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[ { "evidence_id": "Electricity sector in Argentina:195", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Electricity sector in Argentina", "evidence": "In 2011, according to the International Energy Agency, the actual CO2 emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gasoline:457", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gasoline", "evidence": "The U.S. EIA estimates that U.S. motor gasoline and diesel (distillate) fuel consumption for transportation in 2015 resulted in the emission of about 1,105 million metric tons of CO2 and 440 million metric tons of CO2, respectively, for a total of 1,545 million metric tons of CO2.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States", "evidence": "The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Himalayas:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Himalayas", "evidence": "An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Himalayas:91", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Himalayas", "evidence": "In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:108", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:65", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:185", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:203", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:109", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:133", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:234", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Eocene:108", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "Oxygen isotope analysis showed a large negative change in the proportion of heavier oxygen isotopes to lighter oxygen isotopes, which indicates an increase in global temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:106", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:358", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "London:218", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "London", "evidence": "Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oxford:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Oxford", "evidence": "The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 37.2 °C (99 °F) in July 2019 during the 2019 European heat wave.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sweden:263", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sweden", "evidence": "That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Oxford:496", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Oxford", "evidence": "H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe, iii, 55–60.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Oxford:664", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Oxford", "evidence": "Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that \"female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure\" \"Archived copy\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatology:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:15", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:145", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:139", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:160", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:165", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic Ocean", "evidence": "From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:354", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene:33", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The authors conclude that \"anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:463", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:296", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate of the United Kingdom:225", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of the United Kingdom", "evidence": "The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mediterranean climate:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mediterranean climate", "evidence": "hot and dry); as a result, these communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and fires.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:46", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rain:259", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rain", "evidence": "There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 °F (−1 and 2 °C) during the storm.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:167", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer climates.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:470", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "When temperature rises, the larvae take a shorter time to mature and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:86", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Zika fever:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Zika fever", "evidence": "Zika fever is mainly spread via the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Zika virus:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Zika virus", "evidence": "However, rising global temperatures would allow for the disease vector to expand their range further north, allowing Zika to follow.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:304", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:305", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mitigation (law):0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mitigation (law)", "evidence": "Mitigation in law is the principle that a party who has suffered loss (from a tort or breach of contract) has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Risk management:132", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Risk management", "evidence": "Implementation follows all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stern Review:200", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Stern Review", "evidence": "Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Power station:150", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Power station", "evidence": "This less valuable \"spare\" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:97", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Renewable energy commercialization", "evidence": "Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:362", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind power:171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind power", "evidence": "about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind power:825", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Wind power", "evidence": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\" (PDF).", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "New Jersey:168", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "New Jersey", "evidence": "During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience \"nor'easters,\" which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New Jersey:265", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New Jersey", "evidence": "This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New Jersey:511", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New Jersey", "evidence": "The other three villages – Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) – have all migrated to other non-village forms.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New Jersey:801", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New Jersey", "evidence": "\"Jersey City has gained nearly 15,000 residents since 2010, making it the fastest growing municipality in the state and a symbol of the Garden State's reinvigorated urban core.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Woodbridge Township, New Jersey:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Woodbridge Township, New Jersey", "evidence": "It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Arthur Kill, a tidal strait to the east, and tidal rivers to the south, Raritan River, and north, Rahway River; and, much of the developed land in Woodbridge has low elevations, as little as five feet above sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:636", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "\"Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:212", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:243", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:244", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:177", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:1245", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "\"Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:355", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Adelaide:426", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Adelaide", "evidence": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Adelaide:982", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Adelaide", "evidence": "\"FactCheck: does South Australia have the 'highest energy prices' in the nation and 'the least reliable grid'?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Australia:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Australia", "evidence": "South Australia has the lead over other Australian states for its commercialisation and commitment to renewable energy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Australia:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Australia", "evidence": "It is now the leading producer of wind power in Australia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Australia:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Australia", "evidence": "Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high \"for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, CO 2 was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:274", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction:382", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extinction", "evidence": "\"Predicting patterns of long-term adaptation and extinction with population genetics\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extinction", "evidence": "Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see inbreeding and population bottlenecks) reduces the range of adaptions possible.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Invasive species:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Invasive species", "evidence": "Invading species have been shown to adapt to their new environments in a remarkably short amount of time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nature:173", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nature", "evidence": "The combination of a high mutation rate and a horizontal gene transfer ability makes them highly adaptable, and able to survive in new environments, including outer space.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:319", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:395", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pine Island Glacier:19", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Pine Island Glacier", "evidence": "Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:492", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic oscillation:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic oscillation", "evidence": "The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:220", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "\"Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:237", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In July 2019, they issued a declaration \"affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples\" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:243", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:249", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar System:104", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Solar System", "evidence": "The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Space and survival:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Space and survival", "evidence": "Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "The coal industry damages the environment, including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide, 14 Gt in 2016, which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nature:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nature", "evidence": "Air is mostly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Extinction:15", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Extinction", "evidence": "According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction—all largely as a result of human actions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Extinction", "evidence": "Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Extinction", "evidence": "In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:167", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:178", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:107", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:434", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "\"AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:606", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "\"How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases, many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO 2, e.g.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Using data from two ground-observing satellites, ICESAT and ASTER, a study published in Geophysical Research Letters (September 2008) shows that nearly 75 percent of the loss of Greenland's ice can be traced back to small coastal glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:200", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In 2015, a study by Professor James Hansen of Columbia University and 16 other climate scientists said a sea level rise of three metres could be a reality by the end of the century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Regional effects of global warming:428", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Regional effects of global warming", "evidence": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:471", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:500", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu ... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels is critical.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):430", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "\"Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change and ecosystems", "evidence": "Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:266", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mediterranean Sea:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mediterranean Sea", "evidence": "Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Reducing risks to food security from climate change\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:167", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2309", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:281", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier", "evidence": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cardiovascular disease:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cardiovascular disease", "evidence": "High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Drowning:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Drowning", "evidence": "Of those who die after plunging into freezing seas, around 20% die within 2 minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic), another 50% die within 15 – 30 minutes from cold incapacitation (loss of use and control of limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body 'protectively' shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core), and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hypothermia:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hypothermia", "evidence": "For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body \"protectively\" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Shock (circulatory):42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Shock (circulatory)", "evidence": "This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Underwater diving:32", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Underwater diving", "evidence": "The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:69", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:214", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "\"Greenland Hits 97 Percent Meltdown in July\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:313", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "\"Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:51", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:217", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:187", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Gambler's fallacy:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gambler's fallacy", "evidence": "Since the first four tosses turn up heads, the probability that the next toss is a head is: Pr ( A 5 | A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∩ A 4 ) = Pr ( A 5 ) = 1 2 {\\displaystyle \\Pr \\left(A_{5}|A_{1}\\cap A_{2}\\cap A_{3}\\cap A_{4}\\right)=\\Pr \\left(A_{5}\\right)={\\frac {1}{2}}} .", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gambler's fallacy:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gambler's fallacy", "evidence": "Assuming a fair coin: The probability of 20 heads, then 1 tail is 0.520 × 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.520 × 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of getting 20 heads then 1 tail, and the probability of getting 20 heads then another head are both 1 in 2,097,152.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Probability:102", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Probability", "evidence": "If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A  and  B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , {\\displaystyle P(A{\\mbox{ and }}B)=P(A\\cap B)=P(A)P(B),\\,} for example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 × 1 2 = 1 4 {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\times {\\tfrac {1}{2}}={\\tfrac {1}{4}}} .", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Probability:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Probability", "evidence": "P ( A  or  B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) {\\displaystyle P(A{\\mbox{ or }}B)=P(A\\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\\cap B)=P(A)+P(B)-0=P(A)+P(B)} For example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die is P ( 1  or  2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = 1 6 + 1 6 = 1 3 .", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Random variable:70", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Random variable", "evidence": "{\\displaystyle Y(\\omega )={\\begin{cases}1,&{\\text{if }}\\omega ={\\text{heads}},\\\\[6pt]0,&{\\text{if }}\\omega ={\\text{tails}}.\\end{cases}}} If the coin is a fair coin, Y has a probability mass function f Y {\\displaystyle f_{Y}} given by: f Y ( y ) = { 1 2 , if  y = 1 , 1 2 , if  y = 0 , {\\displaystyle f_{Y}(y)={\\begin{cases}{\\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\\text{if }}y=1,\\\\[6pt]{\\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\\text{if }}y=0,\\end{cases}}} A random variable can also be used to describe the process of rolling dice and the possible outcomes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:352", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:89", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:93", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: \"melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:118", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:134", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:174", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:176", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "France:301", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "France", "evidence": "As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:155", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:251", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:256", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:257", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2013–14 North American winter:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2013–14 North American winter", "evidence": "On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Early 2014 North American cold wave:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Early 2014 North American cold wave", "evidence": "The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar vortex:100", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar vortex", "evidence": "The general assumption is that reduced snow cover and sea ice reflect less sunlight and therefore evaporation and transpiration increases, which in turn alters the pressure and temperature gradient of the polar vortex, causing it to weaken or collapse.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stratosphere:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stratosphere", "evidence": "This breaking is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high potential vorticity region known as the polar vortex.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Winter 1985 cold wave:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Winter 1985 cold wave", "evidence": "The winter 1985 cold wave was a meteorological event, the result of the shifting of the polar vortex farther south than is normally seen.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carlos Curbelo:204", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carlos Curbelo", "evidence": "\"Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carlos Curbelo:213", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carlos Curbelo", "evidence": "\"Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carlos Curbelo:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carlos Curbelo", "evidence": "According to McClatchy, \"Curbelo has broken ranks with his party to take lonely stands on high-profile topics ranging from abortion and women’s health to climate change, the environment, immigration and government spending.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carlos Curbelo:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carlos Curbelo", "evidence": "According to Vote Smart's 2016 analysis, Curbelo generally supports pro-life legislation, opposes an income tax increase, opposes mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent drug offenders, supports lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth, opposes requiring states to adopt federal education standards, supports building the Keystone Pipeline, supports government funding for the development of renewable energy, supports the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, supports repealing the Affordable Care Act, opposes requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to return to their country of origin before they are eligible for citizenship, supports same-sex marriage, supports increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support, and supports allowing individuals to divert a portion of their Social Security taxes into personal retirement accounts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carlos Curbelo:39", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carlos Curbelo", "evidence": "The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has \"attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change,\" describing him as \"one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:123", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:155", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:54", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "Despite the low rainfall, drought was not an issue in Ireland.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "The Netherlands also had to deal with extreme drought in June and July.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Drought in the United Kingdom:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Drought in the United Kingdom", "evidence": "A significant hydrological drought occurred in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998, when the warm, dry summers were followed by dry, cool winters.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:112", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global catastrophic risk", "evidence": "Projections of future climate change suggest further global warming, sea level rise, and an increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events and weather-related disasters.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global catastrophic risk", "evidence": "Martin Weitzman argues that most of the expected economic damage from climate change may come from the small chance that warming greatly exceeds the mid-range expectations, resulting in catastrophic damage.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:108", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:115", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "In the 1960s, the average annual increase was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:127", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2012 in science:264", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2012 in science", "evidence": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate of Mars:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of Mars", "evidence": "Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:53", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Mya.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geologic temperature record:10", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Geologic temperature record", "evidence": "The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Peat:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Peat", "evidence": "It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO 2), which is released into the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:162", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quaternary glaciation:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Quaternary glaciation", "evidence": "Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "20th century:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "20th century:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:366", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:41", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:5", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic oscillation:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic oscillation", "evidence": "The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:220", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "\"Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global issue:19", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global issue", "evidence": "Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:198", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:54", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather:96", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Weather", "evidence": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:216", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "No longer do we have to justify the existence of humid tropical forests on the feeble grounds that they might carry plants with drugs that cure human disease.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:239", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "In Central America, two-thirds of lowland tropical forests have been turned into pasture since 1950 and 40% of all the rainforests have been lost in the last 40 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System and the proposed Sahara Forest Project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Habitat destruction:106", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Habitat destruction", "evidence": "A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming conspiracy theory:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming conspiracy theory", "evidence": "Climate change has also been called the \"greatest scam in history\" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Coleman (meteorologist):16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "John Coleman (meteorologist)", "evidence": "He has called global warming the \"greatest scam in history\" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Coleman (meteorologist):60", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "John Coleman (meteorologist)", "evidence": "\"'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Coleman (meteorologist):64", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "John Coleman (meteorologist)", "evidence": "\"Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Weather Channel:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Weather Channel", "evidence": "The Weather Channel was founded on July 18, 1980, by television meteorologist John Coleman (who, at the time of the channel's founding, had formerly served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America) and Frank Batten, then-president of the channel's original owner Landmark Communications (now Landmark Media Enterprises).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Holocene:279", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:118", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:163", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:52", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:310", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:70", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and ecosystems", "evidence": "(2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4 °C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:875", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "\"Biologists think 50% of species will be facing extinction by the end of the century\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:200", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "A 2016 survey found that two-thirds of AMS members think that all or most of climate change is caused by human activity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:267", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:284", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Among all respondents, 90% agreed that temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800 levels, and 82% agreed that humans significantly influence the global temperature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:69", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "Climate models predict that as the surface warms, so should the global troposphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "Globally, the troposphere (at the TLT altitude at which the MSU sounder measure) is predicted to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Great Global Warming Swindle:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Great Global Warming Swindle", "evidence": "The programme states that all models of greenhouse effect-derived temperature increase predict that the warming will be at its greatest for a given location in the troposphere and at its lowest near the surface of the earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and gender:39", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and gender", "evidence": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:155", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Clean Power Plan:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Clean Power Plan", "evidence": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Clean Power Plan:12", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Clean Power Plan", "evidence": "The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Clean Power Plan:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Clean Power Plan", "evidence": "By switching this coal generation to a cleaner source such as wind power, CO 2 emissions could be significantly reduced.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Clean Power Plan:3", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Clean Power Plan", "evidence": "The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Clean Power Plan:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Clean Power Plan", "evidence": "In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Jupiter:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jupiter", "evidence": "Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jupiter:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Jupiter", "evidence": "The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jupiter:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jupiter", "evidence": "Jupiter's low axial tilt means that the poles constantly receive less solar radiation than at the planet's equatorial region.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jupiter:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jupiter", "evidence": "Convection within the interior of the planet transports more energy to the poles, balancing out the temperatures at the cloud layer.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Neptune:161", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Neptune", "evidence": "As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:122", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:162", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:33", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Georgia (U.S. state):97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Georgia (U.S. state)", "evidence": "The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is −17 °F (−27.2 °C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice core:176", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice core", "evidence": "At lower temperatures, the difference is more pronounced.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "San Francisco:181", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "San Francisco", "evidence": "The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "U.S. state and territory temperature extremes:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "U.S. state and territory temperature extremes", "evidence": "The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the 5 inhabited U.S. territories during the past two centuries, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "U.S. state and territory temperature extremes:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "U.S. state and territory temperature extremes", "evidence": "record low of 40°F in 1911 in Aibonito and 1966 in San Sebastian in Puerto Rico), only the most recent date is shown.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:123", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "Many of the mature breeding adults died in the bleaching events of 2016–17 leading to low coral birth rates.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate system:7", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate system", "evidence": "Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "The timing of South American megafaunal extinction appears to precede human arrival, although the possibility that human activity at the time impacted the global climate enough to cause such an extinction has been suggested.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on the environment:171", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Human impact on the environment", "evidence": "In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human:121", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Human", "evidence": "Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Drought:109", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Drought", "evidence": "The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:45", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:198", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "For example, based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and results from the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2), a model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100 temperatures in Idaho could increase by 5 °F (2.8 °C) (with a range of 2-9 °F) in winter and summer and 4 °F (2.2 °C) (with a range of 2-7 °F) in spring and fall.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:285", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:286", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permian:74", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permian", "evidence": "Based on the amount of lava estimated to have been produced during this period, the worst-case scenario is the release of enough carbon dioxide from the eruptions to raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Human:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human", "evidence": "Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human", "evidence": "Humans began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity at least by about 100-70,000 years ago and (according to recent evidence) as far back as around 300,000 years ago, in the Middle Stone Age, (with some features of behavioral modernity possibly beginning earlier, and possibly in parallel with evolutionary brain globularization in H. sapiens).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human", "evidence": "[citation needed] By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period (50,000 BP), and likely significantly earlier by 100-70,000 years ago or possibly by about 300,000 years ago behavioral modernity, including language, music and other cultural universals had developed.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human", "evidence": "Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "Over the years, more and more evidence has advanced the idea of \"pre-Clovis\" cultures including tools dating back about 15,550 years ago.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:240", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "CLOUD experiment:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "CLOUD experiment", "evidence": "This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it \"rule out a role for cosmic radiation\" in climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "CLOUD experiment:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "CLOUD experiment", "evidence": "Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "CLOUD experiment:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "CLOUD experiment", "evidence": "Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute all of the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:98", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum", "evidence": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level", "evidence": "Atmospheric pressure, ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:132", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:38", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "To cut carbon emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020 unconditionally.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "evidence": "To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 1990 levels by 2020.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Emissions trading:431", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Emissions trading", "evidence": "It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coal mining:233", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal mining", "evidence": "Cerrejón directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal mining:284", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal mining", "evidence": "The country's coal industry employs about 500,000 people.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy commercialization", "evidence": "A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy commercialization", "evidence": "Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Virginia:826", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "West Virginia", "evidence": "\"Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:113", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:139", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "A heat wave started in Moscow on the 27 June, as temperatures reached 33.1 °C (91.6 °F), and stayed around 30 °C (90 °F) for the rest of the week.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2018 British Isles heat wave:95", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2018 British Isles heat wave", "evidence": "2018's temperature was 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:151", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:55", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:62", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Robert Watson found this \"very disappointing\" and said \"We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "This would make the technologies more affordable and competitive in the global market, particularly when combined with a phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:46", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Tuvalu:34", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in Tuvalu", "evidence": "Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:98", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:484", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:354", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:350", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:719", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "B. C. \"Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cryosphere:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cryosphere", "evidence": "The overall trend indicated in the passive microwave record from 1978 through mid-1995 shows that the extent of Arctic sea ice is decreasing 2.7% per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:387", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Airline:324", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Airline", "evidence": "Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around two percent.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:47", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of aviation:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of aviation", "evidence": "In 2018, the US airlines had a fuel consumption of 58 mpg‑US (4.06 L/100 km) per revenue passenger for domestic flights, or 32.5 g of fuel per km, generating 102 g CO₂ / RPK of emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:310", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:315", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:380", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The ice was being held back by a \"thread\" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Iceberg:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Iceberg", "evidence": "\"An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Larsen Ice Shelf:170", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Larsen Ice Shelf", "evidence": "\"A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Larsen Ice Shelf:42", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Larsen Ice Shelf", "evidence": "Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ross Ice Shelf:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ross Ice Shelf", "evidence": "Four days later, they found their way into open water and were hoping that they would have a clear passage to their destination.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:105", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Environmental impact of wind power", "evidence": "Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on the environment:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human impact on the environment", "evidence": "These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Raptor conservation:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Raptor conservation", "evidence": "Because they are opportunistic carnivores, birds of prey are at high risk of secondary poisoning by eating organisms that have been killed or debilitated by pesticides.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind turbine:233", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind turbine", "evidence": "Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind turbine:238", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind turbine", "evidence": "damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic hurricane:182", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Atlantic hurricane", "evidence": "Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atlantic hurricane:308", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic hurricane", "evidence": "Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Florida:145", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Florida", "evidence": "Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Florida:199", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Florida", "evidence": "From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Katrina:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Katrina", "evidence": "The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Coordinates: 8°31′15″S 179°11′55″E / 8.52083°S 179.19861°E / -8.52083; 179.19861 Tuvalu (/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo) (formerly known as the Ellice Islands), is a country in Polynesia, located in the Pacific Ocean, situated in Oceania and about midway between Hawaii and Australia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:1473", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "\"A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:1616", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "\"'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:1686", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:590", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Spanish discoveries in the Central Pacific.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Drought:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Drought", "evidence": "Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:188", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Illinois:1081", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Illinois", "evidence": "\"The Longest Running Title Droughts in Sports\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sahel drought:55", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sahel drought", "evidence": "Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:680", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "United States", "evidence": "Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:280", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "An Angus Reid poll released in 2010 indicates that global warming skepticism in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been rising.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:288", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it \"a lot.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:598", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:97", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Today, climate change skepticism is most prominently seen in the United States, where the media disproportionately features views of the climate change denial community.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:626", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:188", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:190", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:191", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:74", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Great Global Warming Swindle:275", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Great Global Warming Swindle", "evidence": "Patrick Michaels – Research Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia Patrick Moore – Early member of Greenpeace and former president, Greenpeace Canada Paul Reiter – Professor, Department of Medical Entomology, Pasteur Institute, Paris Nir Shaviv – Professor, Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem James Shikwati – Economist, Author, and CEO of The African Executive Frederick Singer – Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia (Misidentified in the film as Former Director, U.S. National Weather Service.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:135", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:239", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and \"did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:82", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for \"acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings\" and \"their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:85", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soon and Baliunas controversy:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soon and Baliunas controversy", "evidence": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review, an independent review funded by the University of East Anglia and chaired by Sir Muir Russell, examined allegations that the emails showed attempts to undermine normal procedures of publication.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Al Gore:399", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Al Gore", "evidence": "In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had \"no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate\" and its \"four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research\", he upheld nine of a \"long schedule\" of alleged errors presented to the court.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:109", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "An Inconvenient Truth", "evidence": "All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:133", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "An Inconvenient Truth", "evidence": "\"He is making a qualitative point, which is entirely accurate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:170", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "An Inconvenient Truth", "evidence": "The story is scientifically accurate and yet should be understandable to the public, a public that is less and less drawn to science.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth in the Balance:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth in the Balance", "evidence": "Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (ISBN 0-452-26935-0, paperback ISBN 1-85383-743-1) is a 1992 book written by Al Gore, published in June 1992, shortly before he was elected Vice President in the 1992 presidential election.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Baffin Island:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Baffin Island", "evidence": "[citation needed] In 2012, a survey of caribou herds found that the local population was only about 5,000, a decrease of as much as 95% from the 1990s.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:1332", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "\"Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:308", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:404", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:58", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Car:182", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Car", "evidence": "As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update].", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Car:448", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Car", "evidence": "\"EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Electric vehicle:225", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Electric vehicle", "evidence": "A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Electric vehicle:251", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Electric vehicle", "evidence": "However, looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of EVs, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Electric vehicle:255", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Electric vehicle", "evidence": "The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:345", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "\"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:183", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "In it, the IUGG concurs with the \"comprehensive and widely accepted and endorsed scientific assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and regional and national bodies, which have firmly established, on the basis of scientific evidence, that human activities are the primary cause of recent climate change\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:362", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season:158", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season", "evidence": "Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season:176", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season", "evidence": "Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atlantic hurricane:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic hurricane", "evidence": "While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Agnes:23", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hurricane Agnes", "evidence": "The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Carolina:238", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Carolina", "evidence": "North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain, and flooding.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "The climatic conditions that cause this warning became more frequent because of climate change, and will worsen if temperatures continue to increase.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "\"Loss of soil carbon 'will speed global warming'\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:245", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "\"Peat bog gases 'accelerate global warming'\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "According to the IPCC's 2014 assessment report, \"Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:38", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Association of Chief Police Officers:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Association of Chief Police Officers", "evidence": "As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Association of Chief Police Officers:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Association of Chief Police Officers", "evidence": "From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:248", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:65", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Julian Assange:286", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Julian Assange", "evidence": "la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:228", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "The actual increase by 2000 was about 29%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that \"Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years\", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:87", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "A March 2014 study found that climate models assuming natural variability which matched subsequent observations of ENSO phasing had produced realistic estimates of 15-year trends.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2015 South Indian floods:434", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2015 South Indian floods", "evidence": "So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change].\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate of India:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of India", "evidence": "As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on humans:268", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on humans", "evidence": "Gross increases are mostly attributed to increased population and property values in vulnerable coastal areas; though there was also an increase in frequency of weather-related events like heavy rainfalls since the 1950s.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental issues in the Philippines:61", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Environmental issues in the Philippines", "evidence": "Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:143", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:200", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:201", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:273", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:286", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:190", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:194", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:218", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:310", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]