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Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct Other lipid bioconjugates that include components similar to FSLs but do not have these features are not termed as Function-Spacer-Lipid Kode constructs. A large range of functional groups have already been made into FSL Kode constructs. These include: "Note 1: Multimeric – the presentation of the F residue can be as multimers with controlled spacing and be variable." "Note 2: Mass – the mass that can be anchored by an FSL Kode constructs can range from 200 to >1x10 Da" The spacer is an integral part of the FSL Kode construct and gives it several important characteristics including water dispersibility | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct The lipid tail is essential for enabling lipid membrane insertion and retention but also for giving the construct amphiphilic characteristics that enable hydrophilic surface coating (due to formation of bilipid layers). Different membrane lipids that can be used to create FSLs have different membrane physiochemical characteristics and thus can affect biological function of the FSL. Lipids in FSL Kode constructs include: One of the important functions of an FSL construct is that it can optimise the presentation of antigens, both on cell surfaces and solid-phase membranes. This optimisation is achieved primarily by the spacer, and secondarily by the lipid tail | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct In a typical immunoassay, the antigen is deposited directly onto the microplate surface and binds to the surface either in a random fashion, or in a preferred orientation depending on the residues present on the surface of this antigen. Usually this deposition process is uncontrolled. In contrast, the FSL Kode construct bound to a microplate presents the antigen away from the surface in an orientation with a high level of exposure to the environment. Furthermore, typical immunoassays use recombinant peptides rather than discrete peptide antigens. As the recombinant peptide is many times bigger than the epitope of interest, a lot of undesired and unwanted peptide sequences are also represented on the microplate | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct These additional sequences may include unwanted microbial related sequences (as determined by a BLAST analysis) that can cause issues of low level cross-reactivity. Often the mechanism by which an immunoassay is able to overcome this low level activity is to dilute the serum so that the low level microbial reactive antibodies are not seen, and only high-level specific antibodies result in an interpretable result. In contrast, FSL Kode constructs usually use specifically selected peptide fragments (up to 40 amino acids), thereby overcoming cross-reactivity with microbial sequences, and allowing for the use of undiluted serum (which increases sensitivity) | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct The F component can be further enhanced by presentation of it in multimeric formats and with specific spacing. The four types of multimeric format include linear repeating units, linear repeating units with spacing, clusters, and branching "(Fig. 4)". The FSL Kode construct by nature of its composition in possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are amphiphilic (or amphipathic). This characteristic determines the way in which the construct will interact with surfaces. When present in a solution they may form simple micelles or adopt more complex bilayer structures with two simplistic examples shown in "Fig. 5a". More complex structures are expected. The actual nature of FSL micelles has not been determined | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct However, based on normal structural function of micelles, it is expected that it will be determined in part by the combination of functional group, spacer and lipid together with temperature, concentration, size and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity for each FSL Kode construct type. Surface coatings will occur via two theoretical mechanisms, the first being direct hydrophobic interaction of the lipid tail with a hydrophobic surface resulting in a monolayer of FSL at the surface "(Fig. 5b)". Hydrophobic binding of the FSL will be via its hydrophobic lipid tail interacting directly with the hydrophobic (lipophilic) surface. The second surface coating will be through the formation of bilayers as the lipid tail is unable to react with the hydrophilic surface | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct In this case the lipids will induce the formation of a bilayer, the surface of which will be hydrophilic. This hydrophilic membrane will then interact directly with the hydrophilic surface and will probably encapsulate fibres. This hydrophilic bilayer binding is the expected mechanism by which FSLs are able to bind to fibrous membranes such as paper and glass fibres "(Fig. 5c)" and "(Fig. 9)". After labeling of the surface with the selected F bioactive(s) the constructs will be present and orientated at the membrane surface. It is expected that the FSL will be highly mobile within the membrane and the choice of lipid tail will effect is relative partitioning within the membrane | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct The construct unless it has flip-flop behavior is expected to remain surface presented. However, the modification is not permanent in living cells and constructs will be lost (consumed) at a rate proportional to the activity at the membrane and division rate of the cell (with dead cells remaining highly labeled). Additionally, when present "in vivo" with serum lipids FSLs will elute from the membrane into the plasma at a rate of about 1% per hour. In fixed cells or inactive cells (e.g. red cells) stored in serum free media the constructs are retained normally. Liposomes are easy koded by simply adding FSL Kode constructs into the preparation. Contacting koded liposomes with microplates or other surfaces can cause the labeling of the microplate surface | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct Non-biologic surface coatings will occur via two mechanisms, the first being direct hydrophobic interaction of the lipid tail with a hydrophobic surface resulting in a monolayer of FSL at the surface. The second surface coating will be through the formation of bilayers, which probably either encapsulate fibres or being via the hydrophilic F group. This is the expected mechanism by which FSLs bind to fibrous membranes such as paper and glass fibres. A recent study has found that when FSL Kode constructs are optimised, could in a few seconds glycosylate almost any non-biological surface including metals, glass, plastics, rubbers, and other polymers | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct The technological features of FSL Kode constructs and the koding process can be summarized as follows: FSL constructs have a wide range of uses and they have been used to modify the following: FSL constructs, when in solution (saline) and in contact, will spontaneously incorporate into cell and virus membranes. The methodology involves simply preparing a solution of FSL construct(s) in the range of 1–1000 μg/mL. The actual concentration will depend on the construct and the quantity of construct required in the membrane. One part of FSL solution is added to one part of cells (up to 100% suspension) and they are incubated at a set temperature within the range of 4–37 °C (39–99 °F) depending on temperature compatibility of the cells being modified | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of FSL insertion into the membrane. For red blood cells, at 37 °C incubation for 2 hours achieves >95% insertion with at least 50% insertion being achieved within 20 minutes. In general, FSL insertion time of 4 hours at room temperature or 20 hours at 4 °C gives results similar to 1 hour at 37 °C for carbohydrate based FSLs inserting into red blood cells. The resultant kodecytes or kodevirions do not required to be washed, however this option should be considered if an excess of FSL construct is used in the koding process. FSL Kode constructs have been used for research and development, diagnostic products, and are currently being investigated as potential therapeutic agents | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct FSL have been used to create human red cell kodecytes that have been used to detect and identify blood group allo-antibodies as ABO sub-group mimics, ABO quality control systems, serologic teaching kits and a syphilis diagnostic. Kodecytes have also demonstrated that FSL-FLRO4 is a suitable reagent for labelling packed red blood cells (PRBC) at any point during routine storage and look to facilitate the development of immunoassays and transfusion models focused on addressing the mechanisms involved in tansfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). Murine kodecytes have been experimentally used to determine "in vivo" cell survival, and create model transfusion reactions. Zebrafish kodecytes have been used to determine real time "in vivo" cell migration | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct Kodecytes have been used to create influenza diagnostics. Kodecytes which have been modified with FSL-GB3 were unable to be infected with the HIV virus. Kodevirions are FSL modified viruses. Several FSL Kode constructs have been used to label viruses to assist in their flow-cytometric visualisation and to track them real time distribution in animal models. They have also been used to modify the surface of viruses with the intention of targeting them to be used to attach tumors (oncolytic). Kodesomes are liposomes that have been decorated with FSL Kode constructs. These have been used to deposit FSL constructs onto microplates to create diagnostic assays. They also have the potential for therapeutic use | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct These are solutions containing FSL Kode constructs where the construct will exist as a clear micellular dispersion. FSL-GB3 as a solution/gel has been used to inhibit HIV infection and to neutralise Shiga toxin. FSL blood group A as a solution has been used to neutralise circulating antibodies in a mouse model and allow incompatible blood group A (murine kodecytes) transfusion. This model experiment was used to demonstrate the potential of FSLs to neutralise circulating antibody and allow for incompatible blood transfusion or organ transplantation. All FSL Kode constructs disperse in water and are therefore compatible with inkjet printers. FSL constructs can be printed with a standard desktop inkjet printer directly onto paper to create immunoassays | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct An empty ink cartridge is filled with an FSL construct and words, barcodes, or graphics are printed. A Perspex template is adhered to the surface to create reaction wells. The method is then a standard EIA procedure, but blocking of serum is not required and undiluted serum can be used. A typical procedure is as follows: add serum, incubate, wash by immersion, add secondary EIA conjugate, incubate, wash, add NBT/BCIP precipitating substrate and stop the reaction when developed by washing "(Fig. 9)". The end result is stable for years. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Fourmarierite is a secondary uranium-lead mineral. It was named for the Belgian geologist Paul Fourmarier (1877–1970). Its chemical formula is Pb(UO)O(OH)•4HO. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35828084 | Fourmarierite |
Angelo Andres Angelo "Ginobili" Andres (24 March 1851, Tirano –16 July 1934, Milan) was an Italian zoologist. Dr. studied natural history in Pavia, Leipzig, London and Paris. He became a Professor in Moderna. From 1899–1926 he was director of Museo di Storia Naturale in Parma. He was a friend of Anton Dohrn. Andres was a supporter of Darwinism and gave anniversary lectures supporting his ideas. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35828206 | Angelo Andres |
Sulfido refers to the ligand species S. There is only one donor atom present in this ligand which is sulfur. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35828754 | Sulfido |
WISE J004945.61+215120.0 is a brown dwarf of spectral class T8.5, located in constellation Andromeda at approximately 24 light-years from Earth. was discovered in 2012 by Mace et al. from data, collected by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite — NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope, which mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In 2013, the discovery paper was published. Trigonometric parallax of is not yet measured. Therefore, there are only distance estimates of this object, obtained by indirect — spectrofotometric — means (see table). distance estimates | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835795 | WISE J004945.61+215120.0 |
WISE J031624.35+430709.1 is a brown dwarf of spectral class T8, located in constellation Perseus at approximately 106 light-years from Earth. It is one of the furthest T-class brown dwarfs known. was discovered in 2012 by Mace et al. from data, collected by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite — NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope, which mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In March 2013, the discovery paper was published. Trigonometric parallax of is not yet measured. Therefore, there are only distance estimates of this object, obtained by indirect — spectrofotometric — means (see table). distance estimates | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835799 | WISE J031624.35+430709.1 |
WISE J0005+3737 WISE J0005+3737, full designation WISE J000517.48+373720.5, is a brown dwarf of spectral class T9, located in constellation Andromeda at approximately 23 light-years from Earth. was discovered in 2012 by Mace et al. from data, collected by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite — NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope, which mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. The discovery paper was published in March 2013. Trigonometric parallax of is not yet measured. Therefore, there are only distance estimates of this object, obtained by indirect — spectrophotometric — means (see table). distance estimates | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835864 | WISE J0005+3737 |
WISE 0146+4234 WISE J014656.66+423410.0 (designation abbreviated to WISE 0146+4234) is a binary brown dwarf of spectral classes T9 and Y0 located in the constellation Andromeda. It is approximately 60 light-years from Earth.. was discovered in 2012 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick et al. from data, collected by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite — NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope, which mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In 2012 Kirkpatrick et al. published a paper in The Astrophysical Journal, where they presented discovery of seven new found by WISE brown dwarfs of spectral type Y, among which also was WISE 0146+4234. The distance of was initially estimated to be 20 light-years from earth | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835908 | WISE 0146+4234 |
WISE 0146+4234 Later measurements of its stellar parallax showed that it was actually 60 light-years away. The other six discoveries of brown dwarfs, published in Kirkpatrick et al. (2012): | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835908 | WISE 0146+4234 |
WISE 0359−5401 WISE J035934.06−540154.6 (designation abbreviated to WISE 0359−5401) is a brown dwarf of spectral class Y0, located in constellation Reticulum. Estimated to be approximately 22.5 light-years from Earth, it is one of the Sun's nearest neighbors. was discovered in 2012 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick and colleagues from data collected by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) in the infrared at a wavelength of 40 cm (16 in), whose mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In 2012 Kirkpatrick et al. published a paper in The Astrophysical Journal, where they presented discovery of seven new found by WISE brown dwarfs of spectral type Y, among which also was WISE 0359−5401 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835912 | WISE 0359−5401 |
WISE 0359−5401 The trigonometric parallax of is arcsec, corresponding to a direct inversion distance of , or . The other six discoveries of brown dwarfs, published in "Kirkpatrick et al. (2012)": | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835912 | WISE 0359−5401 |
WISE 0713−2917 WISE J071322.55−291751.9 (designation abbreviated to WISE 0713−2917) is a brown dwarf of spectral class Y0, located in constellation Canis Major at approximately 23 light-years from Earth. was discovered in 2012 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick and colleagues from data collected by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) in the infrared at a wavelength of 40 cm (16 in), whose mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In 2012 Kirkpatrick et al. published a paper in The Astrophysical Journal, where they presented discovery of seven new found by WISE brown dwarfs of spectral type Y, among which also was WISE 0713−2917. Trigonometric parallax of is not yet measured | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835955 | WISE 0713−2917 |
WISE 0713−2917 Therefore, there are only distance estimates of this object, obtained by indirect—spectrophotometric—means (see table). distance estimates The other six discoveries of brown dwarfs, published in Kirkpatrick et al. (2012): | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835955 | WISE 0713−2917 |
WISE 0734−7157 WISE J073444.02−715744.0 (designation abbreviated to WISE 0734−7157) is a brown dwarf of spectral class Y0, located in constellation Volans at approximately 35 light-years from Earth. It is one of the furthest Y0 brown dwarfs known. was discovered in 2012 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick et al. from data, collected by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite — NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope, which mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In 2012 Kirkpatrick et al. published a paper in The Astrophysical Journal, where they presented discovery of seven new found by WISE brown dwarfs of spectral type Y, among which also was WISE 0734−7157. Trigonometric parallax of is not yet measured | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835956 | WISE 0734−7157 |
WISE 0734−7157 Therefore, there are only distance estimates of this object, obtained by indirect — spectrofotometric — means (see table). distance estimates The other six discoveries of brown dwarfs, published in Kirkpatrick et al. (2012): | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835956 | WISE 0734−7157 |
WISE 2220−3628 WISE J222055.31−362817.4 (designation abbreviated to WISE 2220−3628) is a brown dwarf of spectral class Y0, located in constellation Grus at approximately 26 light-years from Earth. was discovered in 2012 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick et al. from data, collected by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite — NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope, which mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In 2012 Kirkpatrick et al. published a paper in The Astrophysical Journal, where they presented discovery of seven new found by WISE brown dwarfs of spectral type Y, among which also was WISE 2220−3628. Y-class dwarfs are among the coldest of all brown dwarfs. Trigonometric parallax of is not yet measured | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835958 | WISE 2220−3628 |
WISE 2220−3628 Therefore, there are only distance estimates of this object, obtained by indirect — spectrofotometric — means (see table). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835958 | WISE 2220−3628 |
Beau Sancy The is a modified "pear double rose cut" diamond found in India that has been owned by a number of European royal houses. In May 2012, it was sold at Sotheby's auction in Geneva for $9.57 million. The original estimated price of $2 million was lifted five times during the eight-minute battle between five buyers, before the diamond was sold to one of them who remained anonymous. The diamond takes its name from Nicolas de Harlay, Lord of Sancy, who brought the diamond to France from India where he had been the French ambassador. Its larger sibling diamond, the Grand Sancy, was sold to James I of England for his Queen, Henrietta Maria. The was acquired by the Queen of France, Marie de Medicis | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35839423 | Beau Sancy |
Beau Sancy From Marie de Medicis, it passed to the Dutch King William, later William III of England, and his wife Queen Mary II. In 1701 it passed from the Dutch royal family to Frederick I of Prussia. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35839423 | Beau Sancy |
Bacteriophage PBC1 is a bacteriophage that infects the spore-forming bacterium "Bacillus cereus". Though this lytic phage is a member of "Siphoviridae", its genome sequence shows little similarity to those of other sequenced phages. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35841019 | Bacteriophage PBC1 |
New York orthohantavirus or New York virus is an "Orthohantavirus". It is considered a strain of "Sin Nombre orthohantavirus". It was first isolated from a white-footed mouse ("Peromyscus leucopus") caught on an island off New York. The virus is associated with typical hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35857252 | New York orthohantavirus |
Bayou orthohantavirus (BAYV) is a species of "Orthohantavirus" first identified in 1993 in Louisiana. indicating the virus to be widespread throughout the Southeastern United States. BAYV infection causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and represents the second most common hantavirus in the United States behind the "Sin Nombre orthohantavirus". | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35857254 | Bayou orthohantavirus |
Nigel Morritt Wace (10 January 1929 India – 4 February 2005 Canberra, Australia) was an authority on the plant life of the four Tristan da Cunha Islands, islands he first visited in 1955 when he visited Gough Island. He was educated at Brambletye School, then Sheikh Bagh Preparatory School in Kashmir, then school in Cheltenham, followed by a period as a commissioned officer in the Royal Marines form where he was invalided out in 1947, progressing to Brasenose College, Oxford. At Brasenose Wace read Agricultural Economics, switching to Botany. His later work on Tristan da Cunha led to his PhD thesis on the vegetation of Gough Island, received from Queen's University, Belfast | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35871518 | Nigel Morritt Wace |
Nigel Morritt Wace Wace's periods in Tristan da Cunha started with his membership as botanist of the Gough Island Scientific Survey from 1955–56. In Australia Wace made a substantial contribution to knowledge of the Australian flora, both in settled parts and in the outback. Wace married Margaret White with whom he had a son and two daughters. Wace's family claims descent from Wace, the 12th-century Jerseyman and chronicler of the House of Normandy. He was employed by the Geography department of Adelaide University, moving later to the Australian National University at Canberra where he was initially a lecturer subsequently head of the university's department of Biogeography and Geomorphology. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35871518 | Nigel Morritt Wace |
NGC 321 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864, by the astronomer Albert Marth. It was the location of the planet Eminiar VII in the original series "" episode "A Taste of Armageddon" (where it was incorrectly identified as a star cluster). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35877597 | NGC 321 |
André Léon Tonnoir (9 April 1885 – 30 January 1940), was a Belgian entomologist. Born in Brussels, Tonnoir studied engineering followed by radiology at university. He worked as a technician during World War I, and after the war had ended he worked with the entomology staff at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences in Brussels. Tonnoir focused in the area of Diptera and worked for the museum until 1921. He was then persuaded by Robert Tillyard to visit Australia for entomology work there. Soon afterwards, he left for Nelson in New Zealand to do research for the Cawthron Institute until 1924. In the same year, he moved to Christchurch for two new roles; curator at the Canterbury Museum and lecturer at Canterbury College | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35879709 | André Léon Tonnoir |
André Léon Tonnoir In 1926, he went back to work for three years at the Cawthron Institute as part of their noxious weeds programme. He eventually went back to Australia, working in Canberra as a Senior Ecologist and Curator. In Canberra he ate a lot of ice cream, and therefore they called him the "ICE-KING". | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35879709 | André Léon Tonnoir |
Renkonen similarity index The (P), is a measure of dissimilarity between two communities (sites), based on relative (proportional) abundances formula_1 of individuals of composite species. It was developed by the botanist Olavi Renkonen and published in 1938. The codomain of this distance function ranges from 1 (identical proportional abundances) to 0 (no taxa shared). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35898747 | Renkonen similarity index |
Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India The (BRAI) is a proposed regulatory body in India for uses of biotechnology products including genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The institute was first suggested under the (BRAI) draft bill prepared by the Department of Biotechnology in 2008. Since then, it has undergone several revisions. The bill has faced opposition from farmer groups and anti-GMO activists. On 23 January 2003, India ratified the Cartagena Protocol which protects biodiversity from potential risks of genetically modified organisms, the products of modern biotechnology. The protocol requires setting up of a regulatory body | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911437 | Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India |
Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Currently, the Genetic Engineering Approvals Committee, a body under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) is responsible for approval of genetically engineered products in India. If the bill is passed, the responsibility will be taken over by the Environment Appraisal Panel, a sub-division of the BRAI. According to the bill, BRAI will have a Chairperson, two full-time members and two part-time members; all will be required to have expertise in life sciences and biotechnology in agriculture, health care, environment and general biology | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911437 | Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India |
Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India The bill also proposes setting up an inter-ministerial governing body, to oversee the performance of BRAI, and a National Biotechnology Advisory Council of stakeholders to provide feedback on the use of biotechnology products and organisms in the society. The regulatory body will be an autonomous and statutory agency to regulate the research, transport, import, and manufacture biotechnology products and organisms. Suman Sahai, founder of the Gene Campaign, has called the bill flawed. According to her, the bill is proposing new institutes without clearly defining their powers and responsibilities. She has also stated that the bill was introduced without consulting the people who will be affected by the bill. P. M | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911437 | Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India |
Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bhargava, founder of the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, has also opposed the bill. He has called the bill unconstitutional, as agricultural policy is the domain of state governments. He pointed out that the bill proposes formation of several subdivisions and has argued that they will consist of bureaucrats with no scientific knowledge. He has accused the Department of Biotechnology, which will be involved in selection of members, as a promoter of genetic technology in India. He has pointed out that the broadly defined term "confidential commercial information" has been kept outside the purview of the Right to Information Act | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911437 | Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India |
Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India He had stated that the bill uses vague wordings which would criminalize sequencing or isolation of DNA and PCR techniques, requiring approval for each usage. Thus, hindering research and education. He pointed out the bill has no provision for mandatory labelling of GM foods. He criticized giving the body power to punish parties making false or misleading statements about GM crops, calling it unprecedented. In September 2010, Jairam Ramesh, then Environment Minister, pointed out that the body is only deals with safety and efficacy of biotechnology products. The issue of commercialization has been left unaddressed | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911437 | Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India |
Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India The decisions regarding commercialization can fall under the purview of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, or Department of Science and Technology. On the other hand, Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises (ABLE) has supported the bill. J.S. Rehman, an entomologist and a former member of the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation, has stated that most protesters associate genetic engineering with Monsanto, as a result development of Indian biotech is being hindered. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911437 | Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India |
Bio Base Europe is an innovation and training center for the biobased economy. It is a platform that supports the development of sustainable, biobased products such as bio-chemicals, bio-plastics, bio-materials, bio-detergents, bio-energy, etc. from renewable biomass resources. Its mission is to stimulate sustainable development and economic growth by facilitating R&D and training for biobased process development. It consists of a Pilot Plant for the biobased economy located in the port of Ghent (Belgium), and a Training Center for the biobased economy in Terneuzen (Netherlands). On December 12, 2008, Europe, Flanders and the Netherlands have allocated €21 million to the Interreg IV project Bio Base Europe | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911445 | Bio Base Europe |
Bio Base Europe is the largest Interreg project ever granted to the Dutch-Flemish border region. The founding fathers are Ghent Bio-Energy Valley and Bio Park Terneuzen. In 2009, has been awarded the Sail of Papenburg prize for best innovative project by the Association of European Border Regions (AEBR). Pilot Plant is a pilot test facility for the biobased economy, built with the aim to close the gap between scientific feasibility and industrial application. It operates from kg to ton scale. The pilot plant hosts a range of process equipment to scale up biobased processes to industrial scale | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911445 | Bio Base Europe |
Bio Base Europe Tests done in the pilot plant enable to assess operating costs, specific strengths and weaknesses of new biobased processes before costly, large-scale investments in production plant facilities are made. Pilot Plant has no industrial shareholders, and operates according to the open innovation service model. Companies and research centres throughout the world that are active in the biobased economy can access these facilities for their technological developments. The processes done in the pilot plant can be divided into the following categories 1. Biorefining: Biomass fractionation and pretreatment 2. Industrial biotechnology 3. Green chemistry 4. Downstream processing In the biorefining operations, biomass can be fractionated in its various parts | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911445 | Bio Base Europe |
Bio Base Europe These operations involve a.o. milling and pulping, dispersion, homogenizing, physical separation such as centrifugation and decantation, filtration including dead end particulate filtration and cross flow membrane filtration,… Biomass can also be pretreated prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, involving pulping and homogenisation reactions, jet cooking, acid or alcaline treatment, steam explosion, etc. White or industrial biotechnology processes involves the use of microorganisms and their enzymes in so-called fermentation processes or biocatalytic reactions. Fermentations can be performed from 1 to 15.000 litre scale and involve both batch, fed batch or continuous operations | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911445 | Bio Base Europe |
Bio Base Europe Reactors for enzymatic reactions are present that can be used with either water of organic solvents. Green chemistry is performed in explosion proof installations such as glass-lined chemical reactors (1 - 6.000 l scale) that are suited to perform under vacuum or under pressure. The Pilot Plant is also equipped with filter dryers for solvent extraction of liquids and solids. Downstream processing for the recovery of pure products after biochemical or chemical conversion involves various equipment for extraction, evaporation, demineralization, ion exchange, carbon treatment, crystallization, spray drying, lyophilisation, etc | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911445 | Bio Base Europe |
Bio Base Europe Continuous process lines can be built up by connecting unit operations with mobile positive and centrifugal pumps, heat exchangers, dosing pumps, flexible and fixed piping and instrumentation. The Training Center is an education, network and exhibition center promoting the development of a sustainable biobased economy. It offers general and company-specific training and connects closely with the market demand. The Training Center works according to the one-stop-shop concept. The training center offers companies a wide range of trainings for their process operators and technical staff. For example, a training portfolio can be used by logging into a web-based learning management system | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911445 | Bio Base Europe |
Bio Base Europe Furthermore, specific training and a full training program for technical staff are offered and support in hiring new process operators can be obtained. In addition, the Training Center is developing dynamic process simulators which can be used for the training of operators. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911445 | Bio Base Europe |
Filamentous bacteriophage fd is a type of filamentous bacteriophage known to infect "Escherichia coli". It shares many structural and genomic similarities with Enterobacteria phage M13. Phage fd engineered to display immunogenic peptides may be useful as vaccines. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35913168 | Filamentous bacteriophage fd |
Available space theory In botany, Available space theory, also known as "first available space theory", is a theory used to explain why most plants have an alternating leaf pattern on their stems. The theory states that the location of a new leaf on a stem is determined by the physical space between existing leaves. In other words, the location of a new leaf on a growing stem is directly related to the amount of space between the previous two leaves. Building on ideas first put forth by Hoffmeister in 1868, Snow and Snow hypothesized in 1947 that leaves sprouted in the first available space on the stem. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35924364 | Available space theory |
Repulsion theory In botany, is a theory that is used to explain how plants regulate the distance between new budding leaves on a stem. The theory states that each leaf on a stem secretes a substance that inhibits growth of a new leaf. A new leaf will only grow a certain distance away from the previous leaf where the concentration of the substance reaches a lower level. Although no inhibitors have yet been discovered, the theory is supported by several surgical and modeling experiments. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35924454 | Repulsion theory |
Frank White (botanist) Frank White (5 March 1927 – 12 September 1994) was a botanist who was an expert on African flora and curator of the herbarium at the University of Oxford. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35927777 | Frank White (botanist) |
Wonderful life theory In biology, the wonderful life theory, also known as contingency theory, postulates that after hundreds of different phyla evolved during the Cambrian period, many of them subsequently became extinct, leaving the relatively few phyla that exist today. The theory was first suggested in 1989 by Stephen Jay Gould in his book "Wonderful Life". In Wonderful Life, Stephen Jay Gould discusses the iconography of evolution in popular culture and the damaging effects of the march of progress on public understanding of the theory. The march of progress, Gould argues, has led to the popular interpretation that the evolution of increased mental powers, ultimately culminating in the development of man’s complex brain, is the natural outcome of evolution | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936877 | Wonderful life theory |
Wonderful life theory Thus, the term “Evolution” is often conflated with a linear progression of life towards ever-increasing mental powers and a “comfortable view of human inevitability and superiority.” Gould argues that the definition of Evolution to professional biologists is “adaptation to changing environments”, not progress, and that the composition of life on the planet is rather a “copiously branching bush, continually pruned by the grim reaper of extinction, not a ladder of predictable progress.” In an error that Gould refers to as “life’s little joke”, he discusses society’s obsession with unsuccessful lineages as “textbook cases” of “evolution”. To elaborate, we consistently seek out “a single line of advance from the true topology of copious branching | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936877 | Wonderful life theory |
Wonderful life theory In this misguided effort, we are inevitably drawn to branches so near the brink of total annihilation that they retain only one surviving twig. We then view this twig as the acme of upward achievement, rather than the probable last grasp of a richer ancestry.” Gould uses the evolution of the horse to illustrate this point, as the unbroken connection between "Hyracotherium" (formerly called "Eohippus") and "Equus" provides an apparent linear path from simplicity to complexity. The only reason the evolution of horses has become the canonical representation of progressive evolution is because their bush has been extremely unsuccessful | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936877 | Wonderful life theory |
Wonderful life theory Instead, Gould argues, we should look to bats, antelopes, and rodents as champions of mammalian evolution as they present us with “thousands of twigs on a vigorous bush” and are the true embodiments of evolutionarily successful groups. Gould argues that the conventional view of evolution, as illustrated by the cone of increasing diversity, is flawed. It is typically assumed that early life is restricted in form, and from this restriction of form follows diversification into the variety of animal life that currently exists. This cone can be visualized as an inverted Christmas tree, with a narrow base and numerous branches proliferating outward into the present day | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936877 | Wonderful life theory |
Wonderful life theory Gould presents an alternative hypothesis, however, which states that the history of life is better described as “decimation followed by diversification within a few remaining stocks”, represented as a pyramid with a wide base of anatomical disparity that becomes increasingly constrained by natural selection and extinction level events as time moves forward. This is evidenced by the fact that the fossils excavated from the Burgess Shale in British Columbia represent a paleo-ecosystem with much greater anatomical disparity than currently exists and that fewer phyla exist today compared to the Cambrian seas | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936877 | Wonderful life theory |
Wonderful life theory Gould offers the view that life during the Cambrian explosion quickly proliferated into the diversity of forms seen today due to the availability of numerous ecological niches and was subsequently decimated by extinction level events throughout geological time. He also notes that the survival of groups following extinction events bears no relationship to traditional notions of Darwinian success in normal times. For example, Ultimately, Gould explains, both the false iconography of the march of progress and our allegiance to the cone of increasing diversity have led us astray in our thinking about trends in evolutionary biology | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936877 | Wonderful life theory |
Wonderful life theory The central question proposed by Wonderful Life is that if life initially proliferated into a greater variety of phyla than currently exist and were subsequently decimated by the stochastic grim reaper of extinction, what then can be said about the inevitability of human intelligence and superiority? Additionally, Gould asks what role historical contingencies play in the evolution of life on Earth. It is these central ideas which prompt Gould to propose a thought experiment called “replaying the tape of life | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936877 | Wonderful life theory |
Wonderful life theory ” Its central essence is this: if we rewind the clock and replay the history of life on Earth numerous times, will we consistently see the same outcome that is the reality we experience today? The outcome of this thought experiment has two possible interpretations, elaborated by Gould, Gould’s opinion, and the central argument of Wonderful Life, is that “any replay of the tape of life would lead evolution down a pathway radically different from the road actually taken.” Additionally, Gould argues, no outcome can be predicated from the start, but the resulting pattern that emerges after replaying the tape of life would be just as interpretable and logical as our current situation. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936877 | Wonderful life theory |
Biological dark matter is an informal term for unclassified or poorly understood genetic material. This genetic material may refer to genetic material produced by unclassified microorganisms. By extension, biological dark matter may also refer to the un-isolated microorganism whose existence can only be inferred from the genetic material that they produce. Some of the genetic material may not fall under the three existing domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota; thus, it has been suggested that a possible fourth domain of life may yet to be discovered, although other explanations are also probable. Alternatively, the genetic material may refer to non-coding DNA (so-called "junk DNA") and non-coding RNA produced by known organisms | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35942883 | Biological dark matter |
Biological dark matter Much of the genomic dark matter is thought to originate from ancient transposable elements and from other low-complexity repetitive elements. Uncategorized genetic material is found in humans and in several other organisms. Their phylogenetic novelty could indicate the cellular organisms or viruses from which they evolved. Up to 99% of all living microorganisms cannot be cultured, so few functional insights exist about the metabolic potential of these organisms. Sequences that are believed to be derived from unknown microbes are referred to as the ‘Microbial Dark Matter, the ‘Dark Virome’, or ‘Dark Matter Fungi’ Such sequences are not rare. It has been estimated that in material from humans, between 40 and 90% of viral sequences are from Dark Matter | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35942883 | Biological dark matter |
Biological dark matter Human blood contains over three thousand different DNA sequences which can not be identified. Algorithms have been developed that examine sequences for similarities to bacterial 16S RNA sequences, K-mer similarities to known viruses, specific features of codon usage, or for inferring the existence of proteins. These approaches have suggested, for example, the existence of a novel bacteriophage of the microviridae family, and a novel bacterioidales-like phage. Other studies have suggested the existence of 264 new viral genera, discovered in publicly available databases, and a study of human blood suggested that 42% of people have at least one previously unknown virus each, adding up to 19 different new genera | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35942883 | Biological dark matter |
Biological dark matter A comprehensive study of DNA sequences from multiple human samples inferred the existence of 4,930 species of microbes of which 77% were previously unreported. Health-related findings include a prophage that might be associated with cirrhosis of the liver, and seven novel sequences from children with type-1 diabetes that have characteristics of viruses. Although they might exist, no organisms that clearly cause human disease have been discovered in the Dark Matter. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35942883 | Biological dark matter |
LiquiGlide is a platform technology which creates slippery, liquid-impregnated surfaces that was developed at the Varanasi Research Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Prof. Kripa Varanasi and his team of students and post doctorals Dave Smith, Rajeev Dhiman, Adam Paxson, Brian Solomon, and Chris Love. Possible applications include improving the flow rate of condiment bottles to avoid food waste, and preventing clogs in gas and oil tubes. The inventors released videos of being used in ketchup, mayonnaise, jelly, and mustard bottles made of both plastic and glass. The project came in second place in the Business Plan Contest and won the Audience Choice Award at the 2012 MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35943373 | LiquiGlide |
LiquiGlide The company has also raised $25M from investors including Roadmap Capital, Structure Capital, Valia Investments, and Struck Capital. In March 2015, signed a deal with Elmer's Products, the first company to use the technology. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35943373 | LiquiGlide |
Pekka Pyykkö Veli (born October 12, 1941) is a Finnish academic. He is professor of Chemistry at the University of Helsinki. From 2009–2012, he was the chairman of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. He is known for his extension to the periodic table of elements, known as the Pyykkö model. predicts that the orbital shells will fill up in this order: He also suggests that period 8 be split into three parts: The compact version:<br> successfully predicted the possibility of a chemical bond between gold and the noble gas xenon, which is usually inert; this bond is known to occur in the cationic complex tetraxenonogold(II) (). He also successfully predicted the possibility of a gold–carbon triple bond. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35962306 | Pekka Pyykkö |
Robert Sharp (crater) Robert Sharp is a crater on the planet Mars in the northeastern part of Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle at . The crater is in diameter and is located about west of Gale Crater (the landing location of NASA's "Curiosity" Mars rover on 6 August 2012). Robert Sharp Crater was named for geologist and planetary scientist Robert P. Sharp in 2012. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35975518 | Robert Sharp (crater) |
Molecular-scale temperature The molecular-scale temperature is the defining property of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962. It is defined by the relationship: This is citation of the Technical Report of USAF from 1967. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35981107 | Molecular-scale temperature |
Rahe (crater) Rahe is a crater on the planet Mars in the Tharsis quadrangle, positioned at 25.05° north latitude and 262.52° east longitude, between the volcanoes Ceraunius Tholus and Uranius Tholus. It measures approximately 34 kilometers in diameter and was named after Jürgen Rahe, a German-American astronomer and NASA science program director. The crater has an elongated shape measuring 35 km by 18 km and is the result of an oblique impact. A channel connects Rahe crater to the vicinity of the summit caldera of Ceraunius Tholus, with an interesting fan-shaped deposit at the lower end. Rahe Crater is 1 km deep in places, and was created by a low angle impact which is evident by its elongated shape and ejecta deposit in the shape of a “butterfly | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36002618 | Rahe (crater) |
Rahe (crater) ” Rahe Crater is believed to once have held a lake. The lake was formed because heat from the nearby volcano Ceraunius Tholus melted glaciers. Melt water first collected in the caldera of Cerunius Tholus, and then spilled over the caldera rim forming a valley and the lake in Rahe Crater. The valley that carried the water was about 200 m wide. A delta formed where the valley entered Rahe Crater. This type of event involving volcanic heat melting glaciers is common in Iceland. Eruptions under glaciers are called jökulhlaups and average two each century. Studies of climate change show that many low-latitude regions accumulated large amounts of snow when the climate was different. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36002618 | Rahe (crater) |
Robert S. Young is professor of coastal geology at Western Carolina University and director of the Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36018256 | Robert S. Young |
Peter Esben-Petersen (18 December 1869 in Sverup near Silkeborg – 2 April 1942 in Silkeborg) was a Danish entomologist who specialised in world Neuroptera. He was also interested in the Orthoptera, Ephemeroptera and other insects of Denmark. Esben-Petersen was a teacher in Silkeborg. He was associated with the entomological series Danmarks Flora og Fauna. For his scientific work on world fauna he received an honorary degree from the University of Copenhagen. His insect collection is conserved in the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen (mainly, some parts are in the Natural History Museum in Aarhus ). Partial list | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36029456 | Peter Esben-Petersen |
David Harper (palaeontologist) David A.T. Harper is a British palaeontologist, specialising in fossil brachiopods and numerical methods in palaeontology. He is Professor of Palaeontology in Earth Sciences, Principal of Van Mildert College, and Deputy Head of Colleges (Research and Scholarly Activities) in Durham University. In December 2014 he began his term as President of the Palaeontological Association. Harper was previously Professor of Palaeontology and Head of Geology in the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen. He has published over 10 books and monographs, including a couple of influential textbooks, as well as over 250 scientific articles and, together with Øyvind Hammer, the widely used software package PAST | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36035966 | David Harper (palaeontologist) |
David Harper (palaeontologist) In recent years he has been addressing some of the major events in the history of life, for example the Cambrian Explosion, Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event and the end Ordovician mass extinctions. His research programmes have taken him to many parts of the world including Chile, China, Greenland, Russia and Tibet. His research has been recognized by foreign membership of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, an Einstein Professorship in the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a D.Sc. from Queen’s University Belfast. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36035966 | David Harper (palaeontologist) |
Metal hydroxide Metal hydroxides are hydroxides of metals. Metal hydroxides are also known as strong bases. Many common metal hydroxides are made up from hydroxide ions and the ion of the particular metal that it is made up of. Example: When NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is dissolved in water, it forms OH ions and Na ions. Metal hydroxides ionize completely when dissolved, so that is why they are known as strong bases. Their pH is above 7, labeling them as bases. Since ions conduct electricity, metal hydroxides carry electricity very well when they are dissolved. In soils, it is assumed that larger amounts of natural phenols are released from decomposing plant litter rather than from throughfall in any natural plant community | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36044328 | Metal hydroxide |
Metal hydroxide Decomposition of dead plant material causes complex organic compounds to be slowly oxidized (lignin-like humus) or to break down into simpler forms (sugars and amino sugars, aliphatic and phenolic organic acids), which are further transformed into microbial biomass (microbial humus) or are reorganized, and further oxidized, into humic assemblages (fulvic and humic acids), which bind to clay minerals and metal hydroxides. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36044328 | Metal hydroxide |
August Ferdinand Kuwert (15 October 1828, Nidden – 14 August 1894, Wernsdorf, südl. von Königsberg) was a German entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. He was a Rittergutsbesitzer (owner of an estate or Junker) near the Prussian town of Wernsberg. Kuwert described many new species of Passalidae, Cleridae, Helophoridae, Hydrophilidae, Hydraenidae, Elmidae, Heteroceridae and Dryopidae. Partial list | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36055918 | August Ferdinand Kuwert |
List of sites and monuments in Kenya This is a list of sites and monuments of historic value that are maintained by the National Museums of Kenya. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36057278 | List of sites and monuments in Kenya |
ANAEM The Ankara Nuclear Research and Training Center (), known as ANAEM, is a nuclear research and training center of Turkey. The organization was established on August 18, 2010 as a subunit of Turkish Atomic Energy Administration (, TAEK) in its campus at Ankara University's Faculty of Science situated in Beşevler neighborhood in central Ankara. The organization consists of three divisions, which are engaged in education, training and public relations on nuclear matters. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36057380 | ANAEM |
Warren Samuel Fisher (1878–1971) was an American entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. He was employed by the National Museum of Natural History in Washington. Fisher was especially interested in Buprestidae and Cerambycidae. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36057709 | Warren Samuel Fisher |
UGC 5497 is a dwarf galaxy, located about 12 million light years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It is a member of the M81 Group. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36106398 | UGC 5497 |
Edward Alexander Newell Arber (5 August 1870, London - 14 June 1918, Cambridge) was an English botanist and paleontologist. He was a Professor at the University of Cambridge specialising in palaeobotany. Partial list | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36158900 | Edward Alexander Newell Arber |
Nikolai Cholodny Nikolai Grigoryevich Cholodny (; 22 June 1882 – 4 May 1953) was an influential microbiologist who worked at the University of Kiev, Ukraine in the USSR during the 1930s. He is known for the Cholodny–Went model, which he developed independently with Frits Warmolt Went of the California Institute of Technology. Despite being associated with the same theory, the two men never actually met. Cholodny worked in the A.V. Fomin Botanical Garden, attached to the University of Kiev. He was one of the pioneers of the concept that microbes adhere to surfaces, using the technique of first placing glass slides in earth for a measured time period, then using a microscope to examine the slides. The Prokaryote "Leptothrix cholodnii" is named after him | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36172635 | Nikolai Cholodny |
Nikolai Cholodny In 1927 Cholodny proposed that the cells of the coleoptile are first polarized under the influence of uneven exposure to light, so growth hormone can diffuse more rapidly towards the side in the shade than in any other direction. Went reached the same conclusion in 1928, and the two scientists' names have been attached to the controversial Cholodny–Went theory. Selected works include: In 1937 N. G. Cholodny and E. Ch. Sankewitsch published an article on "Influence of weak electric currents upon the growth of the coleoptile" in "Plant Physiology". The same year he published an article on "Charles Darwin and the modern theory of tropisms" in "Science" magazine. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36172635 | Nikolai Cholodny |
HARPS-N HARPS-N, the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern hemisphere is a high-precision radial-velocity spectrograph, installed at the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, a 3.58-metre telescope located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. is the counterpart for the Northern Hemisphere of the similar HARPS instrument installed on the ESO 3.6 m Telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile. It allows for planetary research in the northern sky which hosts the Cygnus and Lyra constellations. In particular it allows for detailed follow up research to Kepler mission planet candidates, which are located in the Cygnus constellation region | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36174770 | HARPS-N |
HARPS-N The instrument's main scientific goals are the discovery and characterization of terrestrial super-Earths by combining the measurements using transit photometry and doppler spectroscopy which provide both, the size and mass of the exoplanet. Based on the resulting density, rocky (terrestrial) Super-Earths can be distinguished from gaseous exoplanets. The Project is a collaboration between the Geneva Observatory (lead), the Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge (Massachusetts), the Universities of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the UK Astronomy Technology Centre and the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. First light on sky was obtained by on March 27, 2012 and official operations started on August 1, 2012. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36174770 | HARPS-N |
Dark radiation (also dark electromagnetism) is a postulated type of radiation that mediates interactions of dark matter. By analogy to the way photons mediate electromagnetic interactions between particles in the Standard Model (called "baryonic matter" in cosmology), dark radiation is proposed to mediate interactions between dark matter particles. Similar to dark matter particles, the hypothetical dark radiation does not interact with Standard Model particles. There has been no notable evidence for the existence of such radiation, but since baryonic matter contains multiple interacting particle types, it is reasonable to suppose that dark matter does also | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36177989 | Dark radiation |
Dark radiation Moreover, it has been pointed out recently that the cosmic microwave background data seems to suggest that the number of effective neutrino degrees of freedom is more than 3.046, which is slightly more than the standard case for 3 types of neutrino. This extra degree of freedom could arise from having a non-trivial amount of dark radiation in the universe. One possible candidate for dark radiation is the sterile neutrino. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36177989 | Dark radiation |
Thiosilanes As a family thiosilanes refers to compounds of the form RSSiR'H2 with a S-Si bond between organic groups. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36190552 | Thiosilanes |
John Veevers John James Veevers (13 October 1930 – 12 August 2018) was an Australian Professor of Geology and a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. Veevers is the son of George Stanley Veevers and Dulcie Annie (née James) and attended Newington College (1944–1947). In 1946 he won the Wigram Allen Scholarship, endowed by Sir George Wigram Allen, for General Proficiency. At the end of 1947 Veevers was named Dux of the College and received the Schofield Scholarship and Halse Rogers Prize. He went up to the University of Sydney and graduated as a Bachelor of Science in 1952 and a Master of Science in 1954 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36193445 | John Veevers |
John Veevers Veevers was a cadet geologist at the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra, (1948–1951), rising to geologist (1952–1960) and senior geologist 1961–1967. In 1968, he was appointed as a senior lecturer at Macquarie University and has since been an Associate Professor, Professor and Adjunct Professor of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. He was awarded his PhD in 1956 from Imperial College London. Veevers' multiple publications are held by the National Library of Australia. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36193445 | John Veevers |
Blanketing effect The blanketing effect (also referred to as line blanketing or the line-blanketing effect) is the enhancement of the red or infrared regions of a stellar spectrum at the expense of the other regions, with an overall diminishing effect on the whole spectrum. The term originates in a 1928 article by astrophysicist Edward Arthur Milne, where it was used to describe the effects that the astronomical metals in a star's outer regions had on that star's spectrum. The name arose because the absorption lines act as a "blanket", causing the continuum temperature of the spectrum to rise over what it would have been if these lines were not present | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36197961 | Blanketing effect |