it from your room, he will lose his interest in reading. Apart from these, one thing that worths mentioning here is that you should not allow your child to put toys and school bag together. It is simply because, when they decide to work and find toys on their school bag, the natural urge to study dies down and the feelings of playing starts dominating. According to a recent study, it has been established that the child with creative workspace tends to be regular in doing his or homework.
- Do not Rely on Home Tutors: Home tutors have mushroomed these days. Nowadays, homeworks are meant for home tutors, by and large. Those household who engage a home tutor, make a grave error because their children start becoming heavily dependent on that teacher. They do not try any homework on their own. Instead, every question that comes in their homework, they redirect it to their respective teacher. And ultimately, they take away the analytical power of the students and make them devoid of their intellectual abilities. It is better to purchase help books from a reputed publisher than to resort to employing a home tutor.
- Make your Child feel Utterly Comfortable: Be it homework or problem related to anything else, you cannot know the reason of the problem, unless you make your child comfortable with yourself. If the child becomes comfortable with you, your work will be lessened considerably. Within no time, you will be able to find the reason of an ongoing problem and may be the solution. Your child will tell the reason why homework/some of homework/ homework of a particular teacher troubles him or her. And once you know the reason, finding the solution will become quite easy. It is rightly said that fault recognised is half corrected. So, do not let homework of your child become troublesome. Just get involved, know the reason and make your child one of the most intelligent students in his or her class.
It is important here to note that the 5 steps to Hassle-free Homework mentioned above include but not limited to the steps involved in hassle-free homework.
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I'm going through the text "Linear Algebra Done Right" 2nd edition by Axler. Made it to chapter 4 with one problem I'm unable to understand fully. The theory that two vector spaces are isomorphic if and only if they have the same dimension. I can see this easily in one direction, that is, isomorphic vector spaces will have the same dimension, but it seems I can imagine vector spaces having the same dimension but for which they are not isomorphic. Perhaps one vector space would be 2-tuples over the integers but the with modular operators limiting the number of elements in the space and another vector space of integer 2-tuples without modular operators. The latter space would have more element in it so how would any map from the former to the latter be surjective? And yet do they not have the same dimension? I'm guessing he is making assumptions about the operations on the vector spaces and they are over R or C. However, this assumption is made on many of the theories this particular theory doesn't state V explicitly and so I'm not sure what part of this theory the assumptions fall under. Any clarification on this would be appreciated.
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The Jewish Example
In this week's portion, we find the commandment to sanctify God's name - Kiddush Hashem. In essence, this entails living in such a way that others recognize Godliness in our actions and feel drawn to act similarly.
Specifically, Maimonides talks about someone who is scrupulously honest in his business dealings, speaks softly and kindly with people, greets people with a smile, and honors even those who put him down. These are just examples. The principle of Kiddush Hashem is that of wishing to set an example that others might follow.
And it is the essence of what Judaism is about. Sanctifying God's name is one of the rare commands that one is required to give one's life for (in extreme circumstances). God talks about the idea with Abraham. At Mount Sinai, God tells the Jewish people that it is their national purpose. It is discussed all through the prophets. It is the end goal of all of Judaism - that its adherents should act in such a way that others understand the concepts of ethical monotheism simply by being around them.
Both Christianity and Islam converted by the sword. And in an age where that is no longer acceptable, active missionizing is still part and parcel of their world view.
But Judaism believes differently. A religion must speak its truth only through the actions of those who live by it. If our example alone does not inspire others, then our religion is not worth sharing.
It seems to me that the emphasis of Judaism has shifted away from this in recent times. If Judaism is to attract a generation of disaffiliated young Jews, it must return to its roots. If those who kept Judaism were clearly Godly, spiritual, enlightened, honest and decent human beings, I believe that people would come flocking to find out what they were doing right. This is the mitzvah of Kiddush Hashem, and Judaism is very much in need of its practitioners.
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One of the most influential minds in contemporary business, Philip Kotler, is credited as the father of digital marketing. Kotler is renowned for his innovative work in marketing management and research, especially for his contributions to the discipline of international marketing.
Along with coining the phrase “marketing mix,” he is also credited with establishing the idea of the “4Ps” in marketing: product, price, promotion, and location.
To learn about and comprehend the rise of digital marketing, read this blog.
Table of Contents
- A Brief History Of Digital Marketing
- Who Is The Father Of Digital Marketing?
- When Was The Term “Digital Marketing” First Used?
- What is the oldest form of marketing?
A Brief History Of Digital Marketing
Although the history of digital marketing is lengthy and intricate, it can be generally divided into three main eras:
1. Pre-internet Era
Pre-internet era refers to Before the development of the internet, print media, radio, and television were the main forms of marketing.
2. Early Internet Era
The emergence of online marketing during the early internet era was facilitated by new technologies such as email, websites, and search engines.
3. Modern Internet era
The current time, known as the modern internet era, is marked by social media, mobile marketing, and other contemporary marketing strategies. Modern technology has led to a complex and dynamic subject of study known as marketing.
Who Is The Father Of Digital Marketing?
In the early days of digital marketing, there needed to be a clear consensus on the father of digital marketing. However, in recent years, there has been growing evidence that the father of digital marketing is Philip Kotler.
Kotler is widely considered to be the father of modern marketing, and his work has had a profound impact on the field of digital marketing. Kotler’s seminal book, Marketing Management, is required reading for marketing students all over the world. In it, Kotler outlines the four P’s of marketing: product, place, price, and promotion.
Kotler’s work on the four P’s of marketing has been integral in developing a digital marketing strategy. His work has shown that promotion is significant in the digital age.
When Was The Term “Digital Marketing” First Used?
The 1990s saw the first official use of “digital marketing.” Since then, a large number of people have made contributions to the growth of the field. The most well-known brands in digital marketing include:
- Al Ries, who is frequently credited with creating the word “positioning”.
- Philip Kotler, who wrote the fundamental book Marketing Management.
- Gary Vaynerchuk is a leading figure in social media.
- Seth Godin, who is a best-selling author and marketing thought leader
These individuals are a small sample of several others that have significantly impacted the digital marketing industry. There will probably be many more people who contribute to determining the area’s destiny as it develops.
What is the oldest form of marketing?
Marketing is the process of creating and delivering value to customers. It can be done in many ways, but most businesses use marketing to build awareness, drive sales, and create loyalty among customers.
- Since marketing has existed since the earliest human civilizations, it is impossible to pinpoint its earliest incarnation.
- The first marketing instance occurred when tomb murals were used to promote products and services in ancient Egypt.
- Markets were utilized to sell goods and services in Ancient Greece, and street corner sellers frequently shouted to passersby to advertise their wares.
- Even though there are other sorts of marketing, word-of-mouth advertising is one of the most traditional and successful.
Today, digital marketing is all about creating relationships with customers and prospects. It’s about creating engagement and loyalty. And it’s about using data and insights to create personalized experiences that customers will love.
From its early days, digital marketing has advanced significantly. But it still serves the same objective “To draw in new clients by promoting products and services”
Digital marketing has indeed gone through tremendous changes. It holds a very long evolutionary history of growth. That is why it is still referred to as a dynamic one that is constantly evolving. I hope you like reading this blog. If you have any queries please leave your comment below!
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ESlog is web-based data presentation software that is used by borehole drilling companies and environmental specialists to report borehole logging data. This data is usually a comprehensive account of geologic formations that is determined either by visually inspecting extracted samples or by physical measurements done by tools or equipment placed beneath the ground.
Borehole logs or otherwise known as well logs are detailed records of the investigations that are done before well drilling or as a routine environmental or geotechnical study. Borehole logs can be used to determine soil composition, rock features, underground formations, sediment density or water depth. Borehole logging can also be used as part of a land mapping process. Bore logs can either be geological or geophysical. Mining companies often utilize bore logs to ascertain the availability of precious minerals before the actual mining commences.
ESlog is simple, efficient and quick to use borehole logging software for the visualization of environmental data. In creating borehole logs, data can be imported from ESdat Environmental Database Software or can be added manually from paper notes. For more information on ESlog see http://esdat.net/ESlog_borelog_presentation_software.aspx
ESlog presentation software is
• Easy to use in your browser.
• Requires no training.
• Is reliable. EScIS experienced scientists & developers providing market leading, practical solutions produce ESlog.
Information from ESdat is easily exported for ESlog. ESdat is a database system used by environmental specialists to validate, import, input and analyze environmental reports in the form of graphs, charts, maps tables and statistics. In importing data into ESlog from ESdat, Desktop version 5.1.32 or higher is needed.
EScIS provide environmental and groundwater database software, consultancy, advisory, programming, customization, implementation, and training services.
EScIS also develop and resell the ESdat suite of software. ESdat is used worldwide and is the most widely used environmental and groundwater data management and analysis package in the Asia / Pacific.
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- slide 1 of 5
Inclusion teachers are educators who maintain a general education classroom with the enrollment of at least one student with special needs while establishing and maintaining a community environment where each of their students is welcome and attended to. The inclusion teacher duties are categorized and listed as follows:
- slide 2 of 5
- Attends to the requirements detailed in the education plans of their special needs students, such as a 504 plan, Transition plan (a post-secondary plan), IFSP (Individual Family Service Plan), or IEP (Individual Education Plan) in coordination with implementation and review by the special education team (parents, special education teacher, specialized personnel, service providers and many times the student).
- Plans lessons and classroom activities with the help of the special education teacher according to a curriculum through medications and redesigns as needed.
- Gathers information on the student’s strengths and weakness and develop ways to address them by reviewing past performances on state tests, semester exams, or report cards and the student’s personal history.
- Opens a line of communication between the student’s parent to provide progress and request feedback to share with the special education teacher and other team members.
- Meets with team members and solicits the support of the school principal and special education supervisor for help with materials and resources necessary to make inclusion beneficial for all involved.
- Sets up a cooperative teaching arrangement that uses a variety of styles to fit student need, resources, time, and teacher skill for a dynamic learning experience prior to the student’s introduction and throughout their time in the environment.
- slide 3 of 5
Accommodations and Modifications
- Modifies lessons, materials, and tests as needed per the student’s education plan. An example of a modification is to use lower level reading materials for a lesson or shortening the number of multiple choice options on a test.
- Accommodates the student’s needs such as allowing for extra time to turn in assignments for homework, on tests, or providing a separate area for testing.
Specific modifications and accommodations will be listed within the student’s education plan making review before implementation imperative.
- slide 4 of 5
- Identifies and synthesizes classroom instruction with state requirements while meeting the needs of the student.
- Provides alternate assessments as mandated by law when students cannot participate in testing with their peers.
- Seeks, attends, and adheres to professional development required by the state department of education, as well as any other programs that will benefit the classroom as a whole.
- slide 5 of 5
These duties are general but should provide a good grasp on the responsibilities bestowed upon an teacher with this title. At times where uncertainty persists, acquire the advice of personnel at the state department of education or the help of someone who is experienced with this environment to avoid conflict and easy the transition to brighten the success rate of this learning environment.
Above all else, the inclusion teacher duties focus on educating students for preparation in a post-secondary life by performing the assigned, and often times extenuating, duties of both general education teacher and a special education professional.
Inclusion and Disabilities
- Inclusion Teacher Duties and Responsibilities
- Inclusion and High School: Students Left Behind in Educational Reform
- Students Who Are Severely Emotionally Disturbed and Inclusion
- Inclusion Strategies For Teaching the Hearing Impaired
- Teaching Tips for Including Students with Severe and Multiple Disabilities
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By Jonathan Rheins
Getting to Know Gryllidae
The venerable cricket (Family Gryllidae) has become a mainstay fixture in the world of feeder fodder for all keepers of reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, fish, and even small mammals. Easily propagated, readily available, and of acceptable nutritional value, the cricket makes an ideal staple diet for many species, both in the wild and within the home vivarium.
While certain variables do exist, the nutritional value and rearing care for crickets is quite stable regardless of species. There are a number of cricket species available to US hobbyists, and the list expands when an international scope is considered.
Within the United States, the type and availability of feeder crickets will vary based upon geographical region, season, legal variables, and outside influences such as the recent virus-related production issues of particular species in certain areas of the country.
A special note should dictate that viral issues associated with the propagation of certain cricket species are not indicative of an unhealthy feeder cricket. These ailments are specific to the genus, and will most certainly not spread to any animals consuming said crickets.
Among the genera of cricket likely to be encountered in the North American trade are; Acheta, Gryllus, and Gryllodes. Regardless of genus and/or species, the steps required to maintain small-to-moderately sized holdings of these species are nearly identical.
The goal of this article is to impart upon the hobbyist a thorough understating of basic cricket care, the steps and importance of preparing these animals to be offered as food, and a multitude of tips and tricks to ensure success every time.
The Physical Cricket
Whether you are purchasing a dozen crickets at a time, or a thousand, it is imperative that the keeper has a firm grasp on the size/age of the crickets being purchased. Furthermore, all of the species discussed herein grow rapidly, and this rapid maturation should be taken into account if more than a few weeks-worth of feeders are purchased at a time.
At birth the cricket species within our discussion are just about the size of the period that follows this sentence. These are colloquially referred to as pinhead (aka newborn) crickets.
Within a few weeks of adequate care, most crickets will approach the ¼” mark, about the size that is recommended for baby bearded dragons, leopard geckos, and adult dart frogs. Once this size/age is reached, maintenance and handling becomes significantly easier and less precarious for the crickets themselves.
Factors such as diet, temperature, and species will affect the rate of cricket growth, but on average, crickets double in size every 2 weeks. Therefore a 4-week old cricket can be expected to measure between ½” and ¾” in total length. Mature crickets of 1” or more are typically seen at an age of 6 to 8 weeks. Again, many factors will contribute to the growth rate of crickets regardless of species and genetics.
Standing Room Only
When attempting to maintain any quantity of feeder crickets, the first step is to locate an appropriately sized and secure holding container. Between 40 and 100 ¼” crickets can be comfortably housed in a container such as a Mini Faunarium , which is slightly smaller in size than a standard brick. As size and quantity of crickets increases, so should the size of the enclosure being utilized. A holding tank the size of an Extra Large Critter Keeper or standard 10-gallon aquarium is adequate for 500-1000 appropriately sized crickets.
The key to successful maintenance of crickets in any quantity is space and standing room. Despite being ectothermic (body temperature influenced by external environmental factors), crickets en masse tend to generate a considerable amount of external heat and while they do not “sweat” in the traditional sense, condensation can form, which is a leading cause of cricket mortality.
Crickets of most species likely to be encountered will grow and thrive at slightly above room temperature. For rapid growth and reproduction, ambient temperatures approaching 85° Fahrenheit are acceptable. For typical day-to-day holding however, 75° to 80° should be considered maximum.
It should be noted that temperatures approaching freezing can be tolerated for short periods by some species, although typical repeated lows should be remain at or above 60° Fahrenheit. As mentioned earlier, all genera of Gryllidae rely on external sources to regulate body temperature. As such, they are a fairly hardy group of insects, however, in all cases, lower temperature extremes are much less likely to prove rapidly detrimental than excessive heat.
On Solid Ground
In addition to maintaining a stable temperature within the cricket habitat, an appropriate substrate will ensure proper waste absorption as well as keeping humidity and moisture levels with a reasonable range. While some keepers opt for a substrate-free enclosure, many find that utilizing a high-quality, dust-free flooring aids greatly in managing odor and moisture levels.
Chipped aspen shavings are an excellent option for cricket substrata. These products are nearly sterile, dust free, and compact nicely for easy removal of small crickets and food waste. Shredded aspen is another alternative, as is the use of shredded or pulverized coconut husk beddings. Depending on your specific needs, a substrate should be chosen that allows for the proper humidity and temperature levels to be consistently maintained.
In order to increase surface area for held feeder crickets to assimilate, the addition of egg cartons, paper towel rolls, or even bunched up paper should be provided. This will ensure that multiple specimens will never need to occupy the same space within the enclosure. This small bit of “breathing room” is a simple but necessary consideration when keeping crickets in any quantity.
Herps Are What They Eat
Whether a cricket destined for consumption is kept for a day or for a month, they must be provided with food and water, as per any other animal. Not including these provisions for feeder crickets is not only harsh for the insects themselves, but vastly decreases the moisture and nutritional level of the cricket at the time of being consumed.
The term “gut-loading” has come to loosely define the process of providing feeders of any species with a healthy and nutritious diet. This practice not only ensures the survival of the feeder animal itself, but also affects the gut contents and consequent nutritional value of the prey item ultimately being consumed.
Naturally, crickets are opportunistic scavengers. They will consume organic matter of any type including plants, carrion, fungi, as well as the weaker members of their own kind. Providing a diet for captive raised crickets is a simple matter. They need both a constant source of moisture and food.
Among the most tried and true means for feeding a cricket colony is via the provision of a constantly available, yet separate food and water source. A dry, grain-based diet such as Fluker’s Cricket Feed or the pelleted Cricket Food from Rep Cal will provide crickets of all sizes with a well-rounded diet. The addition of a water replacement such as Nature Zone Water Bites, Fluker’s Cricket Quencher, or a similar gelatinous water crystal will serve as a source of moisture for the crickets. Liquid water within the cricket habitat will quickly lead to excessive drowning losses and bacterial growth, and should be avoided.
For those cricket caretakers with less time on their hands, there are an assortment of “complete” food, water, and gut-load products available that cover all aspects of cricket and other invertebrate feeder care in one simple step. These products come either ready to feed (Nature Zone Total Bites, Fluker’s Orange Cubes) or in an easily prepared powdered form such as Repashy’s Bug Burger and similar products. The goal of these products is to provide both sound nutrition as well as water to feeder insects of all sorts.
In the End
It may seem like a handful of crickets tossed into the terrarium once a week is all that it takes to maintain a healthy, happy herp. While this may occasionally be the case, more often than not, further attention to nutrition and long-term maintenance protocols of feeder crickets are needed to raise and breed exceptionalreptiles and amphibians.
When adequately cared for, crickets of any type provide an excellent dietary staple for many herp, invertebrate, and mammal species. While readily available, it is important to ensure that all crickets are well cared for and properly fed prior to being offered to any animal as prey.
Ample space, a proper substrate, and appropriate food and water sources are the keys to maintaining feeder crickets of any quantity. A little bit of foresight, planning, and effort on our part will ensure that our cricket-eating counterparts receive a nutritionally sound diet and live long, happy lives.
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Our brain might actually be regulating progression of glaucoma and other neuro-degenerative diseases, researchers say. The result has implications for neuroprotective therapies search. Glaucoma is a degenerative neuro disease where patients lose seemingly random patches of vision in each eye. Scientists have long thought that the progression of glaucoma is independent of – or controlled -. The brain
However, the study found that the progression of glaucoma is not random and that the brain may be involved after all. According to the study, patients with moderate to severe glaucoma keep the vision in one eye that was lost in the other -. Like two pieces of a puzzle that fit together (a “puzzle effect ‘) This pattern of vision loss is in stark contrast to the loss of a brain tumor or stroke , which makes the two eyes to develop blind spots in the same location (Read:. to keep the brain in shape with these 10 ways interesting and simple )
‘This suggests some communication between the eyes should be going and that can only occur in the brain, “said lead study author William Eric Sponsel of the University of Texas at San Antonio. Sponsel found that the effect of puzzle begins in the early stages of glaucoma and discover clues as to what part of the brain is responsible for optimizing the vision in the face of the slow destruction of glaucoma eye.
“Our work has shown that the brain does not make us lose control of the same function on both sides of the brain if that can be avoided,” Sponsel said. Progression Alzheimer and Parkinson disease , which are similar biology neurodegenerative glaucoma, also be actively mediated by the brain. It seems likely that the same type of protection mechanism will be working with other neurodegenerative disorders. (Read 😕 neurolinguistic programming – you can train your brain to be more successful )
Researchers say that if the brain regulates neurodegeneration – that is, if the brain controls how he loses control – then scientists should be able to seek opportunities to delay or halt the progression of these diseases. The study was published in the Translational Vision Science and Technology (TVST).
Image Source: Shutterstock
This article was originally published on thehealthsite, Read the original article here
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by -Tina Rulewicz, Edge Writing, LLC:
History Comes Alive – Part 2, Entry 4
This entry takes you on a walking tour of San Francisco’s GLBT History Museum. From the street and as you walk through the doors, you see giant screens (playing 24-hours a day) that depict demonstrations, movies, parades, drag pageants, and other various events of the past.
The Museum concurrently runs two exhibits, one of which rotates every three to four months. The current front gallery exhibit, “Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco 1985-1990,” portrays photographs of civil disobedience during this era by five different queer photographers. There’s also an Icons section of the museum that contains personal artifacts from people such as Harvey Milk, Phyllis Lyon, and Del Martin.
Finally, the long-term show, entitled, “Our Vast Queer Past: Celebrating San Francisco’s GLBT History,” comprises of a variety of different themes and stories throughout the last century. Examples of some broadly represented themes are: Finding our Hidden Histories; The Strategy of Equality; Lesbian Sex Wars; and, Premarital Bonds: Creating Family Before Marriage Equality. Dr. Romesburg’s personal favorite is Jiro Onuma: Undocumented/Documented, the life story of the openly gay Japanese World War II internment camp survivor.
In reference to visitors, Dr. Romesburg explains that, “[T]hey come in and they’re literally blown away by the texture and the mosaic of our community’s existence over the years.” Be sure that you don’t miss the opportunity to experience this! (For more information, visit www.glbthistory.org/museum.)
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It is easy to see the impact our speech has on others. What we say at the breakfast table can make or break the day for our children. It affects the bus driver who picks us up each morning. It enhances or destroys the spirits of those who work with us. The impact of our speech grows geometrically. The way we treat one person affects the way he or she deals with the next person they encounter. We see many examples of this "chain reaction" in the small encounters of our daily lives, and it is also true over the long haul. If a mother and father constantly criticize each other, how can we be surprised when their children's marriages develop poorly and their grandchildren are tormented by insecure parents? Imagine for a moment the beneficial effect that thoughtful speech could have had on the same people over time. But if the fruits of Right Speech are so easy to see, why are they so hard to cultivate? Why do we allow discussions of office politics, remote family members, or other racial or ethnic groups to become venomous? The most difficult practice is staying in touch with the roots, or causes, before we have to eat the fruits, or effects. We seem to be more prone to engage in "wrong speech" when we are tired, under stress, or suffering from delusion. So, broadly put, the antidote to "wrong speech" and the best prescription for Right Speech is the cultivation of a mindful way of living. At a very basic level, we might begin by employing some age old platitudes like, "If you can't say something nice, or constructive, about someone, don't say anything at all." A more characteristically Buddhist practice would be to develop the awareness of the cruel thoughts, confusion, or frustration which give rise to inappropriate speech, and to watch them take shape. This awareness enables us to "stop, look and listen" before harming others or inflaming the situation with our speech. It is often said that in order to practice Right Speech, you have to be a good listener. That is certainly true, but we need to recognize how quickly the essence of another person's comments, explanations, and body language can elude us entirely if we are not observant.
When engaging in seated meditation, we may begin by concentrating on our breath, achieving a unity of body and mind. But we also have the opportunity to recognize our unobserved thoughts and impulses and the stimuli that knock us about on a typical day. Once stability is achieved through concentration on the breathing, we can gain insight into the nature of these thoughts and come into real contact with what is happening.
The first two precepts of the Order of Interbeing provide useful antidotes to fanaticism and pride. Many of us are at our absolute worst when we are convinced that we're right about something. When we detect a surge of pride in our opinion, the advice contained in the second precept of the Order of Interbeing can be of help: Do not think the knowledge you presently possess is changeless, absolute truth. Avoid being narrow-minded and bound to present views. Learn and practice non-attachment from views in order to be open to receive others' viewpoints. Truth is found in life and not merely in conceptual knowledge. Be ready to learn throughout your entire life and to observe reality in yourself and in the world at all times.
For me, the best way to minimize indulgence in "wrong speech" and to progress on the path of Right Speech is to practice the sixth and seventh precepts of the Order of Interbeing. The seventh precept states: Do not lose yourself in dispersion and in your surroundings. Practice mindful breathing to come back to what is happening in the present moment. Be in touch with what is wondrous, refreshing, and healing both inside and around you. Plant seeds of joy, peace, and understanding in yourself in order to facilitate the work of transformation in the depths of your consciousness. This has helped me a lot. When lost in dispersion or overtired, it is so easy to launch upon inappropriate comments that have a way of multiplying like Hydra-headed snakes. With practice, we can slowly start to recognize the circumstances in which "wrong speech" is likely to breed, and respond with mindfulness as the need arises.
While the seventh precept addresses a characteristically modern malaise—dispersion in our rather frantic, electronic surroundings, the sixth precept addresses an age-old root of inappropriate speech and conduct: Do not maintain anger or hatred. Learn to penetrate and transform them when they are still seeds in your consciousness. As soon as they arise, turn your attention to your breath in order to see and understand the nature of the persons who have caused your anger and hatred.
We should cultivate mindfulness in order to illuminate and transform anger, improve our speech, and benefit our entire society. In my practice, I have also observed how the mind easily bathes itself not only in anger, but also in snap judgments. Our minds form so many unnecessary opinions! I sometimes surprise myself simply observing the coming and going of these judgments as I walk down crowded streets in Chicago's Loop. Left unobserved, these judgments can serve as the root of inappropriate speech which not only hurts other people, but also carves our world into senseless we/they, yours/mine dualities that increase our sense of isolation, rather than provide insight into the interdependent nature of existence.
In short, the fruits of right speech can help many people, since we encounter so many practice opportunities every day. For me, there has been no more important or more accurate gauge for my practice than my ability or inability to practice Right Speech at a given moment. Utilizing Right Speech, we can say: I vow to offer joy to one person in the morning and to help relieve the grief of one person in the afternoon.
Jack Lawlor Evanston, Illinois
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There is an estimate 4.3 million tons of waste that is hazardous produce each year in the UK. As the main producers of this waste, medical establishments are require to adhere to the “duty to take care” to keep the escape of hazardous waste by ensuring that waste is take care of by a person who is authorise, and making sure that any waste transfer comes with a formal consignment notice.
The clinical settings like orthodontic practices, dentists, nursing homes, doctors’ surgeries, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies and beauty centres often produce waste from clinical settings that are dangerous.
The strictest regulations are in place when it comes to the separation, storage, and clinical waste solution.
What Exactly Is Clinical Waste?
Clinical waste is a kind of waste that has the possibility of causing illness or even infection. Clinical waste comes by healthcare facilities like doctor’s surgeries and hospitals, dental practices, and much more. The waste of clinical practice can cause illness because it is contaminants in the materials.
The majority of clinical wastes can contain items that have been infect by bodily fluids or blood, pharmaceutical products or drugs, animal or human tissues dressings, swabs, and dressings personal protective equipment that has been soil (PPE).
All waste from clinical facilities must be properly dispose of and collect according to the current regulations for health and safety. This is an excellent document for those who generate clinical waste and be aware of the different types of waste.
What Are The Various Streams Of Clinical Waste?
Clinical waste management provides a variety of waste collection services depending on the type of waste you generate. Here are some different types of medical waste can dispose of in a safe manner:
Offensive Waste – waste that is not clinical that is not contaminate with drugs, for example, nappies, wipes gloves, and disposable clothing that is pollute.
Waste Medicines – dangerous (such as cytotoxic drugs) and non-hazardous medications.
Sharps Waste – hazardous waste that may be contaminated by Cytotoxic or cytostatic drugs
Anatomical Waste – can be considered hazardous, for instance infectious waste that is preserved chemically, as well as non-hazardous inorganic wastes that are not infectious. Examples include organs or body components, blood bags, organs.
Infectious Waste – Clinical waste that is free of drugs or chemicals (orange bag) and hazardous medical trash (yellow bags).
Each producer of hazardous waste is legally bind by a duty of care to ensure that the hazardous waste is handle properly and safely. If you fail to comply with this requirement you may be subject to severe penalties and even the closing of your company.
The Safe Management of Healthcare Waste the Safe Management of Healthcare Waste, published by the Department of Health is a helpful resource for all facility that handle medical waste. It provides essential guidelines for dealing with healthcare waste and the main distinction between harmful, offensive, and non-hazardous medical waste.
Clinical Waste Disposal
Sharps waste should be dispose of in approve containers to ensure that there aren’t any injuries cause by needles. Most sharps and general medical waste that may be contaminate, requires incineration at high temperatures.
It is then incinerate at a temperature of between 850 and 1000 degrees, which reduces the waste to 10% of its volume in lime and ash.
Ash is reuse and recycle by contractors to use in other processes. Lime is also recycle by third parties. The heat and steam produce during the process are use to generate heating and electricity.
Affordable Clinical Waste Management
Clinical waste collection can provide your business with the appropriate garbage bins and sharps bins, and bags to collect the waste that you generate along with regular waste collection on times that are convenient for your requirements.
You can rest assured that our waste is recycle securely, and that all of it is not dispose of in the landfill.
Recycling Waste In A Correct Way
Companies that generate hazardous waste are require to keep hazardous waste in a separate manner from other waste.
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) specifies that hospitals must make sure that they are safe in handling and transportation of waste. Establish an appropriate disposal, storage and collection of hazardous work, and utilise well-lit and distinct waste containers.
All medical waste must be properly seal, clearly label and secure. Sharps waste must be keep in a suitable sharps bin or container so that it does not cause harm.
Medical Waste Disposal Categories
There are five types of clinical waste, which decide the method of disposal they can be safely of. These are:
Group A – Animal and human waste, bandages, and non-sharp instruments – this waste must be put in an orange bag that will be disposed of after 75% is filled.
Group B – Sharps trash this garbage must be disposed of using Sharps bin.
The Group C Pathology as well as clinical research laboratory waste that might be infected.
Group D – Pharmaceutical and drug products – this waste must be kept tightly sealed and handled with diligence.
Group E – items that are used to eliminate the bodily secretions (which are not included in Group A).
In the UK There is a system of colour-coding to make compliance with regulations as easy as it is. Every waste item should be separate into various bins with different colours according to their particular types of waste as follows:
Yellow – is a contaminant that must be eliminate promptly (hazardous)
Red – anatomical material (hazardous or non-hazardous)
Orange – is an infectious waste that is send to treatment to make it safe prior to being remove (hazardous or non-hazardous)
Purple – Cytotoxic and cytotoxic products like sharps (hazardous)
White – dental waste like amalgam (toxic waste)
Blue – Medical waste, like empty bottles, out of date medicines, etc. (non-hazardous)
Yellow & Black – (also known as ‘tiger’ bin) -Non-infectious/hazardous hygiene waste as such as nappies, wipes, gloves (non-hazardous)
Are Your Waste Materials Responsibly And Safely Disposed Of?
All appears to be right. So far as you are aware the waste you throw away is properly bag or keep in wheelie bins. Then every fortnight your waste management company arrives in a van and hauls it off. The job is accomplish!
It would see like all that’s need. However, if the process isn’t properly handle – particularly when you manage an operation that generates various kinds of hazardous as well as non-hazardous garbage – it is possible that you are collecting a lot of trouble.
Here Are Some Basic Questions.
Be sure that sharps containers are seal completely and place in a bag, and then keep into a container. Ideally you should utilise single-use, disposable sharps containers.
Check that containers are in compliance with the Department of Transport’s guidelines for medical waste that must be regulate.
Single-use containers can be clean at a health waste disposal facility. Inform the hauler of any wastes that have be infect with the Coronavirus. The responsibility rests at your feet.
The same is true to nursing homes or care homes, doctor’s surgeries as well as clinical waste services and cosmetic surgeries, as in numerous other workplaces in which hygiene is the most important factor.
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It’s a process where a person voluntarily donates blood and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation (separation of whole-blood components). Donation may be of whole-blood (WB), or of specific components directly (the latter called apheresis). Blood banks often participate in the collection process as well as the procedures that follow it.
Every year the world requires about 4 crore units of blood but the availability stands at a total of 40 lakh units, facts and figures show that every two seconds in this planet a person is dire need of blood, about 38,000 blood donations made each day. An average red blood transfusion is approximately about 3 pints or 1.5 liters. People with illness like the sickle cell disease are in constant need of blood transfusions through out their lives.
On an average about 1 million new patients are diagnosed with cancer every year and most of them will need blood during chemotherapy. And most importantly most blood need comes from victims of accident a single person involved in an accident would require about 100 units of blood.
Blood cannot be manufactured of synthesized it can only be sourced from generous donors. Donating blood is a safe process as a sterile needle is used for each patient and discarded once the process is over. Blood donation process is categorized into 4 simple steps
Every blood donor is checked and ensured that he/she is safe to donate blood and the process typically takes about 10-12 minutes. The entire process will only take about an hour and 15 minutes. An average adult has about 15 units of blood in their body and only about a single unit it is drawn. A healthy blood donor could make donation on an average about every 57 days.
Each blood donation can be used in 3 different ways in effect could be used for 3 people. Every blood donation is checked for HIV, Hepatitis b and c and other infectious diseases before it is transferred to patients in need.
The most common reason people give to deny blood donation is that they “never thought about it” and the most common reason given by regular donors is “want to help others”.
If a person starts donating blood at the age of 18 and continues to do so every 90 days which is the recommended interval, by the time the person reaches 60 would have saved 500 lives in providing 30 gallons of blood.
Copyright Sathiyam Evangel Trust 2019
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STM32 ADC is pretty complex peripheral. It is designed to be flexible enough to accomplish complex tasks. We are going to dedicate few posts where we will try to cover main features and give working examples of code.
The block schematic may look scary at first time but if you look closer it can be split in to several pieces that are responsible for different functions. Will will go through them step by step to make it look more clear.
Lets see what ADC is capable to do. Generally speaking STM32 microcontroller ADC have up to 18 multiplexed 12-bit channels where two of them are internal – temperature sensor and reference (band gap) voltage. ADC module has a separate supply which normally can be connected to general MCU power supply. Also ADC can have external reference source through VREF+ and VREF- that can be brought through dedicated pins. In no special case analog supply voltage may be as reference internally. ADC can be performed in single or continuous mode for single channel, scan through all channels, externally triggered conversion. There is also an analog watchdog which can detect if voltage exceed preset threshold values. And of course DMA request based conversions.
ADC has dedicated prescaller that scales down APB2 clock to /2, /4, /6 and /8. Sampling time can be set individually for each channel from 1.5 to 239.5 cycles by selecting SMP[2:0] bits in ADC_SMPR1 and ADC_SMPR2 registers.
Regular and Injected conversions
STM32 microcontrollers support two ADC conversion modes: regular and injected. Regular mode is what we used to see in many types of microcontroller – all channels share same data register. Various regular modes can be possible, like single, continuous and group. More interesting here is group conversion where channels are specified to convert in round robin mode – cycle through channels. Its up to you how you collect data from register in time – through conversion complete interrupt or using DMA. Conversion group can be configured to cycle through max 16 channels and order of channels can be also programmed – they don’t have to be in order like 0,1,2,… number of channels and order can be selected in ADC_SQRx registers. Group can be programmed to convert continuously, and discontinuously triggered by external trigger. In discontinuous mode parts of group can be triggered to convert. For instance if we select group to be 16 channels then we can program to convert first 3 channels on trigger, then wait for another trigger and convert next three channels and so on.
Another is injected conversion mode. This might look something new. Actually there is nothing fancy about it. Injected group can perform conversion of selected four channels. Simply speaking injected group have a priority over normal conversion group scan.
If normal group conversion is going on and injected conversion is triggered, then normal conversion is halted, then injected conversion is performed. When done normal conversion is resumed. Injected conversion channels have their own result registers and offset registers. Offset can store value that will be automatically deducted from ADC result.
Analog watchdog is a handy feature of ADC module. It can save lots processing time if used where needed. In some cases we use ADC only to check if analog voltage reached some level (or dropped). Normally we would scan ADC channel continuously to capture the moment when level is reached. Analog watchdog can do this automatically in hardware level. All you need is to load low and high threshold values set interrupt and forget.
Watchdog can be set to monitor any channel or all channels either from regular group or injected. Why not to use this feature to monitor sensor data and raise alarm on some level. Might be a good choice for zero crossing detector. Processor could be put to sleep all time and awaken when analog watchdog interrupt occurs.
Next time we will get to ADC programming examples using GCC tools. There are several interesting modes we would like to try.
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Candida Albicans or a yeast infection, both digestive and systemic, is a health problem of which answers to its elimination are far and few between. Literally millions of men and women have a potential yeast infection that is causing, directly or indirectly, a significant number of health problems or conditions.
Candida Albicans is a destructive yeast infection that begins in the digestive system and little by little spreads to other parts of the body. Candida is present in all of us not long after birth. Typically, this yeast remain in a healthful balance with the other bacteria and yeasts within the intestinal tract. Under certain conditions, such as excessive stress, lowered immunity or the long-term use of steroids, the candida yeast can multiply, thus disrupting the gastrointestinal “terrain”. Candida overgrowth may also be a consequence of antibiotic treatment, as antibiotics not only kill pathogens but also a large number of those bacteria that are part of a healthy gastrointestinal flora. With the depletion of the beneficial protective flora in the intestinal tract and a weakened immune response, this opportunistic yeast can then spread and multiply beyond the intestinal tract affecting every organ in the body. In babies, an overgrowth of candida appears as diaper rash. It can also be found on the body as jock itch or athlete’s foot. It can appear in the mouth as thrush or in the vaginal tract, known by many women as a yeast infection. Systemic yeast is now being associated with a variety of conditions ranging from mental disorders, deranged immune system, food intolerance, gastric upsets, premenstrual tension, infertility, ovarian failure, sexual function difficulties and fatigue. It can manifest with a multitude of symptoms including constipation, diarrhea, colitis, headaches, bad breath, mood swings, canker sores, muscle and joint pain, congestion, severe itching, PMS, fatigue, kidney or bladder infections to name a few. It is estimated that 30% of the population suffer from health issues directly related to yeast. In fact, the majority of people who have Candida do not realize they have it until become seriously ill.
If you think you might have candida, or would like to find out if you do, take this simple self-scoring Candida Questionnaire located at http://www.soulhealer.com/yeast.htm. If you score over 140 points on this test, you might want to follow the Recommendations for Wellness listed below to begin down the road of better health.
Recommendations For Wellness.
1. Avoid all yeast containing foods: Yeast breads, fermented beverages (beer, wine, brandy, scotch, etc.) moldy cheeses, fermented vinegars, salad dressing, peanuts, biscuits, canned citrus fruit juices, cake mix, ice cream, all dried fruit, oranges, pickles, tomato sauce, sugars, yeast powder, processed and smoked meats, malt products, barbecue sauce, olives, mayonnaise, chili peppers.
2. Avoid all refined carbohydrates, artificial sweeteners, hidden sugars such as those found in soft drinks, pastries, canned fruits and vegetables.
3. Rotate between at least 3 different anti-fungal herbs every 4 days to kill the candida yeast in the intestinal tract. These herbs can include Garlic, Caprylic Acid and Pau d’ Arco (Taheebo tea).
4. Supplement with Lactobacillus Acidophilus or Bifidophilus daily. This helps to reintroduce the good bacteria back into the intestinal tract.
5. Take 1 tablespoon of Flax seed or olive oil daily to improve healing and prevent the fungus from destroying cells.
6. Incorporate Echinacea to help strengthen the immune system.
7. Multivitamin & mineral complex with vitamin A to provide all the nutrients needed for proper immune function and for repair of intestinal lining. Try to select a vitamin complex that includes zinc.
8. Treat any skin yeast or fungal infection with tea tree oil.
Dr. Rita Louise of Body, Mind & SoulHealer helps people rediscover their wholeness, working with individuals on physical, emotional and spiritual levels. The author of the book entitled “The Power Within” and editor or the SoulHealer newsletter, Dr. Louise is a Naturopath, Medical Intuitive, Clairvoyant, Vibrational Healer, teacher and Lecturer.
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Professor. Marc Lavergne, a French Senior Fellow Researcher (Emeritus) on the Geopolitics and Geostrategy of the Contemporary Middle East and Horn of Africa at the French National Center for Scientific Research.
French President Emmanuel Macron last week visited Rwanda, at the invitation of its President Paul Kagamé. A historic visit, after a quarter of century of cold and bitterness on both sides. Being in his early forties, the French president was the first who could finally close an ugly chapter of French recent history: the cold blood massacre of over 800 000 Rwandan civilians, men, women and children alike, between April and July 1994. Those Hutu military and politician racists, who planned and ordered this genocide against the Tutsi community (and the Hutus who tried to oppose it), had been trained and supported by France. Within three months, the French troops present in the country witnessed the massacres, without even trying to stop it. It took years of inquiries in the archives and testimonies of the survivors to present a comprehensive report assessing French responsibility in this last genocide of the 20th century. Certainly, President Macron fell short of admitting a French complicity, which would not have been accepted by its military hierarchy, although one could question the limit between non-intervention and complicity, in such a case. Whatever, this gesture opened the door to a fruitful economic co-operation between the two countries, Rwanda having earned the nickname of “African Tiger”, for its swift development policy. It is one of the smallest African countries, by size, but with one of the fastest growing output, and an emphasis on new technologies. And its army is one of the most efficient of the continent, being deployed beyond its borders in peacekeeping operations, as in Central African Republic today.
It came as a surprise that the German Chancellor, Mrs. Angela Merkel, decided at the same time to settle similar accounts with History: a long due apology for another genocide committed between 1904 and 1908 in the German colony which is now Namibia: half or more of the Herero and Nama peoples were then wiped off, in order to seize their lands and quell their resistance. More than one century passed, and no witness remains alive; so Mrs. Merkel was more at ease to admit German’s guilt. But she went farther in offering one billion US dollars of compensation to the victims’ offshoot.
These two parallel moves show that the colonial scars of Africa are not yet healed, and that it might request more than symbolic gestures to embark for a new phase of equal co-operation.
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Islamic Beliefs & The Five Pillars
Muslims believe in one God who is unique, all powerful, gracious and merciful to all Muslims. Allah is powerful, strong and very much in control of all things. This has much in common with the Christian view of God, yet differs in that God is much more personal according to the teachings of the New Testament.
In contrast, the Islamic faith is lived out according to five “pillars” that must be adhered to if one is to hope for salvation.
The Five Pillars of Islam are:
1) Reciting the Creed (Shahada) – The profession of faith recited by all Muslims: “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet” (or ‘Muhammad is the Messenger of God’);
2) Prayer (Salat) – At five set-times a day while facing towards the city of Mecca;
3) Alms-giving (Zakat) – Zakat means ‘purification’, and giving alms consists of both obligatory giving as well as voluntary giving to the poor;
4) Fasting (Saum) – Especially during the month of Ramadan;
5) Pilgrimage (Hajj) – At least once in a lifetime – to Mecca, Saudi Arabia if at all possible, known as The Hajj.
Pillars are no Guarantee
While a Muslim may observe each of these pillars there is still no guarantee of salvation is Islam. Belonging to a religion of self-earned righteousness, Muslims often think about the Day of Judgement where they believe Allah (or an angel) will take a balance and weigh each persons deeds. His hope is that his good deeds will outweigh his bad deeds, but even then Allah’s judgement is based solely on Allah’s will – not necessarily on justice.
Another interpretation is that man’s deeds are written in a book and on the Day of Judgement Allah will open the book and the sum of a man’s account will be placed in either his right or left hand. The only sure way to paradise is to die as a martyr during a holy war.
Muhammad & Jesus
Muhammad is Islam’s highest prophet, but the Qur’an also speaks often of Jesus, known as Isa in Arabic. The Qur’an also refers to Jesus as the Kalimatullah, which means the Word of God. Muslims do not generally believe in Jesus’ death on the cross, His resurrection nor in His deity. Although Jesus is the second highest prophet in Islam, the Isa of the Qur’an is only one prophet among 124,000.
The belief of angels and evil spirits, also known as Jinn, plays a very prominent part in the lives of most Muslims. Although the Qur’an states that ‘good and evil comes from Allah’, the belief in Jinn is not founded in orthodox Islam. Instead, it is a result of pagan religions, particularly from Africa and India, being incorporated in Islam.
Islam incorporates rules for every aspect of life. Within the Qur’an and the Hadith’s there is instruction for every detail of a Muslim’s daily life. The Shari’a – the sacred law of Islam, applies to all aspects of life, not just religious practices. It describes the Islamic way of life, and prescribes the way for a Muslim to fulfill the commands of God and reach heaven.
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In the late 1960s, the Jewish Community Relations Council of Greater Philadelphia (JCRC) saw it a priority to take a public stance regarding gun control legislation. While cases of local antisemitic incidents often included violence, they did not generally include firearms. However, in June 1968, gun control legislation was on the JCRC Board of Directors meeting agenda resulting in the board adopting a policy in support of stricter gun control legislation. The primary motivating factors appear to have been two-fold. First, the assassinations of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy had just occurred. And second, there was concern for Jewish merchants and surrounding neighborhoods due to an increase in violent crimes in historically Jewish neighborhoods. This had produced increased fear and a call for action from the community. The JCRC argued the solution was to address wider, systemic problems and that an escalation of violence and vigilantism could only beget more violence. In a statement by Executive Director Albert Chernin:
[W]hat we must do is to forge with others a national consensus to persuade the federal government to carry out that massive program that we have postponed for more than 25 years to deal with our massive social, political, and economic problems….That, my friends, is Jewish self-defense. Jewish self-defense is better schools…full and fair employment…full and fair housing….In short, Jewish self-defense is a dynamic, thriving democracy.
Between 1968 and 1971, the JCRC did very little beyond releasing public statements. Their involvement in the gun control debate began again in earnest in 1972. Motivated by a desire to reduce violence in their community, the Old York Road Suburban Division of the JCRC reminded the board of their 1968 opinion and called on them to renew their public stance advocating gun control. While reassessing their position, the JCRC solicited advice from the Philadelphia Crime Commission, the criminal justice expert at the American Jewish Committee, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the Executive Director of the National Council of Responsible Firearms Policy on the question of the constitutionality of private hand gun ownership. JCRC counsel concluded that, “The United States Supreme Courts and lower courts have consistently interpreted the Second Amendment as a prohibition against federal interference with the state militia and not a guarantee of an individual’s rights to bear arms.”
The board then sanctioned the petitioning of elected officials and public advocacy groups, supported most notably by the Philadelphia Fellowship Commission. Though they received positive responses from the community, the responses from elected officials were tepid. For instance, in response to the JCRC’s suggestion that gun control legislation be advanced at a federal level, the Pennsylvania Senate’s minority caucus chairman Wilmot Fleming called the JCRC’s petitioning of Congress “somewhat meaningless.” The JCRC continued to lobby Fleming to push a total ban on handgun ownership, but he remained unmoved, citing the belief that, “The problem with any gun control measures, either state or federal, is the fact that a criminal who wishes to obtain a firearm of any kind to be used in the commission of a drime [sic] will get it regardless of any law on the statute books.”
In 1975, after failing to make any headway, the JCRC’s focus on gun control legislation began to wane. A change in the executive directorship brought a reassessment of priorities and a focus on Soviet Jewry and the defense of Israel.
Casey Babcock, Project Archivist, SCRC
This is the fourth post of an occasional series highlighting the work of Philadelphia’s Jewish Community Relations Council (JCRC). The records of the JCRC, housed in Temple University Libraries’ Special Collections Research Center, are currently being processed and will be available for research in late summer 2018.
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In this post, we will learn how the Angular Forms API works and how it can be used to build complex forms. We will go through the following topics:
- Template Driven Forms (similar to AngularJs ng-model)
- The ngModel, ngForm and ngSubmit directives
- Understanding the Form state CSS classes: touched, dirty, valid
- Reactive Forms compared to Template Driven forms
- The FormBuilder API
- The Reactive Forms Observable-based API
- Updating Form Values, How To Reset a Form
- Advantages and disadvantages of both form types
- Can and should the two form types be used together?
- Which form type to use and why?
This post is part of the ongoing Angular Forms series. Here are two other related posts that you might find interesting:
Angular Forms - what is it all about?
A large category of frontend applications are very form-intensive, especially in the case of enterprise development. Many of these applications are basically just huge forms, spanning multiple tabs and dialogs and with non-trivial validation business logic.
Every form-intensive application has to provide answers for the following problems:
- how to keep track of the global form state
- know which parts of the form are valid and which are still invalid
- properly displaying error messages to the user so that the users know what to do to fix the wrong form values
All of these are non-trivial tasks that are similar across applications, and as such could benefit from a framework.
The Angular framework provides us a couple of alternative strategies for handling forms: Let's start with the option that is the closest to AngularJs.
Note: AngularJs is a completely different framework than Angular, its his non-backwards compatible predecessor
Angular Template Driven Forms
AngularJs tackled forms via the famous
ng-model directive (read more about it in this post).
The instantaneous two-way data binding of
ng-model in AngularJs was really a life-saver as it allowed to transparently keep in sync a form with a view model.
Forms built with this directive could only be tested in an end to end test because this requires the presence of a DOM, but still, this mechanism was very useful and simple to understand.
Angular now provides an identical mechanism named also
ngModel, that allow us to build what is now called Template-Driven forms.
Note that Angular
ngModelincludes all of the functionality of its AngularJs counterpart.
Enabling Template Driven Forms
Unlike the case of AngularJs,
ngModel and other form-related directives are not available by default, we need to explicitly import them in our application module:
We can see here that we have enabled Template Driven Forms by adding
FormsModule to our application root module.
Note that simply by including this
FormsModule in your application, Angular will now already apply a
NgForm directive to every
<form> HTML template element implicitly, unless you annotate the form element with the
ngNoForm attribute (more on this later).
With this initial configuration in place, let's now build our first Angular Form.
Our First Template Driven Form
Let's take a look at this form built using the template driven way:
There is actually quite a lot going on in this simple example. What we have done here is declare a simple form with two controls called first name and password, both of which are mandatory fields (as they are marked with the
How does ngForm work?
nyForm template export. We are using to get a reference to the
ngForm directive, which is implicitly applied to all HTML
<form> elements by the Angular Forms module.
This directive is responsible for tracking the overall value of the the form , which contains the values of all of its form fields.
ngForm directive will also keep track of the overall validity state of the form, which is dependent on the validity state of its form fields.
But how does this directive know about the individual controls of the form?
How does ngModel work?
Notice that each form control has the
ngModel directive applied to it. This directive will bind to the corresponding HTML element, in this case the two input fields first name and password.
ngModel directive will keep track of the value typed in by the user with each key pressed, and it will also keep track of the validity state of that particular form control only.
ngForm parent directive will then interact with all its child
ngModel directives, and build a model of the whole form, with all its field values and validity states.
How does ngSubmit work?
The form will trigger the component method
onSubmitTemplateBased on submission, but the submit button is only enabled if both required fields are filled in.
The component class where
onSubmitTemplateBased() is defined will then get access to the latest data via the
user member variable.
Notice that the submission of this form will not trigger a backend HTTP POST request, like in the case of a plain HTTP form submit.
ngSubmit directive will ensure that this submission does not occur, and instead that the
onSubmitTemplateBased() method gets called.
ngSubmit directive allows us to access the native form submission event if we need to, via
$event. But other than that, it works just like if we would have made the submit button a plain button (without
type=submit) and added it a click handler instead.
But all of this is only a small part of what is going on here.
NgModel Validation Functionality
Notice the use of
[(ngModel)], this notation emphasizes that the two form controls are bi-directionally bound with a view model variable, named as simply
[(ngModel)]syntax is known as the 'Box of Bananas' syntax :-) This is a useful menemonic to remember what type of parantheses (square or round) should be typed first
More than that, when the user clicks in a required field, the field is shown in red until the user types in something.
Angular is actually tracking three separate form field states for us and applying the following CSS classes to both the form and its controls:
- ng-touched or ng-untouched
- ng-valid or ng-invalid
- ng-pristine or ng-dirty
All of these CSS class pairs are mutually exclusive, and they are very useful for styling form error states, both at the individual form control level but also at the level of the whole form.
Understanding the Angular Forms CSS state classes
Here is the meaning of these three CSS state class pairs:
- All form controls and the form itself start in state
ng-untouched, meaning that the user has not yet tried to interact with the control (or form)
- once the user attempts to interact with a form control at least once, by clicking on it and maybe even clicking away without entering any value, the control will be considered touched and the
ng-touchedCSS class with be applied to it, instead of
- If at least one form control inside a form is touched, then the whole form will be considered touched as well, and get applied the
- Each form control also has a validity state, meaning that its current value is either valid or invalid. According to that, the CSS classes
ng-invalidwill be applied correspondingly.
- If at least one form control inside a form is invalid, then the whole form is also considered invalid, and the CSS class
ng-invalidgets applied to the form as well
- This means that in order for a form to be considered valid, then all of its controls need to have valid values filled in
- The form often gets initialized with data from the the backend, in the case of Edit forms, as opposed to Creation forms
- The forms controls start in a pristine state, meaning that the data has not yet been modified by the user. The control will then get applied the CSS class
- Once the user modifies the form data, we have new data that is not yet saved to the backend. We then say that the form control is dirty, and the
ng-dirtyCSS class gets applied by Angular, and the
ng-pristineclass gets removed
- The notions of touched and dirty are closely related but separate: dirty means that the data is different than the original form data, and touched means that the user alredy tried to interact with the form control. But the control being touched by the user does not mean that the data was modified already, and so we have two separate sets of CSS state classes
In the form example above, Angular is tracking the validity state of the whole form, using it to enable/disable the submit button.
Much of this functionality (including the CSS state classes) is actually common to both template-driven and reactive forms.
The logic for all this must be in the component class, right?
Let's take a look at the component associated with this view to see how all this form logic is implemented:
Not much to see here! We only have a declaration for a view model object
user, and an event handler used by
All the very useful functionality of tracking form errors and registering validators is taken care for us without any special configuration!
How does Angular pull this off then?
The way that this works, is that there is a set of implicitly defined form directives that are being applied to the view. Angular will automatically apply a form-level
ngForm directive to the form in a transparent way, creating a form model.
If by some reason you don't want this you can always disable this functionality by adding
ngNoForm as a form attribute.
Furthermore, each input will also get applied a
ngModel directive that will register itself with the parent
ngForm, and validators are registered if elements like
maxlength are applied to the input.
The presence of
[(ngModel)] will also create a bidirectional binding between the form and the user model.
This is why this type of forms are called template-driven forms, because both validation and binding are all setup in a declarative way at the level of the template, without any code needed at the level of the component class.
Is ngModel just for bi-directional data binding?
We have shown our first template driven form above using the bi-directional data binding
[(ngModel)] way of tracking values, because we believe that this is the most common use case for template driven forms as its also very similar to that way that it was done with
ng-model in AngularJs.
But bi-directional data binding is not the only way to use
Sometimes we just want to create a form and initialize it, but not necessarily do bi-directional binding.
Using ngModel for one-way data-binding only
We could instead want to let the user edit the form initial values and press submit, and only then get the latest value edited by the user.
We can do so by using the one-way binding
This will allow us to initialize the form by filling in the fields of the user member variable:
Notice that now, when the user types in new values in the form, these values will no longer be immediately reflected in the user component member variable, like before when we were using bi-directional data binding.
This means that now, when the user submits the form we need to get the latest form value from the
ngForm directive, by using the
myForm export, and pass it on to
What if we only need form validation, without any type of binding?
So far we have been using
ngModel to do either one-way or bi-directional data binding between the form controls and the component class.
But for example, creation forms don't need initial values, so in those cases we don't need any kind of binding, no even to initialize the form.
If we want to get only the validation and value tracking functionality of
ngModel without any type of binding, we can do so with the following syntax:
As we can see,
ngModel is simply a plain Angular directive that binds to each form control and tracks its value and validity state.
Bi-directional data binding is only one the several use cases of
ngModel, but its not the only way to use it.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Template Driven Forms
In the simple template-driven example above we cannot really see it, but keeping the template as the source of all the form validation rules is something that can become pretty hard to read and maintain very quickly.
As we add more and more validator tags to a field or when we start adding complex cross-field validations the readability and maintainability of the form decreases.
It might become harder to hand over the form to a web designer for example, as the template gets more complex and full of business validation rules.
The upside of this way of handling forms is its initial simplicity, and it's probably enough to build small to medium-sized forms.
It's also very similar to what was done in AngularJs with
ng-model, so this programming model will be familiar to a lot of developers already.
On the downside, the form validation logic cannot be easilly unit tested and the templates can become complex rather quickly.
There is an alternative way in Angular for building forms, which is the
ReactiveForms module. We will present it now, and in the end compare both.
Angular Reactive Forms
A reactive form looks on the surface pretty much like a template driven form. But in order to be able to create this type of forms, we need to first import a different module into our application:
Note that here we imported
ReactiveFormsModule instead of
FormsModule. This will load the reactive forms directives instead of the template driven directives.
If we find ourselves in a situation where we would happen to need both, then we should import both modules at the same time.
Our First Reactive Form
Let's take our previous form example and re-write it but this time around in reactive style:
There are a couple of differences here. First, there is a
formGroup directive applied to the whole form, binding it to a component variable named
Notice also that the
required validator attribute is not applied to the form controls. This means the validation logic must be somewhere in the component class, where it can be more easilly unit tested.
What does the component class look like?
There is a bit more going on in the component class of a Reactive Form, let's take a look at the component for the form above:
We can see that the form is really just a
FormGroup, which keeps track of the global form value and the validity state.
The controls themselves can be instantiated individually using the
FormControl constructor. The end result is a programmatic definition of our form model with all of its controls and validity rules, that is created programmatically at the level of the component class, and not the template.
The FormBuilder API
The way that we have just shown of creating form models by explicitly calling the
FormControl constructors can become a bit verbose, especially for larger forms.
In order to alleviate this problem, we can also use the following equivalent notation, created with the built-in
As we can see, instead of calling the
FormControl constructors directly, we have instead used a simplified array notation for defining the form model, which is a bit more concise.
In the array notation, the first element of the array is the initial value of the control, and the remaining elements are the control's validators. In this case both controls are made mandatory via the
Validators.required built-in validator.
This reactive version of the form is fully equivalent to the previous template driven version: it provides the exact same functionality.
Advantages of Reactive Forms vs Template Driven Forms
You are probably wondering what we gained here. On the surface there is already a big gain: the template of the component is a lot cleaner, and focuses only on presentation logic.
Having a lot of directives in the template for defining business validation rules can easily become messy for larger forms, so its much cleaner to define that logic on the component class instead.
All the business validation rules for each of the form fields has been moved to the component class, where they can be unit tested a lot more easily.
Moving the form model definition to the component makes it very easy to define the form dynamically if necessary, based for example on backend data, so its easier to implement more advanced use cases.
Also, with reactive forms, its a lot easier to create a custom validator: we just have to define a function and plug into our configuration.
While with template driven forms, we have to write also a custom directive which is a bit more complicated then simply writing a function, in order to get the exact same functionality.
So as we can see, the reactive forms module allows to define the form model programmatically instead of declaratively via the view, and they do provide some advantages when compared to template driven forms.
But why are they called reactive forms?
The Reactive Forms Observable-based API
These types of forms are called Reactive Forms because the individual form controls and also the form itself provide an Observable-based API.
This means that both the controls and the whole form itself can be viewed as a continuous stream of values, that can be subscribed to and processed using commonly used RxJs operators.
For example, it's possible to subscribe to the Form stream of values using the
What we are doing here is taking the stream of form values (that changes each time the user types in an input field), and then apply to it some commonly used RxJs operators:
In this case, we are converting the first name to uppercase using
map and taking only the valid form values using
filter. This creates a new stream of valid-only values to which we can subscribe, by providing a callback that defines how the UI should react to a new valid value.
This observable-based API makes it easy to implement many advanced use cases that would otherwise be rather hard to implement such as:
- pre-save the form in the background as a draft, as the user progressively fills in more fields
- typical desktop features like undo/redo
Updating Form Values
We have APIs available for programmtically updating the whole form, or just a couple of fields. For example, let's create a couple of new buttons on the reactive form above:
We can see here that there are two buttons for updating the form value, one for the partial updates and the other for full updates. This is how the corresponding component methods look like:
We can see that
FormGroup provides two API methods for updating form values:
- we have
patchValue()which partially updates the form. This method does not need to receive values for all fields of the form, so we can use to update only a few fields at a time
- there is also
setValue(), to which we are passing all the values of the form. In the case of this method, values for all form fields will need to be provided, otherwise, we will get an error message saying that some fields are missing
We might think that we could use these same APIs to reset the form by passing blank values to all fields.
That would not work as intended because the pristine and untouched statuses of the form and its fields would not get reset accordingly.
How To Reset a Form
FormGroup API, we can easilly reset everything back to pristine and untouched:
Let's now see if its possible to mix both type of forms, and talk about if that is advisable.
Reactive vs Template Driven: can they be mixed?
Reactive and Template-Driven under the hood are implemented in the same way: there is a
FormGroup for the whole form, and one
FormControl instance per each individual control.
The difference is that, with Reactive Forms we are defining the form model programmatically in an explicit way in our component class, and we then link the form model to the template using directives such as
This is as opposed to template driven forms, where the same form model made of a
FormControl instances is built behind the scenes for us by a series of directives applied to the template, like
If by some reason we would need to, we could mix and match the two ways of building forms.
But in general, it's better to choose one of the two ways of doing forms, and using it consistently throughout the application.
Reactive Forms or Template Driven Forms: which one to choose, and why?
Reactive Forms scale better for larger and more complex forms, and support better more advanced use cases.
Reactive Forms also promote a clearer separation between business logic and presentation logic, which leads to clearer, easier to read and more maintainable HTML templates.
With Reactive Forms, its much easier to implement custom validation rules, like for example a password strength validator or a multi-field validation rule.
For doing that, we just need to write a function, while in template driven forms we will have to implement an additional validation directive to call the function and make the bridge to the template.
In priciple, everything can be done using both form types, but there are a lot of use cases both common and advanced that are just simpler to implement using reactive forms.
Which form type to choose?
Are you migrating an AngularJs application into Angular? That is the ideal scenario for using Template Driven Forms, as the
ngModel supports bidirectional data binding, just like the AngularJs
But other than that, Reactive Forms are a much better choice. They are more powerful, easier to use and encourage a better separation between view and business logic.
For these reasons, Reactive Forms tend to work better than Template Driven forms, and they are the better default choice for new applications.
As mentioned before, we want to avoid situations where we are using both form types together, as it can get rather confusing.
But it's still possible to use both forms together if by some reason we really need to.
Let's now quickly summarize everything that we have learned about template driven and reactive forms, and talk about when to use each and why.
Here are the differences between Template-Driven and Reactive Forms:
Template Driven Forms need the FormsModule, while Reactive forms need the ReactiveFormsModule
Template Driven Forms are based only on template directives, while Reactive forms are defined programmatically at the level of the component class
Reactive Forms are a better default choice for new applications, as they are more powerful and easier to use.
The Template Driven approach is very familiar to AngularJs developers and is ideal for easy migration of AngularJs applications into Angular.
The Reactive approach removes validation logic from the template, keeping the templates cleaner.
Reactive forms are easier to use in general and support better more advanced use cases via its Observable-based API.
It's not an exclusive choice but for a matter of consistency, it's better to choose one of the two approaches and use it everywhere in our application, preferably Reactive forms
I hope that you enjoyed this post, if you have any questions please let me know in the comments section below and I will get back to you.
In case that you want to learn Angular Forms in detail (both reactive and template-driven), you can check the Angular Forms In Depth course.
If you are just getting started learning Angular, have a look at the Angular for Beginners Course:
Other posts on Angular
If you enjoyed this post, these are some other popular posts on our blog:
- Angular Router - How To Build a Navigation Menu with Bootstrap 4 and Nested Routes
- Angular Router - Extended Guided Tour, Avoid Common Pitfalls
- Angular Components - The Fundamentals
- How to run Angular in Production Today
- How to build Angular apps using Observable Data Services - Pitfalls to avoid
- Angular ngFor - Learn all Features including trackBy, why is it not only for Arrays ?
- Angular Universal In Practice - How to build SEO Friendly Single Page Apps with Angular
- How does Angular Change Detection Really Work?
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With Christmas coming soon, I thought it might be a great time to cover guidelines for having a children’s choir. Children’s Choirs are an important part of children’s ministry. Children’s choirs and musical programs are an effective tool to:
- Teach children to worship through music.
- Teach children to minister in front of a congregation.
- Make the congregation aware of children’s ministry.
- Get unchurched parents and relatives to come to church. (They’ll come to see their children perform.)
Even though children’s choirs are effective tools in children’s ministry, most choir resources consist only of music programs. There is very little out there instruct children’s pastors on how to get a children’s choir started. Here’s a few guidelines.
Decide who will be in the choir. If you’re a small church, you may want to include every child. A larger church might want to limit it to those who sign up for practices or even hold auditions. There’s no right or wrong way of doing this. Decide which works best for you.
Age Groups: Decide what age groups will be in your choir. Will you have different choirs for each age group? Preschool children’s choir and grade school choirs should always be separated. Aside from that, decide what’s best for your children’s ministry.
Choir Director: If you’re in a small church and short on help, you may need to double up duties and be the choir director as well as the children’s pastor. The ideal would be to have somebody who knows music and loves children. The music director at your church would be a good resource to find the perfect choir director.
Practice Schedule: If you include all of the children in your children’s ministry, the last half hour of church or mid-week classes might be an ideal practice time. If not, one evening a week or Sunday nights might be a good time to schedule practices. Be consistent.
Rules: Decide what rules you will have for your choir. Some choirs have a policy of a certain number of practices you can miss. All choirs should have a set guideline for behavior and consequences for misbehavior.
Choose Music: What music you choose will depend on a number of factors. Consider the ages of your choir, the length and frequency of practices, and how in depth you want to get into music theory before deciding what music to use.
Choreography: You may want to include sign language and motions into the music your children’s choir sings. Simpler songs are better suited for this. In either case, you will want to work with the children on how they enter, exit, and stand during performances.
Plan Practices: If you have short practices, you may only want to go over the songs you’ll be singing. If you have longer practices, you can spend time teaching music, playing games, and learning about worship. The important thing is to plan your practices ahead of time.
Pam Andrews of Brentwood Music has the best resources for teaching a children’s choir. Here’s a resource that is very good.
Children’s Choir Basics
By Pam Andrews
Clickhere to order.
Learn the basics of teaching and developing the children’s choir. Discover why you should set musical, spiritual and even personal goals. You will even learn how you can make performing musicals more fun for everyone! This is a must-have for any children’s music worker’s resource library.
Pam Andrews has taught elementary school music, pre-school choirs, children’s choirs, and is a gifted and highly-successful children’s Christian songwriter. Pam is best known for her curriculum developmental ideas found in the numerous teacher resource books she has written, and is the creator of many best-selling children’s choir musicals.
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Ethernet Cables have turned into a fundamental piece of any organization. You can utilize them to interface at least two gadgets. You can likewise involve them for your neighborhood. Since there are many kinds of Cat6 Solid Copper Cable out there, getting the right one can be a piece overpowering encounter.
In this article, we’ll discuss all the Ethernet classifications and how are they not the same as one another concerning rate and availability.
Basics of Ethernet Cables
Virtually every Ethernet Cable has a similar inside structure. There are eight copper wires that are curved together to make four sets. In a few Cable, these matches are firmly wound to lessen crosstalk and electromagnetic obstruction.
Cable length is another significant variable you ought to consider while purchasing Cable for your systems administration needs. There are different Cable length might you at any point buy. These are called fix Cables. A few Cables work better over more limited distances and some turn out better for longer distances. You want to consider the distance prior to purchasing any Cable.
You likewise need to consider protected and unshielded Cable particularly on the off chance that you are purchasing for a venture level organization. Safeguarded Cables have an additional layer of security around the bent matches. This protection holds the crosstalk to a negligible level. There is no protection in unshielded Cable. You can involve this Cable for more limited run like between your switch and your PC.
Different Ethernet Cable Classes
There are a few classes with regards to Ethernet Cable. The TIA/EIA have laid out these classes to separate these Cables. You might have notice the word feline composed on a Cable. The feline is more limited for classification. The higher the number composed close to the classification, the better the Cable.
We’ll discuss cat5 or higher classifications in this article on the grounds that the more seasoned classes have become old.
Cat5e – this Cable has been perceived by the TIA/EIA. You can involve this Cable for Ethernet and quick Ethernet applications. Also, this Cable offers 1Gbps information move rate in an optimal condition.
Cat6 – this is one the most usually utilized Cable from one side of the planet to the other. Cat6 has an improved plan with regards to ward off crosstalk and EMI. Also, this Cable has multiple turns per centimeter. You can utilize this Cat6 Solid Copper Cable to get 10Gbps information move rate at 55 meters.
Cat6a – consider this Cable a superior form of its ancestor cat6. This Cable can do all that cat6 can from there, the sky is the limit. You will get better speed and predominant network. This Cable likewise has a thick sheathing and external coat to improve it against a wide range of crosstalk.
CCA versus Cat6 Unadulterated Copper Cable
You can separate Ethernet Cables further into two classifications in light of their inward channel; CCA and unadulterated copper Cables. A few producers use copper clad aluminum to make the conduit. This can influence the availability and information move pace of any Cable. You ought to check for it prior to purchasing a Cable.
The majority of the Ethernet Cables have unadulterated copper conveyor inside them. This will give you better execution and more prominent availability. The unadulterated copper Cables are a piece costly as contrast with the CCA. Simultaneously, you will get further developed execution with unadulterated copper Cables. We would urge you to do a smidgen of exploration prior to purchasing a Cable for your organization. This will assist you with getting the right Cable at sensible cost.
The Best Ethernet Cable?
Choosing the right Cable for your organization will enormously affect your organization’s speed and availability. Since there are a ton of choices out there to browse, getting the right Cable can turn into an issue.
You might have notice “feline” worked on the Cable while out looking for Cable. The “feline” is the short for classification. There is likewise a number right close to feline. The common principle of thumb directs that the higher the number, the better the Cable. It implies that a cat6 unadulterated copper Cable would be preferable over cat4.
You ought to recollect that Ethernet Cables have lower transmission over longer distances. For that reason there are two speed rating specifically. The Cable speed will be different at 10 to 30 meters and it will be completely unique at 55 to 100 meters.
You ought to remember this large number of variables while getting a Cable for your organization. Keep in mind, a careful exploration about your organization will allow you the best opportunity to get the right Cable.
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Jovian Auroras in the Infrared
It was a dark and stormy night.
On Aug. 8, 1997, astronomers at NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea in Hawaii were taking routine observations of Jupiter when a magnetic storm struck the distant planet's polar regions. The auroras that grace Jupiter's poles--souped-up versions of the northern and southern lights that shimmer in Earth's upper atmosphere--intensified. For the first time, researchers detected winds of charged particles whipping around the poles like cars around a racetrack.
Known as electrojets, these high-speed winds may explain how energy from the auroral regions spreads around the planet. This energy maintains temperatures throughout the upper atmosphere that are hundreds of degrees higher than what the meager sunlight shining on Jupiter could ever produce.
Jovian auroras are fueled by charged particles, mostly electrons, belched by the planet's volcanically active moon, Io. Captured by the planet's powerful magnetic field, these particles crash into the atmosphere a few hundred kilometers above Jupiter's magnetic poles, where they collide with hydrogen molecules. The battered molecules collect into oval patches centered on the poles and emit ultraviolet light.
Slightly higher in the atmosphere, hydrogen molecules ionized by the incoming electrons combine with hydrogen atoms to become ionized triatomic hydrogen ([MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]). …
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Compassion is not just a human trait. It is a universal “being” trait and animal acts of compassion are all around us if we look.
The meaning of “Compassion” comes from Latin root “passio”, which means to suffer, and the Latin prefix “com”, meaning together — to suffer together.
Compassion is irrevocably linked to suffering. At every step, it requires beings to be actively engaged with the suffering of another:
- to be awareness of suffering
- to be emotionally connected with the suffering
- to seek relief for the suffering
- to respond (effectively or not) to ease the suffering
Acts of compassion are not necessarily easy or instinctive. Nor is compassion a magical solution to stop pain or end suffering. But, compassion builds a connection between two beings that can make pain and suffering more bearable. So whether an act of compassion is done by an animal or human, when it is done for the benefit of a “foreign being” it becomes all the more powerful.
And, it gives us all hope.
Other animal acts of compassion posts on BTSN:
- Celebrating a Nurturing Nature
- For The Joy of Animals: Bison Calf Reunion
- Pondering The Possibilities: Male Cat Birthing Coach
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(December 10, 2014) Fishing, livestock in the high Andes and agriculture are the sectors forecast to be the most affected by climate change in Peru in the coming years, although hydroelectric power, mining, tourism, health and infrastructure could also suffer negative impacts, according to a new joint study by the Peruvian government, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
The report The Economics of Climate Change in Peru, presented in Lima in the framework of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 20), shows that by the year 2100 the projected impacts would translate into losses to the national economy that fluctuate between 11.4% and 15.4% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2010 (the base year used in this research).
More specifically, the study explains that the impact in the Peruvian fishing sector is concentrated in a decline in anchovies, which would affect the production of fish meal. This implies that by the end of the century the losses would be around 30 times the size of the sector’s current gross domestic product.
The hydroelectric power sector will suffer impacts due to the reduced availability of water, a situation that will also affect mining projects. Due to the expansion of agricultural areas, there will be less water available for hydroelectric generation, which will translate into a decline in accumulated earnings of between 3.3% and 5.0% of the sector’s GDP.
The agricultural sector could face losses equivalent to between 23.9% and 33.1% of the sector’s GDP during the period 2010-2100 in the scenarios assessed in the report. This would stem from reduced productivity among nearly all of the crops selected (potatoes, rice, hard yellow corn, sugar cane, banana and starchy corn); coffee productivity would show small rises at the beginning of the period, but this would decline later.
With regard to mining, an accumulated reduction of 15% of the sector’s GDP is expected over the entire period in one of the scenarios evaluated in the study (A2), with 5% in the A1B scenario and 11% in the B1 scenario. The results for livestock production in the high Andes show that the impacts would stem from a reduction in pasturelands and the expansion of the agricultural sector, which could lead to a maximum accumulated loss of 90% of the sector’s GDP.
In terms of tourism, the increased number of extreme climate events could prompt a decrease in the number of tourists who visit one of the country’s main attractions: Machu Picchu. The losses by 2100 at that site are estimated at between 15% and 30% of the sector’s GDP.
Meanwhile, the impact of climate change on Peru’s roadway infrastructure would spur additional public spending of about 2.8% of the transportation GDP from the year 2010, since higher costs would be expected due to greater repairs and maintenance related to more frequent roadway flooding. In terms of health, the public sector would increase the resources earmarked for treating malaria, which would require a spending rise of 0.02% of the 2010 national GDP.
The study underscores that Peru is considered to be highly vulnerable to climate change because it has seven of the nine characteristics of vulnerability identified in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: it has low coastal areas, arid and semi-arid areas, zones that are susceptible to deforestation or erosion, to natural disasters, to drought and desertification, highly polluted urban areas, and fragile ecosystems.
Given the magnitude of the losses under analysis, the report stresses the need to take action as soon as possible to reduce vulnerabilities throughout the country’s territory. The suitable, timely design of strategies, policies and programs for adaptation is fundamental to counteracting the potential negative effects of climate change. The report also recommends expanding the information available, analyzing the sectors that were not assessed and studying the social implications—as key elements to designing policies for sustainable development.
For queries and interviews, please contact María Amparo Lasso, Chief of ECLAC's Public Information Unit.
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Not every person realizes PC programming and not we all are keen on learning such order. Why? For one, working with PCs requires incredible arrangement of time and exertion. This doesn’t mean it is a physical activity, however a great deal of mental work. Be that as it may, do you realize that you truly needn’t bother with a higher education to be a gifted software engineer? Indeed, you simply should be dedicated enough in learning and following the demonstrated strategies on the most proficient method to pick up programming.
In case you’re devoted enough in learning such a field, you will discover PC programming fun and very helpful instead of an exhausting and tedious activity. PC writing computer programs is finished utilizing one or some PC programming language/s. Such dialects are written so that they are comprehended by people and furthermore thorough enough for the machine to grasp.
By utilizing a PC programming language, you can communicate your thoughts on how you need your PC to do a specific errand. There are really many programming dialects out there however the uplifting news is, you don’t have to learn them all to be a decent software engineer.
There are dialects intended for specific purposes while there are “broadly useful dialects,” like Java and C, that can be utilized for making programming and PC applications. PHP and other comparative dialects are intended for dynamic sites while “general scripting dialects, for example, Perl and Python are made to do a wide scope of little undertakings.
Here are a few different ways to assist you with learning PC programming:
1. Locate a decent or phenomenal instructional exercise on PC programming.
The book or the instructional exercise program you pick may propose a specific programming language.
2. Get a translator/compiler/IDE for the programming language your book or instructional exercise program employments.
The mediator or compiler is another program that will change the errands written in a programming language into a machine code that is simple for your PC to comprehend.
3. Utilize your own thoughts in making a working system.
You can start with basic things, for example, a program that changes over monetary forms, and simply keep working until you become familiar with programming language and other progressively complex things in programming.
4. At the point when you’re finished making a PC program utilizing a specific language, don’t be hesitant to gain proficiency with another.
Learning is a nonstop procedure. When you’re comfortable with one coding languages, and you’ve just made a program utilizing such, don’t stop there. Rather, become familiar with a subsequent language and start making another program utilizing that language. You’ll find out more in the event that you’ll pick a language that utilizes a totally unexpected worldview in comparison to the one you’ve recently utilized.
5. Learn and attempt new things.
Innovation is advancing quick. So on the off chance that you need to be a decent software engineer, you ought to likewise be refreshed with the most recent in the business. Since it’s a consistent learning process, you ought to consistently attempt to learn new programming dialects and new ideal models. In the event that you’re truly chosen in discovering ways on the most proficient method to pick up programming, at that point you ought to consistently be open in learning new things.
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The US National Institutes of Health has called a complete halt to the use of chimpanzees in research, two years after retiring most of these primates in its labs. The 50 remaining chimps will be sent to a sanctuary, it said.
In 2013 it had kept back 50 chimpanzees for essential research. "The benefits of that appear to be negligible," NIH director Francis Collins said. However, the decision does not cover other primates.
In the last two years there have been no applications for use of the chimps. This could also be due to the fact that the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) declared chimpanzees in captivity an endangered species, requiring a permit from the agency for research.
For chimps still in private captivity, the permit will be needed. Also, NIH funding will no more be available, Collins clarified. He added that a plan for phasing out NIH support for the remaining chimps that are supported by, but not owned by, the health institute is also being developed, writes Nature.
In 2011 the Institute of Medicine had declared that the use of chimpanzees was largely unnecessary. Following this, the NIH retired about 310 chimpanzees in 2013.
Animal-rights activists have welcomed the latest decision. "Experimenting on chimpanzees is ethically, scientifically and legally indefensible and we are relieved and happy that NIH is fulfilling its promise to finally end this dark legacy," says Justin Goodman, director of laboratory investigations at the US organisation People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Peta), which together with Humane Society, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the Jane Goodall Institute has been pushing the NIH to end primate research.
Critics of the NIH decision question the move, especially over the reserve chimps meant for use in specific conditions. "Given NIH's primary mission to protect public health, it seems surprising," says Frankie Trull, president of the Foundation for Biomedical Research in Washington DC.
Stephen Ross defends the move pointing to the lack of applications. "It's clear that chimpanzees are not a needed resource in the biomedical research world," says Ross, who works at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois. However, some developmental psycho-biologists are worried about the lack of oversight and welfare standards at sanctuaries compared to NIH-supported centres.
Researchers who use chimps for conservation work are also an angry lot. Peter Walsh, a disease ecologist at the University of Cambridge, UK, working to develop an Ebola vaccine for wild chimps with the University of Louisiana at Lafayette's New Iberia Research Center relies on chimps that are neither owned nor supported by the NIH. The work could now be affected adversely.
Research on chimps was banned in Europe in 2010. The US has been the only developed nation using the primate for research.
Activist groups in the US like the Nonhuman Rights Project have been fighting for some form of personhood rights for chimpanzees and have applied for writs of habeas corpus asking the court to decide if the detention is legal.
Genetic similarity based on comparison of both genomes place the chimpanzee and humans very close to each other with a 96% match. DNA also shows that humans and chimps diverged from a common ancestor between 8 and 6 million years ago. The chimps' emotional and cognitive similarity to humans has forced the ethical analysis of how they can be used for research when humans are not.
The other moot point is of the genetic match and the accuracy of both models in a physiological reference. The disparity was highlighted in work on HIV with stark differences in reactions.
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Mark the evenings of February 25th and 26th on your calendar. If clear, head out after sunset and look toward the western sky. There you will see two of the brightest objects in the night sky—the planets Venus and Jupiter—being “sideswiped” by the brightest of all nighttime objects, the Moon. The spectacle will be readily visible with the unaided eye, and a truly fascinating sight in binoculars.
Other than a meteor shower, the occasional bright comet, or an eclipse, most people think of the sky as static and unchanging. But nothing could be further from the truth—everything in the sky is constantly in motion! The most obvious example of this is the slow movement of the stars from east to west due to the daily rotation of the Earth on its axis. And the very word “planet” comes from the Greek for “wanderers,” indicating that ancient skywatchers recognized that these bodies moved in relation to the stars themselves.
Venus and Jupiter are currently slowly drawing closer together each week as they prepare to meet in a spectacular celestial embrace (or “conjunction”) in March that will be covered in the next issue of Sky Talk. Most of this movement is due to Venus rapidly gaining altitude in the sky and catching up to Jupiter. On the evening of February 25th, Venus will be joined by the beautiful crescent Moon to its upper right. The following evening, the Moon will have moved upward (actually eastward in the sky) and to the right of Jupiter. The view on either of these evenings through your Edmund binoculars will be quite a sight! And should you have a rich-field telescope with a very wide field of view such as the Scientifics’ Astroscan Plus, both Moon and planet may actually fit in the same eyepiece field for a brief time. Whether using binoculars or telescope, be sure to notice the “Earthshine” illuminating the dark portion of the Moon itself. As discussed in past Sky Talk installments, this is sunlight from the Pacific Ocean where it’s still daylight reflecting back onto our satellite. (This glow is also visible to the unaided eye.)
Through a telescope at a magnification of about 30x, Venus will appear just over half-full (or slightly gibbous) during February. The best time to observe it is during twilight when the bright sky background cuts down on the glare from this radiant orb, which overpowers the planet in a dark sky. At the same magnification, Jupiter’s four bright Galilean satellites will be visible in constantly changing positions as they orbit the giant planet. And after it passes Venus and Jupiter, the Moon moves out of the scene in its never-ending eastward journey, clipping along at an orbital velocity of over 2,200 miles per hour. Truly, the heavenly canopy above us is not static but rather an ever-changing (and absolutely free) skyshow!
Former assistant editor at Sky & Telescope magazine & author of eight books on stargazing.
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This is general advice about the type of computers students should consider to support their studies in computer science. Included is advice on: laptops, OS, and GitHub.
This is often a common question from students new to the program and making the correct laptop choice can allow for a higher level of productivity. However, often the best choice depends on the individual. But here are some things to think about:
The majority of the work done in the Department of Computer Science is done using open source tools. This means Linux, but you can do Ok with a OSX, Chromebook, or Windows machine. It is just incrementally more hassle.
GitHub is an archival resource that is currently very popular. The resource provides versioning options for your software and tools for examining the state of your repository. The are also other features, like the ability to host webpages.
There are two important points to remember about using GitHub, first is do not make any of your assignments public during a course semester and second be sure to ask your professor if you can use GitHub during a course. On the first point, if you make your programs public, then you are allowing others in a course the ability to plagiarize your work and you could be considered complicit in their misdeeds. On the second point, instructors often have reasons for why they ask students to do what they wish, do not do something that makes your life easier assuming that this will be allowed. Always ask the instructor teaching a course what are their desires in regards to GitHub.
If and when you do use GitHub, be sure to get a full account, allowing you to make your repositories private if you wish. This is free to students (see GitHub on availability,) otherwise you are advised to pay the small monthly fee.
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NASA has welcomed a dozen more people into its astronaut family, but the new additions aren't ready to go to space just yet.
Yesterday (June 7), the agency unveiled its 2017 astronaut class — seven men and five women chosen from a record-breaking initial pool of 18,353 applicants. (The previous high was 8,000 applicants, back in 1978, NASA officials said.)
The 12 new astronaut candidates (or "ascans," in NASA parlance) won't become full-fledged astronauts until they complete two years of training. This work, which begins in August, will be varied and rigorous. [What It's Like to Become an Astronaut: 10 Surprising Facts]
For example, the newcomers will learn all about the International Space Station (ISS) and its many systems. They'll practice taking spacewalks in a giant swimming pool at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, and they'll simulate berthing visiting vessels with the orbiting lab's giant robotic arm.
NASA's primary partner on the $100 billion ISS is Russia's federal space agency, so the candidates will also learn Russian. And they'll be taught to fly supersonic T-38 jets, to help prepare them for the rigors of spaceflight, NASA officials said.
When all of this training is done, the newly minted space fliers will get in line for a trip to the final frontier. (There are currently 44 active, or flight-eligible, members of NASA's astronaut corps.) While they wait their turn, the 2017 class will be assigned "technical duties" at JSC's Astronaut Office.
"Technical duties can range from supporting current missions in roles such as CAPCOM in Mission Control, to advising on the development of future spacecraft," NASA officials wrote in an FAQ about the new astronaut class. (CAPCOM is short for Capsule Communicator; it refers to an individual at Mission Control who communicates directly with crewmembers in space.)
When the wait is over, the 2017 class could be assigned to missions aboard any of four different spacecraft, NASA officials added: the ISS, Boeing's CST-100 Starliner capsule, SpaceX's Dragon capsule or NASA's Orion vehicle.
Starliner and Dragon are being developed to ferry American astronauts to and from the ISS, under multibillion-dollar NASA contracts. Both Boeing and SpaceX aim to begin crewed test flights sometime next year. When the private capsules are fully up and running, they will end NASA's dependence on Russian Soyuz spacecraft to provide this taxi service. [Photos: The Best Astronaut Selfies in Space]
NASA is developing Orion, along with a huge rocket called the Space Launch System (SLS), to help get astronauts to Mars and other deep-space destinations. Orion has been to space once, on an uncrewed test flight to Earth orbit in December 2014 that launched atop a United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket.
SLS and Orion are scheduled to launch together for the first time in 2019 on a flight called Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1), which will send an uncrewed Orion on a three-week journey around the moon. The duo's first crewed flight will come a minimum of 33 months after EM-1, NASA officials have said.
One of the 12 new candidates "could be the one that takes that next iconic giant leap and says the words similar to what Neil Armstrong said when he stepped on the moon, and brings the entire NASA family, and this entire world, with them," acting NASA chief Robert Lightfoot said during a press conference yesterday. "That's what the future is for these folks, and it's very, very exciting when we think about it."
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Michael Wall is a Senior Space Writer with Space.com and joined the team in 2010. He primarily covers exoplanets, spaceflight and military space, but has been known to dabble in the space art beat. His book about the search for alien life, "Out There," was published on Nov. 13, 2018. Before becoming a science writer, Michael worked as a herpetologist and wildlife biologist. He has a Ph.D. in evolutionary biology from the University of Sydney, Australia, a bachelor's degree from the University of Arizona, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. To find out what his latest project is, you can follow Michael on Twitter.
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There are perception from parents, that meningitis is an ordinary illness for children that can easily go away.
Meningitis occurs in people of all ages , but it is most common in infants and children under the age of ten years. It is caused by a wide variety of infectious agents that invade the meninges.
The infectious agents grow in the meninges and the surrounding fluid. The bacteria that causes pneumococcal disease is carried in the throat and nose of healthy children and this can passed on to other children by sneezing or coughing.
Once the bacteria entered the body, it can travel or cede to the brain or lungs thus causing meningitis.
Pneumococcal meningitis can be fatal and some children who survive may have some permanent disability such as deafness, brain damage, paralysis and poor performance in school.
However, early diagnosis and treatment have reduce the fatality rate. The results of treatment of other forms of meningitis have been very good, mortality rate reduced and complete recovery has followed in many cases.
Since the development of sulfa drugs and antibiotic, great strides have been made in the treatment of meningitis. However, for most favorable results, early diagnosis and the identification of the infecting organism are exceedingly important.
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HALF A LIFE by V.S. Naipaul. Alfred A. Knopf. 224 pp. Paperback. 2001.
V.S. Naipaul, winner of the Nobel Prize, was born into a Brahmin family that had immigrated to Trinidad from North India by the end of the 19th century. He went to England on a scholarship in 1950 and took up writing as a full-time career after four years in Oxford. His fiction often reflects a sense of rootlessness. He had no sense of connection to the heritage of his Indian ancestors, or Trinidad where he grew up, or even England where he studied and spent his adult years. He felt alienated everywhere.
His shrill criticism of the colonizers as well as the colonized makes his writings, especially non-fiction, controversial, although he forced the reader to face the bitter truth about colonialism. Whether in An Area of Darkness ;India: A Wounded Civilization ; or Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples his criticism is harsh, bordering on the cynical.
In fiction, he often draws upon his own life experiences and his themes are exile, displacement, cultural confusion, and filial rebellion, and his central characters’ inability to find their authentic center. It is one of the negative consequences of the clash between the colonial experience and imperialism. In A Bend in the River , perhaps, Naipaul’s best novel, he exposes the sham of the history of Africa written from the perspective of the imperial masters. Such a perspective is always slanted. The Nobel citation sums up the importance of showing the one-sidedness of the history of colonialism: Naipaul had “united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories.”
Coming back to the novelistic genre after seven years, Naipaul recapitulates the themes of his earlier fiction in his latest novel HALF A LIFE. The story of the Chandran family starts in India. The senior Chandran has the intellectual pretensions of the elitist Brahmin, and claims that he was the “spiritual source” of Somerset Maugham’s The Razor’s Edge, a novel in which a restless young Englishman turns his back on the advantages of being the scion of an affluent family, and comes to India in search of enlightenment. The elder Chandran, too, is disillusioned with his Brahminic heritage and follows Mahatma Gandhi’s teachings about caste by marrying a woman of a lower caste—more as a whimsical experimentation in Gandhian ideology than out of a deep-seated conviction of principle. In fact, he is filled with an aversion both for this woman and the son and daughter that she bore him.
Chandran senior gives his son Willie the middle name “Somerset” out of respect for the famous novelist, boasting that he had inspired the author by his asceticism. Willie loathes his father’s chicanery and deceit but accepts his help in procuring a scholarship to study in England. Willie fares no better in England than he did in India. His mixed parentage which made him an outcaste in his native land, haunts him in London and forces him to lead the segregated existence of immigrants from “half made societies.” He reinvents himself with false identities but none of those inventions gives him a sense of an authentic self. His insecurity leads him to indulge in sexual experiments that go nowhere.
In his desire to become a writer, he accepts various writing assignments in radio, and publishes short stories mostly plagiarizing from other authors and movies. He does not have the discipline and perseverance of a dedicated writer. His first novel gets published, not through any conscious effort on his part, with the help of an enterprising friend who introduces Willie to a mercenary publisher. The book receives scant notice and lukewarm reviews till one day, a genuine reader who had actually read Willie’s novel, wrote to him how much she liked it because she could relate to it.
Willie finally finds a good woman who loves him for himself, a half-Portuguese who takes him to Mozambique to share her life on her plantation. He finds less racial discrimination here because most of the settlers are, like him, from half-made societies. Culturally adrift and without any goal, he finds himself outside the protection provided by society or law, or even history—the plight of the marginalized. Even though Willie was not ostracized in the colony as he had been in London and had found a good woman to protect him and love him, he realized ultimately that this too was not his life, but someone else’s.
Willie is more successful in his sexual encounters in Africa than in England, maybe, because it is a colony and not the capital of British imperialism. He attributes his sense of sexual inadequacy to his Brahminic heritage: “We are all born with sexual impulses but we are not all born with sexual skills, and there are no schools where we can be trained.” This is ironic, coming from someone whose native land gave the world the Kamasutra.
The last section of the novel is a flashback to Willie’s life as he describes it to his sister in Berlin. The descriptions of this African colony are full of minute details, indicating Naipaul’s firsthand knowledge of the country and continent, and highly reminiscent of A Bend in the River . The narrative voice shifts to first person once again, but this time it is Willie’s, as it was his father’s voice in the opening.
The novel is rambling and breaks the rules of the traditional novel. It stops abruptly at the end, “a novel both sawed off and finished half a life but with no promise of any more to come,” as Michael Gorra points out in his review in the New York Times.
Naipaul’s body of work is impressive: 12 works of non-fiction and an equivalent number of novels. He is unmatched in his ability to integrate the personal experiences of exile and cultural confusion with the upheavals of history in the troubled passage from imperialism to independence in the colonies.
A Spiritual Journey
INTERLEAVES: RUMINATIONS ON ILLNESS AND SPIRITUAL LIFEby Lata Mani. [email protected]. Paperback 137 pages $12. CD Interleaves (set of 2) $20, Contemplations (set of 2) $20. Available in California at East West Bookshop, Mountain View; Cody’s Books, Berkeley; Sunrise Books, Berkeley; Shambhala Booksellers, Berkeley; Gateways Books, Santa Cruz.
The fateful accident changed her life. Lata Mani was driving on Highway 80, on her way to teach at University of California at Davis, when a stolen Pepsi truck, being chased by several California Highway Patrol cars, hit her from behind at 100 mph, and sent her car spinning out of the freeway. Miraculously, she survived the crash, but sustained a debilitating closed head injury.
In her book Interleaves, Mani records the process of her recovery from this catastrophic injury and illness, a journey that has led her to self discovery. “It just so happened, though it was hardly an accident, that I found myself in the arms of the Divine Mother through an automobile collision of atomic proportions to body, mind, and heart.”
As debilitating as her symptoms were—excruciating pain, extreme sensitivity to sounds, disorientation, dizziness, frequent breakdown of cognition—they were not evident to the casual observer or sometimes even to experts. Visits to the neurologist or specialists drained her mentally and emotionally, but she continued to consult them, because her insurance coverage required their evaluation. Meanwhile, she relied on an osteopath-homeopath for her treatment.
Mani describes how simple acts like taking a shower, or crossing the street, became painful and complex. Even the formulation of thoughts became a challenging exercise. Nevertheless, an acute mindfulness has become the cornerstone of her recovery. One begins to notice her clear and objective observation of her mind in the chapter The View from the Bottom.
Through her ruminations, poems, and prayers, we get to witness Mani’s spiritual awakening. The underlying philosophy is not new—one could read similar conclusions in Vedanta texts. But what makes this writing compelling is that it is an extraordinary account of an individual’s journey. In her lyrical style, Mani recounts with remarkable clarity, the ups and downs, her disappointments and insights, the pain and her ability to transcend it.
In the second part of the book, Contemplations, Mani reflects on the spiritual values that give her strength in her journey. Challenging conventional wisdom, she explores the apparent contradictions between sound and silence, between courage and expressing one’s feelings. She exposes the common fallacies of equating acceptance and resignation, courage and fortitude, surrender and defeat. Vivid use of metaphors like a candle flame, waves in the ocean, and the flight of a bird, help to elucidate ideas that are otherwise difficult to grasp.
Mani’s lyricism is even more evident in the CD version of Contemplations. The clarity and flawlessness of her voice mirror the lucidity of her thoughts and reflections themselves. I was especially struck by her expressiveness in reading her poem Anger Meditation. You can almost gather the meaning of each word from its enunciation.
Despite the unhurried pace of the reading, I found myself hitting the Pause button often to take time to marvel at the clarity of the thoughts, and savor the essence of the words.
Interleaves is an excellent text to use for reading meditation also, and I plan to read it again. Still recovering from her illness, Mani nevertheless inspires us to confront life in its fullest.
|Lakshmi Mani taught at the Rochester Institute of Technology for 20 years. She writes on American and Indian-American literature, and is a National Endowment for the Humanities fellow.|
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ALI YAVAR JUNG INST FOR HEARING HANDICAPPED ON-GOING PROJECTS
of modified CROS hearing aid with indigenous technology
for the benefit of persons with hearing
3. Know your
hearing sensitivity online
4. Socio Economic
Impact and Additional Cost Incurred in the Upbringing of Persons
with Hearing Impairment in
Deafness Gene Mutation in India (under Dept. of Bio-Technology,
Govt. of India).
6. Early Identification
and Intervention towards Inclusive Education of Children
with Hearing Impairment (0-5
modified school text books for children with hearing impairment
8. A study of
relationship between language development and academic performance
in children with hearing
9. A Comparative
study of stress and coping among parents of children with
hearing impairment and normal
10. Preparation of Audio-Video
CDs for Micro Teaching.
11. Development of Booklets
and CD for Hindi Learning Package.
12. Gender differences in
providing rehabilitation services to persons with hearing impairment
13. Follow up study of children
14. Standardization of Indian
Adaptation of Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language-
Pre sentence Level
(GAEL-P) Test in Marathi".
15. Development of Software
"Language Improvement Indicator" - An Educationally
Relevant Written Language
Assessment Tool to be used for Children with Hearing Impairment.
16. Development of Kit for
Auditory Training for Speech titled "Home Auditory
17. Disabilityline for the
Persons with Disabilities.
18. Brain Drain!... Is it
affecting speech and hearing services in India.
19. Psycho-Social Problems
of the Deaf
20. Cohort Study
21. Assessment of Etiological
Factors for Conductive Hearing Loss in Municipal School Children
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What is VOA who is this Enterococcus species?
Imagine you are walking your barns, doing daily chores in a flock that is 28 days of age. Mortality and culling rates for the flock have been good, but on this particular day you start to notice that a number of birds appear lame and some have adopted a ‘dog sitting’ posture, sitting on their hind ends with their legs in front of them. After culling lame birds out for a couple of days, your level of concern starts to increase, as does the number of culls. What could be causing this? You have heard of some other producers describing similar symptoms and someone referred to this problem as ‘VOA’ or Enterococcus cecorum, but others calling it ‘kinky back’. Could this flock have VOA or is it kinky back?
While there are a number of potential causes for lameness in a flock of this age, in this article we hope to explain what VOA is, as well as to describe the organism that causes it.
What is Enterococcus cecorum and VOA?
Enterococcus cecorum is a bacterial species that is considered a normal part of the bacterial population in the chicken intestine. This bacteria can become a problem however if something allows it to exit the gut and enter into other locations within the bird via the blood stream. When this happens, Enterococcus cecorum prefers to set up in the bones, causing infection of the bone, generically referred to as osteomyelitis. One particular location that is at risk for infection in the chicken is a backbone (the free thoracic vertebrae). This is the only backbone in the chicken that is not fused to its neighbors which makes it a key location for problems in the spine. Infection here is referred to as Vertebral Osteoarthritis or ‘VOA’. Infection can however also occur in other bones as well.
Birds affected with VOA are particularly striking in appearance because they often adopt the ‘dog sitting’ posture described in the scenario above (shown in figure 1). The reason for this posture is because the infection in the backbone creates swelling, which pushes down on the spinal cord, interfering with the ability of the bird to control movement of the legs (figure 2). It is important to know that this presentation is similar to, but does not have the same underlying cause as the developmental condition referred to as kinky back. In cases of ‘kinky back’, there is no bacterial infection but rather the affected back bone is rotated out of proper position, causing similar compression of the spinal cord and interference with leg movement.
Also important to know is that Enterococcus cecorum is just one species of the Enterococcus genus of bacteria. There are other species of Enterococcus commonly found in chickens, however they have not yet been isolated from these VOA types of cases or lesions. Infection of a flock with Enterococcus species does not necessarily mean that the flock has or will develop VOA, and further testing is required to determine the species involved. In cases in Alberta we have seen changes in the strains of Enterococcus cecorum causing VOA that were misidentified as a related bacteria Aerococus viridans. The importance of this finding is that this bacteria like all pathogens can adapt over time and develop new biochemical and test profiles. Follow up and
repeated culture can be required to get the right answer to the question of “what is wrong with my birds”.
Treatment of Enterococcus cecorum
Treatment of this bacterial infection, once clinical signs are evident (‘dog sitting’, lameness) has been difficult and often unsuccessful. The most likely reason for this is the nature of the infection causing the clinical signs; birds are too affected to be able to drink enough to receive and adequate dose, and the damage at the site of infection is too severe for the drug to be able to penetrate and fight off the infection. Field reports and lab sensitivity testing results indicate that Amoxicillin is the best choice for treatment, however Amoxicillin has only been mildly effective in some cases.
What should I do if I see lame birds in my flock?
Unfortunately there are numerous potential causes for lameness in poultry flocks. Some are nutritional, some developmental, some are disease related. If a flock starts showing signs of lameness and you have concerns, it is important to consult with your veterinarian. Not all causes of lameness can be treated, and not all treatments are harmless to a flock. For specific diagnosis and treatment advice it is best to contact your veterinarian.
A focus on prevention
On farms where this condition has occurred, research has shown that cleaning and disinfection plays an important role in preventing re-occurrence in subsequent flocks. This includes cleaning and disinfection of water lines, above flushing or super-chlorination. Occasionally if the condition continues to repeat, metaphylactic preventative treatment using amoxicillin and/or tylosin have been helpful. It is not yet well understood what factors predispose to this condition. The possibility of a link to broiler breeder flocks has been investigated and so far transmission of this pathogen from parent hens cannot be demonstrated. Some groups propose that intestinal health may play a role in allowing this normal bacterial species to invade other locations within the bird. Researchers have been able to show that by orally dosing this organism to chickens they can re-create the disease, suggesting that if this organism can grow to higher than usual numbers in the intestine, it may be able to overwhelm natural defense mechanisms. At any rate, taking steps to ensure good intestinal health and to monitor intestinal health programs is a good idea for flocks on a farm experiencing this disease.
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Sunlight: Terminator of the Ice AgeUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
International Pacific Research Center
Gisela Speidel, (808) 956-9252
Greater heating from the sun during Antarctic spring very likely triggered the end to the last ice age in the Southern Hemisphere according to a new study published this week in Science.
The study, conducted by Lowell Stott at the University of Southern California, Axel Timmermann at the University of Hawaii-Mānoa International Pacific Research Center, and Robert Thunell at the University of South Carolina, upsets current thinking that the last Ice Age came to an end 17,000 years ago solely because CO2 levels in the atmosphere rose. Though popular among scientists, this view has difficulties, among them the uncertainty in the exact timing between rising levels of atmospheric CO2 and surface temperatures.
This latest study in Science used, among other things, radiocarbon dating to date the oxygen isotope variations in microfossils contained in a single sediment core in the tropical Pacific. Some of the tiny marine creatures in the sediment core had lived on the ocean bottom and others at the ocean surface. Those creatures that had lived on the ocean floor, however, had bathed in water that had formed 1000 years earlier in the Antarctic Southern Ocean. A comparison of the isotope records of the two types of fossils revealed that the Southern Ocean had warmed over 1000 years before the tropical Pacific. Moreover, this warming took place before the ice core records reflect any appreciable rise in atmospheric CO2.
What made the Southern Ocean warm? Earth varies its path around the sun in 23-, 41-, and 100-thousand-year cycles, the Milankovitch Cycles. These paths alter the light - and heat - the Earth receives from the sun. The authors of this study noted that the timing of the warming Southern Ocean coincided with a period that Antarctica received more sunlight during spring. They then reasoned - and found evidence - that the increased heat from the spring sun melted sea ice around Antarctica. The shrinking sea ice exerted a double whammy on ocean temperatures in the region. No longer could the sea ice reflect sun‘s rays, but the dark ocean that took its place now absorbed great amounts of heat. The warmer ocean then began to release into the atmosphere the CO2 it had stored. The outgassing of this significant greenhouse gas, then contributed to warming globally.
Axel Timmermann has already gathered support for this scenario to the end of the last Southern Hemisphere Ice Age with a computer modeling study he led at the International Pacific Research Center.
The International Pacific Research Center (IPRC) of the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) at the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, is a climate research center founded to gain greater understanding of the climate system and the nature and causes of climate variation in the Asia-Pacific region and how global climate changes may affect the region. Established under the "U.S.-Japan Common Agenda for Cooperation in Global Perspective" in October 1997, the IPRC is a collaborative effort between agencies in Japan and the United States.
For more information, visit: http:///iprc.soest.hawaii.edu
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What is a signifier?Asked by: Alice Harris | Last update: 18 June 2021
Score: 4.5/5 (54 votes)
Signified and signifier is a concept, most commonly related to semiotics, that can be described as "the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation."View full answer
Also to know, What does signifier mean?
Simply put, the signifier is the sound associated with or image of something (e.g., a tree), the signified is the idea or concept of the thing (e.g., the idea of a tree), and the sign is the object that combines the signifier and the signified into a meaningful unit.
In this manner, What is a signifier in semiotics?. Signifier: any material thing that signifies, e.g., words on a page, a facial expression, an image. Signified: the concept that a signifier refers to. Together, the signifier and signified make up the. Sign: the smallest unit of meaning. Anything that can be used to communicate (or to tell a lie).
Moreover, What is signifier example?
The signifier is the thing, item, or code that we 'read' – so, a drawing, a word, a photo. Each signifier has a signified, the idea or meaning being expressed by that signifier. Only together do they form a sign. ... A good example is the word 'cool.
What is a signifier in linguistics?
A signifier, an element of language, is a material representation of a linguistic sign. ... Each sign thus gains its value by being placed in the context of other signs. The "break" between a flow of sounds and a flow of thought associates the signifier with a signified.
Traffic signs are divided into three basic categories: regulatory, warning, and guide signs.
In the Aristotelian tradition, the sign is broken down into three parts: the signifier, the signified and the referent, meaning the concrete thing to which the sign refers (for example, a real horse).
Common examples of semiotics include traffic signs, emojis, and emoticons used in electronic communication, and logos and brands used by international corporations to sell us things—"brand loyalty," they call it.
A sign is an object, quality, event, or entity whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else. A natural sign bears a causal relation to its object—for instance, thunder is a sign of storm, or medical symptoms a sign of disease.
A sign depends on an object in a way that enables (and, in a sense, determines) an interpretation, an interpretant, to depend on the object as the sign depends on the object.
a mythic sign that has lost its historical referent; form without substance. ... According to Barthes, this lateral shift, or connotative sidestep, is the key to transforming a neutral sign into an ideological sign.
What is going on around the sign is usually as important for us to know as the sign itself in order to interpret its meaning. Semiotics is a key tool to ensure that intended meanings (of for instance a piece of communication or a new product) are unambiguously understood by the person on the receiving end.
noun. a person or thing that signifies. the configuration of sound elements or other linguistic symbols representing a word or other meaningful unit in a language.
The more a signifier is constrained by the signified, the more 'motivated' the sign is: iconic signs are highly motivated; symbolic signs are unmotivated. The less motivated the sign, the more learning of an agreed convention is required. ... Peirce and Saussure used the term 'symbol' differently from each other.
For Saussure, the signified and signifier are purely psychological: they are form rather than substance. Today, following Louis Hjelmslev, the signifier is interpreted as the material form, i.e. something which can be seen, heard, touched, smelled or tasted; and the signified as the mental concept.
There are five semiotic systems which include; the linguistic, visual, audio, gestural and spatial systems. The texts that students encounter today include many signs and symbols to communicate information; such as letters and words, drawings, pictures, videos, audio sounds, music, facial gestures, and design of space.
A semiotic system, in conclusion, is necessarily made of at least three distinct entities: signs, meanings and code. Signs, meanings and codes, however, do not come into existence of their own.
Ferdinand de Saussure founded his semiotics, which he called semiology, in the social sciences: It is…possible to conceive of a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life. It would form part of social psychology, and hence of general psychology.
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The World of NFTs
NFT’s, as known as non-fungible tokens, are a kind of crypto-asset where each piece is unique. Unlike fungible currency, like Bitcoin and dollar bills that have the same value for each coin, NFT’s can have a wide value range from one coin to another.
Because of how unique NFT’s are, they are able to be used to authenticate ownership of digital assets like artworks which cannot be done using other crypto like Bitcoin and Ethereum. In essence, NFT’s are digital assets with value that prove your ownership of that item.
NFT’s carry a large importance, even though its development has only been recent. Currently, this technology is being used to trade anything from virtual NBA trading cards to original memes and virtual real estate in Decentraland. However, one thing that stands out about owning an NFT is that no physical goods are interchanged between traders. The buyers only receive the ownership of the image or asset virtually. This has raised a lot of questions about what the benefits of NFT’s really are.
Why would a customer spend possibly millions of dollars on a virtual product? Also, since the product is virtual, wouldn’t it be easy to make many copies of the product, hence decreasing its value?
A collector who sold an NFT for $6.6 million was interviewed by Coinbase, a company specialized in trading virtual currencies and crypto, made an analogy as to why NFT’s hold value despite being able to make copies of the image. What gives the products value is not the image its self, but the history behind it. If someone were to take an image of the Mona Lisa, for example, the picture of the artwork doesn’t make it worth millions. It’s the original piece, with the history and age behind, that gives it its value.
With the verification of blockchain (we have another blog that goes into further detail about blockchain), the authenticity and history of trade behind an NFT can be tracked by buyers to verify ownership and authenticity.
If you are interested in getting into the community of NFT’s, how do you purchase and sell the currency? Unlike other forms of crypto, where consumers can trade currency via a virtual wallet, NFT’s are primarily traded on specialized market places.
Such places include: ZORA, Rarible, Opensea, and more. As the technology becomes more advanced, NFT’s will be more readily available to the public. Even video games are beginning to adopt the NFT technology to trade online weapons and skins for players to customize their character or gameplay.
With the inclusion of computers in everyday life, technology has enabled people to unite and create their own vision of the future. With the development of virtual currency and art, users are able to trade and purchase digital items as if it was real life. People are even able to purchase virtual real estate to display their property.
Even if you are not interested in a virtual life, crypto and NFT’s are available to be traded by anyone as long as you have access to the internet. In fact, most of the people trading crypto are hopes of earning money, hoping that they’ll get lucky and buy a currency at the right time to see a massive margin of earnings.
NFT’s are an interesting technology, and with a little luck, they allow anyone to create the next valuable item or have ownership of a valuable piece and resell for much more than what they bought it for.
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Drought effects linger on catchments
Hydrological droughts can persist indefinitely after meteorological droughts, according to Australian-first research from Monash University, with a Victorian study showing one-third of water catchments had not recovered from a severe drought after nearly eight years.
Led by Dr Tim Peterson from Monash University’s Department of Civil Engineering, the study published in Science challenges the widely held view that rivers and underground water supplies eventually replenish following periods of severe drought or flood.
Researchers used statistical models of rainfall and streamflow at 161 water catchments across Victoria, each with more than 30 years of data and no upstream dams or water extractions.
Along with colleagues from the University of Melbourne, Peterson discovered that some rivers continue to behave like they’re still in drought for years following the event, creating a significant delay in recovery.
The study found that runoff had not recovered in 37% of water catchments in Victoria after Australia’s Millennium Drought.
Peterson said regeneration of water catchments after severe drought has major implications for global long-term water resource planning and aquatic environments, especially with climate change adding further pressure.
“Our findings suggest hydrological droughts can persist indefinitely after meteorological droughts and that the mechanism for recovery remains an open question,” Peterson said.
“This new discovery just appears to be the way catchments naturally behave. It’s not explained by factors like land use. They are just more complex than we thought.”
Historical models show that 100mm of precipitation before the drought in 1990 created more river flow than the same 100mm in 2017, delivering a 30% reduced streamflow as a result of drought.
The number of water catchments with a low or very low runoff state increased rapidly from 1996 to the end of the meteorological drought in summer 2010. By 2011, only 15% of water catchments had recovered.
Peterson said evidence also suggested vegetation responded to the drought by increasing the fraction of precipitation going to transpiration — the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from leaves.
“Practically, this implies that in response to the Millennium Drought, vegetation in selected water catchments responded by maintaining similar rates of transpiration,” he said.
Each water catchment analysed for this study had at least 15, seven and five years of streamflow observations before, during and after the Millennium Drought respectively.
Across all 161 water catchments, researchers found eight years into the drought, 51% of the catchments switched into a low or very low runoff state.
Importantly, by mid-2017, nearly eight years after the drought, more than one-third of water catchments still remained within a low runoff state, and have not recovered back to the pre-drought behaviour.
Peterson and his research partners have been working with Victorian and national water agencies, most recently through the Victorian Water and Climate Initiative.
“It’s exciting that the findings have already begun to be used in how water is managed,” Peterson said.
“We are now developing mathematical tools to further help water management use these findings to ensure long-term water supply within a challenging and changing climate.”
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Brown v. Board of Education and the Battle Against Separation
What is the significance of Brown v. Board of Education?
The case of Brown v. Board of Education is important to read, because of its relevance today, and because of its importance in history. Like in history, most people do not realize how far Brown v. Board of Education was from being the first school desegregation case, how far it came from being the last, how close its most important states are to become the majority, or how meaningful that one woman’s speech was for the struggle.
In 1923, four local schools in Seabrook, South Carolina, were segregationist. The town, then, was said to be a living reminder of what the Southern Jim Crow laws had made possible. The case was decided by the Supreme Court, which was then chaired by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
The jury decides by a vote of twelve men and six women. Justice Holmes, who was not present, did not agree with his colleagues’ verdict. He wrote a long and extensive dissent, but the majority opinion upheld the constitutionality of Brown v. Board of Education. His opinion held that the states of the Union had the right to separate their schools based on race, and that schools of all types should be available to children of all races.
Although the case was very important to many Americans, it is not at all well known today, because of the more recent events in politics and the media. In the past two decades, however, the case has become very important.
Below are some of the cases that can be related to Brown v. Board of Education.
At the time, they believed that they had the right to segregate schools on race grounds. This was the beginning of the great period of civil rights. It was important for states to make efforts to integrate schools and to show that laws were enforced by the government.
The American Indian Reservation in the Southwest had a policy of segregation. The leaders of the school, however, felt that segregation was necessary because Indian children were a danger to white people, and that children of all races were to be educated together.
This case went before the Supreme Court, but the Supreme Court ruled that the Indian people had no right to the same freedom as the white people. The Indian people were considered to be part of a different race, and were not equal.
In 1954, the Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1963 outlawed segregation in schools, making them all equal in the eyes of the law. This was the end of desegregation in schools.
After this, schools faced the problem of whether to abandon desegregation and allow one race to take over another. They decided against this and pursued desegregation, which allowed them to get back the original purpose of the legislation. Race was, in fact, just one issue that was resolved, although the philosophy was that race should not be the determining factor in schools.
People do not understand the power of the NAACP. They do not realize that while people might seem insignificant to us, there were very large issues involved. People still needed to be heard, and that those who believed in segregation were making decisions without any basis in fact.
When the ERA was ratified, it said that the law was enforced by the federal government, and that it was unconstitutional for states to require unequal educational opportunities for their citizens. A person cannot be a citizen of a state, and not have equal educational opportunities.
This case speaks very clearly about what happened and how it happened. For instance, it demonstrated that laws against segregation were illegitimate. Also, it showed that a person cannot be treated unfairly because of the color of their skin.
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Printables for This Topic:
Wacky Wizards – Cut
out the letters. Change the first letter so the word matches the picture.
-op Words – Complete
the words and see how they all relate.
Fill In the Blanks –
This is a two part activity. Complete the word and use it in a sentence.
Each Word – Another practice sheet that has you create the word
and use it in a sentence.
The Frog Prince
– Color the lily pad containing the correctly spelled word.
– You get a choice of three words that completes each sentence.
– Yes, you can use the same word twice.
– "E" expresses a lot without even making a sound!
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- noun a batsman’s score of 100 runs or over made in a single inningsCitation ‘They dismissed Australia for 162 and then Myrtle Maclagan recorded the first century (119) in women’s Tests and put on a record opening stand of 145 with Betty Snowball’ (Cashman & Weaver 1991)Citation ‘At fifteen years, seven months and seventeen days, Sachin Tendulkar became the youngest Indian to score a century on debut in the Ranji Trophy’ (Purandare 2005)See also double century, half-century
- noun (written as Century)an American typeface designed for the ‘Century’ magazine in 1895 by Theodore Lowe de Vinne, now mainly used in a form called ‘Century Schoolbook’
- noun £100 or $100. The word has been common in the argot of criminals, among others, for the last hundred years.
- noun 100 runs scored by one batsman
Origin & History of “century”
Latin centuria meant ‘group of one hundred’ (it was a derivative of centum ‘hundred’). among the specialized applications of this general sense, the most familiar to us today is that of a division of the Roman army consisting originally of a hundred soldiers (the title of its commander, centurion (14th c.) – Latin centuriō – derives from centuria). when English took the word over, however, it put it to other uses: it was first applied to ‘period of 100 years’ in the early 17th century, while ‘score of 100 or more in cricket’ comes from the mid 19th century.
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Past and current research
Keep going or give up? Neural circuits underpinning goal-directed behavior
What drives behavioral persistence versus quitting?
We recently identified a neural circuit in the fly’s learning center that drives gradually increasing food odor tracking, which can be efficiently suppressed by extrinsic, but directly innervating, feeding-related neuromodulatory neurons. The relative activity of neurons in this circuit is regulated by the neurotransmitters dopamine and octopamine (the invertebrate counterpart to norepinephrine) counteracting each other in a state-dependent manner.
Are we victims of our senses?
Ilona gave a TEDx talk about her research. Check it out here: TEDxTUM
How Do Behavioral Context and Internal State Influence Sensory Perception and Behavior?
Ilona was interviewed by Latest Thinking to talk about her research.
Smelling and tasting what’s good
May 04, 2016
The amount and composition of nutrients required by the body vary according to its state and physiological circumstances. Polyamines, for example, are needed in greater quantities whenever tissues develop, grow or regenerate. Low polyamine levels are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, ageing and fertility decline. Excess polyamines, however, may play a role in the development of cancer. Together with colleagues from Sweden, scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology in Martinsried have now identified the receptors enabling insects to recognize polyamines in food. The study suggests that the ability to identify polyamines via the senses of taste and smell could have influenced animal survival and reproduction.
Polyamines are small organic compounds that play a role in such fundamental cellular processes like cell division and growth. Consequently, polyamine deficiency can have negative impacts on health, cognition, fertility, reproduction and life expectancy. Since excessive polyamine concentrations can also be harmful, the supply of polyamines to the body should match its current requirements. Polyamines are particularly demanded during growth, injury or periods of increased physical demands, such as pregnancy. The body is able to produce some of the required polyamines by itself, and also with the help of intestinal bacteria. Still, a considerable amount of polyamines is obtained from food. High polyamine concentrations are found, for example, in oranges, ripe cheese, tea and some legumes. As the body’s own polyamine production decreases with age, the importance of obtaining them from food increases over time.
Some polyamines have characteristic names like cadaverine, spermine and putrescine (putridus in Latin means rotten or decayed). Hence, these substances have in higher concentrations an unpleasant smell and signal danger to humans and many animals. Yet they are essential for survival in small quantities. The role played by the odour and, possibly, the taste of polyamines when it comes to choosing beneficial food remains unclear. The same is true for the mechanism by which the molecules are recognized. “The sensory systems to detect odours and tastes are very similar between flies and humans,” explains Ilona Grunwald Kadow, Research Group Leader at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology. “We therefore used the fruit fly as a model system to study whether and how the animals perceive polyamines and what this means for them.” The neurobiologists succeeded in demonstrating that food rich in polyamines, for example overripe fruit, considerably increases the number and survival of fly offspring.
The researchers observed that flies are strongly attracted by the smell of polyamines. Female flies preferred to lay their eggs on older, polyamine-rich fruit rather than on fresher fruit. “The flies must be able to perceive the polyamines – but how?” Ashiq Hussain, one of the study’s two first authors, sums up the key question. The scientists discovered that the animals not only perceive the odour but also use their sense of taste to find and examine polyamine-rich sources of food. Under the microscope they observed which taste and olfactory cells became active when the flies perceived the polyamines. Combined with behavioural and genetic studies, they were then able to identify three receptors, with the help of which the chemosensory neurons are able to recognize the smell and taste of polyamines.
The results show that flies find a polyamine-rich food source first by its odour, using the receptors IR76b and IR41a. The taste neurons then evaluate the quality of the identified polyamines with the help of the IR76b receptor and a bitter receptor. As is the case in humans, an excessively high polyamine concentration appears to deter the flies. They only ate or laid their eggs on polyamine-rich food if the bitter taste of the polyamines was concealed by other food components, for example sugar. “A good mechanism for recognizing the optimal concentration of these substances,” explains Ashiq Hussain.
The three receptors that enable the recognition of polyamines belong to a class of proteins that is very old, in evolutionary terms. They are related to receptors that control synaptic activities of neurons. “It is therefore possible that the recognition of polyamines through these receptors improved the chances of survival of animals at an early stage in evolutionary history,” says Mo Zhang, co-first author of the study, summarizing the significance of the findings. “If animals were able to sense these important nutritional components, they could find and consume them in beneficial quantities.” The researchers plan to investigate whether mammals can evaluate polyamines in their food as well and thus tailor their consumption to their requirements.
Pregnancy changes perception of odours and tastes
May 04, 2016
The perception and reactions to odours and tastes can change in pregnancy, sometimes dramatically. This is also true for flies. The mechanisms, however, that trigger these changes are not understood in either mammals or insects. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology in Martinsried now succeeded in demonstrating that the concentration of a certain receptor increases in the sensory organs of gravid fruit fly females. As a result, the taste and odour of important nutrients, called polyamines, are processed differently in the brain: Pregnant flies favour nutrition that is rich in polyamines and increase their reproductive success in this way.
A pregnancy represents a huge challenge for the mother’s body. To provide optimal nutrition for the developing offspring, her nutrition must be adapted to the altered requirements. “We wanted to find out whether and how expectant mothers can sense the nutrients they need,” explains Ilona Grunwald Kadow, Research Group Leader at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology.
Polyamines are nutrients that can be produced by both the body itself and by intestinal bacteria. However, some of the polyamines needed must be obtained from food. With advancing age, the consumption of polyamines through food increases in importance, as the body’s own production declines. Polyamines play a role in numerous cell processes and a polyamine deficiency can have a negative impact on health, cognition, reproduction and life expectancy. An excess of polyamines can also be harmful, however. The intake of polyamines should therefore be adapted to the body’s current needs.
The Max Planck neurobiologists now succeeded in demonstrating that, after mating, female fruit flies show a preference for food with a high polyamine content. A combination of behavioural studies and physiological tests revealed that the change in the appeal of polyamines to flies before and after mating is triggered by a neuropeptide receptor known as the sex peptide receptor (SPR) and its neuropeptide binding partner. “It was already known that the SPR boosts egg production in mated flies,” explains Ashiq Hussain, one of the study’s two first authors. “But we were surprised to discover that the SPR also regulates the activity of the sensory neurons that recognize the taste and smell of polyamines.”
Considerably more SPR receptors are integrated into the surfaces of the chemosensory neurons in pregnant females. This increase in neuropeptide signalling modifies the reaction of the sensory neurons to the odour and taste. The thereby intensified odour and taste perception thus occurs at a very early stage in the nervous system. The importance of the receptor became clear when the researchers increased the presence of SPRs in the olfactory and taste neurons of virgin females, using a genetic tool: This change was sufficient to enable the neurons of the virgin flies to react more strongly to polyamines, which ultimately resulted in a change of their preference. Like their mated species counterparts, virgins now preferred the polyamine-rich food sources.
The study demonstrated, for the first time, the existence of a mechanism through which pregnancy modifies specific chemosensory neurons and alters the perception of important nutrients and behaviour towards them. “Because smell and taste are processed in a similar way in insects and mammals, a corresponding mechanism in humans could also ensure an optimal nutritional supply for the developing life,” presumes Habibe Üc̗punar, second first author of the study. In a concurrently published study, the scientists were also able to demonstrate how the important polyamines are actually sensed and evaluated by the fruit flies.
Decision-making in the fly brain
August 20, 2015
For most of us, a freshly brewed cup of coffee smells wonderful. However, individual components that make up the fragrance of coffee can be extremely repulsive in isolation or in a different combination. The brain therefore relativizes and evaluates the individual components of a fragrance. Only then is an informed decision possible as to whether an odour and its source are “good” or “bad”. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology in Martinsried have discovered how conflicting smells are processed in the mushroom body of the brain of the fruit fly. The results assign a new function to this brain region and show that sensory stimuli are evaluated in a situation-dependent context. In this way the insects are able to make an appropriate decision on the spur of the moment.
Most sensory impressions are complex. For example, a fragrant substance usually appears in combination with many other odours - like the smell of the aforementioned cup of coffee, which consists of over 800 individual odours, including some unpleasant ones. For the fruit fly Drosophila, the smell of carbon dioxide (CO2) is repellent. Among other things, the gas is released by stressed flies to warn other members of the species. When the insects smell CO2 an innate flight response is triggered. However, CO2 is also produced by overripe fruit – a coveted source of food for many insects. Foraging flies must therefore be able to ignore their innate aversion to CO2 in instances where the gas is present in combination with food odours. It is still poorly understood how the brain compares individual olfactory sensations and classifies them according to the situation at hand in order to reach a sensible decision (here: food or danger).
“The opposing significance of CO2 for fruit flies is an ideal starting point to explore how the brain correctly evaluates individual sensory impressions depending on the situation,” says Ilona Grunwald Kadow. Together with her team at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, she studies how the brain processes odours and makes decisions based on the results. The scientists have now been able to show that complex or opposing sensory information is processed in the mushroom body. Until now, this brain area was thought to be a centre for learning and memory storage. The new results show that the mushroom body has an additional function: it evaluates sensory impressions independently of learned content and memory to allow instantaneous decisions.
The scientists were able to show that CO2 activates neurons in the neural network that includes the mushroom body. Those neurons, in turn, trigger the flies’ flight behaviour. However, if CO2 occurs along with food odours, the food odour stimulates neurons within the mushroom body network that release the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine occurs in many species, including humans, in connection with positive values. When food smells are present along with CO2, these dopaminergic neurons in fruit flies transmit this information to the mushroom body, where they suppress the innate CO2 response by inhibiting “avoidance neurons”.
“Interestingly, the experience that CO2 frequently occurs together with food odours does not cause the insects to lose their aversion to CO2 forever,” says Grunwald Kadow. When the information about the simultaneous occurrence of CO2 and food odours is transmitted to the “learning centre” in the mushroom body, an immediate change of behaviour occurs, but not a permanent change with regard to the negative evaluation of CO2. This could apply to other sensory impressions as well, such as vision. The researchers speculate that the absence of a permanent change in behaviour could be vital in many situations. The smell of predators, for example, triggers an instinctive fear in humans. We do not lose this fear, even after experiencing caged predators and their smell at a zoo. The human brain therefore also appears to compare and draw different conclusions depending on the circumstances.
Hunger affects decision making and perception of risk
June 25, 2013
Hungry people are often difficult to deal with. A good meal can affect more than our mood, it can also influence our willingness to take risks. This phenomenon is also apparent across a very diverse range of species in the animal kingdom. Experiments conducted on the fruit fly, Drosophila, by scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology in Martinsried have shown that hunger not only modifies behaviour, but also changes pathways in the brain.
Animal behaviour is radically affected by the availability and amount of food. Studies prove that the willingness of many animals to take risks increases or declines depending on whether the animal is hungry or full. For example, a predator only hunts more dangerous prey when it is close to starvation. This behaviour has also been documented in humans in recent years: one study showed that hungry subjects took significantly more financial risks than their sated colleagues.
Also the fruit fly, Drosophila, changes its behaviour depending on its nutritional state. The animals usually perceive even low quantities of carbon dioxide to be a sign of danger and opt to take flight. However, rotting fruit and plants – the flies’ main sources of food – also release carbon dioxide. Neurobiologists in Martinsried have now discovered how the brain deals with this constant conflict in deciding between a hazardous substance and a potential food source taking advantage of the fly as a great genetic model organism for circuit neuroscience.
In various experiments, the scientists presented the flies with environments containing carbon dioxide or a mix of carbon dioxide and the smell of food. It emerged that hungry flies overcame their aversion to carbon dioxide significantly faster than fed flies – if there was a smell of food in the environment at the same time. Facing the prospect of food, hungry animals are therefore significantly more willing to take risks than sated flies. But how does the brain manage to decide between these options?
Avoiding carbon dioxide is an innate behaviour and should therefore be generated outside the mushroom body in the fly’s brain: previously, the nerve cells in the mushroom body were linked only with learning and behaviour patterns that are based on learned associations. However, when the scientists temporarily disabled these nerve cells, hungry flies no longer showed any reaction whatsoever to carbon dioxide. The behaviour of fed flies, on the other hand, remained the same: they avoided the carbon dioxide.
In further studies, the researchers identified a projection neuron which transports the carbon dioxide information to the mushroom body. This nerve cell is crucial in triggering a flight response in hungry, but not in fed animals. “In fed flies, nerve cells outside the mushroom body are enough for flies to flee from the carbon dioxide. In hungry animals, however, the nerve cells are in the mushroom body and the projection neuron, which carries the carbon dioxide information there, is essential for the flight response. If mushroom body or projection neuron activity is blocked, only hungry flies are no longer concerned about the carbon dioxide,” explains Ilona Grunwald-Kadow, who headed the study.
The results show that the innate flight response to carbon dioxide in fruit flies is controlled by two parallel neural circuits, depending on how satiated the animals are. “If the fly is hungry, it will no longer rely on the ‘direct line’ but will use brain centres to gauge internal and external signals and reach a balanced decision,” explains Grunwald-Kadow. “It is fascinating to see the extent to which metabolic processes and hunger affect the processing systems in the brain,” she adds.
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Grow or cut milk teeth: (as noun teething) it soothes the discomfort of teething
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Parents, midwives, health visitors, and doctors blame teething for a wide range of symptoms in babies, including diarrhoea, drooling, crankiness, rashes, and strong smelling urine.
- In every group most of those who believed that teething causes symptoms ascribed irritability, dribbling or drooling, biting objects, sleep problems, inflamed gums, and red cheeks to teething.
- Fever can also be caused by teething, dehydration and some childhood immunisations.
late Middle English: from teeth.
Definición de teethe en:
- el diccionario Inglés de EE.UU.
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Several tools are available to support curriculum design and refresh activities with course teams. This page highlights some of the tools in this area and outlines the Curriculum Design Studio – an immersive think tank activity for course teams.
The Curriculum Design Studio
The Curriculum Design Studio is typically a half day event which can be facilitated for course teams to refresh existing curriculum or to design new courses. Some of the tools and processes are described here.
The Radar design tool – for the analysis of feedback design
These radar diagram tools look at feedback in the context of designing an assessment strategy. The first is for working with principles developed by Sheffield Hallam academic staff. The second is based on principles established in the Re-Engineering Assessment Practice (REAP) project:
Either can be selected by the Academic Lead when preparing the workshop.
The Radar tool is used by design teams to focus development priorities before a design studio activity. The categories on the radar tool are the same as the Viewpoints Cards for the Feedback for Learning topic, so using the radar tool before a Viewpoints activity helps to focus the design discussion.
- First, individuals look at each concept label on the spider diagram. Using the description on the reverse, each person decides for themselves how useful it will be to discuss this aspect of Learning Spaces. If it is important, you should put a mark on the outer edge of the diagram. Less important aspects are indicated by putting a mark closer to the centre.
- Second, each individual should join up all their mark which creates a shape making it easier to compare.
- Last, as a group, compare your shapes and priorities. Discuss discrepancies and similarities. Decide on a small number of dimensions that you think it would be valuable to work on.
Curriculum design principles
Curriculum design is founded on sound principles. This allows the course team to work in concert whilst having the degree of autonomy needed to address the content in the right way. By using principles, a more consistent student experience can be achieved.
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Increasingly, financial inclusion means not just bringing consumers into the traditional banking system, but also providing them access to products and services outside it. And as more alternative financial solutions crop up, the interconnectedness between these various solutions, as well as to more traditional banking products, is becoming an important piece of inclusivity.
For better or worse, much of financial technology today depends on — and connects with — a typical bank account. Across the 11,652 federally insured banks and credit unions, the bank account remains the hub of most consumers’ financial lives. But it doesn’t provide everything a consumer might need.
The underbanked, which constitute some 20 percent of the U.S. population, have bank accounts. But they’re classified as underbanked because they seek out supplemental banking products, like money orders, check cashing, international remittances, and payday loans, from alternative service providers. These services have rapidly become critical to scores of consumers.
And financial technology is poised to make these products better, from Transferwise, which offers low-cost international transfers, to lenders such as Fig who offer better rates on emergency loans using alternative credit-scoring models. True, these services are still largely disconnected from the bank account, but the funds to pay for them can come directly from a savings or checking account.
This is where the opportunity of financial inclusivity becomes a technical problem. In many ways, building an inclusive financial ecosystem actually depends on building inclusive infrastructure. That is, it’s not enough to offer better alternative financial services, because the context and connectivity across each person’s financial footprint is a vital piece of the puzzle that will enable the un- and underbanked to fully take control of their finances.
Imagine the bank as a platform — a single place where accountholders can not only see their balances, but also access and manage a whole host of third-party services. This centralized financial picture could provide life-changing insights at critical moments to those in financial danger. Take, for example, an individual in need of emergency cash. In today’s world, the chances he looks toward a payday loan are pretty high. But imagine if he could log into his bank account, compare multiple lenders who could use his account history to better evaluate his application, and apply for the lowest-rate loan — all in one place, online.
Without a way to connect with all these institutions from a single integration, it could take app developers years before they ever turn their attention to their own solution. Or, worse still, because there tends to be so much concentration at the top, it could force developers to focus on providing services for the top financial institutions in the United States. After all, this would be a practical choice: the top 200 banks and credit unions comprise about 70 percent of all U.S. depository accounts. But small banks and credit unions remain critical for rural areas and other constituencies, such as teachers’ unions, which is why it’s important to serve as many institutions in the United States as possible.
Building an inclusive ecosystem therefore requires making it as easy to integrate with the thousands of institutions (and, for that matter, alternative finance providers) as the biggest players in the market. And that’s why, frankly, the role of trusted intermediary has become increasingly important: to ensure that the infrastructure layer that sits on top of our banking system makes it easier — not harder — for consumers of every income bracket to benefit from financial innovation.
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Water Management/Governance Systems in Pakistan
MetadataShow full item record
This review largely focuses on government/formal water management and governance systems in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces and outlines a number of key challenges that are common across the two provinces. Challenges can be grouped into three categories, i.e. challenges at the management and governance level, challenges related to financial stability and lack of investment and challenges related to mega-trends. This review draws on recommendation for improving formal water management and governance which includes improving monitoring and evaluation, capacity building, installing water meters, proper waste and wastewater management and regulation including building treatment plants, and raising awareness of water conservation (SBP, 2017; IUCN, 2014, p. 33). It also identifies that gender is extremely important in terms of both access to water and sanitation and participation in decision-making processes and governance (see for example, Nadeem et al., 2013).
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Nearly 6000 people live in Krusha e Madhe, a village located in the municipality of Rahovec and the setting of one of the worst massacres committed during the Kosovo War. Between March 25 and 27, 1999, members of the Serbian military, paramilitary, and police killed 241 civilians, including five women and seven children. Serbian forces also burned 793 houses and destroyed parts of the school, the cultural centre, historical monuments and most of the villagers’ agricultural equipment.
February 16, 2008
The village of Krusha e Madhe is making final preparations for the coming festivities. While young men put the finishing touches on the Albanian flag painted onto the town centre’s old mill, Roma musicians arrive and begin to play. The dancing will carry on until the early hours of the morning. “It is the first time that we villagers dance together like this - it's the first time that we've had the chance,” a young man remarks. Looking ahead to the next day’s official announcement of Kosovo's independence, villagers feel both overwhelming joy and sadness.
February 17, 2008 - Independence Day
Today, villagers not only celebrated their newly won independence from Serbia, but commemorated the fate of lost relatives and friends. Families gathered at the school to listen to Prime Minister Thaci’s broadcasted declaration of independence. Missing, however, were the widows of war victims and most of their children. Despite my attempts to lure my guest mother out of the house, she decided to stay inside with three of her seven children. “So much blood has been shed for this day. My husband left his life for this moment and I simply cannot go”. She decided to follow the celebrations on TV.
Emotions skyrocketed among the crowd convened at the school as Prime Minister Thaci made his formal declaration at 3 PM. The musicians began beating their drums, while the villagers reached out for each other’s hands to dance. But the celebrations did not last into the night. By 5PM, most had left the plaza to commemorate and celebrate at home.
February 18, 2008
My husband followed the older men to the Martyrs’ Cemetery, located close to the centre of town, where they paid tribute by keeping a minute of silence. On their return to the village plaza, the men prepared a spontaneous party for the villagers, spreading sand over the craggy ground, setting a big stereo in front of the painted Albanian flag and hanging party lamps across the plaza. The young and the old, women and men and even war widows danced together until late into night. Seven days of joyful celebrations followed.
February 25, 2008
Prime Minister Thaci arrived in Krusha e Madhe to congratulate the villagers and to pay his tribute to the dead at the Martyrs’ Cemetery. He is the first Prime Minister to visit Krusha e Mache since the war. Accompanied by his bodyguards, the council of elders, young men, school children and very few women, we stood around the graves, remembering the terrible toll taken by the conflict. And then the crowd joined in with the school children, cheering for the new Prime Minister of the youngest state in the world.
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Are There Hazardous Asbestos Materials in Your Home?
By Kathy Cooke. 9th March 2012
If you are living in a house built between 1950 and 1980 the answer is probably YES!
From the 1950s through to the mid 1980s there were many products used throughout the building industry in house construction and insulation that contained asbestos. It is estimated that there are approximately 750,000 buildings (including homes) that contain asbestos so if you are living in a pre-1980 property, there is a high chance that there will be an asbestos containing material somewhere in the walls, ceiling, roof and / or floors.
Pre-1980’s, asbestos containing materials were commonly used in the following:
- Pipe Lagging
- Insulation boards in some storage heaters
- Ceiling tiles
- Sprayed asbestos ceilings (‘popcorn ceilings’)
- Electrical wire insulation
- Asbestos cement products. e.g. for bath panels
- Bitumen roofing material
- Vinyl / linoleum floor tiles
- Mastics, sealants
Some of the above materials contain high amounts of asbestos e.g. the lagging used on plumbing pipes; whereas bitumen roofing material contains under 5% chrysotile asbestos which is considered to be less harmful than the crocidolite (blue) and amosite (brown) fibres.
Asbestos-containing materials are considered a health hazard when they are damaged or disturbed but undisturbed asbestos fibres usually pose no problems.
However care must be taken to prevent the release of fibres when undetaking renovation or building works as they can cause serious damage to your health.
Asbestos fibres can be inhaled and if they are not coughed up from the lungs or cleared by the normal immune response then the asbestos fibres initiate an inflammatory response, disrupting the normal cell cycle.
The symptoms of asbestos related diseases usually don’t appear until 20 to 50 years after the initial exposure to asbestos so if you think you may have been exposed to asbestos fibres in the home, it’s a good idea to let your GP know so it can be entered on your medical record.
What should you do if there is Asbestos in your home?
If you think there may be asbestos in your house – don’t panic. Provided the asbestos is left undisturbed it should be safe to leave it as is but DO NOT drill, sand, saw etc any material you suspect may contain asbestos. If you choose not to remove the asbestos from your home, you can cover it so that it does not release the fibres e.g. using paint, wallpaper or adhesive on walls; a well insulated carpet or ceramic tiles to cover up vinyl / linoleum tiles on the floor.
For peace of mind you may wish to get an asbestos survey of your house. Visit the HSE website which has useful information on how to select a competent asbestos surveyor.
There is no legal requirement to remove asbestos from the home but if you do wish to do so, it is advisable to leave it to a professional asbestos removal company. These companies have the necessary safety and protective equipment, materials and experience to remove asbestos safely. It is important that they have removal equipment with high-efficiency filters to remove any asbestos fibres from the air. If you are in any doubt about a company’s credentials to remove asbestos contact your local council for advice.
Can you remove the Asbestos yourself?
You can remove asbestos material yourself but it is a time consuming and hazardous practice. You must ensure you have the correct protective equipment, follow appropriate working practices to ensure you and others around you are safe from the potential damage caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibres.
See the guidance from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) before deciding to undertake asbestos removal yourself. All asbestos materials must be disposed of at a licensed waste disposal site. Visit your local council website to find out where the nearest one is.
If you are concerned about asbestos in your home, visit the HSE website or contact your local council for more detailed information.
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| 0.918025 | 846 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Why bother with an outdated atomic clock whose accuracy is limited to an embarrassing few tens of quadrillionths of a second when you could have the NIST-F2, the United States’ new atomic clock that is three times as accurate as its predecessors. Officially launched on April 3rd by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the NIST-F2 has been in the works for more than a decade. In 300 million years, the NIST-F2 will not lose or gain a single second. To add to its prestige, the clock was also recently named the most accurate time standard in the world by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Read on to learn how the clock works and what makes it superior to previous models.
What Makes Atomic Clocks Tick
Image via Flickr by Steven Depolo
The NIST-F2 and its predecessor are cesium-based atomic fountain clocks, which means they measure the vibration inside a cesium atom to determine the length of a second. Inside the clock, lasers force a ball of ten million cesium atoms together and cool them to help minimize noise. The ball is then passed through a microwave beam as it is pushed up a three-foot chamber. The beam jolts some of the atoms into a higher energy state in which they give off light.
The ball travels up and down the chamber multiple times, with the wavelength of the microwave beam changing a little each time. The purpose of this is for engineers to determine the correct frequency. At the right frequency, the atoms will emit the most light. This number, known as the natural resonance frequency of cesium, defines a second’s length in today’s world.
Why the NIST-F2 Is Superior
Although the NIST-F2 still uses the cesium-atom method, one major improvement sets it apart from previous models. The NIST-F1 runs at room temperature, which means the walls of the clock’s chamber get warm and thus emit a tiny amount of radiation. The radiation tampers with the atoms, resulting in a slight shift in their energy states. To correct this, engineers cooled the NIST-F2 with liquid nitrogen, causing it to operate at a temperature of -316 degrees.
The Implications of Accurate Time-Telling
You might be thinking, “We have a really, really accurate clock now. So what?” Well, precise timekeeping is the keystone of a lot of modern technology. For example, GPS requires accurate time to a billionth of a second to navigate you correctly. GPS is also the basis of digital network synchronization, such as with cell phones and NTP servers that are the foundation of the Internet.
Next time you glance at your cell phone to check the time, know that it wouldn’t be possible without the precision of the NIST-F2 atomic clock. Your phone might not tell you the time to the sixteenth decimal like the NIST-F2, but it still very much relies on the standards of the NIST clocks. What’s exciting is that all the present applications of atomic clocks were not obvious when they first came about, so the future technology of more accurate timekeeping is anyone’s guess.
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http://www.rickross.com/building-clock-adoption-nist-f2-atomic-clock/
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| 0.943194 | 676 | 3.71875 | 4 |
(May 08, 2020) For generations, the indigenous people have lived and developed based on customary systems, norms, and knowledge to manage community and intercommunity legal relations, organize the relations among community members on the control, management, and use of land and natural resources within their customary territories, including those related to the security system, social order, and law enforcement aiming to create a just, prosperous, safe, and peaceful society.
In Papua Land, most of Papuans indigenous people from rural areas are still living based on the local legal system and customary knowledge that they highly respect and obey. The existing customary institutions or other names have the authority to implement and safeguard the security and social order of the people and their areas, including by upholding the law enforcement through a peaceful and just customary justice in the local indigenous people’s territories.
The existence and rights of the indigenous people mentioned above are recognized in the 1945 Indonesian Constitution and legislation, Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights, Law No. 21 of 2001 on Special Autonomy for the Papua Province, as well as on the international laws and treaties.
We are a coalition of civil society organizations that works for the advocacy of the rights of Papuan indigenous people and its environment. We view that the State has not fully and truly recognized, protected, respected, and fulfilled the rights of Papuan indigenous people, as seen in the document of a joint agreement between the Regency Government and the Local Parliament of Maybrat, South Sorong Police Chief, Commander of Sorong District Military, and Commander of Sorong Mobile Brigade Corps Detachment. The document is about the legal process and the policy of the construction of a District Police Post and Sub-District Military Command, signed in Kumurkek on Wednesday, 6 May 2020.
We view that security policy and the construction of the District Police Post and Sub-District Military Command in the Greater East Aifat and Mare areas, or the construction of other security infrastructure on the customary lands in the Papua Land, should be based on the regulation, which is conducting deliberations free from pressure and getting a broad consent from the indigenous people. The rights of the indigenous people to determine their political, social, economic, natural, or cultural governance on their own territories have been affirmed by the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) as an international human rights instrument. UNDRIP was adopted by the UN General Assembly in its resolution on 13 September 2007. Indonesia has decided to accept or agree to this instrument.
Likewise, we urge the local government and the state security apparatus to take joint steps with the indigenous people in the Greater East Aifat and Mare areas, namely strengthening and prioritizing the security system and law enforcement based on the local customary institutions and customary law. It is the state’s obligation to protect, respect, and fulfil the rights of indigenous people, as stipulated in the constitution and legislation mentioned above.
The Coalition of Civil Society Organization Defending Human Rights and Environment: Panah Papua Association; Papua Forest Watch; LP3BH Manokwari; Pusaka Bentala Rakyat Foundation; Greenpeace Indonesia; WALHI Papua; The Coalition of West Papua NGOs; Momuna Indigenous Peoples Council; Garda Papua; Babeoser BIKAR; Intellectual Solidarity of Young Tambrauw Love Peace; Independent Forum of West Papua Students; SKPKC – The Order of Saint Augustine; Catholic Youth (PK) Regional Commissariat of West Papua (KOMDA PB); Maybrat Regency Student Association in Yogyakarta; West Papua Indigenous People Institution (LMA Papua Barat); East Aifat Students in Yogyakarta; Greater Sorong National Indigenous Peoples Alliance (AMAN Sorong Raya); Belantara Papua Association; Solidarity of Maybrat Students in Jayapura; Institute of Policy Research and Advocacy (ELSAM); Elsham Papua; Mnukwar Papua.
Ank, May 2020
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If there’s any place in our solar system that we’d want to start seriously looking for life it’d be Europa. The dust covered snowball of a moon likely contains a vast subsurface ocean, one that is kept liquid by the giant gravitational forces of its host planet Jupiter. This makes Europa a great candidate for life as we know it as once we find water it’s inevitable that we find life shortly thereafter. The challenge with Europa though is getting to that subsurface ocean to study it as it could be covered in several kilometers of water ice, not something you can simply puncture through. Whilst there are numerous people more qualified than me on this subject, many of them actually working in the aerospace industry, with NASA asking for ideas for a potential mission to Europa I figured I’d throw my 2 cents in.
So the total budget for the potential mission is a cool $1 billion and whilst that sounds like a lot of money projects that I’d consider simpler than my idea (like say Curiosity which was $2.5 billion) but I think there’s potential to build a platform that could fuel further missions. With that in mind this initial mission is likely only to be a scouting mission, one that will give us the most detailed picture of Europa possible so that the follow up mission can choose the perfect site to land on and commence the search for life in its vast underground ocean. My proposal then is to develop a compact nuclear reactor (not a RTG) to power a scouting craft laden with instruments to analyse the gravitic field and surface of Europa. This craft will be able to find the point at which the surface ice is the thinnest and identify potential landing sites for the second generation craft: a cryobot that will punch through to the ocean below.
Putting a nuclear reactor into space might sound like the plan of a crazed sci-fi nerd but there’s actually been dozens of small prototype reactors launched into space with all of them proving to be safe and reliable. The power capabilities of such a reactor are far beyond that of what a small satellite would usually require however attempting to melt through kilometers of ice will require power of that scale. Thus it would make sense to fund research into developing the power supply first and then validating it on the scouting craft. Then, once that mission is successful, the reactor can be scaled to the appropriate dimensions for the cryobot mission and even used in other deep space programs.
Having such a generous amount of power available also opens up the opportunity to using instruments on the scouting craft which would not be feasible, typically. Things like high-power antennas (which could function as a relay for the follow up mission), radar imagers or bigger and better versions of other instruments. My knowledge on the power requirements of various instruments is limited but I know that even the most advanced RTGs, like the one in Curiosity, produce a measly 125W. Being able to draw on several kilowatts, an order of magnitude more power, seems like it would open up many opportunities that just weren’t possible previously.
I’m probably vastly underestimating how much it would cost to develop such technology, especially in today’s nuclear hostile political environment, but if we’re serious about actually digging under Europa’s surface I don’t see what our other options would be. Melting through giant sheets of ice is no small task and one that has requirements that far surpass anything we have currently. Using that $1 billion mission to set ourselves up for future exploration seems like the best bet especially considering how many other applications a safe, small nuclear reactor would have.
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In Ethiopia, the Population Council conducted a population-based survey of young people and women in order to shape policies and programs to improve their lives.
To develop effective social programs and policies, governments and program managers need solid, reliable data about the challenges young people and women face. Yet it is rare that in-depth data exist on the needs of these populations, especially in developing countries.
To generate the data needed to inform policies and programs for teens and women, the Population Council interviewed 4,696 males and 4,800 females aged 12–24 and 4,824 women aged 24–49. Participants were asked about personal experiences in education and schooling, puberty, drugs and alcohol, and other topics.
The study found that a large proportion of young people—20%—had lost one or both parents. Among all adolescents, significant proportions were not living with either parent, even when their parents were alive. Less than one-third of adolescents reported having discussions with their parents about HIV and AIDS, sex, and marriage. Only a small minority of mothers or fathers talked to their daughters about menstruation, and many girls had no foreknowledge of menstruation. The vast majority of young people and parents wished that they could communicate more freely with each other. When asked about corporal punishment, boys more often seemed to be the target of parental beatings than girls.
Among young people, most sexual activity took place in the context of marriage, especially among girls; 89% of girls first had sex with their husband. A considerable proportion of young women described coercive circumstances surrounding their sexual initiation, including those who first had sex within marriage. 17% of girls said their partner would not take “no” for an answer, and 14% said that physical force, or rape, was used. 11% reported being threatened, and 6% were hit or beaten during their first experience of sex. Overall, one-third of girls experienced at least one circumstance that is considered coercive during their first sexual experience. 15% of sexually experienced young women had ever been raped or forced to have sex, and a considerable number blamed themselves for the occurrence and did not tell anyone about it. 10% of married young women have experienced physical violence at the hands of their husbands.
Young people’s educational participation seemed to be increasing, as reflected in increased rates of attendance across successive cohorts of young people. Young people, especially those in rural areas, start school extremely late. Rural boys’ mean age at school entry was more than 10 years. Reasons for boys leaving school were mainly lack of financial support and farming and herding duties; reasons given by girls were marriage, followed by domestic duties. Girls with low levels of education and those residing in rural areas were more likely to be married early. Among girls who were married by age 15, 79% had never been to school. Among rural girls, 26% were married by age 15 and 63% were married by age 18. One-third of married girls did not want to get married. 22% did not want their marital sexual initiation at the time it happened.
Few young people, female or male, have received skills training and, among those who have, most have not been able to put the skills to use. Reasons for this outcome were mainly inability to find a job or lack of startup capital. 38% of males and 23% of females had ever worked for pay. The type of paid work in Ethiopia is highly sex-specific. Girls are mainly engaged in domestic work and the selling of small, inexpensive items; boys mainly work as farmers or in a wide variety of other jobs, such as herding and construction. Boys earn roughly 50% more than girls, in part because girls are engaged in low-paying jobs, such as domestic work.
The survey provided baseline information for four new UN-funded initiatives in Ethiopia, which aim to improve the circumstances surrounding adolescent health and development, gender-based violence, women’s and girls’ empowerment, and female genital cutting/mutilation.
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http://www.popcouncil.org/research/ethiopia-youth-and-gender-survey
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| 0.987254 | 818 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The benefits of outdoor physical activity (exercise) outweigh the potential harm caused by air pollution except in the most highly polluted cities, according to epidemiological studies reported in the journal Preventive Medicine (February 2016). Exercise provides a number of health benefits, including reduced risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. Cycling and walking, for example, offer not just health benefits but also environmental advantages as pollution-free means of transportation. See also: Air pollution; Cancer (medicine); Epidemiology; Heart disorders; Sports medicine; Type 2 diabetes
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that more than 80% of people who live in urban areas are exposed to air pollution in the form of fine particulate matter at levels that exceed safe limits. Sources of particulate matter include fossil-fuel combustion from motor vehicles and power plants, for example. Fine particulate matter is especially harmful to human health because the tiny particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs. Once trapped there, the particles can impair lung function or enter the bloodstream to cause heart disease and cancer. See also: Combustion; Diesel engine; Environmental toxicology; Internal combustion engine; Particulates; Reduction of diesel engine particulate emissions
Knowing the concentration of particulate matter in the air you breathe is important because even in cities with high concentrations of airborne particulate matter, health benefits from outdoor exercise can still be attained if your exposure is appropriately limited. For example, even in air in which the concentration of fine particulate matter is five times the global average, the net health benefits remain positive for cycling trips up to 1.5 hours per day. Walking remains beneficial for trips up to 10 hours per day.
Avoiding the most traffic-congested roadways is another means of reducing exposure to traffic-generated pollution, other researchers have found. So choosing your route is important, too.
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://accessscience.com/content/air-pollution-and-exercise/BR0516151
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| 0.920795 | 380 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Elements of Scientific Use of Loader Tyres
1. What should be paid attention to for loader tyres?
Loaders are generally used for transportation in the engineering and construction industry, and the roads they drive are not necessarily what they are. Therefore, the development is fast and the work efficiency is not bad. It has become a standing machine in the construction industry. Today, we will briefly understand what needs to be paid attention to in the daily driving of loader tyres.
Generally, tire sidewalls are relatively fragile. Most scratches, nails or cuts up to 0.5 cm can be repaired as long as the damage is only on the tread.
But if the crack is longer than 0.5 cm, or occurs on the side of the tire, the tire should not be repaired, but replaced as soon as possible. The safest way is to prepare a spare tire in the trunk.
2. Loader tire assembly principle
The tires on the front, rear, left, and right sides of a conventional loader must be reasonably matched, of the same size and specifications, needless to say, must be the same, the structure and tire pattern, and the load must be the same.
In addition, it should be noted that radial tires and bias tires must not be mixed together. Otherwise, individual tires will be severely worn, damaged in advance or even punctured.
In addition, if conditions permit, it is best to change tires in winter or spring, and install them in the specified direction of rotation. The best replacement plan is to replace them all together or symmetrically.
If it is necessary to use old tires together, the wear of the two tires does not exceed 5mm, and the front wheel is the tire that was replaced earlier.
3. Loader tire pressure
The tire pressure of the loader is consistent and normal, the pressure is normal and stable, the bearing capacity is uniform, and the wear is normal. If the pressure is too low, the strength of the tire will decrease, and the deformation will be serious after loading. Not only the tire shoulders are severely worn, but it is also easy to cause the tire to heat up, resulting in cord damage and carcass delamination.
On the contrary, if the air pressure is too high, the result is that the tire hardness is high, the elasticity is low, the cord is broken, the crown of the loader tyre is worn, the load per unit area is increased, and the tire blowout rate is very high in summer. So the tire pressure should be checked regularly.
4. Loader tyres start and stop
Start slowly and start slowly. If the start is too fast, the tires of the loader are worn out, and the braking is also the same. Therefore, according to the road conditions, the exhaust brake should be used more, and the brake should be used less. If there are no special circumstances, emergency braking should be avoided.
5. Loader tyre parking site
This is the details that are easy to ignore. Choose a flat and clean ground, avoid rocks, swimming in the lake, exposure to the sun, freezing water, long-term parking, use brackets, and the tires should reach 90% of the standard air pressure. Carry out cleaning and maintenance to prevent aging.
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https://www.chinaotr.com/elements-of-scientific-use-of-loader-tyres.html
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This exhibition provides a unique opportunity to see the first exhibition to come out of the agreement between the social projects from 'la Caixa' and the British Museum. The aim of 'The Pillars of Europe...', which includes the period between 400 and 1500 AD, is to open a window on to the medieval world via the treasures and material culture of both the dominant elite and the classes of the people. The exhibition features more than 260 extraordinary objects from the British Museum collection, many of which had never previously been shown. You'll also find items on loan from the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid, the National Museum of Art of Catalonia (MNAC), and the Frederic Marès museum. These treasures help to explain crucial events, highlight famous figures, and show visitors different aspects of the era, such as royal life, war and conquest, as well as daily life.
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| 0.963548 | 177 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Frederick Douglass inspired Germans, and he inspired our team at the German Embassy. Here’s how.
Frederick Douglass fled slavery in 1833, and went on to become one of the most important figures in American History. As a notable abolitionist, he advised, lobbied, criticized, and befriended president Abraham Lincoln. To this day, his thoughts on the merits of the US Constitution and founding ideals, such as those found in his famous speech, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” continue to influence and challenge thinkers.
After the Civil War, he held high office in the District of Columbia and the US Federal Government, always advocating for equality for all Americans, regardless of race or gender.
Americans weren’t the only to notice the ideas and dynamism of this self-made man. Ottilie Assing, German feminist, journalist and abolitionist, befriended Douglass in 1856 after reading his autobiographical work, “My Bondage and My Freedom,”. As a German of Jewish decent, Assing found herself interested in the parallels in the struggle against discrimination in the United States, in which Douglass played a major role.
Though most of their correspondence was destroyed (perhaps because they were intimate), they undoubtedly exchanged ideas on current affairs and general philosophy. Assing brought those ideas out in her writing, and back across the Atlantic, until her suicide in 1884.
But Assing wasn’t the only one to be drawn to Douglass’s legacy. Members of our team here at the German Embassy in Washington have found words of wisdom and inspiration in the life story and ideas of Frederick Douglass too. In particular, during the protests here in Washington, DC in the spring and summer of 2020, our team often found themselves referring to his work.
The most notable example of this was from our own Ambassador Haber, who quoted Douglass while supporting free expression in the aftermath of events in Lafayette Square. Nations, wrote Douglass, “may also rise in wrath and fury, and bear away, on their angry waves, the accumulated wealth of years of toil and hardship. They, however, gradually flow back to the same old channel, and flow on as serenely as ever.” In these words are found the acceptance of tumultuous times, but also a general optimism that unrest can also potentially lead to better things.
Freedom of speech and assembly are core values Germany and the US uphold together.— Emily Haber (@GermanAmbUSA) June 4, 2020
These days I recall Frederick Douglass’ "As with rivers so with nations". Though they may rise in "wrath and fury" they may one day "flow as serenely as ever", and one presupposes the other. pic.twitter.com/rMoyJmNiuM
More recently, Ambassador Haber has quoted Douglass when examining the legacy of Abraham Lincoln. As we already learned together, the stories of these two men intertwine.
Today is Abraham Lincoln’s birthday. We remember America’s 16th president as a compassionate man, a master of words – and one who was bold when the moment came.— Emily Haber (@GermanAmbUSA) February 12, 2021
As Frederick Douglass put it: he was “the first who rose above the prejudice of his times and country”. (1/3) pic.twitter.com/c6SwZDpFCZ
The work of equality is never done. It wasn’t during the era of Reconstruction of Douglass’s time; it wasn’t during the Civil Rights Movement of the 60’s; it continues today. As Germans, our team has benefited from learning of Douglass and his extraordinary life. In short, Frederick Douglass inspired Germans.
This blog is part of our larger series for Black History Month. During Black History Month, we are not only highlighting Germans of African descent (see our blog here), but also black Americans who have inspired Germans across the Atlantic, and across the years.
-Written by William Fox, German Embassy
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Today, my pupils didn’t want to read short stories as we usually do in Friday classes. In history we have come to the Middle Ages and I wanted to do do something today that connected to that.
Okay, I said. We do something else. Answer these questions, you may use the computers:
- Who was Dante Alighieri?
- What is The Divine Comedy?
I wrote some additional questions on the whiteboard. I don’t recall them right now. Then we started. My pupil started and soon came across wikipedia. They quickly found some goodies to investigate further:
- the death sins and their symbols
- medieval art
The pupils seemed to find it fun to identify the death sins they commit. How should I interpret this?
I also borrowed the full text at the library. The actual text was not of so much use, but we studied the maps and the explanations quite hard.
At the end we discussed the moral of today and medieval moral. If had more time i could do much more of it. I am tempted to compare medieval morality with todays unwritten rules that have evolved now when Christianity has lost much of its influence. I also want to get the pupils to think about what it is like to live in a world with very fixed rules versus the modern freedom worship. I also want them to have heard the word Existentialism and what it means.
Much to do, but so little time.
This article is an translation of http://juniper.bultsax.se/pedagogik/divina-commedia-i-arskurs-8/. This is a test aimed to measure the if writing in english attracts more visitors.
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Researchers at two academic facilities are aiming to create a first-of-its-kind bioengineered robotic hand that can grow and adapt to its environment, equipped with a living pathway to translate the robots touch sensation to the user’s brain.
Teams from both Florida Atlantic University and the University of Utah School of Medicine said they have received a four-year, $1.3 million grant from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of health for the project, according to a press release.
“This National Institutes of Health grant will help our interdisciplinary team of scientists address an important challenge that impacts millions of people worldwide. By providing a better understanding of how to repair nerve injuries and trauma we will be able to help patients recover motor functionality after an amputation. This research also has broad applications for people who suffer from other forms of neurotrauma such as stroke and spinal cord injuries,” FAU college of engineering and computer science dean & professor Stella Batalama said in a press release.
The ‘living’ prosthetic will have its own peripheral nervous sytem that is directly linked to robotic sensors and actuators, according to the release. The teams aim to create a neuroprosthesis platform that will allow them to explore how neurons and behavior can operate together to regeneration the sensation of touch in an artificial limb.
Core technology comes from a robotic hand and arm developed by FAU’s BioRobotics Laboratory, according to the release. The hand is equipped with numerous sensory receptors designed to respond to changes in environment, and can sense pressure changes and interpret the data depending on an object’s weight or fragility.
The teams is exploring methods to relay this information back to the brain using living residual neural pathways to replace those destroyed by trauma. As part of the testing, neurons in the study will be kept in biocompatible microfluidic chambers which allow investigators to stimulate neurons with electrical impulses from the robot’s hand to measure in real-time how much neural tissue has been restored.
A separate set of researchers will examine how tactile information from the robotic sensors is passed onto the brain “to distinguish scenarios with successful or unsuccessful functional restoration of the sense of touch, according to the release.
“When the peripheral nerve is cut or damaged, it uses the rich electrical activity that tactile receptors create to restore itself. We want to examine how the fingertip sensors can help damaged or severed nerves regenerate. To accomplish this, we are going to directly connect these living nerves in vitro and then electrically stimulate them on a daily basis with sensors from the robotic hand to see how the nerves grow and regenerate while the hand is operated by limb-absent people,” principal investigator and FAU BioRobotics Lab director Erik Engeberg said in a prepared statement.
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Cycas circinalis (Queen Sago Palm)
Cycas circinalis known as Queen Sago Palm is not really a palm at all, but is a Cycad, a living fossil that has changed little in the past 200 million years. Cycads are related to the cone bearing conifer and ginkgo trees.
Cycads can be used as house plants, or they will grow outside in full sun to some shade, with a bit of palm fertilizer added during the growing season. Do not transplant them when new fronds are emerging. Propagation is by pups set at the base of the trunk, or they generally produce seed every other year that can be used. Problems include frazzle top caused by a magnesium deficiency. To remedy, spray the leaves with manganese sulfate once a month for three months. Another problem is white cycad scale, which can be treated by spraying a horticulture oil on the fronds. I've also read reports of success using Hartz Flea & Tick Killer for HOME. Don't use the one for dogs as it's too strong. Cold damage is another problem as cycads are cold hardy to only 55 degrees F. Cycads can have a long life, as much as 80 years or more.
On a personal note, I inherited two large queen sago palms when I bought my house here in Florida. I transplanted one that was 4 feet high and it responded quite well. It's still going strong in spite of the ongoing battle with scale. The other was larger and in worse condition. It was in a bad location, but too large to move, so I made the tough decision to chop it to the ground to make way for other plants that looked better. I was later shocked to see new fronds appearing like magic from the presumably dead stump. Now I see why they've been around so long.
For me, the best thing about cycads is the knowledge that they were around before and during the reign of the dinosaurs, making them a true living fossil.
Back to Home Page from Cycas circinalis, Queen Sago
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There are many causes of abdominal bloating, including gas, fluid retention, irritable bowel syndrome, food intolerances, menstrual symptoms, and infection. People can often treat bloating at home, but some causes may need medical attention.
Abdominal bloating — an uncomfortable, full feeling in the belly area — can be alarming, particularly when painful. The abdomen can look larger than usual or be shaped abnormally. Persons may also have piercing abdominal pain. Yet, most times, the cause may just be indigestion or gas building up in the stomach and gut.
Usually, bloating is not a concern if it:
- is associated with food or eating
- does not get worse with time
- goes away within a day or 2
In this article, we look at the causes of abdominal bloating, treatments, and how to know when to see a doctor.
Abdominal bloating is common. Many people experience the same type of bloating again and again. Normally, bloating that follows a predictable pattern is not a worry.
When the pattern changes or bloating becomes worse than expected, it may be one of the following conditions:
A buildup of gas in the stomach and intestines is among the most common causes of bloating. Other symptoms include:
- frequent burping
- passing too much gas
- feeling a sudden urge to pass stool
- feeling nauseous
Bloating caused by gas may cause mild discomfort up to intense pain. Some people describe feeling that there is something trapped inside their stomach.
Possible causes of gas include:
- certain foods, including carbonated beverages, dairy, beans, cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbage
- swallowing air while eating or chewing gum
- a stomach infection
- chronic illnesses, such as celiac disease or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
In most cases, gas goes away on its own after a few hours.
Indigestion, sometimes called dyspepsia, is discomfort or pain in the stomach that can include bloating. Most people experience brief episodes of indigestion from time to time.
It is often caused by:
- eating too much
- drinking excessive alcohol
- taking medications that irritate the stomach, such as ibuprofen
- a minor stomach infection
Frequent indigestion with bloating that does not appear to be associated with food or other apparent causes could be a sign of something more serious. Potential serious causes
Stomach infections can cause bloating, which may be accompanied by:
- stomach pain
Stomach infections usually go away on their own after a few days. However, some people may become severely dehydrated or continue to get worse over several days.
These individuals should see a doctor if the bloating coincides with:
- bloody stool
- severe and frequent vomiting
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
The stomach and intestines are home to various bacteria, which help the body digest food. Disturbing the balance of bacteria can lead to an increase in harmful bacteria in the small intestine. This is known as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or SIBO.
SIBO can cause bloating, frequent diarrhea, and difficulties digesting food and absorbing nutrients. These chronic symptoms may lead to osteoporosis or weight loss in some people.
Salty foods, changes in hormone levels, and food intolerances can cause a person’s body to hold more fluid than it would otherwise. For instance, some females
Chronic bloating caused by fluid retention could have a more serious cause, such as liver or kidney failure or diabetes. If the bloating does not go away, a person should speak with a doctor.
Some people become bloated after eating certain foods — for example, people who have lactose intolerance, gluten allergy, or celiac disease. Bloating can be linked to diarrhea or stomach pain and will go away by removing the problem-causing food.
Crohn’s disease and IBS often produce bloating. Crohn’s disease digestive tract inflammation and has a specific course and treatment. In contrast, the cause of IBS is unknown and is often diagnosed when there is no specific reason for symptoms.
Both IBS and Crohn’s can cause gas, diarrhea, and vomiting. If a person is also experiencing unexplained weight loss, they’re more likely to have Crohn’s disease.
Gastroparesis is a disorder that
- feeling full quickly when eating
- loss of appetite
- nausea and vomiting
- pain and discomfort
Diseases such as diabetes or hypothyroidism sometimes cause gastroparesis.
Some gynecological problems cause bloating, such as a monthly period or menopause. Also, endometriosis — in which the womb lining attaches to the stomach or intestines — can cause bloating, cramping, and stomach pain.
Bloating begins when food contents build up in the gut. This condition — called constipation — can come from:
- not enough fiber in the diet
- food intolerance
- certain bowel disorders
- nutrient deficiencies, including magnesium
- certain medicines
In most people, laxatives, exercise, drinking water, or changing the diet can resolve episodes of constipation and bloating.
Less commonly, abdominal bloating may be due to other serious conditions. People with gallstones or gallbladder disease may experience intense abdominal pain that mimics bloating.
Ascites, a pool of fluid in the abdominal cavity is another condition that leads to abdominal pain and bloating. The most common cause of this fluid buildup is liver disease.
Bloating can usually be safely treated at home by using lifestyle changes, home remedies, or over-the-counter (OTC) medications.
Keeping a food diary to monitor bloating is helpful as this aids with diagnosing food intolerances and making healthy lifestyle changes. Many people find that avoiding certain foods prevents bloating and other gastrointestinal health issues.
Some options that may help include:
- drink more water
reducesodium in the diet
- eliminate foods that cause bloating
- chew food slowly
- eliminate chewing gum
- regular exercise
- eating peppermint
- drinking a mixture of baking soda and water
- drinking apple cider vinegar
- applying a heating pad to the stomach
- antigas products to break up gas pockets (simethicone)
- food supplements to break down problem proteins or sugars (Beano, Lactaid)
- antacids to calm excess acid (Tums, Mylanta, Maalox)
- bismuth salicylate to inhibit bacterial infection (Pepto-Bismol)
- laxative to relieve constipation (Ducolax or Senakot)
- rectal suppository or enema to have a bowel movement (Fleet)
A doctor may also prescribe:
Rarely, bloating is a sign of something more serious. A person should see a doctor for bloating or gas associated with:
- intense pain
- a fever
- vomiting lasts longer than 24 hours
- difficulty keeping food down
- bloody stools
- a physical injury, such as a punch to the stomach or a car accident
- rapid swelling of the abdomen
- liver or kidney failure
Abdominal bloating can be upsetting and painful. There are many simple causes of abdominal bloating, such as gas, constipation, indigestion, food intolerance, and fluid retention.
These symptoms are easily treated with home remedies, lifestyle changes, OTC medications, and prescription medications.
For most people, the cause can be treated at home and is something simple. A person should speak with a doctor if the symptoms worsen or do not go away after a few days.
When should I be worried about bloating?
If bloating patterns have changed suddenly or are getting worse for no reason, a person should see a doctor. Bloating with bloody stools, fever, intense pain, inability to eat, or frequent vomiting can be serious and need urgent care.
What relieves abdominal bloating?
Treat causes of abdominal bloating with home remedies or OTC medications. For example, try walking or moving around, using an antacid or antigas medicine, drinking some water, or using a heating pad.
Why do I look pregnant from bloating?
A swollen belly that looks like pregnancy can be from a condition called ascites. This condition can be related to liver problems, so it is essential to get urgent care.
What causes lower vs. upper abdominal bloating?
Upper abdominal bloating may be related to slow movement of the intestine called gastroparesis, swallowing air while eating, an infection, or overeating. Lower abdominal bloating can be from constipation, IBS, gas caused by food intolerance, or fluid retention.
I have had a sudden change in bowel movements and have frequent bloating. What could this be?
The doctor should check for any sudden changes in bowel habits with bloating. In rare cases, these symptoms could be related to ovarian cancer or colon cancer.
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Robotic Process Automation
Robotic process automation emulates human execution of repetitive processes with existing applications by using software robots which are configured to capture and record these applications in order to process transactions, manipulate data, trigger responses and communicate between different digital systems.
Robotic process automation (RPA) offers several benefits over traditional automation solutions. It enables to save costs and free up resources with a low non-invasive technical barrier. Increased productivity, higher accuracy (and less errors), the ability to streamline regulatory compliance, faster service (and thus enhanced customer satisfaction) and higher consistency are other advantages. An overview of robotic process automation for business and digital transformation.
Robotic process automation or RPA is the development and deployment of software robots or bots to automate rules-based and repetitive mundane tasks performed by people within workflow and process-related applications (often legacy systems) and operations.
Robotic process automation describes both the software which is used to robotize processes as the practice (or process as such) of defining processes and tasks that are best suited for RPA and the strategic approach to effectively design and apply the RPA script, macros and algorithms to the process.
The software robots enabling Robotic Process Automation (RPA) can simulate manual input commands which are traditionally performed by knowledge workers using, for example, their mouse or keyboard.
So, at the core, robotic process automation enables to replicate how people conduct repetitive tasks in an application (e.g. entering data, performing transaction-related tasks). It’s in automating these repetitive tasks that the scripts, macros, algorithms and evolutions come in. The replication is based upon user interface interactions (it looks at how people use the specific application that of course has a user interface so it can be used for the ‘to be automated’ task to begin with).
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Without question, the Arabian is the most distinctive and easily recognised horse on the planet. It is also a breed of antiquity, with records suggesting a origin of 5,000 years ago.
With a high set tail carriage and a fine head shape unique to the breed, the Arabian is a picture of grace and deceptive delicacy. It is believed that every riding horse in the world can be traced back to one Arabian or another, with many bloodlines dating back centuries and spanning the globe – examples from America to continental Europe and the Middle East.
How the Arabian came to be so well distributed is blamed upon war and trade, with the Arabian being added to the breeding program of other developing breeds to include its endurance, strength, willingness and refinement.
Having evolved beneath the hot Arabian sun, one would be hard-pressed to find a hardier or more versatile equine, capable of achieving greater speeds, demonstrating greater stamina, or showing a more gentle and balanced disposition. For these reasons, the Bedouin people of the Arabian Desert favoured the breed and made certain to preserve and evolve its merits.
The Arabian features heavily in ancient folklore and mythology, with one Bedouin legend describing how the horse formed from the scattered rain of a thundercloud, thereby acquiring the title ‘Drinker of the Wind.’
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It's the acronym that sends chills down the spine of every parent of a newborn: SIDS, a syndrome that is terrifying for its lack of explanation and for striking with seeming abandon.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome accounts for the loss of some 2,500 babies each year in the United States, although the numbers could be higher, according to Dr. Betty McEntire, executive director of the American SIDS Institute in Marietta, Ga.
Particular attention is being paid to the syndrome, October being SIDS Awareness Month.
"A lot of babies die without an apparent cause, and when a medical examiner does the exam, they have to write it out as something," explains McEntire.
Established in 1983, the institute conducts research and promotes public awareness of SIDS.
"We're learning more every day, but we still haven't learned the final answer, which is the cause, and the way to get rid of it," the doctor adds.
'Back to Sleep'
Since the early 1990s, the American Academy of Pediatrics has fostered a campaign encouraging parents and caregivers to place infants 12 months and younger to sleep on their backs, rather than their stomachs, noting a significant decrease in the incidence of SIDS among back-sleeping babies. The rate of SIDS has dropped by more than 50 percent since that recommendation.
Even so, it remains the leading cause of death in infants.
"There's a theory called the Triple Risk Model, which says there could be a subtle defect in some infants that leads to SIDS, when combined with their vulnerable age and external factors, such as sleeping on their tummies, sleeping in bed with their parents, sleeping in a hot room or a too-quiet room," explains McEntire. "The problem is those defects are so subtle we can't even detect they're there."
At the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Bethesda, Md., the fruits of 25 years of research are coming to the fore, according to Dr. Marian Willinger, special assistant for SIDS.
"We've learned that the majority of babies who die of SIDS have some abnormality in their brain-stem nerve cells that use serotonin," she says. "This area of the brain stem controls how the baby responds to low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide. It controls blood pressure, arousal -- everything involved in protective responses during sleep."
The problem is that no hard-and-fast screening tool exists to identify those babies.
"We can only detect this subtle finding by doing neurochemical studies on the brain after the baby has died," adds Willinger. "Right now, we're working on trying to identify those babies early, because if we can figure out what's going on, we may be able to intervene and prevent instances of SIDS."
SIDS can occur in any family -- all races and socioeconomic groups -- without warning, notes Dr. Steven Shapiro, chair of pediatrics at Abington Memorial Hospital, agreeing that, at times, a genetic predisposition can be uncovered.
Says Shapiro: "The discovery of Familial Dysautonomia, a disease most prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews, may be a factor in a SIDS baby. This is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system, and 85 percent of it can be found in Ashkenazi Jews."
Shapiro, who is also in private practice and a member of the Montgomery County Child Death Review Team, adds that in comparison to the United States, there are other cultures where SIDS does not exist.
"For example, there doesn't seem to be any incidences of SIDS in some of the tropical and Pacific Island countries. We looked at sleep cultures and sleep patterns, and found that all these babies were sleeping on their backs," he says. "Even in Japan, where babies are swaddled as they sleep on their backs or carried by their mothers in an upright position, the syndrome is almost unheard of."
For now, parents need to know four things about reducing the risk of SIDS, states McEntire: "Put your baby to sleep on his or her back for naps and at night; place the crib in your bedroom until your infant is at least 6 months old; leave the crib bare of anything, adding more layers of clothing for warmth rather than covers; and finally, don't expose your child to smoking, both before and after birth.
"If you do these things, the risk of SIDS is extremely low," she says.
Other cautionary measures in the prevention of SIDS include the use of pacifiers in the first year of life, breastfeeding, and early and regular prenatal and postnatal care. And according to a recent study from the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, placing a fan in an infant's sleeping quarters increases air venillation, and thus could potentially decrease incidences of SIDS by as much as 75 percent.
Most SIDS-related deaths occur between the ages of 2- to 4-months old, with the numbers greater among boys than girls.
Rita Charleston contributed to this article.
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We intend, with the continuing agreement of our landlords, to continue to keep St Helen’s Chapel as a place that will welcome worshippers, pilgrims and visitors from across the world. As our Archbishop has said: “it is too precious to abandon.”
It is difficult to say how old the chapel is - its foundations are on a Roman theatre and it was restored by the Normans in 1076. It is probably one of the oldest places of worship in use in Britain. Local traditions say that the chapel was originally built by St Helen herself, which would make it about 1,700 years old!
St Helen has been the patron saint of Colchester for over 1,000 years. British tradition claims she was the daughter of Old King Coel and was born in Colchester. There have been many dedications in Colchester to St Helen or Helena, from the medieval Guild of St Helen to her statue that stands on top of the Town Hall.
What is more widely accepted is that she was the mother of Constantine the Great, the first Christian Emperor of Rome and is said to have discovered the True Cross in Jerusalem. She is venerated widely and, for her influence on the early church, is called an Equal of the Apostles.
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Use the USDA Choose My Plate Guidelines during Your Pregnancy
No single food can satisfy all your nutritional needs. The USDA Choose My Plate is a general guideline that illustrates the relative proportions of servings you should eat in each group. To get some specific recommendations tailored for your pre-pregnancy weight and activity level, go to Choose My Plate and create a profile to receive a personalized Daily Food Plan.
The Choose My Plate (formerly known as the food pyramid) includes the following food groups:
Grains: While there are many different types of grains that are healthy to eat, the Choose My Plate refers to fortified dry and cooked cereals. Choose ones that are fortified with folic acid when possible. Other grains such as
Vegetables: Vegetables are divided into five groups, based on their nutrient content. The following list orders them from highest nutrient content (dark green vegetables) to lowest (other vegetables), and includes examples within each category:
Dark green vegetables: Spinach, dark green leafy lettuce, romaine lettuce, broccoli, kale, turnip greens, watercress
Orange vegetables: Carrots; pumpkin; sweet potatoes; acorn, butternut, and Hubbard squash
Dry beans/peas: Pinto, black, garbanzo, kidney, navy, soy, and white beans; split peas; lentils; tofu
Starchy vegetables: Potatoes, corn, green peas, green lima beans
Other vegetables: Cabbage, cauliflower, iceberg lettuce, green beans, celery, green and red peppers, mushrooms, onions, tomatoes, asparagus, cucumbers, eggplant
Pregnant women should try to fill half of their plate with fruits or vegetables. Any of the preceding vegetables or pure vegetable juice counts toward this goal, but dark green or orange vegetables and dried beans are best because their nutrient content is higher. Eating a variety of different vegetables is also important, though.
Fruits: A variety of fruits is an important part of your diet while you are pregnant. Fruits are not only a good source of vitamins and minerals, but they also provide fiber, which is very important during pregnancy to help reduce constipation. Fruits contain healthy amounts of vitamins A and C, as well as potassium.
You can choose fresh, frozen, canned, or dried fruits. Go easy on the fruit juices, though, because they can contain lots of extra sugar.
Dairy: Foods that fall in this group include milk, yogurt, and cheese, and all are great sources of calcium. It’s best to focus on low-fat or fat-free milk products whenever possible. An average-sized woman needs to consume about three cups of milk or milk products per day.
Protein: Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, and nuts fall into this category. You should focus on low-fat and lean foods in this category and vary your choices. Baking, broiling, and grilling are the healthiest ways to cook meat, poultry, and fish. During pregnancy, you should eat five to seven ounces of food from this category daily.
Experiencing morning sickness during the first trimester is very common. If you’re experiencing this nausea and can’t eat a well-balanced diet, you may wonder whether you’re getting enough nutrition for you and the baby.
You actually can go for several weeks not eating an optimal diet without any ill effects on the baby. You may find that the only foods you can tolerate are foods heavy in starch or carbohydrates. If all you feel like eating are potatoes, bread, and pasta, go right ahead. Keeping something down is better than starving.
As your pregnancy progresses, your body needs a lot of extra fluid. Early on, some women who don’t drink enough liquid feel weak or faint. Later in pregnancy, dehydration can lead to premature contractions. Make a point of drinking plenty of water (or milk) — about six to eight glasses a day, and a bit more if you are carrying more than one baby.
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Nutritionists and health experts call kale a “superfood”, and it’s no longer a surprise. From lowering cholesterol levels to promoting bone health and preventing cancer risk, kale proves to be a veggie worth earning the superfood brand.
So, if you aren’t adding this superfood to your plate yet, you might find today a good time to start. Discover how eating kale can protect your bones, aid your weight loss efforts, and reduce your risk of diabetes and cancer.
We’ve also compiled in a handy list some yummy ways you can enjoy kale in a healthy diet!
What is Kale?
Kale belongs to the Brassica family along with broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and turnip. This green, leafy veggie is native to Asian Minor and the Mediterranean region and has been cultivated and used for culinary purposes since 2000 B.C.
Kale is classified into different varieties depending on the type of its leaves. These include curly-leaf, bumpy leaf, plain-leaf, and leaf and spear (a cross between plain-leaf and curly-leaf).
Kale also varies in color from light green to purple to red, depending on its type. The most common varieties, however, include the Lacinato, Red Russian, and Salad Savoy.
Kale: Interesting Facts
Kale is super dense in nutrients! A cup of raw kale offers impressive amounts of vitamins A, C, and K! Aside from these essential vitamins, it is also loaded with calcium, magnesium, folate, fiber, protein, and iron.
Kale also contains lutein, a carotenoid vitamin that gives plants its color. This nutrient is known to promote healthy eyes.
Want to snack on a healthy treat? You can enjoy kale chips instead of sodium-rich potato chips! Baked kale chips are not only low in calories but are delicious and nutritious, too!
What are the Health Benefits of Kale?
There’s a good reason why kale is hailed as a superfood. It’s packed with vital nutrients and other essential compounds that allow our bodies to thrive. Here’s what makes this cruciferous veggie oh-so-healthy!
Kale lowers blood cholesterol
Many veggies that belong in the Brassica family are rich in phenolic compounds that combat various health conditions such as high cholesterol.
A recent study discovered that men with high cholesterol reduced their LDL or bad cholesterol levels by 10 percent after drinking kale juice.
The results of the study suggest that kale juice can lower the risk of coronary artery disease in men with hyperlipidemia.
Kale is beneficial for diabetes sufferers
People suffering from diabetes are more susceptible to vision loss. Thankfully, kale is here to the rescue! Not only is it rich with fiber but lutein and beta-carotene as well.
These important compounds found in kale support eye health, making it a wise food choice for diabetics.
It is also packed with other key nutrients such as potassium, which helps lower blood pressure, a known risk factor for diabetes.
Kale also contains manganese, an essential trace mineral that helps to control blood sugar levels in your body.
Kale promotes bone health
Kale is a rich source of vitamin K. In fact, a cup of kale contains more than 600 percent of the recommended daily allowance of this important nutrient! Vitamin K has been found to increase bone mineral density, and reduce the risk of bone fractures.
Kale combats inflammation
Aside from promoting healthy bones, vitamin K found in kale is also prized for its anti-inflammatory properties. The superfood is also a great source of omega-3 fatty acids and sulforaphane, which help prevent inflammation.
Kale helps to rid your body of toxins
One of the important nutrients contained in kale is potassium, which is considered the cellular detox mineral. Potassium works to eliminate waste from your cells, cleansing your system so your body can function optimally.
Kale suppresses appetite
Kale is also thought to promote weight loss. Like other healthy veggies, kale is high in valuable nutrients and low in calories.
A cup of raw kale only has 33 calories in it. This nutritious veggie is also rich in dietary fiber, which leaves you feeling satiated for longer, reducing appetite and cravings.
Kale prevents the risk of cancer
Kale has also been linked to reduced cancer risk. Many of the nutrients and vital compounds contained in kale such as vitamin K, flavonoids, and other antioxidants fight against inflammation and oxidative stress.
Inflammation and oxidative damage contribute to a higher risk of cancer.
Kale promotes healthy hair and skin
If you think kale is only good for your inside, well, there’s more to it that you probably don’t know yet. The significant amounts of beta-carotene found in kale are converted into vitamin A by your body whenever necessary.
This essential nutrient promotes tissue growth, including hair and skin. Vitamin A also plays an important role in sebum production that helps to keep your hair and skin moisturized.
Aside from skin and hair health, vitamin A supports the vision, immune function, and reproductive function as well. But that’s not all because kale is also rich in vitamin C, another vital nutrient that helps to produce and sustain collagen.
Having adequate amounts of vitamin C can synthesize collagen, a protein that supports the structure of your bones, hair, and skin. Since kale boasts a great amount of vitamin C, it helps to promote and maintain healthy skin and gorgeous hair!
How Can You Add Kale to Your Diet?
The good news is, you can easily reap the health perks of kale because it’s so simple to add to your diet! Below are some tasty tips on how to use kale to make yummy meals:
Make a kale side dish
All you need is to saute kale in olive oil with some fresh garlic and onion to create a yummy side dish!
Bake your own kale chips
Baked kale chips are a healthier option than potato chips. You only need to spray kale leaves with some olive oil and season them with salt and pepper. Add any herb or spices of your choice for that extra flavor. Bake for 10 to minutes at 350 degrees, and snack on!
Add kale to your salads
You can use kale instead of lettuce in your salads, too! Just remember to take out the stems because they can be tough. Kale stems also taste bitter if consumed raw. You can whip your favorite salad dressing for that extra tasty goodness!
Make a kale smoothie
You can also enjoy a green smoothie using kale. After de-stemming the kale put it in a blender pitcher together with an adequate liquid such as water or milk.
Blend until you achieve a juice-like consistency. Add the other ingredients that you want, like apple, celery, and flax seeds, and then blend again.
What are the Potential Risks of Consuming Kale?
While kale boasts an impressive nutritional profile and a wide array of health benefits, like other superfoods, it may interact with certain health conditions and medications, too.
Take note of these potential risks before adding kale to your diet:
Kale, along with its cousins in the Brassica family, may have interactions with thyroid function if consumed in high amounts. If you have thyroid problems like hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, it’s best to consult with your doctor first about adding kale to your diet.
It’s also best to avoid kale consumption if you are taking blood thinners like warfarin. Making sudden dietary changes is not advised, especially if you are taking such medications. Adding foods rich in vitamin K like kale to your diet may interact with these medicines since vitamin K plays a major role in blood clotting.
If you have kidney problems, it is also advised to moderately consume potassium-rich foods like kale. Kidney problems make it difficult for your body to get rid of excess potassium from your blood, which may have adverse effects on your health.
While there are rare cases, some people might be allergic to cruciferous veggies like kale, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, and cabbage. If you have a certain veggie allergy, it’s highly advised to avoid consumption to prevent adverse effects.
Kale is so nutritious that it has earned an amazing reputation when it comes to promoting optimum health. Luckily, enjoying kale in a nutritious diet is a breeze!
You can make a green kale smoothie, add it to your healthy salads, or incorporate it into your favorite recipes.
Probably one of the best ways you can enjoy kale is by baking it for a nutritious snack. It will give you that crunchy, tasty grub that’s absolutely nutritious!
To make it even more nutrient-dense, you can use extra virgin olive oil or avocado oil for baking your kale chips.
The bottom line is, kale is certainly one of the healthiest foods on the planet. It makes a great addition to a well-balanced, healthy diet, especially if you want to boost your nutritional intake and overall health and wellness.
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Matching and correcting color in clips
Video: Matching and correcting color in clipsDocumentaries are often shot on the run, and videographers don't always have the time to white balance their camera or even position the sun behind their backs. They're focused on getting the action in that moment. So as editor you could end up with clips side by side in the project that were shot in a variety of locations, times of day, and very possibly with different cameras. A larger documentary project might enlist the services of a specialized coloring facility, but for a smaller project, such as your Farm to Table doc, you as editor will be expected to make the clips match as seamlessly as possible.
Viewers: in countries Watching now:
This course shows how to build a polished documentary using Apple Final Cut Pro X and a few essential editing techniques. Author Diana Weynand demonstrates documentary editing in a real-world project, breaking down the process into a series of manageable steps and milestones. After reviewing existing footage, explore how to build and define a narrative, assemble rough cuts, and create motion graphics. Then see how to adjust B-roll shots, incorporate color correction and audio mixing techniques, and export the final movie.
This course is part of a series that looks at documentary editing from the point of view of 3 different editors in 3 different editing applications. For more insight on editing documentary projects, take a look at Documentary Editing with Avid Media Composer and Documentary Editing with Premiere Pro.
- Interpreting a creative brief
- Logging interviews and organizing footage
- Pulling selects and focusing ideas
- Assembling scenes into rough cuts
- Creating a title graphic sequence
- Animating images
- Tightening clip timing
- Compressing and exporting multiple files
Matching and correcting color in clips
Documentaries are often shot on the run, and videographers don't always have the time to white balance their camera or even position the sun behind their backs. They're focused on getting the action in that moment. So as editor you could end up with clips side by side in the project that were shot in a variety of locations, times of day, and very possibly with different cameras. A larger documentary project might enlist the services of a specialized coloring facility, but for a smaller project, such as your Farm to Table doc, you as editor will be expected to make the clips match as seamlessly as possible.
Now we won't be getting into a lot of depth about color correcting, there are other courses in lynda.com, such as Color Correction in Final Cut Pro X, but I do want to just show you a few little tricks and tips that you can use to apply to the clips in this project. First thing we want to do is to prepare the Timeline and the entire interface to focus on coloring, and we won't be focusing on audio so we can toggle off the audio meters. We won't be looking at waveforms in our clips, so we can go to our Clip Appearance and just use the video thumbnails.
We can make our Clip Height a little taller so we can see a clear reference to what we want to work with. Now, there are some things we can do in the area above the Timeline. For example, we don't need to be working with the event library, so we can close that. We can create more space for the viewer by dragging the boundary line, and we're definitely going to need the information window so we can go ahead and open that. Another thing we're going to want to do is we're going to turn on some scopes, video scopes, and we find those under the Window menu, the shortcut is Command+7.
When you display the Video Scopes, it shares the viewer with the image, and what comes up is an RGB Overlay as a default. What I like to choose is Waveform. So if you go to the first marker in the Timeline and select that clip and then zoom in, we can see that this looks like a really good clip, good color, but it's just a little dark. Well, one of the things that you can do in Final Cut Pro, when you click on the Video tab of a particular clip in the information window, is that there's an option to choose Balance.
Notice that it says Balance and then Not Analyzed. Well, Balance is one of the things that Final Cut Pro can look at on import. When you import clips, you can ask Final Cut Pro to go ahead and take a look and automatically give it its first pass at balancing, and that would be the same thing as clicking this button now. Let's go ahead and do that and see what we get. Well, notice, and you can look over here in the waveform that, that raised the overall video levels. I'm going to deselect it, because you can toggle it off and on anytime you want.
Notice the levels are a little low and the image looks a little dark just clicking that Balance button raises everything up, and you can see the effect of it over here in the waveform. Well, let's jump down to some other clips. There are these three clips of this man picking, and then cutting or trimming these particular herbs, and then the next one of throwing them in the box. Well, all of these have a greenish tint, and then this third one looks particularly dark. Let's see what happens when we change the Color Balance for this first clip.
First, select the clip, because right now we're still seeing the selected clip that you've just adjusted over here in the information window. So select the man who is doing the picking and notice his Balance box is not checked, so go ahead and click that, and look at what a difference that made. That took a lot of the green out of that shot. You may not be entirely pleased with that, but it certainly gets you in the right direction. If you want to continue to tweak that color, go ahead and step in to the Color Board.
The Color Board is divided into three areas, Exposure, Saturation, and Color, and these are the three aspects of an image that you can change when it comes to color. The three knobs below allow you to adjust the highlights, the brighter portion of the image, and notice how the waveform changes there. The midrange-- now, the midrange is a good thing to know, because that often is what you adjust to bring the level down for faces. In fact, if we put it back to normal, his face looks a little washed out, so we'll drop the level down for his face just a little bit, and we'll leave the Color alone.
Go back to the video, and if you want to see what it looks like before and after, you just click the Color button. Now, if we go to the next clip, we see we have a similar problem with that green. Well, rather than start from scratch, what we know is that we really want this clip to sort of match up and look a lot like this clip. So what we can do is do that very thing, we can ask Final Cut Pro rather than Balance it independently, we can say no, Match the Color. And as soon as you click the Match Color button, see the little box is not completely filled yet, and that's because Final Cut is talking to you.
Right here it's saying, Skim to a frame you want to match. And let's go to the clip that we just finished adjusting and find a frame that you think is representative. This might be good right here. Notice in the Timeline, above the clip, there's a little camera next to the pointer. So when you click that frame, Final Cut applies that fix to this clip. Now, if you're not happy with it, well, pick another frame. So you can keep hunting for the frame you want, and when you do find it, go ahead and click Apply Match.
Now, remember, you may not get exactly what you want, but it gets you in the ballpark. And then what you can do once you're in the ballpark is you can go ahead and go to your Color Board and make adjustments to this particular clip. And again, as you would do with anything, you would find a representative frame. And I'm going to look at the frame where his hands are visible because what I'm thinking there is that they look a little purplish. So this might be where you click on the Color tab and take the overall level in a different direction.
So let's see, well, if I drag down, I go towards red, and that's not good. I go up. So you can adjust and play around a little bit, but know that when you make these sweeping motions, they can improve things, or they can make things look not as good. And if you don't like what you did, you can just press Command+Z. The trick with that is don't let go of the knob as you're controlling it so that you can just do one undo. So basically what we've got are two shots that are starting to look the same, and then we have a third shot.
Well, let's see what happens if we just Balance that clip. Well, Final Cut Pro really made it a little brighter, and now it seems to match the others. Let's take a look at these in real-time. (BD Dautch: ...to bring their produce. And that allows a high quality of freshness. And because of all the micro-climates that there are around here, people grow everything from mangos to cherries...) This gives you an idea--I'm going to press Shift+Z--and what you can do is go through your project and find clips that need help. And I would suggest, always select the clip, and then starting with what Final Cut Pro can offer in that clip, in it's automatic Balance or Matching Color, and then go into the manual correction from there.
Any steps you take to color correct, even the shortest documentary, will make a huge difference to the final piece. So make sure to put on your colorist hat and take a pass through your doc before you sign off on it. The more you can restore a realistic color balance and match out of whack clips, the more professional your documentary will look.
There are currently no FAQs about Documentary Editing with Final Cut Pro X v10.0.9.
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As of 2010, women take only 18.4 percent of computer science degrees.
As America searches for the root cause of technology’s disturbing gender gap, a new report shows that it can eliminate one possible culprit: high school math. The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), the so-called “national report card”, was released today with fresh statistics on how America’s youth are doing on math and reading.
In fundamental mathematics, boys and and girls are nearly identical, with 52 percent and 48 percent taking the AP calculus test. But girls represent only 19 percent of AP computer science test-takers.
The NAEP finds that on nearly every measure of importance (interest in math, highest level taken, and proficiency), boys and girls are nearly identical (figures calculated from data from the Department of Education here)
With this data, it’s difficult to make the case that the reason girls are underrepresented in computer science is because they just don’t have the same logical prowess as boys. But there’s nothing fundamentally different between statistics, calculus, and computer science.
The culprit, then, is likely cultural. We don’t have the same expectation that girls will join their male peers as they truck off to computer science. Indeed, Berkeley University, which first saw women outnumber men in its intro computer science course, attributes its rebalancing to a concerted campus effort.
This is good news, because its seems like a solvable problem. If the nation devotes more resources for encouraging girls to take computer science, we could solve one of the underlying issues with gender imbalance in the tech industry.
Other fun facts from the report: There’s not been any significant change in math stats over the last four years. We’re no better but no worse at getting girls interested in math.
However, the discrepancy between races is extraordinary. Nearly half of Asian/Pacific Islander students tested as proficient in math, compared to 33 percent of white students, 26 percent of multiracial students, 12 percent of Hispanic and Native American students, and seven percent of African American students.
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With childhood obesity in North America tripling over the past 20 years, what kids are eating has become a major concern. Here are some ideas to help establish a pattern for a healthy lifestyle:
1. Do set a good example for your child to copy. Share mealtimes and eat the same healthy foods.
2. Do discourage snacking on sweets and fatty foods. Keep plenty of healthy foods, such as fruits, raw vegetables, low-fat crackers, and yogurt, around for children to eat between meals.
3. Do allow children to follow their natural appetites when deciding how much to eat.
4. Do encourage children to enjoy fruits and vegetables by giving them a variety from an early age.
5. Don’t give skim or 1-percent-fat milk to children under the age of 5 unless your doctor prescribes it; at this stage, children need the extra calories in whole milk.
6. Do ask children to help prepare meals. If parents rely mostly on convenience foods, children may not learn to enjoy cooking.
7. Don’t add unnecessary sugar to drinks and foods.
8. Don’t accustom children to extra salt by adding it to food or placing the shaker on the table.
9. Don’t give whole nuts to children under the age of 5, who may choke on them. Peanut butter and chopped nuts are fine as long as the child is not allergic to them.
10. Don’t force children to eat more than they want.
11. Don’t use food as a bribe.
12. Don’t make children feel guilty about eating any type of food.
Easy, Healthful Snacks
Stock up on healthful snacks that children and teenagers can nibble on throughout the day.
- Breads and crackers with spreads such as peanut butter, low-fat cheese, canned tuna or sardines, and lean cold cuts.
- Rice cakes and whole-grain crackers or breadsticks.
- Fresh and dried fruits.
- Sticks of carrot, celery, or other raw vegetables, and cherry tomatoes with nutritious dips.
- Plain popcorn.
- Breakfast cereals.
- Water, milk, or fruit juice.
Just found the worst page in the entire dictionary. What I saw was disgraceful, disgusting, dishonest, and disingenuous.
Client: We need you to log in to the YouTube and make all our company videos viral.
My cat just walked up to the paper shredder and said, “Teach me everything you know.”
“Just because you can’t dance doesn’t mean you shouldn’t dance.” —Alcohol
@yoyoha (Josh Hara)
My parents didn’t want to move to Florida, but they turned 60 and that’s the law.
Q: What do you call an Amish guy with his hand in a horse’s mouth?
A: A mechanic.
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“One day I will find the right words, and they will be simple.” ― Jack Kerouac
More people will understand your message if you use simple words. Whereas, more people will have difficulty understanding your message if you use complex words.
If your main concern is to get your work out to the general public, then it’s better to use simple words.
Human beings have evolved to be able to communicate with each other. If you can explain what you want with any type of word, that’s fine. The words don’t need to be complicated or hard.
What matters most is the message you’re trying to communicate to the world; not complex words.
If I can jump in certain pattern and make you understand what I mean, then that’s enough.
If I can make you understand my feelings by writing, “swauhidbthkbxeutkxugoedudalost” and you understand it, then that’s done!
Using complicated words will only make your message hard to decipher. Which is of no use. Use words which everybody is familiar with.
If your target audience is familiar with complex words, then it doesn’t matter. For example: Doctors, Scholars, Scientists, etc. But those — hard to understand — words should be avoided while writing for the general public.
I have been trying to make my writing as simple as possible. If I can communicate in simple words, then I’ve done my job well.
Explaining your feelings in simple words is really difficult. If you were to explain what jealousy means to a kid who doesn’t understand the word, you’ll have hard time explaining it.
“If you can’t explain it to a six year old, you don’t understand it yourself.” ― Albert Einstein
Simplicity is difficult, not only in words, but in every aspect of life. I have difficulty trying to make a simple website. Anyone can code a website that looks complex. But it takes lots of effort to bring it down to usability and simplicity.
Simple websites are easy to use, easy to understand, nice to look at. In practice, websites are either unusable or ugly and in general filled with too many complicated words.
Simplicity is the most difficult thing to secure in this world; it is the last limit of experience and the last effort of genius. – George Sand
Hence, try and move towards simplicity in every aspect of your life. Simplicity as a result of a creative process is “the ultimate sophistication”!
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Bible lessons about Genesis 46:34
Found 1 results. (0.09 seconds)
34 that ye shall say, Thy servants have been keepers of cattle from our youth even until now, both we, and our fathers: that ye may dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians.
"And they said unto Pharaoh, To sojourn in the land are we come; for there is no pasture for thy servants’ flocks; for the famine is sore in the land of Canaan: now therefore, we pray thee, let thy servants dwell in the land of Goshen." - Genesis 47:4
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I ran across an article in MDDI on virtual prototyping that could have an impact on clinical trials. There is mixed opinion on the value of clinical trials. Advocates claim they are necessary to ensure patient safety, while many in the device industry argue trials are only necessary for complex medical devices.
However, there is almost universal agreement that these trials are expensive and enrollment is challenging. So what can be done to help alleviate these issues?
The article highlights the Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science departments at the University of Minnesota. They have built a prototyping device that can help reduce the clinical trial burden that many companies face. Only three of these devices exist – one at UM’s Medical Device Center, one at Boston Scientific under a joint development program and the third at the University’s Computer Science department.
The prototype device helps cut down the number of recruits a company needs. How is this done? A company would be able to virtually prototype and implant a medical device allowing companies to collect data and modify the device. The article contains a video that goes into more detail. Saurav Pau, Director of the Medical Devices Center’s Innovation Fellows program indicates that CDRH Director Jeffrey Shuren is aware of the device.
The goal is for the device to be ultimately approved, the clinical trial data requirements minimized and also count toward an FDA submission. Thus, helping speed the timing of the trial and impacting overall costs.
What are your thoughts on virtual prototyping and do you believe it will have an impact on clinical trials. Please share your thoughts below.
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Though Thanksgiving as we know it would not become a national holiday until Lincoln declared it in 1863, colonial Virginians found many occasions to give thanks. Journeyman cook Barbara Scherer tells us what was on the table, and explains that technically, you’re probably not roasting your turkey at all.
Harmony Hunter: Hey, welcome to the podcast. I’m Harmony Hunter. In November when the leaves change and the air gets crisp, Americans turn their thoughts to turkey. Although Thanksgiving would not become a national holiday until 1863, colonial Virginians welcomed the turn of the season with dishes that reflected practicality and festivity in equal measure. Joining us now to talk about fall feasts of the 18th century is journeymen cook Barbara Scherer from our Historic Foodways program. Barbara, thank you for being here today.
Barbara Scherer: It’s a pleasure.
Harmony: Well, first things first. Was Thanksgiving celebrated in colonial Virginia?
Barbara: Well, you say Thanksgiving, where I say giving thanks. That’s a big difference. As you heard from the introduction here, Thanksgiving didn’t actually officially come around until 1863, but we have been giving thanks in Virginia for a long time before that. We have reference of Berkley Plantation giving thanks for the first permanent settlers coming in 1619.
Harmony: Berkley Plantation on the James is very near here, just three or 4 miles from where we're sitting. Now, so we have sort of a regional claim to maybe not Thanksgiving, but a feast of giving thanks.
Harmony: …in the fall season. What’s a little bit more of the history behind that Thanksgiving or giving thanks at Berkley?
Barbara: It was to welcome the new settlers, the permanent settlers that came in 1619. So basically that is way they were giving thanks. And then of course we all know of Plymouth in 1621.
Harmony: What do we know about the giving thanks at Berkley? Do we know sort of what they prepared or how they marked the occasion?
Barbara: No we don’t, but I can tell you the kinds of foods you would have found in this area at that time. You’re looking at turkey, goose, duck, roast beef definitely, you’re going to have lots of beef, venison, pork, oysters and sturgeon. That’s the kinds of foods you’re going to have. Notice I say lots of meat because it’s a celebration.
Harmony: So starting with fowl: you mentioned goose and turkey. Would those animals have been hunted and slaughtered specifically in the fall?
Barbara: No, no. They can be eaten anytime. You can get a bird and you can pluck it and gut it and have it on the spit within 20 minutes. Much, much fresher than we have today. Its your bigger animals are more seasonal in the sense of your beef you’re going to have more of it in the cooler months. You’re going to have your veal in your summer months so that the butcher can get rid, sell all the meat he has because he’s buying it from a slaughterhouse.
Harmony: Now when you eat the pork or the beef in the fall is it tied to the fact that you’re going to be preserving it and putting it up for the cold weather, in the cold season, that you can only do that when the weather's cold?
Barbara: Well, yes. That is a way you can do that, but if you’re at Berkley you are going to preserve your meats, but if you’re in the City of Williamsburg we have butcher's shop and market stalls so therefore you can actually buy fresh meat from a butcher just exactly like you can today.
Harmony: I always thought that we slaughtered pigs in the fall because then you could salt them, cure them, smoke them and then the meat would keep through the winter, but you’re saying that we had more of a convenience like today.
Barbara: In the city.
Harmony: In the city?
Barbara: Notice I keep on saying in the city because we’re city folk in Williamsburg. We’re not country folk. We’re city folk.
Harmony: In the metropolis of Williamsburg.
Barbara: That’s right.
Harmony: So those are the types of foods you’re eating. What are some of the preparations? Today we roast a turkey and maybe, you know…
Barbara: Well we don’t roast. Do you put your turkey in an oven? Why are you calling it roasting?
Harmony: What’s the proper term?
Barbara: That’s baking, because when you put an apple pie in your oven do you roast it or bake it?
Harmony: I suppose I bake it. So what’s truly roasting?
Barbara: Roasting is when it’s on a spit and the fire is behind it. If you go to the supermarkets today you’ll see those modern rotisseries. If you look at them closely you’ll see that the heat element is always behind the meat and therefore as it's turning, it's sealing it in. Roasting means back heat. If you go into the Palace Kitchen you will see that we have a spit and we have a clock jack and you will see that the spit is in front of the fire.
Harmony: Well, I will never make that mistake again. Tell me more about the preparation. If we’re going to say, “We’re having a fall feast,” we can’t exactly call it Thanksgiving, but let’s say there’s a feast in the fall and it’s related to some of these harvests.
Barbara: But realize we don’t have to have a feast in the fall. We’re giving thanks for anything. Maybe you’ve had the birth of a child. Let’s give thanks for that. Maybe it’s the Queen’s birthday. Thanks is not a season. It means you’re just rejoicing, celebrating in it, so that’s why we can give thanks anytime. As I say, it’s not until much later on do we think Thanksgiving, “Oh, its November, it’s got to be Thanksgiving." But no, I mean when you celebrate a birthday you’re really giving thanks for that.
Harmony: So in the period would there have been Thanksgiving feasts or feasts of giving thanks throughout the year then?
Harmony: Ok. So if it comes in the fall then, if we happen to be celebrating the birth of a child in the fall, or whatever the occasion may be, what types of foods are we going to see in the fall that we might not see in the spring or summer?
Barbara: Well you’re looking at all your winter vegetables and of course you can preserve stuff in the spring and the summer for the celebration in the fall.
Harmony: Would it have been preserved? Were they using canning method yet?
Harmony: It would have been salting or pickling?
Barbara: It would be pickling. Now your meats you’re going to preserve. Your pork is going to be in a dry salt, but you can corn your meat where today we call it corned beef. You can corn your meat in a salt brine. You got beef then.
Harmony: So it’s not so much tied to the seasons as I had assumed because there might have been food preserved or there might have been a local butcher that allowed you to find pretty much the same types of foods throughout the year.
Barbara: Well look at your larger animals; definitely your pork. You’re also going to see here a lot of your cabbages and your broccoli and your cauliflowers and a lot of vegetables like that. Your spinach even. We’re not looking at soft fruits but we’re looking at the apples and the pears that we’ve picked and put into barrels.
Harmony: What about grains that might have been harvested at the end of fall?
Barbara: Yeah, you’re looking at your barley.
Harmony: And so those are dishes that might turn up more typically just because people had them fresh on hand.
Barbara: Yeah, your wheat.
Harmony: How are those manifested on the table? Wheat obviously would be bread. What are they doing with barley?
Barbara: Well you can make beer with it.
Harmony: Oh, then there’s no feast without beer.
Barbara: No feast, no.
Harmony: You’ve mentioned some of these winter vegetables, your root vegetables; cabbage, spinach, apples. How are those being prepared maybe?
Barbara: Well you can do cabbage and onion cakes which is on our blog. You can do stuffed cabbage. Those are just two things. I mean there are plenty other things you could do. You could also do carrots and onions in the Dutch fashion which is also on the food blog. We do a lot of cooking at the Palace from these 18th century cookbooks and I could reel off plenty more but they’re all on the blog, most of them.
Harmony: You’ve mentioned that you cook at the Governor’s Palace, which means the food that we are presenting there represents really the upper crust, really the finest, richest, most abundant varieties of food. That’s what we see in the upper 2% in the gentry-class households.
As we move down the scale to maybe a midland class to maybe an enslaved family, how do the foods that they eat change? Let’s say comparing gentry, begin with comparing gentry to a midland class family. How are their tables going to be different?
Barbara: Well a gentry person is going to have about four or five or even six meats on the table because meat means wealth. Where a midland family have 2 just like a normal family here would either have one or two meats. Now the slave family, or as I consider it, everybody else in Williamsburg who are the dirt farmers they are going to have a one-pot meal; completely different from either of those.
If you’ve only got a cast iron pot then you throw anything you can into it. You can see this being done at the Armory site. So it’s basically how most people eat so you’re looking at one pot meal, one or two meats or just a galore of food.
Harmony: When you are preparing a feast at your house in your kitchen do you find that your background in historic foodways and in the 18th century sort of colors what you put on the table?
Harmony: How do you think that is affecting you?
Barbara: Well, I am a professional chef by trade so with all my background in the 18th century and this. I do make cabbage and onion cakes at home now, which my family adore by the way. They really do. And then I also use my culinary background from college when I’m doing sprouts I chop it up and put pecans in there and just fry them, sauté them up, so I’m using both my background when I entertain, but yes, I have a rotisserie that will hold a 15 pound bird so I can roast.
Harmony: Barbara, thank you so much for being here today and for all of our listeners whose mouths are watering listening to Barbara describe some of these 18th century recipes they have been translated for the modern kitchen on the food blog which you mentioned before. That can be found at History.org. Just look for the History is Served blog and go ahead and fix something a little bit different for your feast of thanks this season.
Barbara: Thank you very much.
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