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[ { "answer_id": 15090, "author": "Testerx", "author_id": 12625, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/12625", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Adverse Effects: A study [See Reference] analyzed the literature and did interviews with medical staff and found that the most common risk for laser hair removal is burns and changes in pigmentation. Lesser common complications include increased sweating, rash, post-op pain.</p>\n\n<p>Benefits: From what I've read [See Reference], the main benefit is cosmetic satisfaction. Although the paper does mention the therapeutic effects against hirsutism/hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth). </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>To address some of the other points you were mentioning: </p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Removing hair does assist in odor control since hair is porous (readily absorbs odors). So less hair = less odor. </p></li>\n<li><p>Removing hair does not reduce sweating \"because the practice doesn't affect the glands that produce perspiration.\" Mayo Clinic explains \"These glands will continue to produce perspiration even when the hair is shaved down to skin level.\"</p></li>\n<li><p>For pubic hair removal, a study [See References] was done using a self-administered questionnaire (sample size 369 women) and the researchers found that \"The majority (60%) had experienced at least 1 health complication because of the removal, of which the most common were epidermal abrasion and ingrown hairs.\" Your mention of infection is certainly accounted for in the paper: \"This practice [pubic hair removal] may result in adverse health consequences, including genital burns from waxing, severe skin irritation leading to post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, vulvar and vaginal irritation and infection, and the spread or transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STI).\" From what I've seen, the research on adverse effects of pubic hair removal for men is less studied, but I did find a paper [See Reference] that mentions a positive correlation with STI's, but this conclusion is assuming that men are cutting themselves while shaving. </p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>References:</p>\n\n<p>Evidence-based review of hair removal using lasers and light\nsources:\n<a href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/22e9/49a68c2731590e3e92afffa40e756e0bafee.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/22e9/49a68c2731590e3e92afffa40e756e0bafee.pdf</a></p>\n\n<p>Adverse Effects of Laser Hair Removal: \n<a href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bea/730adb6241154ec8dd08b901c18e61ecb90e.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bea/730adb6241154ec8dd08b901c18e61ecb90e.pdf</a></p>\n\n<p>Sweating and Body Odor: \n<a href=\"https://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/underarm-care/tips/does-shaving-armpits-reduce-sweating.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/underarm-care/tips/does-shaving-armpits-reduce-sweating.htm</a></p>\n\n<p>Pubic Hair Removal Complications in Women Study: <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486227\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486227</a></p>\n\n<p>Pubic Hair Removal in Males, Trends:\n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675231/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675231/</a></p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Cheers. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15092, "author": "Konrad Rudolph", "author_id": 3120, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3120", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Most of the questions — especially about the benefits — are <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_removal\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">answered exhaustively on the Wikipedia page</a>. For medical reasons, in particular, the article states that</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In extreme situations people may need to remove all body hair to prevent or combat infestation by lice, fleas and other parasites.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>That said, the main <em>purpose</em> of hair removal is definitely aesthetic.</p>\n\n<p>Interesting, cultural pubic hair removal has had an unexpected positive side-effect: it has probably contributed substantially to the near-eradication of the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_louse\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pubic lice</a> (“crabs”), <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24825336\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">as reported</a>.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8688", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6414/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8699, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>First thing in the morning before getting up is usually considered the gold standard for RHR and will produce your lowest reading during waking hours. That said, when you are at the doctor's office and they take your HR you'll likely read a bit higher, much like you would sitting at your desk.</p>\n\n<p>Traditional ideal RHR ranges i.e. ones that tend higher assume the reading at your desk/doctor's office. The \"new standard\" takes into account people who use their Fitbit/smartphone app/whatnot wizmo gadget first thing in the morning before hopping out of bed and thus suggests a lower ideal.</p>\n\n<p>I would not consider an RHR in the low to mid 40's a condition in highly trained individuals; even following entry level endurance training regiments non-smoking, healthy-eating types can easily dip into the low 50's, in my experience.</p>\n\n<p>A RHR at or close to 100 definitely approaches risky territory for the average person but other risk factors (smoking, obesity, etc.) would likely present before RHR approaches those levels. When present in combination with these activities, therefore, such a high RHR would be considered \"normal\" but your doctor would tell you to quit smoking, eat healthier, and get more exercise rather than to bring your RHR down.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9342, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You must consider here why you want to measure your resting heart rate. While one may argue whether you should measure it in the morning while you are still in bed or after you have eaten breakfast, but what matters in practice is what will give the best results when monitoring your fitness, particularly to monitor for possible overtraining.</p>\n\n<p>So, what you want to do is measure your heart rate when you are rest under conditions that give the most consistent results. For some people this is when they are lying down in bed just after they've woken. But some people need to get up first, go to the toilet before they get consistent results. </p>\n\n<p>E.g. I tend to have a slightly elevated heart rate in the morning and it fluctuates more compared to when I measure it just before exercise time. In my case this is caused by my 4000 Kcal diet, in the morning there is still 2000 Kcal worth of digested food that needs to come out, the pressure in the intestines can slightly influence the heart rate.</p>\n\n<p>My resting heart rate is typically a bit below 40 bpm, but after 3 days of fast one hour running sessions it can be a bit elevated. Should it be systematically elevated even after a pause of a few days, e.g. if I were to measure 45 bpm, then I need to consider if I've been exercising too hard, or if something else is wrong. I can then pay closer attention to heart rate during exercise and how the exercise session feels like do some more measurements of heart rate during exercise and how fast it goes down afterward. </p>\n\n<p>The fact that my general fitness is good makes such measurement reliable, because my heart rate relaxes to its resting value very fast. If I run up some stairs very fast and sit down then the heart rate goes down to the resting value within about 20 seconds. It will in fact undershoot it and then climb upwards (it can e.g. go down to 34 bpm and then climb to 38 bpm).</p>\n\n<p>Other heart rate measurements that are useful to do are measurements during exercise and after exercise to monitor how fast you are recuperating. Also measurements immediately after fixed short duration exertions will give useful information if the resting heart rate is elevated due to some problem. E.g. I know that my heart rate immediately after doing 40 push-ups is typically around 85 bpm. Should I have a lot of stress then the resting heart rate could be elevated to perhaps 44 bpm instead if 38 bpm, but the heart rate after doing the 40 push-ups should then still be about 85 bpm. If however, this has also increased a lot, say to 100 bpm, then I would assume that there is a problem like e.g. overtraining.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8698", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5243/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8738, "author": "Pobrecita", "author_id": 167, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/167", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p><strong>Closely Related to: <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/7551/what-is-the-latest-evidence-on-underwear-affecting-sperm-count/7587#7587\">What is the latest evidence on underwear affecting sperm count?</a></strong></p>\n\n<p>Elevated temperatures are thought to decrease sperm counts in males. </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/basics/causes/CON-20033113\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mayoclinic.org</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Elevated temperatures impair sperm production and function. Although\n studies are limited and are inconclusive, frequent use of saunas or\n hot tubs may temporarily impair your sperm count.</p>\n \n <p>Sitting for long periods, wearing tight clothing or working on a\n laptop computer for long stretches of time also may increase the\n temperature in your scrotum and may slightly reduce sperm production.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>And</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/sperm-and-semen-faq\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">WebMD.com</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Keep your scrotum cool, because heat slows down the making of sperm.\n To do this, avoid hot baths, wear boxers instead of briefs, and try\n not to wear tight pants.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>And </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.parentingweekly.com/preconception/preconception_information/heat_and_male_infertility.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">parentingweekly.com</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Researchers have found that the reason why a man's testicles rest\n outside the body in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen like the\n ovaries is because the ideal temperature for sperm production is three\n to four degrees below normal body temperature. Any warmer will affect\n sperm count, slashing it by about 40 percent per one-degree rise.\n Temporary overheating of the testicles can result from exposure to\n things such as saunas, hot tubs, heating blankets, even waterbeds.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So opinions vary on the accountability of research, but are consistent with heat having a possible risk.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9523, "author": "Grzegorz Adam Kowalski", "author_id": 6557, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6557", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>From &quot;<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3850314/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Can Male Fertility Be Improved Prior to Assisted Reproduction through The Control of Uncommonly Considered Factors?</a>&quot; (2013):</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Hot baths</p>\n<p>Jung and Schuppe (26) reviewed the evidence on scrotal temperature and fertility. Studies that addressed professional exposure to high temperatures delivered conflicting results concerning fertility parameters. However, contraception via genital heat stress has been demonstrated using hot sitting baths or insulating suspensors. In a small study, wet heat exposure was a potentially reversible cause of low semen quality in infertile men, and scrotal cooling was found efficient in improving semen quality (27).</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8721", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8741, "author": "John", "author_id": 5266, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5266", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>\"Sick Fat Nearly Dead\" is basically an advert for Cross’s [lead] wellness program. <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/movies/fat-sick-nearly-dead-a-diet-and-road-trip-movie-review.html?partner=rss&amp;emc=rss&amp;_r=1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/movies/fat-sick-nearly-dead-a-diet-and-road-trip-movie-review.html?partner=rss&amp;emc=rss&amp;_r=1</a></p>\n\n<p>\"Forks over Knives\" uses the lowest levels of scientific evidence for its conclusions and decision making. <a href=\"https://rawfoodsos.com/2011/09/22/forks-over-knives-is-the-science-legit-a-review-and-critique/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://rawfoodsos.com/2011/09/22/forks-over-knives-is-the-science-legit-a-review-and-critique/</a></p>\n\n<p>\"The Engine 2 Diet\" is simply just processed high-carb/fat foods brings you dietary cholesterol down, which has been debunked as a important thing to do. <a href=\"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/article4449967.ece?shareToken=7dba4f3ccd918bfcc1a900e04c14f6bb\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/article4449967.ece?shareToken=7dba4f3ccd918bfcc1a900e04c14f6bb</a></p>\n\n<p>If you want to lose weight then <strong><a href=\"http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/\" rel=\"nofollow\">eat less</a>.</strong> <a href=\"http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/</a></p>\n\n<p>If you want to be healthy and lose weight then <strong>eat healthily</strong> and <strong>eat less</strong> through <strong>counting calories</strong> (Fruit, vegetables, non-processed foods, low sugar, <strong>moderation</strong>). </p>\n\n<p>It's really that simple.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8800, "author": "goldengrain", "author_id": 5218, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5218", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Some people, desiring to be vegetarian, end up eating a lot more starches to fill up. That no meat trend is one of the reasons for the upsurge of diabetes. </p>\n\n<p>If you do a plant based diet, be sure not to increase pasta, rice, bread, and root vegetables like potatoes, beets, carrots, etc. Be careful of the fruit, which contains a lot of sugar, too. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8732", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6440/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8740, "author": "John", "author_id": 5266, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5266", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<blockquote>\n<p>conscious tighten abdominal muscles would help me reduce abdominal fat.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><strong>No it wont.</strong></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Does tightening abdominal muscles all the time not harm my body?</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>To build muscle you essentially need to damage it so that it comes back stronger when it recovers/rebuilds. This is the foundation of developing strength and building muscle (Cell water/glucose biology aside). Exercises like squats and deadlifts mean you need to brace your core (tense your abs), the muscle development from this isn't that fact you are bracing but is caused by the really heavy weight you are trying to move, the muscles are doing work to stabilise.</p>\n<p>You might cause yourself to get haemorrhoids (I have heard this can happen) or you may develop really good kegal muscles (I know this can happen) but you won't build abs or reduce belly fat.</p>\n<hr />\n<h1>However...</h1>\n<p>There is a big glaring issue with answering the question &quot;it is suitable to do this exercise to reduce my belly fat&quot; in the assumption that ANY exercise will spot reduce fat deposits.</p>\n<h1><a href=\"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/869/best-exercise-to-lose-belly-fat-fast\">You cannot target weight loss to anywhere on your body. It is not possible</a>.</h1>\n<p>On the physical fitness SE and <a href=\"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/search?q=belly%20fat%20abdominals\">we get this question a lot</a>.</p>\n<h2>we get it nearly every day...</h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/9581/are-ab-exercises-more-useful-to-reduce-belly-fat-than-other-exercises\">https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/9581/are-ab-exercises-more-useful-to-reduce-belly-fat-than-other-exercises</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/118/will-daily-push-ups-help-to-get-rid-of-my-belly-fat\">https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/118/will-daily-push-ups-help-to-get-rid-of-my-belly-fat</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6677/what-should-i-do-to-remove-my-belly-fat\">https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6677/what-should-i-do-to-remove-my-belly-fat</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/2338/is-it-possible-to-lose-weight-on-some-special-parts-of-body\">https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/2338/is-it-possible-to-lose-weight-on-some-special-parts-of-body</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6677/what-should-i-do-to-remove-my-belly-fat\">https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6677/what-should-i-do-to-remove-my-belly-fat</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6249/when-fat-is-burnt-where-is-it-taken-from/6251#6251\">https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6249/when-fat-is-burnt-where-is-it-taken-from/6251#6251</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8793, "author": "mart", "author_id": 413, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/413", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There's two myths with a grain of truth a the root in your question.</p>\n\n<p><strong>The myth of spot reduction</strong><br>\nYou can't influence where your body loses fat, only if and how much. See <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/8740/413\">JJosaur's great answer</a> to this.<br>\nThe kernel of truth is that if you improve your posture by strenghtening your core muscle, you may appear to have less belly fat. The appearance of a fat belly is often partially due to a hollow back. I don't know you and your back so I don't know if this applies to you.</p>\n\n<p><strong>The myth of multitasking</strong><br>\nYou won't do an effective exercise without dedicating time and concentration to it. Fortunately 10-20 min every few days can help a lot. But when you train, you need to train, you need to concentrate on the exercises and your body. Form the habit, stick with it for a while, then it will become normal and easy to dedicate some time to your body.<br>\nThe kernel of truth: When you develop a proper feel for your body and where your spine should be in a neutral position through exercise, you can should self check your posture often to make sure you don't slouch in an unhealthy way. This is helpful and healthy, just not exercise.</p>\n\n<p>I suggest to think more about what your goals are (why do you want to loose belly fat) and then come back here or to fitness.SE for targeted training advice.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8739", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3698/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8754, "author": "L.B.", "author_id": 74, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/74", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If you are overall healthy, I don't think it would be wise to go so far as to use an antithrombotic drug; as that will also thin your blood and may cause other issues. </p>\n\n<p>There are a variety of dietary supplements that claim to aid in circulation; however, I can't prove that they will - or won't - work. </p>\n\n<p>So, my best advice would be to obviously, get up and move when you can. Since that isn't always possible, I will give you some ideas for stretches you can do that won't take up too much space. </p>\n\n<p>You can tap your feet and circle your ankles. Try not to cross your legs; however, most of us do - especially if we're on a long trip -, so at least try to frequently change your leg position. If you are sitting in a seat that causes your feet not to touch the floor/ground, try to keep your legs swinging and again, change positions as often as possible. Try to keep your legs from falling asleep, that would certainly be a sign that you've been in one position for too long.</p>\n\n<p>If you have never had a thrombus (DVT) before, some things to watch for are: swelling in one and, rarely, both legs; as well as pain that feels something like a cramp. If the clot moves to your lung, which is a risk, you can expect to feel non-radiating chest pain and difficulty breathing. If you would like additional information on <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/basics/symptoms/con-20031922\" rel=\"noreferrer\">DVT</a> as well as some <a href=\"http://www.ahrq.gov/patients-consumers/prevention/disease/bloodclots.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">preventative measures</a>, please see the provided links.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8781, "author": "Felipe", "author_id": 6416, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6416", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><em>I had the same concern and asked my family doctor. He showed me the recommendations from the American College of Chest Physicians.\nBelow you can find an extract:</em></p>\n\n<p>VTE = Venous Thromboembolism (includes Pulmonary Embolism, Deep Vein Thrombosis)</p>\n\n<p>GCS = Graduated compression stockings</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>6.0 Persons Traveling Long-Distance</strong></p>\n \n <p>6.1.1. For long-distance travelers at increased risk of VTE (including previous VTE, recent surgery or trauma, active malignancy, pregnancy,\n estrogen use, advanced age, limited mobility, severe obesity, or known\n thrombophilic disorder), we suggest frequent ambulation, calf muscle\n exercise, or sitting in an aisle seat if feasible (Grade 2C).</p>\n \n <p>6.1.2. For long-distance travelers at increased risk of VTE (including previous VTE, recent surgery or trauma, active malignancy, pregnancy,\n estrogen use, advanced age, limited mobility, severe obesity, or known\n thrombophilic disorder), we suggest use of properly fitted, below-knee\n GCS providing 15 to 30 mm Hg of pressure at the ankle during travel\n (Grade 2C). For all other long-distance travelers, we suggest against\n the use of GCS (Grade 2C).</p>\n \n <p>6.1.3. For long-distance travelers, we suggest against the use of aspirin or anticoagulants to prevent VTE (Grade 2C).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You can find the complete version here: <a href=\"http://www.chestnet.org/Guidelines-and-Resources/CHEST-Guideline-Topic-Areas/Pulmonary-Vascular\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chestnet.org/Guidelines-and-Resources/CHEST-Guideline-Topic-Areas/Pulmonary-Vascular</a></p>\n\n<p><em>Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD, Schuünemann HJ. Chest. 2012;141(2_suppl):7S-47S. doi:10.1378/chest.1412S3.</em></p>\n\n<p>P.S (if like me, you are wondering what the grading means): the grading corresponds to the level of \"evidence\" for this recommendation. Grade 2C means that randomized trials are still missing, and that this decision was made by balancing the risk and benefits of the intervention. This website gives a good explanation of the grade system: <a href=\"http://www.medicographia.com/2011/12/rating-the-quality-of-evidence-and-the-strength-of-recommendationsthe-new-grade-system-in-venous-disease/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.medicographia.com/2011/12/rating-the-quality-of-evidence-and-the-strength-of-recommendationsthe-new-grade-system-in-venous-disease/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8747", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6412/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8754, "author": "L.B.", "author_id": 74, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/74", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If you are overall healthy, I don't think it would be wise to go so far as to use an antithrombotic drug; as that will also thin your blood and may cause other issues. </p>\n\n<p>There are a variety of dietary supplements that claim to aid in circulation; however, I can't prove that they will - or won't - work. </p>\n\n<p>So, my best advice would be to obviously, get up and move when you can. Since that isn't always possible, I will give you some ideas for stretches you can do that won't take up too much space. </p>\n\n<p>You can tap your feet and circle your ankles. Try not to cross your legs; however, most of us do - especially if we're on a long trip -, so at least try to frequently change your leg position. If you are sitting in a seat that causes your feet not to touch the floor/ground, try to keep your legs swinging and again, change positions as often as possible. Try to keep your legs from falling asleep, that would certainly be a sign that you've been in one position for too long.</p>\n\n<p>If you have never had a thrombus (DVT) before, some things to watch for are: swelling in one and, rarely, both legs; as well as pain that feels something like a cramp. If the clot moves to your lung, which is a risk, you can expect to feel non-radiating chest pain and difficulty breathing. If you would like additional information on <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/basics/symptoms/con-20031922\" rel=\"noreferrer\">DVT</a> as well as some <a href=\"http://www.ahrq.gov/patients-consumers/prevention/disease/bloodclots.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">preventative measures</a>, please see the provided links.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8781, "author": "Felipe", "author_id": 6416, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6416", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><em>I had the same concern and asked my family doctor. He showed me the recommendations from the American College of Chest Physicians.\nBelow you can find an extract:</em></p>\n\n<p>VTE = Venous Thromboembolism (includes Pulmonary Embolism, Deep Vein Thrombosis)</p>\n\n<p>GCS = Graduated compression stockings</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>6.0 Persons Traveling Long-Distance</strong></p>\n \n <p>6.1.1. For long-distance travelers at increased risk of VTE (including previous VTE, recent surgery or trauma, active malignancy, pregnancy,\n estrogen use, advanced age, limited mobility, severe obesity, or known\n thrombophilic disorder), we suggest frequent ambulation, calf muscle\n exercise, or sitting in an aisle seat if feasible (Grade 2C).</p>\n \n <p>6.1.2. For long-distance travelers at increased risk of VTE (including previous VTE, recent surgery or trauma, active malignancy, pregnancy,\n estrogen use, advanced age, limited mobility, severe obesity, or known\n thrombophilic disorder), we suggest use of properly fitted, below-knee\n GCS providing 15 to 30 mm Hg of pressure at the ankle during travel\n (Grade 2C). For all other long-distance travelers, we suggest against\n the use of GCS (Grade 2C).</p>\n \n <p>6.1.3. For long-distance travelers, we suggest against the use of aspirin or anticoagulants to prevent VTE (Grade 2C).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You can find the complete version here: <a href=\"http://www.chestnet.org/Guidelines-and-Resources/CHEST-Guideline-Topic-Areas/Pulmonary-Vascular\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chestnet.org/Guidelines-and-Resources/CHEST-Guideline-Topic-Areas/Pulmonary-Vascular</a></p>\n\n<p><em>Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD, Schuünemann HJ. Chest. 2012;141(2_suppl):7S-47S. doi:10.1378/chest.1412S3.</em></p>\n\n<p>P.S (if like me, you are wondering what the grading means): the grading corresponds to the level of \"evidence\" for this recommendation. Grade 2C means that randomized trials are still missing, and that this decision was made by balancing the risk and benefits of the intervention. This website gives a good explanation of the grade system: <a href=\"http://www.medicographia.com/2011/12/rating-the-quality-of-evidence-and-the-strength-of-recommendationsthe-new-grade-system-in-venous-disease/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.medicographia.com/2011/12/rating-the-quality-of-evidence-and-the-strength-of-recommendationsthe-new-grade-system-in-venous-disease/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8758", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3456/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8785, "author": "S.Victor", "author_id": 5146, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5146", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p><em>If you have a look at one of the most famous reference book in neuroscience \"Principles of neural science\" by Kandel (Fifth Edition), on page 22:</em></p>\n\n<p>There is this figure:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z8dLY.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z8dLY.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>And here is the description of the figure (extracts):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Most neurons in the vertebrate nervous system have several main\n features in common. The cell body contains the nucleus, the storehouse\n of genetic information, and gives rise to two types of cell processes:\n axons and dendrites. Axons are the transmitting element of neurons;\n they vary greatly in length, some extending more than 2 m within the\n body (...) <strong>The action potential, the cell’s conducting signal, is\n initiated at the initial segment of the axon and propagates to the\n synapse, the site at which signals flow from one neuron to another</strong>.\n Branches of the axon of the presynaptic neuron transmit signals to the\n postsynaptic cell. The branches of a single axon may form synapses\n with as many as 1,000 postsynaptic neurons. <strong>The apical and basal\n dendrites together with the cell body are the input elements of the\n neuron, receiving signals from other neurons</strong>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So axons connect with target neuronal cells, either on the dendrites or the soma, to propagate the action potential.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8826, "author": "Lamia Kouba", "author_id": 6450, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6450", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Well, the synapse is made of:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>the presynaptic ending (membrane, terminal): which is actually the axon terminal and here is where we find the neurotransmitters.</li>\n<li>the postsynaptic ending (membrane, terminal): which could be a dendrite, an axon or a cell body, and here we find receptors for those neurotransmitters released from the axon terminal.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Between the two membranes there is a gap or space called synaptic cleft.\nI hope this is clear for you.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8783", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6467/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8908, "author": "TheChinBurglar", "author_id": 6558, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6558", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I used to have a neighbor that had horrible allergies and would mow and garden in a full white suit that included mask, goggles, and went over their shoes as well. Hopefully you don't get a rash or any other reactions so all you would need would be a mask.</p>\n\n<p>I'd look for a pollen mask instead of a medical mask. There's some reusable ones available that you can wash and they look more like bandanas than masks.\n<a href=\"https://www.walmart.com/ip/Breathe-Healthy-Reusable-Antimicrobial-Mask-for-Dust-Pollen-and-Germs/47074350?sourceid=csesh0217546918988647a581e063ee2c1b681a&amp;wmlspartner=shoppingcom2&amp;affcmpid=1317404723&amp;tmode=0000&amp;veh=cse&amp;sdc_id=1079313981782\" rel=\"nofollow\">Example at Walmart</a> </p>\n\n<p>Medical masks can be absorbent to prevent water droplets that may contain bacteria from getting past the mask. I can imagine how this could be bad for allergies as it might absorb and hold allergens in the mask.</p>\n\n<p>As far as only wearing it outside I think that would be more appropriate than wearing it all the time. Most indoor locations are air conditioned/heated which means air passes through some kind of filter at least. You might look into regularly changing your filters at home or looking into a higher grade of filters if you're having problems inside your house as well.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11234, "author": "Cibr_D", "author_id": 8288, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8288", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I think that you can order masks online for that purpose. The main thing is that the mask should not allow the allergens to reach your respiratory tract (also the eyes should be protected if you have eye problems because of the allergy). Because the allergens are physically larger than the usual environmental pollutants, masks that block environmentall pollutants will suffice for airborne allergens. Also, common medical masks won't help you a lot. </p>\n\n<p>About using it indors - if you have symptoms even when you are indors, the mask will help somewhat, but it is more practical to eliminate the cause of your problems (dermatophagoides spp. or molds). </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8788", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2083/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8804, "author": "Felipe", "author_id": 6416, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6416", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>According to this book \"Endocrinology: An integrated Approach\", which is freely available via the NCBI Bookshelf (<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20/</a>) in Chapter 1:</p>\n\n<p>Hormones can be derived from amino acids. These are the <strong>protein or peptides hormones</strong> which are composed from a very small number of amino acids to more than 200. An example of those hormones would be insulin or the anterior pituitary hormones.</p>\n\n<p>Hormones such as insulin, GH (growth hormones) and IGF-I (insuline like growth factor) play a major role in the <strong>regulation of protein metabolism</strong> <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9022951\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a>.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Hormones can also derive from cholesterol</strong> (ex vitamin D, adrenal or gonadal hormones), <strong>from fatty acids/phospholipids</strong> (ex prostaglandin, prostacyclin), <strong>from tryptophan</strong> (ex melatonin, serotonin) <strong>or tyrosine</strong> (ex catecholamines such as norepinephrine or epinephrine)</p>\n\n<p>Some decades ago, phytoestrogens have been increasingly described in plants. According to Patisaul et al: <em>Phytoestrogens are naturally-occurring plant compounds that are structurally and/or functionally similar to mammalian estrogens and their active metabolites</em>. In his paper, he describes the potential roles of these phytoestrogens <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074428/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">2</a></p>\n\n<p><em>References</em></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Umpleby AM et al, The hormonal control of protein metabolism.\nBaillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;10(4):551-70.</li>\n<li>Patisaul HB, Jefferson W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens.\nFrontiers in neuroendocrinology. 2010;31(4):400-419.\ndoi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.003.</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8827, "author": "Lamia Kouba", "author_id": 6450, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6450", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>A protein is a long folded chain of amino acids. A chain of two or more amino acids is called a peptide.</p>\n\n<p>Now, hormones are grouped into three classes based on their structure:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Peptides: like insulin</li>\n<li>Steroid (Lipids): derived from cholesterol, like sex hormones.</li>\n<li>Amines: derived from one amino acid (not peptide) like the thyroid hormones derived from tyrosin.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>There are, actually plant hormones that stimulate growth in plants, like Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8794", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3755/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8815, "author": "Felipe", "author_id": 6416, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6416", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Health insurances and hospitals (for the coding of the diseases) often use the <strong>International Classification of Diseases</strong> (ICD) from the <strong>World Health Organisation</strong> to standardise the naming of the diseases and assigns them a code.</p>\n\n<p>There is an <em>online available version</em> (ICD-10) here:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en</a></p>\n\n<p>For the classification of tissues and cells, you might maybe find an answer on the biology SE.</p>\n\n<p>Hope this helps!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 19387, "author": "userJT", "author_id": 15631, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15631", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The following are naming conventions that satisfy your question:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>SNOMED-CT </li>\n<li>Foundational Model of Anatomy</li>\n<li>ICD (current version 10, it has national modifications (such as USA's ICD-10CM)</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8813", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6485/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8851, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Utter nonsense. Many common recipes combine bananas and eggs. People eat bananas with eggs all the time without harm. I've had some of these myself and they're tasty. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.thekitchn.com/how-to-make-2-ingredient-banana-pancakes-cooking-lessons-from-the-kitchn-218658\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Banana pancakes</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://allrecipes.com/recipe/20144/banana-banana-bread/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Banana bread</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.feedingfinn.com/fruity-egg-muffins-3-ingredients/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Fruity egg muffins</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.safeeggs.com/recipes/banana-licuado-recipe\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Banana Licuado</a> </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8862, "author": "ABcDexter", "author_id": 1233, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1233", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>I read that the combination of bananas and eggs is poisonous.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Can you please give the exact links? Google does <a href=\"https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8#q=banana%20and%20eggs%20poison\" rel=\"noreferrer\">auto-suggest</a> a link but as Carey has also mentioned, it doesn't make any sense.</p>\n\n<p>It is highly unlikely that a fruit (banana which is rich in Potassium, Vitamins C &amp; B6, Fibre and fats) and egg( rich in Fats, protein, and cholesterol) would mix up together to form anything toxic.<br>\nInstead, they are generally mixed together, to make different recipes like <a href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/2-ingredient-banana-pancake-recipe_us_565c4682e4b08e945feb9a3c\" rel=\"noreferrer\">pancake</a>. Please try looking <a href=\"https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&amp;q=egg%2Bbanana&amp;btnG=\" rel=\"noreferrer\">at right places to read</a>, and yes, do NOT always believe in what you read online!</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8850", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6450/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8864, "author": "Tyler Durden", "author_id": 5371, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5371", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Sounds like voodoo to me.</p>\n\n<p>There is large artery, called the celiac artery, that goes right down the center of the body. Undoubtedly this is what you would feel pulsing if you were to press on your navel. Where exactly you might feel a pulse has more to do with how much muscle and fat you have, than any health condition. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8872, "author": "Felipe", "author_id": 6416, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6416", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p><em>During my last course called &quot;Physical Examination of the Abdomen&quot; (at medical school), we learned to palpate the abdominal aorta, which can be easily palpated in +/- lean patients.</em></p>\n<p><em>This book (freely available here <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350/</a>)\n&quot;Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition&quot; gives you a description on how to palpate the abdominal aorta and listen to possible bruits:</em></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The abdominal aorta is an upper abdominal, retroperitoneal structure\nwhich is best palpated by applying firm pressure with the flattened\nfingers of both hands to indent the epigastrium toward the vertebral\ncolumn. For this examination, it is essential that the subject's\nabdominal muscles be completely relaxed; such relaxation can be\nencouraged by having the subject flex the hips and by providing a\npillow to support the head.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><em>Here a figure from the book:</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/5XAP0.png\" rel=\"noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/5XAP0.png\" alt=\"Palpation abdominal aorta\" /></a></p>\n<p>The abdominal aorta is retroperitonal so it is possible that some bowel distension or feces impaction (which can occur in IBS) might influence the palpation but there is no direct correlation between IBS and the impossibility to palpate the abdominal aorta. <strong>Factors that for sure influence the palpation are obesity and massive abdominal musculature.</strong></p>\n<p>Finally (in contrast to what has been suggested in a previous answer), I have never heard about &quot;palpating the celiac artery&quot; and I don't think it is possible to really palpate (and be precise enough to say it is the celiac artery) it through all the organs which surround it (see image below, some parts of the liver have been removed to be able to see the artery)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/87eif.jpg\" rel=\"noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/87eif.jpg\" alt=\"Celiac Artery\" /></a></p>\n<p><em>Sources</em>: Figure 2: wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_artery\" rel=\"noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_artery</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8855", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8874, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>To drink 8 cups (2 liters) of water per day should not be considered a recommendation but an estimation of the average water needs for sedentary adults living in moderate climates (who sweat only a little).</p>\n\n<p>There is not possible to provide the evidence about \"how much everyone needs to drink per day\" because everyone needs different amount every day. You need to drink as much water as you lose it from your body, mainly by urinating and sweating. This is probably at least 1 liter per day, but if you sweat a lot, you may need 5 or more liters per day. </p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6\" rel=\"nofollow\">Institute of Medicine in the US</a> has determined the Adequate Intake (AI) of water, which is 3.7 liters for young men and 2.7 liters for young women. This does not mean you need to drink that much, but that 98% of young men and women (including more active and hence sweating more) will not need more than 3.7 or 2.7 liters per day. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8903, "author": "Grzegorz Adam Kowalski", "author_id": 6557, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6557", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>There is no evidence</strong>.</p>\n<p>If you're interested in some historical background about this recommendation, there is interesting quote from &quot;<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151163/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medical myhts</a>&quot; (2007) article in British Medical Journal:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The advice to drink at least eight glasses of water a day can be found throughout the popular press. One origin may be a 1945 recommendation that stated: A suitable allowance of water for adults is 2.5 litres daily in most instances. An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 millilitre for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods. If the last, crucial sentence is ignored, the statement could be interpreted as instruction to drink eight glasses of water a day.</p>\n<p>Another endorsement may have come from a prominent nutritionist, Frederick Stare, who once recommended, without references, the consumption “around 6 to 8 glasses per 24 hours,” which could be “in the form of coffee, tea, milk, soft drinks, beer, etc.” The complete lack of evidence supporting the recommendation to drink six to eight glasses of water a day is exhaustively catalogued in <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376390\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">an invited review by Heinz Valtin</a> in the American Journal of Physiology. Furthermore, existing studies suggest that adequate fluid intake is usually met through typical daily consumption of juice, milk, and even caffeinated drinks. In contrast, drinking excess amounts of water can be dangerous, resulting in water intoxication, hyponatraemia, and even death.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The review referenced above is <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376390\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">&quot;Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.&quot; Really? Is there scientific evidence for &quot;8 x 8&quot;?</a> (2002) by Heinz Valtin. But if you just want single answer, then:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>No scientific studies were found (...).</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Some researchers are trying to determine recommended total daily fluid intake, you can search <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed</a> if you like. Some sample articles from past few years:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356431\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">How much water do we really need to drink?</a> (2010)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26885571\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Am I Drinking Enough? Yes, No, and Maybe.</a>&quot; (2016):</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25356197\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Are we being drowned in hydration advice? Thirsty for more?</a> (2014)</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8873", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/453/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8896, "author": "TheChinBurglar", "author_id": 6558, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6558", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Most over the counter eye drops only provide temporary relief for dry eyes by actually adding liquid to the eye. Once the liquid added evaporates, gets absorbed, or is removed in one way or another your eyes will feel dry again unless your eyes are able to adequately lubricate themselves. So most eye drops aren't treating any underlying cause, just the temporary symptoms of dry eye. If this is a frequent problem I'd look to see if any other medications you're taking could be causing the dry eyes as a side effect. If you're not taking any other medications that could be causing this, seeing an optometrist or ophthalmologist sounds like a good idea.</p>\n\n<p>Edit: I should also mention, there is a medication approved for chronic dry eye called Restasis. It is prescription only however.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8940, "author": "Mango Princess", "author_id": 6568, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6568", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You could also try warm compresses for dry eyes; they help the glands in your eyelids secrete good oils for lubrication</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8995, "author": "claire20", "author_id": 1247, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1247", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Here are some other <a href=\"http://www.belmarrahealth.com/dry-eyes-and-seasonal-allergies-linked-treat-dry-eyes-naturally-with-home-remedies/\" rel=\"nofollow\">home remedies that can help ease your dry eye symptoms</a>:</p>\n\n<p><strong>Apply warm compress:</strong> Because dry eyes can occur due to lack of tears, applying a warm compress may unclog your tear glands, allowing the production of tears and relieving dry eye symptoms.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Blink:</strong> Our bodies naturally lubricate our eyes through blinking. Make sure you are blinking often, especially when concentrating on a computer screen or sitting in front of a TV. Blinking can also help remove dust and debris from your eyes and prevent irritation.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Wear protective eye gear:</strong> Sunglasses are an easy solution to your dry eye problem because they can block the sunlight and the wind – both dry eye causes.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Stay hydrated:</strong> Because our bodies require water for all major functions, it’s no surprise that drinking enough water is a dry eye treatment. In particular, on hotter days, make sure you’re getting adequate hydration, and if you find water boring, add in fruits and vegetables.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Apply cucumbers:</strong> Because of their water content, placing cucumbers on the eyes can keep them moist and lubricated – an effective dry eyes home remedy indeed.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Reduce coffee consumption:</strong> Coffee can worsen your dry eye condition, so cutting back on your intake may help relieve dry eye symptoms.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8890", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8911, "author": "M. Arrowsmith", "author_id": 5016, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5016", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In 2013, a systematic review and meta-analysis (see ref in source) examined the long term outcome of catheter ablation in patient with atrial fibrillation.</p>\n\n<p>They first looked at <strong>single procedure success rates</strong> (=percentage of patients free of atrial arrhythmia or not requiring a second procedure at 12 months) and reported that the <strong>pooled overall success rate was 64.2%</strong> (95% CI 57.5% to 70.3%). </p>\n\n<p>If paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and non paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) were considered separately:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The pooled 12-month success rate for the 11 studies reporting outcomes\n for PAF patients was 66.6% (95% CI 58.2% to 74.2%), and for the 6\n studies reporting outcomes for NPAF patients, it was 51.9% (95% CI\n 33.8% to 69.5%).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>They then looked at <strong>multiple procedure success rates</strong> and showed that the overall <strong>multiple-procedure long-term success rate was 79.8%</strong> (95% CI 75.0% to 83.8%) in 13 studies (Figure 3).</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The multiple-procedure long-term success in PAF was 79.0% in 8 studies\n (95% CI 67.6% to 87.1%), and that in NPAF was 77.8% in 4 studies (95%\n CI 68.7% to 84.9%, P=0.9 versus PAF).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Here a graph representing the different in success rates between single procedures and multiples procedures:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/pre1V.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/pre1V.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p><strong>All these results have to be taken with caution as the heterogeneity associated with these results exceeded 50% but it provides a general overview.</strong></p>\n\n<p>Several studies have suggested some variables associated with AF recurrence such as NPAF, left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure, structural or valvular heart disease, and duration of AF.</p>\n\n<p>Finally, I don’t think it is possible to define an optimum number of ablation. Ideally, the aim is to success after the first ablation. I haven’t heard of a maximum. From my experience, if AF can’t be effectively ablated, the aim is to achieve frequency/rhythm control through optimal drug therapy until the patient in asymptomatic.</p>\n\n<p><em>Sources (for text and figure):\nGanesan et al. Long-term Outcomes of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013; 2: e004549 originally published March 18, 2013 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.004549</em></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8915, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>This is a subject I'm very well versed in since I've had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and atrial flutter (AFL) for a number of years and I've undergone no fewer than five ablation procedures. However, I really can't improve on M. Arrowsmith's answer. It's pretty much spot on. However, I will add some thoughts you won't easily find in published research.</p>\n\n<p>The optimal number of ablations is, of course, one. And for the majority of patients that's how many they'll undergo. Success rates for PAF are very high these days. However, a significant number of patients will require two, with the second one often being described as a \"touch up\" procedure. There are two major reasons why a second ablation is often required:</p>\n\n<p>First, it is very easy for the electrophysiologist (EP) to accidentally create what's known as a flutter circuit during the procedure. This usually takes the form of a tiny gap in the line of burns that are created to contain the afib. That tiny gap allows an errant signal to begin a self-perpetuating circle in the heart that causes the heart to beat very rapidly, often at about 150 beats per minute. This is atrial flutter (AFL). It's similar to AF, but unlike AF it's a very regular rhythm, and it's usually faster. Rates of 150 beats per minute are common. A second ablation to fix AFL is typically much faster and simpler than the original AF ablation.</p>\n\n<p>Second, the standard ablation for AF is what's known as pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). A PVI ablation procedure creates a circle of burns around the point in the left atrium where the pulmonary veins enter. Pulmonary veins are the number 1 source of errant AF signals, so burning a circle around them basically creates a \"fence\" that contains the errant signals and doesn't let them spread to the rest of the atria. However, there can also be isolated spots elsewhere in the atria that generate errant AF signals and those are very difficult to find. Since they're difficult to find, they can be missed during the first procedure and require a second procedure to go in and find and ablate them individually.</p>\n\n<p>After a second ablation, additional ablations are going to be because:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>The EP's skills or experience are lacking. Ablations require a great deal of experience, practice and a precise touch. Operator experience counts for a lot. You should seek the EP who does a LOT of ablations.</p></li>\n<li><p>The patient is a difficult case with unusual sources of afib\nthat are difficult to find or are in difficult locations. Sometimes those locations can be places that are simply too dangerous to ablate. (This is my situation.)</p></li>\n<li><p>Sometimes, after a period of time, connections can reestablish\nthemselves. Natural healing around the ablation lesions creates a new\npathway that allows afib to escape \"the fence\" and thus AF reappears.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Do chances of stopping AF symptoms change with each surgery?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Yes, they improve. With PAF the first procedure will completely stop AF symptoms for about 70-75% of all patients. A second procedure raises that number into the 90-95% range. So the chances of an ablation stopping your AF for years or even permanently are very good, but as I have learned, a small percentage of patients will not be so lucky.</p>\n\n<p>On the other hand, if you have longstanding, persistent AF, the success rates are not as good. With persistent AF you're looking at about a 50-60% success rate overall. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8910", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6552/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8919, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Several reviews of studies about multivitamin supplements have been done lately, mostly in 2015:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0101/od1.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force - Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Recommendation Statement</a></li>\n</ol>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Multivitamins: no recommendation; Single- or paired-nutrient supplements:\nno recommendation</strong></p>\n<p>Evidence on supplementation with multivitamins to reduce the risk of\ncardiovascular disease or cancer is inadequate, as is the evidence on\nsupplementation with individual vitamins, minerals, or functional\npairs. Supplementation with beta carotene or vitamin E does not reduce\nthe risk of cardiovascular disease or cancer.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/healthy_aging/healthy_body/is-there-really-any-benefit-to-multivitamins\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">John Hopkins Medicine - Is There Really Any Benefit to Multivitamins?</a>:</li>\n</ol>\n<blockquote>\n<p>A recent look at multivitamins by Johns Hopkins researchers shows that\n<strong>there’s no proof of benefit,</strong> but there is evidence of possible harm\nfrom high doses of certain vitamin supplements.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><a href=\"https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">US Department of Agriculture - Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020</a>:</li>\n</ol>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>In some cases,</em> fortified foods and dietary supplements may be useful\nin providing one or more nutrients that <em>otherwise may be consumed in\nless-than-recommended amounts.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>^^ This last claim is a direct quote from the Guidelines -- it is an unfortunate sentence structure, which can be misleading. What they are saying is that &quot;in some cases, &quot; which is for individuals with inadequate nutrient intake by regular diet (but not for those with adequate intake), supplements may be beneficial.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8923, "author": "Milo Martinovich", "author_id": 6564, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6564", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In a perfect world, no, a multivitamin wouldn't be needed. However, even with high intake of fruits and vegetables, you have to consider micronutrient degradation in fresh fruits that you buy in the store. As soon as you pick a fruit/veggie, the micronutrients are starting to break down. The longer you wait to eat it, the less it will have.</p>\n\n<p>One way to get around this is to have your own garden and eat what you pick every day. The other way to ensure more micronutrient intake is to take a multivitamin. One thing to consider as well is that the RDA for each vitamin/mineral isn't the upper limit for positive benefits. There are more benefits to be reaped at higher intake with a lot of the vitamins/minerals.</p>\n\n<p>As for the links posted by Jan, the 1st one states that there is no definitive evidence either way, so nothing can be concluded. The 2nd link analyzed multivitamin users and only concluded results of the risk of heart attacks, mental decline, and cancer. That is not the main purpose of a multivitamin in the first place.</p>\n\n<p>If you look at the benefits of each vitamin/mineral(<a href=\"http://www.helpguide.org/harvard/vitamins-and-minerals.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.helpguide.org/harvard/vitamins-and-minerals.htm</a>) you'll see nothing about heart attacks, cancer, or mental decline. Lets see a study on these proposed benefits of each vitamin/mineral with multivitamin users vs non-users. I'm sure that would lead to different results. </p>\n\n<p>Summary: Yes, they can be useful if you are not getting your daily intake of each of the vitamins/minerals. They can also provide benefits beyond the RDA for certain vitamins/minerals. Micronutrient degradation happens and can cause lower intake of micronutrients than you might expect, even with high amounts of fruits and vegetables in your diet. Take a multivitamin for the benefits of the vitamins/minerals, not to try and stop heart attacks, cancer, etc. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8926, "author": "Jason C", "author_id": 21, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/21", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<blockquote>\n<p>Is there an objective answer to whether or not taking a multi-vitamin dietary supplement is beneficial to health?</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>No, there is not.</p>\n<p>If you dig into the existing research, unless you are looking to experience some confirmation bias one way or the other, you will only continue to find evidence that there is no conclusion.</p>\n<p>In this case <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitamin#Research\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Wikipedia actually does sum it up nicely</a>, emphasis mine:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Provided that precautions are taken (such as adjusting the vitamin amounts to what is believed to be appropriate for children, pregnant women or people with certain medical conditions), multivitamin intake is generally safe, but <strong>research is still ongoing with regard to what health effects multivitamins have</strong>.</p>\n<p>Evidence of health effects of multivitamins comes largely from prospective cohort studies which evaluate health differences between groups that take multivitamins and groups that do not. <strong>Correlations between multivitamin intake and health found by such studies may not result from multivitamins themselves, but may reflect underlying characteristics of multivitamin-takers.</strong> For example, it has been suggested that multivitamin-takers may, overall, have more underlying diseases (<strong>making multivitamins appear as less beneficial in prospective cohort studies</strong>). On the other hand, it has also been suggested that multivitamin users may, overall, be more health-conscious (<strong>making multivitamins appear as more beneficial in prospective cohort studies</strong>). Randomized controlled studies have been encouraged to address this uncertainty.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>I'd love to quote the whole &quot;Research&quot; section here, but if you read through it, and between the lines, you can start to get an inkling of just how all over the place and inconclusive research has been.</p>\n<p>For example, the citation for the &quot;randomized controlled studies have been encouraged&quot; bit is simply a paper from 2011 that concludes with &quot;these results highlight the need for more case-control studies or randomized controlled clinical trials to further examine this relationship.&quot; In other words, as recently as 5 years ago, at least one researcher was still in the state of realizing that randomized trials may be needed to clear things up.</p>\n<p>Every credible source, e.g. Johns Hopkins, periodically releases some article that says &quot;In a recent study, vitamins have shown to be beneficial / unhelpful&quot;. If you dig into the methods of these studies you will likely find (very reasonable) initial bias in both directions as well as the introduction of other variables due to the selected sample set.</p>\n<p>For example, the title of that that Johns Hopkins editorial linked to in the other answer is <a href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1789253\" rel=\"noreferrer\">&quot;Enough Is Enough: Stop Wasting Money on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements&quot;</a>. With a title like that I'm sure that research wasn't neutral to begin with (not that it was bad, it's just this is a really inconclusive topic so it's easy to interpret study results according to initial views, hence the fact that this has been an ongoing conflict for decades).</p>\n<p>The abstract of that study concludes with the absurdly inconclusive, and probably biased, <em>&quot;Although available evidence does not rule out small benefits or harms or large benefits or harms in a small subgroup of the population, we believe that the case is closed— supplementing the diet of well-nourished adults with (most) mineral or vitamin supplements has no clear benefit and might even be harmful.&quot;</em> -- A sentence which I can't help but laugh at because, you know, <a href=\"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&amp;q=wtf+face\" rel=\"noreferrer\">what</a>? -- The issue really is so up in the air that anybody can pretty much find any data to support any viewpoint. You can pick anything you want from that abstract and use it as a basis to publish an article with a catchy headline like &quot;The Vitamin Verdict&quot; that supports your view either way, there is very little objectivity involved.</p>\n<p>However, there does at least seem to be a general consensus that, <em>massive overdose aside</em> they don't <em>hurt</em> (except for the couple of studies that said they do, which were countered by meta studies that said the studies said they didn't, and so on...).</p>\n<p>Note by the way this isn't really &quot;of late&quot;, well, at least not in the US where it's been a slowly but steadily increasing trend for <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db61.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">at least 30 years</a>. I distinctly remember having a heated conversation with somebody about this exact same topic 20 years ago.</p>\n<p>I think personal dietary and health trends are simply too varied to make any kind of general conclusion here. Perhaps they are good for some people in some situations and have no benefit for others, and every study from now until the end of time will continue to be inconclusive and unintentionally (or intentionally!) biased.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8962, "author": "Debbie D'Amelio", "author_id": 5067, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5067", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>One point that has not been explored is the quality of the supplement. It can vary widely regardless of the percentage of each vitamin. The NIH has done extensive testing on whether vitamins and other supplements are beneficial. In this link, it lists 3 independent organizations that test supplements of all kinds.\nAnother issue is whether or not the vitamins are prescribed by a dr. Mine does want me to take them as well as other supplements, so I do on his advice.\n<a href=\"https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/DS_WhatYouNeedToKnow.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">NIH Dietary Supplements</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8918", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6515/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12767, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>There's very little you could do in terms of lifestyle changes. <a href=\"http://whyquit.com/whyquit/A_Benefits_Time_Table.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Quitting smoking</a>, <a href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3059262/Binge-drinking-raises-risk-heart-attack-70-spirits-dangerous-beer-wine.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">stopping excessive drinking</a>, and stopping the use of stimulants such as <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2111405/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">cocaine</a> and <a href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080604091829.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">amphetamines</a> are the only things I can think of that would have fairly immediate results, but I doubt it would be enough to prevent that arterial plaque from rupturing that's going to cause the heart attack. The time to prevent that was lifestyle changes 30 years ago.</p>\n\n<p>What I would do if I had such information would be head to the best interventional cardiologist available and ask for a full workup and aggressive treatment of any pending problems they find. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12771, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Many people get bad news from their own hearts in the form of a chest pains when actually getting a heart attack. But not all of these people can be treated, there are cases where angioplasty of a bypass cannot be performed. Such patients have a bad prognosis, they have a very high probability of suffering another heart attack in the near future. Dr. Esselstyn has been experimenting with a very strict plant based, fat free diet on such hopeless patients, <a href=\"https://youtu.be/J6pLRdawBw0?t=2910\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">like this one</a> with what he claims are good results.</p>\n\n<p>Now, the patients here did get medical treatment in the form of medicines, so anticoagulants, blood pressure medication, nitrates, statins etc. would all be administered where appropriate. Nevertheless, without the lifestyle changes imposed by sticking to Esselstyn's diet, most of his patients would have lived for no more than a few years, dying directly from another heart attack or from heart failure caused by subsequent heart attacks.</p>\n\n<p>Now, this does not mean that we should all stick to Esselstyn's diet. More rigorous tests are needed to verify his claimed results. Also, even if verified, an intervention that can prevent a death from some cause with a period of a few years may not be good for a young person who is not facing that risk at all. Also, the short of diet Esselstyn is arguing for may lead to deficiencies on the long term if you're not very careful about your nutrient intake.</p>\n\n<p>Compare this to taking aspirin. If you somehow know that you're going to have a heart attack in the near future, you'll be able to reduce the probability of getting that heart attack simply by taking an aspirin. But if you don't have that information, then taking an aspirin just in case will not help you to increase your life expectancy, because it increases the probability of a fatal intestinal bleeding, while the reduction of the probability of having a heart attack is going to have a lesser effect in this case.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8959", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6595/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8989, "author": "Giorgio", "author_id": 6443, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6443", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><a href=\"http://insulinnation.com/treatment/medicine-drugs/beyond-bmi-and-a1c-measuring-insulin-resistance/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">InsulinNation</a> gives a good overview:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Pre-diabetes can exist for a long time in your body without triggering the most common outward signs of diabetes (continual thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, etc). And standard methods of detecting insulin resistance or pre-diabetes using glucose tolerance tests or an A1C percentage often show false negatives; that’s because the pancreas is still able to produce enough insulin to overcome insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is also good at hiding itself; it is common that someone diagnosed as a Type 2 has already had the disease for five years, which makes the battle for control an uphill climb even before it begins.</p>\n<p>Fortunately, there are other ways to identify insulin resistance using biomarkers in blood drawn from patients as a normal part of an annual or semi-annual general checkup. These biomarker data can be plotted against what is considered normal, and as a result, place the person at a specific point along the path to pre-diabetes or to Type 2 diabetes itself.</p>\n<p>Tools to detect insulin resistance include</p>\n</blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Tests showing the degree of pancreatic output and what could be defined as “pancreatic stress”. These include both fasting insulin and fasting glucose, a Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) that measures beta cell function and insulin sensitivity, a C-Peptide test and a pro-insulin test;</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Measurements of lipid hormones such as leptin and adiponectin. These biomarkers can give insight into a person’s unique communication between fat metabolism and insulin.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Tests that evaluate a person’s degree of inflammation.These biomarkers include a cardiac-specific C-reactive protein measurement (CRP) and a sedimentation rate.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Measurements that quantify fatty acid metabolism and the fatty acids released by the patient. These can also give particle size and number as well as an average inflammatory number.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9172, "author": "aparente001", "author_id": 402, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/402", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There is a surrogate marker of insulin resistance, called IGFBP-1. It's a simple blood test, and easy to interpret. This test is done at a specialty lab and takes several weeks for the results to come back. You get your blood draw in the usual place (e.g. your local hospital), but then the sample is sent out to a specialty lab. This is a relatively non-invasive test. You can put EMLA cream on the inside of a child's elbow and there will be no pain for the blood draw.</p>\n<p>An individual with insulin resistance can do this test between once and four times a year, to track progress (or lack thereof). The lower the result, the more insulin resistant you are. For example, my son, who has been diagnosed with insulin resistance, has varied between 4 and 20 (I forget what the units are). When he was at 4, we were seeing more symptoms and higher BMI for age. When he was at 16 things were better. At 20, better still. I'm afraid I'm not certain what range is considered normal -- but I vaguely remember 20 and above was good.</p>\n<p>There are a number of articles out there about this. Here's one:\nMaclaren NK, Gujral S, Ten S &amp; Motagheti R. Childhood obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 2007 ;48:73–78.</p>\n<p>Apparently this only works as a surrogate for children.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8988", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6606/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9009, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The list of sub-categories in medicine is pretty much the same as the list of specialists in medicine. This list is fairly complete, although there are one or two specialties that aren't listed such as sports medicine, and some fields such as radiology have more than one type of specialist. But for your purposes, this should be accurate enough.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jmu.edu/esol/specialist_list.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jmu.edu/esol/specialist_list.htm</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Allergist or Immunologist - conducts the diagnosis and treatment of\n allergic conditions.</p>\n \n <p>Anesthesiologist - treats chronic pain syndromes; administers\n anesthesia and monitors the patient during surgery.</p>\n \n <p>Cardiologist - treats heart disease</p>\n \n <p>Dermatologist -treats skin diseases, including some skin cancers</p>\n \n <p>Gastroenterologist - treats stomach disorders</p>\n \n <p>Hematologist/Oncologist - treats diseases of the blood and\n blood-forming tissues (oncology including cancer and other tumors)</p>\n \n <p>Internal Medicine Physician - treats diseases and disorders of\n internal structures of the body.</p>\n \n <p>Nephrologist - treats kidney diseases.</p>\n \n <p>Neurologist - treats diseases and disorders of the nervous system.</p>\n \n <p>Neurosurgeon - conducts surgery of the nervous system.</p>\n \n <p>Obstetrician - treats women during pregnancy and childbirth</p>\n \n <p>Gynecologist - treats diseases of the female reproductive system and\n genital tract.</p>\n \n <p>Nurse-Midwifery - manages a woman's health care, especially during\n pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period.</p>\n \n <p>Occupational Medicine Physician - diagnoses and treats work-related\n disease or injury.</p>\n \n <p>Ophthalmologist - treats eye defects, injuries, and diseases.</p>\n \n <p>Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon - surgically treats diseases, injuries,\n and defects of the hard and soft tissues of the face, mouth, and jaws.</p>\n \n <p>Orthopaedic Surgeon - preserves and restores the function of the\n musculoskeletal system.</p>\n \n <p>Otolaryngologist (Head and Neck Surgeon) - treats diseases of the ear,\n nose, and throat,and some diseases of the head and neck, including\n facial plastic surgery.</p>\n \n <p>Pathologist - diagnoses and treats the study of the changes in body\n tissues and organs which cause or are caused by disease</p>\n \n <p>Pediatrician - treats infants, toddlers, children and teenagers.</p>\n \n <p>Plastic Surgeon - restores, reconstructs, corrects or improves in the\n shape and appearance of damaged body structures, especially the face.</p>\n \n <p>Podiatrist - provides medical and surgical treatment of the foot.</p>\n \n <p>Psychiatrist - treats patients with mental and emotional disorders.</p>\n \n <p>Pulmonary Medicine Physician - diagnoses and treats lung disorders.</p>\n \n <p>Radiation Onconlogist - diagnoses and treats disorders with the use of\n diagnostic imaging, including X-rays, sound waves, radioactive\n substances, and magnetic fields.</p>\n \n <p>Diagnostic Radiologist - diagnoses and medically treats diseases and\n disorders of internal structures of the body.</p>\n \n <p>Rheumatologist - treats rheumatic diseases, or conditions\n characterized by inflammation, soreness and stiffness of muscles, and\n pain in joints and associated structures</p>\n \n <p>Urologist - diagnoses and treats the male and female urinary tract and\n the male reproductive system</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9011, "author": "Felipe", "author_id": 6416, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6416", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p><em>From my current personal experience at medical school, I would like to add following precisions to Carey Gregory's answer:</em></p>\n\n<p>Before going into clinical practice and rotating in the different subspecialties listed by Carey Gregory in his answer, in general, medical students learn the “fundamentals” of medicine during the first years of medical school. \nThis contains:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Human physiology</strong> (= the study of how living organisms works): this is\ndivided into several “sections” (or modules): cardiovascular\nphysiology, respiratory physiology, uro-genital physiology\n(regulation of body fluid volume and composition), immunology,\nneuroscience, muskulo-skelettal system, sensory physiology, digestive\nphysiology, endocrine physiology, digestive physiology, etc, reproductive physiology. <em>One of our reference book is the “Human Physiology- The mechanisms of\nbody function” by Vander et al but there are other books available on\nthe topic.</em></li>\n<li><strong>Pathophysiology:</strong> this studies the impaired physiological mechanisms\nthat lead to diseases. <em>There are many books on pathophysiology. Our\nreference book is “Robbins Basic Pathology” by Kumar et al.</em></li>\n<li><strong>Anatomy/Neuroanatomy</strong>: There are many online available atlas which can\nbe very useful. <em>Otherwise we use the “Clinically Oriented Anatomy” by\nMoore. It contains some text which gives you the importance of your\nstudied anatomy structure in clinically practice (which makes\nstudying more interesting in my opinion)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Histology:</strong> this studies the organisation of cells and tissues using a\nmicroscope. </li>\n<li><strong>Histopathology:</strong> studies the impaired organisation of cells and\ntissues in diseases (with a microscope). <em>Again, there are plenty of books, one commonly used is the “Histology- A text and atlas” by Ross et al</em></li>\n<li><strong>Pathology:</strong> macroscopic study of organs from patients with specific\nconditions. You can find some online atlas of pathology. Otherwise the\nRobbins (see under pathophysiology) is useful too.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><em>I want to emphasise that those books are personal recommendations and that there are other books available on the market which are probably as good as my recommendations (or even better). Also you may wish to consider “Lecture Notes” on the topics, which are basically giving you a summary (when you want to have a quick overview)</em></p>\n\n<p>Hope this brings some clarifications!</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9008", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6616/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9019, "author": "Kermilli", "author_id": 1082, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1082", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As far as I know taking zinc pills increase the volume of your sperm. Also avoiding hot baths/creating a fresh environment for your scrotum increases the sperm count. </p>\n\n<p>Maybe some exercises to increase testosterone helps too. For best advice man you gotta see a health care professional. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9021, "author": "M. Arrowsmith", "author_id": 5016, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5016", "pm_score": 5, "selected": true, "text": "<p><em>I will try to answer your question by using another perspective (risk factors for infertility).</em> </p>\n\n<p><strong>MALE</strong></p>\n\n<p>Among the <strong>main causes of male infertility</strong>, \"idiopathic\" causes (ie not du to endocrine problems, genetic defects or sperm transport problems) represent 40%.</p>\n\n<p>In the last decades, increasing attention has been given to <strong>environmental factors</strong>. Here a brief overview:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>pesticide dibromochloropropane is a well-known cause, as are\nlead, cadmium, and mercury</strong>.</li>\n<li>The possibility that chemicals with estrogenic or antiandrogenic\nactivity (“endocrine disruptors”), including insecticides and\nfungicides, may lower sperm counts has attracted much attention\nlately, although direct proof of an effect in men is lacking.</li>\n<li>Occupational and environmental exposure has been associated with\nlower quality semen analyses; <strong>limited data suggest that consumption\nof fruits and vegetables with high pesticide residues may also be\nassociated with lower semen quality</strong>.</li>\n<li>Because of the rapid increase in cell phone use around the world,\nstudies have been done to investigate whether cell phone usage has\nany detrimental effects on sperm parameters. This issue is\ncontroversial and definitive data are not yet available.</li>\n<li><strong>Smoking</strong> – Data on cigarette smoking and its possible effect on sperm\ncounts are inconsistent. However, in a meta-analysis of 20\nobservational studies, men who smoked cigarettes were more likely to\nhave low sperm counts.</li>\n<li><strong>Hyperthermia</strong> – Hyperthermia has long been thought to impair\nspermatogenesis. Prolonged high testicular temperature may explain\nthe infertility associated with spinal cord injuries, varicocele, and\nchronic sauna and Jacuzzi exposure. <strong>Similarly, febrile illness,\nprolonged sitting during work or truck driving, welding, baking,\ntight fitting underwear, and laptop use with increased heat to the\ntestes have been proposed to adversely affect male fertility. The\ndata to support these associations are inconsistent and may be a very\nweak risk factor for infertility</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>FEMALE</strong></p>\n\n<p><strong>Similarly to male infertility, idiophatic female infertility has been associated with similar risks factors, although some of them show conflicting results and have still to be confirmed.</strong> Here additional information regarding some risk factors:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Smoking:</strong> Most series report that <strong>fecundability is decreased if the female partner smokes more than 10 cigarettes per day.</strong> In a 1998 meta-analysis including data from almost 11,000 smoking women and over 19,000 nonsmokers, cigarette smoking by the female partner was associated with a statistically significant increase in infertility compared to nonsmokers (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.34-1.91)</li>\n<li><strong>Weight:</strong> most studies report a BMI greater than 27 kg/m2 or a BMI less than 17 kg/m2 is associated with increased ovulatory dysfunction and resultant infertility</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Regarding your two specific questions about diet and exercise:</p>\n\n<p><strong>DIET</strong></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In healthy couples, there is no strong evidence that dietary\n variations such as vegetarian diets, low-fat diets, and vitamin or\n antioxidant-enriched diets improve fertility.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>EXERCISE</strong></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The intensity and duration of exercise can affect female fertility,\n but the specific type of exercise does not appear to be a factor. In\n some epidemiological studies, vigorous/intense physical activity was\n associated with ovulatory infertility, while others have not\n observed a significant association</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>So avoiding some of those proven risk factors, may reduce your risk of developing infertility. I haven't found any evidenced based data of fertility \"stimulants\".</strong></p>\n\n<p>Sources: Swerdloff et al. Causes of male infertility. Uptodate.com. Jul 2016, Hornstein et al. Optimizing natural fertility in healthy couples. Uptodate.com. Jul 2016</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9010", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/4854/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9033, "author": "Tanvi sahani", "author_id": 4854, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/4854", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>First of All, women naturally have more body fat and it is healthier for a woman to have more body fat. We are naturally designed this way because we need the fat to help with pregnancies. We tend to have more belly fat for this purpose. It is a bit difficult for women to get 6-pack abs. Males and females need to follow different diets. Food affects men and women differently. Though men and women both need to do a different of styles of crunches, women need to particularly focus on diagonal crunches which target the lower abdominal section. It may not be that you are not working hard enough but that you are not eating the right foods and doing the right exercises. And also need to include cardio as well.</p>\n\n<p>References:\n<a href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-fat-deposit-on-t/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-fat-deposit-on-t/</a>\n<a href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090302115755.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090302115755.htm</a>\n<a href=\"http://slowyoga.com.au/its-ok-to-be-soft-why-womens-bodies-naturally-have-more-fat/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://slowyoga.com.au/its-ok-to-be-soft-why-womens-bodies-naturally-have-more-fat/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13023, "author": "veritessa", "author_id": 9862, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9862", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>On a population level, women tend to have higher body fat percentage than men: 25% for normal women versus 15% for men. This means that for a man and women with equally-sized abs, the man's abs will look more prominent because they have less fat on top of them. </p>\n\n<p>Another contributing factor is that men put on muscle more easily than women do. This isn't sexism, it's biological fact due to the actions of testosterone to build muscle. If a man and a woman exercise for the same amount of time and the same intensity, the man will build more muscle because he has about 3x as much testosterone as the woman, and androgens (including testosterone) increase muscle growth. (This is why some body builders take \"steroids\": to boost their muscle growth.) </p>\n\n<p>So, in summary, the reason men develop \"more abs\" is because they have lower body fat and can build muscle more easily. This is of course ON AVERAGE...there are plenty of men who have no visible abs and plenty of women with impressive 6-packs. Any individual through proper diet and exercise can develop good-looking abs regardless of their gender.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9024", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6568/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9041, "author": "DavideN", "author_id": 6640, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6640", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There's nothing that does what you asked as a medical doctor would do, because a software is always a software.</p>\n\n<p>Anyway a good reference (there should be also a function similar to the one you asked for) can be found on <a href=\"http://reference.medscape.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://reference.medscape.com/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11339, "author": "holyknight", "author_id": 8367, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8367", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There's an App call Ada. It's only available for iOS. It's an IA based bot that ask you about your symptoms and gives you a diagnostic. It was pretty accurate with some regular illnesses. It's much more advanced than a \"symptoms checker\", it can for example give you opinions based on statistical data. Also keeps record of your symptoms and dates, and ask you after if you are feeling better or worse or if you are cured.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://ada.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Ada - Personal Health Companion</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 23763, "author": "lordy", "author_id": 19718, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/19718", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are quite some symptom checkers available - this one seems to perform well in benchmarks and allows free text input: <a href=\"https://www.symptoma.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.symptoma.com/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9034", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6638/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9778, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<ol>\n<li><p>Detoxification (the process by which the body rids itself of a drug)</p></li>\n<li><p>Behavioral counseling</p></li>\n<li><p>Medication (for opioid, tobacco, or alcohol addiction)</p></li>\n<li><p>Evaluation and treatment for co-occurring mental health issues such as depression and anxiety</p></li>\n<li><p>Long-term follow-up to prevent relapse</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>A range of care with a tailored treatment program and follow-up options can be crucial to success. Treatment should include both medical and mental health services as needed. Follow-up care may include community- or family-based recovery support systems.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14546, "author": "Fizz", "author_id": 10980, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/10980", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Most (proposed) behavioral addictions aren't that well studied (or accepted in the DSM). Gambling is the exception, so you may want to look at how that is treated. Also, there are no accepted standards for <a href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/04/pornography.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">what is porn addiction vs. normal use</a>. And since you ask about depression in a different question: increase in porn use can be a symptom of depression or bipolar [hypo]mania.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14549, "author": "aparente001", "author_id": 402, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/402", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Heroin is a special case of substance addiction, because of the tremendous withdrawal side effects. In general, substance addiction recovery doesn't require a gradual approach. In fact, from what I know about OCD, which has some similarities, I suspect that a gradual approach would be more difficult to succeed with.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.addiction.com/addiction-a-to-z/porn-addiction/porn-addiction-treatment/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.addiction.com/addiction-a-to-z/porn-addiction/porn-addiction-treatment/</a> states that recovery from a pornography addiction will generally involve</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), coupled with group therapy, 12-step and other social support groups and perhaps alternative therapies such as art therapy, equine therapy (working with horses), EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) and the like.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>I have done some reading about exposure treatments for OCD, skin picking and hair pulling, and I have helped my son with his home exercises for OCD (with guidance from his therapist). Another term for exposure treatments is Exposure and Response Prevention. I wrote up an overview about our experience with it <a href=\"https://academia.stackexchange.com/a/78073/32436\">here</a>.</p>\n\n<p>I see some overlap between pornography addiction and OCD. One of the OCD symptoms my son has had is an electronics addiction. At school he was given a Chromebook to carry around all day and use in all his classes. It was connected to the internet. He started spending his school day surfing the internet, and started failing classes.</p>\n\n<p>The internet is often used for viewing pornography.</p>\n\n<p>One of the things that makes it so difficult to get this under control is that frequently one uses the computer for other things as well, and it's a slippery slope to go from writing a necessary email to surfing pornography sites.</p>\n\n<p>If you want to read more about this, I recommend the articles by Fred Penzel: <a href=\"http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;id=36:ocd-and-related-subjects-by-frederick-penzel-phd&amp;layout=default\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;id=36:ocd-and-related-subjects-by-frederick-penzel-phd&amp;layout=default</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9042", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6641/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9082, "author": "Mango Princess", "author_id": 6568, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6568", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Yes, a tension-type headache is more of a pressing, tightening quality, and mild to moderate intensity. There is no throbbing. There is also no nausea. It is usually bilateral, so usually it is on both sides of the head. The forehead is possible...but not the only option.</p>\n\n<p>In contrast, a migraine is more of a throbbing kind of headache, and begins or stays unilateral.</p>\n\n<p>I based my descriptions off \"Medical School for Everyone: Grand Rounds Cases\" from The Great Courses, presented by Roy Benaroch. I referred to <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/home/ovc-20211413\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mayo Clinic</a> to double check my answer.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 20205, "author": "Scientificpr", "author_id": 16938, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/16938", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102413485658\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Diagnostic criteria</a> for tension-type headache, as in migraine, is a composition of symptoms and associated features, although throbbing type headache is part of the migraine criteria, it could appear in tension headaches.</p>\n\n<p>Diagnostic criteria:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>At least 10 episodes of headache occurring on &lt;1 day per month on average (&lt;12 days per year) and fulfilling criteria B-D</p></li>\n<li><p>Lasting from 30 minutes to 7 days</p></li>\n<li><p><strong>At least two</strong> of the following four characteristics:</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>bilateral location</p>\n\n<p>pressing or tightening (non-pulsating) quality</p>\n\n<p>mild or moderate intensity</p>\n\n<p>not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs</p>\n\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>Both of the following:</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>no nausea or vomiting</p>\n\n<p>no more than one of photophobia or phonophobia</p>\n\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Therefore, having throbbing type headaches is not exclusion criteria for having tension-type headache</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9072", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3535/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9098, "author": "M. Arrowsmith", "author_id": 5016, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5016", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>To make it simple: There are two types of fat: unsaturated (\"good fat\") and saturated and trans fat (\"bad fat\").</p>\n\n<p>Current dietary guidelines (American Heart Association, WHO) suggest that saturated fats should be limited to &lt;10% (5-6% for those who would benefit from lowering of LDL cholesterol), and trans fats to &lt;1% of energy or as low as possible. The main purpose of these restrictions is to reduce risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke.</p>\n\n<p>WebMD (<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/features/cholesterol-and-cooking-fats-and-oils?page=2\">http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/features/cholesterol-and-cooking-fats-and-oils?page=2</a>) provides an exhaustive list, where unsaturated and saturated fat can be found:</p>\n\n<p><strong>Unsaturated fat:</strong></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Monounsaturated fat</strong> is the primary type found in olive, canola, and sesame oils, as well as in avocados and avocado oil, and in nuts\n and their oils. <strong>Polyunsaturated fat</strong> is prevalent in corn, cottonseed,\n and safflower oils; sunflower seeds and sunflower oil; flaxseed and\n flaxseed oil; soybeans and soybean oil; tub margarine and soft\n spreads; and seafood.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>Saturated fat:</strong></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Coconut oil, palm, palm kernel oil, and cocoa butter supply large\n amounts of saturated fat, too, but are cholesterol-free. (...) Trans fat is\n found in stick margarine, some tub margarine, and in shortening, as\n well as in some processed foods such as cookies, crackers, and pastry.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Interestingly a recent meta-analysis published (aggregation and synthetising of different studies) in the BMJ (<a href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3978\">http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3978</a>) has somehow questioned the \"negative effect\" of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease. But considering that their results were associated with a high heterogeneity (= how consistent the effect across the combined studies is, ie in this case low), larger studies are needed to confirm their results.</p>\n\n<p>To your question: I have not found any study comparing directly different \"good fat\" oils together, so probably, considering one of the oils which contains unsaturated fat would be a wise choise (if you respect the dietary guidelines). Although, olive oil has been increasingly associated with reduced cardiovascular risk (<a href=\"http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-12-78\">http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-12-78</a>), depending on your geographic location, this oil can be difficult to find.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12733, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No cooking oils at all should be used. While saturated fats are very unhealthy as pointed out in M. Arrowsmith's answer, there is a problem with using unsaturated oils as well. We should first note that there is no need to fry food, you can steam or boil your food, and add whole foods containing fats like avocados, walnuts, and chia seeds. There are no proven nutritional health benefits of frying foods in refined oils over a plant based diet that includes all the fats in the form of the above mentioned whole foods. </p>\n\n<p>Conversely, we know from many observational studies that diets that include cooking oils in any form are worse w.r.t. atherosclerosis compared to plant based diets in which no or very small amounts of cooking oils are used. Such diets do contain some amount of fat, this comes mainly from nuts, seeds and certain oily vegetables like avocados. A very recent <a href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30752-3/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">study of the indigenous Tsimané people</a> reported:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>... the Tsimané, a forager-horticulturalist population of the Bolivian Amazon with few coronary artery disease risk factors, have the lowest reported levels of coronary artery disease of any population recorded to date.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Other such results had been obtained previously in other indigenous or rural populations who stick to a low fat diet containing a lot of fruits and vegetables and who get a lot of physical activity. But in the Tsimané study, research have been able to bring CT scanners to the remote locations where the Tsimané live to directly measure coronary artery calcium scores, while the older studies used more indirect methods. E.g. as <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/41/5/1221/712631/Serum-cholesterol-diet-and-coronary-heart-disease\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">reported in the landmark article that made the link between cholesterol and heart disease</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In the African population of Uganda coronary heart disease is almost non-existent. This statement is confirmed by adequate necropsy evidence. In the Asian community, on the other hand, coronary heart disease is a major problem. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The article goes on to link the differences to the differences in cholesterol level which is then argued to be due to the differences in the percentage of calories coming from oils, it was 30–45% in the Asian community while 10-15% in the African community. Note that the Tsimané also get 14% of their calories from fats.</p>\n\n<p>Then having established that a low fat diet and a generally healthy lifestyle that includes eating lots of vegetables and getting plenty of exercise yields a low rates of heart disease in indigenous populations, one also needs to consider how other indigenous populations fare who eat a high fat diet. E.g. there exists a popular myth about Eskimos having very low rates of heart disease despite eating a high fat, meat based diet containing hardly any fruits and vegetables. But as <a href=\"http://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(14)00237-2/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pointed out here:</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>During the 1970s, 2 Danish investigators, Bang and Dyerberg, on being informed that the Greenland Eskimos had a low prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) set out to study the diet of this population. Bang and Dyerberg described the “Eskimo diet” as consisting of large amounts of seal and whale blubber (ie, fats of animal origin) and suggested that this diet was a key factor in the alleged low incidence of CAD. This was the beginning of a proliferation of studies that focused on the cardioprotective effects of the “Eskimo diet.” In view of data, which accumulated on this topic during the past 40 years, we conducted a review of published literature to examine whether mortality and morbidity due to CAD are indeed lower in Eskimo/Inuit populations compared with their Caucasian counterparts. Most studies found that the Greenland Eskimos and the Canadian and Alaskan Inuit have CAD as often as the non-Eskimo populations. Notably, Bang and Dyerberg's studies from the 1970s did not investigate the prevalence of CAD in this population; however, their reports are still routinely cited as evidence for the cardioprotective effect of the “Eskimo diet.”</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So, the known facts on heart disease prevalence and diets in different populations paints a clear picture: using cooking oils is done at your own peril. But what about using only the healthy unsaturated oils, surely we can evade problems by using, say, olive oil? The main problem with this is that you're going to eat much more oil than the typical 10 to 15% of the natural intake that is seen in indigenous populations that are free of heart disease. This especially in case of a 90 year old grandmother as mentioned in the OP's question whose energy intake and use will be quite low. A few tablespoons of oil will already get you over this limit which makes frying food quite difficult. But why would that be a problem?</p>\n\n<p>The problem is due to the \"empty calories effect\", the larger the fraction of the oil of the total energy intake, the less room will be left for energy in the form of whole grain carbs such as brown rice, whole grain bread and whole grain pasta. Even if you use the most healthy oils known like olive oil, the more you use of such oils the more you're going to miss out on the health benefits of the whole grain carbs. These health benefits come from not only the vitamins and minerals in whole grain carbs, but also from the fibers. </p>\n\n<p>Fibers are converted in the intestines by gut bacteria to short chained fatty acids (SCFAs) which the body uses for a whole host of things. It has been shown that SCFAs <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735932/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">reduce cholesterol levels</a>. Besides whole grains, whole foods that contain fats such as walnuts and chia seeds also contain a lot of useful nutrients including fibers. We have to note here that <a href=\"https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/increasing_fiber_intake/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Total dietary fiber intake should be 25 to 30 grams a day from food, not supplements. Currently, dietary fiber intakes among adults in the United States average about 15 grams a day.</a> Indigenous populations like the Tsimané get more than twice the recommended amounts (I checked this from my own diet which is similar to what the Tsimané eat), suggesting that the recommended amount is way too low. A 20 year-old may then be able to boost fiber intake while still using using significant amounts of cooking oils, but what about a sedentary 90 year old?</p>\n\n<p>In summary, cooking oils have no health benefits, we don't need to use them. Using the healthier unsaturated oils is not a good option either compared to not using any cooking oils, because you're going to get less nutrients as a result. This is going to be more of a problem the older and less physically active you are. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9095", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3676/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9126, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>The requirements for amino acids are <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/table/ttt00008\" rel=\"noreferrer\">given here</a>. The relative ratio between the amino acids is also important here, it's no good getting a lot of one type if you miss out on another one, you need to get all of them in the right proportions and quantities. If you are into body building, you may need more than the RDA. To see if you're getting the right amount of the various essential amino acids from the foods you eat, you can <a href=\"http://nutritiondata.self.com\" rel=\"noreferrer\">use this website</a>. E.g. <a href=\"http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4354/2\" rel=\"noreferrer\">for 100 grams split peas, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, without salt</a> we find:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ul>\n <li><p>Tryptophan 93.0 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Threonine 296 mg</p></li>\n <li><p>Isoleucine 344 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Leucine 598 mg</p></li>\n <li><p>Lysine 602 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Methionine 85.0 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Cystine 127 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Phenylalanine 384 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Tyrosine 242 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Valine 394 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Arginine 744 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Histidine 203 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Alanine 367 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Aspartic acid 984 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Glutamic acid 1426 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Glycine 371 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Proline 344 mg </p></li>\n <li><p>Serine 367 mg</p></li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Note that not all of these are the essential amino acids you really need, typical foods contain a lot more of the non-essential amino acid than the essential amino acids.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9130, "author": "VonBeche", "author_id": 5056, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5056", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You're not using protein as it is to maintain your body. It's first broken down to the individual amino acids, which your body can then use to build new stuff. </p>\n\n<p>If you're lacking one of the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid\" rel=\"nofollow\">essential amino acids</a>, you can only build as much new protein until that runs out, and all the other amino acids are just excess. A protein that contains all the necessary amino acids is called a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_protein\" rel=\"nofollow\">complete protein</a>, and you could calculate the differences in the so-called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Digestibility_Corrected_Amino_Acid_Score\" rel=\"nofollow\">quality of the protein</a>. </p>\n\n<p>A perfect protein (i.e. from egg/milk/soy) will contain amino acids in exactly the ratio you need, some protein contains so little of a certain amino acid that you'd need to eat twice as much of that protein (for example rice or peanuts).</p>\n\n<p>In your case, if beef is making you recover fastest, you'd need to eat 30*0.92/0.70 = 39g of peas for the same effect.</p>\n\n<p>You could get around this by combining different sources of protein. For example grains are limited in lysine, while beans are limited in cysteine/methionine. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9124", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3652/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9147, "author": "John", "author_id": 5266, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5266", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>The common thought here is to lose weight you need to have more calories going out than coming in (basically, just eat less).</p>\n\n<p>Your TDEE (number of calories you should eat per day to stop any weight change is <a href=\"https://tdeecalculator.net/result.php?s=metric&amp;g=female&amp;age=24&amp;kg=58&amp;cm=160&amp;act=1.375&amp;f=1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">around the 1600 mark</a></p>\n\n<p>Lets look at your diet, your exercise is not worth accounting for.</p>\n\n<p>It looks a little like this:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/28Z59.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/28Z59.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>A quick analysis says that if you follow that diet exactly and not pile on sauce onto your dinner then you will lose weight as your calories out > calories in.</p>\n\n<p><em>HOWEVER</em> You are cutting out protein and fats to lose weight which can work but is not optimal. Carbs, which make up most of your diet are not very \"filling\" </p>\n\n<p>It's well established that:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/5/1558S.long\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">protein generally increases satiety to a greater extent than\n carbohydrate or fat and may facilitate a reduction in energy\n consumption</a> - <em>Protein, weight management, and satiety, Douglas\n Paddon-Jones, Eric Westman, Richard D Mattes, Robert R Wolfe, Arne\n Astrup, and Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So while your diet will work, you will probably feel more hungry than if you met your protein and fat intake and cut carbs.</p>\n\n<p>Footnote: Be aware what you are losing weight to show. IF you have no defined muscle structure you will just end up looking frail/skinnyfat.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9184, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Your diet will yield poor results. As JJosaur analysis points out, it only contains 1150 Kcal, the amount of vitamins and minerals is quite poor. You also need to eat enough protein as JJosaur has pointed out. What you eat during the entire day is less than what I eat during dinner alone (1800 Kcal) and I weigh less than you (55 kg).</p>\n\n<p>Losing weight via dieting only works well when you are overweight by a large margin. So, if you want to lose 20 kg or more, then eating a lot less will work quite well, you'll then get plenty of energy from your fat reserves for your energy needs. But if you don't have this huge excess of fat reserves, if your goal is to reduce a BMI of, say 22 kg/m^2 to 20 kg/m^2, then eating a lot less than your energy needs won't work well, you'll become fatigued, your body will take measures to conserve energy and minerals, these are then not available to build up and maintain physical fitness.</p>\n\n<p>We have bodies that evolved over hundreds of millions of years, our bodies are programmed via feedback mechanisms mediated by hormones that regulate the metabolic rate, muscle mass etc., the whole point of all this is to enhance the chances of survival given the situation we are in. But, the programming will assume typical prehistoric conditions. </p>\n\n<p>Since your diet amounts to putting your body through a mild famine condition, your body will have made changes to be able to deal with such a condition better the next time. This means that you're likely to regain your old weight on the long term, if not more and your body composition will have changed, you'll have more fat and less muscle. Your basal metabolic rate will have gone down. </p>\n\n<p>I lost weight without intending to do so from about 63 kg to 55 kg by exercising and eating more. I now eat about 3800 Kcal/day and I run for about an hour per day. I only eat healthy foods (whole grains, brown rice, lots of fruits and vegetables). The more I started to exercise and the more I started to eat, the more minerals and vitamins I got in. </p>\n\n<p>Now, running for an hour per day and then eating a lot, is a routine that in a prehistoric setting would correspond to having to work hard to get enough to eat. The body then adapts to deal with this sort of a situation better, that's why I became fitter and stronger. I also lost weight because fat reserves are useless ballast when having to run a lot.</p>\n\n<p>So, I would suggest that you gradually increase your energy expenditure and energy intake. You should eat a lot more carbs in the forms of whole grains and brown rice. This is because energy from carbs can be more easily used for cardio work. Carbohydrate molecules contain more oxygen atoms in them compared to fat molecules, so they require less oxygen to be burned compared to fat.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9146", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5287/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9163, "author": "Sofiko", "author_id": 5165, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5165", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Laparoscopic coagulation of endometrial spots itself is one of the clinically approved treatment for endometriosis. Though by evidence-based medicine the evidence for laparoscopic treatment can vary from low to moderate (depending what symptoms patient has).</p>\n\n<p>Mirena is a hormone releasing intrauterine device for which evidence is moderate by evidence based medicine. Hormone based drugs as all drugs can have side-effects,but you need to remember, it depends on individual's organism. </p>\n\n<p>If you are avoiding laparoscopic surgery and you have experience of using hormone replacement therapy (oral contraceptives or skin application) then you should be fine with IUD. Just make sure gynaecologist inserts it correctly by ultrasound follow up after insertion. </p>\n\n<p>Another thing is, you can have it and see how it goes with you,if any inconvenience or severe side effects it can be easily removed just in second. </p>\n\n<p>High evidence treatment for Endometriosis is not found yet.</p>\n\n<p>From alternative medicine auricular acupuncture can be tried as It showed higher evidence then herbal ones as mentioned below in the link. \nHere is comparison of effectiveness of different treatments in Cochrane clinical trials:\n<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24610050/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24610050/</a></p>\n\n<p>There are lots of clinical trials done for levonorgestrel releasing IUD (Mirena). I think it is one of the most researched hormonal treatment. One of them:\n<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20618247/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20618247/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9166, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<ol>\n<li><p>Making an assumption of a diagnosis of a such serious condition as endometriosis and starting with treatment that can have potential severe side effects without making the actual diagnosis is not serious for a doctor.</p></li>\n<li><p>Abdominal adhesions from other causes, like PCOS or pelvic inflammatory disease, can cause similar symptoms. And there are other much more common conditions, like irritable bowel syndrome and trapped wind (\"splenic flexure syndrome\") with similar symptoms.</p></li>\n<li><p>Laparoscopy is not a surgery, but an outpatient diagnostic procedure. Not that I encourage anyone to do it. If endometriosis is found, some adhesions can be removed during the procedure.</p></li>\n<li><p>IUDs have potential <a href=\"http://www.rxlist.com/mirena-side-effects-drug-center.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">serious side effects</a> including ectopic pregnancy and perforation of the uterus. Nobody can tell how bad other <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/sfx/mirena-side-effects.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">side effects</a> (nausea, migraine, fatigue...) will be in a given person. </p></li>\n</ol>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9160", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9192, "author": "Ébe Isaac", "author_id": 6763, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6763", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>As per <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/mtm/neosporin-topical.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">its description</a>, Neosporin <em>can</em> be used for minor cuts and scrapes, which seem to fit well to your description of opened blister. </p>\n\n<p>The picture provided shows a shallow opening. I doubt something like that would be much of a concern. It would be better to cleanly cut of the loose cut skin to a comfortable level and wait for the healing process to complete. \nIf the loose skin is left uncut, it would have the risk of becoming a handle to rip the skin further. If the wound is deeper, then treat the wound <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/cdi/neosporin-ointment.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">as prescribed</a>.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9212, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"https://www.aad.org/public/skin-hair-nails/injured-skin/wound-care\" rel=\"nofollow\">See this from the AAD about wound care.</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/884594-overview#showall\" rel=\"nofollow\">See this from Medscape for interesting info on wound healing.</a></p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Studies are mixed whether there are clear improved outcomes from using antibiotic ointments (like neosporin) over petroleum jelly (like vaseline) on wounds that are cleaned and kept clean. There is a little more evidence for benefit in wounds acquired in dirty circumstances, and in partial thickness burns.</li>\n<li>That article, as well as all dermatologists I work with, recommend sterile petroleum jelly (or antibiotic ointment) to SCAR less than using nothing, and say it may heal faster. </li>\n<li>Since it has medication in it, antibiotic ointment can have more side effects (like allergic reactions); it's not without risk. Petroleum jelly has no active ingredients.</li>\n<li>Always keep it covered with a clean bandaid for 24-48 hrs. </li>\n<li>You can use neosporin (or vaseline) on shallow open wounds safely if you have no allergic reaction to it. (If it goes down to fascia/muscle/bone, don't - but you should be in a medical office having that looked at anyway.)</li>\n<li>TRY TO NEVER POP BLISTERS. A blister is sterile inside until you puncture it, which lets tons of bacteria come party inside your body. (And viruses, and fungus, and...)</li>\n<li>If a blister pops, try to wash the area with soap/water, lay the skin back down to cover it, and put a bandaid on - with or without vaseline or antibiotic ointment.</li>\n<li>Tip: Use vaseline tubes to deposit a dab onto the clean bandaid, QTip, or a tissue to be more sanitary.</li>\n<li>For my 2 cents, I prefer using vaseline and a clean bandaid. If it was a dirty wound or large deroofed blister, after washing it, I may use antibiotic ointment for first 24 hrs as if it were a burn.</li>\n</ol>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9185", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/43/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9204, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is more the matter of the usage of the terms rather than an actual categorization.</p>\n<p>&quot;Musculoskeletal disorders&quot; is a term used in occupational medicine that refers to &quot;minor&quot; and mainly <strong>chronic</strong> disorders (mainly overuse injuries) that affect motion and include disorders of the muscles (chronic strain, myofascial pain), tendons (tendonitis), ligaments and joints (osteoarhritis) and nerves (herniated disc, carpal tunnel syndrome).</p>\n<p>Examples of muscle disorders that are usually not described as musculoskeletal disorders are <strong>acute</strong> muscle injuries (muscle contusion, strain, tear).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rmirsi.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Canadian Center of Occupational Health and Safety</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>WMSDs [Work-related musculoskeletal disorders] are very <strong>difficult to define within traditional disease classifications.</strong> These disorders have received many names, such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Repetitive motion injuries</li>\n<li>Repetitive strain injuries</li>\n<li>Overuse syndrome</li>\n<li>Soft tissue disorders</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p><strong>EDIT:</strong></p>\n<p>To answer your question &quot;Is MSD a subset of muscular disorders or a separate pathological category altogether?&quot;: Muscular disorders are actually a subcategory of &quot;Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue&quot; by <a href=\"http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/M00-M99/M60-M63/M62-/M62.82\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ICD-10 classification</a>, but these would still not necessary be &quot;pure&quot; muscle disorders.</p>\n<p>Examples of &quot;pure muscle diseases,&quot; which mainly affect the muscle fibers or muscle function and not the tendons, ligaments or joints, could be:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Tetanus</a></strong> with muscle spasms (an infection by the bacterium Clostridium tetani)</li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1007814-overview#showall\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Rhabdomyolysis</a></strong> with massive muscle fiber breakdown due to trauma, severe alcohol poisoning, adverse reaction of certain drugs, etc.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/myasthenia_gravis/detail_myasthenia_gravis.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Myasthenia gravis</a> with muscle fatigue (an autoimmune disorder) is <a href=\"http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/G00-G99/G70-G73/G70-/G70.00\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">classified as a disease of the nervous system</a> but affects the function of the muscles.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9214, "author": "S.Victor", "author_id": 5146, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5146", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p><em>I only partly agree with previous answer and would like to contrast some of the points suggesting that \"muskuloskeletal disorders is a term used in occupational medicine\".</em></p>\n\n<p>According to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (<strong>ICD-10</strong>) of the WHO (which is used by hospitals, health prof. and insurances to \"code\" a disease), there is a part called \"<strong>Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues</strong>\" (Chapter 13), diseases are then categorized as follows:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Arthropathies</strong> (eg infectious arthropathies, inflammatory polyarthropathies, arthorsis)</li>\n<li><strong>Systemic connective tissue disorders</strong> (eg. systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, polyarteritis nodosa)</li>\n<li><strong>Dorsopathies</strong> (eg spondylopathies)</li>\n<li><strong>Soft tissue disorders</strong> (eg infectious myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies)</li>\n<li><strong>Osteopathies and chondropathies</strong> (eg osteoporosis)</li>\n<li><strong>Other disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>While some of the listed diseases in each of the above mentioned categories might be work related (or occupational), some may also be congenital (genetic) or acquired (drug associated, infectious, de novo, traumatic, etc...).</strong> Following link provides the extensive classification with the corresponding diseases: <a href=\"http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/XIII\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/XIII</a></p>\n\n<p><em>So MSD is a main category, which entails some subcategories as listed above. Some diseases might be \"pure\" muscular, other pure \"skeletal\" (although in most cases, this leads to muscular problems) and some might be both \"muskuloskeletal\". In general, the medicine speciality dealing with all these disorders is rheumatology and from my current experience, the rheumatology unit in my hospital treats a significant proportion of diseases that are not occupational related.</em></p>\n\n<p><strong>Edit:</strong>\nSome myopathies (e.g mitochondrial) are also listed under Chapter VI, \"Diseases of the nervous system\" as some of them, while affecting the muscles, are also associated with neurological disorders (stroke, epilepsia). </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9190", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6763/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9248, "author": "user41729", "author_id": 6798, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6798", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It is true that there are many benefits from morning sunlight. It helps people who are suffering from <strong>vitiligo and white patches</strong>. The morning sunlight gives Vitamin D which is good for our body and also for our bones, But there is a specific time in which you have to get exposed to sun and the time is from <strong>7am - 9am</strong>. And there is no benefits of evening sunlight.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9253, "author": "Benjamin A.", "author_id": 6412, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6412", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><em>Actually, I am a frequent flyer (I think I spend at least 10% of my year in an airplane or an airport) and I discussed the problem of sunlight with my treating physician.</em></p>\n\n<p>First, sunlight has an impact on the circadian rythm (which involves the secretion of melatonin, cortisol, control of body temperature) which <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2717723/\">regulates your wake/sleep cycle.</a> </p>\n\n<p>The effect of evening light was examined in a study where a subject was exposed to several hours of light every evening for a week, and the timing of the rhythms of core body temperature and plasma cortisol were measured. </p>\n\n<p>The authors reported that</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Both rhythms were shifted by approximately 6 hours, and examination of\n temperature data collected throughout the experiment suggested that\n the shift had already occurred after only 2 days.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>Dysregulated circadian rythms (due to impaired melatonin, cortisol and body temperature levels) is associated with many diseases among which <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4018537/\">psychiatric diseases</a> and <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2837358/\">metabolic syndrome</a>.</strong></p>\n\n<p>So, this possibly explains the results found in the study you linked on the telegraph.co.uk suggesting that <strong>early sunlight</strong> might reduce the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, probably because this is associated with a physiological (ie normal) circadian rythm.</p>\n\n<p>Finally, you linked one study regarding \"sunbathing is good for you\". I think, this should be taken with caution, particularly because <a href=\"https://www.melanoma.org/understand-melanoma/preventing-melanoma/why-is-tanning-dangerous\">increased sunbathing is linked to skin cancer</a>.</p>\n\n<p>We also discussed the effect of different timing of the day to produce the maximum of Vitamin D (I am already deficient...). He mailed me following extracts from <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2717723/\">this review</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Factors that affect cutaneous production of vitamin D3 include\n latitude, season, time of day, air pollution, cloud cover, melanin\n content of the skin, use of sunblock, age and the extent of clothing\n covering the body. <strong>When the sun is low on the horizon, the\n atmospheric ozone, clouds and particulate air pollution absorb UVB\n radiation, limiting the amount that reach the surface of the Earth.\n The zenith angle of the sun plays a critical role in vitamin D3\n production. When the zenith angle is more oblique, the path length\n through the stratospheric ozone layer is increased and hence, fewer\n UVB photons are able to reach the earth’s surface</strong>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So overall, current research evidence speaks in favor of morning sunlight. Evening sunlight might on the contrary be associated with negative effects.</p>\n\n<p>Hope this helps!</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9201", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6763/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9234, "author": "John", "author_id": 5266, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5266", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Vitamin B is a misnomer, think of it not as 1 vitamin but as \"B Vitamins\", because there are 8 that are essential to good micro-nutrition.</p>\n\n<p>B vitamins are found in whole unprocessed foods. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar/white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. For this reason, it is required by law in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid be added back to white flour after processing. This is sometimes called \"Enriched Flour\" on food labels.</p>\n\n<p>Good sources for B vitamins include legumes (pulses or beans), whole grains, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers, tempeh, nutritional yeast, brewer's yeast, and molasses. You can find this information by reading the labels of these products. </p>\n\n<p><strong>So far so good for vegans.</strong></p>\n\n<p>The B12 vitamin is of note because it is not available from plant products, making B12 deficiency a legitimate concern for vegans.</p>\n\n<p>However, manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes report B12 content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B12. The confusion arises because the standard US Pharmacopeia (USP) method for measuring the B12 content does not measure the B12 directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the food. Chemical variants of the B12 vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B12 content in other types of foods as well.</p>\n\n<p>Because B-vitamins are water soluble and readily excreted if they are over complimented.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Recommendation for vegetarians/vegans is to supplement Vitamin B12. The rest of the B vitamins should be obtained through legumes (pulses or beans), whole grains, potatoes, bananas and chili peppers.</strong></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9235, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Here on <a href=\"http://www.nutrientsreview.com/vitamins\" rel=\"nofollow\">Nutrients Review</a> you have lists of foods high in individual vitamins B.</p>\n\n<p>Here on <a href=\"https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/index\" rel=\"nofollow\">US Department of Agriculture (USDA)</a> are more detailed lists of foods high in individual vitamins and other nutrients.</p>\n\n<p>Roti/chapati, seeds and other plant foods do not contain vitamin B12. As a vegan, you can get vitamin B12 by eating foods that have vitamin B12 added or by taking vitamin B12 supplements. You can get other B vitamins and other nutrients from natural foods.</p>\n\n<p>If a certain food is low in vitamins B or other vitamins, it does not mean it's bad. It's not important how much vitamins a particular food has, but how much vitamins is in your diet (all foods together). You need to get all vitamins regularly, but this does not mean you need to get every single vitamin every single day. </p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/b12.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">Vegetarian Resource Group (vrg.org)</a> and <a href=\"http://veganhealth.org/articles/vitaminb12\" rel=\"nofollow\">VeganHealth.org</a> seem to be reliable sources of nutrition info for vegans.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10876, "author": "HerbalResearcher", "author_id": 7983, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7983", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The best are deactivated yeast or the extract and\nSunflower seeds(Source USDA) <a href=\"http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/2\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/2</a></p>\n\n<p>Other choices(Source USDA) but not limited to; include\nPumpkin seeds \nPeanuts\nSesame</p>\n\n<p>Herbs are very good sources of all nutrients; look through these herbs (Source;USDA)\n<a href=\"http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/healthy-herbs.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/healthy-herbs.html</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9232", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2347/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9295, "author": "Laura", "author_id": 6827, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6827", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I don't think not drinking milk will cause any issue. Milk if you see is a cheap source of nutrients. It can be easily found. This can relate to why humans have been drinking milk of animals. Domesticating animals have been age old tradition as a source of food. Still today milk is mainly by kids. They can be easily digestible and again a very good source of multiple nutrients.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9327, "author": "Adriano", "author_id": 6803, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6803", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If there is any benefit it is minimum. We are the only species that adults drink milk.\nAbout calcium, where does the cow take the calcium for putting in the milk? The cow eats grass, anything green contains calcium, so this story that you have to drink milk for calcium is false. The calcium from milk is not so well absorbed by the organism and is not a very rich source, this is for selling.</p>\n\n<p>Humans have a serious problem with lactose, lactose is the sugar from milk that has to be transformed to glucose and galactose from the digestive system...And to do that we need an enzyme called lactase which we stop producing around 10 years old...So adults generally have problems to digest milk due to the lack of lactase.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZZD4cuvfd8\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Milk Myth</a></p>\n\n<p>Font: <a href=\"http://www.lairribeiro.com.br/biografia/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Dr. Lair Ribeiro</a></p>\n\n<p>He worked at Harvard Medical School, Baylor College of Medicine and Thomas Jefferson University among others.</p>\n\n<p>PS: The video is in portuguese.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9329, "author": "Christopher S Park", "author_id": 6853, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6853", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27271361\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27271361</a>\nThis study expands on the possibility of certain metabolites found in dietary milk may contribute highly to Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNP formations. Dietary milk are given primarily to developing organisms, and for that concentrations of growth hormones as well as precursors that transform into growth hormone are widely prevalent in milk. Endless studies have shown that individuals who exhibit higher levels of growth hormones are correlated with higher risk of neoplastic and dysplastic cell formations, or in short, tumor formations. </p>\n\n<p>Moreover, milk produced from cattle have shown in studies, such as in, <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27173290\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27173290</a>, to contain high levels of antibiotic productants, if given by owners, and/or evidence of white blood cells, more specifically neutrophils. Due to frequent pumping of milk from cow's breast, mastitis often manifests and thus calls for a need for antibiotic intervention. Tremendous number of studies have alluded to early antibiotic implications as a forerunner food allergies, IBS/crohn's disease, as well as other adverse conditions. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9292", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6852/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9298, "author": "Laura", "author_id": 6831, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6831", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>A <a href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=199317\" rel=\"nofollow\">JAMA</a> study found that women nearly doubled their diabetes risk when they increased the number of sugar-added drinks they consumed from 1 or fewer a week to 1 or more per day over a 4-year period. Rapidly absorbed sugars--like those in colas--may damage the pancreas cells that secrete insulin. In contrast, real-fruit drinks were not associated with increased diabetes risk, perhaps because of the other nutrients absorbed along with the sugar.</p>\n\n<p>Another study by <a href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2013/02/13591/quantity-sugar-food-supply-linked-diabetes-rates\" rel=\"nofollow\">UCSF</a>, Specifically, more sugar was correlated with more diabetes: For every additional 150 calories of sugar available per person per day, the prevalence of diabetes in the population rose 1 percent, even after controlling for obesity, physical activity, other types of calories and a number of economic and social variables. A 12-ounce can of soda contains about 150 calories of sugar. In contrast, an additional 150 calories of any type caused only a 0.1 percent increase in the population’s diabetes rate.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9299, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>A common conclusion from studies is that high intake of sugars is associated with increased risk of diabetes type 2, but it is not clear if this is due to sugar intake itself or due to associated weight gain.</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>1.</strong> Malik VS et al, 2010, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes, a meta analysis (<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963518/\" rel=\"nofollow\">PubMed Central</a>)</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In addition to weight gain, higher consumption of SSBs is associated\n with development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Comment: It is not clear, if this effect is due to weight gain or sugar intake itself.</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>2.</strong> Greenwood DC et al, 2014, Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies (<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24932880\" rel=\"nofollow\">PubMed</a>)</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks has been reported to be\n associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but <strong>it is\n unclear whether this is because of the sugar content or related\n lifestyle factors,</strong> whether similar associations hold for artificially\n sweetened soft drinks, and how these associations are related to <strong>BMI.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong><em>3.</strong> Schulze MB et al, 2004, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women (<a href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=199317\" rel=\"nofollow\">JAMA</a>)</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a\n greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development\n of type 2 diabetes in women, <strong>possibly by providing excessive calories</strong>\n and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong><em>4.</strong> Imamura F et al, 2015, Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction (<a href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3576\" rel=\"nofollow\">The BMJ</a>)</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Habitual consumption of sugar sweetened beverages was associated with\n a greater incidence of type 2 diabetes, <strong>independently of\n adiposity.</strong> None the less, both artificially sweetened beverages and\n fruit juice were unlikely to be healthy alternatives to sugar\n sweetened beverages for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong><em>5.</strong> Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee:\nWhat is the relationship between the intake of added sugars and the risk of type 2 diabetes? (<a href=\"https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/14-appendix-e2/e2-45.asp\" rel=\"nofollow\">Health.gov</a>)</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Strong evidence shows that higher consumption of added sugars,\n especially sugar-sweetened beverages, increases the risk of type 2\n diabetes among adults and <strong>this relationship is not fully explained by\n body weight.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9297", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/453/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9313, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Found the answer at: <a href=\"https://www.choosemyplate.gov/vegetables\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.choosemyplate.gov/vegetables</a></p>\n\n<p>The Daily Amounts are appropriate for individuals who get less than 30 minutes per day of moderate physical activity, beyond normal daily activities. Those who are more physically active may be able to consume more while staying within calorie needs.</p>\n\n<p>Vegetable subgroup recommendations are given as amounts to eat WEEKLY. It is not necessary to eat vegetables from each subgroup daily. However, over a week, <strong>try to consume the amounts listed from each subgroup as a way to reach your daily intake recommendation</strong>.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10532, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>EDIT:</strong></p>\n\n<p>Question: Why the Daily Amount of food from each group does match up to the weekly recommended amounts?</p>\n\n<p>Answer: The daily amount is for calories, which means that for individuals who consume 1,000 Cal per day (every day, so 7,000 Cal per week), Guidelines recommend 1/2 cups of dark green vegetables per week.</p>\n\n<p>Calories are listed as per day, because people usually know how much calories they consume per day not per week. Foods are per week to show that you do not need to eat them every single day.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>The Daily Value (DV) is an estimated amount of a nutrient a sedentary person (who spends about 2,000 Calories per day) needs per day. For a certain food, the DV of a nutrient is expressed in percents of total daily needs for that nutrient.</p>\n\n<p>Example:</p>\n\n<p>According to (<a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064928.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a chart with Daily Values of main nutrients from FDA.gov</a>, the Daily Value for iron (for someone who spends 2K Calories per day) is 18 mg per day. <a href=\"http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2626/2\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">One serving (30 grams) of raw spinach</a> (NutritionData) contains 0.8 grams of iron, which is 5% of the daily value for this person.</p>\n\n<p>If you are more active and spend, for example, 3,000 Calories per day, your Daily Value would be 3/2 of the Daily Value from that chart, so, for iron, 18 mg x 3/2 = 27 mg of iron. In this case, 30 grams of spinach would give you only 2/3 of the 5%, that is 3.3% of DV of iron.</p>\n\n<p>My comment on the chart the OP has pasted in the question: If you want at least nearly accurate results, you need to check the Daily Value for an exact food and not just a \"food group.\" Spinach and lettuce are both \"vegetables\" but contain very different amounts of iron.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9312", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9313, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Found the answer at: <a href=\"https://www.choosemyplate.gov/vegetables\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.choosemyplate.gov/vegetables</a></p>\n\n<p>The Daily Amounts are appropriate for individuals who get less than 30 minutes per day of moderate physical activity, beyond normal daily activities. Those who are more physically active may be able to consume more while staying within calorie needs.</p>\n\n<p>Vegetable subgroup recommendations are given as amounts to eat WEEKLY. It is not necessary to eat vegetables from each subgroup daily. However, over a week, <strong>try to consume the amounts listed from each subgroup as a way to reach your daily intake recommendation</strong>.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10532, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>EDIT:</strong></p>\n\n<p>Question: Why the Daily Amount of food from each group does match up to the weekly recommended amounts?</p>\n\n<p>Answer: The daily amount is for calories, which means that for individuals who consume 1,000 Cal per day (every day, so 7,000 Cal per week), Guidelines recommend 1/2 cups of dark green vegetables per week.</p>\n\n<p>Calories are listed as per day, because people usually know how much calories they consume per day not per week. Foods are per week to show that you do not need to eat them every single day.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>The Daily Value (DV) is an estimated amount of a nutrient a sedentary person (who spends about 2,000 Calories per day) needs per day. For a certain food, the DV of a nutrient is expressed in percents of total daily needs for that nutrient.</p>\n\n<p>Example:</p>\n\n<p>According to (<a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064928.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a chart with Daily Values of main nutrients from FDA.gov</a>, the Daily Value for iron (for someone who spends 2K Calories per day) is 18 mg per day. <a href=\"http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2626/2\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">One serving (30 grams) of raw spinach</a> (NutritionData) contains 0.8 grams of iron, which is 5% of the daily value for this person.</p>\n\n<p>If you are more active and spend, for example, 3,000 Calories per day, your Daily Value would be 3/2 of the Daily Value from that chart, so, for iron, 18 mg x 3/2 = 27 mg of iron. In this case, 30 grams of spinach would give you only 2/3 of the 5%, that is 3.3% of DV of iron.</p>\n\n<p>My comment on the chart the OP has pasted in the question: If you want at least nearly accurate results, you need to check the Daily Value for an exact food and not just a \"food group.\" Spinach and lettuce are both \"vegetables\" but contain very different amounts of iron.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9323", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6849/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9382, "author": "M. Arrowsmith", "author_id": 5016, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5016", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>Which medical specialist should be consulted for anal polyp?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>A physician specialised in disorders of the colon, rectum and anus might be the person of choice. </p>\n\n<p>This could be a <strong>proctologist</strong> (a physician specialised in <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_surgery\" rel=\"noreferrer\">proctology</a>), or if this speciality is not recognised/available in your country, this could be a <strong>colorectal surgeon</strong>. In some cases (depending on the size of the anal polyp) a <strong>gastroenterologist can also handle anal polyps (through endoscopic removal)</strong>.</p>\n\n<p><em>I would suggest seeing the surgeon who diagnosed this anal polyp and discuss further management with him.</em></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9385, "author": "辛祐賦 hsinyofu", "author_id": 6873, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6873", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The answer depends on which country you are in, as well as location of where you live (rural vs city).</p>\n\n<p>If you are going to a hospital, medical doctors specialized in surgery (general surgery) can help you with your problem. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9344", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1489/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9377, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I didn't find any study about fasting and <em>oral</em> flora but in <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1352378/\" rel=\"nofollow\">this study</a> (PubMed Central, 2005), fasting for 8 days did not significantly change the <em>intestinal</em> flora in patients with fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis.</p>\n\n<p>Even if the mouth flora can change after fasting, it sounds logical that it would change back when you start to eat (the same foods) again.</p>\n\n<p>Certain mouth bacteria, when fed by certain sugars (sucrose, trehalulose, glucose, fructose) produce acids that can cause dental caries. So, a partial fast (avoiding mentioned sugars) could theoretically decrease the risk of dental caries, but it seems that genetics and the time between sugar eating and tooth brushing are more important than the amount of sugar consumed (<a href=\"http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/sugars.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Nutrients Review</a>). </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10442, "author": "sue", "author_id": 7617, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7617", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Oral bacteria requires tiny amounts of carbohidrates to survive. In long term fast, the glicoproteins from the saliva brings necessary carbohidrates to them to survive. But the main actor from diet, from the bacteria perspective, is the sugar, so, a sugar fast could change the composition of oral microbiota. </p>\n\n<p>Now, we have the evidence that is the disbalance the ones that is associated with oral diseases and that a healthy mouth is a mouth with <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147531\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">many different bacteria</a></p>\n\n<p>So, the answer to your question is a partial yes: a sugar fast is the only required to change a \"bad microbiome\" to a \"good\" one. If you increase also the consumption of fruits, vegetables and some <a href=\"http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/science-in-the-news/is-red-wine-good-for-your-teeth\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">wine</a>. The U of Rochester has some examples of good and bad food for your mouth <a href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&amp;ContentID=4062\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a></p>\n\n<p>TL;DR: a fast of sugar can change your oral microbiome</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9354", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9357, "author": "Benjamin A.", "author_id": 6412, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6412", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>To your questions:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Is it possible to get a secondary infection following a flu shot?</p>\n \n <p>Can a flu shot entail a risk of secondary infection like a real flu?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a whole webpage on the effectiveness of flu vaccine:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm</a></p>\n\n<p>Here some points which should provide some further understanding:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>According to recent studies conducted by the CDC, flu vaccination leads to a <strong>50% to 60% reduction in the risk of flu illness among the overall population</strong></li>\n<li>The <strong>factors that influence the effectiveness of flu vaccine</strong>: the age and associated disease (comorbidities) of the person being vaccinated and the similarity between the flu viruses the flu vaccine is designed to protect against and the prevalence of the flu viruses in your community.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Here an essential extract from the CDC website:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>During years when the flu vaccine is not well matched to circulating\n viruses, it’s possible that no benefit from flu vaccination may be\n observed.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>Finally, influenza vaccination does not protect against other viruses that cause flu-like symptoms.</strong> </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>There are many other viruses besides flu viruses that can result in\n flu-like illness* (also known as influenza-like illness or \"ILI\") that\n spread during the flu season.</strong> These non-flu viruses include rhinovirus\n (one cause of the \"common cold\") and respiratory syncytial virus\n (RSV), which is the most common cause of severe respiratory illness in\n young children, as well as a leading cause of death from respiratory\n illness in those aged 65 years and older.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Hope this helps!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9717, "author": "ostrokach", "author_id": 7120, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7120", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I highly recommend the <a href=\"https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/v/flu-vaccine-risks-and-benefits\" rel=\"nofollow\">Flu vaccine risks and benefits</a> video from the Khan Academy on this subject.</p>\n\n<p>The main cons of getting a flu shot are:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Getting the shot may be painful</li>\n<li>You may get <em>very mild</em> flu-like symptoms <strong>(you cannot get the flu from a flu shot)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>The pros are:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>60% - 70% efficacy against the flu</li>\n<li>Herd immunity if enough people get vaccinated</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9718, "author": "MC RN", "author_id": 7121, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7121", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I think your question would be better worded as, \"can I get an infection after receiving the flu shot?\" Since a secondary infection would imply that you had an infection in the first place. </p>\n\n<p>Your question is not uncommon, and many people hesitate to receive it again after experiencing what you are describing. </p>\n\n<p>Some patients do report very mild flu-like symptoms after receiving the flu vaccine via a shot, but the symptoms are much more common with the nasal spray. Symptoms may include feeling sleepy, light cough from throat irritation, achy, headache, tired, mild fever, joint point. However, these symptoms are not due to infection, the symptoms are from your immune system reacting to the dead virus particles (eww) to the vaccine. I'm not making this up, it's called the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response symptoms are GOOD, though, because it means your immune system is doing its job like it is supposed to. </p>\n\n<p>Once your immune system has been in contact with these dead virus particles it will have learned how to combat those strains of viruses in the future. Your system begins to make what are called antibodies, which are what protect you in case you do come in contact with a live virus. In fact, these antibodies are called ig-M, the M actually stands for memory, neat huh? Your white blood cells will actually remember those strains of virus and easily destroy them on contact. So when and if you actually come in contact with the flu, your white blood cells will be ready to do their job very quickly. </p>\n\n<p>It is certainly possible to get sick during any period of time before or after receiving the flu vaccine. Your body takes several weeks to build immunity to the flu virus after receiving the flu vaccine. It is still possible to contract the flu during that period. In fact, it is possible to contract the flu even after your body achieves immunity, because the flu virus changes constantly even within 1 flu season. The advantage to the vaccine is that if you do happen to get sick, the flu will not be as severe since you will have extra antibodies to begin with. </p>\n\n<p>The bottom line is that it is your body and you know it best. If you have concerns I would certainly recommend seeing a physician.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9355", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6875/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9357, "author": "Benjamin A.", "author_id": 6412, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6412", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>To your questions:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Is it possible to get a secondary infection following a flu shot?</p>\n \n <p>Can a flu shot entail a risk of secondary infection like a real flu?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a whole webpage on the effectiveness of flu vaccine:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm</a></p>\n\n<p>Here some points which should provide some further understanding:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>According to recent studies conducted by the CDC, flu vaccination leads to a <strong>50% to 60% reduction in the risk of flu illness among the overall population</strong></li>\n<li>The <strong>factors that influence the effectiveness of flu vaccine</strong>: the age and associated disease (comorbidities) of the person being vaccinated and the similarity between the flu viruses the flu vaccine is designed to protect against and the prevalence of the flu viruses in your community.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Here an essential extract from the CDC website:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>During years when the flu vaccine is not well matched to circulating\n viruses, it’s possible that no benefit from flu vaccination may be\n observed.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>Finally, influenza vaccination does not protect against other viruses that cause flu-like symptoms.</strong> </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>There are many other viruses besides flu viruses that can result in\n flu-like illness* (also known as influenza-like illness or \"ILI\") that\n spread during the flu season.</strong> These non-flu viruses include rhinovirus\n (one cause of the \"common cold\") and respiratory syncytial virus\n (RSV), which is the most common cause of severe respiratory illness in\n young children, as well as a leading cause of death from respiratory\n illness in those aged 65 years and older.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Hope this helps!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9717, "author": "ostrokach", "author_id": 7120, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7120", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I highly recommend the <a href=\"https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/v/flu-vaccine-risks-and-benefits\" rel=\"nofollow\">Flu vaccine risks and benefits</a> video from the Khan Academy on this subject.</p>\n\n<p>The main cons of getting a flu shot are:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Getting the shot may be painful</li>\n<li>You may get <em>very mild</em> flu-like symptoms <strong>(you cannot get the flu from a flu shot)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>The pros are:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>60% - 70% efficacy against the flu</li>\n<li>Herd immunity if enough people get vaccinated</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9718, "author": "MC RN", "author_id": 7121, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7121", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I think your question would be better worded as, \"can I get an infection after receiving the flu shot?\" Since a secondary infection would imply that you had an infection in the first place. </p>\n\n<p>Your question is not uncommon, and many people hesitate to receive it again after experiencing what you are describing. </p>\n\n<p>Some patients do report very mild flu-like symptoms after receiving the flu vaccine via a shot, but the symptoms are much more common with the nasal spray. Symptoms may include feeling sleepy, light cough from throat irritation, achy, headache, tired, mild fever, joint point. However, these symptoms are not due to infection, the symptoms are from your immune system reacting to the dead virus particles (eww) to the vaccine. I'm not making this up, it's called the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response symptoms are GOOD, though, because it means your immune system is doing its job like it is supposed to. </p>\n\n<p>Once your immune system has been in contact with these dead virus particles it will have learned how to combat those strains of viruses in the future. Your system begins to make what are called antibodies, which are what protect you in case you do come in contact with a live virus. In fact, these antibodies are called ig-M, the M actually stands for memory, neat huh? Your white blood cells will actually remember those strains of virus and easily destroy them on contact. So when and if you actually come in contact with the flu, your white blood cells will be ready to do their job very quickly. </p>\n\n<p>It is certainly possible to get sick during any period of time before or after receiving the flu vaccine. Your body takes several weeks to build immunity to the flu virus after receiving the flu vaccine. It is still possible to contract the flu during that period. In fact, it is possible to contract the flu even after your body achieves immunity, because the flu virus changes constantly even within 1 flu season. The advantage to the vaccine is that if you do happen to get sick, the flu will not be as severe since you will have extra antibodies to begin with. </p>\n\n<p>The bottom line is that it is your body and you know it best. If you have concerns I would certainly recommend seeing a physician.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9367", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6881/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9693, "author": "Anko", "author_id": 7054, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7054", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In my experience, such warnings are typically present if ingredients in the lotion would irritate the eyes or mouth—problems that can't happen if you avoid applying it to the face.</p>\n\n<p>My reasoning goes as follows: The only significant difference between skin on one's face and elsewhere is the higher concentration of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland#Sebum\" rel=\"nofollow\">sebaceous glands</a> that secrete oil, but since this lotion is clearly based on oils or fatty alcohols intended to replace or supplement the same oils anyway, I don't see that as significant. However, a mixture of oils with a thick consistency applied (accidentally) to the eye's tear film would likely cause strong irritation.</p>\n\n<p>I'd interpret the instructions as \"be really careful if applying this on your face; you <em>really really</em> don't want it in your eyes\".</p>\n\n<p>I don't know whether skin in under-3-year-olds is significantly different somehow, but the wording does make me think of the usual \"don't let your kid eat it\" caveat. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18796, "author": "user50398", "author_id": 15817, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15817", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Interesting question. I remember my <a href=\"http://scholar.google.com.eg/citations?user=WoWVlHcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">professor</a> of pharmaceutical technology and pharmaceutics addressing this when we discussed the significance of dosage form design.</p>\n\n<p>The skin on one’s face is far <a href=\"https://www.verywellhealth.com/skin-anatomy-1068880\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">thinner</a> and more sensitive than the skin on one’s body. The facial epidermis is about 0.12mm thick whereas on the body it averages around 0.6mm (nearly six-fold). The difference renders itself to be pharmacologically significant.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/8EwLf.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/8EwLf.jpg\" alt=\"Epidermis Layers\"></a>\n<a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lmAIw.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lmAIw.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>As we can see above, there are several layers to one’s epidermis. Thickness matters if/when your product works through your skin (chemically rather than physically like a non-medicated moisturiser or sunscreen). Even if your body cream and face cream are both designed to target the same layer of your epidermis, the absorption varies due to each’s thickness. Attempting to target one’s basal layer on the back will need more penetrative “work” than when attempting to target the same layer on one’s face. This is why creams for soles of the feet are different than face creams.</p>\n\n<p>If it were simply a matter of sensitivity to the eyes, the label would just read “avoid application near the eyes”.</p>\n\n<p>With regards to babies/children under 3 years of age, their skin is typically much more porous and absorbent so the difference becomes more pronounced.</p>\n\n<p>Hope this helps.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9376", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9412, "author": "John", "author_id": 5266, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5266", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You have to be sensible, losing weight is simple thermodynamics. If you consume less calories than you need, you will lose weight. Examine.com says it best:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<h2>What should I eat for weight loss?</h2>\n<p><strong>Eat less.</strong> Different diets can make this easier, so pick whichever one\nbest fits your lifestyle. Ultimately, you need to reduce your caloric\nintake.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>Examine.com</em></a></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Since prolonged fasting <em>might</em> increase heat expenditure, diets that manipulate fasting (Intermittent Fasting, Alternate Day Fasting) <em>may</em> have some benefits on the “calories out” side of things. Yet, even here, weight lost is mostly due to the fact that you control eating: It is much harder to overeat in 8 hours than in 16.</p>\n<p>A good way to check that you aren't underfeeding yourself is to count calories and sum up per-week what you have eaten vs what your TDEE says you need. Pair that with your personal data for weight delta over the week and you can adjust your calorie intake appropriately.</p>\n<p>Provided you are meeting your calorie intake sufficiently prior to the fast there is no reason why you would run into any issues during because you body has the energy it needs to get through.</p>\n<p>The main benefit of your diet choice is most likely psychological, as you have picked those times because you believe/understand its easiest to fast then for you.</p>\n<p>In summary,</p>\n<h1>Answers:</h1>\n<ol>\n<li>Provided you have a good grasp of your personal macro-nutritional and calorie needs, yes.</li>\n<li>The “paleo diet” (hunter-gatherer diet) is high in fats, high in proteins, and low in carbohydrates, its a means to assist weight loss through low carbohydrate intake, see answer to question 1.</li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9485, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Here's one long review article with lots of references that mentions eventual health benefits of fasting:</p>\n\n<p><em>Longo VD et al, 2014 Fasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications\n(<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3946160/\" rel=\"nofollow\">PubMed Central</a>)</em> </p>\n\n<p>I personally do not see fasting as a method to improve health, detoxify or lose weight but rather as something that can help spiritually. So, I do not want to comment those eventual health benefits - to me it's all vague and with insufficient evidence.</p>\n\n<p>In a short article about fasting on <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/diet/fasting\" rel=\"nofollow\">WebMD</a>, there is a statement that:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Fasting for a few days probably won't hurt most people who are\n healthy, provided they don't get dehydrated.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>and</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>If you're fasting to lose weight, you may want to reconsider. The\n weight loss may not last after you finish fasting.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>...both of which I agree with.</p>\n\n<p>A good start to a weight loss diet is to adopt eating habits you actually intend to maintain life-long, so something what will become your new normal. If you think it has to be intermittent fasting, it is then your choice. From a limited evidence provided above, I do not think it is especially good or bad for physical health. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9384", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6895/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9410, "author": "John", "author_id": 5266, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5266", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<h1>Answer:</h1>\n<p>Depends on your diet overall. <a href=\"http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Losing weight is mostly caused by more calories out than calories in.</a> Everyones calorie needs are different.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://examine.com/nutrition/is-diet-soda-bad-for-you/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">You could drink diet (0 calorie) soda in moderation and remember to brush your teeth.</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9414, "author": "VonBeche", "author_id": 5056, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5056", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>1.5 cans of 7up per day is around 22 pounds of fat in a year. Depending on how overweight you are, this might be the source of ALL your excess weight. Think about that. </p>\n\n<p>Still drinking 2 cans a week will just slow down your weightloss, and maybe save you a few weeks of discomfort (that's mostly psychological anyway). </p>\n\n<p>Calculation: \n<a href=\"http://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/7-up-7-up-soda-12-oz-can-365658151?v2=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">140 kcal per can</a> * 1.5 = 210 kcal per day\n365 days per year * 210 kcal = 76650 kcal / year\n76650 kcal / <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376744/\" rel=\"nofollow\">3500 kcal per pound of bodyweight</a> = 21.9 pounds per year </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9416, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>To lose weight you need to consume less calories than you spend, but you know this. Cutting pops is a nice trick -- you can make it <strong>much easier</strong> if you cut it completely and cut other sugars too. As an alternative beverage, I recommend some mineral water that has a little bit sodium in it, which makes it more tasty than plain tap or bottled water. </p>\n\n<p>There are tricks how to <strong>get rid of sugar/food craving:</strong></p>\n\n<p><strong>1.</strong> If you crave for sugar, you <strong>remove all/most sugar and artificial sweeteners from your diet at once:</strong> pops, fruit juices, fruits, sweets, ice cream, chocolate...This can work easier if you also <strong>remove/limit other quickly absorbable carbohydrates,</strong> such as potatoes, white rice, pasta and white bread. So, you try to get used to whole-grain cereal products and vegetables (in short: foods high in dietary fiber). After this, in a short time (after few days of struggling) sugar craving can become much less intense. This is from my experience, but <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/13-ways-to-fight-sugar-cravings#1\" rel=\"nofollow\">others may tell you similar things</a> (WebMD).</p>\n\n<p><strong>2. Fast food</strong> can also cause food craving, probably because of quick and large surge of energy it provides. So, avoiding fast food can really make losing weight easier.</p>\n\n<p>To avoid depression from such diet, concentrate on your work goals and relationships that make you fulfilled. This requires some effort and can come with some <strong>emotional suffering,</strong> which, if associated with right goals, can be surprisingly <strong>healing</strong> for depression and anxiety.</p>\n\n<p>If not already, become more <strong>physically active.</strong> Something you can realistically adopt in your life style long-term. Walking, for example. This is not meant (only) to lose calories but to keep you mentally and physically fresh and less depressed.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9434, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If giving up sweetened drinks is too difficult for you, then quit trying. Quit fighting a battle you're already convinced you're going to lose, because you will. One or two soft drinks per day isn't going to do you any great harm if you account for those calories. And after all, your prime objective here is to lose weight, right? Aside from the sugar and calories, there's nothing really terrible about soft drinks.</p>\n\n<p>A 12-ounce 7Up contains 140 calories. Adding 140-calories worth of exercise per day isn't difficult, even for someone who is \"badly overweight.\" For example, for a 300-pound person a <a href=\"http://caloriecontrol.org/healthy-weight-tool-kit/get-moving-calculator/\" rel=\"nofollow\">30-minute brisk walk burns 273 calories</a>, which is two 7Ups. If you do that walk and just have one 7Up per day instead of two, you'll begin to lose weight. </p>\n\n<p>If you've been sedentary a long time, then a 30-minute brisk walk might be too much. Fine, start out where you can. The first week make it 5 or 10 minutes -- whatever you can do. The next week add 5 minutes, and keep doing that until you're up to 30 minutes per day. From there you can either continue to add time, or pick up the pace, add some hills or stairs, etc.</p>\n\n<p>You'll lose weight, you'll improve your cardiovascular fitness, you'll feel better, you'll sleep better, and... you'll still get your daily 7Up fix. </p>\n\n<p>Also consider getting a wearable fitness monitor. They're a good way to keep track of your progress and they help keep you motivated. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9405", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6911/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9458, "author": "user2361", "author_id": 2361, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2361", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>I guess the best way would be to convince a blind person to take some psilocybin mushrooms or LSD. Perhaps they would actually see some fractals and stuff, since those visions are generated in the corresponding areas of the brain. Even if not, then the blind person would definitely feel the psychedelic effects: the acute perception of self and the surrounding.</p>\n\n<p>Upd: found this blind man telling about psychedelic experience <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uXDUIC2FWM\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uXDUIC2FWM</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 31753, "author": "Scott Schupbach", "author_id": 26003, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/26003", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are TONS of trip reports on various sites—namely Reddit, Erowid, and DMT-Nexus. And while much of this is anecdotal evidence, one could do a lit review of these as a first step toward a more rigorous study.</p>\n<p>And several of those studies have been done as well. A link to one such study is mentioned in the following Reddit thread: <a href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Psychedelics/comments/rli4a8/if_your_blind_and_take_acid_or_shrooms_would_you/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">if your (sic) blind and take acid or shrooms...</a>. The actual article can be found on <a href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62343-psychedelics-lsd-effects-blind-people.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">LiveScience.com</a>.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9427", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6930/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9469, "author": "Grzegorz Adam Kowalski", "author_id": 6557, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6557", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>I haven't been able to find anything useful about ginger, but I've found some publications about garlic and - to make long story short - there is lack of good quality evidence for its effectiveness. Some useful quotes are below.</p>\n\n<p>From \"<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence</a>\" (2014):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Studies of exercise, garlic, and homeopathy showed unclear evidence of benefit, whereas those of vitamin D and echinacea showed no evidence of benefit. (...) We did not identify any high-level evidence for garlic or probiotics in the treatment of the common cold.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>From \"<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25386977\" rel=\"nofollow\">Garlic for the common cold.</a>\" (2014):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>There is insufficient clinical trial evidence regarding the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. A single trial suggested that garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold but more studies are needed to validate this finding. Claims of effectiveness appear to rely largely on poor-quality evidence.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>From \"<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23638928\" rel=\"nofollow\">Garlic in clinical practice: an evidence-based overview.</a>\" (2013):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Garlic as a preventative or treatment option for the common cold or peripheral arterial occlusive disease or pre-eclampsia and its complications could not be recommended, as only one relatively small trial evaluated the effects separately. (...) Garlic might be effective in some areas of clinical practice, but the evidence levels were low, so further researches should be well designed using rigorous method to avoid potential biases.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>There is one newer and more positive clinical study about aged garlic extract (AGE), but this is still only a single trial, \"<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26764332\" rel=\"nofollow\">Aged Garlic Extract Modifies Human Immunity.</a>\" (2016):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>(...) although the number of illnesses was not significantly different, the AGE group showed reduced cold and flu severity, with a reduction in the number of symptoms, the number of days participants functioned suboptimally, and the number of work/school days missed. These results suggest that AGE supplementation may enhance immune cell function and may be partly responsible for the reduced severity of colds and flu reported. The results also suggest that the immune system functions well with AGE supplementation, perhaps with less accompanying inflammation.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9470, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There seems to be lack of evidence about beneficial effects of <strong>ginger</strong> on common cold.</p>\n\n<p>According to <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-961-ginger.aspx?activeingredientid=961\" rel=\"nofollow\">WebMD (info from Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database)</a>, there is <strong>insufficient evidence</strong> about the effect of ginger on common cold.</p>\n\n<p>The article on <a href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/heatlh/flu/indepth\" rel=\"nofollow\">National Center of Complementary and Integrative Health</a> does not even mention ginger, while it mentions eventual effects of other herbs and remedies on common cold.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9445", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/944/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9503, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Well hypnosis doesn't actually work on everyone, believe me, I've tried it myself, but when dealing with sleep hypnosis, its probably the same outcome for someone who can't be succumbed by its hypnotic effect. Now concerning insomnia, I would advice resisting coffee, and taking warm almond milk before bed, since it's also an excellent source of calcium, which can help the brain produce melatonin. </p>\n\n<p>But when dealing with a person who can be succumbed by sleep hypnosis, such a person might be susceptible to its side effects which are anxiety, headache and even sometimes worsening the insomnia. Don't get me wrong, it is actually one way to induce sleepiness but I'm only telling you its possible side effects. </p>\n\n<p>The last time I had insomnia, the two things I had to do was firstly to listen to soothing music, and resist checking the time, because checking time often will increase the stress and makes me start worrying if I'm ever going to sleep. So for now, my advice for you will be to listen to soothing music and most importantly resist checking your clock, mine lasted for up to 2 wks but when i used this method, within 1 and a half week, it was gone</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/cant-sleep-insomnia-treatment.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/cant-sleep-insomnia-treatment.htm</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15655, "author": "Graham Chiu", "author_id": 3414, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3414", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>There are very few research data available on the efficacy\n of hypnosis in the treatment of sleep disorders. Most of the\n literature is limited to case reports or studies with such a\n small sample that at times it is very difficult to interpret the\n results. There is a major placebo effect, so uncontrolled\n trials are of limited value. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo8Aug2008/V37N8p683.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo8Aug2008/V37N8p683.pdf</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9493", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9522, "author": "Grzegorz Adam Kowalski", "author_id": 6557, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6557", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>You're asking about so called <strong>articular release</strong>. It is considered a normal condition.</p>\n\n<p>From \"<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12033758\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Joint cracking and popping: understanding noises that accompany articular release.</a>\" (2002):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The sound, or the noise,\n is what people notice in articular release; the subjective relief\n it provides is secondary. (...)\n The sound generated by joint manipulation has been classified\n variously throughout osteopathic medical literature, being\n referred to as an “articular crack,” “articular pop,” “clunk,”\n “crepitus,” “joint click,” “snap,” “synovial grind,” and “thud,”\n and it has been described as a “grating” sound in the general\n medical literature (Figure 3). The articular release may be accompanied\n by a loud audible release or a soft joint sound—but it can\n also be inaudible. (...) <strong>The articular crack occurs for patients in both healthy and diseased states. It can be heard during normal functioning.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>About long-term, habitual cracking:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Is articular release necessary to maintain joint health? (...) A person who\n undergoes habitual cracking does so for the feeling of relief and\n greater motion in the involved joint. If one were to consider the\n anatomic and physiologic models solely, one could assume\n that maintaining motion throughout the joint could lower the\n likelihood of developing osteoarthritis. On the other hand, the\n excessive use of a joint could lead to laxity of the ligaments supporting\n the joint, causing hypermobility or introducing an\n unnecessary stress that could eventually cause dysfunction. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>There is nothing about the neck, but there is about knuckles, as researchers are generally more interested in investigating knuckle and hand cracking:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Swezey and Swezey studied the prevalence of knuckle\n cracking in geriatric men in comparison to 11-year-old children\n and found that their data failed to show that cracking leads to\n degenerative joint disease in the MCP joint in old age. <strong>The\n chief morbid consequence of habitual joint cracking appeared\n to be the annoyance inflicted on the casual observer.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If you're more interested in what exactly causes this strange sounds, I recommend reading <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4398549/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">\"Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation</a>\" (2015). There is a very interesting history section. But the final conclusion is:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Our data support the view that tribonucleation is the process which governs joint cracking. This process is characterized by rapid separation of surfaces with subsequent cavity formation, not bubble collapse as has been the prevailing viewpoint for more than a half century. </p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 19761, "author": "Vijay Labh", "author_id": 16547, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/16547", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Its called <strong>Articular release</strong>!</p>\n\n<p>Articular release is a physiologic event that may or may not be audible. It is seen in patients with healthy joints as well as those with somatic dysfunction. After an articular release, there is a difference in joint spacing-with the release increasing the distance between articular surfaces. Not all noise that emanates from a joint signifies an articular release.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11338336_Joint_cracking_and_popping_Understanding_noises_that_accompany_articular_release\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">source</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9521", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/114/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9576, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Sugar that is natural, like in apples or bananas, is good and you shouldn't try to avoid that sugar, as apples and bananas contain important vitamins. I do the same. I avoid sugar as much as I can, for example cake, coke, etc - like you explained, too. It does indeed have a positive effect on your health. Most of the sugar we eat these days are industrial made. That isn't healthy at all and it is even the reason for many 'modern' problems such as diabetes or adiposity. Many people think they have to avoid fat to lose weight and live more healthy, but that is wrong. We need to avoid the sugar, which we are mostly consuming way too much. Therefore, your friend is living a really good example, which everyone should try to follow. Because we eat too much sugar, the sugar gets turned into fat - not the fat (of course, it is the same here: industrial made fat is as bad as the industrial made sugar). We should all stick to the healthy sugar (and fat), like in apples or bananas. That way we get all the sugar we need.</p>\n\n<p>The most healthy method of eating is the 'back to nature method'. Stick to organic food and you will get only the healthy sugar that you need. </p>\n\n<p>In general, proteins and fat are the most important nutrients! You don't have to worry about getting fat because of eating fat - the body gets used to it and burns fat much more effectively as a result.</p>\n\n<p>My experience of consuming no cake, coke and candy is that I feel more free and easy. I don't miss it at all - I even feel bad when I still eat a piece of cake. Of course, it is okay if you eat some chocolate once in a while, but you could for example only eat bitter(sweet) chocolate, which is even healthy and also really tasty. You will get used to such a lifestyle soon - and yes, it definetely has a very positive effect on your health.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10405, "author": "Kate Forsyth", "author_id": 7478, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7478", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In the past years of study, sugar had seen to be one of the most disastrous substances to our health. Excessive intake of sugar can cause a lot of health issues like hypertension, diabetes, obesity and other lifestyle diseases. That is why that sugar-free diets are being promoted worldwide. \nWhat is sugar? <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Sugar</a> is typically a combination of glucose and fructose. Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. </p>\n\n<p>The most <a href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/288088.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">common sources of added sugars include</a> soft drinks, cakes, pies, chocolate, fruit drinks and desserts. Just a single can of cola can contain up to 7 tsp of added sugar, while an average-sized chocolate bar can contain up to 6 tsp. </p>\n\n<p>The fact that our body actually needs a certain amount of glucose to function - primarily the brain - which is the biggest consumer of glucose. All fruits and vegetables contain varying amounts of sugar in the form of natural fructose, so <a href=\"http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/diet/is-your-sugar-free-diet-really-sugar-free/news-story/8dcc235104ce9612cb3d8a9fe2a766a3\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">aiming to be 100%, or close to, sugar-free</a>, is not only near impossible but actually unhealthy, as this would mean avoiding all fruits and vegetables.</p>\n\n<p>And according to MedicalNewstoday \"Cutting all sugar from your diet would be very difficult to achieve. Fruits, vegetables, dairy products and dairy replacements, eggs, alcohol and nuts all contain sugar, which would leave you with little other than meat and fats to eat - definitely not very healthy.\"</p>\n\n<p><strong>So what would be the best thing to do?</strong></p>\n\n<p><strong>AHA provide some tips to reduce sugar intake:</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Cut back on the amount of sugar you may regularly add to foods and drinks, such as tea, coffee, cereal and pancakes</li>\n<li>Replace sugar-sweetened beverages with sugar-free or low-calorie drinks</li>\n<li>Compare food labels and select the products with the lowest amounts of added sugars</li>\n<li>When baking cakes, reduce the amount of sugar in the recipe by a third</li>\n<li>Try replacing sugar in recipes with extracts or spices, such as cinnamon, ginger, almond or vanilla</li>\n<li>Replace sugar on cereal or oatmeal with fruit.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>According to <strong>Dr. Alison Boyd</strong> director of Sugar Nutrition UK \"Like all sources of calories, sugars can be consumed within a healthy, balanced diet and active lifestyle,\" and \"Sugars can often help to make certain nutritious foods more palatable, which can promote variety in a healthy, balanced diet.\"</p>\n\n<p>So, in short, having a <a href=\"https://behealthy.today/healthy-weight-loss-diet-and-exercise/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">balanced diet and active lifestyle</a> could be the most appropriate method to be healthy even if we include sugar(reduce intake, avoid added sugar and focus on sugar from fruits and vegetables) to our diet.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9575", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6830/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9592, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Research has linked sitting for long periods of time with a number of health concerns, including obesity and metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions that includes increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels. Too much sitting also seems to increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cheatsheet.com/life/side-effects-of-sitting-all-day.html/?a=viewall\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cheatsheet.com/life/side-effects-of-sitting-all-day.html/?a=viewall</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10218, "author": "Armin", "author_id": 7433, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7433", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>If we compare the average increase in all-cause mortality due to sitting (approximately 50% according to <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827429/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">meta-study</a> published on NHS) and the average all-cause mortality due to smoking (aproximately 300% increase according to <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/index.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CDC data</a>), siting does not appear to be nearly as bad.</p>\n\n<p>Yet, because of how broadly you worded the question it is possible that smoking is not as bad as sitting. According to the same publication by CDC that I linked above:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Quitting smoking before the age of 40 reduces the risk of dying from smoking-related disease by about 90%.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Therefore, for smokers who quit before the age of 40 on average the all-cause mortality due to smoking would be just 30%, lower than 50% for caused by sitting.</p>\n\n<p>Regarding your questions of metabolism and harm to lungs. Bad posture while siting restricts maximum lung capacity therefore limiting oxygen intake. Additionally, siting decreases insulin action in blood, decreasing metabolism.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9588", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9592, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Research has linked sitting for long periods of time with a number of health concerns, including obesity and metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions that includes increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels. Too much sitting also seems to increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cheatsheet.com/life/side-effects-of-sitting-all-day.html/?a=viewall\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cheatsheet.com/life/side-effects-of-sitting-all-day.html/?a=viewall</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10218, "author": "Armin", "author_id": 7433, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7433", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>If we compare the average increase in all-cause mortality due to sitting (approximately 50% according to <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827429/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">meta-study</a> published on NHS) and the average all-cause mortality due to smoking (aproximately 300% increase according to <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/index.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CDC data</a>), siting does not appear to be nearly as bad.</p>\n\n<p>Yet, because of how broadly you worded the question it is possible that smoking is not as bad as sitting. According to the same publication by CDC that I linked above:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Quitting smoking before the age of 40 reduces the risk of dying from smoking-related disease by about 90%.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Therefore, for smokers who quit before the age of 40 on average the all-cause mortality due to smoking would be just 30%, lower than 50% for caused by sitting.</p>\n\n<p>Regarding your questions of metabolism and harm to lungs. Bad posture while siting restricts maximum lung capacity therefore limiting oxygen intake. Additionally, siting decreases insulin action in blood, decreasing metabolism.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9591", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5405/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9592, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Research has linked sitting for long periods of time with a number of health concerns, including obesity and metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions that includes increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels. Too much sitting also seems to increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cheatsheet.com/life/side-effects-of-sitting-all-day.html/?a=viewall\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cheatsheet.com/life/side-effects-of-sitting-all-day.html/?a=viewall</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10218, "author": "Armin", "author_id": 7433, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7433", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>If we compare the average increase in all-cause mortality due to sitting (approximately 50% according to <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827429/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">meta-study</a> published on NHS) and the average all-cause mortality due to smoking (aproximately 300% increase according to <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/index.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CDC data</a>), siting does not appear to be nearly as bad.</p>\n\n<p>Yet, because of how broadly you worded the question it is possible that smoking is not as bad as sitting. According to the same publication by CDC that I linked above:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Quitting smoking before the age of 40 reduces the risk of dying from smoking-related disease by about 90%.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Therefore, for smokers who quit before the age of 40 on average the all-cause mortality due to smoking would be just 30%, lower than 50% for caused by sitting.</p>\n\n<p>Regarding your questions of metabolism and harm to lungs. Bad posture while siting restricts maximum lung capacity therefore limiting oxygen intake. Additionally, siting decreases insulin action in blood, decreasing metabolism.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9614", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7045/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10011, "author": "Centaurus", "author_id": 7280, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7280", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Depending on its size, it hurts, it makes you cough, and swallowing food will worsen symptoms. The tendency is for symptoms to get worse if that foreign body isn't removed or carried down to the stomach. If you don't seek medical attention, bacteria may invade the sub-mucosae and infect the area. Therefore, if you feel you've swallowed something that got stuck in your throat or oesophagus, look for an E.R. immediately.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12639, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's often difficult to tell the difference between an esophageal abrasion and a foreign body just by how you feel. If you get it checked out and it's just an abrasion, no biggie; if you don't and it's a foreign body, it could result in infection or perforation. </p>\n\n<p>From <a href=\"http://www.ncemi.org/cse/cse0313.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">an EM website</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>All patients who complain of a foreign body of the throat should be taken seriously. Even relatively smooth or rounded objects that remain impacted in the esophagus have the potential for serious problems, and a fish bone can perforate the esophagus in only a few days.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9628", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9685, "author": "John Doe", "author_id": 7083, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7083", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>With the Ventricular Septal Defects prior to Eisenmenger Syndrome the left to right shunt occurs because left atrial pressure exceeds right atrial pressure in systole and blood gets ejected directly into the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary artery instead of the Right Ventricle. For this reason Right Ventricle does not dilate. However, increased flow through lungs does create a volume loading condition in the Left atrium and Left Ventricle. Hence the volume loading of the left side with the dilation and preserved integrity of the right side, as noted per the American College of Cardiology guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.acc.org/guidelines#sort=%40foriginalz32xpostedz32xdate86069%20descending&amp;f:@fdocumentz32xtype86069=[guidelines]\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.acc.org/guidelines#sort=%40foriginalz32xpostedz32xdate86069%20descending&amp;f:@fdocumentz32xtype86069=[guidelines]</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11657, "author": "Backup", "author_id": 8643, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8643", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The <em>Ventricular Septal Defects</em> represent <strong>30%</strong> of all the congenital cardiac defects.</p>\n\n<p>Important is to underline that the interventricular septum has a membranosus part (superior) and a muscular part (inferior).</p>\n\n<p>There are also <strong>4</strong> types of VSD:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><em>Perimembranosus</em>: under aortic valve. gives a aortic insufficiency due to the prolapse of the right coronaric cuspid or of the non coronaric cuspid</p></li>\n<li><p><em>In-let</em>: in the upper-posterior part of the septum, under atrio-ventricular valves</p></li>\n<li><p>Out-let: under aortic and pulmunar valvolar rings; this give a aortic insufficiency</p></li>\n<li><p>Muscular-trabecular: (known also as swiss-cheese), because has more holes and is far from conduct pathways.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>The shunt is always <strong>left to right</strong>, due to pressures of the venticulus. This creates a big difference between pulmonary and sistemic resistances, so the right ventricle is enlarged, but not the right atrius</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>Diagnostic</em></strong> part:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><em>Xray</em>: cardiomegaly</p></li>\n<li><p><em>EKG</em>: not specific signs of ventricular hypertrofy. The cild can be completely asintomatic, and have symptoms when make phisical activity</p></li>\n<li><em>Heart Ultrasound</em>: is the gold standard. This shows the discontinuity of the septum and with a flow examination it shows the left-to-right direction</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>I've read that you want references, and this is great.\nThis is from my sudies and is actually on every Pediatric Manual. Also on Pubmed.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Ref.</p>\n\n<p>-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508/</p>\n\n<p>-my personal noted during internship</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9654", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7083/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9685, "author": "John Doe", "author_id": 7083, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7083", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>With the Ventricular Septal Defects prior to Eisenmenger Syndrome the left to right shunt occurs because left atrial pressure exceeds right atrial pressure in systole and blood gets ejected directly into the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary artery instead of the Right Ventricle. For this reason Right Ventricle does not dilate. However, increased flow through lungs does create a volume loading condition in the Left atrium and Left Ventricle. Hence the volume loading of the left side with the dilation and preserved integrity of the right side, as noted per the American College of Cardiology guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.acc.org/guidelines#sort=%40foriginalz32xpostedz32xdate86069%20descending&amp;f:@fdocumentz32xtype86069=[guidelines]\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.acc.org/guidelines#sort=%40foriginalz32xpostedz32xdate86069%20descending&amp;f:@fdocumentz32xtype86069=[guidelines]</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11657, "author": "Backup", "author_id": 8643, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8643", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The <em>Ventricular Septal Defects</em> represent <strong>30%</strong> of all the congenital cardiac defects.</p>\n\n<p>Important is to underline that the interventricular septum has a membranosus part (superior) and a muscular part (inferior).</p>\n\n<p>There are also <strong>4</strong> types of VSD:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><em>Perimembranosus</em>: under aortic valve. gives a aortic insufficiency due to the prolapse of the right coronaric cuspid or of the non coronaric cuspid</p></li>\n<li><p><em>In-let</em>: in the upper-posterior part of the septum, under atrio-ventricular valves</p></li>\n<li><p>Out-let: under aortic and pulmunar valvolar rings; this give a aortic insufficiency</p></li>\n<li><p>Muscular-trabecular: (known also as swiss-cheese), because has more holes and is far from conduct pathways.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>The shunt is always <strong>left to right</strong>, due to pressures of the venticulus. This creates a big difference between pulmonary and sistemic resistances, so the right ventricle is enlarged, but not the right atrius</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>Diagnostic</em></strong> part:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><em>Xray</em>: cardiomegaly</p></li>\n<li><p><em>EKG</em>: not specific signs of ventricular hypertrofy. The cild can be completely asintomatic, and have symptoms when make phisical activity</p></li>\n<li><em>Heart Ultrasound</em>: is the gold standard. This shows the discontinuity of the septum and with a flow examination it shows the left-to-right direction</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>I've read that you want references, and this is great.\nThis is from my sudies and is actually on every Pediatric Manual. Also on Pubmed.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Ref.</p>\n\n<p>-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508/</p>\n\n<p>-my personal noted during internship</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9675", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9679, "author": "Anko", "author_id": 7054, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7054", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>You're right: their description contains redundancy.</p>\n\n<p>I think the reason for the extra clarification may be to make sure readers understand that the method does not involve X-rays (which <em>are</em> ionising, and hence more dangerous). I've seen people confuse them with ultrasound, because both methods are used for seeing through tissue, their results look similar at a glance, and popular culture colloquially refers to any sort of \"seeing through things\" as \"X-ray vision\".</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9682, "author": "John Doe", "author_id": 7083, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7083", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Precisely to emphasize the safety of ultrasound and to point out that you or your fetus will not be subjected to any sort of radiation as it may be the case in some of the other popular imaging methods besides ultrasound. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9678", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7096/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9728, "author": "Anko", "author_id": 7054, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7054", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><strong>Fruits (both fresh and dried) should not contain bugs.</strong> Their presence indicates that the fruit hasn't been preserved well, or that their producer has made some other mistake. They may be unsafe to eat.</p>\n\n<p>If you're in any doubt, dispose of it.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Also, let's talk in some more detail about figs, because I also love figs, and because they have a special relationship with bugs.</p>\n\n<p>Figs you want to eat should not contain bugs either. However, if you pick the fig yourself, or if the grower who sold it to you was incompetent, you may one day open an undamaged fresh fruit of a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus\" rel=\"noreferrer\">fig tree</a> and find little critters. Those are <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig_wasp\" rel=\"noreferrer\">fig wasps</a>, or larvae thereof. They are about 2mm long and a normal part of the lifecycle of figs, and render the fruit inedible. However, they are completely avoidable by growers who know what they're doing.</p>\n\n<p>Each fig species has a unique symbiotic reproductive relationship with a species of fig wasp. The wasps pollinate the plants, and hermaphroditic plants (only some of all figs) produce flowers that wasps can also lay eggs in.</p>\n\n<p>We can however guarantee no bugs if we choose to pick only from plants that are—</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocarpy\" rel=\"noreferrer\">parthenocarpic</a>, which produce mature fruit even when not pollinated, as long as they are in an area without wasps that could pollinate them, or</p></li>\n<li><p>a gynodioecious species' female trees, in which flowers are shaped such that while wasps can pollinate them, they cannot lay eggs there.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>I think the grower of those suspicious dried figs you linked (with many negative Amazon reviews) must have made a mistake of either—</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>growing a parthenocarpic fig species in an area that <em>has</em> wasps of the species that pollinates it, or</p></li>\n<li><p>misplacing their female trees, and accidentally picking from a hermaphroditic tree.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Or perhaps they had just stored the fruit badly and the bugs that reviewers found were unrelated. Either way, it's a shame this supplier is giving dried fruit a bad name. I'm convinced they are the exception, as that is the first case I've heard of, and certainly not the way fruit should be.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9750, "author": "Graham Chiu", "author_id": 3414, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3414", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It sounds like they've been harvested too soon so that the larvae haven't had a chance to escape. The pollinating dead insect is normally absorbed inside the fruit.</p>\n\n<p>Very doubtful that they're poisonous since they're a natural part of the figs life cycle, and people have been eating them since Adam.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9719", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7122/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9728, "author": "Anko", "author_id": 7054, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7054", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><strong>Fruits (both fresh and dried) should not contain bugs.</strong> Their presence indicates that the fruit hasn't been preserved well, or that their producer has made some other mistake. They may be unsafe to eat.</p>\n\n<p>If you're in any doubt, dispose of it.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Also, let's talk in some more detail about figs, because I also love figs, and because they have a special relationship with bugs.</p>\n\n<p>Figs you want to eat should not contain bugs either. However, if you pick the fig yourself, or if the grower who sold it to you was incompetent, you may one day open an undamaged fresh fruit of a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus\" rel=\"noreferrer\">fig tree</a> and find little critters. Those are <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig_wasp\" rel=\"noreferrer\">fig wasps</a>, or larvae thereof. They are about 2mm long and a normal part of the lifecycle of figs, and render the fruit inedible. However, they are completely avoidable by growers who know what they're doing.</p>\n\n<p>Each fig species has a unique symbiotic reproductive relationship with a species of fig wasp. The wasps pollinate the plants, and hermaphroditic plants (only some of all figs) produce flowers that wasps can also lay eggs in.</p>\n\n<p>We can however guarantee no bugs if we choose to pick only from plants that are—</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocarpy\" rel=\"noreferrer\">parthenocarpic</a>, which produce mature fruit even when not pollinated, as long as they are in an area without wasps that could pollinate them, or</p></li>\n<li><p>a gynodioecious species' female trees, in which flowers are shaped such that while wasps can pollinate them, they cannot lay eggs there.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>I think the grower of those suspicious dried figs you linked (with many negative Amazon reviews) must have made a mistake of either—</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>growing a parthenocarpic fig species in an area that <em>has</em> wasps of the species that pollinates it, or</p></li>\n<li><p>misplacing their female trees, and accidentally picking from a hermaphroditic tree.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Or perhaps they had just stored the fruit badly and the bugs that reviewers found were unrelated. Either way, it's a shame this supplier is giving dried fruit a bad name. I'm convinced they are the exception, as that is the first case I've heard of, and certainly not the way fruit should be.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9750, "author": "Graham Chiu", "author_id": 3414, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3414", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It sounds like they've been harvested too soon so that the larvae haven't had a chance to escape. The pollinating dead insect is normally absorbed inside the fruit.</p>\n\n<p>Very doubtful that they're poisonous since they're a natural part of the figs life cycle, and people have been eating them since Adam.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9800", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9835, "author": "Jagan Mohan", "author_id": 7186, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7186", "pm_score": -1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>There is no evidence to suggest that rest has any influence on rate of recovery. However, fluids do help. </p>\n\n<p>There are almost no 'cures' for common cold. However, a variety of remedies do work to lessen the symptoms that we are only too well aware of (malaise, aches, fatigue, irritation, etc). And these remedies are not universal. People have sets of highly personalised and mostly diet based remedies that seem to take the edge off the unpleasantness associated with cold. </p>\n\n<p>Hot teas, tea with lemon and/or honey, chicken soup have all been documented anecdotally to contribute to early recovery.\nAnd like your own experience, taking rest and your mind off the cold do helps 'hasten' time before you get well again. </p>\n\n<p>Hope this answers your question.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9839, "author": "Lucky", "author_id": 613, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/613", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There is a study that the amount of sleep is associated with the probability of getting infected by the common cold. The researchers attribute the finding to the impaired functioning of the immune system, when sleeping less. This may not answer your question directly, but it is related.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Logistic regression analysis revealed that actigraphy-assessed <strong>shorter sleep duration was associated with an increased likelihood of development of a clinical cold</strong>. Specifically, <strong>those sleeping &lt; 5 h</strong> (odds ratio [OR] = 4.50, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–18.69) <strong>or</strong> sleeping between <strong>5 to 6 h</strong> (OR = 4.24, 95% CI, 1.08–16.71) <strong>were at greater risk of developing the cold compared to those sleeping > 7 h per night</strong>; those sleeping 6.01 to 7 h were at no greater risk (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 0.40–6.95). This association was independent of prechallenge antibody levels, demographics, season of the year, body mass index, psychological variables, and health practices.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(emphasis mine)</p>\n\n<p>The study identifies 6h of sleep as the threshold under which catching the infection becomes more likely. To try and explain this phenomenon, the researchers cite studies that have shown that lack of sleep can disturb the effectiveness of the immune system:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Sleep, along with circadian rhythms, exerts substantial regulatory effects on the immune system.42,43 Circulating immune cells, including T and B cells, peak early in the night and then decline throughout the nocturnal hours moving out of circulation into lymphoid organs where exposure to virally infected cells occur.43–45 Studies employing experimental sleep loss also support functional changes relevant to host resistance. Sleep deprivation results in down regulation in T cell production of interleukin-219,44 and a shift away from T-helper 1 responses, marked by a reduction in the ratio of interferon-γ/IL-4 production.16 Sleep loss is associated with diminished proliferative capacity of T cells in vitro15 as well as modulation of the function of antigen presenting cells critical to virus uptake.46</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Source:</p>\n\n<p>Prather AA; Janicki-Deverts D; Hall MH, Cohen S. <a href=\"http://www.journalsleep.org/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=30153\" rel=\"nofollow\">Behaviorally Assessed Sleep and Susceptibility to the Common Cold</a>. Sleep. 2015;38(9):1353-59</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9862, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Actually, resting does influence the recovery time of a common cold.</p>\n\n<p>It's one of the first pieces of advice you get when you're sick, but we can never stress it enough: give your body time to fight off the virus, and don't waste that energy elsewhere. A number of studies found that sleep deprivation results in poorer immune function. Not only do good sleep habits help you fight off a cold, but they will even increase your resistance to catching one in the first place. So, if you're sick, it's important to get plenty of rest—but don't neglect it when you're healthy either. Make sure this is quality sleep, too: drugs like NyQuil contain alcohol, and we already know what that does to your sleep cycle. You'll fall asleep quickly, but you won't get the deep sleep you need to get better</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://lifehacker.com/5686387/how-to-most-effectively-battle-the-common-cold\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://lifehacker.com/5686387/how-to-most-effectively-battle-the-common-cold</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9824", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7180/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9860, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>CHOCOLATE</p>\n\n<p>Some who suffer from migraines list chocolate as a possible trigger food. Some neurologists say it is a migraine trigger because it contains the amino acid tyramine. But the connection could be that women tend to crave chocolate during stress and hormonal changes, both of which also may trigger headaches.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=56182\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=56182</a></p>\n\n<p>CHEESE</p>\n\n<p>While what triggers a migraine is different for everybody, the most common food culprits out there contain tyramine or phenylethylamine, two amino acids found in chocolate, aged or fermented cheese (including cheddar, blue, Brie, and all hard and “moldy” cheeses), soy foods, nuts, citrus fruits, and vinegar </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.joybauer.com/photo-gallery/common-trigger-foods/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.joybauer.com/photo-gallery/common-trigger-foods/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9864, "author": "Obinoscopy", "author_id": 1947, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1947", "pm_score": 1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>It's the tyramine content as you rightly pointed out. The aspect of craving during stress could be an additional factor but the major culprit here is Tyramine</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/guide/tyramine-and-migraines\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/guide/tyramine-and-migraines</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18581, "author": "Thomas TJ Checkley", "author_id": 15601, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15601", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are numerous papers on foods that appear to induce headaches. One recent paper (part 1) is <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12953\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Martin &amp; Vij (2016)</a>.</p>\n<p>It goes into detail into the major players in foods that induce headaches. Tyramine has a strange history with headaches, because originally, as <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12953\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Martin and Vij (2016)</a> point out, people noticed that individuals on MAOI drugs who ate tyramine rich foods developed hypertensive headaches. When thinking about migraines, it's strange to think that a vasoconstrictor would induce a migraine, since triptans and caffeine are used to <em>treat</em> migraines.</p>\n<p>However, this paradox leads to the thought that while the treatment of migraines may be vascular, the disease itself may be one of metabolism, as I mentioned in another migraine post and referenced <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.029\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Kokavec, A. (2016)</a>.</p>\n<p>The question is a good one, and likely, as has been mentioned, tyramine may play a role in the answer. To your point, though, tyramine is only one of the biogenic amines. Histamine and phenylethylamine are also thought to play a role in headaches, which are also found in food we eat.</p>\n<h2>References</h2>\n<p>Kokavec, A. (2016). Migraine: A disorder of metabolism?. <em>Medical hypotheses, 97</em>, 117-130. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.029\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.029</a></p>\n<p>Martin, V. T., &amp; Vij, B. (2016). Diet and headache: part 1. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 56(9), 1543-1552. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12953\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">10.1111/head.12953</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9856", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9885, "author": "Obinoscopy", "author_id": 1947, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1947", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>You should trim the pubic hair preferably with scissors before shaving.</p>\n\n<p>You may even consider only trimming alone. But if you must shave, then trim first. Also endeavour to stretch your skin before shaving. And apply Aloe Vera after shaving. Some would recommend Hydrocortisone, but I'm not a fan of medications....I'm a fan of trimming :)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.livestrong.com/article/176437-how-to-keep-pubic-area-from-itching-after-shaving/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.livestrong.com/article/176437-how-to-keep-pubic-area-from-itching-after-shaving/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://m.wikihow.com/Shave-Your-Pubic-Hair\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://m.wikihow.com/Shave-Your-Pubic-Hair</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9902, "author": "roseeorchid", "author_id": 7218, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7218", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Unfortunately ingrowns are tough to avoid unless you trim only or have had laser hair removal. But here are a few tips:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>trim first; hair shouldn't be more than 1/4\"</li>\n<li>use a sharp and clean razor</li>\n<li>use moisturizing shaving cream </li>\n<li>shave in the direction of hair growth</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>After you're done and are completely dry, apply antibiotic ointment (like Neosporin) to the areas that you have shaved. Do this daily.</p>\n\n<p>Also be sure to exfoliate all shaved areas between each shave, such as with a clean cotton washcloth, etc. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9876", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9887, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Males secrete factors that block the development of female ducts and structures. Once the male embryo produces testosterone, the hormone can influence other sex-specific traits around the body. Men having nipples doesn't really have any evolutionary advantage, but it usually doesn't hurt anything either.</p>\n\n<p>Barring specific medical conditions—like a tumor on the pituitary gland—men generally lack the necessary levels of prolactin to stimulate lactation and cannot produce milk.</p>\n\n<p>Despite having a limited amount of underdeveloped breast tissue, men are still capable of getting breast cancer. It is extremely rare for a man to develop breast cancer, and men account for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases, but it can happen. Risk factors include estrogen levels, obesity, alcohol consumption, and liver disease. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/why-do-men-have-nipples/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/why-do-men-have-nipples/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9907, "author": "mismas", "author_id": 7221, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7221", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Evolution tends to select out traits that are harmful (in quite simple terms) AND expressed soon enough to negatively affect reproductive success. Nipples (and breast tissue) on males are extremely unlikely to have a negative effect on reproduction, which means there's no negative selective pressure on them. \nSince all embryos have the tissue required to develop breast, and since there's nothing to stop that developmental pathway, they go ahead and develop them. And since doing so does not negatively affect their reproductive success later in life, they are at no disadvantage to any potential male who might express a mutation that would stop the development of breast tissue, so they go right ahead and reproduce with their wildtype, which then allows this trait to continue in spite of its lack of utility.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9884", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9914, "author": "user3151641", "author_id": 7225, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7225", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Surely it depends on local guidelines, you could be given propofol or benzodiazepines but it can be done on hypnosis or acupuncture or on nothing. You could get a PTSD afterwards. It is a serious procedure and has a perforation risks and is not wide-spread today thanks to modern ultrasound, CT and MRI and PET.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9944, "author": "rumtscho", "author_id": 193, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/193", "pm_score": 1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>No, you are not supposed to get full anesthesia for a colonoscopy. Anesthesia is too dangerous and only used in really invasive procedures. </p>\n\n<p>Colonoscopies are sometimes done without any medication (the physiologically safest way) and sometimes with sedation. Sedation means that you get something to keep you calm, not that you are put to sleep. That's what you had in your procedure. </p>\n\n<p>See for example <a href=\"http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/record/1136597\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/record/1136597</a> for numbers. Nowhere is anesthesia even mentioned. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9905", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10470, "author": "rocc", "author_id": 7594, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7594", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>ALA does have importance beyond being converted to DHA and EPA, although it is found to be less efficacious. See this <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782716300303\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">study</a>: </p>\n\n<p>The conversion of ALA to EPA lies between 8-12%, while it's conversion to DHA is less than 1%. ALA is either eliminated from the body by metabolism in the liver (eliminated as in chemically altered to be excreted. stored as a monounsaturated fatty acid, or utilized as energy) or stored (without being altered) in cell membranes. </p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.cancertutor.com/budwig/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Budwig Protocol</a> is an interesting theory about ALA storage in cell membrane and it's application through diet. </p>\n\n<p>I hope this helps. </p>\n\n<p>[EDIT] To better answer your question, according to the study I linked above, you would not need ALA if you are able to eat adequate amounts of DHA and EPA. ALA's most unique function (according to Budwig protocol, which is still speculative but very intuitive) is it's desired health effects when it accumulates in cell membranes. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10491, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I think, at this point, the answer to the question: \"does ALA alone have any important/essential roles\" is not yet known, but here are few hints:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12617463\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">What is the role of alpha-linolenic acid for mammals? (PubMed, 2002)</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The main role of ALA was assumed to be as a precursor to the\n longer-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA...ALA accumulates in specific sites\n in the body of mammals (carcass, adipose, and skin).... <strong>There is\n some evidence that ALA may be involved with skin and fur function.</strong>\n There is continuing debate regarding whether ALA has actions of its\n own in relation to the <strong>cardiovascular system and neural function.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9928", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3769/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10658, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's harmful, because what passes for the rest of the so-called \"well-balanced diet\" isn't actually all that healthy either, it will also contain a fair amount of sugar, and saturated fats and also unsaturated fats which are healthier than saturated fats but not healthy in an absolute sense. So, what passes for a healthy, well-balanced diet is a diet that isn't too bad, but certainly not the most healthy diet you can imagine. This should be considered to be a compromise between what is extremely healthy and what the general public can be convinced to stick to. </p>\n\n<p>If you then further compromise on this by getting about 10% more of your calories from sugars and fats, of which a large fraction will be saturated fats, you're going to do yet more damage to your body. To get to a healthy diet, you must get rid of almost all the salt, sugar and fats in the diet, even so-called \"healthy oils\" like olive oil as <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGGQxJLuVjg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dr. Klaper points out here</a>. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10978, "author": "paparazzo", "author_id": 6848, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6848", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Twix is part of an <em>otherwise</em> healthy diet.</p>\n\n<p>According to the American Heart Association the limit is <a href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Sugar-101_UCM_306024_Article.jsp#.WIzyC1MrJaQ\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">36 grams of sugar</a>. That is 2/3 of the recommended maximum in one little bar. </p>\n\n<p>That one little bar is 35% of the recommended saturated fat for the day. </p>\n\n<p>You would need an otherwise perfect diet to balance out. People with an otherwise perfect diet just don't have a craving for a Twix. I seriously doubt what you are characterizing as well-balanced diet is a perfect diet other than the Twix. </p>\n\n<p>If you have a craving for something sweet then a 1-2 sweet fruits is part of a healthy diet. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9935", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7235/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 18260, "author": "Angelfirenze", "author_id": 645, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/645", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>One of the major things about <a href=\"https://addictionblog.org/infographics/heroin-metabolism-in-the-body-how-heroin-affects-the-brain-infographic/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">heroin is that it is metabolized by the body as morphine</a> and, if this person in the throes of <a href=\"https://www.addictions.com/heroin/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">heroin withdrawal</a> were given medication like <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/methadone.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">methadone</a>, it couldn't be done without medical supervision as these are both really powerful drugs. Did the article say anything about the patient's daily ANYTHING?</p>\n\n<p>With the assistance of doctors and others they're not obligated to divulge - <a href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/security/laws-regulations/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">HIPPA, the Health Information and Patient Protection Act</a> would prevent the magazine from posting without express permission from the subject written about, and by 'subject', I mean the patient, not the point of the article.</p>\n\n<p>That said, everyone has a different constitution regarding narcotics and other drugs. For some, the first exposure is deadly (<a href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroform\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">chloroform</a>, for example), others can handle much bigger exposure to multiple drugs because their constitution has been 'amped up', let's say, by usage of <em>other drugs</em> that we know nothing about, especially since no one can force a patient to be completely honest about their drug intake for any reason, nor is it a good idea to take someone else's word at the drop of a hat because people can simply write down their lies.</p>\n\n<p>It's entirely possible that the businessman experiences withdrawal symptoms that are very well hidden by other drug use, or sedatives like the aforementioned methadone, especially if the patient is as heavy a user as you state.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18271, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Most drugs have wanted (main) and unwanted (side) effects, but neither of them are guaranteed. For example, aspirin may or may not relieve your headache and may or may not upset your stomach.</p>\n\n<p>The lists of drug side effects base on decades of studies and consumers' reports, such as <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/howtoreport/ucm053074.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">FDA (US)</a>, <a href=\"https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">YellowCard (UK)</a>, <a href=\"http://www.adrreports.eu/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Adreports (EU)</a> and <a href=\"https://medsafe.govt.nz/consumers/side.asp\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medsafe (NZ)</a>, but if, let's say, <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/sfx/ibuprofen-side-effects.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ibuprofen</a> has 100+ reported side effects, you as a single user will likely experience only few, if any.</p>\n\n<p><strong>The differences in side effects can depend on:</strong></p>\n\n<p><strong>1. Drug factors:</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chemical</strong> form: <a href=\"http://www.nutrientsreview.com/minerals/iron.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Supplemental</a> carbonyl iron can have less side effects that iron sulfate.</li>\n<li><strong>Physical</strong> form: Capsules may upset your gut less than tablets.</li>\n<li><strong>Administration:</strong> Iron by mouth can cause severe stomach irritation, while intravenous iron usually does not.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/drug_nutrient/maoi1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Taking certain foods</strong> (aged cheeses, sauerkraut...) along with the antidepressants called MAO inhibitors</a> can severely increase your blood pressure.</li>\n<li><strong>Not taking enough water and dietary fiber</strong> can cause <a href=\"https://www.news-medical.net/health/Drugs-that-Cause-Constipation.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">severe constipation when taking certain drugs, such as calcium, opiates, antihistamines or antidepressants...</a>.</li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3872714/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Toxicity</strong> of statins</a> can make you gradually intolerant to them.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21322119\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Adulteration</strong> of heroin or cocaine with fentanyl</a> can have life-threatening effects.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>2. Personal factors:</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Genetics</strong> (body size, high threshold for side effects) can greatly affect your susceptibility for side effects.</li>\n<li><strong>Developed tolerance</strong> (metabolic or behavioral) to alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine or marijuana can greatly decrease their adverse effects (<a href=\"https://drugabuse.com/library/tolerance-dependence-addiction/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Drug Abuse</a>).</li>\n<li><strong>Empty stomach</strong> is often more prone for irritation by a drug.</li>\n<li><strong>The social atmosphere</strong> in which the drug, such as alcohol or <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/illicit/mdma.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ecstasy</a>, is taken can significantly influence side effects.</li>\n<li><strong>Initial psychological state</strong> in which one takes a drug: if worried, <a href=\"http://www.nutrientsreview.com/alcohol/intoxication-symptoms-signs.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">alcohol</a> may make you more worried; if relaxed, it will likely make you more relaxed.</li>\n<li><strong>Allergy</strong> to a drug</li>\n<li><strong>Liver or kidney disease</strong> can slow down the breakdown of a drug and increase its side/effects.</li>\n<li><strong>Drug-disease reactions:</strong> Aspirin given to children with a viral infection, such as chickenpox or flu, can cause a fatal damage of the liver and brain (<a href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Reyes-Syndrome-Information-Page\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Reye's syndrome</a>).</li>\n</ul>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>The bottom line: A side effect is not necessary an inherent property of a drug.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Bonus: Side effects, interactions and contraindications of medications, supplements and herbs (<a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginformation.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">MedlinePlus</a>, <a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mayo Clinic</a>, <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Drugs.com</a>, <a href=\"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/browse-drug-classes.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">DailyMed</a>) </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9956", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13892, "author": "bluenote10", "author_id": 11609, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11609", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes, there is evidence that alkaline food affects internal pH, but it is important to note that the regulation of internal pH (<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">acid-base homeostatis</a>) has other contributing factors, which is why the impact of food is subtle.</p>\n\n<p>I'm mainly aware of evidence from studies on sodium bicarbonate, as an example for a simple way to supplement alkaline food.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0143086\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>Gabriela Froio de Araujo Dias et al</em>: (In)Consistencies in Responses to Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation: A Randomised, Repeated Measures, Counterbalanced and Double-Blind Study</a></p>\n\n<p>This experiment studies the effect of sodium bicarbonate as a pre-workout supplement. Blood pH is measured at baseline, pre-workout (after either placebo or sodium bicarbonate supplementation), and post-workout.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/UaHQs.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/UaHQs.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>Dashed lines are the placebo group, solid lines the sodium bicarbonate group. This shows that the buffering from sodium bicarbonate has a slight effect on blood pH even pre-workout.</p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.springermedizin.de/the-effect-of-%CE%B2-alanine-and-nahco3-co-ingestion-on-buffering-cap/8485160\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>Jessica Danaher et al</em>: The effect of β-alanine and NaHCO3 co-ingestion on buffering capacity and exercise performance with high-intensity exercise in healthy males</a></p>\n\n<p>This study has a different focus, but the experimental setup and results in terms of blood pH response are similar (labels \"SB\" are sodium bicarbonate groups; RSA and CCT refer to two different exercises):</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/J3XIh.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/J3XIh.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>So technically you could say that alkaline food \"helps to regulate internal pH\", but it is a very weak influence. To emphasize the impact of other contributing factors to blood pH, it is also interesting to look at something like this:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/111/20/7379.abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>M. Kox et al</em>: Voluntary Activation of The Sympathetic Nervous System and Attenuation of the Innate Immune Response In Humans</a></p>\n\n<p>This article studies the effect of the Wim Hof method, in particular its breathing technique. The breathing technique basically alternates between voluntary hyperventilation and breath holds. The <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2014/04/30/1322174111.DCSupplemental\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">supplementary material</a> features a video of one subject performing the breathing technique, including monitoring of blood pH over the course of the exercise. The subject has a basline blood pH of 7.4. During hyperventilation, blood pH increases over 7.6 as a result of the reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood. During breath retention, carbon dioxide levels normalize and the blood pH falls (almost) back to the baseline level. Note that these effects on pH are very quick compared to nutritional influences.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>This example shows why it is difficult to separate the effect from alkaline food from other factors contributing to pH homeostasis. Taking a few deep breaths or holding your breath has a very immediate effect on blood pH, which can easily bias the more subtle effect from an alkaline diet. I'm not an expert, but I could imagine that the respiratory rate is even determined by dietary factors. Thus, instead of studying the effect on internal pH, it might be more sensible to show that an alkaline diet leads to reduced breathing in the long term, because the body could maintain the same pH level even with higher carbon dioxide levels.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13896, "author": "mismas", "author_id": 7221, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7221", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As for the studies... I would think the first study actually proves my point. People were given 20+g of bicarb and then exercised nearly to death (as evidenced by their ICU worthy ABGs), and yet they survived. Furthermore, they survived with the buffers on the sigmoid curve, which means these extreme values in ABGs represent a very very extreme assault on the body. With a minor glitch that a change to a more alkaline diet is... no... this sort of system will not register a change, simply because it is built to withstand the extremes of external environment with minimal changes to the internal environment. If the ancestor in my first comment could have their blood pH affected by something as minor as a change in alkalinity of an otherwise non-toxic diet, they would have no chance of withstanding a sustained extreme physical effort that is hunting an animal without firearms or running from an animal hunting them.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9959", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6661/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13892, "author": "bluenote10", "author_id": 11609, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11609", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes, there is evidence that alkaline food affects internal pH, but it is important to note that the regulation of internal pH (<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">acid-base homeostatis</a>) has other contributing factors, which is why the impact of food is subtle.</p>\n\n<p>I'm mainly aware of evidence from studies on sodium bicarbonate, as an example for a simple way to supplement alkaline food.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0143086\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>Gabriela Froio de Araujo Dias et al</em>: (In)Consistencies in Responses to Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation: A Randomised, Repeated Measures, Counterbalanced and Double-Blind Study</a></p>\n\n<p>This experiment studies the effect of sodium bicarbonate as a pre-workout supplement. Blood pH is measured at baseline, pre-workout (after either placebo or sodium bicarbonate supplementation), and post-workout.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/UaHQs.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/UaHQs.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>Dashed lines are the placebo group, solid lines the sodium bicarbonate group. This shows that the buffering from sodium bicarbonate has a slight effect on blood pH even pre-workout.</p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.springermedizin.de/the-effect-of-%CE%B2-alanine-and-nahco3-co-ingestion-on-buffering-cap/8485160\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>Jessica Danaher et al</em>: The effect of β-alanine and NaHCO3 co-ingestion on buffering capacity and exercise performance with high-intensity exercise in healthy males</a></p>\n\n<p>This study has a different focus, but the experimental setup and results in terms of blood pH response are similar (labels \"SB\" are sodium bicarbonate groups; RSA and CCT refer to two different exercises):</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/J3XIh.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/J3XIh.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>So technically you could say that alkaline food \"helps to regulate internal pH\", but it is a very weak influence. To emphasize the impact of other contributing factors to blood pH, it is also interesting to look at something like this:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/111/20/7379.abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>M. Kox et al</em>: Voluntary Activation of The Sympathetic Nervous System and Attenuation of the Innate Immune Response In Humans</a></p>\n\n<p>This article studies the effect of the Wim Hof method, in particular its breathing technique. The breathing technique basically alternates between voluntary hyperventilation and breath holds. The <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2014/04/30/1322174111.DCSupplemental\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">supplementary material</a> features a video of one subject performing the breathing technique, including monitoring of blood pH over the course of the exercise. The subject has a basline blood pH of 7.4. During hyperventilation, blood pH increases over 7.6 as a result of the reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood. During breath retention, carbon dioxide levels normalize and the blood pH falls (almost) back to the baseline level. Note that these effects on pH are very quick compared to nutritional influences.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>This example shows why it is difficult to separate the effect from alkaline food from other factors contributing to pH homeostasis. Taking a few deep breaths or holding your breath has a very immediate effect on blood pH, which can easily bias the more subtle effect from an alkaline diet. I'm not an expert, but I could imagine that the respiratory rate is even determined by dietary factors. Thus, instead of studying the effect on internal pH, it might be more sensible to show that an alkaline diet leads to reduced breathing in the long term, because the body could maintain the same pH level even with higher carbon dioxide levels.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13896, "author": "mismas", "author_id": 7221, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7221", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As for the studies... I would think the first study actually proves my point. People were given 20+g of bicarb and then exercised nearly to death (as evidenced by their ICU worthy ABGs), and yet they survived. Furthermore, they survived with the buffers on the sigmoid curve, which means these extreme values in ABGs represent a very very extreme assault on the body. With a minor glitch that a change to a more alkaline diet is... no... this sort of system will not register a change, simply because it is built to withstand the extremes of external environment with minimal changes to the internal environment. If the ancestor in my first comment could have their blood pH affected by something as minor as a change in alkalinity of an otherwise non-toxic diet, they would have no chance of withstanding a sustained extreme physical effort that is hunting an animal without firearms or running from an animal hunting them.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9963", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5405/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9972, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Simply put - skin cells, sebum and hair can clump together into a plug, this plug gets infected with bacteria, resulting in a swelling. A pimple starts to develop when the plug begins to break down.</p>\n\n<p>According to Wikipedia: \n<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimples\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimples</a>\n“A pimple is a result of a blockage of the skin's pore. \n Inside the pore are sebaceous glands which produce sticky sebum. When the outer layers of skin shed (as it does continuously), the dead skin cells left behind may become 'glued' together by the sticky sebum. This causes a blockage in the pore. The sebaceous glands produce more sebum which builds up behind the blockage, and this sebum harbours bacteria (P.Acnes bacteria). Since the body's natural defence against bacteria is primarily phagocytes (white blood cells), these rush to the site behind the blockage (where the bacteria are). This is what gives some pimples the 'whiteheads' (unless the Phagocytes are deeper in the skin, which means you can't see the 'white' caused by them). The white blood cells then destroy (by phagocytosis) the bacteria to prevent infection.”</p>\n\n<p>Over-the-counter medications</p>\n\n<p>Common over-the-counter medications for pimples are benzoyl peroxide and/or salicylic acid and antibacterial agents such as triclosan. Both medications can be found in many creams and gels used to treat acne (acne vulgaris) through topical application. Both medications help skin slough off more easily, which helps to remove bacteria faster. Before applying them the patient needs to wash his or her face with warm water and dry</p>\n\n<p>Home-remedies</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Dab some lemon juice on it</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Lemon juice can help get rid of breakouts for a number of reasons. It is rich in vitamin C, which is good for all types of skin, and it’s a citric acid, so it helps ‘exfoliate’ the skin as well. Most importantly though, it is an astringent. An astringent will cause a contraction of body tissues, and will therefore dry out the blemish itself.</p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>The land of milk and honey (or yogurt)</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>The reason it is suggested that milk would cause acne is because of the extra hormones in it-but unless it’s ingested, this doesn’t really do much. For the most part, it just soothes the irritated skin, and helps tone down the redness.</p>\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Whip up some ‘whites</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Egg whites are an easy and affordable way to help reduce acne and fade scars left by unfortunate blemishes. The reason people have found egg whites to be helpful for their skin is because they’re chock full of proteins and vitamins that both combat acne, and help to rebuild your skin cells.</p>\n\n<p>For more home-remedies and directions on how to apply them, visit:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://everydayroots.com/acne-remedies\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://everydayroots.com/acne-remedies</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9977, "author": "Laura", "author_id": 6831, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6831", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>According to <a href=\"http://www.belmarrahealth.com/natural-remedies-for-adult-acne/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">MNT</a>, A pimple is a small pustule or papule. Pimples are small skin lesions or inflammations of the skin - they develop when sebaceous glands (oil glands) become clogged and infected, leading to swollen, red lesions filled with pus.</p>\n\n<p>Pimples are also known as spots or zits</p>\n\n<p>The development of pimples is primarily connected to oil production, dead skin cells, clogged pores and bacteria (although yeast infection can also cause pimples to develop)</p>\n\n<p>Sebaceous glands, which are located at the base of hair follicles, can become overactive due to hormone dysregulation, which is why acne is most commonly associated with puberty, and why breakouts occur around the time of menses.</p>\n\n<p>The most likely parts of the body to be affected by pimples are the face, back, chest and shoulders due to the proliferation of sebaceous glands in these areas of skin. Pimples are a sign of acne, especially when a breakout occurs.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Herbal remedies for acne</strong> (<a href=\"http://www.belmarrahealth.com/natural-remedies-for-adult-acne/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Source</a>)</p>\n\n<p>Apple cider vinegar: Noted for promoting energy and good digestion, consider apple cider vinegar also has potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, helping to kill off acne-causing bacteria. It also balances pH levels in the skin, making it more difficult for bacteria to come back. Simply dilute a little with fresh water, pour onto a cloth and apply. Use once a day. </p>\n\n<p>Green tea extract: Green tea is an all-round health hero. As the Mayo Clinic reports, a lotion of 2 percent green tea extract helped reduce acne in two studies of adolescents and young adults with mild to moderate acne. While no studies have been done with older adults, this could be an excellent addition to your natural remedies for acne.</p>\n\n<p>Coconut oil: This healthy superfood is also soft and gentle on the skin. It can bring down acne redness and fight bacteria. Use just a little and see how your skin improves. </p>\n\n<p>Zinc. This nutrient helps the immune system fight off invading bacteria and viruses. Zinc in natural lotions and creams may reduce acne breakouts.</p>\n\n<p>Herbs are also a simple at-home remedy for acne that can be effective. We’d recommend trying these herbal remedies:</p>\n\n<p>Aloe vera. The popular spiky green plant is one of the most commonly used herbs in America today. It’s used for soothing and healing burns, wounds and skin irritations, so include it in your herbal remedies for acne. Use aloe as a spot treatment on the infected areas to help bring down swelling and redness.</p>\n\n<p>Tea tree oil: Tea tree oil is excellent for adult acne. Its antibacterial properties help to remove dead skin, cleanse pores and kill acne-causing bacteria. Combine a little with water to dilute it, or mix it with some aloe vera gel and apply on your skin. A word of caution: Never ingest it or get it in your eyes or nose. </p>\n\n<p>Chasteberry, also known as vitex or monk’s pepper, was used by Hippocrates to treat injuries and inflammation. American Family Physician highlights a 2001 German study showing that chasteberry’s active ingredients can influence particular hormones, including those associated with hormonal acne. You can drink chasteberry tea or try the herb in capsule form.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9971", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7259/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10018, "author": "TallManCycles", "author_id": 7286, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7286", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>An eye patch would significantly reduce your sons depth of field in his vision. I believe in turn this would have an effect on his balance. </p>\n\n<p>Get someone to hold a pencil in front of you, cover one eye and try to touch the sharpened end... hard right?</p>\n\n<p>There was a study that looks at vision impaired balance. Maybe this might help? </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/1695904\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/1695904</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11886, "author": "StrongBad", "author_id": 55, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/55", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Trying to combine physiotherapy with patching sounds like a parenting nightmare. As the <a href=\"https://www.aao.org/pediatric-center-detail/amblyopia-patching\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">AAO</a> says:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Persuading your child to wear a patch can be a challenge, especially if the vision in the child’s amblyopic eye is very poor and the child is objecting strongly.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>They go on to say:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Unfortunately this is an area of treatment where there is no “quick fix” but it is also a brilliant opportunity to spend a great deal of time and enjoy playing with your child.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Unless the physiotherapy is something that is enjoyed by the child, there would need to be a complying reason to combine the two. Medically, there is no compelling reason to combine the therapies, but for individual patients there could be practical reasons (e.g., time)</p>\n\n<p>to answer your question, the visual system does plays a role in balance. The <a href=\"http://vestibular.org/understanding-vestibular-disorder/human-balance-system\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Vestibular Disorders Association</a> has a nice graphic depicting how sensory input affects balance:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/nl3t8.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/nl3t8.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>While vision plays a role in balance, the blind can compensate for their visual impairment: <a href=\"http://www.afb.org/section.aspx?SectionID=67&amp;TopicID=313&amp;DocumentID=3470\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.afb.org/section.aspx?SectionID=67&amp;TopicID=313&amp;DocumentID=3470</a> </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10009", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7288/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10023, "author": "Lakshmi Balan", "author_id": 6747, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6747", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>Salt :</strong></p>\n<p>Salt is one of the fundamental dental cleansing agents that has been used for ages. It helps replenish lost mineral content in the teeth and helps revive their white color.</p>\n<p>You can use common salt regularly each morning as a tooth powder instead of toothpaste. Another option is to mix common salt with charcoal and brush your teeth with it regularly.\nYou can also mix common salt with baking soda and gently rub it on your teeth.\nBe extra careful using salt as it can cause damage to your gums and tooth enamel if used roughly.</p>\n<p><strong>Lemon :</strong></p>\n<p>The bleaching property present in lemons can also help get rid of yellow discoloration. In fact, gargling with lemon juice and scrubbing your teeth with lemon peel is one of the best ways to make your teeth white again.</p>\n<p>Mix together a few drops of lemon juice and some salt.\nApply the mixture on the stained teeth and rub the paste vigorously over your teeth and gums. Leave it on for a few minutes and then rinse your mouth thoroughly with water.\nDo this twice daily for about two weeks to get rid of tartar and the yellow tinge.</p>\n<p><strong>Orange Peel :</strong></p>\n<p>Cleaning your teeth with fresh orange peel on a regular basis will reduce the yellow tinge accumulated on your teeth.</p>\n<p>Rub orange peel over your teeth every night before going to sleep. The vitamin C and calcium in the orange peel will combat the microorganisms throughout the night.\nDo this for a few weeks and you will notice effective results.\nIf fresh orange peel is not available, you can use dried orange peel powder.</p>\n<p><strong>Strawberries :</strong></p>\n<p>Strawberries contain a good amount of vitamin C, which helps make your teeth whiter.</p>\n<p><em>Home remedy for yellow teeth</em></p>\n<p>Grind a few strawberries into a paste. Rub the paste on your teeth gently. If done twice daily for a few weeks, the yellow tinge on your teeth will vanish.\nAnother option is to mix the pulp of one strawberry with one-half teaspoon of baking soda and spread the mixture onto your teeth and let it sit for a few minutes. Rinse out your mouth and brush your teeth with toothpaste to get rid of any residue.</p>\n<p><em><strong>Reference :</strong></em></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-for-yellow-teeth.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-for-yellow-teeth.html</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12125, "author": "enap_mwf", "author_id": 837, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/837", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>There are a few aspects that need to be addressed.</p>\n\n<p>1) <strong>Diet &amp; Oral habits</strong>: Often, drinks with natural or artificial coloring will stain the surface of the enamel and any tartar (calcified plaque) that rests on your tooth. Some oral products (ex: smoking) and medication (ex: some mouthrinces and some antibiotics) are also known to cause discoloration. Any long-term solutions will require you to examine the cause of the coloration, and whether there are underlying causes for it (a more in-depth look at teeth coloration can be fond here: <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v190/n6/full/4800959a.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a>).</p>\n\n<p>2) <strong>Cleaning and scaling</strong>: A dental health professional can remove the tartar and remove external coloration. This procedure has to be performed every 6-12 months if not more often, depending on that professional's assessment of your current health <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555792/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">2</a>.</p>\n\n<p>3) <strong>Chemical treatment</strong> If all external coloration has been removed, and you are still dissatisfied with your tooth color, a dentist can assess and prescribe you a whitening agent, or otherwise recommend an off the shelf solution but this is beyond the scope of the original question.</p>\n\n<p>Sources:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v190/n6/full/4800959a.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v190/n6/full/4800959a.html</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555792/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555792/</a></li>\n</ol>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10013", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10024, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Getting goose bumps is a reflex, which is an action your body has automatically without you even thinking about it. This particular reflex is known as the pilomotor reflex. Humans aren't the only mammals that have this reaction.</p>\n\n<p>Function of Goosebumps</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>As for animals, the pilomotor reflex in them often has the effect of making an animal look bigger. This might help to scare away potential enemies that may have caused the fear reaction in the first place.</p></li>\n<li><p>Goosebumps experienced in times of cold is the body's way of preserving its own heat by causing the hairs on the skin to stand up, thus reducing heat loss.</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Why do the hairs stand up</p>\n\n<p>When you get cold or experience a strong emotion, your brain sends signals to your muscles that make them tense up. When the muscles in your skin that are attached to hairs do this, they make the hairs stand up and pull your skin up just a bit, creating goose bumps.</p>\n\n<p>Is there some primal benefit that no longer benefits us?</p>\n\n<p>The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered by some to be a vestigial reflex; some [who?] believe its function in human ancestors was to raise the body's hair, making the ancestor appear larger to scare off predators.</p>\n\n<p>Do other animals experience this?</p>\n\n<p>Yes, animals too experience goosebumps. For example, when porcupines are threatened, their quills raise in a reflex action. Similarly, you may have seen a cat's or a dog's hairs stand on end when they sense danger or feel afraid.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-you-get-goose-bumps\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-you-get-goose-bumps</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10034, "author": "Centaurus", "author_id": 7280, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7280", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If a hair stands on end, heat loss increases.</p>\n\n<p>EDIT - I meant this to be a comment...as an answer it's obviously incomplete. I'll add that </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ul>\n <li>getting gooseflesh is an innate reflex - an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to specific stimuli, especially cold, nervousness, anxiety, excitement, or fear. It may have been useful to human beings a million years ago but it serves no purpose to the present homo sapiens.</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10022", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5405/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10031, "author": "Centaurus", "author_id": 7280, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7280", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>For several reasons:</strong> (if I really understand what you are asking)</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>The layman wouldn't understand medical terminology.</li>\n<li>Worse, they would certainly misunderstand studies results. That might be dangerous.</li>\n<li>One simple study in medicine means nothing. Nowadays it's all \"evidence based medicine\" which means \"what one worker found in one study has to be confirmed by several others in order to be accepted by the medical community as a universal truth.</li>\n<li>A layman reading the protocol of a research paper wouldn't understand it. Nor would they understand the statistics involved in validating the results.</li>\n<li>There are other reasons but these must suffice to explain why medical literature isn't published in mainstream magazines. </li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13383, "author": "jlallen", "author_id": 8784, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8784", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I'm not sure your assertion is accurate at the present time, at least in regards to the US. The chart you provide stops at 2006, and NIH Public Access policy didn't kick in until 2008. Also, it is uncertain how \"Open Access\" is defined. NIH rules specify that an article (funded by NIH) must be available to the public after 12 months of exclusive (non-public) publication. So it may be the case that medical articles may be freely available to the public but still not meet certain criteria for \"Open Access\".</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10030", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/43/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11143, "author": "ProfK", "author_id": 7595, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7595", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No, opiate withdrawal can also sometimes be fatal for a variety of reasons, but it is very uncommon, and withdrawal from some benzodiazepines can trigger seizures that have a small chance of a fatal outcome.</p>\n\n<p>Yet alcohol withdrawal without medical supervision and possibly medication is by far the most dangerous, and probably has caused more fatalities than all other withdrawals combined.</p>\n\n<p>This coming from me that is a recovering alcoholic that has had two withdrawal seizures, or \"rum fits\", and it is especially these than can easily trigger a stroke or heart attack. I was just very lucky to be hospitalized for the first one, and given Valium, while the second one was a lot milder, and just temporarily paralyzed my legs. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11181, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>In addition to alcohol, benzodiazepines and the opiates (rare), another class of drugs that can cause lethal withdrawal symptoms is the barbiturates. In fact, they present the most dangerous withdrawal of all. Their use has largely been replaced with the benzodiazepines, so abuse is much less common today than it was in the 1960s and 1970s.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://rehabthailand.com/blog/2016/09/26/barbiturate-abuse-and-its-potentially-deadly-withdrawal/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">https://rehabthailand.com/blog/2016/09/26/barbiturate-abuse-and-its-potentially-deadly-withdrawal/</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Withdrawing from Barbiturates</strong></p>\n \n <p>Within 2 to 3 months of consistent barbiturate use, a person can\n develop a tolerance and addiction. Once this has happened, it is\n important to understand that a doctor or rehab for barbiturates should\n be [employed] to come off of the medication. As a “GABAergic” drug;\n <strong>barbiturate withdrawal can produce life threatening effects, like\n seizures, which are similar to those of delirium tremens and\n benzodiazepine withdrawals. However, the barbiturate withdrawal can be\n even more severe than the aforementioned making it one of the most\n dangerous withdrawals out of every known drug.</strong> Like benzodiazepines,\n the longer acting the barbiturate drug is, the less severe the\n withdrawal will be.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14034, "author": "paparazzo", "author_id": 6848, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6848", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"https://americanaddictioncenters.org/withdrawal-timelines-treatments/alcohol/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">American Addiction Centers</a></p>\n\n<p>The symptoms are </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Stage 1: Anxiety, insomnia, nausea, and abdominal pain characterize\nthis stage, which begins 8 hours after the last drink.</li>\n<li>Stage 2: High blood pressure, increased body temperature, unusual\nheart rate, and confusion come with this stage, which begins 24-72\nhours after the last drink.</li>\n<li>Stage 3: Hallucinations, fever, seizures, and agitation come with\nthis stage, which tends to begin 72+ hours after the last drink</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>It is stage 3 that can kill you. Fever and seizure can kill you. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium_tremens\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Stage 3 / DT</a></p>\n\n<p>What is scary is you can have very few stage 1 and stage 2 symptoms and still develop stage 3 symptoms. A seizure is not directly related to other symptoms.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium_tremens\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Alcohol is one of the most dangerous drugs from which to withdraw.</a></p>\n\n<p>Clearly it is not the only drug withdrawal you can die from.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10040", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10136, "author": "MDGadget", "author_id": 7351, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7351", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I hope you find the following helpful.\nYour first doctor stated he would do Ultra Lasik. He told why it is better, using those benefits as his rationale for the choice. He chose Ultra because of the surgical benefit (thinner flap, shorter recovery time, etc...), not because of any clinical limitations due to your corneas. \nYour second surgeon said you don't have any problems with your cornea, so you don't \"need\" to have Ultra Lasik. Your first surgeon would definitely have told you if you have a problem with your corneas limiting your Lasik options. So, that is something upon which both of them must agree. The econd surgeon reserves Ultra for patients with issues. It costs more, but they don't have the options you have. Your first surgeon is recommending the superior technique. Money for newer procedure may be part of his motivation, but the fact that Ultra Lasik is better is not in question. If you want the best technique, Ultra Lasik is your answer. You don't \"need\" it, so spending the extra money isn't necessary if it will be a hardship. Hey, if you choose Ultra, either physician could perform the procedure..OR...having made the clinical decision, you can shop around to optimize price! As a person with the \"problem\" corneas, I can say you are in an enviable position. Good luck! I hope this answers your question.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13667, "author": "Mike-DHSc", "author_id": 8806, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8806", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is not my professional area of expertise -- however I had Lasik done years ago when there weren't many \"experienced\" optometrists to choose from. The optometrist I saw said he was one of the first in the field to do it.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>I'm embarrassed to say I paid $6,700 for the procedure <em>(I guess this post is somewhat a rant as I think I was overcharged)</em> </p>\n\n<p>After I could see 15/20 bilaterally for years. So it worked great, however not sure what exactly changed but one eye is now 60/20 and I need glasses after paying that much for the procedure.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>1.) As you received conflicting information, <strong>see additional professionals until you feel comfortable with their answers.</strong> The initial consultation is <strong>normally free</strong> as this is an elective surgery.</p>\n\n<p>2.) Again this is just based on my experience having had \"Normal Lasik\". I can tell you the actual procedure took literally 5 minutes. So unless I'm missing something procedure length should not be a concern.</p>\n\n<p>3.) Make a list of doctors in your area (that specialize in Lasik). Call and make sure the consultation is free -- go see as many as you want. Come with a list of questions and don't be afraid to politely ask follow up questions (or for them to clarify their reasoning).</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Good luck!</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10058", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7306/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10066, "author": "Dr. Mom", "author_id": 7309, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7309", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You are still very early in your pregnancy, so it is likely that everything will be fine if you take measures to stop smoking now. I would highly suggest meeting with your OBGYN to discuss safe methods for smoking cessation during pregnancy. The earlier you quit, the better off your baby's development will be. Prenatal smoking has been associated with premature births, low-birthweight, as well as behavioral problems throughout childhood and adolescence. It is important to note, however, that the severity of these effects depend on a number of factors, including length of time the mother smoked while pregnant, how much she smoked while pregnant, as well as other health-related issues of the mother. Early intervention to stop smoking, as well as comprehensive prenatal care for both you and your baby are very important. But again, it is still very early in your pregnancy, so with proper healthcare, it is likely that all will be well.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10101, "author": "bigbadmouse", "author_id": 7333, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7333", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You can't fix it, but you <em>can</em> prevent further harm</p>\n\n<p>I disagree with Prince's second assertion; broken waters do not necessarily need immediate delivery, Peri-natal kept my partner going for a few weeks until she hit week 34, following broken waters at week 31, for developmental reasons. Its still serious, expensive (three weeks in hospital isn't cheap) and best avoided for all concerned. </p>\n\n<p>I'm not suggesting however that you should continue smoking <strong>at all</strong>. It can lead to low birth weight, premature delivery or both (as was true in my own case as a baby)</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11484, "author": "ann", "author_id": 8482, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8482", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Generally speaking, an embryo is not susceptible to maternal exposures for the 1st 21 days (day 1 being conception) and then considered most susceptible (depending on the threat / insult) from day 22 through day 72. When one considers timing issues in early pregnancy, be aware the due date is historically based on the 1st day of the last menstrual period which about 2 weeks before the actual concepticon. Fetus most vulnerable between 3 to 8 weeks after conception which corresponds with being between 5 to 10 weeks pregnant based on last period. Embryologist vs Obstetrical age/dates. In the old days, there weren't ovulation predictors or early ultrasound - 1st day of the last menstrual period was the only \"landmark\" for predicting the due date. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10061", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10080, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The type of specialist you should see is a hematologist.</p>\n\n<p>A hematologist is a blood specialist who monitors healthy blood levels, and diagnoses and treats diseases of the blood.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/%7Bad3ed5c5-0488-4f09-92aa-429c889c1943%7D/what-is-a-hematologist\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/%7Bad3ed5c5-0488-4f09-92aa-429c889c1943%7D/what-is-a-hematologist</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/hyponatremia/doctors.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/hyponatremia/doctors.htm</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10082, "author": "Centaurus", "author_id": 7280, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7280", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No, your dad shouldn't see a hematologist. Hyponatremia (low plasma sodium levels) has several different causes. To mention just a few: certain medications, congestive heart failure, certain diseases affecting the kidneys or liver, syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH), chronic, severe vomiting or diarrhea, drinking too much water, dehydration, adrenal gland insufficiency (Addison's disease), low levels of thyroid hormone, the recreational drug Ecstasy, etc. Your dad should, therefore, be seen by an internist who will find out what is causing hyponatremia. He will then refer your father to a nephrologist, cardiologist, endocrinologist, depending on his diagnosis. But never a hematologist.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10079", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1456/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10094, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Diagnosis of myocarditis</p>\n\n<p>To diagnose myocarditis, your doctor may conduct a physical examination, and discuss your medical history and any signs or symptoms you may have. If your doctor suspects myocarditis, he or she might order one or more tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the severity of your condition, including:</p>\n\n<p>MRI. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will show your heart's size, shape and structure. This test can show signs of inflammation of the heart muscle and help make or confirm a diagnosis of myocarditis.</p>\n\n<p>Echocardiogram. Sound waves, or ultrasound, can create moving images of the beating heart. An echocardiogram might detect enlargement of your heart, poor pumping function, valve problems or fluid around your heart.</p>\n\n<p>Cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy. In this test, a small tube (catheter) is inserted into a vein in your leg or neck and then is threaded into your heart. In some cases, doctors use a special instrument to remove a tiny sample of heart muscle tissue (biopsy) for analysis in the lab to see if there are signs of inflammation or infection.</p>\n\n<p>Symptoms of myocarditis</p>\n\n<p>The most common symptom of myocarditis is shortness of breath during exercise or exertion.</p>\n\n<p>Other symptoms may include fatigue, heart palpitations and chest pain or pressure. The legs also may swell. Rarely, myocarditis causes a sudden loss of consciousness that may be due to abnormal heart rhythms. In summary, patients may experience some, all or none of the following symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, lightheadedness, irregular heartbeat, sudden loss of consciousness.</p>\n\n<p>Can myocarditis be confused with other heart diseases?</p>\n\n<p>Yes. For example, the symptoms of heart failure, including shortness of breath, fatigue, inability to tolerate exercise, and associated with difficulty breathing while laying down/sleeping are common to many heart diseases besides myocarditis. One feature that distinguishes myocarditis from other causes of heart failure is that it often follows an upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection and is due to a specific immune response against the heart itself.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocarditis/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20027303\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocarditis/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20027303</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/about-myocarditis/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/about-myocarditis/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/research-and-grants/faqs/types-of-myocarditis/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/research-and-grants/faqs/types-of-myocarditis/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10097, "author": "Centaurus", "author_id": 7280, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7280", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>Acute Myocarditis</strong> isn't exactly what a doctor sees in his daily practice. </p>\n\n<p>Just like many other disorders and diseases, and depending on etiology, <strong>the clinical picture may vary between extremes</strong>: a relatively asymptomatic patient or a severe case of acute hear failure, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. Sometimes the clinical picture may be misleading and mimic an acute MI. </p>\n\n<p>The <strong>main symptoms</strong> are usually shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness. Usual <strong>clinical signs</strong> are those of acute heart failure, arrhythmias, hypotension, etc. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Electrocardiograms are inevitably abnormal</strong> and may show ischemic changes similar to those found in coronary heart disease, tachycardia, all sorts of cardiac arrhythmias, conduction disturbances (electrical blocks). </p>\n\n<p><strong>Echocardiograms</strong> will show, among other things, left ventricular dysfunction of any degree. <strong>Labs</strong> will always be useful and depending on etiology (rheumatic myocarditis, viral myocarditis, etc) may even help determine the etiologic diagnosis. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Myocardial biopsy</strong> is reserved for a few selected cases where the etiologic factor couldn't be determined. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Each patient is unique in that the severity of the disease varies a lot.</strong> Some may recover completely, some may have a sequelae with limited heart function and others may die. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Acute Myocarditis can be easier to diagnose when it affects children or young adults before the age of thirty</strong>, as coronary heart disease is very rare in that age group. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10093", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/944/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10107, "author": "PCARR", "author_id": 238, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/238", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The least you could do, I reckon:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Strict adherence to sleep schedule. Offset at your own risk - your minimum expectation is that one hour asleep buys you two hours awake.</p></li>\n<li><p>I assume you will have scheduled breaks for lunch etc? Make the most of it.</p></li>\n<li><p>Don't go to bed hungry or stressed.</p></li>\n<li><p>Don't skip breakfast, regardless. Porridge in the morning - even if its one spoonful before rushing out.</p></li>\n<li><p>Feet up when you can :P</p></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10117, "author": "Smeato", "author_id": 7303, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7303", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>The key for this, and unfortunately it goes without saying, is balance.</p>\n\n<p>How do you achieve a work/life balance when you're being forced to work virtually non stop? Well, for this I will refer to my university days where in the lead up to exams, it was pretty common to spend a month or so on a fairly similar schedule as yourself. </p>\n\n<p>By and large, it should be fairly easy to stay <strong>physically healthy</strong>:</p>\n\n<p>Avoid high sugar contents or excessive caffeine consumption. These are great for sprints where you have 4 hours to finish a job. But this isn't a sprint, this is a marathon. Binging on sugar and caffeine will help you on that day, but you will be in a real trough the following day and the day after (which will make you crave more sugar/caffeine and the cycle continues). I'm not saying don't have a coffee and a bowl of coco pops; I'm saying don't have four 500ml cans of Monster Energy. </p>\n\n<p>I assume you'll be working at a desk as well so if you make sure you take regular stretches or short walks (even just to the canteen and back) every hour or so you should be fine. Otherwise, you will feel stiff and tired. Yoga or any other more intense exercise (a short run?) would also be excellent every few days if you find the time, but if not then don't worry too much about it. </p>\n\n<p>Make sure you set up your desk properly: screen at the right level, seat adjusted, use the back rest, don't slouch etc. There is plenty of guidance online (first link on google I found: <a href=\"http://www.ergonomics.com.au/how-to-sit-at-a-computer/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.ergonomics.com.au/how-to-sit-at-a-computer/</a>) on how to sit properly at a desk, but you need to be disciplined and actually follow it. You'll really struggle if two weeks in you find you've got a horrible knot in your back or twinge in your neck that makes using your computer uncomfortable. As someone who works a 9-5 office job, I can't really stress how big a difference this can make enough. </p>\n\n<p>Also it goes without saying but try to get ~8 hours sleep a night. Don't stay up too late, with limited time you might really struggle to claw back a sleep deficit.</p>\n\n<p>EDIT: Also drink water. Half the reasons people feel tired, depressed, lathargic etc is because they are dehydrated. If your pee is yellow and smells, you are already dehydrated and need to immediately drink water. If you are thirsty then it's already too late. Don't worry about going to the toilet every two hours, if your pee is clear and odorless then you are on the right track! Make sure you're always topped up. Keep a bottle on your desk, or leave a note to yourself.</p>\n\n<p>Ultimately, keep your discipline, you're body should be totally fine. Don't stress too much about that. If you do all of the above, you'll probably end up healthier than you already are if you're of average fitness currently. </p>\n\n<p>What you should be more concerned about is your <strong>mental health</strong>:</p>\n\n<p>This WILL knock the absolute shit out of you mentally. You need to go into this with the right attitude and build yourself a few crutches to lean on along the way. Make sure you remember why you're there and how much this would mean to you to be accepted. Write yourself a little message on a post-it note and stick it to your desk, or bathroom mirror or at your bed to remind you that this isn't forever and that it will all be worth it in the end. </p>\n\n<p>Work/Life balance is out the window, you don't have time to do the job and have planned time to yourself and sleep. What I would suggest is to <em>make</em> time for yourself, even 15 minutes every few hours: step away from your computer and go outside and get some sun. Don't even look at your phone. Just 'meditate' in the simplest form possible: do nothing. Do absolutely nothing and revel in it. </p>\n\n<p>If the opportunity is there (which I imagine it is) make a few friends. Everyone will be suffering the same so see if you can build a few relationships with your peers. Also, you might start to feel homesick so plan for a daily phonecall to someone you know (even if it's just for 5 minutes) on the outside world (Partner, parent, friend) and let them know exactly how you feel. </p>\n\n<p>Ultimately this entire exercise is about discipline: stay disciplined and focused on the goal, accept that it's going to be awful, and get on with it using every possible trick or crutch you have available to you. </p>\n\n<p>And have fun too and best of luck. It probably won't be as bad as you expect! </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10104", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7335/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10128, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Neosporin has its advantages but also has way too many disadvantages. It is said to speed up healing but <a href=\"http://www.care2.com/greenliving/4-reasons-to-throw-your-neosporin-in-the-garbage.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">most</a> cases prove that Neosporin is actually one of the antibacterial ointments behind the spread of a lethal strain of MRSA (<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20110914/study-antibiotic-ointments-may-spread-of-mrsa%20\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</a>) called USA 300.</p>\n\n<p>So it'll be highly recommended to resist and desist from the use of Neosporin.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14055, "author": "dawg", "author_id": 11738, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11738", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You can look up practically any medicine that exists and you will find long lists of all of the possible side effects, risks and interactions.</p>\n<p>Manufacturers have to list everything that could possibly go wrong, in order to cover their butts legally, in this &quot;<em>Caution: Coffee May Be Hot!</em>&quot; world that we live in. Medical companies have to do <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm143531.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">extensive testing</a> of every product and document possible side effects that might not even be related. The U.S. spends <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048809/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">$55 billion/year</a> on liability insurance.</p>\n<p>Neosporin (aka Polysporin where I live) is something I always keep on hand. The tiniest scrape could become infected if not kept clean. Use it sparingly and a tube lasts for years.</p>\n<p>During that time, the sun is damaging you more than the eating a tube of Neosporin would! Neosporin is <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/pro/neosporin.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">0.0004%</a> medicine and the other 99.9994% is basically <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-387-69007-0_136\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Vaseline</a> (to keep it from rubbing off, and as an inert germ barrier.</p>\n<hr />\n<p>@Prince states &quot;[Neosporin] is said to speed up healing but <a href=\"http://www.care2.com/greenliving/4-reasons-to-throw-your-neosporin-in-the-garbage.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">most</a> cases <strong>prove</strong> that Neosporin is actually one of the antibacterial ointments behind the spread of a lethal strain of MRSA&quot;.</p>\n<p>The &quot;evidence&quot; provided is a lone link to an article written by a <a href=\"https://twitter.com/maryamhenein?lang=en\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">self-proclaimed bee-keeping entrepreneur</a> with no medical background, whose primary cause appears to be promoting a movie she directed.</p>\n<h2><strong>Let's walk through the article's &quot;proof&quot; piece by piece:</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Antibiotic resistance (MRSA) is bad. It has even killed people. The example given: like vulnerable babies &amp; elderly in India.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>the author is allergic to one antimicrobial ingredient in Neosporin. This allergy affect <a href=\"https://www.verywell.com/sulfa-drug-allergy-83067\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">3%</a> of people, which &quot;<em>is similar rate as allergies to other antibiotics, such as penicillin</em>&quot;.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The referenced 'study' <em>&quot;Antimicrobial Ointments and Methicillin-\nResistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300&quot;</em> <a href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/pdfs/10-1365-ahead_of_print.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">mentions Neosporin only once</a>, stating that in some cases, patients tried to treat MRSA with only large amounts of Neosporin -- <em>which didn't cure them</em>. I guess that proves there should be a warning on the tube: &quot;<em>Neosporin will not cure life threatening infections. If you have one, see a doctor.</em>&quot;</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>When animals eat antibiotics and then humans eat animals, traces of antibiotics might show up in the humans.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>My favorite part</strong> is her tangent about how &quot;in ancient times&quot; people thought consuming Silver would fight infection. Later they realized eating Silver didn't cure them and instead caused different problems. Then <strong>in the very next paragraph</strong> she recommends using Silver Oxide instead of Neosporin. The only application of Silver Oxide states in Wikipedia is use as <em>an ingredient in batteries</em>. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide</a></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The article's only link from a doctor is a two-page opinion <em>essay</em> (far from clinical evidence) written by a single doctor stating that people sometimes think they can use Neosporin to treat major illnesses instead of seeing their doctor, including one idiot who's foot was almost amputated after treating a visibly disgusting infection with nothing but Neosporin once a day. <strong>Note the category in which the essay is classified</strong> (below the document): <strong><em>Entertainment &amp; Humor</em></strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>So, <strong>using the same logic as the author's case against Neosporin</strong>:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>Gun-crimes kill a lot of people</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Nerf guns are a readily-available, gentler form of a gun but sometimes people misuse them and get hurt.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Therefore nobody should ever use Nerf Guns. That will <strong>solve</strong> the gun-crime problem.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Or one more:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>If you have HIV, eating lots of bubblegum doesn't cure you.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Therefore, bubblegum is responsible for the HIV epidemic.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10122", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/43/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10128, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Neosporin has its advantages but also has way too many disadvantages. It is said to speed up healing but <a href=\"http://www.care2.com/greenliving/4-reasons-to-throw-your-neosporin-in-the-garbage.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">most</a> cases prove that Neosporin is actually one of the antibacterial ointments behind the spread of a lethal strain of MRSA (<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20110914/study-antibiotic-ointments-may-spread-of-mrsa%20\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</a>) called USA 300.</p>\n\n<p>So it'll be highly recommended to resist and desist from the use of Neosporin.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14055, "author": "dawg", "author_id": 11738, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11738", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You can look up practically any medicine that exists and you will find long lists of all of the possible side effects, risks and interactions.</p>\n<p>Manufacturers have to list everything that could possibly go wrong, in order to cover their butts legally, in this &quot;<em>Caution: Coffee May Be Hot!</em>&quot; world that we live in. Medical companies have to do <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm143531.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">extensive testing</a> of every product and document possible side effects that might not even be related. The U.S. spends <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048809/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">$55 billion/year</a> on liability insurance.</p>\n<p>Neosporin (aka Polysporin where I live) is something I always keep on hand. The tiniest scrape could become infected if not kept clean. Use it sparingly and a tube lasts for years.</p>\n<p>During that time, the sun is damaging you more than the eating a tube of Neosporin would! Neosporin is <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/pro/neosporin.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">0.0004%</a> medicine and the other 99.9994% is basically <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-387-69007-0_136\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Vaseline</a> (to keep it from rubbing off, and as an inert germ barrier.</p>\n<hr />\n<p>@Prince states &quot;[Neosporin] is said to speed up healing but <a href=\"http://www.care2.com/greenliving/4-reasons-to-throw-your-neosporin-in-the-garbage.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">most</a> cases <strong>prove</strong> that Neosporin is actually one of the antibacterial ointments behind the spread of a lethal strain of MRSA&quot;.</p>\n<p>The &quot;evidence&quot; provided is a lone link to an article written by a <a href=\"https://twitter.com/maryamhenein?lang=en\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">self-proclaimed bee-keeping entrepreneur</a> with no medical background, whose primary cause appears to be promoting a movie she directed.</p>\n<h2><strong>Let's walk through the article's &quot;proof&quot; piece by piece:</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Antibiotic resistance (MRSA) is bad. It has even killed people. The example given: like vulnerable babies &amp; elderly in India.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>the author is allergic to one antimicrobial ingredient in Neosporin. This allergy affect <a href=\"https://www.verywell.com/sulfa-drug-allergy-83067\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">3%</a> of people, which &quot;<em>is similar rate as allergies to other antibiotics, such as penicillin</em>&quot;.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The referenced 'study' <em>&quot;Antimicrobial Ointments and Methicillin-\nResistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300&quot;</em> <a href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/pdfs/10-1365-ahead_of_print.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">mentions Neosporin only once</a>, stating that in some cases, patients tried to treat MRSA with only large amounts of Neosporin -- <em>which didn't cure them</em>. I guess that proves there should be a warning on the tube: &quot;<em>Neosporin will not cure life threatening infections. If you have one, see a doctor.</em>&quot;</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>When animals eat antibiotics and then humans eat animals, traces of antibiotics might show up in the humans.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>My favorite part</strong> is her tangent about how &quot;in ancient times&quot; people thought consuming Silver would fight infection. Later they realized eating Silver didn't cure them and instead caused different problems. Then <strong>in the very next paragraph</strong> she recommends using Silver Oxide instead of Neosporin. The only application of Silver Oxide states in Wikipedia is use as <em>an ingredient in batteries</em>. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide</a></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The article's only link from a doctor is a two-page opinion <em>essay</em> (far from clinical evidence) written by a single doctor stating that people sometimes think they can use Neosporin to treat major illnesses instead of seeing their doctor, including one idiot who's foot was almost amputated after treating a visibly disgusting infection with nothing but Neosporin once a day. <strong>Note the category in which the essay is classified</strong> (below the document): <strong><em>Entertainment &amp; Humor</em></strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>So, <strong>using the same logic as the author's case against Neosporin</strong>:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>Gun-crimes kill a lot of people</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Nerf guns are a readily-available, gentler form of a gun but sometimes people misuse them and get hurt.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Therefore nobody should ever use Nerf Guns. That will <strong>solve</strong> the gun-crime problem.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Or one more:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>If you have HIV, eating lots of bubblegum doesn't cure you.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Therefore, bubblegum is responsible for the HIV epidemic.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10139", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6713/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10160, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I don’t have any statistics to say how common it is, but for those patients that I see suffering with anxiety, claustrophobia (as a feature of their coping) is fairly common.</p>\n\n<p><strong>CAUSES</strong>\nWell, apart from the ones you listed, there are other causes of claustrophobia, of which are:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Smaller Amygdalae - the amygdala (plural: amygdalae) is a tiny part of the brain that is used to control how the body processes fear.</p>\n\n<p>Studies have shown that people who suffered panic disorders had smaller amygdalae than average. This smaller size could interfere with how the body processes panic and anxiety.</p></li>\n<li><p>Prepared Phobia - there is also a theory that phobias develop on the genetic level rather than psychologically. The research behind this theory suggests that claustrophobia and some other phobias are dormant evolutionary survival mechanisms. A survival instinct buried within our genetic code that was once crucial to human survival but is no longer needed.</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37062.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37062.php</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15643, "author": "Graham Chiu", "author_id": 3414, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3414", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>To answer the first part of the question, we see claustrophobia due to the use of MRI and CT scanners.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Over 80 million MR procedures are now performed each year worldwide. For an MR scan, patients typically have to be placed in a long, narrow tube [2]. Thus, claustrophobia preventing MR imaging is a common problem. <strong>Between 1% and 15% of all patients scheduled for MR imaging suffer from claustrophobia</strong> and cannot be imaged, or they require sedation to complete the scan (mean: 2.3%; 95% confidence interval: 2.0% to 2.5%) [3]. Thus it can be estimated that worldwide approximately 2,000,000 MR procedures cannot be performed or are prematurely terminated due to claustrophobia. At an average cost of € 500 per MR imaging, this is equal to a loss of productivity of € 1 billion, which is an important financial loss for the health care system. Therefore, claustrophobia is not only a common problem that prevents many patients from benefiting from the findings obtained with MR imaging but also represents an important socioeconomic issue for the health care system.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So, if MRI patients are representative of the general population, that means 1-5%. But this group is already selected by having agreed to the procedure so the prevalence rate is likely higher.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045881/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045881/</a></p>\n\n<p>There's a theory that claustrophobia is related to personal space projection</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>We all move around in a protective bubble of \"near space,\" more commonly known as \"personal space.\" But not everyone's bubble is the same size. People who project their personal space too far beyond their bodies, or the norm of arm's reach, are more likely to experience claustrophobic fear, a new study finds. The study is one of the first to focus on the perceptual mechanisms of claustrophobic fear.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110412065809.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110412065809.htm</a></p>\n\n<p>but in mice, a claustrophobia phenotype has been described to a single gene defect</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Claustrophobia, the well-known fear of being trapped in narrow/closed spaces, is often considered a conditioned response to traumatic experience. Surprisingly, we found that mutations affecting a single gene, encoding a stress-regulated neuronal protein, can cause claustrophobia. Gpm6a-deficient mice develop normally and lack obvious behavioral abnormalities. However, when mildly stressed by single-housing, these mice develop a striking claustrophobia-like phenotype, which is not inducible in wild-type controls, even by severe stress. The human GPM6A gene is located on chromosome 4q32-q34, a region linked to panic disorder. Sequence analysis of 115 claustrophobic and non-claustrophobic subjects identified nine variants in the noncoding region of the gene that are more frequent in affected individuals (P=0.028). One variant in the 3′untranslated region was linked to claustrophobia in two small pedigrees. This mutant mRNA is functional but cannot be silenced by neuronal miR124 derived itself from a stress-regulated transcript. We suggest that loosing dynamic regulation of neuronal GPM6A expression poses a genetic risk for claustrophobia.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>suggesting a biological underpinning.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201328\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201328</a></p>\n\n<p>There doesn't seem to be any data linking height to claustrophobia.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10153", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5405/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10199, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Bad idea. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Tears are not water</a>, so water will simply wash them away and cause increased irritation. There are various folk remedies you can try such as placing teabags on your eyes, but in general if you don't have eye drops, removing the source of the irritation that caused them is the only option. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10869, "author": "HerbalResearcher", "author_id": 7983, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7983", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I would add to Carey Gregory answer , that water from tap water has bacteria and would make it worse. \nThere is natural eye drops from herbal extract (but I don't know them all as it is very hard product to compose,some herbs alone can work well) . Other synthetic eye drops can increase irritation or give you toxic effects.</p>\n\n<p>There is plenty of causes of red eyes, make sure you check symptoms for all of them, and then search from there,you'll find a good answer on internet if you look yourself.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10198", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6563/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10228, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Drinking the appropriate amount of water is okay, but when it becomes excessive, then it could lead to some dangerous circumstances.</p>\n\n<p>The appropriate amount of water varies according to lifestyle. According to the popular 8 by 8 rule which says that one should drink eight glasses, each consisting of eight ounce of water, may not suit every individual. Says nutritionist Venu Adhiya Hirani, \"While the general belief is to drink eight to 10 glasses of water, it is advisable to drink 12 to 15 glasses of fluids which includes water, tea, buttermilk, soup, etc. This would amount to an intake of around 2.5 litres of fluids everyday.\"</p>\n\n<p>According to Krishnan, If you have a sedentary lifestyle and work in an air-conditioned environment where there is no scope for water loss via sweat, drinking more than 2 to 2.5 litres of water is not advisable. It will end up accumulating in your kidney and cause edema. For moderate workers like salespersons, who are required to do physical activity, it is important to drink around three litres of water.</p>\n\n<p>“It also depends on your size and weight, and also on your activity level and where you live,” Nessler says. “In general, you should try to drink between half an ounce and an ounce of water for each pound you weigh, every day.\" For example, if you weigh 150 pounds, that would be 75 to 150 ounces of water a day.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://m.timesofindia.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/Health-benefits-of-black-tea/articleshow/8508759.cms\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://m.timesofindia.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/Health-benefits-of-black-tea/articleshow/8508759.cms</a></p>\n\n<p><strong>Consequences of drinking excess water</strong></p>\n\n<p><strong>1. Causes Hyponatremia:</strong></p>\n\n<p>The sodium content in the blood influences the functioning of the electrolytes. These electrolytes are responsible for sending signals to the cells which control various operations of the body. When you consume too much water, the sodium levels in the blood decrease. This stops the electrolytes from sending signals to the cells.</p>\n\n<p><strong>2. Overburdens The Heart:</strong></p>\n\n<p>The heart performs the vital function of pumping blood through your entire body. When you consume too much of water, this increases the volume of blood inside your body. The increased blood volume causes unnecessary pressure on the blood vessels and the heart, leading to seizure in some cases.</p>\n\n<p><strong>3. Causes Damage To Glomeruli:</strong></p>\n\n<p>Glomeruli are capillary beds in our kidneys. They work as a filtering station to excrete excess water from the body. Too much of water can cause potential damage to this system, leading to serious health hazards. The kidneys have to work overtime to process all this unnecessary water that is beyond their normal filtering capacity (1000 ml per hour).</p>\n\n<p><strong>4. Causes Swelling Of Cells:</strong></p>\n\n<p>As your blood gets diluted due to excess water, the concentration of electrolytes in the blood becomes lower than that in the cells. To maintain a balance in the concentration of electrolytes in the blood and the cells, water begins to flow into the cells. This results in swelling of cells, which is a dangerous condition.</p>\n\n<p><strong>5. Causes Brain Edema:</strong></p>\n\n<p>This is the swelling of brain cells. It is as hazardous as it sounds. Most of the cells in our body have a lot of room to stretch out. But the flat bones in our skull do not leave much space for the brain cells to be accommodated freely. When excess water in the blood vessels starts seeping into the brain cells, it causes swelling in the cells of the brain. This leads to severe conditions that include coma, brainstem herniation, and respiratory attack.</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>Note:</em></strong> There has even been a <a href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2262683/Man-dies-after-drinking-10-litres-of-water-in-eight-hours.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">report</a> of a man who died drinking 10 litres of water within eight hours.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10875, "author": "HerbalResearcher", "author_id": 7983, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7983", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If you feel dehydrated it's probably you're just missing natural electrolytes and other nutrients that help with hydration(water retention) so you have to drink alot less and feel hydrated for a long time.</p>\n\n<p>Theres way better methods to reduce body heat,for example,put plenty of water on your body with a rag and get a fan towards you or go in the outdoor wind. That is how the body cools itself off with sweat. Water on skin cools several times ,10-20X more than air itself.</p>\n\n<p>Maybe building a homemade house cooling system(with water),look it up on internet. You can look how to make electricity if you live in a place that is expensive, and then buy a cooling unit,but the homemade one works well it seems.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10225", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6747/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10228, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Drinking the appropriate amount of water is okay, but when it becomes excessive, then it could lead to some dangerous circumstances.</p>\n\n<p>The appropriate amount of water varies according to lifestyle. According to the popular 8 by 8 rule which says that one should drink eight glasses, each consisting of eight ounce of water, may not suit every individual. Says nutritionist Venu Adhiya Hirani, \"While the general belief is to drink eight to 10 glasses of water, it is advisable to drink 12 to 15 glasses of fluids which includes water, tea, buttermilk, soup, etc. This would amount to an intake of around 2.5 litres of fluids everyday.\"</p>\n\n<p>According to Krishnan, If you have a sedentary lifestyle and work in an air-conditioned environment where there is no scope for water loss via sweat, drinking more than 2 to 2.5 litres of water is not advisable. It will end up accumulating in your kidney and cause edema. For moderate workers like salespersons, who are required to do physical activity, it is important to drink around three litres of water.</p>\n\n<p>“It also depends on your size and weight, and also on your activity level and where you live,” Nessler says. “In general, you should try to drink between half an ounce and an ounce of water for each pound you weigh, every day.\" For example, if you weigh 150 pounds, that would be 75 to 150 ounces of water a day.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://m.timesofindia.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/Health-benefits-of-black-tea/articleshow/8508759.cms\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://m.timesofindia.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/Health-benefits-of-black-tea/articleshow/8508759.cms</a></p>\n\n<p><strong>Consequences of drinking excess water</strong></p>\n\n<p><strong>1. Causes Hyponatremia:</strong></p>\n\n<p>The sodium content in the blood influences the functioning of the electrolytes. These electrolytes are responsible for sending signals to the cells which control various operations of the body. When you consume too much water, the sodium levels in the blood decrease. This stops the electrolytes from sending signals to the cells.</p>\n\n<p><strong>2. Overburdens The Heart:</strong></p>\n\n<p>The heart performs the vital function of pumping blood through your entire body. When you consume too much of water, this increases the volume of blood inside your body. The increased blood volume causes unnecessary pressure on the blood vessels and the heart, leading to seizure in some cases.</p>\n\n<p><strong>3. Causes Damage To Glomeruli:</strong></p>\n\n<p>Glomeruli are capillary beds in our kidneys. They work as a filtering station to excrete excess water from the body. Too much of water can cause potential damage to this system, leading to serious health hazards. The kidneys have to work overtime to process all this unnecessary water that is beyond their normal filtering capacity (1000 ml per hour).</p>\n\n<p><strong>4. Causes Swelling Of Cells:</strong></p>\n\n<p>As your blood gets diluted due to excess water, the concentration of electrolytes in the blood becomes lower than that in the cells. To maintain a balance in the concentration of electrolytes in the blood and the cells, water begins to flow into the cells. This results in swelling of cells, which is a dangerous condition.</p>\n\n<p><strong>5. Causes Brain Edema:</strong></p>\n\n<p>This is the swelling of brain cells. It is as hazardous as it sounds. Most of the cells in our body have a lot of room to stretch out. But the flat bones in our skull do not leave much space for the brain cells to be accommodated freely. When excess water in the blood vessels starts seeping into the brain cells, it causes swelling in the cells of the brain. This leads to severe conditions that include coma, brainstem herniation, and respiratory attack.</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>Note:</em></strong> There has even been a <a href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2262683/Man-dies-after-drinking-10-litres-of-water-in-eight-hours.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">report</a> of a man who died drinking 10 litres of water within eight hours.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10875, "author": "HerbalResearcher", "author_id": 7983, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7983", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If you feel dehydrated it's probably you're just missing natural electrolytes and other nutrients that help with hydration(water retention) so you have to drink alot less and feel hydrated for a long time.</p>\n\n<p>Theres way better methods to reduce body heat,for example,put plenty of water on your body with a rag and get a fan towards you or go in the outdoor wind. That is how the body cools itself off with sweat. Water on skin cools several times ,10-20X more than air itself.</p>\n\n<p>Maybe building a homemade house cooling system(with water),look it up on internet. You can look how to make electricity if you live in a place that is expensive, and then buy a cooling unit,but the homemade one works well it seems.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10230", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3769/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10279, "author": "intergalactic_baba_yaga", "author_id": 7473, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7473", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No, shaving does not cause hair to grow faster. People believe it is true for several reasons</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Your hair might be just growing faster now because of puberty, which is when people usually start shaving</li>\n<li>Shaving makes the ends of the hair blunt, giving it the appearance of thickness as it is coarser than hair that has not been cut recently </li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Googling this brings up many reputable sources debunking this, here is a <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/hair-removal/faq-20058427\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">link</a> from the Mayo Clinic</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10280, "author": "Lakshmi Balan", "author_id": 6747, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6747", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No. Shaving your facial hair (i.e. beard) or any part of your body for that matter will not make it grow back faster.</p>\n\n<p><strong>There is nothing proven scientifically or otherwise that has claimed that when a razor meets your skin does your hair automatically sprout up at a quicker rate.</strong></p>\n\n<p>Now there are a few reasons why people might think that this is the case to begin with:</p>\n\n<p>When you do grow body hair, it will naturally shed a few hairs while in the growth phase.</p>\n\n<p>In fact your hair goes through four very distinct phases:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Anagen (growing phase)</p></li>\n<li><p>Catagen (regression phase)</p></li>\n<li>Telogen (resting phase)</li>\n<li>Exogen (shedding phase) </li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>When you are a teenager, your beard is heavily in the anagen phase when it starts to come in. Therefore with regular shaving, you may notice more and more hairs are sprouting up.</p>\n\n<p>Its not actually the shaving that is causing the growth, its just now that your body has started to enter the prime growth phase due uptick of testosterone in your body and with your androgenic hair (i.e. body hair) starting finally grow.</p>\n\n<p>Therefore in a relatively short time frame, your beard will seem like it grows in rather rapidly, but in actuality its just that body hair is starting to take form.</p>\n\n<p>If you think about it logically, if men who shaved daily had beards that grew in quicker, would have substantial beard growth by midday. While of course that would be pretty sweet, it just physically doesn’t happen that way.</p>\n\n<p>In addition, we would never have bald men…ever.</p>\n\n<p>Secondly, hair follicles themselves can be in any one of the four stages that we outlined above.</p>\n\n<p>When you shave your beard, you are effectively normalizing all the hair follicles to just one length and when looking at your beard that is only a couple of days old it may appear thicker.</p>\n\n<p>With the natural shedding and thinning of your beard that occurs during the exogen phase, when looking at a fresh shaved face, your beard will look more concentrated together.</p>\n\n<p>Reference :\n<a href=\"http://www.toolsofmen.com/does-shaving-make-facial-hair-grow-faster/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.toolsofmen.com/does-shaving-make-facial-hair-grow-faster/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10277", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10400, "author": "Terry Palmer", "author_id": 7592, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7592", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's possible that sugar is not causing the problems, but perhaps a reaction to gluten. If your reaction comes from sugar in the form of wheat products or even products containing trace amounts of gluten, this could be the issue. I went off of wheat over a year ago and my brain fog disappeared and my weight naturally started to drop. I recommend looking into the book Grain Brain by Dr. Perlmutter. Gluten sensitivity doesn't always show itself with gut issues. It can present many of the symptoms that you describe without gut discomfort. I recommend maybe getting a gluten sensitivity test done to rule that out. Note: this is not the same as a test for celiac issues. Gluten is also known to cause anxiety and depression. Many with Celiac (an extreme version of gluten sensitivity) are known to struggle with anxiety and depression. Again, I highly recommend looking into Grain Brain.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10402, "author": "rocc", "author_id": 7594, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7594", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The problem could do be what the food is doing to you, but rather what it is doing for you gut flora.</p>\n\n<p>Bacteria in your small intestine are able to communicate with your central nervous system via receptors lining the apical cell of your GI tract. Many of these receptors are ion gated receptors also found in the CNS and have a direct link to your brain (such as seratonin 3, which is responsible for vomiting reflex). However, recent research has found that activation of these receptors may also affect emotional and congintal areas of the brain (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/</a>). </p>\n\n<p>It may be promising to look into your gut flora as the source of your discomfort after eating.</p>\n\n<p>You may also be interested in intermittent fasting.</p>\n\n<p>Please do not use this as medical advice, but rather more information that you can research further at your own discretion. I do not know your medical history and do not want to pretend that I can make any recommendations. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10409, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>First, your symptoms sound severe enough that every doctor should take you seriously. I cannot provide any final solution, but the following may help you discuss this with a doctor.</p>\n\n<p>Two conditions that came to my mind are:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Postprandial (reactive) hypoglycemia (<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/expert-answers/reactive-hypoglycemia/faq-20057778\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mayo Clinic</a>)</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>When you eat a large meal, especially if high in carbohydrates, a great amount of glucose will be absorbed in a short time. This may trigger the release of excessive amounts of the hormone insulin, which will result in a drop of glucose not only to normal but to below normal levels (insulin allows glucose to move from the blood into the body cells). This is called \"postprandial hypoglycemia\" - symptoms are pretty much the same as you have described them. Brain fog and sleepiness can be from low glucose levels, and irritation and thirst (dry mouth?) from high adrenaline levels (as a reaction to low glucose). </p>\n\n<p>Migraine is not a typical symptom of postprandial hypoglycemia, but here is a description of a migraine-like headache after meals (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181986/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed Central</a>)</p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Idiopathic postprandial syndrome can cause very similar symptoms as postprandial hypoglycemia, but without detectable low glucose levels (see the Mayo Clinic article above).</li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10412, "author": "Ruminator", "author_id": 1268, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1268", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Since the reaction occurs so quickly you might try the following:</p>\n\n<p><strong>Troubleshooting Step #1</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>collect various food items that you usually eat (a fruit, a vegetable, a carbohydrate, meat, etc.)</li>\n<li>eat just as much of one item that you would normally have in a meal (Ie: a quarter of an apple, or a piece of lettuce)</li>\n<li>wait 15 minutes</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>This may help you decide if it is a particular type of food that causes the reaction.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Troubleshooting Step #2</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>if you have been taking any medication since you were 18 and can safely skip it for a couple of days and see if the reaction happens</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>Troubleshooting Step #3</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>if you have any other health issues that seem odd (hair falling out, unexplained rash, etc.), research that, even if it isn't a felt problem as it could be related</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10311", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7507/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12862, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Skin wrinkles and creases are generally caused by <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-collagen#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a breakdown of the collagen framework within the skin</a>.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Collagen is a key part of your skin's structure. It forms a network of fibers within your skin that acts like a framework.</p>\n \n <p>In young skin, the collagen framework is intact and the skin remains moisturized and elastic. Over time, the support structure weakens and the skin loses its elasticity. The skin begins to lose its tone as the collagen support wears down.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Regardless of age, men have a higher collagen density than women; this is the ratio of collagen to the thickness of the skin. Researchers believe that the higher collagen density accounts for why <a href=\"http://www.dermalinstitute.com/uk/library/17_article_Is_a_Man_s_Skin_Really_Different_.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">women appear to age faster than men of the same age</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Both men and women lose about one percent of their collagen per year after their 30th birthday. For women, however, this escalates significantly in the first five years after menopause then slows down to a loss of two percent per year.</p>\n\n<p>Wrinkles and other signs of skin ageing <a href=\"http://www.webmd.boots.com/healthy-skin/guide/ageing-skin-do-you-look-older-than-you-should\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">can be influenced by habits and behaviours during a person's life</a>. Avoiding some risk factors for premature skin ageing can help keep skin looking younger for longer.</p>\n\n<p>As well as smoking causing premature skin aging,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Wrinkles at the corners of the eyes (crow's feet) or between the eyebrows (frown lines) are thought to be caused by small muscle contractions. Over a lifetime, habitual facial expressions like frowning, smiling or squinting leave their mark on our skin.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The first link states that</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Using your facial muscles -- smiling, frowning, or squinting, for instance -- is part of expressing yourself. That's normal, but it does stress the collagen in your skin. Over time, that stress adds up and contributes to facial lines and wrinkles.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15374, "author": "LаngLаngС", "author_id": 11231, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11231", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>As far as I know this was never under experimental laboratory conditions in humans. But there are some observational, correlational and theoretical studies and considerations to explain the phenomenon. There are two main factors to consider here: sex and gender.</p>\n\n<p>The gender part is that female members in our societies are hold to a different physical attractiveness standard, are judged differently, get a different form of attention; and draw a different kind of attention onto their own physical appearance; as evidenced by the original question where it mentions \"lipstick\". Men with wrinkles tend to be called \"looking interesting\" while female are often called to \"look old\". These are psychological and sociological factors that cannot be discarded, but there is a biological reason to which these gender aspects are only amplifying.</p>\n\n<p>Smoking has either very subtle differences regarding the over-all effects in male or female smokers or even the self-selection process in becoming a smoker presents a more fundamental confounding factor for observed differences:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90544-C\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Hormonal and subjective effects of smoking the first five cigarettes of the day: A comparison in males and females</strong></a> (1991)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>But the difference becomes readily apparent after the age of forty:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.85.1.78\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Facial wrinkling in men and women, by smoking status.</strong></a> (1995)<br>\n With age, average sun exposure, and body mass index controlled, the estimated relative risk of moderate/severe wrinkling for current smokers compared to never smokers was 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 4.2) among men and 3.1 (95% CI = 1.6, 5.9) among women. Pack-years was positively associated with facial wrinkle score in women aged 40 through 69 years and in men aged 40 through 59 years. In both groups, the increased risk of wrinkling was equivalent to about 1.4 years of aging.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Taken together with the difference in collagen metabolism, already mentioned in <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/12862/11231\">Chris answer</a>, where males and females differ from the start the difference in reaction is again amplified due to smoking:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/asj/article/29/6/467/210050\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Perioral Wrinkles: Histologic Differences Between Men and Women</strong></a> (2009)<br>\n Women tend to develop more and deeper wrinkles in the perioral region than men. Although much is known about the complex mechanisms involved in skin aging, previous studies have described histologic differences between men and women with respect to skin aging only incidentally and have not investigated the perioral region.<br>\n <strong>Results:</strong> The female replicas showed more and deeper wrinkles than the male replicas (P &lt; .01). Histologic analysis revealed that the perioral skin of men displayed a significantly higher number of sebaceous glands (P = .000; 95% confidence interval [CI] 23.6–53.2), sweat glands (P = .002; 95% CI 2.1–8.1), and a higher ratio between vessel area and connective tissue area in the dermis (P = .009; 95% CI 0.003–0.021). The amount of hair follicles did not significantly differ between men and women, although the average number of sebaceous glands per hair follicle was greater in men (P = .002; 95% CI 0.33–1.28).<br>\n <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Women exhibit more and deeper wrinkles in the perioral region and their skin contains a significantly smaller number of appendages than men, which could be a feasible explanation for why women are more susceptible to development of perioral wrinkles.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10316", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7515/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12862, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Skin wrinkles and creases are generally caused by <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-collagen#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a breakdown of the collagen framework within the skin</a>.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Collagen is a key part of your skin's structure. It forms a network of fibers within your skin that acts like a framework.</p>\n \n <p>In young skin, the collagen framework is intact and the skin remains moisturized and elastic. Over time, the support structure weakens and the skin loses its elasticity. The skin begins to lose its tone as the collagen support wears down.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Regardless of age, men have a higher collagen density than women; this is the ratio of collagen to the thickness of the skin. Researchers believe that the higher collagen density accounts for why <a href=\"http://www.dermalinstitute.com/uk/library/17_article_Is_a_Man_s_Skin_Really_Different_.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">women appear to age faster than men of the same age</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Both men and women lose about one percent of their collagen per year after their 30th birthday. For women, however, this escalates significantly in the first five years after menopause then slows down to a loss of two percent per year.</p>\n\n<p>Wrinkles and other signs of skin ageing <a href=\"http://www.webmd.boots.com/healthy-skin/guide/ageing-skin-do-you-look-older-than-you-should\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">can be influenced by habits and behaviours during a person's life</a>. Avoiding some risk factors for premature skin ageing can help keep skin looking younger for longer.</p>\n\n<p>As well as smoking causing premature skin aging,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Wrinkles at the corners of the eyes (crow's feet) or between the eyebrows (frown lines) are thought to be caused by small muscle contractions. Over a lifetime, habitual facial expressions like frowning, smiling or squinting leave their mark on our skin.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The first link states that</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Using your facial muscles -- smiling, frowning, or squinting, for instance -- is part of expressing yourself. That's normal, but it does stress the collagen in your skin. Over time, that stress adds up and contributes to facial lines and wrinkles.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15374, "author": "LаngLаngС", "author_id": 11231, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11231", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>As far as I know this was never under experimental laboratory conditions in humans. But there are some observational, correlational and theoretical studies and considerations to explain the phenomenon. There are two main factors to consider here: sex and gender.</p>\n\n<p>The gender part is that female members in our societies are hold to a different physical attractiveness standard, are judged differently, get a different form of attention; and draw a different kind of attention onto their own physical appearance; as evidenced by the original question where it mentions \"lipstick\". Men with wrinkles tend to be called \"looking interesting\" while female are often called to \"look old\". These are psychological and sociological factors that cannot be discarded, but there is a biological reason to which these gender aspects are only amplifying.</p>\n\n<p>Smoking has either very subtle differences regarding the over-all effects in male or female smokers or even the self-selection process in becoming a smoker presents a more fundamental confounding factor for observed differences:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90544-C\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Hormonal and subjective effects of smoking the first five cigarettes of the day: A comparison in males and females</strong></a> (1991)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>But the difference becomes readily apparent after the age of forty:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.85.1.78\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Facial wrinkling in men and women, by smoking status.</strong></a> (1995)<br>\n With age, average sun exposure, and body mass index controlled, the estimated relative risk of moderate/severe wrinkling for current smokers compared to never smokers was 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 4.2) among men and 3.1 (95% CI = 1.6, 5.9) among women. Pack-years was positively associated with facial wrinkle score in women aged 40 through 69 years and in men aged 40 through 59 years. In both groups, the increased risk of wrinkling was equivalent to about 1.4 years of aging.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Taken together with the difference in collagen metabolism, already mentioned in <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/12862/11231\">Chris answer</a>, where males and females differ from the start the difference in reaction is again amplified due to smoking:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/asj/article/29/6/467/210050\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Perioral Wrinkles: Histologic Differences Between Men and Women</strong></a> (2009)<br>\n Women tend to develop more and deeper wrinkles in the perioral region than men. Although much is known about the complex mechanisms involved in skin aging, previous studies have described histologic differences between men and women with respect to skin aging only incidentally and have not investigated the perioral region.<br>\n <strong>Results:</strong> The female replicas showed more and deeper wrinkles than the male replicas (P &lt; .01). Histologic analysis revealed that the perioral skin of men displayed a significantly higher number of sebaceous glands (P = .000; 95% confidence interval [CI] 23.6–53.2), sweat glands (P = .002; 95% CI 2.1–8.1), and a higher ratio between vessel area and connective tissue area in the dermis (P = .009; 95% CI 0.003–0.021). The amount of hair follicles did not significantly differ between men and women, although the average number of sebaceous glands per hair follicle was greater in men (P = .002; 95% CI 0.33–1.28).<br>\n <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Women exhibit more and deeper wrinkles in the perioral region and their skin contains a significantly smaller number of appendages than men, which could be a feasible explanation for why women are more susceptible to development of perioral wrinkles.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10351", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12862, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Skin wrinkles and creases are generally caused by <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-collagen#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a breakdown of the collagen framework within the skin</a>.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Collagen is a key part of your skin's structure. It forms a network of fibers within your skin that acts like a framework.</p>\n \n <p>In young skin, the collagen framework is intact and the skin remains moisturized and elastic. Over time, the support structure weakens and the skin loses its elasticity. The skin begins to lose its tone as the collagen support wears down.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Regardless of age, men have a higher collagen density than women; this is the ratio of collagen to the thickness of the skin. Researchers believe that the higher collagen density accounts for why <a href=\"http://www.dermalinstitute.com/uk/library/17_article_Is_a_Man_s_Skin_Really_Different_.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">women appear to age faster than men of the same age</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Both men and women lose about one percent of their collagen per year after their 30th birthday. For women, however, this escalates significantly in the first five years after menopause then slows down to a loss of two percent per year.</p>\n\n<p>Wrinkles and other signs of skin ageing <a href=\"http://www.webmd.boots.com/healthy-skin/guide/ageing-skin-do-you-look-older-than-you-should\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">can be influenced by habits and behaviours during a person's life</a>. Avoiding some risk factors for premature skin ageing can help keep skin looking younger for longer.</p>\n\n<p>As well as smoking causing premature skin aging,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Wrinkles at the corners of the eyes (crow's feet) or between the eyebrows (frown lines) are thought to be caused by small muscle contractions. Over a lifetime, habitual facial expressions like frowning, smiling or squinting leave their mark on our skin.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The first link states that</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Using your facial muscles -- smiling, frowning, or squinting, for instance -- is part of expressing yourself. That's normal, but it does stress the collagen in your skin. Over time, that stress adds up and contributes to facial lines and wrinkles.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15374, "author": "LаngLаngС", "author_id": 11231, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11231", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>As far as I know this was never under experimental laboratory conditions in humans. But there are some observational, correlational and theoretical studies and considerations to explain the phenomenon. There are two main factors to consider here: sex and gender.</p>\n\n<p>The gender part is that female members in our societies are hold to a different physical attractiveness standard, are judged differently, get a different form of attention; and draw a different kind of attention onto their own physical appearance; as evidenced by the original question where it mentions \"lipstick\". Men with wrinkles tend to be called \"looking interesting\" while female are often called to \"look old\". These are psychological and sociological factors that cannot be discarded, but there is a biological reason to which these gender aspects are only amplifying.</p>\n\n<p>Smoking has either very subtle differences regarding the over-all effects in male or female smokers or even the self-selection process in becoming a smoker presents a more fundamental confounding factor for observed differences:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90544-C\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Hormonal and subjective effects of smoking the first five cigarettes of the day: A comparison in males and females</strong></a> (1991)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>But the difference becomes readily apparent after the age of forty:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.85.1.78\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Facial wrinkling in men and women, by smoking status.</strong></a> (1995)<br>\n With age, average sun exposure, and body mass index controlled, the estimated relative risk of moderate/severe wrinkling for current smokers compared to never smokers was 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 4.2) among men and 3.1 (95% CI = 1.6, 5.9) among women. Pack-years was positively associated with facial wrinkle score in women aged 40 through 69 years and in men aged 40 through 59 years. In both groups, the increased risk of wrinkling was equivalent to about 1.4 years of aging.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Taken together with the difference in collagen metabolism, already mentioned in <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/12862/11231\">Chris answer</a>, where males and females differ from the start the difference in reaction is again amplified due to smoking:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/asj/article/29/6/467/210050\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>Perioral Wrinkles: Histologic Differences Between Men and Women</strong></a> (2009)<br>\n Women tend to develop more and deeper wrinkles in the perioral region than men. Although much is known about the complex mechanisms involved in skin aging, previous studies have described histologic differences between men and women with respect to skin aging only incidentally and have not investigated the perioral region.<br>\n <strong>Results:</strong> The female replicas showed more and deeper wrinkles than the male replicas (P &lt; .01). Histologic analysis revealed that the perioral skin of men displayed a significantly higher number of sebaceous glands (P = .000; 95% confidence interval [CI] 23.6–53.2), sweat glands (P = .002; 95% CI 2.1–8.1), and a higher ratio between vessel area and connective tissue area in the dermis (P = .009; 95% CI 0.003–0.021). The amount of hair follicles did not significantly differ between men and women, although the average number of sebaceous glands per hair follicle was greater in men (P = .002; 95% CI 0.33–1.28).<br>\n <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Women exhibit more and deeper wrinkles in the perioral region and their skin contains a significantly smaller number of appendages than men, which could be a feasible explanation for why women are more susceptible to development of perioral wrinkles.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10358", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7554/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10381, "author": "user3545065", "author_id": 7572, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7572", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>one of the better practice management solution which i have heard of is <a href=\"http://medariya.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medariya</a>, they are fairly new but providing good features like EMR, appointment, scheduling, sms patients for booking and reminder. you should check it out.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10382, "author": "user710907", "author_id": 7570, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7570", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are many websites which you can try but they are not free. The top 2 that you can checkout:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.practo.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Practo</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.lybrate.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Lybrate</a></p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Here is a free practice management solution that I found:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://medariya.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medariya</a></p>\n\n<p>You can:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Create diagnosis</li>\n<li>Book doctor appointments</li>\n<li>Upload reports</li>\n</ol></li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10380", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7571/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10381, "author": "user3545065", "author_id": 7572, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7572", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>one of the better practice management solution which i have heard of is <a href=\"http://medariya.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medariya</a>, they are fairly new but providing good features like EMR, appointment, scheduling, sms patients for booking and reminder. you should check it out.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10382, "author": "user710907", "author_id": 7570, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7570", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are many websites which you can try but they are not free. The top 2 that you can checkout:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.practo.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Practo</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.lybrate.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Lybrate</a></p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Here is a free practice management solution that I found:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://medariya.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medariya</a></p>\n\n<p>You can:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Create diagnosis</li>\n<li>Book doctor appointments</li>\n<li>Upload reports</li>\n</ol></li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10389", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7578/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10450, "author": "Prince", "author_id": 6972, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6972", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It is rather suggestive of a <a href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-the-nocebo-effect-5451823/?no-ist\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">nocebo effect</a> since there is no mechanism to explain a connection between sleepiness/weakness and paracetamol use.</p>\n\n<p>According to <a href=\"http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/paracetamol/fatigue/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">eHealthMe</a>, out of the 1,171 people who reported side effects on paracetamol 64 reported weakness as a side effect, 33 sleepiness as a side effect</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15953, "author": "Dr Dilis CLare", "author_id": 13472, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/13472", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I was at a GP CPD meeting on pain 2 weeks ago and the pain specialist reported tht PCM has weak analgesic effects but is good for stiffness. Many patients have reported better sleep with 2 paracetamol over the years so it may be they are experiencing less micro-wakening when changing position during the night and thus wakening more refreshed. I am concerned about long-term micro damage to liver and use many herbs such including hops and valerian as part of a sleep programm with good results.\nDr Dilis Clare</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10419", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7604/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10439, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is certainly an interesting question. From a trauma perspective, I would advocate using the ATLS / ACLS rules to stabilize the patient. Controlling the airway, breathing, and circulation are the first priorities in these patients.</p>\n\n<p>With that said, there is not much published on PubMed that answers this question. However, I did find an article in Nursing Times that talks about some value in talking to patients - whether they are conscious or unconscious. This has been shown to improve survival in a very limited sample. However, I would caution using this as \"evidence-based\" literature and would always focus on the ABCs.</p>\n\n<p>Here is the article: <a href=\"https://www.nursingtimes.net/communicating-with-unconscious-patients/200542.article\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Nursing Times</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10441, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Just because there may exist some patients who are going to lose consciousness (or die) no matter what doesn't mean this technique has no value. </p>\n\n<p>Imagine this. It's the middle of the night. You're in awful pain. Something horrible and unexpected has happened - a car accident, a crime, a house explosion - and you've seen awful things or you're worried about your loved ones on top of everything else. You don't want this to be real. You don't want to experience this. Going away, by zoning out, letting yourself fall asleep, co-operating with the pull you feel towards unconsciousness - that may seem like a good idea. A person telling you not to may actually keep you from letting go and going under, because some part of it is your choice whether to stay conscious or not, at least for some kinds of injury or trauma.</p>\n\n<p>As to why a care provider wants to keep you awake, it's generally so they can ask you things, or get you to help them treat you. This was my experience when a 3am gallbladder attack took me to the ER. It hurt so much and I was so tired and this nurse was all in my face, demanding I categorize my pain \"on a scale of 1 to 10\" which I find pointless since they never ask you what a 10 would be, and she wouldn't take no for an answer so I basically closed my eyes and wished she would go away, and I would have happily gone to sleep right there, or at my pain level you could have called it passing out from the pain. But she wouldn't let me. She was firm to the point of rudeness and she was demanding. Her position was \"I need you to talk to me so I can help you.\" And in the end I did and she did. </p>\n\n<p>The point is there is much use to the patient staying conscious - it lets you see if things are getting worse or better, lets you gather information, lets you ask them to roll over or sit up - and in at least some cases, asking (along perhaps with slapping as in the movies, shoulder-shaking, or at least physical contact like taking someone's chin and using it to turn their face towards you) does work to keep people from slipping away.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14417, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>No, I don't think keeping a patient awake has any treatment value in trauma cases. I'm skeptical there even are situations where you could override the effects of traumatic injury by simply talking. </p>\n\n<p>However, it has significant value in assessment. Level of consciousness is the first and most significant vital sign, and being able to monitor it in trauma is crucial. Declines in many body systems will be signaled by the brain first, so you always want to be aware of the patient's mental status. You do that by talking to them. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129809/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129809/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10437", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7395/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10477, "author": "Lakshmi Balan", "author_id": 6747, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6747", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Here are some ways to tame those sugar cravings.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Give in a little.</strong> Eat a bit of what you’re craving, maybe a small cookie or a fun-size candy bar, suggests Kerry Neville, MS, RD, a registered dietitian and ADA spokeswoman. Enjoying a little of what you love can help you steer clear of feeling denied. Try to stick to a 150-calorie threshold, Neville says.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Combine foods.</strong> If the idea of stopping at a cookie or a baby candy bar seems impossible, you can still fill yourself up and satisfy a sugar craving, too. \"I like combining the craving food with a healthful one,\" Neville says. \"I love chocolate, for example, so sometimes I’ll dip a banana in chocolate sauce and that gives me what I’m craving, or I mix some almonds with chocolate chips.\" As a beneficial bonus, you'll satisfy a craving and get healthy nutrients from those good-for-you foods.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Go cold turkey.</strong> Cutting out all simple sugars works for some people, although \"the initial 48 to 72 hours are tough,\" Gerbstadt says. Some people find that going cold turkey helps their cravings diminish after a few days; others find they may still crave sugar but over time are able to train their taste buds to be satisfied with less.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Grab some gum.</strong> If you want to avoid giving in to a sugar craving completely, try chewing a stick of gum, says nutrition advisor Dave Grotto, RD, LDN. \"Research has shown that chewing gum can reduce food cravings,\" Grotto says.\nReach for fruit. Keep fruit handy for when sugar cravings hit. You'll get fiber and nutrients along with some sweetness. And stock up on foods like nuts, seeds, and dried fruits, says certified addiction specialist Judy Chambers, LCSW, CAS. \"Have them handy so you reach for them instead of reaching for the old [sugary] something.\"</p>\n\n<p><strong>Get up and go.</strong> When a sugar craving hits, walk away. \"Take a walk around the block or [do] something to change the scenery,\" to take your mind off the food you’re craving, Neville suggests.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Choose quality over quantity.</strong> \"If you need a sugar splurge, pick a wonderful, decadent sugary food,\" Moores says. But keep it small. For example, choose a perfect dark chocolate truffle instead of a king-sized candy bar, then \"savor every bite -- slowly,\" Moores says. Grotto agrees. \"Don’t swear off favorites -- you’ll only come back for greater portions. Learn to incorporate small amounts in the diet but concentrate on filling your stomach with less sugary and [healthier] options.\"</p>\n\n<p><strong>Eat regularly.</strong> Waiting too long between meals may set you up to choose sugary, fatty foods that cut your hunger, Moores says. Instead, eating every three to five hours can help keep blood sugar stable and help you \"avoid irrational eating behavior,\" Grotto says. Your best bets? \"Choose protein, fiber-rich foods like whole grains and produce,\" Moores says.</p>\n\n<p>But won't eating more often mean overeating? Not if you follow Neville's advice to break up your meals. For instance, have part of your breakfast -- a slice of toast with peanut butter, perhaps -- and save some yogurt for a mid-morning snack. \"Break up lunch the same way to help avoid a mid-afternoon slump,\" Neville says.</p>\n\n<p>Reference : <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/13-ways-to-fight-sugar-cravings#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/13-ways-to-fight-sugar-cravings#1</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://dailyburn.com/life/health/sugar-addiction-detox/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://dailyburn.com/life/health/sugar-addiction-detox/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10479, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are two aspects to feeling \"addicted\" to sugar</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Expecting a very sweet taste to the things you eat and drink, and not enjoying unsweetened or less sweetened versions. Maybe you like three sugars in your tea or coffee, or you sprinkle sugar on cereal, fruit, and the like</li>\n<li>Getting a \"rush\" when you eat something sweeet, and feeling a drop later, which you fix by having more sugar.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Not everyone experiences the second, but many do. Your approaches to the situation depend on which thing you're trying to fix.</p>\n\n<p>For being used to a sweet taste, try a little while of not eating the things you expect to be sweet. No tea or coffee, no cereal, no toast, whatever. Then when you reintroduce the food, use half the sugar that you used to. If that sounds too unpleasant, try gradually reducing the amount of sugar you add over a few weeks. Switching to alternate sweeteners (whether \"healthier\" like honey or maple syrup, which might provide a few micronutrients as well as sweetness, or lower-calorie like Splenda, Stevia etc) isn't going to help this pattern of needing sweetness, so it's a poor solution. When you can't get diet ginger ale you'll just drink regular ginger ale because you patterns haven't changed so you don't like water. If you want to eat and drink fewer sweet things, do that, don't change where the sweetness comes from to make your old pattern ok.</p>\n\n<p>For the sugar rush/high followed by crash, things are different. Whenever you eat something sweet, be sure to eat some protein or fat at the same time or very shortly afterwards. This will mute the high a little and more importantly, prevent the crash. This was an issue for both my children and they learned how to get something other than pure sugar into their system quickly. So if you start your day with jam on toast, instead of two slices of that, have one of jam on toast and then one of peanut butter on toast. If you start your day with a bowl of fruit, how about putting some yogurt (ideally not zero fat yogurt) in there too? If you have a donut or cookies at 3pm, could you not also have a little cheese (brought from home, it won't spoil) or some almonds or peanuts (which will keep for weeks) as well? </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12067, "author": "tealhill supports Monica", "author_id": 5305, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5305", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Sugar is a kind of food. So, you might want to try some food-addiction support programs.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://oa.org/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Overeaters Anonymous</a> is a good option. Sugar addicts are always welcome to join their program.</p>\n\n<p>They have:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>meetings you can visit</li>\n<li>a podcast</li>\n<li>books and pamphlets that you can buy</li>\n<li>and <a href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/OvereatersAnonymous/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a sub-Reddit where you can post</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Thoughts?</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12068, "author": "tealhill supports Monica", "author_id": 5305, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5305", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You may want to try the following suggestions:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Don't keep any sugary foods in your home. Instead, buy healthier options such as fruit.</p></li>\n<li><p>If you do buy sugary junk foods, buy smaller quantities. Also, put some sugary junk food in a bowl, then close the package and put it away. This will reduce your temptation to eat too much.</p></li>\n<li><p>Also, gradually change your habits. For example, instead of adding honey to breakfast cereal, add fresh or dried fruit. Raisins and dates are convenient and inexpensive.</p></li>\n<li><p>If a sugar craving hits, distract yourself. For example, you could phone a friend, or read a book, or go bicycling.</p></li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10451", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7624/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10585, "author": "HotDoc", "author_id": 964, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/964", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is certainly possible, however unlikely. It is also not possible to determine the probability that you would be infected.</p>\n\n<p>The person have a visible infection at the time of the event. This would further reduce the probability of infection.</p>\n\n<p>Symptoms can appear one to three weeks after infection.</p>\n\n<p>Alternatively a blood test can detect if you are infected even before symptoms show.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11958, "author": "user12711", "author_id": 8914, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8914", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It would be unlikely you catch herpes by sharing a bite or two of a hamburger with an infected person in remission. It's so unlikely that if (hypothetically) you did test positive for herpes (and it was your first time to test) that the positive exposure could have occurred from any number of situations that happen repeatedly in daily life. That's because the infection rate of herpes is so high, and the number of people who harbor it unknowingly is so high.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10456", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7629/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10468, "author": "Matt", "author_id": 7604, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7604", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Actually I claim being the first one - about 30 years ago when I was a teenager I had the idea to cure my sinus infection by honey. Tried once, had similar burning result as you did, and an allergic reaction on top of it (heard of pollen allergy? - thats what honey is full of). Concluded as a failed experiment.</p>\n\n<p>From evolutionary perspective I do not see how honey could ever get into the noses of our ancestors so it probably should not go into yours either. Saline solution of about 10g/liter (physiological concentration ) is much better option.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10715, "author": "ancientcampus", "author_id": 7735, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7735", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>For nasty sinus infections, which are generally bacterial, \"fighting the bacteria with lots of sugar\" seems like a very bad idea to me.</p>\n\n<p>Viral sinusitis generally resolves within a few days - it's very difficult to demonstrate that any home remedy speeds up healing in such a short window.</p>\n\n<p>That said, honey has been demonstrated to be somewhat anesthetizing vs. a sore throat, so I believe you when you say you feel better after using it.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15223, "author": "Eric", "author_id": 12867, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/12867", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I know this topic is old but there have been discoveries that using honey in a neti pot(1 tsp for 1 batch..don't use salt or baking soda) will break up a sinus infection. Most sinus infections are \"biofilms\" which are a conglomeration of bacteria, viruses, etc. that together raise the antibiotic resistance by 1000 fold but semi-recent studies have shown that honey is effective at breaking up biofilms, and some more studies have shown it works on sinus infections too. I'd normally turn my nose up at such claims but I had a sinus infection that wouldn't go away for almost a year and was so painful that when I'd sneeze I 100% considered suicide. Two flushes with a honey/water neti pot and it was gone in under a week. A friend who tests the scientific efficacy of natural remedies and lectures on it to medical students at the local university actually backed this up as a legit remedy. </p>\n\n<p>All that said, do some research and verify what I've asserted. You'll actually be surprised. </p>\n\n<p>Found info for supporting this medically: <a href=\"https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/diabetes/a-staph-infection-that-wont-heal/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/diabetes/a-staph-infection-that-wont-heal/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10457", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7630/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10481, "author": "Lucky", "author_id": 613, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/613", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p><strong>In short:</strong> Changes in diet have not been proven to help mitigate MS, but there are special diet recommendations for patients on glucocorticoid therapy (solu-medrol belongs to this group).</p>\n<hr />\n<p>There have been hypotheses on various diets increasing the risk of MS, however, there is no strong scientific evidence that would confirm this. At best, the results from controlled studies were inconsistent.</p>\n<p>There was a large prospective study on two cohorts of women (92,422 with 14 year follow-up and 95,389 with 4 years follow-up), which has shown:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>In these two large cohorts of women, we found no evidence that higher intake of saturated fat or lower intakes of polyunsaturated fat and fish omega-3 fatty acids were associated with an increased risk of MS. Intakes of dairy products, fish, red meats, poultry, and processed meats were also unrelated to risk of MS.</p>\n<p>Because of the prospective design, recall or selection biases are unlikely in this study, and the high follow-up rates minimize the concern that differential follow-up rates have effected our results. The estimates of total fat and specific types of fat derived from the dietary questionnaires used in this study reasonably reflect long-term intakes of study subjects\n(15–18). The fact that they have predicted risk of coronary heart disease in the NHS (31) further supports their validity.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><strong>However</strong>, many doctors do recommend a special diet when on glucocorticoid therapy. Influence on electrolyte and sugar metabolism has been established with these medicines, as well as increased energy intake. The recommended diet is usually low in calories, fat and simple carbohydrates (no sugar I'm afraid or as little as possible), rich in protein; also low sodium and foods rich in potassium, calcium and vitamin D are recommended.</p>\n<p>These nutritional strategies serve to prevent or mitigate potential metabolic side effects of corticosteroids. That being said, it is still a point of debate whether these are applied only in chronic systemic application of glucocorticoids or should they also be included in pulse therapy (short-term, high doses, the sort that you described).</p>\n<p>Ultimately, the recommendations on diet should come from your doctor, and you should ask as many questions as you wish. Sometimes this sort of news comes as a bit of a shock, and it is good to have a family member with you and to write down the recommendations - when there is a lot to process it is easy to forget a crucial piece of information. Whatever you do, make sure to take your therapy as prescribed, as with corticosteroids, depending on how long you take them, it might be dangerous to abruptly stop - your doctor will know if this applies to your case.</p>\n<hr />\n<p>Ref:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/152/11/1056.full.pdf+html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dietary Fat in Relation to Risk of Multiple Sclerosis among Two Large\nCohorts of Women</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/921086-treatment#d8\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Glucocorticoid Therapy and Cushing Syndrome Treatment &amp; Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/271/2/E317.short\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Effects of glucocorticoids on energy metabolism and food intake in humans</a></li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 30985, "author": "Peter Bernhard", "author_id": 21148, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/21148", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I know of two substances in the diet being scientifically debated on.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gluten:</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.msard-journal.com/article/S2211-0348(18)30387-0/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Thomsen et al.</a>, The role of gluten in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review (&quot;... literature search was conducted...&quot;)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cholesterol:</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.msard-journal.com/article/S2211-0348(15)30012-2/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Zhornitsky et al.</a>, Cholesterol and markers of cholesterol turnover in multiple sclerosis: relationship with disease outcomes (review of several articles)</p>\n<p>Also to be found is research on<br />\nMetabolic syndrome (abbreviations are: MS and MetS).</p>\n<p><code>Berrios Morales et al.</code>, 2014, Metabolic Syndrome and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Study (...)</p>\n<p>Thus, any debate on diet concerning MetS might be relevant, and cholesterol seems a common denominator. However, &quot;(l)imited data on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is currently available.&quot; Conversely, there seems to be no connection, at all, between diabetes (related to MetS) and gluten.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10472", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3676/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10524, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>There are several sources for publicly available health practitioner databases. One of the most common sources is from the US government, which assigns a National Provider Identification (NPI) number to all medical practitioners. There is an online database you can use here:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://npiregistry.cms.hhs.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://npiregistry.cms.hhs.gov/</a></p>\n\n<p>Enter a doctor's name, and you'll see a lot of information about them.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 29013, "author": "Crystal L", "author_id": 23906, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/23906", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You can try this <a href=\"https://public.acho.io/embed/4373ea74db8551d78b6e535a67b69519bb3136957a70d56aad09322049e0dc2c74e48943b117c10b5e745ced55273f37e1d3f34876cb7879b0051a9dfbd9247b\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">dataset</a> provided by Unibit. It contains information of all data providers in the US. It includes data about individual practitioners and organizations, such as their names, contact information, specialties, license, and so on.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10500", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7263/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10526, "author": "Variax", "author_id": 5383, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5383", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I don't know if this would be useful, but cyanoacrylate-based glues have been used in surgical wounds for quite some time as an alternative to other methods. They won't work for all kinds of wounds and they have some downsides to know about.</p>\n\n<p>Related bibliography: <a href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/contents/minor-wound-repair-with-tissue-adhesives-cyanoacrylates\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.uptodate.com/contents/minor-wound-repair-with-tissue-adhesives-cyanoacrylates</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10531, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Depending on your definition of \"wound\" you could consider a styptic pencil. It's generally used for nicks and small cuts, such as you get while shaving. Most drugstores sell them or you can order from Amazon. They are briefly mentioned in the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihemorrhagic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia article</a> on agents that stop bleeding. The article mentions several other products that are probably only available to doctors, and has a fair number of external links you could use to learn more about those products.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10517", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7688/" ]