Datasets:

316usman
/

extracted-pdfs

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 1.02k rows

uid int64 7.2k 9.09k	person stringlengths 6 29	institution_name stringlengths 11 62	pdf_files sequencelengths 0 22	pdf_data stringlengths 2 1.56M
8,672	Joni Tucker	Michigan State University	[ "8672_101.pdf", "8672_101.pdf" ]	{"8672_101.pdf": "Take a peek behind the curtain and test drive the StateNews.com today! news / msu won\u2019t say if results of Tucker accuser leak investigation will be released Alex Walters October 11, 2023 The Board of Trustees Meeting at the Hannah Administration Meeting on Sep. 8, 2023. \u2014 Photo by Denille Reid \| The State News Michigan State University officials won\u2019t say whether they plan to release the findings of the outside investigation into the leak of the name of the woman accusing fired football coach Mel Tucker of sexual harassment. The probe, which is being conducted by global law firm Jones Day, will attempt to find who at the university told local media and another \u201coutside party\u201d that prominent rape survivor and advocate Brenda Tracy was formally accusing Tucker of harassing her, which would break the promise of confidentiality makes with claimants. The university ordered the investigation after Tracy sent MSU\u2019s lawyers a draft statement which accused \u201csomeone associated with the Board of Trustees\u201d of being the leak. But little has been said since the university ordered the probe Board Chair Rema Vassar and university spokesperson Emily Guerrant both declined to answer questions about the investigation this week. Board vice chair Dan Kelly, who is Jones Day\u2019s direct report on the board, did not return calls or an email from The State News at time of publication. Their silence leaves much unclear, including who is and isn\u2019t complying with the investigation, how long it will take, how much it will cost, how the findings will be delivered and if the results will ever be made public at all. Jones Day\u2019s work is privileged, according to a copy of the firm\u2019s engagement. That means the results of the investigation won\u2019t necessarily become public, because privileged legal information isn\u2019t subject to transparency laws like the Freedom of Information Act or Open Meetings Act. In previous investigations or its board have opted to waive their privilege, making the work of the investigators public through either records requests or by directly releasing a report in full. Guerrant would not say if plans to waive privilege over the leak investigation. She said that there will be an press release regarding the probe when the investigation is complete, but \"that's all (she) could say.\" It\u2019s also possible the firm\u2019s report will never be written down. In December 2022, a The Detroit News report revealed that MSU\u2019s board was getting verbal interim reports from a different firm investigating the forced removal of former business dean Sanjay Gupta. These in-person, oral reports prevented the firm\u2019s findings from being leaked or ever becoming public through records requests. Eventually, the board gave in to public criticism over the secrecy and opted to waive privilege and release a written report from the firm. Guerrant said that has not yet discussed whether Jones Day\u2019s report will be written or verbal. It\u2019s also unclear when the firm will be done. Guerrant said Jones Day is \u201cfollowing their leads wherever they go,\u201d and will take however much time they need to properly do so. That makes it hard to know how much the investigation will cost MSU, as the work is being billed hourly, not as a lump sum, according to the engagement letter. The Gupta investigation that was eventually released cost the university almost $1.6 million \u2014 a figure that was heavily criticized by student and faculty leaders. How the leak investigation came together Days after a Today report first publicized Tracy\u2019s allegations, she and her attorney drafted the statement saying that she was forced to come forward because her name was leaked by someone associated with MSU\u2019s board. That statement was shared with MSU\u2019s general counsel who sent it to the board and high-ranking administrators on the morning of Sept. 12. But Tracy never released the statement. Instead, she distributed a toned-down version that just said an \u201coutside party\u201d leaked her name, not someone associated with the board. Her attorney told The State News the change was a \u201clegal strategy.\u201d By the time she released the non-specific, second statement, Jones Day had already been hired by to conduct the investigation, according to a copy of the engagement obtained by The State News. The engagement also confirms that it was MSU\u2019s administration who retained the firm, not the Board of Trustees. MSU\u2019s board and administration are separate. The administration, led by the president, runs the university day-to-day, while the board, which is elected statewide in partisan races, is tasked with overseeing the administration and making big-picture decisions. The university waited to announce their investigation, telling The State News that there would be one on Sept. 16, four days after it was ordered, and releasing a press release with the name of the firm two days after that. Asked why the university didn\u2019t immediately announce that they were taking action spokesperson Guerrant told The State News \u201cwe just didn\u2019t have all the details yet.\u201d The board, however, was informed of MSU's investigation by no later than Sept. 12, Guerrant said. Despite that, former board chair Dianne Byrum publicly demanded an investigation into the leak on Sept. 13, after one had been ordered by the administration. Her statement argued the leak could discourage future survivors of misconduct at from reporting, because they will fear their name being disclosed. Byrum said she was \"disturbed and outraged by recent reports indicating the name of a claimant in a sexual harassment investigation was intentionally released in an apparent effort to retaliate against her \u2026 We should unequivocally condemn attempts to silence or retaliate against victims.\u201d Tracy\u2019s allegations Tracy first filed a complaint with the in December 2022. While the leak forced her to come forward publicly earlier this month, the case is ongoing hearing occurred Oct. 5, but the Resolution Officer tasked with deciding whether Tucker violated the university\u2019s policies on relationship violence and sexual misconduct is yet to make a final decision. Tracy\u2019s claims center around an April 2022 phone call on which she alleges Tucker made sexually suggestive comments about her appearance and masturbated on the line without her consent. Tucker has since admitted to the comments and masturbation, but denies that it was nonconsensual. He claims he and Tracy had a mutual romantic connection even prior to the phone call. Tracy claims the relationship was one-sided and that she had to ward off sexual advances in the past. Tucker and his attorney, Jennifer Belveal, did not attend the Oct. 5 hearing because of a \u201cserious medical condition\u201d preventing Tucker from appearing. During the hearing, they did release a 106-page document containing \u201cnew evidence\u201d and messages from Tracy\u2019s private conversations with a recently-deceased friend and colleague, Ahlan Alvarado. Tucker and Belveal claim the texts reveal Tracy misled investigators and manipulated witnesses and officials. Tracy has since obtained an \u201cemergency restraining order\u201d stopping Tucker from releasing more messages, according to a Today report. The Ingham County judge who granted the order said the texts appeared to be \u201cprotected, personal, private, and sensitive business information related to sexual assault survivors and employees\u201d which were \u201cgathered in violation of Michigan law.\u201d After Tracy\u2019s allegations first became public last month fired Tucker, saying whether or not the relationship was consensual, his admission of a sexual relationship with a team vendor is enough to terminate him. Tucker has released statements saying he believes the university had no legal right to fire him, calling the justifications \u201cflimsy\u201d and alluding to a civil lawsuit he intends to file. search... sections news sports spotlight opinion classifieds obituaries quick links about advertise board of directors photo reprints privacy policy corrections & archives student positions social alumni contact us email newsletter All Content \u00a9 2025 State News, Inc. Powered by Solutions by The State News."}
8,964	John Muriello	University of Iowa	[ "8964_101.pdf", "8964_102.pdf", "8964_103.pdf", "8964_104.pdf" ]	{"8964_101.pdf": "The Daily Iowan \u2022 August 23, 2022 \u2022 distributed-meth-possessed-child-pornography/ Former music professor allegedly distributed meth, possessed child pornography The university\u2019s Department of Music sent a statement to students in the department on Tuesday regarding the charges. Sabine Martin, Managing Editor Editor\u2019s Note: This article makes brief mention of instances of sexual misconduct and harassment, including alleged nonconsensual sexual acts. Retired University of Iowa Music School professor John Muriello is facing federal charges of possessing child pornography and distributing methamphetamine that resulted in a death. The voice and opera professor, 65, allegedly possessed thousands of sexually explicit photos and videos, many of them including minors, on electronic devices seized by the Iowa City Police Department in 2021. Muriello is being held in Muscatine County Jail without bond, and his trial is set for Dec. 5 in Davenport. Tammie Walker School of Music director, wrote in a statement sent to music department students on Tuesday evening that the school is providing support and resources following the news of Iowa City Police\u2019s investigation of Muriello. \u201cThe university takes these allegations very seriously and encourages anyone with information or concerns to contact ICPD,\u201d Walker wrote realize this news may be upsetting, so please reach out if you need assistance.\u201d 10-page search warrant illuminates allegations Iowa City police served a search warrant on May 28, 2021, to Muriello\u2019s residence and seized multiple electronic items including his phone, a computer, and electronic storage devices, according to an Iowa City police search warrant application. Police found 18,580 photos and 3,183 videos on an electronic storage device, with over a thousand including minor boys. The police also reported seizing methamphetamine from the residence. There was also a search of Muriello\u2019s garbage on Nov. 20, 2020, according to the search warrant. The search allegedly found \u201cnumerous syringes and needles, indica, and baggies.\u201d Police found multiple media files containing child pornography were reported and child pornography was located on an electronic storage device after searching Muriello\u2019s computer. Allegations trace back to 2020 iStock On April 10, 2020, the allegedly received an email from a parent of a freshman regarding Muriello. The writer claimed their son allegedly attended a party at Murrielo\u2019s Iowa City residence where Murrielo allegedly provided methamphetamines and used gamma-hydroxybutyrate to \u201cdrug party goers to have sex with them,\u201d according to a search warrant application. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, prescribed as Xyrem, is also known as a common \u201cdate rape drug.\u201d The parent\u2019s email also claimed Muriello allegedly sought out younger adults and teenagers as young as 17-years-old to have sex. In addition, the parent wrote the professor allegedly recorded sex acts with people, and he possessed an \u201cextensive\u201d child porn collection on multiple devices in his residence. The warrant application lists another report from an alleged 19-year-old student who developed a relationship with Muriello. Muriello allegedly supplied this student with meth and had nonconsensual sex with the student multiple times. The student allegedly also reported they saw younger, adult males at the professor\u2019s residence and witnessed him viewing child pornography on his computer. Eleanor Hildebrandt and Ryan Hansen contributed to this report.", "8964_102.pdf": "Retired music professor faces 25 years for child porn, distributing meth Videos and photos listed under graphic sexual names and one after a character\u2019s name in a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical retired University of Iowa music professor faces at least 25 years in federal prison for distributing methamphetamine that resulted in a death and for possessing child pornography. John Robert Muriello, 65, pleaded last month to one count of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute meth that resulted in serious bodily injury or death and one count of possession of child pornography. During the plea, he admitted that Raymond Bustamante, a supplier in California, would obtain meth and distribute it to Muriello and Eric Hojka, 49, in August of 2020 or earlier. An investigation by the U.S. Postal Service showed that since early 2020, Bustamante had been mailing packages of meth to Muriello and Hojka in Iowa City. At times, Muriello obtained the meth and distributed to others, including Hojka, and Muriello paid for Hojka to obtain the drugs from Bustamante, according to the plea. On May 12, 2021, Hojka, who was convicted in May for drug conspiracy resulting in death, called 911 to report a unconscious person, \u201cTS,\u201d who died after being taken to a hospital. Muriello had paid for the cost of shipping the meth and then Hojka obtained the drugs and distributed it to TS, who then injected it intravenously. An autopsy, which revealed a \u201crecent minute needle puncture mark,\u201d found the victim had died of meth intoxication, according to court documents. During a search of Muriello\u2019s house, police found the 18,580 photos and 3,183 videos of child pornography on Muriello\u2019s electronic devices. The hash values \u2014 forensic fingerprints \u2014 of the images were sent to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, which found 165 identified children from its database and 1,034 that had been previously submitted to the center. Most of the files were password-protected on Muriello\u2019s laptop with one user account named \u201cJohn Muriello\u201d and another under \u201cBillybigelow\u201d \u2014 a character from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical \u201cCarousel,\u201d according to the plea agreement. Muriello also had Skype accounts on the laptop under his name and other names, the plea stated. The chats recovered were associated with drug use and distribution of child pornography. According to search warrant affidavit filed in Johnson County District Court, authorities also received information about Muriello\u2019s illegal activities in April 2020. The university received an anonymous email from someone who was identified as a parent of a freshman and said he attended a party hosted by Muriello in his home. Muriello provided meth and gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) \u2014 known as \u201cdate rape\u201d sedative \u2014 to partygoers to have sex with them, according to the affidavit. The parent also said Muriello recorded sex acts with younger adult and teen partygoers and possessed an \u201cextensive\u201d child pornography collection on multiple devices in his home. According to the plea agreement, the prosecution and defense will recommend Muriello serve the mandatory minimum of 20 years for distribution of meth and five years for the child pornography conviction. The five years may run consecutively or concurrently to the 20 years, which is up to the judge\u2019s discretion. Muriello also waived forfeiture of his electronic devices and his Iowa City house, according to the plea. The forfeiture of assets is part of the sentencing that may be imposed by a judge. He also may be ordered to pay victim restitution, which is $3,000 per victim, and a $5,000 fine for the child pornography conviction. The university revoked Muriello\u2019s status as emeritus professor of voice and opera on Sept. 20, 2022, Jeneane Beck, spokesperson for UI, said Monday. The university placed Muriello on leave in May 2021, and he retired on July 1, 2022. Muriello\u2019s sentencing is set for June 20 in U.S. District Court in Davenport. Comments: (319) 398-8318; [email protected] Trish Mehaffey Mar. 13, 2023 4:26 pm Why you can trust The Gazette 2/27/25, 8:00 Retired music professor faces 25 years for child porn, distributing meth \| The Gazette 1/2 Trish Mehaffey Reporter, The Gazette \uf0e0 \uf09e Reporter covering state and federal courts. Subscribe to the Public Safety newsletter. More articles by Trish Officer testifies Cedar Rapids man said victim shot him, didn\u2019t mention he also was armed Prosecutor: DoorDash driver was \u2018ambushed\u2019 and \u2018slaughtered\u2019 in 2023 killing 2/27/25, 8:00 Retired music professor faces 25 years for child porn, distributing meth \| The Gazette 2/2", "8964_103.pdf": "Retired University of Iowa music professor faces meth, child porn charges Investigators say drug was bought from California supplier retired University of Iowa music professor has been indicted in federal court on charges of distributing methamphetamine that resulted in a death and of possessing child pornography. John Robert Muriello, 65, of Iowa City, is accused of buying drugs from a supplier in California and of having 12,000 photos and 3,183 videos on his electronic devices, many of them of minor boys, according to a complaint filed in U.S. District Court in June. Muriello was indicted on one count of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute meth that resulted in serious bodily injury or death and one count of possession of child pornography. He is being held without bond in the Muscatine County Jail. His trial is set for Dec. 5 in Davenport. Muriello is listed on the university\u2019s website as an emeritus professor of voice and opera. The university placed Muriello on leave in May 2021 and he retired this year on July 1, Jeneane Beck, spokesperson for UI, said in an email late Tuesday. Emeritus status for retirees is automatic when a faculty member retires after serving a significant period of time, according to university policy. Beck said the university may revoke emeritus status at any time for good cause. Conviction of a federal crime would be considered good cause, she said. On May 12, 2021, Eric Johnathan Hojka, 49 \u2014 who was convicted in May for drug conspiracy resulting in death \u2014 called 911 to report a unconscious person, \u201cTS,\u201d who died after being taken to a hospital. An autopsy, which found a \u201crecent minute needle puncture mark,\u201d found the victim had died of meth intoxication, according to court documents. During the investigation, authorities found Hojka \u201cregularly\u201d used meth and had obtained it from Muriello. The meth then went to the victim, who injected it and died, the affidavit stated. The investigation found Hojka and Muriello had obtained ice meth \u2014 an ounce or more at a time \u2014 on multiple occasions through mailings from the California supplier. Both Muriello and Hojka communicated with the supplier by phone and Zoom. In July 2021, the California supplier was investigated in an unrelated matter, and authorities learned the supplier was mailing packages of the drug to Muriello, and some to Hojka, beginning in 2020, according to the affidavit. Evidence was recovered from Hojka\u2019s cellphone of drug-related contacts with the supplier up until May of last year \u2014 just before died. Videos, photos Iowa City police obtained a search warrant May 28, 2021, for Muriello\u2019s home and seized numerous laptops, cellphones, external computer storage devices and three separate packages containing meth, according to court documents. Trish Mehaffey Aug. 23, 2022 2:54 pm, Updated: Jul. 31, 2023 12:11 pm Why you can trust The Gazette John Muriello, from University of Iowa website 2/27/25, 8:00 Retired University of Iowa music professor faces meth, child porn charges \| The Gazette 1/2 An external hard drive that was found in Muriello\u2019s home office was password protected. But when investigators opened it, they found 18,580 photos and 3,183 videos. Nearly all were pornographic and about 12,000 files depicted minor boys. Investigators also noted additional evidence was found on Muriello\u2019s laptop with one user account named \u201cJohn Muriello\u201d and another under \u201cBillybigelow\u201d \u2014 a character from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical \u201cCarousel.\u201d Muriello also had Skype accounts on the laptop under his name and other names, according to the affidavit. The chats recovered were associated with drug use and distribution of child pornography. Two months ago, in June, investigators interviewed a \u201ccooperating defendant\u201d who lived in the Iowa City, knew Muriello as a professor of music and identified him from a photo. The cooperating defendant said he knew Muriello as someone who distributed meth and child pornography, according to court documents. The defendant said Muriello told him he bought meth from California and that he had provided some to a guy named \u201cEric\u201d \u2014 Hojka \u2014 who gave it to a man visiting from Las Vegas \u2014 who overdosed and died, investigators stated. Anonymous email Authorities also received information about Muriello\u2019s illegal activities in April 2020, according to a search warrant filed in Johnson County District Court. The university received an anonymous email from someone who identified as a parent of a freshman and said he attended a party hosted by Muriello in his home. Muriello provided meth and gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) \u2014 known as \u201cdate rape\u201d sedative \u2014 to partygoers to have sex with them, according to the affidavit. The parent also said Muriello recorded sex acts with younger adult and teen partygoers and possessed an \u201cextensive\u201d child pornography collection on multiple devices in his home. Comments: (319) 398-8318; [email protected] 2/27/25, 8:00 Retired University of Iowa music professor faces meth, child porn charges \| The Gazette 2/2", "8964_104.pdf": "Iowa City Press-Citizen Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years Ryan Hansen, Iowa City Press-Citizen Updated Wed, July 26, 2023 at 2:37 6 min read 180 general view of the Voxman Music Building, home to the University of Iowa's School of Music, is seen on Wednesday, July 26, 2023. Former professor John Muriello, who worked with students in the School of Music, ...More Top Stories Gene Hackman death Ruby Franke docuseries Trump budget bill New Orleans Mardi Gras se Sign in Search the web 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 1/13 Former University of Iowa School of Music professor John Muriello, who prosecutors claim led a double life as a criminal, has been sentenced to 25 years in federal prison. The 66-year-old was initially arrested for meth distribution leading to a death but when police searched his home and fielded an anonymous tip, they uncovered thousands of child pornography files. Muriello is sentenced to 20 years in prison for possessing child pornography and 25 years for conspiracy to distribute more than 50 grams of methamphetamine, leading to death. The prison terms will be served concurrently, meaning Muriello will spend 25 years in federal prison. Muriello taught classes at the while supplying meth to co- conspirator When Muriello was still teaching in 2020 at the University of Iowa's School of Music, he and Eric Hojka formed a meth distribution operation within Iowa City, court documents said separate investigation determined Muriello and Hojka were getting their methamphetamine from California 2021 distress call put the pair firmly on police radar. Hojka phoned 911 in May of that year to report an unconscious person at his Iowa City apartment. First responders could not revive the person, who was transported to the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics and was pronounced dead. An autopsy revealed the victim had ingested methamphetamine provided by Hojka, who received it from Muriello. According to an affidavit, a recent needle puncture mark was found on the deceased's body 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 2/13 police search of Muriello\u2019s home in May of 2021 uncovered methamphetamine, needles and marijuana as well as a substantial amount of child pornography. According to a release from the UI, the university placed Muriello on administrative leave that same day. Muriello officially retired on July 1, 2022, the university said, automatically granting Muriello emeritus status. The distinction is given when a faculty member retires after working at the university for a \u201csignificant period of time,\u201d defined as 10 or more years of \u201cservice\u201d to the university, according to policy. The university can also revoke Emeritus status at any time, per the policy and a \u201cconviction of a federal offense would be considered good cause,\u201d the school said in a release last August. The university revoked Muriello's emeritus status in September 2022. Anonymous tip sparked investigation in 2020 Court documents say the University of Iowa received an email from an anonymous parent of a freshman in April 2020. The parent claimed their child attended a party at Muriello\u2019s Iowa City residence where the professor allegedly provided meth and used gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a common date rape drug, to \u201cdrug partygoers to have sex with them.\" The email accused Muriello of rounding up younger individuals and teens as young as 17 to record sex acts. The writer also claimed the professor owned an \"extensive\" child porn collection on multiple devices. The email also said Muriello was using Zoom to perform the sex acts live. According to court documents, an special agent filed a report from a 19-year- old student in September 2020 who developed a relationship with Muriello 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 3/13 The warrant said Muriello supplied this student with meth and had nonconsensual sex with the student multiple times. Prosecution said Muriello led a \u2018double life\u2019 and pointed to evidence of Satanic imagery search warrant uncovered 12,000 media files on Muriello\u2019s MacBook, including thousands of photos and more than 1,300 videos of children. Several hundred of those videos showed the children, some under the age of two, engaged in sex acts. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children identified 165 children in files recovered from Muriello's computer. Prosecutors argued that Muriello led a double life \u2014 one as a professor, actor, and singer, the other as someone who purchased, distributed and used methamphetamine and possessed more than 10,000 pictures of children, many inappropriate. \u201cMuriello\u2019s family did not know the depth of his depravity or the despicable nature of his conduct,\u201d the prosecution wrote in its sentencing memorandum. Letters of support from people close to Muriello indicate this double life, the prosecution said, His sister-in-law said he was incapable of such crimes and she instantly felt his kindness and joy when she met him more than 40 years ago. In a few recovered images, the prosecution argued that Muriello had aligned with the devil, using the well-known sign of the devil \u201c666\u201d for passwords and even photographed himself with Satanic symbols on his body. In the same photo, Muriello identified himself as a \u201cpedo\u201d and referred to his genitals. The prosecution argued this message indicated \u201che proudly advertised himself as a pedophile.\u201d Defense cites Muriello's religion, lack of criminal history 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 4/13 Muriello\u2019s lawyers countered, saying the satanic imagery should not be used as evidence against Muriello. The defense believed the government assumed an \u201caggravating circumstance,\u201d and the prosecution assumed his religion, violating his first amendment rights. Instead, the defense argued the only relevant use of the symbols and images is to \u201cindicate how far [Muriello] had fallen into the grips of mental illness and drug abuse and how far he has come since that time,\u201d they wrote in the sentencing memorandum. More: Accused of attempted murder, Iowa man allegedly pushed victim out of car on Hwy. 218 Muriello's lawyers argued a 25-year prison term was longer than necessary. They said even the lesser 20-year sentence was a \u201cvery long time\u201d for him, who is 66, has no other criminal history, and is of \u201cill health.\u201d The defense said during sentencing that Muriello knows he will likely die in prison and has accepted and even \u201csigned up\u201d for it by cooperating with the government\u2019s investigation and accepting personal accountability. The defense argued that the deceased victim in Hojka's home suffered from cardiovascular disease, leading to a quicker death from methamphetamine. They argued that \u201cmeth actual is not more dangerous than meth mixture\u201d and charges for the same crime with other drugs, including fentanyl and heroin, had lesser punishments than for \u201cice,\u201d crystal methamphetamine. More: Texas investment company files to take over financially troubled Iowa City hospital Muriello is ordered to pay a $50,000 fine, $12,000 in restitution and $22,000 in assessments. Muriello\u2019s home on the east side of Iowa City, where he held parties and was said to have exchanged meth for sex, was also forfeited 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 5/13 Muriello will be more than 90 years old when he completes his sentence. There is no parole in the federal prison system. Muriello would also be subject to a five- year-long \u201csupervised release\u201d upon completion of his prison term, subject to several conditions, including separate sex-offense-specific and drug treatment programs. Hojka pled guilty in May 2022 to conspiracy to distribute 50 grams and more of meth resulting in a death, the Press-Citizen reported. Hojka was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison in September. Ryan Hansen covers local government and crime for the Press-Citizen. He can be reached at [email protected] or on Twitter @ryanhansen01. This article originally appeared on Iowa City Press-Citizen: Former Iowa professor John Muriello sentenced 25 years for child porn, meth View comments (180) Terms and Privacy Policy Privacy Dashboard About Our Ads Solve the daily Crossword 38,734 people played the daily Crossword recently. Can you solve it faster than others? Crossword Play on Yahoo 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 6/13 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 7/13 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 8/13 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 9/13 Recommended articles 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 10/13 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 11/13 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 12/13 and \u00a9 2025 Yahoo. All rights reserved. Yahoo Politics 2024 Election World Health Science The 360 Contact Us Originals Terms Privacy Policy Privacy Dashboard Help Share Your Feedback About Us About Our Ads Site Map 2/27/25, 8:00 Iowa professor who lived 'double life' distributing meth, filmed child porn sentenced to 25 years 13/13"}
8,213	Mihai Bailesteanu	Central Connecticut State University	[ "8213_101.pdf", "8213_102.pdf", "8213_103.pdf" ]	{"8213_101.pdf": "The Recorder \u2022 March 18, 2019 \u2022 nominated-professor-violated-student-sexual-misconduct-policy/ Records Show Award-Nominated Professor Violated Sexual Misconduct Policy Kristina Vakhman, News Editor This article was updated with more information as it became available. At the time the original article was published, the information about the professor\u2019s non- renewal was not provided to The Recorder in a Freedom of Information request to the university now-former finalist for Central Connecticut\u2019s Excellence in Teaching Awards made \u201cunwelcome romantic and sexual advances\u201d toward a female student, according to an investigative report by the university\u2019s Office of Diversity and Equity from June of 2018. The report, obtained by The Recorder through a Freedom of Information request filed with the Office of University Counsel, states that Mathematical Sciences Associate Professor Mihai Bailesteanu \u201csubjected\u201d a student in the department to \u201cunwelcome romantic advances and inappropriate physical contact,\u201d as well as \u201cinappropriate questions about her sexual experiences,\u201d from 2017 to 2018. As of March 18 of this year, Bailesteanu was removed as a finalist after the award\u2019s committee \u201crecently obtained\u201d information that made the members find \u201cit necessary to revise the list\u201d of nominees, according to an email to academic and administrative departments obtained by The Recorder. The investigation itself was launched in response to a complaint filed by the student and includes eyewitness accounts from another professor in the math department backing the student\u2019s claims. Bailesteanu is currently barred from having contact with the student and still works in the math department as an associate professor. In an email from March 18 of this year President Dr. Zulma Toro wrote that the university issued \u201ca notice of non- renewal\u201d to Bailesteanu, but that the non-renewal was \u201coverturned\u201d by the Grievance Arbitration Committee, which is comprised of Connecticut State Colleges and Universities Vice President for Human Resources Steven Weinberger and Gregg D. Adler, the CSU-AAUP\u2019s president\u2019s designee. In its ruling, which Dr. Toro released as a document in her email, the Grievance Arbitration Committee wrote that had \u201cviolated\u201d its contract with the Connecticut State University American Association of University Professors and \u201cvacated\u201d the non-reappointment letter issued to Bailesteanu last May, meaning he will continue to work in the math department Documents show Bailesteanu filed an appeal to the investigation\u2019s findings, but that Dr. Toro upheld them. Dr. Toro also wrote in her email that the Grievance Arbitration Committee\u2019s decision is \u201cextremely frustrating\u201d to her. She added in the email that future Excellence in Teaching Awards nominees would \u201cundergo scrutiny,\u201d or review, by the provost. Bailesteanu did not respond to The Recorder\u2019s requests for comment. The advances allegedly began at an event in October of 2017. The student claims in the report that Bailesteanu repeatedly returned to her table at the event and made physical contact, and at one point asked her and her friends, who were all below the legal drinking age, if they were going to a bar afterward. \u201cHe was just like sitting really close or like standing really close and touching me [on the shoulders and arms] and stuff,\u201d the student, who asked to remain anonymous for personal safety, said in an interview with The Recorder didn\u2019t think anything of it then because he\u2019s very close and personal with people.\u201d But the advances persisted, the student said. In December of 2017, while driving her home from a graduation dinner because she didn\u2019t have a ride, the student alleges that Bailesteanu hugged and kissed her on the cheek. The student and Bailesteanu also stayed in the car for so long that her mother became concerned, according to the report. The next day, the student said Bailesteanu insisted she go to lunch with him and two other math department faculty members despite her initially declining. Though she assumed she wouldn\u2019t be alone with Bailesteanu, he ended up driving her to the restaurant and back to campus. When together, the student said Bailesteanu turned the conversation in the car sexual, asking her if she felt \u201cguilty about premarital sex\u201d because her religion is Catholic and telling her he did not like that Catholicism is \u201creally strict about sex.\u201d \u201cThen he asked me like, \u2018Do your parents think you\u2019re a virgin? Are you a virgin? Do you think you can get birth control without your parents knowing felt weird because it was just us in that car,\u201d the student said in the interview. During that car ride, the student said in the interview that Bailesteanu also asked her about her experiences with being catcalled and whether the men doing it \u201cthink [she\u2019s just gonna] go up to them and take off all [her] clothes and be like, \u2018Fuck me, fuck me.\u2019\u201d \u201cHe said it like eight times and he was like yelling it. That was probably when was the most uncomfortable,\u201d the student said. He kissed her on the cheek again when dropping her off at after the lunch, the student added. Throughout the course of the advances, Bailesteanu frequently invited the student either to his apartment or to go out, the report states. She said she declined all of the invitations except one time for lunch at his apartment during the 2017 winter break because she \u201cfelt rude to say \u2018no\u2019 because he\u2019s a professor.\u201d During this lunch, the student recalls him talking about his ex- girlfriend growing up in a strict household like her and being \u201csexually-repressed.\u201d In January of 2018, Bailesteanu allegedly kissed her on the forehead and wished her a \u201chappy new year\u201d once another math professor had stepped out of the office. According to the report, he never kissed her in front of others until a birthday dinner, where he \u201cgave her a big hug and kissed her on the forehead.\u201d When another professor made a comment about the hug, he hugged the student again, the report says. Bailesteanu \u201cconfirmed\u201d to interviewers that he hugged the student and kissed her on the cheek and forehead in the report. That same month, he also invited the student to go to the opera with him through texts, obtained from the student by The Recorder, but the student refused, saying she would not go without her friend and that her friend was busy. Also in January of 2018, while wearing nail polish that changes with the temperature, the student claims that Bailesteanu \u201cblew on her hands, putting them partly in his mouth to see the color change\u201d and, in a second incident in his office with the door closed, \u201cgrabbed her hand, and began playing with her fingers,\u201d according to the report. The student pulled her hands away, it adds. By that point, in late January, the student asked the friend in the opera conversation to ask Bailesteanu why he kept approaching her. Bailesteanu reportedly replied that he was \u201cattracted to\u201d the student, but acknowledged their age difference and professor-student relationship. When speaking with The Recorder, the student\u2019s friend corroborated this and the student\u2019s accounts of Bailesteanu\u2019s advances really don\u2019t think anything could change with his behavior think he didn\u2019t think he did anything wrong,\u201d the student told The Recorder. In one of their final interactions in April of 2018, Bailesteanu approached the student to discuss the sexual misconduct findings against Theater Professor Joshua Perlstein reported by The Recorder. According to the student\u2019s account in the Office of Diversity and Equity\u2019s investigative report, Bailesteanu told her that Perlstein \u201cfelt that way and did those things\u201d because he and his students were \u201cvery close\u201d and \u201cspent so much time together.\u201d The student was interviewed last May by then-Chief Diversity Officer Rosa Rodriguez and Chief Human Resources Officer Anna Suski-Lenczewski, as was Bailesteanu. According to the investigation\u2019s Outcome Notification Letter from June of 2018 obtained by The Recorder from the student, it was determined that Bailesteanu, when speaking with Rodriguez and Suski-Lenczewski, \u201c[appeared] to have intentionally misled investigators\u201d about whether he\u2019d driven the student to the December of 2017 lunch \u201cuntil confronted with eyewitness accounts\u201d and was thus deemed less credible than the student. One of the eyewitnesses was Associate Professor of Mathematical Sciences Dr. Rachel Schwell, who corroborated the student\u2019s accounts to The Recorder and said she herself \u201c[stands] by everything said in the report.\u201d \u201cIt wasn\u2019t hard to believe her. This is not someone who wants to draw attention to herself. When she told me definitely just had no doubt that what she was saying was true,\u201d Schwell said in an interview with The Recorder. Schwell added that she had personally \u201conly seen Bailesteanu hug female students.\u201d She also approached Bailesteanu as his friend at the time when the student told her some details about his behavior and said that she was \u201cpretty shocked\u201d that he \u201cseemed to struggle with knowing what are appropriate conversation topics with students think that he thinks that that\u2019s his way of being friends with [students guess,\u201d Schwell said. Rodriguez subsequently found that Bailesteanu had violated the university\u2019s \u201cNondiscrimination in Education and Employment\u201d and \u201cSexual Misconduct\u201d policies, she stated in the letter. The letter was sent to Dr. Toro, Provost Dr. David Dauwalder and Suski-Lenczewski. At the same time, Perlstein was under an independent investigation and had been placed on administrative leave. Victims and their advocates criticized for mishandling the complaints against Perlstein for decades while Dr. Toro promised the university \u201cwill not tolerate sexual misconduct or abusive behavior of any kind,\u201d The Recorder reported last April. Bailesteanu appealed the findings, but Dr. Toro stated she was \u201cupholding\u201d them in a letter she wrote to him last June that is included in the report. The Complaint Review Panel for Diversity and Equity Investigations upheld the findings as well, according to a June of 2018 letter sent to Dr. Toro included in the report. When the student learned that Bailesteanu was nominated as a finalist for the Excellence in Teaching Awards, it was a \u201ccomplete shock\u201d to her couldn\u2019t believe that happened. But kinda could believe it because, you know, Central. They don\u2019t really have the best reputation with stuff like this. It was just so awful because it felt like went through that whole thing to report him,\u201d she said, adding that the Office of Human Resources told her they could not give her report to the Excellence in Teaching Committee. \u201cWhy did report him? What good is that record if no one can see what he did?\u201d According to Director of Public Relations Janice Palmer and the Excellence in Teaching Awards Committee, Bailesteanu was nominated for the award by \u201cstudents.\u201d", "8213_102.pdf": "BRITAIN, Conn. \u2014 Central Connecticut State University released reports of sexual misconduct over the past 10 years to the public. The most recent report of BRITAIN, Conn. \u2014 Central Connecticut State University released reports of sexual misconduct over the past 10 years to the public. The most recent report of sexual misconduct by a professor at happened last year. Now the release of those reports are stirring up conversations about campus safety and transparency. Changes and transparency surrounding sexual misconduct at Author: Taylor DiChello Published: 3:45 October 15, 2019 Updated: 5:47 October 15, 2019 \uf04b 2/27/25, 8:01 Changes and transparency surrounding sexual misconduct at \| fox61.com 1/5 don\u2019t feel comfortable staying after with professors, which is kind of crucial to my degree,\u201d said freshman, Kristina Jackie. Jackie was not yet a student at when someone came forward alleging Mathematics Professor, Mihai Bailesteanu, subjected her to unwelcome romantic and sexual advances between October of 2017 and April of 2018. According to the report, he is alleged to have kissed her on her cheek and asked her inappropriate questions like whether she was a virgin or taking birth control University Report upheld by President Toro, found more likely than not this professor violated the university and state sexual misconduct policies. Yet, he is still teaching classes think that have made myself crystal clear,\u201d said University President, Zulma Toro. \u201cWe have a zero tolerance policy for this type of behavior.\u201c Nine cases of reported sexual misconduct in the past 10 years have led to the university dismissing alleged wrongdoers. President Toro said this professor's case has made it to arbitration and that the university has to follow the Collective Bargaining Agreement, which allows him to continue to teach, while the arbitration case is ongoing. \u201cWe believe in the due process and that's what we are doing,\u201d says Toro can guarantee to the students that we are doing everything that\u2019s in our power.\u201d Students told FOX61 they think the school's reputation is tainted, but that President Toro's policies make campus safer. \u201cToro is putting more of an emphasis on, go to the helpline, talk to professors,\u201d says Noah Bielinski, a senior. \"They all have to report this. It feels like there\u2019s more of a support network now. When started CCSU, there was no real mention of it. It seems like [President Toro] does make a point of getting the person out of CCSU, whether it\u2019s administrative leave or it\u2019s just straight out firing.\u201c To further combat misconduct on campus, the university has added two investigators to the newly expanded Office of Inclusion and Equality starting November 7 also hired a new Vice President of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, who started in July . They are tasked with conducting investigations in a timely manner and so the university can take whatever actions are needed. \u201cAnd my commitment to the students, the faculty and the staff, is that we will be a safe, welcoming, and inclusive campus,\u201d said Toro. Professor Bailesteanu\u2018s arbitration hearing is supposed to be scheduled for the end of the semester. Toro released the following statement ; Dear Central Family thought you should know that we are releasing a series of reports to the news media today in response to three Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests related to sexual misconduct complaints. 2/27/25, 8:01 Changes and transparency surrounding sexual misconduct at \| fox61.com 2/5 One request required the University to supply 10 years of reports from the Office of Diversity and Equity (now the Office of Equity and Inclusion (OEI)) in which there were \u201cfindings\u201d of faculty and staff sexual misconduct (click here for the reports). Of the 10 cases in which there were findings, only Mihai Bailesteanu, assistant professor of Mathematical Sciences, remains employed at while the appeal of our actions to discipline and dismiss Professor Bailesteanu continues through the arbitration process. Two other requests specifically targeted complaints, findings, written reprimands, appeals, and disciplinary records involving Serafin Mendez-Mendez, professor of Communication (click here for report) and Jeffrey Teitler, professor of Communication (click here for report). Student complaints had triggered investigations of both faculty members and resulted in \u201cno findings.\u201d As for the request for disciplinary records that may or may not exist, we are prohibited from disclosing any contents of faculty members\u2019 personnel files under the Collective Bargaining Agreement except when ordered by a court of law. When arrived at two-and-a-half years ago declared zero tolerance for sexual misconduct and bullying, and have continued to take a strong stand in rectifying past errors\u2014as evidenced by the faculty and staff have terminated. As infuriating as it is that bad behaviors and poor judgment of a few tarnish the University\u2019s reputation, we must remain vigilant in empowering the Central family to speak up and feel confident that we hear them and will aggressively pursue complaints of misconduct. Toward that end, we are making significant progress. Under the leadership of Rusty Barcelo, interim vice president for Equity and Inclusion, and Pamela Whitley, senior associate director for Equity and Inclusion, we are expanding the expertise within OEI. In fact, this week we hired two individuals for the newly created investigator positions. Adding them to our team enables us to move from a single investigator model to one that establishes checks and balances and decreases individual bias or conflicts of interest. Working together, we are making changes and investments that will cultivate a healthy, safe, and inclusive campus environment look forward to your continued support of these efforts. Sincerely, Zulma R. Toro President 2/27/25, 8:01 Changes and transparency surrounding sexual misconduct at \| fox61.com 3/5 SearchPad \| Sponsored Book Your Low Priced Cruise (See Offers) Explore lowest priced offers today. Techno Mag \| Sponsored War Thunder \| Sponsored Join new Free to Play War Thunder Fight in over 2000 unique and authentic Vehicles. Fight on Land, on Water and in the Air. Join the most comprehensive vehicular combat game. Over 2000 tanks, ships and aircraft. Play Now Access all channels anywhere, anytime War Thunder \| Sponsored Play War Thunder now for free Fight in over 2000 unique and authentic Vehicles. Fight on Land, on Water and in the Air. Join the most comprehensive vehicular combat game. Over 2000 tanks, ships and aircraft. Play Now Techno Mag \| Sponsored Crossout \| Sponsored Crossout: New Apocalyptic Check out the new Crossout 2.0 for free. Discover PvP and PvE in our upgraded Action MMO. Countless unique Vehicles, PvE and PvP, Trading. Are you ready? Destroy vehicles your opponent took hours to \u2026 Play Now Incredible, the box everyone is talking about: Access all channels Search warrant reveals new details about death of Gene Hackman and wife Betsy Arakawa 'Gossip Girl' costars and other celebrities react to Michelle Trachtenberg's death 2/27/25, 8:01 Changes and transparency surrounding sexual misconduct at \| fox61.com 4/5 ARTICLE... 2/27/25, 8:01 Changes and transparency surrounding sexual misconduct at \| fox61.com 5/5", "8213_103.pdf": "This investigation contains strong language and sexual topics that may not be appropriate for all readers. Since launching in 2022, Inside Investigator has taken a close look at physical and sexual abuse by faculty, staff, and students in higher education, as well as the accountability processes in each of the state\u2019s public colleges and universities. On September 23, 2023, our team submitted a request to each school in the Connecticut State Colleges & Universities (CSCU) system, as well as the University of Connecticut (UConn) and the Coast Guard Academy in New London, seeking \u201call records pursuant to any investigation into sexual misconduct of any faculty or staff member from January 1, 2018, to present.\u201d We also requested \u201call disciplinary files for any individuals who were the subject of those investigations Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at by Katherine Revello and Brandon Whiting February 16, 2025 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 1/30 from any date, as well as any employment contracts or agreements those individuals may have signed.\u201d Our goal in making the request was to uncover just how rampant the issue is, how misconduct is handled, and the financial impact of sexual misconduct in higher education. As of publication, 17 months later, UConn and the Coast Guard Academy have provided no documents, and Board of Regents officials have provided incomplete files. To ensure each university complies with and is publicly transparent, Inside Investigator has filed complaints with the Freedom of Information Commission (FOIC). From the records provided by officials so far, we know that 18 sexual misconduct investigations have been opened by since 2018. Seven occurred at Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU), four occurred at Central Connecticut State University (CCSU), two occurred at Western Connecticut State University (WCSU) and Three Rivers Community College, respectively, and one occurred at both Manchester Community and Capital Community Colleges, respectively. The allegations underlined in each investigation range greatly in severity; for example, one investigation was made after students reported a joke made in poor taste, while others involved college professors and faculty members accused of stalking, making unwanted sexual advances, disparaging sexual comments, or even having full-blown sexual relationships with their students. Some of these investigations have already received media attention, such as in the cases of theater professors Joshua Perlstein and Thomas Delventhal, who were let go after being accused of sleeping with students, encouraging sexually suggestive performances in their classes, and making inappropriate or derogatory comments to students. Mark Parrott, a former residence director at SCSU, is another such example. Parrott was fired and criminally charged after sexually assaulting a student. The files Inside Investigator has received thus far show that there have been several investigations made since these stories broke that have not received media attention. Among the files yet to be provided are letters of reprimand, supporting documentation, and even final punishments issued by the school, having been left out by officials. Ultimately, CSCU\u2019s files, incomplete as they may be, have allowed Inside Investigator the most in- depth view so far of how the school system investigates incidents of sexual misconduct, what factors 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 2/30 impact administrators\u2019 ability to discipline staff members with substantiated accusations of misconduct, and how much these incidents cost Connecticut taxpayers. The first thing to note when evaluating the investigation files is the fact that there were very few cases in which staff were fired outright. Otto Erazo, a former janitor at Three Rivers Community College, was a rare exception to this rule. He was accused of touching a female student\u2019s rear end \u201clike a baseball pat,\u201d and was \u201cseparated from employment.\u201d Investigators saw camera footage of the incident, and it was not his first misconduct case, having been reported twice prior in 2015. \u201cWhy wasn\u2019t anything done before with him?,\u201d the student asked investigators upon being interviewed. \u201cWhy do have to be the example for his behavior?\u201d Per Erazo\u2019s report, the student \u201cstarted crying following these statements.\u201d In some cases, the punishment doled out by is unclear, as no disciplinary documents were provided. One such case is Frank Capellan, a former Spanish professor at SCSU. SCSU\u2019s Office of Diversity and Equity Programs (ODE) opened an investigation into Capellan on Sept. 23, 2019. Cases 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 3/30 The investigation centered around allegations made by a female student who would frequently visit Capellan to practice Spanish with him during the Spring 2019 semester. The student said that during these visits, Capellan frequently made inappropriate comments of a sexual nature. He would ask about her love life and ask her on dates, stating to her that \u201che felt a connection between them \u2013 a real connection, not just as a friend.\u201d He allegedly wrote his cell number on the class board before Spring Break and told the student after class \u201cthat he wrote the number up there for her.\u201d He asked her to walk with him as he left for the parking lot, and when she asked whether he was taking her to his car, he replied, \u201cYou are just figuring it out now?\u201d When Capellan discovered that she had once asked others about his age, he asked her why and \u201cacted as if it was a way of her showing interest in him.\u201d The student told investigators that \u201cshe was growing more and more upset and fearful of rejection during the term.\u201d She acknowledged that \u201cshe has a hard time rejecting people,\u201d and said that \u201cshe did not want him feeling bad and that it made it very difficult to say, \u2018Leave me alone.\u2019\u201d Growing increasingly anxious and fearful of what may follow if she outright rejected Capellan\u2019s advances, the student went to see Dr. Evans, but \u201ccould not bring herself to give any of the details about Mr. Capellan.\u201d She eventually confided in two friends, who were also students at SCSU. They encouraged her to report Capellan, but \u201cshe feared what the consequences to her might be and she did not want to see him lose his job.\u201d She \u201cfelt very conflicted and under great stress.\u201d Her friends suggested she try to tell Capellan that she was asexual, or experienced very little sexual attraction to others, to ward off his attempts at pursuing her. She took this advice, but it did not dissuade Capellan. Instead, Capellan proceeded to ask her, \u201cwhether she had kissed a boy, whether she had given anyone a blowjob, whether she masturbated, whether she was interested in being naked in front of each other.\u201d Capellan went as far to tell her that he \u201cliked her \u2018kitty clean,\u2019\u201d and gave her his cell number. Capellan reportedly later texted the student that he had \u201cdone some research and needed to meet her in person.\u201d The student decided she would meet him in a public place, a Panera in Hamden, to tell him that she didn\u2019t want to speak to him again. When they met, he allegedly asked her to join him on a trip to the Dominican Republic, took a sip of her drink, and took a lollipop out of her mouth and put it in his own. He then asked her to take it back, to which she responded that \u201cshe did not give a fuck what he wanted.\u201d 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 4/30 Capellan allegedly continued to text the student after the incident, and that upon her return to campus next semester, her anxiety reached a climax. \u201cShe became more and more uncomfortable and anxious about what had happened,\u201d read the report. \u201cJust walking down the hall made her upset. She finally went back to Dr. Evans.\u201d Capellan was notified by Paula Rice, SCSU\u2019s Director, of the investigation that was opened into him on Oct. 1. Capellan declined union representation and was himself interviewed by investigators. He apparently tried to attack the student\u2019s character to discredit her allegations, claiming he thought she might be \u201cunstable.\u201d \u201cHis response to the allegations was an absolute denial,\u201d reads the report. \u201cHe acted surprised at the allegations as they were related [relayed], as if he had never heard them before. When asked about whether he asked Complainant for dates, he responded that such requests would be improper and denied having made them. He did state that she told him that she was asexual and at that point, he asked if she had a boyfriend. He explained that he asked to see how she knew that she was asexual.\u201d When asked about the Hamden meeting, Capellan tried to tell investigators that \u201che did not know where Hamden is,\u201d and that he had never met with her outside of school. He denied ever asking her to accompany him on his trip to the Dominican Republic and ever texting her and said that since he often left his phone with his parents, that \u201cmaybe something happened,\u201d despite later saying that he didn\u2019t even have her phone number. The investigators conducted additional interviews with the two friends the student confided in, who both confirmed many of the allegations she made, as well as the impact that Capellan\u2019s advances had on her emotional state. Investigators also interviewed a coworker of Capellan\u2019s at his suggestion, Dr. Sandra Torres, an adjunct professor who had worked at for 15 years by that time. She recalled seeing the student in Capellan\u2019s office twice that semester and recalled Capellan calling her once to tell her that the student told him \u201cshe hears voices in her apartment.\u201d Even though there were no direct witnesses to Capellan\u2019s alleged behavior, and the student told investigators that she had deleted the messages Capellan sent to her, the investigators found the student\u2019s version of events to be \u201cmore credible\u201d than Capellan\u2019s. Many of Capellan\u2019s own claims were refuted by Torres, who he himself called as a witness. He told investigators that he had asked Torres to sit in with him for his office hours with the student after the third week of the semester, which Torres denied. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 5/30 \u201cDr. Capellan\u2019s response to the complaint and its allegations were not believable,\u201d read the report. \u201cIt appeared at times that Dr. Capellan would just spout out an answer that he thought could remove the issue from consideration, without really thinking the answer through. His attitude of surprise and shock at the allegations appeared almost a show for our benefit than a genuine reaction.\u201d Furthermore, investigators pointed out the irregularity in his story regarding his claim that his parents could have possibly texted the student, while also denying having ever had her number, and found it doubtful that he could not have known where Hamden is located, given the fact that he grew up in Hartford and himself attended SCSU. While Capellan\u2019s file did not include any documents outlining the disciplinary actions taken against him by SCSU, the report did say that \u201cthe credible evidence\u201d indicates that Capellan violated the school\u2019s sexual harassment policies quick scan of SCSU\u2019s Department of World Languages and Literature\u2019s faculty page implies that he is no longer employed by the school, but officials have yet to provide the requested documentation. While letting Capellan go after such an investigation may seem to be a no-brainer, investigation files into Prof. Richard Thayer, an associate professor at Gateway Community College, revealed that the punishments doled out by for substantiated claims of sexual misconduct can vary wildly. Thayer, an Associate Professor in Gateway\u2019s Radiation Tech program, was reported by \u201cmultiple former students\u201d in Sept. 2021 for engaging in \u201cflirtatious behaviors to students enrolled in his course, sending images of the male genitalia to at least two students, engaging in a romantic/sexual relationship with students while they were enrolled in his class, fraternizing and drinking socially with students while they were enrolled in his class, using his personal phone as a primary source of communication with students.\u201d While these claims were substantiated by witnesses, both the letter of reprimand issued to Thayer by Gateway, as well as the fact that he still has a faculty page on Gateway\u2019s website, indicate that he is still employed by the school. Gateway\u2019s investigators interviewed 26 witnesses, 20 of them current students and six of them former at the time of Thayer\u2019s investigation. Two of them said that around May 2018, Thayer began hanging out with students at a bar after classes. Another two witnesses reported going to a bar and having drinks with him in April 2019. Thayer was reported to be the only faculty present, and it is also alleged that he bought the class alcohol. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 6/30 Another witness said that Thayer invited her and four or five other students to a high school baseball game and said that they drank with Thayer at the game and at a bar afterwards. Thayer was accused by one student of \u201ctrying to pretend to hide consuming alcohol while tutoring during a WebEx study session.\u201d Another student said that Thayer sent them a text of the study group drinking wine during a study session. Thayer allegedly advised the student who sent the text that \u201che would change the start time of the class the next day because they would \u2018probably be hung over.\u2019\u201d The next day, the class allegedly began two hours later than usual. Four other students reported Thayer for attempting sexual contact with them. One student said they received a text containing \u201ca sexual joke,\u201d and two others allegedly received photos of his genitals. Of the two who were sent photos, one ceased contact with him, while the other \u201creported engaging in a sexual and romantic relationship\u201d with him. In Spring 2018, Thayer allegedly ran into a male and female student out at a bar and invited them back to his home. \u201cWhile in Thayer\u2019s home, the male classmate pulled this witness\u2019s pants down and Thayer began spanking her bare buttocks,\u201d read the report. Another student reported that they overheard stories that Thayer attended a strip club with two students, one male and one female. This witness said they saw postings of this outing on Snapchat, but that she was not sure whether the students were current or former at that time. All 26 witnesses reported that Thayer told his students to \u201cuse his personal cell phone and the use of text messages\u201d to communicate with him. This behavior not only violated the school\u2019s communication policies but also gave Thayer the ability to make inappropriate contact with students in a manner that couldn\u2019t be monitored by the school. The investigative report also noted the numerous ways in which he violated university policy to stonewall the investigators\u2019 inquiries. Per the report, Thayer attempted to reach out to two students via Facebook Messenger on Sept. 11, 2021, after being notified of the investigation by school officials on Sept. 9 and being placed on administrative leave on Sept. 10. One of these students provided investigators with a screenshot of the message Thayer sent them and told investigators Thayer had also attempted to call them earlier that day. This attempt at contacting students who were witnesses in the investigation is a direct violation of the school\u2019s investigation policy. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 7/30 \u201cWhile Thayer denied engaging in this conduct, the investigators find Thayer to be less than truthful in answering this statement based on witness accounts and material evidence,\u201d read the report. \u201cThe investigators further find that more likely than not these actions may have had a chilling effect on people\u2019s reporting.\u201d In addition to Thayer\u2019s ostensible attempts at witness tampering during the investigation, investigators also found Thayer to have likely attempted to dodge their questioning by ducking an interview with them at a pre-agreed date and time and then falsifying his timesheet afterward. Thayer said he was unable to make the interview or reschedule for another time that week \u201cbecause he was helping a friend with an online bartending class and was planning to use accrued time for the entire week.\u201d The report said that while Thayer was on paid administrative leave, he was \u201cexpected to be available.\u201d Thayer claimed he couldn\u2019t make the interview during that week because he \u201cdid not receive the notice.\u201d After reviewed Thayer\u2019s timesheet for that week, they found that he originally reported using two sick days without preapproval and used regular time on the date he told investigators he was unavailable to meet with them. \u201cOnce notified of this, Thayer resubmitted his timesheet to reflect the time off,\u201d read the report. Although investigators substantiated all the claims alleged against him, Thayer appears to have only received a Letter of Reprimand. The letter, sent to him on Feb. 23, 2022, first thanked Thayer for his \u201cpatience and cooperation\u201d throughout the investigation process before proceeding to hammer him for his violation of the school\u2019s investigation policies and the falsification of his timesheet. \u201cThis behavior is unacceptable, and it is expected that you will immediately address this situation and that further discussions or investigations into such conduct will not be required,\u201d read the letter. \u201cYou should also be aware that this letter shall serve as notice that any further misconduct will be viewed as unwillingness, rather than inability, to comply with reasonable expectations.\u201d Thayer was warned that \u201cany additional incidents of this kind or other misconduct, if substantiated,\u201d would be cause for \u201cmore severe disciplinary action, up to and including, suspension and dismissal.\u201d Ultimately, Thayer\u2019s reprimand stipulated that his paid administrative leave would end on Feb. 28, and he reported back to work on March 1, 2022. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 8/30 Below you may find all responsive documents received via from officials. Inside Investigator has redacted several names that appear to identify complainants or witnesses in several investigations. In order to protect personally identifiable information and the identity of witnesses who may have spoken confidentially, we have added these additional redactions. These documenents contain additional strong language and sexual topics that may not be appropriate for all readers. Byron Lembo-Frey 2.23.21 Title Investigative Report 4.16.21 Dismissal Letter and Stipulated Agreement Daniel Pope 11.25.19 Investigative Report Daniel Tauber 8.3.21 Investigation Report 3.25.22 Stipulated Agreement David Chevan 5.15.18 Investigative Report 11.5.18 Memorandum of Understanding Donna Nicholson 10.12.18 Investigation Report 10.22.18 Letter 5.24.19 Letter 6.27.29 Letter 12.5.19 Letter Mark Parrot 6.21.19 Investigative Report Mihai Bailensteanu 5.31.18 Letter 6.8.18 Investigatory Report 6.21.18 Letter 10.10.18 Letter 5.31.19 Letter Nedeljko Mikac 10.15.18 Letter 1.20.20 Agreement of Discipline Otto Erazo 12.20.18 Title Incident Report Ricardo Barrett 6.23.20 Investigation Report 10.15.20 Letter of Suspension 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 9/30 1.8.20 Stipulated Agreement Final Investigation Report Frank Capellan 12.18.19 Investigative Report James Tait 3.29.19 Letter Joshua Perlstein 1.10.19 Investigative Report 2.12.19 Letter 6.18.20 Stipulated Agreement Khoon Koh 1.23.18 Investigatory Report 10.8.18 Last Chance Agreement 3.29.19 Termination Notice Richard Thayer 12.17.21 Investigation Report 2.23.22 Letter Robert Kirsch 12.27.23 Investigative Report 1.15.24 Letter 2.20.24 Stipulated Agreement Thomas Delventhal 1.10.19 Investigative Report 8.4.20 Stipulated Agreement Xavier Potter 10.10.18 Investigative Report 10.31.18 Letter 11.6.18 Email 12.10.18 Letter 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 10/30 One of the conundrums revealed by CSCU\u2019s files, perhaps best exemplified by Thayer\u2019s case, is the question of when schools find it fit to let staff members go. While Thayer makes the notable distinction of being the only staff member of those provided via still employed by CSCU, other investigations reveal the several \u2018second chances\u2019 given to staff members, such as in the cases of Khoon Koh, Donna Nicholson, Daniel Tauber, Byron Lembo-Frey, and Mihai Bailesteanu. Koh, a professor of marketing at CCSU, was alleged to have \u201cmade numerous comments of a sexual nature including discussing the sexual position of \u201869\u2019 and \u2018golden showers\u2019\u201d in class. He was also alleged to have \u201creferenced a statistic regarding males and hemorrhoids,\u201d on \u201cnumerous occasions\u201d and \u201cproceeded to ask male students to remove their pants to see if they had hemorrhoids.\u201d In addition, he was alleged to have made racially disparaging remarks, would discuss student grades in front of his class, would compare the performance of one of his marketing classes to others, and would refuse to adapt his teaching style to accommodate student needs. \u201cAt the beginning of the course, Koh allegedly told students if they didn\u2019t like his teaching style, they could switch classes as he was not going to adjust,\u201d read Koh\u2019s report. \u201cKoh said he has only known of four faculty who have been fired. [The student] took these accounts as a \u201cmessage\u201d that Koh could behave in this way as he was protected from any adverse administrative action.\u201d Nicholson, a former criminal justice professor at Manchester Community College (MCC), was investigated for similar allegations; she was accused of denying students their American with Disabilities Act accommodations, of making sexually harassing and racially disparaging remarks, and telling students they could not use the bathroom unless they were menstruating. Nicholson would frequently appear late to her own classes and left one week for a cruise without giving notice to, or receiving preapproval from officials. Both Nicholson and Koh were given similar punishments. Nicholson received five days of unpaid suspension, Koh received ten. Nicholson was to be placed on paid administrative leave for the rest Second Chances 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 11/30 of the semester. Upon her return, Nicholson would be made to meet with various administrative officials to \u201cdiscuss college policies and identify ways to improve your [her] communication efforts\u201d and, both her and Koh were required to perform a \u2018Fit for Duty\u2019 assessment. Both were ultimately fired after being given their second chances. Nicholson was fired after she continued to show up late for classes and proved insufficient at communicating with her students and staff, as well as for calling out a student she thought filed the initial complaints against her. Koh for \u201coffensive and discriminatory behavior in the classroom and continued creation of a hostile learning environment,\u201d and violating a last chance agreement, which is absent from the files sent. Lembo-Frey, a janitor at SCSU, was accused of repeatedly stalking a female student over the course of three semesters, going out of his way to hang around places she frequented even if they were out of the course of his assigned cleaning duties that day. He allegedly attempted to engage her in conversations at her place of work on campus, her dormitory common room, and other unspecified on-campus buildings, despite her lack of shown interest. According to Lembo-Frey\u2019s termination letter, he was made to sign a \u201clast chance Stipulated Agreement,\u201d and was let go after he \u201cfailed to comply with the terms,\u201d resulting in \u201cthree instances of serious misconduct.\u201d That agreement was not provided by officials via FOIA. Bailesteanu, an associate professor of mathematical sciences at CCSU, was alleged to have subjected a student to \u201cunwelcome romantic advances and inappropriate physical contact including, but not limited to, kissing her on the cheek and forehead and hugging her on numerous occasions.\u201d He frequently engaged the student in conversations of a sexual nature, asking \u201cwhether she was a virgin or used birth control.\u201d The disciplinary response to Bailesteanu\u2019s investigation is especially confusing and not readily explained by CSCU\u2019s files. Bailesteanu was first notified that would not be renewing his associate professor placement on May 31, 2018, before the completion of his investigation on June 8. This letter stipulated that his final appointment would end on May 31, 2019. He received a letter of reprimand because of the investigation on June 21, 2018, yet was then notified on Oct. 10, 2018, that he would, in fact, have his employment renewed for the 2018-2019 academic year. Finally, on May 31, 2019, Bailesteanu was told his contract would not be renewed for the following year, and that his employment would terminate on May 31, 2020. It is unclear what, if any, factors played into the decision by university officials. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 12/30 Daniel Tauber, an instructor at Capital Community College, was found to have sexually harassed students, misused his school email, released student data, made a sexual comment to one student, and engaged in a sexual relationship with a student. Tauber was originally fired after the conclusion of his investigation but was able to win his job back after filing a grievance through his union (The Federation of Technical College Teachers). Upon his reinstatement, he immediately retired, preserving his taxpayer-funded retirement benefits in the process. Tauber\u2019s ability to regain employment and retire with benefits highlights perhaps the largest obstacle facing college administrators\u2019 attempts to dole out discipline: the grievance process afforded to faculty members via their collective bargaining agreements. Faculty members included in the investigation belonged to a variety of unions, but the two most common, and seemingly powerful in their capability to represent accused staff members, are the Connecticut Congress of Community Colleges (4Cs) and the American Association of University Professors (AAUP). While 4Cs pertains only to community college employees within the state of Connecticut and has over 4,000 members is a nationwide union, and as of 2022, represents tens of thousands of professors at over 500 colleges. The Grievance Process; Due Process or Undue Disciplinary Constraints? 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 13/30 Per the 4Cs\u2019 agreement, grievances can be filed by employees within 30 days of any such act perpetrated by the college that they believe violates their rights as outlined in their bargaining agreement level one grievance is submitted to the President of the college to review. The president will meet with the aggrieved staff member to settle the grievance within 14 days of its filing. If the staff member is still dissatisfied, they have another ten days to file a level two grievance, which is then to be reviewed by CSCU\u2019s President, who will meet with the aggrieved within 21 days of their receipt of the grievance. If the grievance is not adequately put to bed by CSCU\u2019s President, the issue will then be put before a mediation panel staffed by four mediators, two of which are selected by the school and two by the union. If the two sides cannot come to an agreement before the mediation panel, the panel will then write a recommendations report to be submitted to CSCU\u2019s President, who will be given an additional 14 days to make a decision. If the staff member is still dissatisfied at this point, they then have the right to bring the decision before an arbitrator. They have an additional 30 days to submit their request for arbitration after the level two or mediation panel decision, or, if a decision isn\u2019t made by the deadline outlined within the agreement, within 30 days of when the answer was supposed to be given, \u201cwhichever is later.\u201d The arbitrator will have an additional 30 days to rule after the close of arbitration meeting or submission of briefs by both sides, again, \u201cwhichever is later.\u201d If that process seems lengthy, AAUP\u2019s agreement with is even longer. Not only does it follow a similar two-level grievance system, but it also stipulates that grievances must be brought before two mediation panels, not just one, before grievances are brought before an arbitrator. Furthermore, AAUP\u2019s bargaining agreement outlines specific agreed upon punishments for certain offenses, as well as an entirely separate, also lengthy process for cases in which the school seeks to fire a professor outright. Some of the concessions afforded to professors in the disciplinary process are lopsided; for example, if wishes to fire a professor for abandoning their duties without notice, the absentee professor has up to three months before they\u2019re able to be fired outright by CSCU. If they return within three months, their firing will have to be referred through the full discipline process. If a professor is determined by investigators to be a \u201cdanger to persons or property,\u201d the school can \u201cimmediately suspend the member with pay.\u201d Only if the professor is arrested or incarcerated can they be suspended without pay for the duration of their incarceration, and even then, the professors are \u201cimmediately placed back on the payroll\u201d upon release. Furthermore, even after incarceration, if the school wishes to suspend the professor, it will be paid suspension. If the school doesn\u2019t decide to 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 14/30 pursue disciplinary action against the formerly incarcerated professor within 30 days of their release, the professor is then automatically owed \u201call of his/her salary that had been withheld and he/she made whole.\u201d If decides to fire a professor represented by AAUP, the matter must first be brought before a mediation committee who have two weeks to come to a resolution. The professor can then request a meeting before a Termination Committee, which must schedule a meeting 6-8 weeks after the professor makes a request. Once the termination committee decides upon a date, it must provide it to both parties at least two weeks in advance. The termination committee consists of three union officials, three Board of Regents (BOR) appointees, and three independent arbitrators. The two sides appoint a hearing officer via a bipartisan selection process to lead the proceedings. After they conclude, the committee has seven days to issue a recommendation to the President. If the president agrees with the rulings or imposes a lesser punishment, the professor has no further recourse. If the president decides to impose a harsher punishment, the professor again has 10 days to appeal, throwing both parties back to step three or step four of the grievance process, which puts the appeal either before the grievance arbitration committee or before independent arbitrators. Essentially, if the termination council makes a ruling short of firing, the president is faced with an even longer process if they insist on doing so. Upon evaluation of these lengthy grievance processes, it\u2019s easier to understand why so many disciplinary processes end in stipulated agreements. Very few of the investigations made it every step of the way through the disciplinary or grievance processes laid out by their respective unions. In fact, the only case which appears to have made it all the way to arbitration was Delventhal\u2019s, who was represented by officials attempted to fire both Delventhal and Perlstein for months after the conclusion of their investigations but with no success. Perlstein was brought before the termination committee, while Delventhal was shortly reinstated by arbitrators, and both proceeded to \u201cresign\u201d per the terms of their stipulated agreements. \u201cIt has been a long process, especially for the sexual assault survivors and the Theatre Department students and faculty,\u201d said President Zulma R. Toro at the time, per Mirror. \u201cThe investigation and termination proceedings have been frustrating and challenging, but we are moving forward.\u201d Investigation files revealed additional instances where administrators\u2019 original punishments were similarly reduced via stipulated agreements. Nicholson, for example, was originally given notice of 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 15/30 her termination on Dec. 5, 2019. In the letter, she was also notified that her last day of \u201cactive coverage for healthcare benefits\u201d would be Dec. 31. Fast forward to Jan. 8, 2020, Nicholson, who was represented by 4Cs, entered into an agreement with that gave her an additional 8 months of paid administrative leave, with her termination being postponed to Aug. 1, 2020, and reclassified as a retirement. Furthermore, she was able to retain her state retirement and healthcare benefits. The agreement also stipulated that \u201cremove from Ms. Nicholson\u2019s official personnel and professional documents referencing termination of her employment,\u201d and provided that if a future employer contacted the school regarding Nicholson\u2019s experience would only provide them with \u201cNicholson\u2019s name, dates of employment, job title, and job duties.\u201d Robert Kirsch, a former business professor at SCSU, was given a similarly subtle sendoff via stipulated agreement. In 2023, Kirsch was accused of sexually harassing a fellow business professor, repeatedly making unwanted romantic advances, and sharing details regarding his own sexual health, much to the professor\u2019s discomfort. Kirsch\u2019s own stipulated agreement plainly lays out its intent to avoid AAUP\u2019s lengthy disciplinary and grievance process. \u201cThe purpose of this Agreement is to avoid expending unnecessary additional time and resources investigating concerns that have been brought to the University\u2019s attention, and to help ensure an orderly transition in anticipation of Dr. Kirsch\u2019s planned retirement,\u201d read the agreement. Per Kirsch\u2019s agreement, signed by both parties on Feb. 20, 2024, he was allowed to retire by April 1 in return for the dropping of all further investigations into him. The agreement also stipulated that it would \u201cnot effect Dr. Kirsch\u2019s eligibility for a retirement incentive, in the event that and the agree to such an incentive and Dr. Kirsch meets the eligibility requirements.\u201d 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 16/30 While there are several exemptions to FOIA, other laws also limit information that can be obtained. One of these is the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), a federal law passed in 1974, which has been incorporated into FOIA. Generally, the law requires that all educational institutions that receive federal funds\u2014meaning the law applies to many private institutions as well as public ones\u2014have a policy limiting the disclosure of education records without the prior approval of a student or guardian if the student is under 18. But doesn\u2019t prevent the disclosure of all records produced by schools \u2014or at least it\u2019s not intended to. Education records must satisfy several criteria: they must directly relate to a student and must be maintained by either an educational institution or someone acting on behalf of that institution. It\u2019s the \u2018directly relate\u2019 element of that educational institutional agencies often get hung up on. And, either due to a misunderstanding of the law or as a cover to thwart transparency, in many cases is used as a carte blanche to deny access to records. In other cases, even if access to records is granted, poor understanding of the law, whether intentional or not, leads to improper redactions that stymie accountability. This is the case Inside Investigator finds itself in with CSCU\u2019s response. In one document, the name of an author of an article published in CCSU\u2019s student run newspaper, The Recorder, was redacted. Not only is this unnecessary since, as it was published, it\u2019s easy to discover the information via the Internet, but it has no direct relationship to student records and isn\u2019t maintained by the school. References to what appear to be building names and references were also redacted, even though they don\u2019t fit the definition of education records. Information Barriers 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 17/30 In records provided into WCSU\u2019s investigation into Xavier Potter, a former coach at accused of sexually harassing one student athlete and engaging in sex acts with another, part of his title is redacted redaction log cited the portion of that incorporates FERPA. As Potter is staff, not a student does not apply to him. Following an investigation into his conduct, Potter was notified that his employment contract would not be renewed, and he is no longer employed by WCSU. The same document contains redactions, also citing FERPA, exempting the name of the sports team involved in the alleged incident. Again, this is not a record directly related to a student, and does not apply. In other documents, things like students\u2019 years of attendance are redacted, again citing FERPA. But this fits into the category of directory information, which is not expressly exempt from disclosure under FERPA. This is information like a student\u2019s name, date and place of birth, address, telephone number, attendance information, and membership in clubs and activities. Students or guardians can notify schools they do not want this information disclosed, but this information is disclosable as long as schools have informed them it will be. Connecticut\u2019s Board of Regents for Higher Education has designated the following categories of information as directory information: Student\u2019s legal name Permanent mailing address Month and day of birth Photographs Student identification number Email address Telephone number University or college previously or currently attending Dates of attendance Full or part-time student status Academic awards and honors Class standing/year Program of study Degrees or certificates earned/for which a student is a candidate 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 18/30 Previous institutions attended Expected graduation/completion dates Inside Investigator provided officials with a list of exemptions it believes improperly cite FERPA, but has not received a response also explicitly does not exempt the final results of disciplinary procedures or investigations into sexual assault or harassment, whether they are committed by students or students are the victims, from disclosure. In addition to these apparent discrepancies, CSCU\u2019s response to Inside Investigator\u2019s is simply incomplete. Responsive documents\u2014in many cases attachments to the final investigations that are referenced in the report\u2014are missing. In other cases, previous disciplinary actions are referenced in the investigative files but were not turned over despite Inside Investigator\u2019s request clearly seeking all related records. Emails referenced as attachments in the investigation into Lembo-Frey were not included in the records Inside Investigator was provided. Other seemingly responsive documentation, including the last-chance stipulation agreement that led to Lembo-Frey\u2019s dismissal, was also not provided. The investigative files provided for Chevan also reference a letter of reprimand, a previous grievance, and an investigation letter. None of these documents were provided. Exhibits attached to the investigative report into Daniel Pope, a lecturer in WCSU\u2019s Writing, Linguistics and Creative Processes department accused of sexually harassing a student were also not turned over. Per the report, the exhibits were emails allegedly confirming Pope\u2019s sexual relations with students. There are also no documents that show what disciplinary action, if any, was taken by in response to the investigation stipulated agreement referenced in the investigation into Tauber was not part of the documents Inside Investigator received. In James Tait\u2019s case, a former professor of Marine Sciences at SCSU, Inside Investigator was provided a letter of reprimand, which referenced an investigation into alleged violations of the school\u2019s policies on sexual harassment and pluralism, but received no investigation report. The letter also referenced a meeting with union representatives to discuss the report\u2019s findings. Documentation related to this was also not turned over. Per SCSU\u2019s website, Tait passed away on April 6, 2021. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 19/30 In Nedejlko Mikac\u2019s case, a former maintenance worker at who was accused of sexual harassment and stalking, Inside Investigator received a letter of discipline and a summary of the findings of an investigation into his conduct but not an actual investigative report or any other documentation related to complaints into his behavior. Mikac was given one day\u2019s suspension without pay and agreed to retire on April 1, 2020 indicated in documents it provided in Thayer\u2019s case that it notified him it was investigating a complaint against him. However, it did not provide a copy of that letter to Inside Investigator. In Kirsch\u2019s case, emails referenced in the investigative report into his conduct were not turned over. Disciplinary records are missing in a number of cases, likely because the identified staff resigned prior to discipline occurring. According to publicly available payroll data, all but one of the individuals investigated by are no longer employed by the community college system. But also did not provide any documentation of resignations or other ways in which employment was not renewed in a number of cases. Inside Investigator has attempted to communicate with several times about this request. While released supplemental responsive documents in December 2024, it has not addressed any of Inside Investigator\u2019s questions about redactions or missing documents responsive to the request. Inside Investigator has filed a complaint with the Freedom of Information Commission due to CSCU\u2019s failure to respond. \u201cWe handle requests for 17 different campuses which requires a review of each document to determine if redactions need to be made or exemptions are applicable, whether the individual who is the subject of the record needs to be notified, and the particular request is likely not the only request being made and we attempt to handle them in the order in which they are received and processed in accordance with other workload and priorities,\u201d said Norton when asked why takes so long to process records requests. This would not be the first time a campus has failed to adequately respond to requests for information about sexual misconduct. In 2023, a deposition in a lawsuit against revealed that two cases of misconduct\u2014including an alleged rape\u2014were not included in a request for sexual misconduct by employees because they were handled by the Office of Student Conduct rather than by Human Resources. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 20/30 also appears to have not included disciplinary investigation transparency for cases that involve non-student victims. \u201cOff campus matters of this type (domestic violence) that involve non-students are matters for the local police,\u201d said Norton. To date, five of the staff identified for sexual impropriety have received pension payments totaling $528,688.08. Pension payments totaled approximately $120,000 per year in 2023 and 2024. That number is likely to grow, not only as those five individuals continue to collect payments, but as more former staff become eligible to collect pensions. How Much is This Costing? 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 21/30 All but one of the individuals identified by the records provided Inside Investigator are no longer working for the community college system. Richard Thayer continues to draw a paycheck and is expected to be paid roughly $72,500 in 2025. Many of the remaining individuals who are no longer employed by are eligible to collect a pension but are not yet at retirement age. Under the State Employment Retirement System (SERS), state employees are generally eligible to receive pension payments when they reach a certain age so long as they completed a certain number of years of service. Under SERS\u2019 Tier Plan, for example, employees who complete at least five years of service earn a nonforfeitable right to a retirement benefit, which they are able to receive at age 65 if they leave state service before attaining retirement age. If they completed ten years, they are eligible to receive pension payouts at age 55. This means that more of the former staff who left after sexual misconduct investigations are likely eligible to begin receiving pension payments in the coming years. Upon being asked why professors often retain their pensions after being found guilty of sexual misconduct, Samantha Norton, CSCU\u2019s Communications Director, referred to Sec. 1-110a of the state\u2019s general statutes. Per the law, state employees can only have their pension revoked or reduced by request of the Attorney General, and after the state employee is found or pleads guilty to a qualifying crime. But state-funded pensions aren\u2019t the only way taxpayers assume costs associated with sexual misconduct investigations, even beyond the work hours of college administrators who handle these matters. An investigation found it was \u201cmore than likely\u201d Delventhal was guilty of sexual misconduct. Delventhal agreed to resign after disputes resulting from the investigation\u2014documents related to the 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 22/30 case which were not provided by CSCU\u2014led to an arbitration case. As part of the agreement issued a $507,625 check to Delventhal and also footed a $17,375 bill for his lawyers. As part of the agreement also promised to obtain a \u201cwithdrawal with prejudice and release of any and all claims made against Delventhal by Brooke Emigh.\u201d Emigh, who was a student in CCSU\u2019s theater program, filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court alleging the university knew \u201cfor decades\u201d about sexual misconduct in the department. Emigh alleged she suffered \u201csevere and pervasive sexual harassment and emotional abuse\u201d at Delventhal\u2019s hands. She sought an unspecified amount in damages for various types of harm resulting from Delventhal\u2019s alleged treatment of her. The case was dismissed with prejudice in August 2020, days after entered into the stipulated agreement with Delventhal. In several of the cases provided records for, investigators recommend training not just for the faculty member found guilty of sexual impropriety, but for their entire department. The investigation report on Pope\u2019s behavior, which found direct evidence of sexual harassment in five of the six counts against him, recommended not only professional development and Title training of the university policies he\u2019d violated for Pope, but for all staff in the Department of Writing, Linguistics and Creative Processes. It further recommended the department chair and coordinator create public announcements to share Title implications for social gatherings with faculty. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 23/30 In addition to seeking records on sexual misconduct investigations from CSCU, Inside Investigator also submitted requests to UConn and the United States Coast Guard Academy. At the time of publishing, Inside Investigator had not received anything beyond an acknowledgment of those requests. But there are undoubtedly responsive documents to those requests, as other news outlets have documented cases of sexual misconduct at both academic institutions. Unresponsive: UConn and Coast Guard 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 24/30 UConn Professor Guilty of Sexual Misconduct Collects State Benefits 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 25/30 UConn allegedly knew of abuse by Fine Arts professor in 2003 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 26/30 In 2023, the head of the UConn Police Department\u2019s sex crimes unit was demoted and disciplined following allegations he inappropriately touched and made lewd comments around female employees. According to annual data UConn is required to report to the legislature, in 2019, there were thirteen disciplinary investigations related to sexual assault, two related to stalking, and four into intimate partner violence (IPV). Six of those investigations resulted in disciplinary action like expulsion, probation, or suspension. The number of investigations the university conducts each year has fluctuated. There were four investigations in 2020, one of which resulted in probation. In 2021, there were 14 investigations. UConn professor resigns over relationship with student 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 27/30 According to 2022 data, there were seven disciplinary investigations related to sexual assault, one related to stalking, and one related to reported that year. Three of the cases involving sexual assault resulted in a suspension. The stalking case resulted in an expulsion or separation. The case resulted in probation or a written warning. In 2023, there were 10 investigations, with one resulting in expulsion or separation and one resulting in probation or a written warning. The Coast Guard has also been the subject of recent media scrutiny after a congressional subpanel began investigating Operation Foul Anchor, an internal review of sexual misconduct cases that occurred at the Coast Guard Academy between 1990 and 2006. During that period, investigators reviewed 102 reports of rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. Shannon Norenberg, the head of the academy\u2019s sexual assault prevention initiative, resigned in June 2024. In a public statement, she alleged the Coast Guard directed her to lie to assault victims and to members of Congress. 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 28/30 Bills addressing how institutions of higher education handle investigations into sexual misconduct and intimate partner violence have made a regular appearance in the legislatures since at least 2020. Many of them are aimed at allowing victims of intimate partner violence who are not students or employees, but whose alleged abusers are, to participate in investigations conducted by institutions of higher education bill to this effect has been introduced in the 2023 and 2024 legislative sessions, and another was recently introduced in the current legislative session. These bills signal that there are known imperfections in how universities handle misconduct investigations. CSCU\u2019s response further highlights this, as a number of faculty found to have violated university policies and committed misconduct were able to retire before potential discipline could be imposed, potentially limiting their ability to collect a publicly funded pension officials\u2019 inability to respond to questions about apparent discrepancies in the records it turned over, as well as UConn and the Coast Guard Academy\u2019s nonresponse, also highlights flaws in how misconduct is handled and also the barriers to increasing transparency around these issues. Access and Accountability 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 29/30 \u00a9 2025 Connecticut Inside Investigator Powered by Newspack Topics on this page 25 2/27/25, 8:01 Partial Record: Sexual Misconduct and Transparency at 30/30"}
7,760	Buck Ryan	University of Kentucky	[ "7760_101.pdf", "7760_102.pdf", "7760_103.pdf", "7760_104.pdf" ]	{"7760_101.pdf": "Professor punished for \u2018sexual misconduct\u2019 of singing Beach Boys to students, he says 19, 2016 Good thing it wasn\u2019t \u2018Good Vibrations\u2019 University of Kentucky Prof. Buck Ryan is accusing the school of a Title witch hunt because he sang a Beach Boys song to Chinese students as part of a program. The school judged his behavior \u201csexual misconduct\u201d because the lyrics to \u201cCalifornia Girls\u201d are \u201csexual in nature,\u201d according to Ryan, who made his case against in a op-ed Saturday. Lexington Herald-Leader The professor, who directs the Citizen Kentucky Project at UK\u2019s Scripps Howard Email \ue607 1 Colleges celebrate Valentine\u2019s with \u2018ethical porn,\u2019 abortion \u2018party\u2019 and \u2018Genital Diversity Gallery 13, 2025 2 Teen hired by Google was rejected by 16 colleges. Now he\u2019s suing for discrimination 24, 2025 3 Over 500 studies retracted for \u2018unreliable\u2019 information: watchdog 14, 2025 4 Female basketball player refuses to play against boy; gets investigated for \u2018harassment ARTICLE: 2/27/25, 8:01 Professor punished for \u2018sexual misconduct\u2019 of singing Beach Boys to students, he says \| The College Fix 1/4 First Amendment Center, was hamming it up for the closing ceremonies of \u201cEducation Week\u201d at the unnamed Chinese university U. Iowa ending identity politics groups focused on \u2018Latinx,\u2019 LGBTQ+ 950+ law professors label Trump\u2019s actions a \u2018constitutional crisis 22, 2025 5 New research identifies more than 1,100 DEI- related jobs at University of Michigan 30, 2025 ARTICLE: 2/27/25, 8:01 Professor punished for \u2018sexual misconduct\u2019 of singing Beach Boys to students, he says \| The College Fix 2/4 U. Florida student tears down pro-life flyers, says abortion is child \u2018sacrifice\u2019: video Professor who developed Gaza redevelopment plan targeted with threats, eviction notices ARTICLE: 2/27/25, 8:01 Professor punished for \u2018sexual misconduct\u2019 of singing Beach Boys to students, he says \| The College Fix 3/4 \u00a9 2025 ARTICLE: 2/27/25, 8:01 Professor punished for \u2018sexual misconduct\u2019 of singing Beach Boys to students, he says \| The College Fix 4/4", "7760_102.pdf": "University Of Kentucky Professor Slammed With Sexual Misconduct Academics Students Special Sports Career College Opinion 2/27/25, 8:01 University Of Kentucky Professor Slammed With Sexual Misconduct Claim For Singing Beach Boys Song 1/6 Claim For Singing Beach Boys Song By Updated: Dec 21 2016, 09:52 professor from the University of Kentucky was punished for sexual misconduct. Apparently, it was because he sang a song by the Beach Boys in public. Daily Caller reported that journalism professor Buck Ryan was slammed with a sexual misconduct case for singing \"California Girls\" by the Beach Boys. He sang it during the closing ceremony of an education program in China, which was co-sponsored by the university and China's Jilin University. Ryan taught a class for the program entitled \"Storytelling: Exploring China's Art and Culture.\" He explained that he chose the song to \"teach the many differences in Chinese and American culture.\" Emily Marks Most Popular Fred DuVal: Public University Research Should Serve The Public Feb 24, 2025 Top Universities In Expand Free Tuition For Middle- Income Families Earning Below $200K Dec 13, 2024 Internal Documents Point To Collusion Between California State Regulator And Newsweek In Attempt To Shut Down Olivet University Dec 17, 2024 36% Enrollment Drop Leads Columbia College To Cut 11 Programs And Lay Off 25 Faculty Jobs Next Fall Dec 17, 2024 University Of Colorado Anschutz Receives $46M For The First-Ever Human Eye Transplant Research Dec 03, 2024 College Students Struggle To Balance Use With Academic Integrity Policies Set By Universities Dec 16, 2024 2/27/25, 8:01 University Of Kentucky Professor Slammed With Sexual Misconduct Claim For Singing Beach Boys Song 2/6 In a piece for the Lexington Herald- Leader, the University of Kentucky professor revealed that the institution's three-month investigation yielded no student complaints. He added that he has never received a complaint of sexual misconduct from a student in over 30 years of his college teaching career. Ryan noted that he sent an email about the specific details of the complaint. However, the message was misinterpreted as an open records request by the school's legal office and the professor received a two-page letter denying the request. For his punishment, he was banned from receiving international travel funds. He was also stripped of a prestigious award, which was worth thousands of dollars. He did inquire about his right to have due process for the investigation. Only to be told that he did not have any. 2/27/25, 8:01 University Of Kentucky Professor Slammed With Sexual Misconduct Claim For Singing Beach Boys Song 3/6 \"There is no constitutional right to represent the University of Kentucky abroad,\" the provost wrote. \"Nor is there a constitutional right to teach a particular class. Accordingly, the University has no obligation to provide you with due process.\" The University of Kentucky professor was convicted without trial. He denied the allegations that he behaved inappropriately with two women students. Ryan slammed the institution, saying that the school has a dean in a college with a First Amendment Center who does not care about freedom of expression. He added that it has a provost or chief academic officer who is willing to deny a faculty member due process. Related 2/27/25, 8:01 University Of Kentucky Professor Slammed With Sexual Misconduct Claim For Singing Beach Boys Song 4/6 Ex-Stanford Professor Reveals University Kicked Her Out For Speaking Up Against Harassment Oxford University Urges Colleges To Be Gender Neutral Stanford Sued For Reportedly Allowing Sexual Predator To Graduate Millennials Are Rapidly Changing The Workplace By Removing These 3 Trends Hunter College Reaches Agreement With Education Department For Title Violations Dozens Of Women Were Reportedly Sexually Assaulted By University Of Wisconsin Student Topics University of Kentucky, Sexual Misconduct, Campus Safety, Issues, Title \u00a9 2024 University Herald, All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission. Special Report 2/27/25, 8:01 University Of Kentucky Professor Slammed With Sexual Misconduct Claim For Singing Beach Boys Song 5/6 Zenith Prep Academy Welcomes An Ivy League Admissions Officer To Its All-Star Team Feb 20, 2025 Florida Poly College Students Invent Fast- Acting Body Cam Trigger For Lakeland Police Jan 27, 2025 New York University To Offer Middle And High Schoolers Free Science And Engineering Programs Jan 27, 2025 Copyright \u00a9 2025 HERALD. All rights reserved. Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of our Terms and Conditions of Use and Privacy Policy. 2/27/25, 8:01 University Of Kentucky Professor Slammed With Sexual Misconduct Claim For Singing Beach Boys Song 6/6", "7760_103.pdf": "prof punished for singing Beach Boys tune \| Buck Ryan Louisville Courier Journal Published 3:49 p.m Dec. 17, 2016 Updated 10:52 a.m Dec. 20, 2016 The University of Kentucky has punished me in a \"sexual misconduct\" case, in part, for singing a Beach Boys tune covered by Alvin and the Chipmunks. Under Administrative Regulation 6:1, Discrimination and Harassment, UK's Title coordinator ruled that the song, \"California Girls,\" included \"language of a sexual nature\" and was somehow offensive, though no victims were identified. The same regulation prohibits \"making an intentionally false accusation,\" so the question arises: How competent is UK's Title office? If my case is any indication, then everyone concerned about discrimination and sexual harassment should be alarmed. The occasion for the song was the closing ceremonies for an inaugural Education Week at a Chinese university as part of a program taught a class, \"Storytelling: Exploring China's Art and Culture.\" For my Chinese students sang a song to teach the many differences in Chinese and American culture. The Beach Boys riff was one of three takeoffs of popular songs (Sting, Wizard of Oz) that sang in my closing remarks few of my top Chinese students attended the closing ceremonies, and they actually liked the Beach Boys song. One was impressed that could align Chinese places with the original American ones to show a deep appreciation of China's different regions switched East Coast for Shanghai, for example, when talking about fashion. UK's three-month investigation of my case revealed no student complaints. In my more than 30 years of college teaching have never faced a complaint of sexual misconduct from a 2/27/25, 8:01 prof who sang Beach Boys tune punished for 'sexual misconduct' \| Buck Ryan 1/3 student. As a former director of the journalism school know that if a student or a faculty member comes forward with a complaint, the university insists on due process to resolve the problem. In my case sent an email asking to know what exactly were the complaints against me. My message was turned into an open records request by UK's legal office few days later received a two-page letter denying my request. The dean who issued my punishment never talked to me learned about my fate in a letter dropped on me by two assistants just before was about to teach a class. My punishment in this case-without-victims bans me from receiving international travel funds and strips me of a prestigious award worth thousands of dollars. Read responds - Professor's story is off-key When inquired about my due process rights was told by the provost that didn't have any. Here's the quote: \"There is no constitutional right to represent the University of Kentucky abroad. Nor is there a constitutional right to teach a particular class. Accordingly, the University has no obligation to provide you with due process.\" As a result was convicted without trial of inappropriate behavior, which never occurred, with two women students. They wanted to defend me, but they were never interviewed by university officials. The next time you read about the University of Kentucky's struggle to handle Title cases, think about my Beach Boys song. Now you know has a dean in a college with a First Amendment Center who doesn't understand the right to free expression. It also has a provost, or chief academic officer, willing to deny a faculty member due process in an academic freedom case. As for the song that begins, \"Well Shanghai girls are hip really dig those styles they wear,\" what kind of mind views it as offensive for using \"language of a sexual nature\"? 2/27/25, 8:01 prof who sang Beach Boys tune punished for 'sexual misconduct' \| Buck Ryan 2/3 Unfortunately, for the wrongly accused, it is the same kind of mind that can see innocent acts as perverted ones have been informed by UK's legal office that have \"external mechanisms\" at my disposal. Translation: \"If you don't like it, sue me.\" The last time heard that expression it came from a bully whistling an unhappy tune on the playground in 4th grade. Buck Ryan, director of the Citizen Kentucky Project of the Scripps Howard First Amendment Center. Opinions expressed in the column are his own and do not reflect the views of the University of Kentucky. He can be reached at [email protected]. Summary letter of investigation Redacted copy of the summary of findings against Professor Ryan \u2013 a letter of findings to his dean in the College of Communications -- after an investigation of his conduct by our Title office. 2/27/25, 8:01 prof who sang Beach Boys tune punished for 'sexual misconduct' \| Buck Ryan 3/3", "7760_104.pdf": "LEXINGTON, Ky. (AP) \u2014 An associate journalism professor at the University of Kentucky is suing the school, its Title coordinator and a former student who complained about him, alleging defamation and retaliation. Buck Ryan filed the lawsuit last week, the Courier Journal reports. It accuses the university of weaponizing its Office of Institutional Equity to retaliate against him whenever it faces public criticism, such as when Ryan was punished in a 2016 \u201csexual misconduct\u201d case for what he said was, in part, singing a song with sexual lyrics. The former student named in Ryan\u2019s lawsuit had filed a Title complaint accusing the professor texting and calling her outside of class time and on weekends, and even offering her tickets to a football game, which she declined. She also spoke about it with the student newspaper, which Ryan said defamed him and damaged his reputation. University President Eli Capilouto said Ryan\u2019s lawsuit lacks merit and is an effort to intimidate others. \u201cWe will not allow a member of our community to be intimidated,\u201d Capilouto wrote in an email to the university community on Friday. \u201cIn addition to defending our university and Title coordinator, we will be paying for our student\u2019s defense.\u201d The university moved to fire Ryan last year after it found he was requiring students to buy his textbook and was keeping undisclosed royalties faculty committee later asked the school drop the termination proceedings. He sued school officials for defamation and retaliation in April. That case was dismissed last month. Ryan referred questions about his lawsuit to his lawyer, Robert Abell, who denied trying to intimidate anyone. Journalism teacher sues ex-student who complained about him Published 6:02 CST, December 9, 2019 2/27/25, 8:01 Journalism teacher sues ex-student who complained about him News 1/3 2/27/25, 8:01 Journalism teacher sues ex-student who complained about him News 2/3 Gene Hackman, found dead at 95, was one of Hollywood\u2019s most respected actors Michigan Democratic Gov. Whitmer makes direct appeal to young men after sharp shift in election Trump administration says it\u2019s cutting 90% of foreign aid contracts Texas child who was not vaccinated has died of measles, a first for the in a decade The Trump administration sets the stage for large-scale federal worker layoffs in a new memo 1 2 3 4 5 2/27/25, 8:01 Journalism teacher sues ex-student who complained about him News 3/3"}
9,023	John Clark	Montgomery County Community College	[ "9023_101.pdf" ]	{"9023_101.pdf": "Page 1 Child Sexual Abuse Material Federal law prohibits the production, advertisement, transportation, distribution, receipt, sale, access with intent to view, and possession of child sexual abuse material (CSAM). Underlying every sexually explicit image or video of a child is abuse, rape, molestation, and/or exploitation. The production of creates a permanent record of the child\u2019s victimization. Due to rapid technological changes, online child sexual exploitation offenses are increasing in scale and complexity. Individuals who seek to sexually exploit children through can do so from anywhere in the world by using digital devices and the internet. Modern smartphones are the ideal child exploitation tool for offenders, as they can be used to photograph, record, or watch live child sexual abuse; store on the device; access stored remotely; connect with victims and other offenders; and distribute and receive CSAM, through an endless variety of applications. The device itself and the applications often cloak this criminal activity with encryption. The market for among individuals with a sexual interest in children drives the demand for new and more egregious images and videos. The push for new results in the continued abuse and exploitation of child victims, and the abuse of new children every day. When these images and videos are posted and disseminated online, the victimization continues in perpetuity. Children often suffer a lifetime of re-victimization knowing the documentation of their sexual abuse is on the internet, available for others to access forever. Increasingly, perpetrators are grooming minors to engage in sexually explicit conduct online. This is distinct, but related, to produced in person by offenders. Offenders engaged in either type of production have been known to take advantage of multiple vulnerabilities of a child, including a minor\u2019s fear of getting in trouble with their parents or guardians, school, or law enforcement. This can result in the minor being extorted or blackmailed to create additional CSAM, or pay a ransom, to prevent images from being distributed to their peer networks.1 Offenders tell victims they will call the police and the victims will get in trouble for the sexually explicit content they have already created and sent the offender. Even families who have become aware of the issue have been concerned the child will get into trouble with law enforcement and may not report the crime, preventing investigators from identifying and stopping the offender. In 1 For more information, please see the Sextortion, Crowdsourcing, Enticement and Coercion chapter. Terminology The term \u201cchild pornography\u201d is currently used in federal statutes and is defined as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a person less than 18 years old. While this phrase still appears in federal law, \u201cchild sexual abuse material\u201d is preferred, as it better reflects the abuse that is depicted in the images and videos and the resulting trauma to the child. In fact, in 2016, an international working group, comprising a collection of countries and international organizations working to combat child exploitation, formally recognized \u201cchild sexual abuse material\u201d as the preferred term. Page 2 the worst cases, victims feel so desperate that they commit suicide.2 There is also a growing trend of juveniles victimizing other juveniles online, including through social media apps. Child victims have been reluctant to come forward because they do not want an offender, who may be a peer, to get in trouble. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children: Child Sexual Abuse Material Case Requests from Law Enforcement in 2020 In 2021 received 4,877 requests from law enforcement, containing more than 35 million images and videos. Analysts help determine if the children depicted have been previously identified or if they are unknown or new victims. Source: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children is readily available through virtually every internet technology, including social networking platforms, file-sharing sites, gaming devices, and mobile apps. This has led to unprecedented growth in the volume of reports submitted to the CyberTipline operated by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC). The CyberTipline provides a 2 17-year-old boy died by suicide hours after being scammed. The says it\u2019s part of a troubling increase in \u2018sextortion\u2019 cases. By Josh Campbell and Jason Kravarik, CNN. suicide-sextortion-california/index.html 0 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Annual CyberTips to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) Page 3 single interface where private citizens and companies, such as Electronic Service Providers (ESPs), can report suspected online child exploitation. From 2013 to 2021, the number of CyberTipline reports received by skyrocketed from 500,000 to almost 30 million. On three occasions in this time span, the volume of CyberTipline reports doubled or nearly doubled from one year to the next. In 2015, the number of CyberTipline reports (4.4 million) was four times greater than the prior year.3 In 2021, the nearly 30 million CyberTipline reports received by constituted an overall increase of approximately 35% from the 2020 total (almost 22 million).4 Though only one datapoint from one country CyberTipline report numbers are evidence of the staggering global scale of online. Data from the Canadian Centre for Child Protection (C3P) paints a similar picture. C3P operates Project Arachnid, an innovative tool to combat the growing proliferation of on the internet. Project Arachnid\u2019s platform crawls links on sites on the open web to look for publicly available CSAM.5 Once such imagery is detected, a notice requesting removal is sent to the provider hosting the content. Since Project Arachnid\u2019s launch in 2016 until October 1, 2021, over nine million notices have been sent to providers about detected on their platforms.6 However, Project Arachnid numbers largely center on stored or traded online. On the Dark Web, where anonymity and encryption make it harder to trace perpetrators, a single active website dedicated to the sexual abuse of children had over 2.5 million registered users as of June 2021.7 Technology has enhanced offender sophistication and changed behavior patterns. Offenders can now groom and engage with victims on multiple platforms using surreptitious means, including common, everyday platforms where victims are particularly unsuspecting, i.e., gaming systems and social media sites. Offenders direct the production of without ever meeting their victims in person, often working with other offenders to crowdsource production, targeting hundreds of minors on sites frequented by youth, or meeting virtually to livestream the sexual abuse of a child to any number of viewers. With mobile devices, offenders do not have to wait until they are in the privacy of their home to chat with victims or other offenders. Offenders are hiding in plain sight, ready and able to chat with victims or other offenders from almost any location. They can access their own collection of or find new material online while traveling, at work, or anywhere else with internet access. Some offenders use storage devices the size of a coin with large capacities that are portable and easily hidden. But because is available through so many internet locations, 3 Statement by John F. Clark President and Chief Executive Officer National Center for Missing & Exploited Children for the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary \u201cProtecting Innocence in a Digital World\u201d July 9, 2019 4 Although the CyberTipline is a mechanism for American companies to report online child exploitation, we must emphasize that year over year, the majority of CyberTipline reports (typically around 95% of reports received per year) are made available to law enforcement in foreign countries. 5 Web crawler, often shortened to crawler, is an internet bot that systematically browses the World Wide Web and that is typically operated for the purpose of Web indexing. Crawlers can also perform data scraping, a function that extracts data from websites. 6 7 Based on investigative and prosecutorial information provided by the authors. Page 4 offenders can access and demand repeatedly, any time they desire, without the need to store the files on their own devices. Once an image or video of is posted online, it can be immediately circulated around the globe, traded internationally, and is thus unable to be eradicated lives forever, leaving victims to suffer a lifetime of consequences of the recording of their sexual abuse, always wondering when and where the images and videos will appear and by whom their exploitation will be seen. Law enforcement must focus on both the offender who downloads thousands of files and the active participant operating on the ever-changing landscape of new technology, communication platforms, and websites that provide access to children and CSAM. Encryption and Anonymization Purveyors of continue to use various encryption techniques and anonymous networks, attempting to hide their identities, amassed collections activities, and communications with minors. Encryption makes it more difficult for technology companies to detect on their systems and blocks law enforcement from obtaining lawful access to the content of digital media and communications, thwarting both investigations and highly valuable voluntary interdiction efforts by the private sector. Where full encryption is the default on digital devices, including smartphones, it can obstruct access to an individual offender\u2019s device, data, or files. Yet, the technology sector continues to adopt end-to-end encryption within their programs. Currently, many non-encrypted social media sites, apps, and internet platforms can search their systems for known using hash values or PhotoDNA. The investigations that result from these reports often lead to the rescue of children who are being sexually assaulted. However, if the technology sector continues to adopt end-to-end encryption without allowing for some form of lawful access to the data through appropriate legal process, such as a search warrant, law enforcement will lose an important means of identifying offenders and rescuing children. The increasing popularity of end-to-end encryption is particularly alarming with respect to online spaces where adults and children are co-mingled and can interact, such as gaming, video chat, and live-streaming platforms. This is the digital equivalent of taking children to a public (or even private) place with adult strangers without security cameras or any other means of supervision. Programs and applications with end-to-end encryption create an environment where parents have no ability to supervise unless they install monitoring software, and law enforcement has limited or no ability to obtain vital data. In addition, online child sex offenders are increasingly migrating to the Dark Web. The Dark Web is a series of anonymous networks that prevent the use of traditional means to detect, investigate, and prosecute online child sexual exploitation offenses. Consider, for example, the end-to-end-encryption end-to-end-encryption Page 5 Tor anonymity network, a key network within the Dark Web that was established through government research and continues to receive some government funding. Administrators and users of \u201chidden services\u201d on Tor have reliable, anonymous access to CSAM, allowing offenders to commit their crimes openly with little to no fear of being identified, much less apprehended. This stable, reliable access to online normalizes deviant behavior and offenders\u2019 perception of the sexual abuse of children and the production, advertisement, possession, and distribution of CSAM. As of March 2023, there were over 200 forums and other sites devoted to child exploitation, some of which have persisted for years, operating openly and notoriously on the Tor network.8 Even when law enforcement successfully takes down one site, another soon appears in its place. The sites often expand rapidly. One site obtained 200,000 new members within its first four weeks of operation.9 Though these sites sit within the Dark Web, they are readily accessible to anyone and essentially exist in the plain sight of law enforcement. However, even if the sites or users are identified, the administrators and facilitators may remain obscured and free from investigation, allowing them to continue rebuilding their platforms after each law enforcement disruption. Many online communities are highly organized and sophisticated. They enforce strict security protocols and encryption techniques to elude law enforcement and perpetrate the ongoing sexual abuse of children. Some offenders closely follow legal filings and press releases to monitor law enforcement\u2019s efforts and techniques to learn from the mistakes of other offenders and share this knowledge. Individual offenders mask their own possession and trafficking of beyond the Tor community by using and sharing knowledge of law enforcement efforts and methods to conceal illicit activity. Effect of Online Communities As technology has evolved, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of newly produced images and videos depicting the sexual abuse of children, as well as a pervasive spread of images and videos of abuse produced prior to the advent of the internet. The degree of violence and sadistic content depicted in has increased as well depicting the rape of infants and toddlers, bondage, humiliation through sexual assault, including self-mutilation, youth-on- youth abuse, and child-on-child abuse, as well as bestiality, are not uncommon. Offenders can connect on internet forums and networks to share their interests, desires, and experiences abusing children, reveal tips for evading detection, share and trade CSAM, and livestream the abuse of a child for others to watch and direct. These online communities promote communication and collaboration among offenders, fostering a larger relationship premised on their shared sexual interest in children. Online communities attract and encourage new individuals to join them in the sexual exploitation of children, increasing both the supply and demand side, as well as motivating more severe abuse to satiate and impress each other. 8 Based on investigative and prosecutorial information provided by the authors. 9 Id. Page 6 This community effect is particularly strong on protected spaces like Tor hidden services, where there is a thriving community for these like-minded offenders to congregate, discuss their shared interest in the sexual abuse of children, normalize their behavior, and encourage each other. Prior to the internet and anonymization technology such as Tor, offenders generally provided support to each other only if they met in person and disclosed their mutual sexual interest in children. On Tor, the novice becomes the expert quickly, learning how to access more material, what techniques to use to entice victims and gain their trust, and how to conceal activity from family members and law enforcement. Offenders not only encourage each other but have been known to compete with one another.10 They see the sexual abuse of a child as a sport, trying to one-up others and show who is willing to take more risks or engage in more deviant conduct to victimize a child. Ego and power play large roles as offenders attempt to get more \u201clikes\u201d on their posts of or more followers on their sites. On some sites, administrators may deny access to certain content unless an offender produces and posts new CSAM. Whether for access, bragging, or sharing, these communities encourage more production of CSAM, which means more abuse and more victims. This poses a grave danger to children. Case Example United States v. Arlan Harrell, et al. (C.D. Cal.). Arlan Harrell, John Brinson, and Moises Martinez were active members of several Tor-network-based child exploitation websites, including one website dedicated to the sexual exploitation of children under age five. As a result of their online group activity and connection, they repeatedly met together in California to sexually abuse children and produce CSAM. Martinez pleaded guilty to engaging in a child exploitation enterprise and production of child pornography and was sentenced to 55 years\u2019 imprisonment. Harrell and Brinson pleaded guilty to engaging in a child exploitation enterprise and several counts of production of children pornography and were each sentenced to lifetime imprisonment.11 The communities on Tor are especially powerful because anonymization emboldens offenders to be more extreme in their efforts to abuse children. Law enforcement investigations revealed that in early 2019, the top three hidden child exploitation services on Tor totaled 1.5 million members.12 Recently, one of these top three hidden services exclusively hosted imagery called \u201churt core\u201d \u2013 the sadistic physical abuse of children. Another was dedicated to the sexual abuse of children aged five and under. This preference for the youngest children has an added \u201cbenefit\u201d for child sex offenders. Pre-verbal children\u2014infants and toddlers\u2014cannot disclose when they are sexually assaulted, thus further protecting the offenders from exposure and identification. New data suggests that those previously considered passive \u201cbrowsers\u201d or \u201clurkers\u201d are more active than once believed, and still present a significant risk. Law enforcement analysis of over 100,000 users on a Tor site showed that new users typically attempted to download a file 10 More information about this issue is available in the Offender Psychology chapter. 11 See number-young; enterprise-and-creating 12 Based on investigative and prosecutorial information provided by the authors. Page 7 containing within hours of registering on the site.13 While these users are not as active in sharing material and discussing abuse, they are browsing the content, learning from the material, and attempting to obtain for themselves in only a short amount of time on the site. Besides producing, sharing, discussing, and encouraging CSAM, Tor communities also engage in other dangerous behavior more recent trend is offenders using their communities to discuss, track, and follow victims of as they grow up. Offenders try to find photographs of the victims online or on social media and work together to hunt these children long after the hands- on abuse has ended. They have successfully identified and reached out to victims, including one instance of an offender locating a victim from a well-known series and sending a box of sexual objects to her front door.14 have a constant fear of being recognized and worry about my safety and privacy. People who have viewed these images of me being sexually abused online have stalked me. This stalking has happened both in-person and online through social media. They have started forums and created videos about my life as an adult and have shared my personal information.\u201d Survivor Story 1, available at Minors and Technology Technology has also made it easier for offenders to access unsupervised children. Every year, more and younger children are given unfettered and unmonitored access to devices that connect them to the internet. This can expose them to offenders, through their computers, gaming systems, and mobile devices. Geography and lack of physical access are no longer hurdles to offenders engaging with youth; offenders who did not previously have any children in their lives can easily and instantaneously connect online with potential victims anywhere in the world. There is a growing trend of juveniles on Tor, including juveniles who are self-producing and posting it for others.15 Juveniles may learn of Tor because offenders are engaging them on other social media platforms and then assisting their migration to Tor to engage in more exploitative conduct. An interest in pornography while going through puberty is not a new phenomenon, but rather than finding adults in a magazine, some juveniles find toddlers or prepubescent children in online. For some juvenile offenders, this can lead to further pedophilic interests and behavior.16 13 Based on investigative and prosecutorial information provided by the authors. 14 Id. See also See also Keller, M. H., & Dance, G. J. X. (2020, January 1). Child Abusers Run Rampant as Tech Companies Look the Other Way. The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from and Keller, M. H., & Dance, G. J. X. (2020b, June 11). The Internet Is Overrun With Images of Child Sexual Abuse. What Went Wrong? The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from abuse.html 15 Based on investigative and prosecutorial information provided by the authors. 16 More information on the role of pornography in the development of deviant sexual interests can be found in the chapter on Offender Psychology. See also the American College of Pediatricians\u2019 statement on the impact of pornography on children. Page 8 Minors are often particularly tech savvy. Most children are more comfortable with technology than their parents or guardians. This leaves children vulnerable to offenders seeking them out online because their parents or guardians often do not understand what their children are doing online and are not familiar with available online protection or monitoring to keep them safe. Section 230 Protections While the CyberTipline data noted above shows a rapidly rising tide of online, data also suggests that there is a wildly divergent response by online providers to online child safety. According to NCMEC, in 2019 and 2020, over 1,400 companies were registered to use the CyberTipline. But in 2019, they only received CyberTips from 148 companies, approximately 10% of registered companies. The 2020 results are not much better, with 168 companies submitting CyberTips, approximately 12% of registered companies. Looking more closely at the data reveals the massive disparity in the effort by companies across the industry. In both years, a single company\u2014Facebook\u2014accounted for approximately 95% of all CyberTips. In contrast, in 2019 and 2020, most of the companies that submitted reports to the CyberTipline (66%) each sent less than 100 reports for the year.17 While the quantity of reporting from individual companies is one informative barometer in evaluating reporting trends, the quality of reports (e.g., the scope of information provided, the timeliness of the report, and the actionability of the reported information) is equally, if not more, relevant to evaluating reporting trends to the CyberTipline. Similarly, a recent report released by C3P revealed the delayed response by some online providers to remove from their platforms.18 Between 2018 and 2020, 50% of the was no longer available the following day after a removal request was issued. While the median removal time was 24 hours, 10% of the was still online seven weeks or longer after the take-down notification was issued. This lag time is troubling, given the speed with which is traded and shared. Child safety is also undermined when app stores advertise applications in a way that misrepresents their danger. For example, Apple\u2019s app store rates the apps for TikTok, Snapchat, Facebook, and Instagram as 12+ (suitable for children aged 12 and up), which means material on those platforms has:19 \u2022 Infrequent/Mild Mature/Suggestive Themes; \u2022 Infrequent/Mild Cartoon or Fantasy Violence; \u2022 Infrequent/Mild Alcohol, Tobacco, or Drug Use or References; \u2022 Infrequent/Mild Profanity or Crude Humor; \u2022 Infrequent/Mild Sexual Content or Nudity. 17 See and 18 Reviewing Child Sexual Abuse Material Reporting Functions on Popular Platforms, Canadian Centre for Child Protection 19 Page 9 This rating is hard to reconcile with the fact that in 2020, TikTok submitted 22,692 CyberTips. Snapchat submitted 144,095, and Facebook, which owns Instagram, submitted 20,307,216.20 These platforms can also be used to solicit from children. For example, offender Jacob Blanco used musical.ly (now TikTok), Snapchat, and Kik to contact young girls and have them send him sexually explicit content. Blanco was first arrested in 2017 when the parents of a six- year-old victim discovered images sent to him on musical.ly. Blanco pretended to be a modeling agent or an underage person to get the photos from his victims. As part of his plea agreement to five counts of producing CSAM, Blanco admitted he had communicated with more than 50 children.21 There are limited legal options to hold those online providers accountable who play a role in facilitating online child exploitation offenses, either for direct actions, such as hosting CSAM, or indirect actions, such as distributing applications with functions that enable predators to exploit children. This is due in large part to case law interpreting the Communications Decency Act, codified at 47 U.S.C. \u00a7 230. As currently written and interpreted by courts, Section 230 gives online providers immunity from civil action and state and local criminal action for material on their platform created by a third-party. The sole exception to this blanket immunity, discussed in more detail below, is for conduct related to sex trafficking and the intentional facilitation of prostitution. In this regard, victims depicted in do not have the same remedies as victims of sex trafficking. The Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 201722 made it a federal criminal offense to own, manage, or operate an interactive computer service with intent to facilitate prostitution, in violation of 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 2421A. It also amended the Communications Decency Act under 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1595 to permit federal civil suits and state criminal action against online providers for their involvement in sex trafficking or prostitution offenses, comparable to that proscribed by Section 2421A. Another deficiency in the current legal framework is the Children\u2019s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). While has served to shield young children from some of the most egregious data collection and targeted marketing tactics, the law\u2019s basic framework has major limitations. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, \u201cFor example, instead of prohibiting companies from engaging in certain practices, it requires verifiable parental permission before a marketer can collect personal information from a child, thus putting the burden on parents to evaluate confusing, legalistic privacy policies. Moreover, nothing prevents children from simply lying about their age, and research has documented that this is common, particularly on highly popular social networking platforms. Finally applies only to children younger than 13 years old, leaving teenagers without privacy protections in an essentially unregulated, commercial, digital media environment.\u201d23 20 The data provided by provides a single number for Facebook and all entities owned by Facebook and does not disaggregate by individual components like Instagram or WhatsApp. 21 See multiple-social-media. 22 Pub. L. No 115-164, 132 Stat. 1253 (2018) (FOSTA) 23 Montgomery, Kathryn C. et al. \u201cChildren\u2019s Privacy in the Big Data Era: Research Opportunities\u201d Pediatrics (2017) 140 (Supplement_2): S117\u2013S121; Page 10 Yet the legal remedies are limited for victims depicted in who often endure the endless online circulation of imagery depicting their sexual abuse. In a lawsuit recently filed against Twitter, for example, the plaintiffs claim that they were solicited and recruited for sex trafficking as minors. After the trafficking ended depicting them was disseminated on Twitter.24 The law currently provides these victims a clear remedy to the extent they were trafficked, but it bars relief to address the harm caused by the dissemination of their images or videos.25 Justice requires that victims have ways to redress their victimization, particularly if knowingly facilitated by internet providers. The increase in production in the past 10 years, along with an increase in platforms that provide ready access to children, has dramatically increased the number of victims globally. Many of these victims have reached adulthood, are themselves computer-savvy, and face the reality that explicit images and videos of them as children continue to proliferate on the internet. This problem is particularly severe for pubescent victims (13-17), whose images may not be as easy to identify as depicting a minor under the age of 18 (as compared to images depicting younger children). For these victims, the ability to report the existence of these images and videos to internet providers and seek their rapid removal is essential. Far too often victims struggle to get such content removed and are sometimes asked to prove they were, in fact, minors, assuming the victims can even establish contact with a provider\u2019s content moderation team. Starting in 2016, C3P and increased engagement with survivors to elevate their voices, advocate for change, and increase the use of technological interventions that can reduce their re-victimization.26 Advocacy from survivor groups such as The Phoenix 1127 plays an important role in challenging the inadequate responses to the prevalence of on the internet. These survivors have been instrumental in identifying serious deficiencies in online platforms\u2019 reporting tools. Survivors described their experiences reporting online as disheartening, reporting exceedingly long delays in responding to their complaints, moderators challenging victims on the veracity of their report, or, frequently receiving no response at all.28 Research conducted by C3P found that while all the platforms they reviewed, including major platforms like Google, YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, and others, provide users with the ability to report illegal or inappropriate content, in nearly all cases it was impossible to explicitly flag content as CSAM. In contrast, issues related to copyright infringement almost universally have formal reporting tools and clear instructions for initiating a complaint.29 In addition to the burden on survivors due to inadequate reporting mechanisms, the absence of CSAM-specific reporting limits the ability of providers to curb the spread of on their platforms and gauge the effectiveness of their platform\u2019s protection measures. 24 See 25 While not a substitute for a remedy for continued circulation of their images facilitated by internet providers, victims of can receive restitution directly from offenders through the criminal restitution process or possibly receive financial support through other victim support funds. 26 See C3P\u2019s International Survivor\u2019s Survey 27 28 Reviewing Child Sexual Abuse Material Reporting Functions on Popular Platforms, Canadian Centre for Child Protection, 29 Id. Page 11 Significant Developments The biggest change in offenses over the last five years has been the increasing number of production cases, when offenders photograph, record, or livestream their sexual abuse and exploitation of children. The quality and ubiquity of cameras on mobile phones make it easier than ever for offenders to create whenever and wherever there is access to a child. The Department of Justice\u2019s prosecution efforts reflect this trend. Increasing every year for 11 straight years, the number of federal production cases has almost tripled, from 218 cases initiated against 239 defendants in 2008, to 750 cases initiated against 795 defendants in 2021.30 In March of 2020, the Five Country Ministerial (FCM), comprised of the U.S. (through the Attorney General and the Secretary), Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the U.K., announced the Voluntary Principles to Counter Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse.31 Developed in consultation with representatives from six leading technology companies (Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Snap, Twitter, and Roblox), and a broad range of experts from industry, civil society, and academia, the 11 Voluntary Principles outline measures that companies in the technology industry can choose to implement to protect the children who use their platforms from sexual abuse online and to make their platforms more difficult for child sex offenders to exploit. The idea behind the Voluntary Principles was to sketch out the elements that would contribute to the creation of an online culture of safety. Strategic Response Short-Term Goals Long-Term Goals Design Targeted Educational Resources for Parents and Guardians: Federal agencies should provide educational resources, tailored to specific age groups, about online safety, how to spot signs of exploitation, and how to respond should it occur. Train law enforcement to train the community: Federal agencies should fund and support efforts to train law enforcement on CSAM, and subsequently use them to educate the community, including schools, parents, guardians, and caregivers. Strengthening community ties around this sensitive issue can increase reporting. Inform Congress on CSAM-related Industry Regulation: Given the rapid technological advancements in this area, federal agencies should keep policymakers informed on the dynamics of offenses & proliferation. Continue Engagement with Industry: Continue fostering collaboration between online platforms and law enforcement to enhance best practices related to combating CSAM, such as the Voluntary Principles. Amend Section 230: Federal agencies should discuss potential amendments to Section 230 to permit legal action to address child abuse on online platforms. Continue enhancing CSAM-relevant legislation: Legislation governing tech industry regulation and enforcement of child exploitation laws should be continually reviewed and updated considering the ever-evolving predatory landscape. 30 See Federal Prosecution Accomplishments Summary Appendix. 31 Page 12 Foster greater engagement with the technology industry: Work with online platforms to increase monitoring of online, access encrypted material pursuant to legal process, standardize reporting, and better balance privacy and branding concerns with the need to stop online child sexual abuse and prosecute offenders. Enhance detection technology: Increase funding to enhance technologies to aide law enforcement to uncover online. Assess research gaps regarding impact of technological advancements on production: Determine specific issues that would shed light on connection between children\u2019s unmonitored access to the internet, lack of privacy protections, role of social media, and CSAM. This research could inform internet safety measures and survivor care. Strategic Law Enforcement Approach Law enforcement must continue responding to the rise in online with a multi-pronged approach aimed at earlier identification of victims and perpetrators and enhanced triage capabilities. Additional resources would assist law enforcement to continue employing new technology, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, to focus on earlier identification of victims and enhanced triage capabilities. Such technology could include artificial intelligence, machine learning classifiers, computer vision, natural language processing, and hash algorithms specifically developed for content online. Education Efforts for Parents/Guardians and Children to Prevent Online Child Sexual Exploitation Both children and their parents and guardians need to be empowered to prevent online child sexual exploitation national standard and federal leadership for prevention education are essential to improve the quality of messaging.32 Fear-based messaging about what can occur if minors engage in risky behavior does not create an outlet for victims to come forward when something has already happened. The messaging needs to explain what to do if something does happen online, how to prevent it from escalating, and what to do if you suspect someone else is being abused or exploited. Part of the educational protocol needs to address mental health issues with minors and address non-digital ways to combat crushing depression and anxiety that has plagued teens over the last several years. Social isolation, targeted advertising, and the lack of adequate resources to support mental health recovery in minors has driven minors to seek validation, connection, and attention through social media applications. The educational model should not only empower teens to do something if victimized but also empower teens not to be drawn into the social media vortex in the first place. 32 More information about child exploitation prevention efforts can be found in the Prevention chapter. Page 13 Education efforts should begin at an early age when children start to have access to technology. Research indicates that roughly 27% of adolescents have received sexually explicit images, videos, or messages via text, usually with other adolescent peers.33 High school is too late to begin having these conversations, since children are engaging in dangerous behaviors online much earlier. During listening sessions conducted for this report, one forensic interviewer recounted an interview conducted with a seven-year-old victim who was targeted by a perpetrator in an online game creating paper dolls that had a chat function. The perpetrator told her to go to the messaging app Kik to make new friends and sent her a link to download. Once there, 19 people reached out and asked her for photographs. Outreach efforts need to engage children, parents, and guardians at the same time to foster discussion between them. Additionally, the programs need to be age appropriate. It is important to acknowledge and include male victims and not always portray males as the offenders. Including members of the law enforcement community in educational programs and other efforts could help to address, and hopefully reduce, potential fear children may have of law enforcement. Many children have never spoken to a law enforcement agent or been to court, so they do not know or understand the process and are susceptible to an offender\u2019s misrepresentation that they will get in trouble. Age-appropriate education efforts should include an explanation of the continuum of crimes, from sexting to sextortion to sexual exploitation, to help them appreciate the risks and recognize and report concerns before they escalate. Additionally, schools need better guidelines on how to keep children safe online both while on- campus and away from school.34 Most schools are leveraging technology to support teaching and learning, particularly since the pandemic.35 However, many digital devices do not track what children are doing online. Access to technology is integral to the grooming process. Schools should assist in monitoring access while limiting contacts to those necessary between students and educational professionals. Schools must also implement clear and concise policies regarding appropriate communications between teachers, coaches, and other education personnel and students, restricting them to school devices and sites. Educational outreach efforts must include parents and guardians, who may not fully understand the risks children face online more informed populace may lead to greater demand for transparency and accountability within the technology industry to protect children. The paradigm of safety online needs to be changed for the sake of children, and consumers must demand that 33 Madigan S, Ly A, Rash CL, Van Ouytsel J, Temple JR. Prevalence of Multiple Forms of Sexting Behavior Among Youth Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Pediatrics. 2018;172(4):327\u2013335. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5314 34 Resources from the Department of Education are available at environments/keeping-students-safe-online/, specifically see Cyber Safety Quick Links for Protecting Youth: Empowering Students to Become Responsibly Digital Citizens and Engage Online Safely. The Office of Educational Technology also has a document entitled Building Technology Infrastructure for Learning, which covers building technology infrastructure to support digital learning, including a section on safety, available at 35 Year of Tremendous Growth.\u2019 How the Pandemic Forced Teachers to Master Technology, Alyson Klein, Education Week, April 20, 2021 pandemic-forced-teachers-to-master-technology/2021/04 Page 14 industry prioritize safety as well as privacy. Privacy and child protection should not and need not be at odds with one another, and the issue should be framed to prevent such conflict. Thorn, an anti-human trafficking organization that uses technology to combat the sexual exploitation of children, has recently launched Thorn for Parents.36 The goal for this resource is to better equip parents and guardians to address the issue of self-generated through the lens of prevention, providing the resources parents and guardians need to have earlier, more frequent, and judgment-free conversations with their kids about digital safety. The program was developed by speaking to and surveying thousands of youths, caregivers, and educators to understand how kids feel about these issues and what motivates their online behaviors. Thorn\u2019s work uncovered three key findings, which should inform current and future prevention efforts: \u2022 Children are being exposed to these pressures younger than we think. \u2022 Online interactions have different boundaries than in-person. \u2022 Shame is the biggest obstacle to kids seeking help. Industry Engagement Many national governments are watching for signs that safety measures are being adopted more widely across the industry, and how companies are implementing the suggestions in the Voluntary Principles. Transparency from industry is a critical component of this effort, as it will lead to accountability. With clear information about what companies are doing, or not doing, to protect children, the public can make informed decisions about what safety measures it will demand from online service providers. Companies should not be allowed to hide behind a false narrative that they are acting in the best interests of millions of child users. The reality, as discussed in this report, is far different. The Tech Coalition37, a global alliance of technology companies working together to further technologies and best practices that help keep children safe online, made a commitment to transparency as part of its Project Protect, which was announced in June of 2020 as a \u201crenewed investment and ongoing commitment to our work seeking to prevent and eradicate online\u201d child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA).38 One notable element of this effort is a commitment to publishing an annual progress report as part of Project Protect\u2019s emphasis on transparency and accountability: \u201cWe will drive greater accountability and consistency across industry by sharing collective insights through meaningful reporting of online child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA) and abuse material across member platforms and services. We will provide meaningful and actionable information that goes beyond reporting numbers to give insights into the ways in which is identified, the range of content types, advances in detection and reporting, and the evolving threat landscape. 36 37 38 Page 15 We will develop a process for industry to benchmark progress and actions taken, including the development of a maturity model for newer companies, inspired by the recent release of the Voluntary Principles to Counter Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, international safety and privacy-by-design efforts, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Working closely with the WePROTECT Global Alliance to End Child Sexual Exploitation Online, we will promote good practice about how our members are making progress in the fight against and share learnings.\u201d Recent progress is encouraging that transparency will become an important part of company policies on CSAM, and that child safety will become paramount. Federal agencies should encourage progress towards these goals. The technology industry is not the only one that can play an important role in curbing the spread of CSAM. Because of the spread of encryption on technology platforms, leveraging financial data opens a new approach to identifying and apprehending offenders. Project Shadow, a public-private partnership between Scotiabank, the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC), and C3P, with support from other financial institutions and law enforcement agencies in Canada, aims to identify red flags in financial data that might indicate money laundering activity related to online child exploitation and increase reporting of suspected illegal activity related to these crimes.39 The U.S. is in the early stages of replicating such a partnership, but more work is needed to fully leverage the power of financial data in combating child exploitation. Legislation Congress has a historic opportunity to enact meaningful legislation that will create an online culture of safety for children. The Department has legislative proposals that will help investigate and prosecute offenders and protect victims, including a suggestion that the term \u201cchild pornography\u201d be replaced throughout the United States Code with \u201cchild sexual abuse material.\u201d Congress could create a notice-and-takedown regime for CSAM, enforceable through civil or administrative fines, that would give victims and law enforcement more authority to require that be promptly removed once discovered on a provider\u2019s network. Congress could also ensure more effective reporting mechanisms to combat the unique challenges of youth-produced content and could ensure that immunity protections do not apply where online platforms knowingly facilitate the distribution of CSAM. Congress could also implement a meaningful interdiction regime by updating and overhauling laws designed to ensure that children do not appear in pornographic material. Such legislation could require, in part, that websites that host third-party content have a duty to ensure that children do not appear in the images and videos. Congress can drive change in other ways, such as through grants funding school-based online safety classes. Legislation and political leadership should also support and advance a public health approach to and publicize the increased risks to children on certain online platforms. 39 Project Shadow Investigations Into Online Child Sexual Exploitation Today, December 22, 2021 see also"}
7,469	Dennis D. Miller	Northern Kentucky University	[ "7469_101.pdf", "7469_102.pdf" ]	{"7469_101.pdf": "professor accused of sexual harassment twice yet kept teaching James Pilcher [email protected] Published 10:42 a.m May 26, 2016 Updated 12:03 p.m May 26, 2016 - One night after class in 2007, Northern Kentucky University philosophy professor Dennis D. Miller was counseling one of his students who was having trouble in his class. Then Miller put his hand on her knee, kissed her on the cheek and swept her hair back into place while walking to her car, both Miller and the student agreed at the time. She complained to school officials of sexual harassment. In a subsequent meeting with administrators in an office the school, Miller was warned against working with students after class even as he claimed it was innocent affection. In addition, Miller had what he termed a consensual affair with a student sometime in the last decade, he told The Enquirer in an interview officials did not know of the relationship until told about it by The Enquirer this month. Miller describes it as \"an indiscretion on both our parts.\" Then last summer, another of Miller's students made a new sexual harassment complaint. What started as apparent innocuous meetings after class that included other students at a nearby Mexican restaurant turned into texts and instant messaging chats that made the student so uncomfortable that she filed a 19-page complaint against the veteran professor. Yet the result was the same: another meeting with administrators, a strongly-worded note placed in his file warning him against contact with students after class. Those emails and memos came only a few months after Miller landed another contract to teach during the 2015-16 academic year, records show. Miller doesn't dispute the facts from either situation, but said his intentions were misinterpreted both times. Yet he acknowledged he was never seriously punished - and the 2/27/25, 8:02 professor accused of sexual harassment twice yet kept teaching 1/6 school declined to answer questions about why he was allowed to keep teaching after the two complaints. School officials confirmed this week that Miller will not be brought back to teach for the upcoming academic year was not terribly surprised (to get the news his contract would not be renewed,\u201d Miller said Thursday. When asked if his non-renewal might be connected to the complaints against him, Miller said will never really know for sure. But there are a lot of other things going on at that school, so who knows is in the midst of $8 million in spending cuts, which means up to 100 positions are being eliminated. Miller's contract expired this month after he taught at the school for 27 years. School officials said this week it will not be renewed for the coming year, only after The Enquirer began requesting documents and interviews on the subject spokeswoman Amanda Nageleisen declined to say whether the complaints or the admission of an affair factored in the decision, citing the confidentiality of personnel decisions. \"The University has policies and procedures in place regarding appropriate conduct between students and faculty members, including a consensual relationship policy spokeswoman Amanda Nageleisen said in a statement. \"When a student reports a concern involving a faculty member, we have a process in place by which the matter is addressed promptly and appropriately. We do not condone faculty members abusing their positions of responsibility. \"Dennis Miller\u2019s contract has not been renewed for the coming 2016-2017 academic year and he is no longer employed by the University.\" Nageleisen declined to answer other questions about Miller or his discipline, citing privacy concerns. The school's human resources and faculty conduct policy allow for an official complaint system for sexual harassment, but leaves the employment or termination of the individual up to the discretion of school officials, with no set guidelines for repeat offenders. Possible punishments include suspension, termination, and even criminal charges. 2/27/25, 8:02 professor accused of sexual harassment twice yet kept teaching 2/6 That complaint system includes both an informal and formal process. Miller only faced informal hearings in both cases; both times he was warned to stay away from students after class and faced no other punishment. In short, those complaints resulted only in meetings with department chairs and administrators and memos placed in his file. Nageleisen declined to say why Miller was allowed to return this past year after two separate complaints within nine years. She also declined to say why school officials chose not to pursue a more formal process after initial meetings as outlined in the school's own procedures. Documents from the 2007 complaint show that the woman involved was satisfied with the outcome of no further contact and a written reprimand put in Miller's file. Documents obtained by The Enquirer do not indicate why school officials decided not to escalate the second complaint further. Nageleisen also said the school did not know about the consensual affair that Miller said took place several years ago. NKU's faculty handbook, crafted in 1994, states that such consensual relationships between faculty and students they are teaching \"should be avoided\" but it stops short of banning them entirely rash of public instances such as this let many universities nationally to change their policies about relationships between faculty and students over the last decade. That includes Harvard, which forbade any romantic or sexual contact between students and instructors/professors in February 2015, as well as Northwestern University. Other local schools such as the University of Cincinnati, Miami University, and Xavier University have policies similar to NKU's when it comes to sexual harassment, with either Title officers or equal opportunity officers put in charge of investigations. Punishments there ranged from censure and suspension to outright termination and possible criminal prosecution. Miami and also strongly discourage consensual relationships between faculty and students, but do not outright ban them. One expert says that he advises professors and universities to avoid such contact at all costs, even if it means banning such affairs entirely. \"If you\u2019re a professor and engage in a relationship with a student, you're walking down the subway tracks right by the third rail and are only asking for trouble,\" said Daniel L. Prywes, a 2/27/25, 8:02 professor accused of sexual harassment twice yet kept teaching 3/6 Washington-based attorney who advises universities in legal cases involving faculty members. Another professor who has studied and written on the subject says that such situations can be fuzzy. \"There is a tendency to conflate situations where there is no allegation of harassment and everything was consensual with situations where there were unwelcome sexual advances,\" said Laura Kipnis, a Northwestern University film professor who wrote on the subject last February in The Chronicle of Higher Education after her school banned faculty/student relationships. \"And there can be a real rush to judgment in these situations - a lot of schools have been dismissing professors out of hand in he-said, she-said cases, so it's interesting that the professor was allowed to stay (at NKU),\" Kipnis said. This is the second incident regarding sexual misconduct at the school to become public in the last few months. In January, another female student filed a federal lawsuit against accusing the school of improperly handling an alleged sexual assault against her by another student. Instant message about 'margarita Mondays' Miller, 63, is a part-time philosophy professor. Last academic year, he earned about $40,000 and taught about nine classes over the course of a full year resident of Alexandria, Miller received a \u201csatisfactory\u201d rating on his most recent performance review. The most recent complaint involved a senior student who has since graduated. In her complaint obtained by The Enquirer, she documents a string of text messages and invitations to dinner as well as veiled attempts to start \u201ca relationship\u201d that started as she took one of Miller's classes in the summer of 2015. Efforts to reach the woman, whose name was redacted from the complaint obtained by The Enquirer, were not successful. Miller acknowledged that he counsels students and routinely stays after class on Mondays, citing a case when he was called to counsel a near-suicidal student by that student\u2019s parents recently. 2/27/25, 8:02 professor accused of sexual harassment twice yet kept teaching 4/6 He said that he was helping the woman who filed the complaint \u201cwith personal issues,\u201d adding that the woman previously took two of his classes before enrolling again for a third class last summer. Miller said that the woman in the latest complaint had come to him seeking to talk about personal issues, which he said would remain confidential. Miller said he never made any advances toward her. Citing legal and privacy concerns, the school would not supply its own copy of the complaint nor would it verify the authenticity of the complaint obtained by The Enquirer. That 19-page complaint includes screen grabs from text and instant messaging conversations. The woman wrote she had talked to Miller after class one night about personal issues, and even had dinner with him and other students after class at a local Mexican restaurant. But then she states Miller started texting and instant messaging her frequently. She also states that Miller tried to hold her hand and told her that he was \u201clooking for someone to have a relationship with,\u201d and that he kissed her on the cheek several times. In those messages, he stated he missed \"our margarita Mondays.\" She also included copies of text messages where she tells Miller that she feels uncomfortable, but he continued to contact her. \u201cThank you \u2026 for everything you brought into my life since met you,\u201d one message states. \u201cIt\u2019s far more than you know and for this am extremely grateful do miss what we lost.\u201d She later writes that Miller\u2019s \u201cmanner toward me became increasingly less polite and more hostile in class.\u201d Miller told The Enquirer that \u201cin a different context can see how this would look very, very different than it really was. But it was completely innocent.\u201d The complaint eventually resulted in two meetings. One included Miller, the dean of arts and sciences and the philosophy department head. Miller also met separately with the associate dean of students and a director from NKU\u2019s human resources department who also serves as NKU's equal opportunity officer, according to emails separately obtained through an open records request. 2/27/25, 8:02 professor accused of sexual harassment twice yet kept teaching 5/6 \u201cThey told me to back off the counseling and being open to people, which really goes against my nature,\u201d Miller told The Enquirer was really surprised by that (second complaint) because felt that everything was innocuous and was trying to help a troubled student.\" \u201cThis whole experience has closed me off from a lot of the world.\u201d An affair and \"an uncomfortable hug\" It was the second such complaint against Miller in the last 10 years, according to Miller\u2019s personnel file. Miller also acknowledged to The Enquirer having an affair with an unnamed student \u201cseveral years ago\u201d but said it was consensual and \u201can indiscretion on both of our parts.\u201d \u201cWe remain in touch and are still friends,\u201d said Miller, who is single and who declined to discuss it further. In the previous complaint filed in 2007, another student stated that Miller touched her twice on the knee, gave her an \"uncomfortable hug\" and brushed her hair back after the wind had taken it. Those occurrences also happened after class when Miller was helping the student with coursework. The complaint was only told in person to the associate for the dean of students Steve Meier and not filed in writing. The woman's name was redacted from the memos provided to The Enquirer by NKU. According to those documents, Miller did not dispute what had happened, but that he was just \"being nice\" as he was with all other students. Meier took no official action other than to warn Miller and forbid him from future contact with the student in question strongly advised Dennis to keep his distance from all of his students and not to have any personal contact with any student in the future further informed him that this issue could have been a lot worse than the outcome requested by (the student),\" Meier said in the memo. Miller told The Enquirer that working with students and counseling them \"is the best part of the job,\" the main reason he kept working with students outside of class. \"This just makes me sad as to how things can get so misconstrued,\" Miller said. 2/27/25, 8:02 professor accused of sexual harassment twice yet kept teaching 6/6", "7469_102.pdf": "Former prof also had sex complaints as bus driver James Pilcher [email protected] Published 1:26 p.m June 23, 2016 Updated 2:02 p.m June 23, 2016 Campbell County students filed three complaints of inappropriate comments \u2013 some of a sexual nature - against bus driver and former Northern Kentucky University professor Dennis D. Miller between 2001-2015. The most recent involved the discussion of pornography and obscenities late last year and led to a two-day suspension, The Enquirer has learned. This comes after The Enquirer reported last month that Miller was accused of sexually harassing students at least twice while serving as a part-time philosophy professor there. But he was allowed to keep teaching with no punishment. Miller also acknowledged to The Enquirer that he had an affair with a student at some point, which is not forbidden but strongly discouraged by the school. Campbell County Schools interim superintendent Donald Pace acknowledged this week that he fired Dennis Miller earlier this month after learning of the accusations. \"He was automatically dismissed and is no longer an employee here,\" Pace said. \"When we discovered what was happening at that gave an indication of a continual pattern and we can\u2019t have that around our boys and girls professor accused of sexual harassment twice yet kept teaching Miller, who made about $18,000 annually as a bus driver, worked for the school district for 22 years. He had served as an assistant part-time professor at for 27 years until his contract was not renewed earlier this year. At his departure, the 63-year-old Miller earned about $40,000 a year. 2/27/25, 8:02 Former prof also had sex complaints as bus driver 1/3 officials declined comment on the Campbell County complaints. Miller\u2019s personnel file at shows no indication school officials there knew of the complaints at Campbell County. In an interview with The Enquirer, Miller said he was about to retire anyway when informed of his dismissal. He also said the school district \"was just protecting itself from public perception really have done nothing wrong here,\" Miller said. \"It's not surprising to me what they have done, but they are quick to throw bus drivers under the bus anytime there is a complaint instead of really getting our side.\" Complaints included porn discussions, date request? The first of three Campbell County complaints against Miller about \u201cinappropriate\u201d comments or sexual discussions with his bus passengers came in 2001. According to records obtained by The Enquirer through an open records request, Miller made suggestive comments to an unidentified student. That included even \u201casking her out on a date\u201d the records show. The punishment: reassignment from that route plus more training and a warning in his file. Miller says he never made such comments and that the school \u201cjumped to take the student\u2019s side because the mom was irate.\u201d Another student filed a complaint in 2013 about unspecified inappropriate comments according to the records. But officials never substantiated it and again warned Miller and required more training. Then in May 2015, yet another set of students claimed that Miller discussed pornography, saying Miller told them that he \u201cdidn\u2019t watch and only watched porn.\u201d There was also discussion of the meaning of an obscenity, the records show. In his response, Miller didn\u2019t deny some of the conversations, but told The Enquirer that \u201cit was taken out of context.\u201d He denied the pornography comment, however. \u201cThe original complaint came from a new girl who barely knew, and routinely talk with my students about their lives,\u201d Miller said. He was suspended two days. Once the story about Miller\u2019s issues at published, Campbell County officials suspended him with pay for the remaining two days of the 2/27/25, 8:02 Former prof also had sex complaints as bus driver 2/3 schedule. Miller also was previously suspended for being late or not showing up to work a few times. No communication required between schools Superintendent Pace, who was not with the system at the time, said that Miller was only suspended after the 2015 incident and not dismissed because the last proven complaint came in 2001. But he also said that \u201cit was possibly an error to have continued keeping him driving\u201d for the 2015-2016 school year based on the previous Campbell County complaints. Pace added that there was no way to know of his other complaints at given current state law only requires ongoing criminal background checks of school employees. Kentucky state laws allow former employers to reveal information about the job performance, professional conduct, or evaluation of former workers. It also protects those employers from a lawsuit unless the information is false or deliberately misleading or if the release of the information is discriminatory. But that would not have applied in this case for Miller was already employed at both agencies when the respective complaints occurred. \u201cPerhaps we should look at a system like that, but that gets into sticky territory,\u201d said Pace, who is leaving the district on June 30. 2/27/25, 8:02 Former prof also had sex complaints as bus driver 3/3"}
8,724	Chetan Kumar	California State University - San Marcos	[ "8724_101.pdf", "8724_102.pdf", "8724_103.pdf" ]	{"8724_101.pdf": "San Marcos Tried to Fire a Professor for Misconduct \u2013 Then His Union Intervened by Kayla Jimenez May 25, 2021 San Marcos / Photo by Adriana Heldiz In one of his many interactions with students that California State University San Marcos officials reviewed, Dr. Chetan Kumar told a woman in his class could get fired for this but you are so beautiful.\u201d 2/27/25, 8:02 San Marcos Tried to Fire a Professor for Misconduct \u2013 Then His Union Intervened \| Voice of San Diego 1/7 He was right. In an investigative report obtained by Voice of San Diego through a Public Records Act request, officials at the school found Kumar sexually harassed his former teacher\u2019s aide and acted unprofessionally with three other students during the 2019 fall semester. He complimented their looks. He texted and emailed them to ask them out to coffee, dinner or beach walks. He hugged three of them. He offered to console three of them when they were feeling down. He pressured two of them into closed-door meetings in his office. He asked two of them about their sex lives. All of the women told investigators they felt he was seeking out a romantic or sexual relationship. Officials determined that the incidents violated school policies and state education code. In November, the university told Kumar he would be fired on those grounds. But the employee union that represents faculty members in the system quickly appealed, and university officials ultimately agreed to settle the case if Kumar agreed to drop the appeal and stop talking to the women who complained. Kumar will teach two classes at San Marcos in the fall Could Get Fired for This \u2026 \u2019 In one case, investigators not only concluded that Kumar\u2019s conduct was \u201cunwelcome, sexual in nature, and sufficiently severe, persistent or pervasive,\u201d but also that it could have limited the student\u2019s ability \u201cto participate in or benefit from the services, activities, or opportunities offered by the university.\u201d The woman, who was in Kumar\u2019s class in fall 2019 and previously his teacher\u2019s aide, told investigators that after she told Kumar her engagement recently ended, Kumar said that they \u201cshould get together to cry on each other\u2019s shoulders.\u201d The following day, Kumar emailed her inviting her to coffee, and they planned to meet. She canceled those plans, but Kumar repeatedly insisted that they reschedule, and he texted her numerous invitations to meet up. She said the texts seemed to be romantic in nature, and even though she didn\u2019t want to meet with him, she ultimately agreed. At the meeting, he complimented her on her personality and appearance, asked her if she had a boyfriend, told her about his own relationship problems, asked her if she wanted to surf with him and meet his kids, put his hand on hers, hugged her and asked to see her again. She said he told her that she could use notecards on a class presentation even though he didn\u2019t normally allow it. Kumar also asked her if she had \u201crandom fucks\u201d after the end of her engagement, told her that she was \u201cbeautiful\u201d and \u201chis type,\u201d she told investigators. 2/27/25, 8:02 San Marcos Tried to Fire a Professor for Misconduct \u2013 Then His Union Intervened \| Voice of San Diego 2/7 She said during the conversation that Kumar even mentioned could get fired for this but you are so beautiful could get fired for this, but you are the type that like\u201d and could get fired for this, but am available if you need me don\u2019t care about your boyfriend, I\u2019m here if you need me.\u201d After the meeting, he sent her photos of sunsets and selfies of him at the beach in a wetsuit and texted her with compliments and a request to go on a walk on the beach. She didn\u2019t reply, but he continued to text her until she asked him to stop to keep their relationship \u201cpurely professional,\u201d records show. Kumar told investigators that he didn\u2019t want a romantic or sexual relationship or have any inappropriate physical contact with the student and his only intention was to mentor her. He said the hug and compliments were friendly. He said he didn\u2019t remember using the words \u201crandom fuck\u201d but remembers using the words \u201crandom hook ups.\u201d At one point, he told investigators he\u2019d had similar conversations with students about their sex lives before. Later, he clarified that he\u2019s talked to students about their relationships when they brought it up as a reason they missed class or did poorly on an assignment, but had never spoken to a student regarding sex, records show. University investigators found the student credible, and substantiated her claims. Three other students came forward with similar allegations that semester. They told investigators that Kumar made them feel uncomfortable, and suggested he wanted a romantic relationship with them. He hugged them for too long, pressured them into private meetings in his office and made unwanted compliments about their appearance, records show. In each case, investigators at the university found Kumar\u2019s interactions with the women were \u201cunprofessional\u201d but not \u201csexual.\u201d In one case, a student in Kumar\u2019s class told investigators that during a class break, Kumar invited her to his office. She agreed, assuming there was an academic reason for his request. But in the office, Kumar asked her a series of personal questions. She said Kumar brought her a plate of fruit and crackers, closed the door, complimented her on her physical appearance and hugged her. On five separate occasions after that, Kumar attempted to schedule another meeting. She declined each request. One day, Kumar announced to the class that she would be helping him carry papers back to his office after class ended. She told investigators she felt a tremendous amount of pressure to go to his office, and she left class during a break to avoid going. In another case, a student in Kumar\u2019s class said Kumar invited her to his office under the false pretense of discussing her midterm grade, records show. Once they were alone in his office, he hugged her twice, with his hands placed low on her back, slowly and intimately caressed her fingernails while repeatedly asking her \u201chow she got them so perfect,\u201d and suggested they go out to eat, she said. He asked for her phone number and 2/27/25, 8:02 San Marcos Tried to Fire a Professor for Misconduct \u2013 Then His Union Intervened \| Voice of San Diego 3/7 if she was single, she said. She told investigators it felt like he was attempting to start a romantic or sexual relationship with her. In a third case, a student said she met with Kumar is his office because he told her he wanted to discuss her class project. But when she got to his office, he complimented her eyes multiple times (once within the context of offering to write her a letter of recommendation) and suggested they go to dinner together. She said after that, Kumar sent her inappropriate text messages including a photo of him at the beach in a wetsuit, which she viewed to be sexual or romantic, records show. Kumar told investigators that his interactions with all three students were friendly, not sexual in nature, and consistent with how he engaged with other students. He said the women misinterpreted his friendly gestures as sexual and raised the possibility of implicit bias against him as a person of color, records show. Kumar also speculated that the women reported the interactions because they were unhappy with their grades in his class. Investigators found in each case that it was improbable that any of them reported being uncomfortable around him because they were unhappy with their grades, records show. Kumar did not respond to an interview request for this story. Kumar, who was hired in 2005, has tenure at the school, a university spokesperson confirmed. Tenure is a status meant to protect academics from being targeted for their research or viewpoints but doesn\u2019t offer immunity from specific offenses. The women pushed back against Kumar\u2019s characterizations. One woman told investigators that Kumar, as a professor, should know what conduct is appropriate around a student. She told investigators his actions while in a position of authority, not his racial or cultural identity, are what made her uncomfortable, records show. University investigators found the students credible, and substantiated claims that Kumar acted unprofessionally, but determined his actions weren\u2019t \u201csexual.\u201d Buying Peace After investigators found Kumar\u2019s interactions with the women violated university policy and went through a year-long dismissal process, the university sent Kumar a letter in November 2020 telling him they were going to dismiss him from his faculty position. The next day, Kumar and his union, the California Faculty Association, sent a letter to the university appealing that decision. (The California Faculty Association plays a role in representing faculty unit employees in pending disciplinary actions. The union and the university system have a collective bargaining agreement, a legal contract between an employer and a 2/27/25, 8:02 San Marcos Tried to Fire a Professor for Misconduct \u2013 Then His Union Intervened \| Voice of San Diego 4/7 union representing its employees that is the result of an extensive negotiation process between the parties regarding topics such as wages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment.) Kody Leibowitz, a spokesperson for the California Faculty Association, wrote in an email to Voice of San Diego that the union has a legal duty to represent faculty in enforcing the agreement, to make sure that discipline is just and \u201cmeets just cause standards and to make sure that the employer is following its own policies,\u201d procedures and state and federal law. Yet even though officials determined Kumar violated state education code, his union representatives helped him keep his job settlement agreement between the university and Kumar shows that officials agreed to let him keep his faculty job to avoid \u201cthe expense, inconvenience and uncertainty of continued proceedings.\u201d The Markstein Hall building at San Marcos / Photo by Adriana Heldiz The agreement, signed by both parties in January, shows that instead of firing Kumar, the university agreed to put him on paid leave until Feb. 26 and on an unpaid suspension for three months after that. Kumar agreed to withdraw the appeal and not to contact the students again. The university agreed that if Kumar is not 2/27/25, 8:02 San Marcos Tried to Fire a Professor for Misconduct \u2013 Then His Union Intervened \| Voice of San Diego 5/7 disciplined again within the next three years, it will remove the dismissal and appeal letters from his personnel action file entirely. \u201cSometimes in discipline matters, given all of the facts, something less than termination is in order,\u201d Leibowitz wrote. He wouldn\u2019t comment directly on Kumar\u2019s case. In the fall, Kumar will teach two classes at the university: one in database management and another in the foundations of management information systems, Margaret Chantung, a spokeswoman for San Marcos, wrote in an email to Voice of San Diego. Chantung said the university takes all allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct extremely seriously and strives to foster a learning and working environment free of the threat of sexual assault. She said the university took \u201cappropriate action based on the complaints and findings of the investigations.\u201d She said that when the university\u2019s Title office received the reports against Kumar, campus officials worked swiftly to contact the students, offer them support and to investigate their claims. The agreement between Kumar and the university says that the decision is a compromise and not an admission of fault, and its purpose is to \u201cbuy peace and to avoid the costs of further proceedings.\u201d Experts told Voice of San Diego the university may be preserving peace for itself, the California Faculty Association and Kumar, but not for the rest of the university community. \u201cIt sullies an entire community and creates distrust on campus. Everyone suffers when a predator is aided and abetted,\u201d said Terri Miller, president and founder of the group Stop Educator Sexual Abuse, Misconduct & Exploitation. Many schools that agree not to fire educators who commit misconduct, or that pay them to quietly resign, frame the decision as a responsible move to protect taxpayer money, because the agreements usually include a stipulation that the employee will drop further legal action. Billie-Jo Grant, a researcher at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo who\u2019s also a board member of the nonprofit Stop Educator Sexual Abuse, Misconduct & Exploitation, told me she\u2019s never seen a case where a school system pushed back against a union and she\u2019d be surprised if such cases existed. \u201cUnions are just so strong that if the union is telling them, \u2018This is what\u2019s going to happen,\u2019 the district does what the union says,\u201d she said. 2/27/25, 8:02 San Marcos Tried to Fire a Professor for Misconduct \u2013 Then His Union Intervened \| Voice of San Diego 6/7 This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. \u00a9 2025 Voice of San Diego. All rights reserved. Powered by Newspack Miller said she supports employee unions, but not when they\u2019re keeping predatory teachers on school campuses. And she encourages students who are fearful or unhappy with Kumar\u2019s return to the university this year to file a complaint with the federal Office of Civil Rights and to name the union that protected him. \u201cThe university evidently tried to do the right thing against the person creating the hostile environment. It\u2019s the union that put him back in,\u201d she said. 2/27/25, 8:02 San Marcos Tried to Fire a Professor for Misconduct \u2013 Then His Union Intervened \| Voice of San Diego 7/7", "8724_102.pdf": "Protect the students, faculty, and staff at San Marcos - Misconduct by professor Kumar Started 28 May 2021 Petition to and 1 other 2,007 2,500 Signatures Next Goal Support now Sign this petition Why this petition matters Petition details Comments 2/27/25, 8:02 Petition \u00b7 Protect the students, faculty, and staff at San Marcos - Misconduct by professor Kumar - San Marcos, United States \u2026 1/4 Started by College of Business Administration concerned faculty university depends upon creating a safe environment for all members of the community, including faculty, staff, and especially students. Acts of sexual harassment and other inappropriate behaviors violate not only the safety of the community but also moral and legal codes. Professor Chetan Kumar has been accused of engaging in such behavior against at least three CoBA students and a thorough investigation led to conclude that these allegations were substantiated and warranted his termination and dismissal from his position as Associate Professor of Management Information Systems. But the California Faculty Association (CFA), which supposedly advocates for students, chose to abandon its principles and defended the professor's actions. And chose to bend to the pressures of the and rescind its decision to terminate Kumar. The College of Business Administration community strongly condemns the violations perpetrated by Kumar not only insofar as their harmful effects on our students, but as a betrayal of his position of authority as a faculty member. Allowing this professor to return to campus would have a serious, deleterious effect on other students, faculty, and staff, and his mere presence would make many members of the campus community feel unsafe. Join our efforts to express our grave disapproval of the California Faculty Association for defending a faculty member's unacceptable behavior above the interests of providing a safe environment for students, faculty, and staff. Join our efforts to express our disappointment in administration for caving to pressures rather than sticking to its initial decision to what was right, just, and necessary to uphold the ideals and values that lie at the core of its institutional mission. Sign the petition to call upon the administration of to show a real commitment to creating a safe environment for students, faculty, and staff that does not tolerate behavior like the one exhibited by Kumar. [For more information about the disturbing behavior by the professor, read this article: a-professor-for-misconduct-then-his-union-intervened/ ] Support now Sign this petition 2/27/25, 8:02 Petition \u00b7 Protect the students, faculty, and staff at San Marcos - Misconduct by professor Kumar - San Marcos, United States \u2026 2/4 Share this petition in person or use the code for your own material. Download Code Report a policy violation Decision-Makers California Faculty Association Change.org Education Protect the students, faculty, and staff at San Marcos - Misconduct by professor Kumar Company About Impact Careers Team Community Blog Community Guidelines Support Help Guides Privacy Connect Facebook Support now 2/27/25, 8:02 Petition \u00b7 Protect the students, faculty, and staff at San Marcos - Misconduct by professor Kumar - San Marcos, United States \u2026 3/4 Terms Cookie Policy Manage Cookies English (United Kingdom) \u00a9 2025, Change.org This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Support now 2/27/25, 8:02 Petition \u00b7 Protect the students, faculty, and staff at San Marcos - Misconduct by professor Kumar - San Marcos, United States \u2026 4/4", "8724_103.pdf": "professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations by Tigist Layne \uf017June 9, 2021 \uf06e5466 Cal State University San Marcos professor who was investigated by the university over claims of sexual harassment and misconduct has been reassigned but will remain at the university. In May, Voice of San Diego first reported that had investigated accusations that Dr. Chetan Kumar had sexually harassed his former teacher\u2019s aide and acted unprofessionally with three other students during the 2019 fall semester. According to the report, Kumar complimented their looks, texted and emailed them to ask them out to coffee, dinner or beach walks, hugged them, pressured two of them into closed- door meetings in his office and asked two of them about their sex lives. Privacy - Terms Dr. Chetan Kumar has been reassigned but remains at the university. Courtesy photo 2/27/25, 8:02 professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations \| The Coast News Group 1/8 \u201cFour investigations concluded in June 2020 finding that Dr. Kumar engaged in unprofessional conduct in violation of Education Code Section 89535. One claim of sexual harassment was also substantiated,\u201d said Margaret Chantung chief communications officer, via email moved to terminate Dr. Kumar based on findings of unprofessional conduct and sexual harassment,\u201d Chantung said. However, Kumar managed to retain his position after his union, the California Faculty Association, filed an appeal, leading the school to halt plans to fire Kumar. \u201cTermination requires due process, and the faculty member exercised his right to further appeal the decision to arbitration per the collective bargaining agreement with the California Faculty Association,\u201d Chantung said. \u201cThe California Faculty Association (CFA) represented Dr. Kumar in these investigations and assisted in his appeal of the findings to the Office of the Chancellor, which denied his initial appeal.\u201d Kumar, according to the school\u2019s website, is an associate professor of information systems in CSUSM\u2019s College of Business Administration. He had been set to teach two classes at the university this fall, but after facing some backlash, including an online petition reassigned Kumar to a non-teaching role. \u201cPrior to the hearing on arbitration and Dr. Kumar agreed to a 3-month unpaid suspension through the end of the spring 2021 semester. For the fall, he will be on an 2/27/25, 8:02 professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations \| The Coast News Group 2/8 \uf105 Tigist Layne Tigist Layne covers Escondido and San Marcos graduate of Point Loma Nazarene University, she has worked at News, San Diego CityBeat and San Diego Magazine. Contact Tigist with tips and story ideas at [email protected]. administrative assignment, which does not involve interacting with students. Furthermore, he is prohibited from ever contacting or attempting to contact the students involved in the investigations,\u201d Chantung said. It is unclear what Kumar\u2019s new role in the university will be, but Chantung said that the university believes this is the best path forward. \u201cFor this case, based on recent arbitration opinions, there was deep concern that the arbitrator would overturn the termination at appeal. In this likely scenario, the faculty member would not have received any disciplinary action, nor would there have been official record of his misconduct,\u201d Chantung said. Kumar could not be reached for comment. Related Articles adds affordable housing, dining hall August 29, 2022 Election 2022: Municipal Races Preview October 7, 2022 task force recommends renaming Craven Hall January 13, 2023 sports on the rise under new athletics director August 13, 2024 opens new dorm-style housing at North Commons September 7, 2022 students continue calls for Israel divestment May 12, 2024 San Diego announces milestone in county rape kit testing project Soul on Fire: Barefoot Movers focuses on natural body movements 2/27/25, 8:02 professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations \| The Coast News Group 3/8 2/27/25, 8:02 professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations \| The Coast News Group 4/8 2/27/25, 8:02 professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations \| The Coast News Group 5/8 \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 Subscribe to our newsletter email address Powered by Robly 2/27/25, 8:02 professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations \| The Coast News Group 6/8 2/27/25, 8:02 professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations \| The Coast News Group 7/8 Register Login \u00a9 2008 - 2024 \| The Coast News Group - All Rights Reserved 2/27/25, 8:02 professor reassigned following sexual misconduct allegations \| The Coast News Group 8/8"}
7,550	Donald Cockburn	Santa Monica Community College	[ "7550_101.pdf" ]	{"7550_101.pdf": "v COM. [Civ. No. 69794. Court of Appeals of California, Second Appellate District, Division Two. October 24, 1984 V. COCKBURN, Plaintiff and Respondent, v COMMISSION, Defendant and Appellant DISTRICT, Real Party in Interest and Appellant. (Opinion by Roth, P. J., with Compton and Gates, JJ., concurring Jones & Matson and Urrea C. Jones, Jr., for Defendant and Appellant and for Real Party in Interest and Appellant. Grubbs & Collins and V. James Smith for Plaintiff and Respondent ROTH, P. J. The Santa Monica Community College District Personnel Commission (Commission) and Santa Monica Community College District (College) appeal from the judgment of the superior court granted in favor of Donald Cockburn (respondent) pursuant to his petition for writ of mandate to set aside the decision of the Commission rendered on December 22, [161 Cal. App. 3d 737] 1981, which terminated his employment with College as an instructor and ordered his dismissal. 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 1/13 The superior court judgment rendered on December 25, 1983, set aside and vacated the Commission's decision and ordered the Commission to reinstate respondent, redetermine the penalty of dismissal, and impose a penalty not inconsistent with its opinion. Paragraph two thereof recites in pertinent part: \"2. As a condition of reemployment, Petitioner shall continue with regularly scheduled psychological consultations until such time as Dr. Marshall Levy or other competent psychologist renders a written report to Real Party in Interest's Administrative Dean of Personnel Services that Petitioner has been rehabilitated.\" Respondent had been employed by College as a laboratory technician and instructor in the physical sciences department for approximately 17 years. His job included hiring and supervising student laboratory assistants. Duria Suncar, an 18 year old Oriental student at the college, asked respondent about employment as a lab assistant. On February 6, 1981, she was interviewed by respondent complaint filed with College on February 20, 1981, by Duria alleges the following occurred on February 6: \"Complainant, Doria Suncar, was sent to be interviewed for work in the chemistry lab by Dell Wade in Financial Aids. [Respondent] met her and put her to work immediately washing beakers. He then asked her to come with him to the basement to do some work. In the basement he held her hand, asking how her hands felt washing all those dishes. He then grabbed her, holding her tightly. He kissed her on the cheek then on the mouth, saying afterwards, 'o.k., go to work.' Five or ten minutes later he tried to embrace her again. Complainant said 'no don't want to.' In about five minutes she told him she was leaving. She did not return. Two weeks later she returned to Financial Aids and asked for another job. She said she had not come back sooner because she was confused, and then told Ms [sic] Wade what had happened in the Chemistry lab.\" The sexual assault outlined above was admitted by respondent and is fortified by abundant uncontradicted evidence. It was the sole basis of the Commission's decision. The judgment of the superior court vacated it for the reason that respondent prior to his hearing had not received a notice as required by Education Code section 87031 fn. 1 andMiller v. Chico Unified School Dist. (1979) 24 Cal. 3d 703 [157 Cal. Rptr. 72, 597 P.2d 475]. [161 Cal. App. 3d 738] [1] The California Supreme Court has construed Education Code section 87031 to require that \"Unless the school district notifies the employee of such derogatory material within a reasonable time of ascertaining the material, so that the employee may gather pertinent information in his defense, the district may not fairly rely on the material in reaching any 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 2/13 decision affecting the employee's employment status.\" (Miller v. Chico Unified School Dist., supra, 24 Cal. 3d 703, 713.) fn. 2 [2] Our perusal of the record convinces us that appellants complied in all respects with the Education Code and Miller. Respondent had notice within reasonable and ample time as required of any and all prior misconduct and/or derogatory statements available to appellants and did actually avail himself of its use. We proceed to detail the sequence of the events prior to the hearing before the Commission. On February 24, 1981, Dean Gelvin met with respondent and Richard Masada, chairman of the College's physical science department, to discuss the complaint. Respondent was advised that \"this type of alleged conduct\" was unprofessional, the authority in supervisory relationship was not to be abused, and told that his future job performance would be monitored. The substance of a second meeting between the three held on March 5 was memorialized in a document dated March 6 and is identified as \"Permanent Employee -- Unsatisfactory Job Performance--Second Notice.\" This notice, among other things, indicated that \"[Respondent] has failed to comply with the Merit System Rule [5.1300.3.] All fellow employees must receive courteous treatment.\" The notice also stated: \"The additional improvement required [of respondent]: Student employees must be treated with respect. It is expected that all students employed in the physical science department will receive the same treatment. No behavior with sexual overtones will be permitted in the laboratory or basement stockroom areas.\" The notice went on to state: \"Mr. Masada and Mrs. Gelvin will be available to discuss with respondent any situations that arise at any time. If there are difficulties which we cannot resolve or consider beyond our abilities, we shall assist [respondent] in finding appropriate counseling to deal with this problem. \"Additional improvement in job performance must be made in the immediate future. You will be reevaluated on May 5, 1981. If satisfactory [161 Cal. App. 3d 739] improvement has not been made you may be subject to future disciplinary action.\" The reference in the \"second notice\" to section 5.1300.3 lists dismissal as a penalty for its violation. On April 2 a meeting was held between Chairman Masada, Dean Gelvin, Dr. Richard Moore, president of the College, Dean Benita Haley, administrative dean of personnel services and Ms. Vance. At this meeting Ms. Vance told the group that \"similar\" complaints had been lodged against respondent. 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 3/13 On April 3, Dean Haley and Dr. Moore met once more with respondent. The pertinent issues discussed at this meeting were memorialized in a letter dated April 6 signed by respondent and the administrative dean as follows: \"Dear [Respondent requested a meeting with you on April 3, 1981, as a result of a thorough review of your 'Unsatisfactory Job Performance --Second Notice' signed on March 6, 1971. Dr. Richard Moore, superintendent and president attended our meeting. \"The purpose of the meeting was to discuss with you the topic of the unsatisfactory notice which was a complaint filed on February 20, 1981, by Duria Suncar, a student helper, describing sexual harassment. \"You were reminded that you have been made aware of 'over-familiarity with female student helpers' in a 'Notice of Need for Work Improvement' on October 20, 1977, and that this continued willful failure of good conduct tending to injure public service was a sufficient single cause for recommending your dismissal to the Board of Trustees. (Merit System Rule 5.1300.3-A) During the discussion that Dr. Moore and had with you, you admitted that the complaint was an accurate account of what had occurred between Duria Suncar and yourself on Feb. 6, 1981 regretted the incident had ever occurred, stated no such actions with students had ever been taken by you before, and said nothing like that would occur again. \"It is our decision that a recommendation will be made for your dismissal. However, Dr. Moore advised you that the recommendation to dismiss would be delayed for a two month period. During the next two months you are to have eight one-hour meetings with the college psychologist, Dr. Lynne Boylan. The week of June 8 you are to make an appointment with [161 Cal. App. 3d 740] Dr. Moore and me at which time a decision will be made regarding a recommendation for dismissal.\" Dr. Boylan on April 8, by letter, advised Dean Haley that to avoid any conflict of interest charges it would be wise to substitute a psychologist independent of the college. She recommended Dr. Marshall Levy. In response to Dean Haley's request for an evaluation of respondent, on April 29 Dr. Levy said he would accept the employment if appellant would \"communicate his current situation to his wife.\" 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 4/13 Respondent, after calling on Dr. Levy, decided he would not submit to evaluation on that condition. On May 4, 1981, he informed Dean Haley that he would retire and on that day submitted his request for retirement to the board of trustees of College. The board accepted respondent's offer to retire and on the same day notified Dean Haley. Dean Haley advised respondent of the board's action by letter dated May 9, 1981. However, on May 6, 1981, two days after Dean Haley had delivered respondent's retirement request to the board of trustees and after it had been accepted by the board, Dean Haley advised Dr. Levy that College desired to retain his services for 12 therapy sessions with respondent. Respondent agreed to ask his wife to participate in the sessions as required. On June 15, 1981, respondent, by hand written letter to Dr. Moore advised that it was the opinion of Dr. Levy am qualified to continue working in my job. He stated ... he knows would never again commit such an act ....\" Respondent then withdrew his request for retirement. On July 27, 1981, Dr. Levy reported his study by letter addressed to James L. Grubbs who had been retained by respondent as counsel. On August 4, the board of trustees of College rejected respondent's withdrawal of his request to retire and dismissed him. There is a distinction we think in a proceeding before the board which was initiated by respondent with a written request for retirement followed by a request to the board to withdraw such request after its acceptance and a proceeding initiated by the board wherein the board makes charges and holds a hearing to enable respondent to reply to the same. The parties however, treated the board's denial of the retirement request as the board's decision to dismiss respondent on the charge of misconduct of which respondent had been given written notice. Respondent appealed to the Commission on that theory and appellants accepted it. [161 Cal. App. 3d 741] Appearing before the Commission respondent charged that the punishment imposed by board was excessive and board had relied not on the Suncar incident, the single charge against respondent, but also on documents or complaints with which he should have been but was not confronted as required by Education Code section 87031. On December 11, 1981, the Commission found as follows: \"1. That on August 4, 1981, at a regular meeting, The Board of Trustees of the Santa Monica Community College District took action to dismiss the [respondent] for cause as stated in Personnel Commission Rule 5.1300.3 'willful failure of good conduct tending to injure the public service,' alleging that [respondent's] conduct toward Ms. Duria Suncar on February 6, 1981, was discourteous and inappropriate. 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 5/13 \"2. That prior to this meeting the [respondent] was notified of the charges and at this meeting the [respondent] was given the opportunity to respond before action was taken by the Board. \"3. That the [respondent] has stated by declaration that on February 6, 1981, he approached Ms. Duria Suncar, a student worker in his charge, and grabbed and held her tightly and kissed her on the cheek and attempted physical contact a second time which she objected to and rejected. \"4. That in his position as Laboratory Technician, Physical Science, [respondent] was responsible for the supervision of several student assistants, placing him in a position of responsibility and trust. \"5. That the procedure for dismissal prescribed in Rule 5.1300.50 was properly carried out by the Board. \"6. That the procedure prescribed in Education Code 87031 and rule 7.300, which provides for the notification of the [respondent] by the Administration whenever information of a derogatory nature is placed in District personnel records, was not properly followed by the Board in several instances.\" The Commission then rendered the following decision: \"Pursuant to the foregoing Findings of Fact, the Personnel Commission makes the following decision: \"1. That [respondent] breached his trust and responsibility for the supervision of students. \"2. That [respondent's] conduct toward Ms. Suncar on \"February 6, 1981, constitutes failure of good conduct and is sufficient cause for dismissal. [161 Cal. App. 3d 742] \"3. That the action of dismissal by the Board be sustained. \"4. That all materials maintained by the District which do not bear the signature of the originator and which were not presented to the [respondent] prior to entry in the District files be purged and destroyed.\" On February 13, 1983, respondent filed a petition for a writ of mandate in superior court. After a hearing, judgment was entered as recited in the opening paragraph hereof. This appeal followed. We have assumed that section 87031 as construed byMiller, supra, 24 Cal. 3d 703, means that respondent had the right to know within a reasonable time any of the derogatory evidence, oral or written, that would be used against him at the hearing before the board or 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 6/13 Commission. The question was first raised by respondent before the Commission by way of Education Code section 87031. Respondent appeared before the Board on August 4, 1981, and before the Commission in late November 1981. The specific allegedly omitted derogatory complaints identified by respondent consist of: 1 letter from Ms. Vance to Dick Wohlgemuth, the then physical sciences department chairman, dated June 29, 1978. In this letter Ms. Vance states: \"We have, to date, received four complaints against [respondent] .... The complainants have all stated that [respondent] has made lewd remarks about and to women and has on occasion put his hands on them in a suggestive manner.\" 2. An unsigned complaint by Claudia Thoreson, received by Ms. Vance on June 12, 1978. 3. An unsigned complaint by David Moore, received by Ms. Vance on June 12, 1978. The exhibits fn. 3 before the Commission demonstrate respondent was fully informed not only of all the conversations between members of the faculty [161 Cal. App. 3d 743] heretofore set forth at which he was present, but also of the substance of such conversations at which he was not present and at which complaints against him had been discussed, all of which took place during the investigation made by faculty members after a specific complaint was filed on February 20, 1981, by Duria. Respondent was immediately alerted and told under the euphemism of evaluation of his work and/or for work improvement as an instructor he was being evaluated by reason of the Suncar incident on a psychological basis and actually advised to seek psychiatric treatment. However, when his peers decided after much discussion that a specific complaint must be filed, a complaint was filed charging him with \"... wilful failure of good conduct leading to injure the public service ... [and] recommendation for dismissal ...\" he was and had been specifically advised of the reasons therefor. The exhibits show a complete knowledge by respondent of the Wohlgemuth (1978) incident. They contain letters from students hired by respondent complimenting respondent as an instructor employed during those prior years hopefully as rebuttal to the prior complaint with which he was confronted. It is worth noting too, that the exhibits demonstrate how respondent, weeks before any counsel appeared on his behalf, was kept meticulously informed by appellants of all of his rights in writing before he delivered his request for retirement to the Board and after it had been accepted by the Board. Finally, the exhibits embrace the complete written report of Dr. Levy dated July 27, 1981, addressed to respondent's counsel which states in one of its opening paragraphs his 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 7/13 knowledge of the effort of College to properly evaluate the Suncar incident and its significance with respect to continued employment by College. Thus if further proof were required of respondent's knowledge of prior complaints of \"... over familiarity with female student helpers ...\" the doctor's letter supplies it. \"The patient understands your referral as being for the purpose of evaluating his emotional status and further acknowledges that he was aware that the findings and recommendations would be communicated to his employer and might thus further jeopardize his employment status. Though a great deal of information was obtained in the course of the evaluation am limiting this report to those issues relating to and thus seen as pertinent to his continued employment urge this material be treated with the maximum of discretion and confidentiality. [Italics added.] [161 Cal. App. 3d 744] \"Present Situation \"The patient is charged under the public service merit system with violation of rule 5.1300.3A. Specifically, the patient is charged with sexual harassment growing out of an incident on February 6, 1981, and a subsequent complaint lodged by the student on February 20, 1981. \"The official complaint by the student indicates that after having been put to work on her initial day of employment, washing beakers in the chemistry lab, the patient held the student's hand, asking how her hands felt, and then holding her tightly, kissed her on the cheek, then on the mouth, saying afterwards, 'Okay, go to work.' \"Five or ten minutes later, he attempted to embrace the student again and she said, 'No don't want to.' The student left about five minutes after the last incident and did not return to work, reporting to Financial Aides [sic], asking for another job, explaining what had transpired, and indicating that she had not come back sooner because she was confused. \"It should be noted that a prior need for improvement notice, dated October 20, 1977, is contained in the patient's personnel file and refers to 'over-familiarity with female student helpers.' The patient denied all allegations in the 1977 reprimand regarding over-familiarity with females students, noting that he had not been stand-offish and distant from students, saying they are people also. \"In contrast to the denial of the 1977 allegation, the patient admits to all essential details as noted in the student's charges, dated February 20, 1981, and referring to the above-noted incident, dated February 6, 1981. When asked to explain his obviously inappropriate 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 8/13 behavior, the patient spoke of being upset, shocked and amazed, adding that he hadn't slept well and remains concerned over the loss of his job and 'deplorable behavior.'\" In pertinent part, the report also states: \"It is my opinion that this patient can be rehabilitated without presenting a danger to himself or others. Specifically, the possibility of a recurrence of the above behavior appears to be very minimal given ongoing therapy and monitoring critical focus in assuring appropriate control of behavior should be to concentrate in therapy on the patient making ongoing appropriate connections between the critical intervening variable between himself and his behavior, namely his feelings .... Specifically, the following treatment plan is recommended to assure that this patient will not reoffend: [161 Cal. App. 3d 745] \"1. Individual psychotherapy, coupled with conjoint marital therapy on a once-weekly basis. (This will offer the therapist an opportunity to make significant interventions in the family constellation as well as obtain ongoing data.) \"2. With the permission of the patient and his wife, this therapist would be willing to monitor the patient's progress as well as report to the school psychologist on an as-needed basis.\" When the board met on August 4, 1981, presumably it had before it all the exhibits including, with respondent's consent, the Dr. Levy letter of July 27. Respondent was represented by counsel at the board hearing and had full knowledge of all the evidence in the exhibits. We find nothing to show the use before the board of any prior derogatory statements and/or prior misconduct of which respondent did not have prior notice and knowledge. There is nothing inMiller, supra, 24 Cal. 3d 703 or in Education Code sections 87031, 44031 or 44664 which requires appellants to give a specific written notice detailing prior derogatory remarks or misconduct which may be used in aid of a specific charge and that what occurred in Miller with respect to a general charge of incompetence (wherein the omissions were actually a part of the intrinsic proof of the incompetence generally charged). At bench there was a specific charge proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The Commission, however, although in our opinion it would have been justified to do so, did not use any of the prior misconduct or derogatory statements, and implicitly repudiated the same by its statement that prior derogatory conduct and/or statements \"... was not 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 9/13 properly before the Board ....\" Its findings are incisive as is its disposition of the single charge before it. \"1. That respondent breached his trust and responsibility for the supervision of students. \"2. That respondent's conduct toward Ms. Suncar on February 6, 1981, constitutes failure of good conduct and is sufficient cause for dismissal.\" [3] The question remaining is the propriety of the judgment of dismissal imposed by the Commission. Concededly the specific charge made against respondent is true. It is admitted by the express terms of the superior court judgment which disapproves of the dismissal but recommends the consideration of a judgment less absolute and more favorable to respondent. [161 Cal. App. 3d 746] We do not agree the judgment of the Commission is excessive nor does the record in any logical or sound respect by substantial evidence and/or the weight of the evidence suggest the Commission abused its discretion when it imposed the judgment of dismissal. If however one assumes the judgment appealed from is sound, such assumption must rest wholly upon the opinion expressed by the psychologist in his letter of July 27, 1981. When the letter is analyzed in the light of the admitted facts and those inherent in the judgment appealed from the inevitable conclusion which must be drawn is that College cannot without great moral and financial risk to College and the general public reinstate respondent even temporarily. In our opinion too, College has no pragmatic option to employ respondent in any capacity even if and when respondent is reported to be completely rehabilitated. ThusEbersol v. Cowan (1983) 35 Cal. 3d 427, 434 [197 Cal. Rptr. 601, 673 P.2d 271], holds: \"... if the agency [for third party action purposes] knew or should have known of the dangerous propensities Mark Cates exhibited in the instant case it might have had a duty to advise persons foreseeably coming in contact with the student.\" (See also Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California (1976) 17 Cal. 3d 425 [131 Cal. Rptr. 14, 551 P.2d 334, 83 A.L.R.3d 1166];Peterson v. San Francisco Community College Dist. (1984) 36 Cal. 3d 799, 807, 809, 815 [205 Cal. Rptr. 842, 685 P.2d 1193].) Analyzed in the light of the record the psychologist's opinion ventured in his July 27 letter is not sound and certainly is not one sufficient to set aside and nullify the decision of the Commission on the ground that the Commission abused its discretion in assessing a proper punishment. 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 10/13 We have explored the evidence in more than usual detail as it almost demonstrates an impeachment of the opinion of Dr. Levy. To illustrate: the record shows Dr. Levy rendered the same opinion to respondent on or some days prior to June 15 approximately six weeks before July 27, 1981. In pertinent part the letter in its opening paragraph says: \"The patient was seen in my offices on July 17 and July 18, 1981, for a total of nine hours of interviews and psychological diagnostic testing ....\" On June 15, respondent transmitted to Dr. Moore, president of the College as his reason for withdrawing his request to retire the opinion of Dr. Levy expressed to him that he could be rehabilitated. In the written report and prognosis dated July 27, Dr. Levy fixes July 17 and 18 as the days on which he spent a total of nine hours with respondent. If there were any prior [161 Cal. App. 3d 747] treatments they are not mentioned in the letter of July 27. On the results accumulated in those July hours the doctor elects to base his prognosis to the effect respondent can be rehabilitated but only on condition that respondent continue treatment as is ordered by paragraph 2 of the superior court judgment set forth in the opening paragraphs of this opinion. Further, the doctor's opinion shows respondent's rehabilitation is conditioned in an important respect by a continuance of respondent's marital relationship which has been subjected to serious strain in the past. Dr. Levy is optimistic that the marital situation too can be with psychological help satisfactorily adjusted. Dr. Levy signs his letter of July 27 as a Ph.D. licensed clinical psychologist/forensic, and states in part: \"Parenthetically, it should be noted that some problems reflecting difficulty in short-term memory appear to reflect a relatively long-term static condition dating back to a plane crash [respondent] suffered as a Marine pilot in World War II. While he has evidently compensated for this difficulty, further examination is recommended to rule out the 1 percent chance of an active rather than static lesion.\" Parenthetically we note he is not an M.D. and clearly not a specialist on dormant lesions. We do not consider him qualified even on a \"forensic\" basis to express an opinion on a 1 percent possibility that the accident suffered by respondent as a Marine pilot in World War resulted in \"an active or other than a static lesion.\" Thus if and when \"a written report [has been rendered] that respondent has been rehabilitated\" by \"... Dr. Marshall Levy or other competent psychologist\" respondent must be automatically and permanently reinstated. 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 11/13 Could a hearing be requested? Would the report of a psychiatrist or any other evidence be acceptable? Assuming that paragraph 2 of the judgment is valid, it is uncertain, inequitable to all the parties and it abdicates judicial authority. The litigation before this court is not a child custody contest wherein judicial authority is on occasion in large part usurped by experts. At bench the judicial authority is totally usurped. The report admits respondent is not yet rehabilitated but pursuant to the opinion of a named psychologist or a reasonable facsimile that he will or may be reinstated if the conditions set forth in the letter of July 27 are fulfilled on some unspecified date in the future. Thus the judgment compels College to conditionally reinstate respondent [161 Cal. App. 3d 748] irrespective of the obvious legal and financial burdens which may ensue. We hold, however, that the facts detailed with respect to the specific literal charge and all its inherent innuendoes were overwhelmingly proved, and that procedural requirements for the hearing before the board and/or Commission were complied with in all respects. The Commission and the courts have a grave responsibility not alone to respondent but also to the appellants and their personnel, the professors, instructors and students they embrace, and to the general public. The judgment is reversed. Superior court is directed to vacate its judgment and enter a new and different judgment dismissing respondent's petition. Costs to appellant. Compton, J., and Gates, J., concurred 1. Education Code section 87031 states in part: \"Materials in personnel files of employees which may serve as a basis for affecting the status of their employment are to be made available for inspection of the person involved .... Information of a derogatory nature ... shall not be entered or filed unless and until the employee is given notice and an opportunity to review and comment thereon. An employee shall have the right to enter, and have attached to any such derogatory statement, his own comments thereon 2. In Miller, the court actually discusses and interprets Education Code sections 44031 and 44664 which for all pragmatic purposes applies to this case to Education Code section 87031 and we so treat it 3. Additional references from the exhibits supporting the conclusion that respondent had notice of the derogatory materials are: July 10, 1981, letter from Dean Haley to respondent. 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 12/13 October 20, 1977, \"Notice--Need for Work Improvement.\" April 6, 1981, letter from Dean Haley to respondent. July 27, 1981, report of Dr. Levy. July 13, 1978, letter from Dick Wohlgemuth to respondent. April 26, 1981, report from Dr. Boylan to Dean Haley. June 29, 1978, letter from respondent to \"Dick,\" and the hearing transcript, pages 24, 57, 61 and Wohlgemuth's testimony generally, pages 64, 114, 172-173. Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. 2/27/25, 8:03 v COM. :: :: California Court of Appeal Decisions :: C\u2026 13/13"}
7,450	William Gross Magee	Murray State University	[ "7450_101.pdf", "7450_102.pdf" ]	{"7450_101.pdf": "WKUHerald.com \u2022 May 4, 2017 \u2022 misconduct-at-kentucky-universities/ In The Dark: Records shed light on sexual misconduct at Kentucky universities Nicole Ares Murray State University lecturer continues to teach four classes a semester after the university found he \u201cinappropriately\u201d touched, kissed and asked a student to be photographed nude and was accused of harassment by three other women. An Eastern Kentucky University professor resigned after the university determined he sent more than 25 sexually explicit emails to a student in his class. He now teaches at a university 800 miles away Western Kentucky University assistant professor accused of misconduct resigned for the following year, ending the university\u2019s investigation refuses to release information on six employees who were found to have violated the university sexual misconduct policy since 2013 because the employees resigned before \u201cfinal action.\u201d Across the state, employees have been found in violation of misconduct policies for creating \u201chostile\u201d environments, \u201cinappropriately\u201d touching students and having sexual relationships with students. In most cases, the public learns little about the allegations or the results of the university\u2019s investigations review of more than 1,200 pages of records obtained through public records requests to seven Kentucky universities revealed 62 employees in violation of their universities\u2019 sexual misconduct and discrimination policies since 2011. Fewer than half of the employees were terminated from their positions. Some resigned and moved on to other universities, which would be unlikely to know about the misconduct. Other employees received punishments ranging from warnings to sexual harassment training sessions and were allowed to remain in the classroom or on staff. These statistics do not include incidents at schools, such as and Kentucky State University, that refused to release records related to sexual misconduct and discrimination altogether. All seven universities cited privacy laws such as the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and Title to withhold or redact the records. Deborah Wilkins, general counsel at WKU, said the decision to completely withhold records is intended to protect victims. In the Dark project on Title records at and other Kentucky Universities have to weigh the person\u2019s privacy interests against the public\u2019s right to know,\u201d Wilkins said don\u2019t see how disclosing that type of information is more important than having a system that works, that helps the victim and that gives them a place to confidentially come forward with a complaint.\u201d Critics say universities are protecting perpetrators by hiding sexual misconduct from other students and the public. \u201cWas this employee telling the occasional off-color joke or was this employee pressuring students to submit to sex in exchange for grades?\u201d questioned Frank LoMonte, director of the Student Press Law Center, who has more than 20 years of experience dealing with similar cases. \u201cThe public doesn\u2019t need to know the accuser, but they certainly need to know how serious the behavior was,\u201d he added. Repeat offenders not taken out of the classroom Across the state at least 31 employees who were found to have violated sexual misconduct and discrimination policies since 2011 have kept their positions at Kentucky public universities. This includes Murray State University lecturer William Gross Magee, who was accused of sexual harassment by four students. The first student submitted a complaint to the Office of Equal Opportunity after two semesters of \u201csexual and verbal harassment,\u201d according to documents obtained from Murray State through an open records request. The student told the Office of Equal Opportunity that Magee offered her a drink from the tequila bottle lying in the backseat of his car after a field trip. The student said he then reached across the seat, put his hand on her knee and kissed her, she said in her complaint. Magee then told the woman he wanted to take nude pictures of her and he assured her they would be \u201ctasteful,\u201d she told the Office of Equal Opportunity. He invited her to follow him back to an address, which was redacted from the records. She drove in the opposite direction, the student said in her complaint. The next week after class, Magee approached the student and apologized for his behavior saying it was \u201cunlike him,\u201d she told officials. Magee later confirmed to the Office of Equal Opportunity that he acted \u201cinappropriately\u201d on the field trip. But the student said the encounters with Magee did not end there, according to her complaint to the Office of Equal Opportunity. The next semester, she took another class taught by Magee because she was already enrolled and it was paid for, she said in her complaint. Magee asked the woman to drinks and questioned her ongoing divorce, she told the Office of Equal Opportunity feel ashamed at how much have let this man harass me,\u201d the woman said in her complaint kept telling myself could handle it and he continued doing it.\u201d The student decided to come forward after \u201ctwo young girls\u201d in her class claimed Magee would offer them a better grade if they \u201cflashed him,\u201d she told university officials. \u201cMagee has made my life a living hell,\u201d she told the Office of Equal Opportunity. This student was one of four who came forward with allegations against Magee since 2011, according to the Office of Equal Opportunity documents. Three other female students claimed they had experienced similar verbal harassment by Magee and two of them claimed Magee propositioned them to \u201cflash him,\u201d according to their complaints. Magee admitted to acting \u201cinappropriately\u201d on the field trip and that he made an advance on her, he told the Office of Equal Opportunity during a review process. \u201cIn every complaint there is some grain of truth, and a lot of misinformation and things taken the wrong way,\u201d Magee said in his response filed with the Office of Equal Opportunity agree that acted inappropriately with [name redacted]. However, at the time she showed no negative attitude about the issue, in fact in my opinion, offered some encouragement. For example, telling me had great eyes, etc.\u201d At the conclusion of his response to the Office of Equal Opportunity, Magee said however vehemently deny that sexually harassed her or any other student.\u201d Overall, Murray State officials found Magee\u2019s actions subjected the initial student to sexual harassment and created a hostile environment for all women. The university required Magee to undergo sexual harassment training sessions and issued a written warning as punishment. In the spring 2017 semester, Magee taught four classes and more than 60 students at Murray State University. Magee did not respond to multiple phone calls and emails from the Herald seeking comment. Not the first one, not the last one Universities allowing policy violators to remain in the classroom is not limited to Murray State University. More than 300 miles across the state, a Northern Kentucky University professor kept his job after several accounts of sexual harassment spanning more than 10 years, according to documents obtained through an open records request. In both cases officials referred to the sexual harassment as \u201cserious\u201d and gave Dennis Miller, a philosophy lecturer, written warnings. In 2007, a female student approached Miller expressing concerns about her final paper. The freshman student was having trouble understanding the material, and Miller agreed to meet after hours to \u201chelp her out,\u201d she later told Steve Meier, who then served as associate for the dean of students. However, little discussion of her final paper occurred during the meeting, she told Meier. According to a university document detailing the complaint, Miller talked about his upcoming book and put his hand on her knee twice during the discussion. After smoking cigarettes and talking for half an hour, Miller walked with the student across campus to her car, brushed her hair into place and kissed her cheek, she told Meier. The student submitted a complaint because she wanted someone to speak with professor Miller about the situation so he didn\u2019t have similar encounters with other students, she said in her complaint to the university. When Meier confronted Miller about the allegations, Miller admitted everything in the report was accurate, according to a document detailing their meeting. At the time, Meier \u201cstrongly\u201d advised Miller to keep his distance from students, according to a document detailing their meeting. In 2015, Miller made another student \u201cuncomfortable\u201d with \u201cinappropriate\u201d text messages, touching and kissing her on the cheek, according to a university document detailing the complaint. Miller confirmed the claims were accurate to university officials, according to a document detailing their meeting. Katherine Frank, who then served as dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, advised Miller to \u201cevaluate carefully correspondence with all students,\u201d according to an email from Frank to Miller. Miller apologized for his actions, agreed to stop contact with the student and said he would be more conscious about interactions with students, he told university officials was not the only school where Miller was the subject of misconduct complaints. While working as a lecturer at NKU, he was also working as a bus driver for the Campbell County School District. Students in the Campbell County School District filed three complaints against Miller saying he made inappropriate comments on the job, according to documents obtained by The Cincinnati Enquirer. The most recent incident occurred in 2015 with comments about pornography and other obscenities, which led to a two-day suspension, according to documents obtained by The Enquirer. Miller was fired from the school district when the former interim superintendent Donald Pace learned about the accusations in June 2016. He worked for the Campbell County School District for 22 years. \u201cHe was automatically dismissed and is no longer an employee here,\u201d Pace, who died in September 2016, told The Enquirer at the time. \u201cWhen we discovered what was happening at NKU, that gave an indication of a continual pattern and we can\u2019t have that around our boys and girls.\u201d Miller told The Enquirer he was going to retire anyway when he was informed of the dismissal. He also told The Enquirer the school district was \u201cjust protecting itself from public perception really have done nothing wrong here,\u201d Miller told The Enquirer in June 2016. \u201cIt\u2019s not surprising to me what they have done, but they are quick to throw bus drivers under the bus anytime there is a complaint instead of really getting our side.\u201d Miller continued teaching at for the remainder of the spring 2016 semester, but his contract was not renewed for the 2016- 2017 year. He worked at for 27 years. The Herald attempted to contact Miller with multiple phone calls, but he did not respond before publication. Offenders move on to work at other universities If employees\u2019 positions are terminated or they resign or retire after a violation, their case is often not made public and they are able to work at other universities At least eight of the 62 employees who violated university policy are working at other schools scattered across the country, according to the records the Herald was able to obtain. Heavily redacted records from Eastern Kentucky University revealed a sexual harassment complaint against assistant professor Nicholas Santangelo submitted in 2012. The student said Santangelo sent sexually explicit emails to her and she found the conduct \u201cunwelcome and unwanted,\u201d she told the Equal Opportunity Office According to the report, the online conversations began in late February \u201cwith jokes about professors teaching for sex and money.\u201d In early May 2012, the student and Santangelo were engaging in a sexually explicit email chain. Santangelo sent 17 emails of \u201csexual nature\u201d to the student and she sent 11 back on May 1, 2012, according to the Equal Opportunity Office report. The student said she willingly engaged in the conversations at first, according to the complaint. However, the conversations became sexually explicit to the point where \u201cshe could no longer disengage,\u201d she told the Equal Opportunity Office. When the woman filed a complaint, the Equal Opportunity Office reviewed the emails between Santangelo and the woman and seized the hard drives of his current and recently replaced laptop computers. After a thorough investigation, the Equal Opportunity Office concluded that Santangelo behaved \u201cinappropriately\u201d and violated the school\u2019s sexual harassment and nondiscrimination policy. Santangelo sent more than 25 sexually explicit emails to the student from his email and private Gmail accounts, the Equal Opportunity Office found in its review. When the investigation concluded in July, the Equal Opportunity Office recommended \u201cappropriate\u201d disciplinary action be taken to prevent any future recurrence\u2014but did not recommend his termination. Santangelo, a tenured professor at EKU, resigned from the university and began teaching at Hofstra University in Long Island, New York, the following year. Howard Greenberg, an attorney representing Santangelo, said Santangelo\u2019s decision to teach at Hofstra University predated the Equal Opportunity Office investigation. Greenberg said Santangelo, who is originally from Long Island, was looking to relocate his family closer to his former home. Greenberg said in an email the heavily redacted documents obtained by the Herald should be \u201cprivate and confidential.\u201d \u201cAny implication in your reporting that Dr. Santangelo was censured in any way as a result of the investigation would be improper,\u201d Greenberg said in an email on Wednesday, May 3. Universities refuse to release investigation records By concealing serious sexual misconduct violations from the public, universities can handle the cases in private, allowing professors or other employees to continue working at the school, or allowing them to resign and move on to work at other universities. Universities protect this information by heavily redacting public documents on those cases. Other universities, like and Kentucky State University, generally refuse to release the documents at all. At WKU, six employees have violated the university\u2019s sexual misconduct policy since 2013, according to Andrea Anderson, Title coordinator. The university says because the employees resigned before \u201cfinal action\u201d was taken, it does not have to release the records separate records request disclosed emails discussing former assistant professor of philosophy Adrian Switzer\u2019s resignation for the following year after allegations of misconduct in 2012. The details of the allegations against Switzer are unclear because generally refuses to release information detailing the incident chain of emails discussing Switzer\u2019s resignation shows the university allowed him to continue teaching for the remainder of the school year if he agreed to limit student contact and submit a resignation letter for the following year. \u201cYour involvement with students must be limited to class time and to office hours: there is to be no social or extracurricular student engagement,\u201d former Potter College of Arts and Letters Dean David Lee wrote in an email to Switzer on September 17, 2012. If the university received \u201ccredible evidence\u201d Switzer was not limiting student contact would \u201cfully and aggressively\u201d investigate the incident, Lee said in an email to Switzer. After finishing the remainder of the school year at WKU, Switzer was hired by the University of Missouri-Kansas City as an associate teaching professor in fall 2014. During an interview last month, Lee, who currently serves as provost, said concerns against Switzer developed and they were not ignored. The university decided action needed to be taken, but Switzer\u2019s decision to resign was his own, Lee said. In evaluating its action in these kind of cases, Lee said the university examines the magnitude of the offense and decides if a resignation is sufficient. \u201cIf it clearly rises to the level of a very serious violation and a very clear exercise of very poor judgment, then a resignation might be something that you would ask for,\u201d Lee said. The university must also decide if an immediate resignation is necessary, depending on how \u201cegregious\u201d the situation seems to be, Lee explained. Lee said the case may not have been handled the same way today. \u201cThis was five years ago and the climate is somewhat different now,\u201d he said. \u201cThere are different expectations around the handling of these matters.\u201d Switzer did not respond to multiple attempts by the Herald to reach him by phone and email. Universities withhold records to \u2018protect victims\u2019 In an opinion piece submitted to the Herald President Gary Ransdell said the university is withholding sexual misconduct and discrimination records to protect the safety and privacy of the victims. \u201cOnly the victim has the right to choose to make a crime against him or her public,\u201d Ransdell wrote denied the Herald\u2019s request to inspect records of university sexual misconduct policy violations, citing various exceptions to the Kentucky Open Records Act. Among the exceptions was a provision that allows records that are \u201cpreliminary in nature\u201d to be withheld \u2014 meaning the investigation hasn\u2019t officially concluded. These records include the investigations of six employees who have violated WKU\u2019s discrimination and sexual misconduct policy since 2013 and have resigned. Attorney Jon Fleischaker, who was instrumental in the creation of the Kentucky Open Records Act, said calling the records \u201cpreliminary\u201d is inaccurate. \u201cOnce it\u2019s done, it\u2019s done,\u201d said Fleischaker, who has consulted for the Herald on Kentucky open records laws.\u201cSince the initial complaint resulted in the resignation of a university employee, those records are no longer preliminary.\u201d The Kentucky Attorney General\u2019s Office found in violation of the Open Records Act in January and ordered the university to turn over the records to the Herald then sued the Herald in February to appeal the ruling\u2014 the school\u2019s only option other than releasing the records. Universities withhold records to \u2018protect image\u2019 LoMonte of the Student Press Law Center believes there is an incentive for universities to conceal the fact that many harassment complaints go unpunished in order to protect their images. Public universities are now relying on student retention and outside donations more than ever, according to a Center of Budget and Policy Priorities report. In Kentucky, per-student funding for universities is down by more than 30 percent since the start of the Great Recession. Additionally, Kentucky is one of 12 states to cut per-student funding consecutively in 2015 and 2016, according to the report. Because of higher education cuts across the nation, the funding market has gotten more competitive and colleges are more image- conscious, LoMonte said. \u201cThere is almost nothing more damaging to recruitment than having the public believe you are a college where the professors sexually harass the students,\u201d he said. LoMonte, who has more than 20 years experience dealing with similar cases, believes there is a public interest in knowing how cases of serious sexual misconduct cases are handled. \u201cThe proper solution is to redact the names and any personal identifiers\u201d of victims, he said. \u201cIn a normal investigation, that should be very much possible to do. Just give the public the facts.\u201d Instead, many universities refuse to release sexual misconduct records or heavily redact the records to the point where the severity of the misconduct is unidentifiable, leaving the public in the dark. \u201cWe don\u2019t let government agencies decide that certain records are confidential because they\u2019re afraid of the conclusions the public is going to jump to,\u201d LoMonte said. \u201cThe public needs to know if serious wrongdoings are being adequately punished.\u201d Reporter Nicole Ares can be reached at 270-745-2655 and [email protected].", "7450_102.pdf": "Records shed light on sexual misconduct at state universities Murray State University lecturer continues to teach four classes a semester after the university found he \u201cinappropriately\u201d touched, kissed and asked a student to be photographed nude and was accused of harassment by three other women. An Eastern Kentucky University profes- sor quietly resigned after the university determined he sent more than 25 sexual- ly explicit emails to a student in his class. He now teaches at a university 800 miles away Western Kentucky University assis- tant professor accused of misconduct re- signed for the following year, ending the university\u2019s investigation refuses to release information on six employees who were found to have violated the univer- sity sexual misconduct policy since 2013 because the employees resigned before \u201c\ufb01 nal action.\u201d Across the state, employees have been found in violation of misconduct policies for creating \u201chostile\u201d environments, \u201cinap- propriately\u201d touching students and having sexual relationships with students. In most cases, the public learns little about the al- legations or the results of the university\u2019s investigations review of more than 1,200 pages of records obtained through public records requests to seven Kentucky universities revealed 62 employees in violation of their universities\u2019 sexual misconduct and dis- crimination policies since 2011. Fewer than half of the employees were terminated from their positions. Some re- signed and moved on to other universities, which would be unlikely to know about the misconduct. Other employees received punishments ranging from warnings to sexual harass- ment training sessions and were allowed to remain in the classroom or on staff . These statistics do not include incidents at schools, such as and Kentucky State University, that refused to release records related to sexual misconduct and discrimination altogether. All seven universities cited privacy laws such as the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and Title to with- hold or redact the records. Deborah Wilkins, general counsel at WKU, said the decision to completely withhold records is intended to protect victims have to weigh the person\u2019s privacy in- terests against the public\u2019s right to know,\u201d Wilkins said don\u2019t see how disclosing that type of information is more import- ant than having a system that works, that helps the victim and that gives them a place to con\ufb01 dentially come forward with a complaint.\u201d Critics say universities are protecting perpetrators by hiding sexual misconduct from other students and the public. \u201cWas this employee telling the occa- sional off -color joke or was this employee pressuring students to submit to sex in ex- change for grades?\u201d questioned Frank Lo- Monte, director of the Student Press Law Center, who has more than 20 years of ex- perience dealing with similar cases. \u201cThe public doesn\u2019t need to know the accuser, but they certainly need to know how serious the behavior was,\u201d he added The Herald sent eight open records requests to: The Herald asked for all \u201cTitle investigations into sexual misconduct allegations involving [university] employees in the last \ufb01 ve years and K-State refused to release the re- quested records The Herald received redacted employee sexu- al misconduct records from the \ufb01 ve remaining schools The Herald reviewed more than 1,200 pages of employee sexual misconduct records The Herald began reaching out to professors who violated sexual misconduct policy The Herald sent a records request for all docu- ments related to the resignation of former assistant philosophy professor Adrian Switzer. The Herald interviewed university offi cials, ex- perts and attorneys about the cases. The Herald continued to interview university offi cials, experts and attorneys about the cases The Herald continued to reach out to profes- sors who violated sexual misconduct policy. The Herald \ufb01 nalized interviews and reviewed documents. The Herald sent more than 10 open records re- quests for employee personnel \ufb01 les. Final issue of the Spring 2017 semester. The print edition of the College Heights Herald will return Aug. 22. Follow WKUHerald.com during summer Repeat off enders not taken out of the classroom cross the state at least 31 em- ployees who were found to have violated sexual miscon- duct and discrimination poli- cies since 2011 have kept their positions at Kentucky public universities. This includes Murray State Universi- ty lecturer William Gross Magee, who was accused of sexual harassment by four students. The \ufb01 rst student submitted a com- plaint to the Offi ce of Equal Opportu- nity after two semesters of \u201csexual and verbal harassment,\u201d according to doc- uments obtained from Murray State through an open re- cords request. The student told the Offi ce of Equal Oppor- tunity that Magee of- fered her a drink from the tequila bottle lying in the backseat of his car after a \ufb01 eld trip. The student said he then reached across the seat, put his hand on her knee and kissed her, she said in her complaint. Magee then told the woman he wanted to take nude pic- tures of her and he assured her they would be \u201ctasteful,\u201d she told the Offi ce of Equal Opportunity. He invited her to follow him back to an address, which was redacted from the records. She drove in the opposite direction, the student said in her complaint. The next week after class, Magee approached the student and apolo- gized for his behavior saying it was \u201cunlike him,\u201d she told offi cials. Magee later con\ufb01 rmed to the Offi ce of Equal Opportunity that he acted \u201cinappropri- ately\u201d on the \ufb01 eld trip. But the student said the encounters with Magee did not end there, accord- ing to her complaint to the Offi ce of Equal Opportunity. The next semester, she took anoth- er class taught by Magee because she was already enrolled and it was paid for, she said in her complaint. Magee asked the woman to drinks and questioned her ongoing divorce, she told the Offi ce of Equal Opportu- nity feel ashamed at how much have let this man harass me,\u201d the woman said in her complaint kept telling my- self could handle it and he continued doing it.\u201d The student decided to come for- ward after \u201ctwo young girls\u201d in her class claimed Magee would off er them a better grade if they \u201c\ufb02 ashed him,\u201d she told university offi cials. \u201cMagee has made my life a living hell,\u201d she told the Offi ce of Equal Op- portunity. This student was one of four who came forward with allegations against Magee since 2011, according to the Of- \ufb01 ce of Equal Opportunity documents. Three other female students claimed they had experienced similar verbal ha- rassment by Magee and two of them claimed Magee propositioned them to \u201c\ufb02 ash him,\u201d according to their com- plaints. Magee admitted to acting \u201cinappro- priately\u201d on the \ufb01 eld trip and that he made an advance on her, he told the Offi ce of Equal Opportunity during a review process. \u201cIn every complaint there is some grain of truth, and a lot of misinfor- mation and things taken the wrong way,\u201d Magee said in his response \ufb01 led with the Offi ce of Equal Opportunity agree that acted inappropriately with [name redacted]. However, at the time she showed no negative attitude about the issue, in fact in my opinion, off ered some encouragement. For ex- ample, telling me had great eyes, etc.\u201d At the conclusion of his response to the Offi ce of Equal Opportunity, Magee said however vehemently deny that sexually harassed her or any other stu- dent.\u201d Overall, Murray State offi cials found Magee\u2019s actions subjected the ini- tial student to sexual harassment and created a hostile environment for all women. The university required Magee to undergo sexual harassment training sessions and issued a written warning as punishment. In the spring 2017 semester, Magee taught four classes and more than 60 students at Murray State University. Magee did not respond to multiple phone calls and emails from the Herald seeking comment. Not the \ufb01 rst one, not the last one niversities allowing policy vi- olators to remain in the class- room is not limited to Murray State University. More than 300 miles across the state, a Northern Kentucky University professor kept his job after several ac- counts of sexual harassment spanning more than 10 years, according to doc- uments obtained through an open re- cords request. In both cases offi cials referred to the sexual harassment as \u201cserious\u201d and gave Dennis Miller, a philosophy lecturer, written warnings. In 2007, a female student ap- proached Miller expressing concerns about her \ufb01 nal paper. The freshman student was having trouble un- derstanding the mate- rial, and Miller agreed to meet after hours to \u201chelp her out,\u201d she later told Steve Meier, who then served as associ- ate for the dean of stu- dents. However, little dis- cussion of her \ufb01 nal pa- per occurred during the meeting, she told Meier. According to a university document detailing the complaint, Miller talked about his upcoming book and put his hand on her knee twice during the dis- cussion. After smoking cigarettes and talking for half an hour, Miller walked with the student across campus to her car, brushed her hair into place and kissed her cheek, she told Meier. The student submitted a complaint because she wanted someone to speak with professor Miller about the situa- tion so he didn\u2019t have similar encoun- ters with other students, she said in her complaint to the university. When Meier confronted Miller about the allegations, Miller admitted every- thing in the report was accurate, ac- cording to a document detailing their meeting. At the time, Meier \u201cstrongly\u201d advised Miller to keep his distance from stu- dents, according to a document detail- ing their meeting. In 2015, Miller made another student \u201cuncomfortable\u201d with \u201cinappropriate\u201d text messages, touching and kissing her on the cheek, according to a uni- versity document detailing the com- plaint. Miller con\ufb01 rmed the claims were ac- curate to university offi cials, according to a document detailing their meeting. Katherine Frank, who then served as dean of the College of Arts and Scienc- es, advised Miller to \u201cevaluate carefully correspondence with all students,\u201d ac- cording to an email from Frank to Mill- er. Miller apologized for his actions, agreed to stop contact with the stu- dent and said he would be more con- scious about interactions with stu- dents, he told university offi cials was not the only school where Miller was the subject of misconduct complaints. While working as a lecturer at NKU, he was also working as a bus driver for the Campbell County School District. Students in the Campbell County School District \ufb01 led three complaints against Miller saying he made inappro- priate comments on the job, according to documents obtained by the Cincin- nati Enquirer. The most recent incident occurred in 2015 with comments about pornog- raphy and other obscenities, which led to a two-day suspension, according to documents obtained by the Enquirer. Miller was \ufb01 red from the school dis- trict when the former interim super- intendent Donald Pace learned about the accusations in June 2016. He worked for the Campbell County School District for 22 years. \u201cHe was automatically dismissed and is no longer an employee here,\u201d Pace, who died in September 2016, told the Enquirer at the time. \u201cWhen we discov- ered what was happening at NKU, that gave an indication of a continual pat- tern and we can\u2019t have that around our boys and girls.\u201d Miller told The Enquirer he was go- ing to retire anyway when he was in- formed of the dismissal. He also told The Enquirer the school district was \u201cjust protecting itself from public per- ception really have done nothing wrong here,\u201d Miller told The Enquirer in June 2016. \u201cIt\u2019s not surprising to me what they have done, but they are quick to throw bus drivers under the bus any- time there is a complaint instead of re- ally getting our side.\u201d Miller continued teaching at for the remainder of the spring 2016 semester, but his contract was not renewed for the 2016-2017 year. He worked at for 27 years. The Herald attempted to contact Miller with multiple phone calls, but he did not respond before publication. William Gross Magee Murray State Magee has made my life a living hell student told the Offi ce of Equal Opportunity about a lecturer at Murray State. Dennis Miller 3 2 4, 2017 Off enders move on to work at other universities f employees\u2019 positions are terminat- ed or they resign or retire after a vi- olation, their case is often not made public and they are able to work at other universities At least eight of the 62 employ- ees who violated university policy are working at other schools scattered across the country, according to the records the Herald was able to obtain. Heavily redacted records from East- ern Kentucky Univer- sity revealed a sexual harassment complaint against assistant pro- fessor Nicholas Santan- gelo submitted in 2012. The student said Santangelo sent sexual- ly explicit emails to her and she found the con- duct \u201cunwelcome and unwanted,\u201d she told the Equal Opportunity Offi ce. According to the report, the online conversations began in late February \u201cwith jokes about professors teaching for sex and money.\u201d In early May 2012, the student and Santangelo were engaging in a sexually explicit email chain. Santangelo sent 17 emails of \u201csexual nature\u201d to the student and she sent 11 back on May 1, 2012, according to the Equal Opportunity Offi ce report. The student said she willingly en- gaged in the conversations at \ufb01 rst, ac- cording to the complaint. However, the conversations became sexually explicit to the point where \u201cshe could no lon- ger disengage,\u201d she told the Equal Op- portunity Offi ce. When the woman \ufb01 led a complaint, the Equal Opportunity Offi ce reviewed the emails between Santangelo and the woman and seized the hard drives of his current and recently replaced laptop computers. After a thorough investigation, the Equal Opportunity Offi ce concluded that Santangelo behaved \u201cinappropri- ately\u201d and violated the school\u2019s sexual harassment and nondiscrimination pol- icy. Santangelo sent more than 25 sex- ually explicit emails to the student from his email and private Gmail accounts, the Equal Opportunity Offi ce found in its review. When the investigation concluded in July, the Equal Opportunity Offi ce rec- ommended \u201cappropriate\u201d disciplinary action be taken to prevent any future recurrence\u2014but did not recommend his termination. Santangelo, a tenured professor at EKU, resigned from the university and began teaching at Hofstra University in Long Island, New York, the following year. Howard Greenberg, an attorney representing Santangelo, said Santan- gelo\u2019s decision to teach at Hofstra Uni- versity predated the Equal Opportuni- ty Offi ce investigation. Greenberg said Santangelo, who is originally from Long Island, was looking to relocate his fami- ly closer to his former home. Greenberg said in an email the heav- ily redacted documents obtained by the Herald should be \u201cprivate and con- \ufb01 dential.\u201d \u201cAny implication in your reporting that Dr. Santangelo was censured in any way as a result of the investigation would be improper,\u201d Greenberg said in an email on Wednesday, May 3. Universities refuse to release investigation records y concealing serious sexual mis- conduct violations from the public, universities can handle the cases in private, allowing professors or other employees to con- tinue working at the school, or allowing them to resign and move on to work at other universities. Universities protect this information by heavily redacting public documents on those cases. Other universities, like and Kentucky State University, generally refuse to release the docu- ments at all. At WKU, six employees have violat- ed the university\u2019s sexual misconduct policy since 2013, according to Andrea Anderson, Title coordinator. The uni- versity says because the employees re- signed before \u201c\ufb01 nal action\u201d was taken, it does not have to release the records separate records request dis- closed emails discussing former assis- tant professor of philosophy Adrian Switzer\u2019s resignation for the following year after allegations of misconduct in 2012. The details of the al- legations against Swit- zer are unclear because generally refuses to release information detailing the incident chain of emails discussing Switzer\u2019s resignation shows the university allowed him to continue teaching for the remainder of the school year if he agreed to limit student contact and submit a resignation letter for the fol- lowing year. \u201cYour involvement with students must be limited to class time and to offi ce hours: there is to be no social or extracurricular student engagement,\u201d former Potter College of Arts and Let- ters Dean David Lee wrote in an email to Switzer on September 17, 2012. If the university received \u201ccredible evidence\u201d Switzer was not limiting stu- dent contact would \u201cfully and aggressively\u201d investigate the incident, Lee said in an email to Switzer. After \ufb01 nishing the remainder of the school year at WKU, Switzer was hired by the University of Missouri-Kansas City as an associate teaching professor in fall 2014. During an interview last month, Lee, who currently serves as provost, said concerns against Switzer developed and they were not ignored. The univer- sity decided action needed to be tak- en, but Switzer\u2019s decision to resign was his own, Lee said. In evaluating its action in these kind of cases, Lee said the university exam- ines the magnitude of the off ense and decides if a resignation is suffi cient. \u201cIf it clearly rises to the level of a very serious violation and a very clear exercise of very poor judgment, then a resignation might be something that you would ask for,\u201d Lee said. The university must also decide if an immediate resignation is necessary, de- pending on how \u201cegregious\u201d the situa- tion seems to be, Lee explained. Lee said the case may not have been handled the same way today. \u201cThis was \ufb01 ve years ago and the cli- mate is somewhat diff erent now,\u201d he said. \u201cThere are diff erent expectations around the handling of these matters.\u201d Switzer did not respond to multiple attempts by the Herald to reach him by phone and email. 3 4, 2017 Nicholas Santangelo 4 Th ese documents from NKU, Murray State and were obtained through open records requests to Kentucky public universities. Adrian Switzer Universities withhold records to \u2018protect victims n an opinion piece submitted to the Herald President Gary Ransdell said the university is withholding sexual misconduct and discrimina- tion records to protect the safety and privacy of the victims. \u201cOnly the victim has the right to choose to make a crime against him or her public,\u201d Ransdell wrote denied the Herald\u2019s request to inspect records of university sexu- al misconduct policy violations, citing various exceptions to the Kentucky Open Records Act. Among the exceptions was a pro- vision that allows records that are \u201cpreliminary in nature\u201d to be withheld \u2014 meaning the investigation hasn\u2019t of- \ufb01 cially concluded. These records include the investiga- tions of six employees who have vio- lated WKU\u2019s discrimination and sexual misconduct policy since 2013 and have resigned. Attorney Jon Fleischaker, who was instrumental in the creation of the Kentucky Open Records Act, said calling the records \u201cpreliminary\u201d is inac- curate. \u201cOnce it\u2019s done, it\u2019s done,\u201d said Fleis- chaker, who has consulted for the Her- ald on Kentucky open records laws. \u201cSince the initial complaint resulted in the resignation of a university em- ployee, those records are no longer preliminary.\u201d The Kentucky Attorney General\u2019s Of- \ufb01 ce found in violation of the Open Records Act in January and ordered the university to turn over the records to the Herald then sued the Herald in February to appeal the ruling\u2014 the school\u2019s only option other than releas- ing the records. Universities withhold records to \u2018protect image oMonte of the Student Press Law Center believes there is an incen- tive for universities to conceal the fact that many harassment complaints go unpunished in order to protect their images. Public universities are now relying on student retention and outside do- nations more than ever, according to a Center of Budget and Policy Priorities report. In Kentucky, per-student funding for universities is down by more than 30 percent since the start of the Great Re- cession. Additionally, Kentucky is one of 12 states to cut per-student funding consecutively in 2015 and 2016, accord- ing to the report. Because of higher education cuts across the nation, the funding market has gotten more competitive and col- leges are more image-conscious, Lo- Monte said. \u201cThere is almost nothing more dam- aging to recruitment than having the public believe you are a college where the professors sexually harass the stu- dents,\u201d he said. LoMonte, who has more than 20 years experience dealing with similar cases, believes there is a public interest in knowing how cases of serious sexual misconduct cases are handled. \u201cThe proper solution is to redact the names and any personal identi\ufb01 ers\u201d of victims, he said. \u201cIn a normal investiga- tion, that should be very much possible to do. Just give the public the facts.\u201d Instead, many universities refuse to release sexual misconduct records or heavily redact the records to the point where the severity of the misconduct is unidenti\ufb01 able, leaving the public in the dark. \u201cWe don\u2019t let government agencies decide that certain records are con- \ufb01 dential because they\u2019re afraid of the conclusions the public is going to jump to,\u201d LoMonte said. \u201cThe public needs to know if serious wrongdoings are being adequately punished *This information was obtained from an interview with Title Coordinator Andrea Anderson in February student submits a complaint to the Title offi ce at WKU. Title conducts a \u201cthorough\u201d investigation of the complaint including, but not limited to, interviews with students, witnesses and colleagues. Title offi cials decide if there is a policy violation or not. The employee may choose to resign or retire. This leaves the investigation \u201copen\u201d or \u201cunconcluded\u201d and ends the it. The Title offi ce can only ensure they no longer work for WKU. Title does not have the ability to keep them from getting future employment. At WKU, their personnel \ufb01 le is marked \u201cineligible for rehire.\u201d If a future employer calls and asks why, Human Resources cannot explain why. If Title offi cials feel there is a policy violation, they will \u201chypothetically\u201d say to the employee: \u201cTh ings don\u2019t look good.\u201d \u201cYou know what the accusations are, you admit you did wrong.\u201d \u201cYou admit to the things we are basing this policy violation on.\u201d 4 4, 2017"}
7,325	Hans Arneson	Elon University	[ "7325_101.pdf", "7325_102.pdf", "7325_103.pdf" ]	{"7325_101.pdf": "Hans Arneson by: FOX8 Digital Desk Posted: May 8, 2014 / 05:51 Updated: May 8, 2014 / 06:18 This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated. 55 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 1/10 Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages ELON, N.C. \u2013 An Elon University adjunct professor has been dismissed from his job after he allegedly sent inappropriate text messages to students. Elon Local News reported that Religious Studies professor Hans Arneson was dismissed from the university this semester. Arneson is accused of sending sexually suggestive messages to junior Amy DeNenno and another inappropriate message to at least one other student. DeNenno said she was a student in Arneson\u2019s Introduction to the New Testament in the fall. She said the professor started sending her text messages after the two grabbed lunch one day after class. The texting allegedly turned inappropriate, talking about meeting outside of class and drinking alcohol, even though DeNenno is underage > Next > Cancel \u2715 Next story in > Cancel Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 2/10 DeNenno said going to class became uncomfortable and she even started skipping some classes. She informed university officials about the matter in February. One text message read wanted to duck into a room with you for a few mins when you left the room for a sec. Just five mins to taste your lips and tease a lil\u2026\u201d Another student, who chose to remain anonymous, said she received a text from Arneson that read, \u201cYou could have joined me in my daily after-class shot in my office!\u201d Arneson declined to comment when asked by Elon Local News. Read more: Elon Local News enhanced-32206-1399429922-1 enhanced-11180-1399429923-5 Suggest a Correction Copyright 2025 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed No new bombshells in Justice Department\u2019s release > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 3/10 Top Stories Senegal has signed a deal with separatist rebels. \u2026 No new bombshells in Justice Department\u2019s release \u2026 Students escape flaming school bus Congress votes to kill Biden-era methane fee on oil \u2026 Oscar-winner Gene Hackman, wife Betsy Arakawa and \u2026 Students escape flaming school bus Congress votes to kill Biden- era methane fee on oil \u2026 Oscar-winner Gene Hackman, wife Betsy Arakawa and \u2026 Israel and Hamas have begun negotiating next phase > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 4/10 Israel and Hamas have begun negotiating next phase \u2026 Refugee aid groups say Trump administration is trying \u2026 Judge finds mass firings of federal probationary \u2026 More Stories FOX8 Video More Videos > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 5/10 Morning News Enter Your Email 1 Kroger to give out free boxes for Daylight Saving \u2026 2 2 charged with trafficking in Harnett Co. Amber Alert \u2026 3 Thomasville day care assault suspects appear in court 4 Missing Siler City 15-year-old found safe 5 bill proposes up to $12k increase for teacher \u2026 6 North Carolina man wins $10 million lottery prize 7 Actor Gene Hackman, wife, dog found dead in their \u2026 8 Couple who met at starts production company 9 Search warrants reveal fearful texts in Asha Degree \u2026 10 Man charged after alleged trespassing at Hopewell FOX8 > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 6/10 Thomasville day care assault suspects appear in court Piedmont Triad News 2 hours ago Winston-Salem group helps fulfill dreams of homeownership In Black and White 4 hours ago The Stylistics record first new album in 17 years Buckley Report 6 hours ago Evan Blackerby & The Bandwagon perform live on FOX8 Live Music Thursday 10 hours ago Pet of the Day: Bailey could be your best bud Pet of the Day 10 hours ago See what\u2019s serving at Shinjuku Sushi in High Point FOX8 Foodie 11 hours ago 5 things playing Pok\u00e9mon encourages in your children Mommy Matters 11 hours ago Let your garden sleep awhile longer Grow like a Pro 11 hours ago News13 confronts Miller one day after rape claims South Carolina News 14 hours ago \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 Longtime Gibsonville mayor looks back on 31 years \u2026 Piedmont Triad News 2 hours ago > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 7/10 3 Current 55\u00b0 Clear Tonight 38\u00b0 Mostly Clear Precip: 2% Tomorrow 60\u00b0 Sunny Skies Precip: 2% See more FOX8 videos See FOX8's Top Stories Thomasville day care assault suspects appear in court Piedmont Triad News 2 hours ago \u2022 Winston-Salem group helps fulfill dreams of homeownership In Black and White 4 hours ago woman continues family legacy of entrepreneurs Black History Month 5 hours ago \u2022 Above normal temperatures will continue in Piedmont \u2026 Forecast 6 hours ago \u2022 Longtime Gibsonville mayor looks back on 31 years \u2026 Piedmont Triad News 2 hours ago > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 8/10 North Carolina news, weather, politics, sports and more from the heart of the Triad About Us Contact Us Work for FOX8 Advertise with FOX8 FOX8 Gives Back Community Calendar Contests FOX8 Mobile Apps Email Newsletters Here are Amazon\u2019s #1 bestsellers this week Holiday 1 week ago Le Creuset, Stanley and more top Amazon\u2019s \u2018hot\u2019 \u2026 Holiday 1 week ago Best Buy Presidents Day Sale: Apple, Samsung, Dyson \u2026 Holiday 1 week ago The best Presidents Day deals on Amazon today Holiday 1 week ago 10 Presidents Day small appliance deals you shouldn\u2019t \u2026 Holiday 1 week ago The best Presidents Day deals to shop now Holiday 1 week ago View All BestReviews Picks > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 9/10 Public File Report Applications Get News App Get Weather App Stay Connected Privacy Policy 11/18/2024 Terms Of Use Public File Assistance Contact The Hill NewsNation BestReviews Content Licensing Nexstar Digital Journalistic Integrity Sitemap Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information \u00a9 1998 - 2025 Nexstar Media Inc. \| All Rights Reserved > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:03 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 10/10", "7325_102.pdf": "Hans Arneson by: FOX8 Digital Desk Posted: May 8, 2014 / 05:51 Updated: May 8, 2014 / 06:18 This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated. 57 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 1/10 Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages ELON, N.C. \u2013 An Elon University adjunct professor has been dismissed from his job after he allegedly sent inappropriate text messages to students. Elon Local News reported that Religious Studies professor Hans Arneson was dismissed from the university this semester. Arneson is accused of sending sexually suggestive messages to junior Amy DeNenno and another inappropriate message to at least one other student. DeNenno said she was a student in Arneson\u2019s Introduction to the New Testament in the fall. She said the professor started sending her text messages after the two grabbed lunch one day after class. The texting allegedly turned inappropriate, talking about meeting outside of class and drinking alcohol, even though DeNenno is underage > Next > Cancel \u2715 Next story in > Cancel Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 2/10 DeNenno said going to class became uncomfortable and she even started skipping some classes. She informed university officials about the matter in February. One text message read wanted to duck into a room with you for a few mins when you left the room for a sec. Just five mins to taste your lips and tease a lil\u2026\u201d Another student, who chose to remain anonymous, said she received a text from Arneson that read, \u201cYou could have joined me in my daily after-class shot in my office!\u201d Arneson declined to comment when asked by Elon Local News. Read more: Elon Local News enhanced-32206-1399429922-1 enhanced-11180-1399429923-5 Suggest a Correction Copyright 2025 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed Are vending machines a money maker? Here\u2019s what to > Next > Next story in > Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 3/10 Top Stories Are vending machines a money maker? Here\u2019s what to \u2026 Trump cutoff of humanitarian parole for immigrants \u2026 Trump\u2019s Oval Office thrashing of Zelenskyy shows \u2026 The Latest: Zelenskyy moves on after Oval Office \u2026 Namibian founding president Sam Nujoma is laid to \u2026 Trump cutoff of humanitarian parole for immigrants \u2026 Trump\u2019s Oval Office thrashing of Zelenskyy shows \u2026 The Latest: Zelenskyy moves on after Oval Office \u2026 Namibian founding president Sam Nujoma is laid to > Next > Next story in > Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 4/10 auto industry could be collateral damage in Trump\u2019s \u2026 Why does the still print the $2 bill cuts are already hitting countries around the \u2026 More Stories FOX8 Video More Videos > Next > Next story in > Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 5/10 Morning News Enter Your Email 1 Public asked to help find missing woman at Belews \u2026 2 Zelensky says he won\u2019t apologize for Oval Office \u2026 3 19-year-old girl arrested in 2023 double homicide: \u2026 4 Amber Alert Update: Teen found in Asheboro; 2 charged 5 Woman hit, killed in on Waughtown St.: police 6 Video: Full Trump-Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting 7 Supporters of Blackout Friday support Triad businesses 8 Day care worker charged with child sex crimes 9 Thomasville day care assault suspects appear in court 10 What we know about the deaths of Gene Hackman, wife FOX8 > Next > Next story in > Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 6/10 police looking for suspected in hit-and-run High Point News 15 hours ago Triad teachers struggle with students bringing phones \u2026 Buckley Report 15 hours ago woman who overcame cancer worries cuts will cost \u2026 Winston-Salem News 16 hours ago Easy changes to help protect your heart health House Calls 22 hours ago Pet of the Day: Atlas, my love has come along Pet of the Day 21 hours ago Come see Anana The Polar Bear at the North Carolina \u2026 North Carolina Zoo Filez 24 hours ago nonprofit cheer program promotes girl power Good News 1 day ago Why have measles vaccines declined in children? Health News 1 day ago Longtime Gibsonville mayor looks back on 31 years \u2026 Piedmont Triad News 2 days ago \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 Supporters of Blackout Friday support Triad businesses Winston-Salem News 14 hours ago > Next > Next story in > Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 7/10 3 Current 57\u00b0 Sunny Tonight 26\u00b0 Mostly Clear Precip: 0% Tomorrow 47\u00b0 Sunny Precip: 0% See more FOX8 videos See FOX8's Top Stories Supporters of Blackout Friday support Triad businesses Winston-Salem News 14 hours ago police looking for suspected in hit-and-run High Point News 15 hours ago \u2022 Triad teachers struggle with students bringing phones \u2026 Buckley Report 15 hours ago woman who overcame cancer worries cuts will cost \u2026 Winston-Salem News 16 hours ago \u2022 Woman hit, killed in on Waughtown St.: police Winston-Salem News 11 hours ago > Next > Next story in > Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 8/10 North Carolina news, weather, politics, sports and more from the heart of the Triad About Us Contact Us Work for FOX8 Advertise with FOX8 FOX8 Gives Back Community Calendar Contests FOX8 Mobile Apps Email Newsletters 2025 Oscars gift bags are worth over $200K and include \u2026 Holiday 21 hours ago Walmart\u2019s \u2018Flash Deals\u2019 are filled with hidden gems \u2026 Holiday 1 day ago Here are Amazon\u2019s #1 bestsellers this week Holiday 1 week ago Le Creuset, Stanley and more top Amazon\u2019s \u2018hot\u2019 \u2026 Holiday 2 weeks ago Best Buy Presidents Day Sale: Apple, Samsung, Dyson \u2026 Holiday 2 weeks ago The best Presidents Day deals on Amazon today Holiday 2 weeks ago View All BestReviews Picks > Next > Next story in > Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 9/10 Public File Report Applications Get News App Get Weather App Stay Connected Privacy Policy 11/18/2024 Terms Of Use Public File Assistance Contact The Hill NewsNation BestReviews Content Licensing Nexstar Digital Journalistic Integrity Sitemap Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information \u00a9 1998 - 2025 Nexstar Media Inc. \| All Rights Reserved > Next > Next story in > Next story in 3/1/25, 8:51 Elon professor dismissed after inappropriate text messages \| FOX8 10/10", "7325_103.pdf": "Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages By cdavis46 \| 5/5/14 5:51pm 3/1/25, 8:52 Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages - Elon News Network 1/4 [youtube= 3/1/25, 8:52 Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages - Elon News Network 2/4 Students and professors often have close mentoring relationships, and it's not uncommon to hear about professors giving out their phone numbers. But junior Amy DeNenno believes that messages from her Religious Studies professor, Hans Arneson, went too far. Arneson was dismissed from the university this semester. DeNenno said that at first she did not think much of it thought it was fine, 'cause mean every professor I've had has given us their number,\" DeNenno said. She was a student in Arneson's Introduction to the New Testament in the fall. After grabbing lunch following class, Arneson began to text DeNenno. According to DeNenno, the messages started out friendly and related to class assignments. \"He was just a really chill professor and was pretty lenient about things,\" DeNenno said. But soon the texts turned inappropriate, talking about meeting outside of class and drinking alcohol, even though DeNenno is not 21. \"He's like, 'My boss would probably frown on me \"loving beer\" with a student,'\" DeNeno read from a text message on her phone. \"'Especially a confident blonde woman had fun.\" DeNenno says that she responded to his text messages to be polite, but she was not sure of the appropriate way to handle the situation didn't know how to react because the way he was talking to me was the way that any guy in general that was flirting with me would talk to me,\" DeNenno said. As the text messages continued, DeNenno says even going to class became uncomfortable would skip classes,\" DeNenno said would make excuses why didn't want to go. Just the thought of going to class would just make me cringe.\" DeNenno shared the texts she received from Arneson, some of which were sexually graphic. One text read wanted to duck into a room with you for a few mins when you left the room for a sec. Just five mins to taste your lips and tease a lil...\" Another text read, \"Have you come over tonight instead of taking the final...\" But DeNenno wasn't the only student receiving texts. One student, who chose to remain anonymous, said she received a text from Arneson that said \"You could have joined me in my daily after-class shot in my office!\" DeNenno said that once she informed university officials in February, they quickly took action. Looking back, she wishes she would have spoken up earlier. \"If could change everything probably would have told him that that drink did make me feel uncomfortable,\" DeNenno said probably would have told him to just kind of chill out, stop talking to me like that. Yeah think that there's just more regrets than anything.\" We spoke to Arneson on the phone, but he declined to comment. We also reached out to the University, who told us that personnel matters are kept private. Latest \| 02/28/2025 5:50pm Elon President Connie Book says Elon will not be affected by recent executive orders Elon President Connie Book said Elon University will not be impacted by recent executive orders that propose cuts to funding for higher education and diversity, equity and inclusion programs. Elon\u2019s Student Government hosted a fireside chat event with Book and Vice President for Student Life Jon Dooley to answer questions regarding recent executive orders and accessibility issues on campus \| 02/27/2025 5:59pm Q&A: Fashion designer discusses building his shoe empire Stuart Weitzman is a renowned footwear designer who has built a reputation for designing shoes that balance both comfort and elegance. His brand has been worn by celebrities such as Taylor Swift, Angelina Jolie, Tate McRae, Beyonc\u00e9 and more. Weitzman visited Elon University on Feb. 26 to talk to students and share his passion for designing and navigating the changing fashion industry. \"You can't do it alone. And whenever found someone to help me do it always sought the absolute best, most experienced, most talented didn't care if it cost twice as much,\" Weitzman said. 3/1/25, 8:52 Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages - Elon News Network 3/4 \| 02/27/2025 3:17pm Elections 2024: Executive changes, rising candidate interest \| 02/27/2025 10:56am Former softball star returns to Elon in new role \| 02/27/2025 9:16am Elon University Carnaval celebration features live music, dancing, cultural food \| 02/26/2025 9:44pm Simply Oak to close after 8 years in Elon \| 02/26/2025 5:53pm Elon University's Student Government Association cuts down travel funding Copyright \u00a9 2025 Elon News Network Powered by Solutions by The State News 3/1/25, 8:52 Elon professor dismissed after sexual messages - Elon News Network 4/4"}
8,766	Scott Shaw	San Jose State University	[ "8766_101.pdf", "8766_102.pdf", "8766_103.pdf", "8766_104.pdf", "8766_105.pdf", "8766_106.pdf", "8766_107.pdf", "8766_108.pdf" ]	{"8766_101.pdf": "4: San Jose State University\u2019s athletics department building is photographed in San 4: San Jose State University\u2019s athletics department building is photographed in San Jose, Calif., on Thursday, March 4, 2021. (Randy Vazquez/ Bay Area News Group) Jose, Calif., on Thursday, March 4, 2021. (Randy Vazquez/ Bay Area News Group Feds: San Jose State botched sports Feds: San Jose State botched sports trainer sex abuse scandal, retaliated trainer sex abuse scandal, retaliated against coach who blew whistle against coach who blew whistle In $1.6 million settlement, the Justice Department found In $1.6 million settlement, the Justice Department found the university failed for more than a decade to protect the university failed for more than a decade to protect female athletes female athletes \u2022 \u2022 News News 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 1/23 By By \| \| [email protected] [email protected] \| Bay Area News Group, \| Bay Area News Group \| \| [email protected] [email protected] \| Bay Area News Group and \| Bay Area News Group and \| \| [email protected] [email protected] \| Bay Area News Group \| Bay Area News Group UPDATED: UPDATED: September 23, 2021 at 12:28 September 23, 2021 at 12:28 \u2014 In an explosive \u2014 In an explosive report report, the U.S. Department of Justice on Tuesday castigated San , the U.S. Department of Justice on Tuesday castigated San Jose State University over its handling of female athletes\u2019 sexual abuse allegations against a Jose State University over its handling of female athletes\u2019 sexual abuse allegations against a longtime sports trainer \u2014 and its retaliation against employees who tried to protect them. longtime sports trainer \u2014 and its retaliation against employees who tried to protect them. The university agreed to pay $1.6 million to the victims \u2014 $125,000 apiece \u2014 and overhaul its The university agreed to pay $1.6 million to the victims \u2014 $125,000 apiece \u2014 and overhaul its Title office and its process for responding to sexual harassment complaints in a settlement Title office and its process for responding to sexual harassment complaints in a settlement agreement with the Justice Department\u2019s Civil Rights Division and the U.S. Attorney\u2019s Office. agreement with the Justice Department\u2019s Civil Rights Division and the U.S. Attorney\u2019s Office. The lawyer representing the female athletes, Shounak Dharap, called the report a vindication The lawyer representing the female athletes, Shounak Dharap, called the report a vindication for the women whose complaints in 2009 were dismissed after what federal investigators called for the women whose complaints in 2009 were dismissed after what federal investigators called the university\u2019s \u201cwholly inadequate\u201d response that allowed the trainer to continue to have the university\u2019s \u201cwholly inadequate\u201d response that allowed the trainer to continue to have \u201cunfettered access\u201d to treat women for years. \u201cunfettered access\u201d to treat women for years. \u201cOur clients contend and believe that they were essentially gaslighted by the university over a \u201cOur clients contend and believe that they were essentially gaslighted by the university over a decade ago. They were told that what they experienced and what they reported didn\u2019t happen decade ago. They were told that what they experienced and what they reported didn\u2019t happen the way they said it did,\u201d Dharap said. \u201cLiving with that for over a decade, it\u2019s incredibly the way they said it did,\u201d Dharap said. \u201cLiving with that for over a decade, it\u2019s incredibly traumatic.\u201d traumatic.\u201d The finding, he said, \u201cbrings us one step closer to justice.\u201d But it does not resolve the issue: Civil The finding, he said, \u201cbrings us one step closer to justice.\u201d But it does not resolve the issue: Civil suits against the university are continuing, and on Tuesday there was new focus on San Jose suits against the university are continuing, and on Tuesday there was new focus on San Jose State University President Mary Papazian\u2019s role in the scandal and its aftermath. State University President Mary Papazian\u2019s role in the scandal and its aftermath. Federal investigators concluded 23 student athletes were inappropriately touched by athletic Federal investigators concluded 23 student athletes were inappropriately touched by athletic trainer Scott Shaw, but only 13 have accepted the university\u2019s settlement offer to date. It was trainer Scott Shaw, but only 13 have accepted the university\u2019s settlement offer to date. It was not clear Tuesday what will happen with the 10 other athletes. not clear Tuesday what will happen with the 10 other athletes. 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 2/23 The The deal deal comes after years of scandal at the university that started in 2009 when Spartans comes after years of scandal at the university that started in 2009 when Spartans swim coach Sage Hopkins first brought forward the allegations of more than a dozen female swim coach Sage Hopkins first brought forward the allegations of more than a dozen female swimmers who contended that Shaw reached under their bras and underwear and swimmers who contended that Shaw reached under their bras and underwear and inappropriately touched them during sports massages. inappropriately touched them during sports massages. Not only did an internal university investigation at the time quickly clear Shaw of wrongdoing, Not only did an internal university investigation at the time quickly clear Shaw of wrongdoing, calling his \u201cpressure point therapy\u201d legitimate, but little was done to prevent him from abusing calling his \u201cpressure point therapy\u201d legitimate, but little was done to prevent him from abusing athletes over the next decade, federal investigators found. During that time, at least two more athletes over the next decade, federal investigators found. During that time, at least two more victims came forward, a dire consequence of \u201cignoring ongoing concerns,\u201d the report said. victims came forward, a dire consequence of \u201cignoring ongoing concerns,\u201d the report said. \u201cNo student should be subjected to sexual harassment at a college or university in our country, \u201cNo student should be subjected to sexual harassment at a college or university in our country, especially by an employee who wields a position of power,\u201d Assistant Attorney General Kristen especially by an employee who wields a position of power,\u201d Assistant Attorney General Kristen Clarke of the Justice Department\u2019s Civil Rights Division said in a statement Tuesday. Clarke of the Justice Department\u2019s Civil Rights Division said in a statement Tuesday. The Justice Department also blasted the university for the inadequacy of its subsequent The Justice Department also blasted the university for the inadequacy of its subsequent investigations. Although the university launched a second investigation in 2019 that reversed investigations. Although the university launched a second investigation in 2019 that reversed the original findings and vindicated the athletes, it came only after Coach Hopkins \u2014 who the original findings and vindicated the athletes, it came only after Coach Hopkins \u2014 who complained to university officials in emails for years about Shaw \u2014 took his complaints outside complained to university officials in emails for years about Shaw \u2014 took his complaints outside the university, to the and other groups. Even then, just like after the first investigation, the university, to the and other groups. Even then, just like after the first investigation, the trainer inexplicably continued to work on female athletes. the trainer inexplicably continued to work on female athletes. \u201cThe Athletic Trainer sexually harassed a student-athlete as recently as February 2020, after the \u201cThe Athletic Trainer sexually harassed a student-athlete as recently as February 2020, after the Athletic Trainer was explicitly directed not to treat student-athletes pending SJSU\u2019s Athletic Trainer was explicitly directed not to treat student-athletes pending SJSU\u2019s investigation,\u201d the report said. investigation,\u201d the report said. Shaw, who has declined to comment to this news organization, resigned last year. The is Shaw, who has declined to comment to this news organization, resigned last year. The is investigating for possible criminal charges. investigating for possible criminal charges. The university also refused to widen the scope of its follow-up investigation despite learning The university also refused to widen the scope of its follow-up investigation despite learning that other athletes had complaints, the report said. that other athletes had complaints, the report said. \u201cIn some cases made minimal or no effort to interview those additional potential victims,\u201d \u201cIn some cases made minimal or no effort to interview those additional potential victims,\u201d the report said. the report said. Read More Read More 00:00 00:00 02:00 02:00 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 3/23 \ue905 \ue905 Originally Published: Originally Published: September 21, 2021 at 10:45 September 21, 2021 at 10:45 The Justice Department on Tuesday also admonished the university for retaliating against two The Justice Department on Tuesday also admonished the university for retaliating against two employees. Although not named in the report, the whistleblowers are presumably Coach employees. Although not named in the report, the whistleblowers are presumably Coach Hopkins who was given poor performance evaluations after bringing his complaints about Hopkins who was given poor performance evaluations after bringing his complaints about Shaw and the university\u2019s inaction to officials at the NCAA, and former deputy athletic director Shaw and the university\u2019s inaction to officials at the NCAA, and former deputy athletic director Steve O\u2019Brien, who defended Hopkins and was fired. Steve O\u2019Brien, who defended Hopkins and was fired. However, earlier this year, the athletic department\u2019s top official also lost her job. In May, the However, earlier this year, the athletic department\u2019s top official also lost her job. In May, the school reassigned athletic director Marie Tuite to a fundraising role, and in August, she left. She school reassigned athletic director Marie Tuite to a fundraising role, and in August, she left. She along with deputy athletic director Eileen Daley have been accused of retaliation. Daley has along with deputy athletic director Eileen Daley have been accused of retaliation. Daley has been on medical leave for several weeks. been on medical leave for several weeks. Now, President Papazian is coming under fire. She joined San Jose State in 2016, seven years Now, President Papazian is coming under fire. She joined San Jose State in 2016, seven years after the allegations first surfaced, but some are calling for her ouster. In letters to Papazian after the allegations first surfaced, but some are calling for her ouster. In letters to Papazian earlier this year obtained by this news organization, Hopkins accused her administration of earlier this year obtained by this news organization, Hopkins accused her administration of attempting to \u201cbully and silence\u201d him. attempting to \u201cbully and silence\u201d him. \u201cThe ones who get punished are the ones protecting, not the ones abusing or covering up for \u201cThe ones who get punished are the ones protecting, not the ones abusing or covering up for the abuse,\u201d said Jason Laker, a professor and previous whistleblower who sued the the abuse,\u201d said Jason Laker, a professor and previous whistleblower who sued the university for similar issues of covering up sexual harassment in the classroom. university for similar issues of covering up sexual harassment in the classroom. In a statement Tuesday, San Jose State said it looked forward to partnering with the to In a statement Tuesday, San Jose State said it looked forward to partnering with the to build a stronger Title program. build a stronger Title program. \u201cThe health and safety of our campus community remains our top priority,\u201d the university said. \u201cThe health and safety of our campus community remains our top priority,\u201d the university said. \u201cWe will continue to learn from the past so we never repeat it.\u201d \u201cWe will continue to learn from the past so we never repeat it Chancellor Joseph Castro said in a statement Tuesday that he is \u201cdeeply concerned\u201d that Chancellor Joseph Castro said in a statement Tuesday that he is \u201cdeeply concerned\u201d that the Shaw\u2019s misconduct was not properly addressed. the Shaw\u2019s misconduct was not properly addressed. \u201cWe thank and applaud the students and employees at who courageously brought the \u201cWe thank and applaud the students and employees at who courageously brought the truth to light,\u201d Castro said. truth to light,\u201d Castro said. The report also requires a reckoning of another kind: Although Papazian apologized in 2019 to The report also requires a reckoning of another kind: Although Papazian apologized in 2019 to Shaw\u2019s victims, acknowledging a \u201cbreach of trust,\u201d she refused to acknowledge Hopkins\u2019 efforts Shaw\u2019s victims, acknowledging a \u201cbreach of trust,\u201d she refused to acknowledge Hopkins\u2019 efforts to expose the ongoing issues with Shaw. In the Justice Department settlement, the university to expose the ongoing issues with Shaw. In the Justice Department settlement, the university agreed \u201cSJSU\u2019s President will express appreciation, in writing, for (Hopkins\u2019s) efforts to protect agreed \u201cSJSU\u2019s President will express appreciation, in writing, for (Hopkins\u2019s) efforts to protect Student-Athletes from Sexual Harassment by the Athletic Trainer.\u201d Student-Athletes from Sexual Harassment by the Athletic Trainer.\u201d Around the Web Around the Web 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 4/23 Find Useful Knowledge Find Useful Knowledge Ethereal Search Engine Ethereal Search Engine Stop Paying Too Much for Your Stop Paying Too Much for Your Prescriptions - Compare Prices Today Prescriptions - Compare Prices Today Test Your Hearing From The Comfort Test Your Hearing From The Comfort of Your Home of Your Home Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Limone at Home Limone at Home 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 5/23 Is My Space a Good Fit for Airbnb? Is My Space a Good Fit for Airbnb? Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Close to Home Close to Home Access Low-interest Funds Access Low-interest Funds for Home Renovations for Home Renovations The Surprising Link Between Your The Surprising Link Between Your Pillowcase and Aging Pillowcase and Aging 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 6/23 The Smart Approach to Selling Your The Smart Approach to Selling Your Home Home Achieve Total Peace of Mind With Achieve Total Peace of Mind With Ring Devices Ring Devices Support Your Neighbors and Get Support Your Neighbors and Get Involved With Food Rescue Involved With Food Rescue The Close Relationship Between The Close Relationship Between Stress and Sleep Stress and Sleep 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 7/23 Tired of Cleaning out Your Gutters? Tired of Cleaning out Your Gutters? Get a Quote Today! Get a Quote Today! How Much Money Should You Have How Much Money Should You Have Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? 4 Easy Tips to Keep Your Kids Safe 4 Easy Tips to Keep Your Kids Safe Online Online Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Shoe Game Shoe Game 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 8/23 Find Local and Heating Repair Find Local and Heating Repair Services Services We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find Your Perfect Pair! Your Perfect Pair! How Long Does $1 Million Last After How Long Does $1 Million Last After 60? 60? 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 9/23 What You Need to Know About Car What You Need to Know About Car Loans Loans 9 Kinds of Ancestors You Could Find 9 Kinds of Ancestors You Could Find on Your Family Tree on Your Family Tree Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for You and Your Pup! You and Your Pup! Look for Any High School Yearbook, Look for Any High School Yearbook, It's Free! It's Free! 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 10/23 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate Changes Changes Should You Buy an Electric Car? Should You Buy an Electric Car? Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Close to Home Close to Home Achieve Total Peace of Mind With Achieve Total Peace of Mind With Ring Devices Ring Devices 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 11/23 Support Your Neighbors and Get Support Your Neighbors and Get Involved With Food Rescue Involved With Food Rescue Should You Buy an Electric Car? Should You Buy an Electric Car? How Much Money Should You Have How Much Money Should You Have Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? The Surprising Link Between Your The Surprising Link Between Your Pillowcase and Aging Pillowcase and Aging 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 12/23 Tired of Cleaning out Your Gutters? Tired of Cleaning out Your Gutters? Get a Quote Today! Get a Quote Today! Find Local and Heating Repair Find Local and Heating Repair Services Services 9 Kinds of Ancestors You Could Find 9 Kinds of Ancestors You Could Find on Your Family Tree on Your Family Tree How Long Does $1 Million Last After How Long Does $1 Million Last After 60? 60? 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 13/23 Look for Any High School Yearbook, Look for Any High School Yearbook, It's Free! It's Free! Is My Space a Good Fit for Airbnb? Is My Space a Good Fit for Airbnb? Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Limone at Home Limone at Home What You Need to Know About Car What You Need to Know About Car Loans Loans 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 14/23 Test Your Hearing From The Comfort Test Your Hearing From The Comfort of Your Home of Your Home Access Low-interest Funds Access Low-interest Funds for Home Renovations for Home Renovations Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Shoe Game Shoe Game Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for You and Your Pup! You and Your Pup! 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 15/23 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate Changes Changes The Close Relationship Between The Close Relationship Between Stress and Sleep Stress and Sleep The Smart Approach to Selling Your The Smart Approach to Selling Your Home Home Stop Paying Too Much for Your Stop Paying Too Much for Your Prescriptions - Compare Prices Today Prescriptions - Compare Prices Today 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 16/23 We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find Your Perfect Pair! Your Perfect Pair! 4 Easy Tips to Keep Your Kids Safe 4 Easy Tips to Keep Your Kids Safe Online Online Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Close to Home Close to Home Achieve Total Peace of Mind With Achieve Total Peace of Mind With Ring Devices Ring Devices 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 17/23 Support Your Neighbors and Get Support Your Neighbors and Get Involved With Food Rescue Involved With Food Rescue Should You Buy an Electric Car? Should You Buy an Electric Car? How Much Money Should You Have How Much Money Should You Have Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? The Surprising Link Between Your The Surprising Link Between Your Pillowcase and Aging Pillowcase and Aging 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 18/23 Tired of Cleaning out Your Gutters? Tired of Cleaning out Your Gutters? Get a Quote Today! Get a Quote Today! Find Local and Heating Repair Find Local and Heating Repair Services Services 9 Kinds of Ancestors You Could Find 9 Kinds of Ancestors You Could Find on Your Family Tree on Your Family Tree How Long Does $1 Million Last After How Long Does $1 Million Last After 60? 60? 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 19/23 Look for Any High School Yearbook, Look for Any High School Yearbook, It's Free! It's Free! Is My Space a Good Fit for Airbnb? Is My Space a Good Fit for Airbnb? Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Limone at Home Limone at Home What You Need to Know About Car What You Need to Know About Car Loans Loans 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 20/23 Test Your Hearing From The Comfort Test Your Hearing From The Comfort of Your Home of Your Home Access Low-interest Funds Access Low-interest Funds for Home Renovations for Home Renovations Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Shoe Game Shoe Game Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for You and Your Pup! You and Your Pup! 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 21/23 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate Changes Changes The Close Relationship Between The Close Relationship Between Stress and Sleep Stress and Sleep The Smart Approach to Selling Your The Smart Approach to Selling Your Home Home Stop Paying Too Much for Your Stop Paying Too Much for Your Prescriptions - Compare Prices Today Prescriptions - Compare Prices Today 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 22/23 2021 2021 \ue907 \ue907September September \ue907 \ue90721 21 We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find Your Perfect Pair! Your Perfect Pair! 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State University to pay $1.6 million to athletes inappropriately touched by trainer 23/23", "8766_102.pdf": "named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer By Amanda del Castillo Wednesday, March 23, 2022 JOSE, Calif. (KGO) -- San Jose State University (SJSU) has been named in a class action lawsuit filed Friday in Santa Clara County Superior Court. San Jose State University has been named in a class action lawsuit filed Friday in Santa Clara Co. Superior Court involving a former athletic trainer. 24/7 Live 65\u00b0 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer - ABC7 San Francisco 1/8 The class action case follows a sex abuse scandal involving the university's former head athletic trainer and director of sports medicine, Scott Shaw. In early March, the Department of Justice (DOJ) charged Shaw with civil rights violations for \"engaging in sexual misconduct with female student-athletes under the guise of treating them for their injuries.\" According to a release from March 10, \"The charges allege that between 2017 and 2020, Shaw violated the civil rights of four students who played on women's athletics teams by touching their breasts and buttocks without their consent and without a legitimate purpose. Shaw, as a state employee for the California State University system, is further alleged to have acted under color of law when he sexually assaulted the victims to pay $1.6M to student-athletes after sexual harassment investigation Last Tuesday, Shaw pleaded not guilty to six counts of violating the civil rights of female athletes who say Shaw sexually abused them under his care. The said Shaw faces a maximum of six years in prison if convicted of all counts. Friday's class action case expands the pool of potential victims. Arns Law Attorney Shounak Dharap is part of the legal team representing survivors. He said questions from clients drove the case, asking: Has been held accountable? What changes has the university made? 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer - ABC7 San Francisco 2/8 \"Have those changes been sufficient to hold the university accountable? And have they been sufficient to hold the university accountable for how many other survivors are there,\" Dharap referenced. \"And by the way, how many are there ACTION: Get help with sexual assault, rape, and abuse In the DOJ's letter to the California State University system, the department estimated that from 2009-2010 to the present, \"there were approximately one thousand female student-athletes who participated in Athletics, and therefore could have been exposed to treatment by the Athletic Trainer.\" In September, ABC7 News reported on developments the found violated Title rules and was ordered to pay $1.6 million to the former athletes who were harassed. Back then, the found that failed to respond to the athletes' claims of harassment including \"repeated, unwelcome sexual touching of their breasts, groins, buttocks, and/or pubic areas during treatment in the campus training facilities.\" As a result, the department concluded that SJSU's response exposed student-athletes to harm. Class action court documents allege \"ignored clear signs that these young women were at-risk of being molested by SHAW.\" 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer - ABC7 San Francisco 3/8 baseball coach fired after class-action lawsuit alleges abuse, sexual misconduct \"The real powerful part of a class action- the reason why class actions are so beneficial in terms of moving the ball on justice- is because they are a way to hold institutions accountable,\" Dharap said. \"Not just to the one or two or 15 people who will file a lawsuit.\" His firm also represents 15 victims of Shaw who won a $3.3-million settlement with the university. \"In this class case, we're working on this case with another firm- Manly, Stewart & Finaldi- who you may know and folks may know as sort of the folks who represented tons of clients in the USC, UCLA, and Michigan cases,\" Dharap told ABC7 News. \"They've got that real deep knowledge of sexual abuse and sexual assault survivors with respect to institutions.\" Dharap added Arns Law has spent the last few years investigating the misconduct surrounding Shaw. \"So we bring a lot of institutional knowledge and experience to representing our clients,\" he said. 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer - ABC7 San Francisco 4/8 If you're on the ABC7 News app, click here to watch live whistleblower and women's swimming and diving coach, Sage Hopkins said in a statement, \"The most important thing is the healing of our affected student athletes... Shaw and those who enabled his predation being held accountable is an important step in that process.\" Last fall, then-university president Dr. Mary Papazian stepped down amid Shaw's sexual harassment investigation. The university said Tuesday, it's reviewing the filing. In a statement to ABC7 News, saying in-part, \"The safety and well-being of the communities remain a top priority for and the CSU. We will continue to be transparent and provide updates at the appropriate times.\" 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer - ABC7 San Francisco 5/8 The information gathering process comes next, according to Attorney Dharap. Report a correction or typo Copyright \u00a9 2025 KGO-TV. All Rights Reserved. Related Topics War Thunder Play War Thunder now for free Play Now SearchPad Crossout Crossout 2.0: Supercharged Play Now Book Your Low Priced Cruise (See Offers) War Thunder War Thunder - Register now for free and play against over 75 Million real Players Play Now Pfizer The rise of health misinformation is a growing global crisis. Here's how advocates are fighting it Learn More Affordable Wedding Dress \| Search Ads Mubarikpur: Discover Affordable Wedding Dress Options Learn More Crossout Crossout: New Apocalyptic Play Now 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer - ABC7 San Francisco 6/8 Jobs Online \| Search Ads Do You Speak English? Work for a Company, Live in Mubarikpur Villas in Dubai \| Search Ads Villas For Sale in Dubai Might Surprise You Get Deals Solar Panel Grants \| Search Ads \| Sponsored Discover Solar Panel Grant In Mubarikpur Learn More Topics Home Weather Traffic Watch Photos Apps Regions San Francisco East Bay South Bay Peninsula North Bay More Content Building Better Bay Area Take Action Resources 7 On Your Side I-Team 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer - ABC7 San Francisco 7/8 Privacy Policy Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Children's Privacy Policy Your State Privacy Rights Terms of Use Interest-Based Ads Public Inspection File Applications Copyright \u00a9 2025 ABC, Inc San Francisco. All Rights Reserved. Equity Report Company About ABC7 Bay Area ABC7 Newsteam Bios #ABC7Now: Connect with ABC7 Take Action in Your Community ABC7 Jobs & Internships Contests, Promotions, & Rules 2/27/25, 8:04 San Jose State named in class action lawsuit linked to sex abuse case involving former athletic trainer - ABC7 San Francisco 8/8", "8766_103.pdf": "/ Source: The Associated Press San Jos\u00e9 State University's former director of sports medicine is charged with violating the civil rights of four female athletes he is accused of inappropriately touching under the guise of treatment, federal officials said Thursday. Scott Shaw, 54, allegedly committed sexual misconduct against the student-athletes between 2017 and 2020, according to a statement from the U.S. Department of Justice. Shaw touched the athletes\u2019 breasts and buttocks \u201cwithout their consent and without a legitimate purpose,\u201d officials said. Shaw faces six counts of misdemeanor deprivation of rights under color of law, according to court records filed Thursday in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. He worked at the state college from 2006 to 2020, where he was also the head athletic trainer, the court filing said. He faces a maximum of six years in prison if convicted on all counts, officials said. Shaw is expected to appear in U.S. District Court in San Jos\u00e9 on Tuesday, per the court filing. Neither Shaw or his attorney could be reached for comment Friday. San Jos\u00e9 State University commended the student-athletes who spoke out in a statement Thursday. By Antonio Planas and The Associated Press March 11, 2022, 1:53 Former San Jos\u00e9 State trainer charged with sexually assaulting student-athletes by Justice Department Scott Shaw, once the director of sports medicine at the college, allegedly committed the sexual misconduct between 2017 and 2020, the says 2/27/25, 8:04 Former San Jos\u00e9 State trainer charged with sexually assaulting student-athletes by Justice Department 1/2 \u201cSan Jos\u00e9 State University (SJSU) continues to be grateful for the student-athletes who came forward to share their painful stories. Their bravery and resilience are commendable, and we hope that with the charges today, they are one step closer to justice.\u201d The federal charges come after earlier allegations of sexual assault from more than a dozen female swimmers who accused Shaw of inappropriately touching them during physical therapy from 2006 to 2009. The university investigated and cleared Shaw of all wrongdoing in 2010, saying the claims of improper touching were not substantiated and were in fact \"bona fide means of treating muscle injury.\" Shaw denied any misconduct, continued to work at and no criminal charges were filed against him. The school launched a second investigation in 2019, undertaken by an external law firm, after a swimming coach alerted school officials of more alleged misconduct. The probe ended in February of last year and found \"all of the allegations were substantiated ... and that Shaw engaged in sexual harassment and sexual misconduct.\" Shaw resigned from in 2020 before the conclusion of the investigation. Federal prosecutors in September found that the university had failed to adequately respond to reports of sexual misconduct against Shaw even though complaints had been reported for years. San Jose State agreed to pay $1.6 million to 13 female student-athletes as part of a settlement announced in September between the university, the U.S. Justice Department\u2019s Civil Rights Division and the U.S. Attorney\u2019s Office for the Northern District of California. Antonio Planas Antonio Planas is a breaking news reporter for News Digital. The Associated Press The Associated Press 2/27/25, 8:04 Former San Jos\u00e9 State trainer charged with sexually assaulting student-athletes by Justice Department 2/2", "8766_104.pdf": "Justice Department Charges Former San Jose State Trainer with Sexually Assaulting Student-Athletes By Staff - On Thursday, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) charged the former director of sports medicine at San Jose State University (SJSU) with civil rights violations for his alleged sexual abuse of four women student-athletes over the past five years. Scott Shaw was accused of sexual misconduct against nearly two dozen women student-athletes during his 15-year tenure as the top athletic trainer at SJSU. The limited scope of Shaw\u2019s charges is due to the expiration of the statute of limitations on the other cases, the stated. \u201cSJSU\u2019s actions gave the Athletic Trainer unfettered access to student-athletes and led students to feel that further reports of sexual harassment would be futile,\u201d the stated in a news release. In 2021, the determined that violated Title by repeatedly mishandling abuse complaints against Shaw, allowing him to retaliate against accusers officials stated that the abuse was entirely preventable and required the university to pay $125,000 to the alleged survivors as part of a settlement agreement. However, some rejected the money and pursued separate lawsuits. \u201cIt\u2019s a relief to finally be acknowledged,\u201d Linzy Warkentin, a former swimmer and alleged survivor of Shaw\u2019s abuse, told TODAY. \u201cFor some girls, the fact that they were told [by the school] that this sexual assault was okay has affected their relationships for the past decade. Perhaps they can finally start to heal from that.\u201d March 11, 2022 2/27/25, 8:04 Justice Department Charges Former San Jose State Trainer with Sexually Assaulting Student-Athletes \| Insight Into Diversity 1/2 2/27/25, 8:04 Justice Department Charges Former San Jose State Trainer with Sexually Assaulting Student-Athletes \| Insight Into Diversity 2/2", "8766_105.pdf": "Learn more about Read Next United States Remote federal employees get ultimatum to move to Washington March 10 (Reuters former San Jose State University sports medicine director was charged on Thursday with sexually assaulting female student athletes over multiple years. Four women at the Northern California university accused Scott Shaw, 54, of inappropriate touching between 2017 and 2020 during medical exams that were set up under the pretext of injury treatment, according to a press release. He was also an athletic trainer at the university. Federal prosecutors say Shaw committed civil rights violations by touching the athletes' breasts and buttocks without consent or cause. They also allege he acted under color of law, or pretended to act in the performance of his official duties, as a state employee for the California State University system. Shaw is scheduled to make his first appearance in U.S. District Court in San Jose on Tuesday before Magistrate Judge Susan van Keulen. He could face a maximum of six years in prison if convicted on all counts, the news release said lawyer for Shaw has not been identified. The charges come in the wake of high-profile sexual misconduct cases involving sports doctors that unfolded at colleges across the country, including California and Michigan. In 2018, Michigan State University agreed to a $500 million settlement after hundreds of women were sexually abused by disgraced Gymnastics doctor Larry Nassar. He was sentenced up to 175 years in prison after pleading guilty to criminal sexual conduct. The University of Michigan agreed in January to a $490 million payout to 1,050 people to resolve claims of sexual assault against a former sports doctor. Most victims were male athletes. Last year, the University of California made a record $852 million settlement with more than 700 women who claimed an ex-gynecologist sexually abused them as patients on campus. The prestigious school was also accused of trying to cover it up. The sexual abuse scandal at San Jose State University cast a cloud over the campus for the past year, leading it to make two settlements totaling almost $5 million reported. Get weekly news and analysis on U.S. politics and how it matters to the world with the Reuters Politics U.S. newsletter. Sign up here. Reporting by Tyler Clifford Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. Suggested Topics: United States Purchase Licensing Rights Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault By Reuters March 10, 2022 5:55 \u00b7 Updated 3 years ago My News Feedback 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 1/9 12:38 United States judge halts Trump administration's calls for mass firings by agencies 1:00 United States officials must testify about in lawsuit over access to agency systems 11:55 United States Senator Slotkin to rebut Trump speech as Democrats seek to sharpen message 10:46 Sponsored Content What is the latest on ETFs? Sponsored by MarketViews The latest news on commodity markets from leading experts Sponsored by MarketViews Stay updated with the newest gold market developments. Sponsored by MarketViews Discover the latest trends and news in the oil market. Sponsored by MarketViews Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. Discover the trends. Sponsored by MarketViews Stay updated with the newest finance trends from top experts. Sponsored by MarketViews World\u200b Feedback 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 2/9 Ontario holds election as Canada spar over proposed tariffs Americas \u00b7 February 27, 2025 \u00b7 7:56 \u00b7 8 min ago Voters in Canada's most populous province, Ontario, head to the polls on Thursday in an election where the incumbent premier seeks to use U.S. tariff threats to expand his majority China urged to think big, go hard on reviving battered consumption an hour ago United States Actor Gene Hackman and wife found dead at home; cause of death under probe 7:00 Asia Pacific North Korea's Kim orders nuclear readiness after missile test says 6:57 United Kingdom King Charles invites Trump for unprecedented second state visit 6:51 Feedback 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 3/9 Latest Home Authors Topic Sitemap Archive Article Sitemap Media Videos Pictures Graphics Podcasts Browse World Business Markets Sustainability Legal Breakingviews Technology Investigations Sports Science Lifestyle About Reuters About Reuters Advertise with Us Careers Reuters News Agency Brand Attribution Guidelines Reuters and Sponsored Content What is the latest on ETFs? Sponsored by MarketViews The latest news on commodity markets from leading experts Sponsored by MarketViews Stay updated with the newest gold market developments. Sponsored by MarketViews Oil. What next? Sponsored by MarketViews Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. Discover the trends. Sponsored by MarketViews Discover the latest finance insights from global experts. Sponsored by MarketViews Sponsored Content Uncover the latest insights and breakthroughs. Sponsored by MarketViews What is the latest on ETFs? Sponsored by MarketViews The latest news on commodity markets from leading experts Sponsored by MarketViews Stay updated with the newest gold market developments. Sponsored by MarketViews Oil. What next? Sponsored by MarketViews Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. Discover the trends. Sponsored by MarketViews Feedback 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 4/9 Reuters Leadership Reuters Fact Check Reuters Diversity Report Stay Informed Download the App (iOS) Download the App (Android) Newsletters Information you can trust Reuters, the news and media division of Thomson Reuters, is the world\u2019s largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. Reuters provides business, financial, national and international news to professionals via desktop terminals, the world's media organizations, industry events and directly to consumers. Follow Us Advertise With Us Advertising Guidelines Purchase Licensing Rights All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. Cookies Terms of Use Privacy Digital Accessibility Corrections Site Feedback \u00a9 2025 Reuters. All rights reserved Workspace Access unmatched financial data, news and content in a highly-customised workflow experience on desktop, web and mobile. DataCatalogue Browse an unrivalled portfolio of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts. World-Check Screen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks Products Feedback 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 5/9 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 6/9 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 7/9 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 8/9 2/27/25, 8:04 Former athletic trainer at San Jose State charged with sexual assault \| Reuters 9/9", "8766_106.pdf": "Former San Jose State University Director of Sports Medicine Sentenced for Sexually Abusing Female Student Athletes Tuesday, November 14, 2023 For Immediate Release Office of Public Affairs former San Jose State University (SJSU) Director of Sports Medicine was sentenced today in the Northern District of California to 24 months in prison, one year of supervised release, a $15,000 fine and restitution to be determined at a later date for sexually abusing female student- athletes under the guise of providing medical treatment. As part of the plea agreement, Scott Shaw admitted that, between 2017 and 2020, he violated the civil rights of four students who played on women\u2019s athletics teams by touching their breasts and buttocks without their consent and without a legitimate medical purpose. \u201cThis sentence should send a clear message that public school officials who exploit their positions of authority to sexually abuse and harass students will face serious consequences for their actions,\u201d said Assistant Attorney General Kristen Clarke of the Justice Department\u2019s Civil Rights Division. \u201cThe Justice Department will not tolerate violations of civil rights committed under the guise of legitimate medical treatment by those in positions of power and trust.\u201d \u201cScott Shaw was entrusted to care for athletes in the California State University system,\u201d said First Assistant U.S. Attorney Patrick Robbins for the Northern District of California. \u201cInstead, he used his power over female athletes to violate their civil rights by sexually groping them without 2/27/25, 8:04 Office of Public Affairs \| Former San Jose State University Director of Sports Medicine Sentenced for Sexually Abusing Female Stu\u2026 1/4 their consent and without any medical justification. Such criminal assaults on college athletes will be investigated and prosecuted; anyone abusing their power over student athletes in this way should expect to spend time in prison for doing so patient necessarily places enormous trust in a healthcare provider; that relationship is privileged and inviolable for good reason,\u201d said Special Agent In Charge Robert Tripp of the San Francisco Field Office. \u201cShaw\u2019s violation of that relationship is reprehensible, as was reflected in his sentence commend the student athletes for their moral courage in coming forward to challenge Shaw. Their bravery prevented Shaw from committing further harm to others, and civil rights violations will continue to be a top priority for the FBI.\u201d According to court documents, from 2008 until August 2020, Shaw served as the Director of Sports Medicine and head athletic trainer at SJSU, a public university that is part of the California State University system, and was an employee of the State of California. His duties included treating injuries sustained by student-athletes at SJSU. Additionally, Shaw admitted that he engaged in all the conduct described above on SJSU\u2019s campus, and in his capacity as an athletic trainer, and the student-athletes only allowed him to have physical contact with them because of his status as an athletic trainer. Shaw also admitted that he touched each of the student-athletes as described above without any legitimate diagnostic or treatment purpose and without seeking or securing their consent in advance. Shaw further admitted that his conduct was not the result of mistake, carelessness or accident. The San Francisco Field Office investigated the case. Assistant U.S. Attorney Michael Pitman for the Northern District of California and Trial Attorney MarLa Duncan and Attorney Advisor Sarah Howard of the Civil Rights Division\u2019s Criminal Section are prosecuting the case. Updated February 6, 2025 Topic Components Civil Rights Division Civil Rights - Criminal Section Federal Bureau of Investigation - California, Northern 2/27/25, 8:04 Office of Public Affairs \| Former San Jose State University Director of Sports Medicine Sentenced for Sexually Abusing Female Stu\u2026 2/4 Press Release Number: 23-1279 Justice Department Announces Successful Conclusion of Agreement with Evangeline Parish Sheriff\u2019s Office to Ensure Constitutional Policing The Justice Department announced on Tuesday the successful conclusion of the United States\u2019 agreement with the Evangeline Parish Sheriff\u2019s Office (EPSO) in Louisiana to end its pattern or practice of... February 13, 2025 New York Man Pleads Guilty to Hate Crime for Threatening Jewish Synagogue in Albany New York man pleaded guilty today in federal court in Albany, New York, to civil rights and firearm charges related to his threatening conduct targeted at a Jewish synagogue. February 4, 2025 Justice Department Announces Formation of Task Force to Combat Anti- Semitism Pursuant to President Trump\u2019s Executive Order on Additional Measures to Combat Anti- Semitism, the Justice Department announced today the formation of a multi-agency Task Force Related Content 2/27/25, 8:04 Office of Public Affairs \| Former San Jose State University Director of Sports Medicine Sentenced for Sexually Abusing Female Stu\u2026 3/4 to Combat Anti-Semitism. The Task Force\u2019s... February 3, 2025 Office of Public Affairs U.S. Department of Justice 950 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington 20530 Office of Public Affairs Direct Line 202-514-2007 Department of Justice Main Switchboard 202-514-2000 2/27/25, 8:04 Office of Public Affairs \| Former San Jose State University Director of Sports Medicine Sentenced for Sexually Abusing Female Stu\u2026 4/4", "8766_107.pdf": "The California State University: Chancellor\u2019s Office Bakersfield Channel Islands Chico Dominguez Hills East Bay Fresno Fullerton Humboldt Long Beach Los Angeles Maritime Academy Monterey Bay Northridge Pomona Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Jos\u00e9 San Luis Obispo San Marcos Sonoma Stanislaus San Jos\u00e9 State University One Washington Square San Jos\u00e9 95192-0002 TEL: 408-924-1177 FAX: 408-924-1199 [email protected] sjsu.edu Summary of the Investigation Reports/Findings Trigger Warning: The following summary describes sexual misconduct shares this information because of the importance of accountability and transparency in rebuilding community trust. At the same time, we respect our students\u2019 privacy. We have therefore prepared this summary with these principles in mind. Background In December 2009 Women\u2019s Head Swimming and Diving Coach Sage Hopkins reported to administrators that multiple student-athletes on his team had reported to him that during physical therapy sessions Head Athletic Trainer Scott Shaw at times touched their breasts (under the bra and close to the nipple) when treating shoulder injuries, and at the bikini line when treating back or hip injuries. The matter was investigated by Arthur Dunklin, an Human Resources administrator, who interviewed the complainant, 14 student witnesses, two athletic trainers, and Shaw. In May 2010, the investigator concluded that although Shaw \u201cmight have done a better job explaining what he was doing and provided athletes an option of not using pressure point therapy,\u201d the claims of improper touching (\u201csexual harassment\u201d as that conduct was defined in the policy in effect at that time) were not substantiated by a preponderance of the evidence because the evidence established that Shaw\u2019s method of treatment \u2013 pressure point therapy \u2013 is a \u201cbona fide means of treating muscle injury.\u201d In December 2019, President Papazian directed that a Title investigation into Shaw\u2019s conduct be initiated because of concerns that the 2009-2010 investigation may have been incomplete or inadequate. The 2020 Investigation The investigation initiated in December 2019 was undertaken by an external (attorney) investigator, Marilou Mirkovich of the law firm Atkinson, Andelson, Loya, Ruud & Romo, and was overseen by CSU\u2019s Systemwide Title Compliance Officer, Linda Hoos. Eight former and two current female student-athletes alleged that Shaw had touched them inappropriately during physical therapy sessions. The allegations included that Shaw touched their breasts, skin-to-skin, (under the bra and close to the nipple) and/or near their genital/groin area (under clothing) when treating back or hip injuries. Other former student-athletes participated in the investigation as witnesses. The incidents occurred primarily between 2006 and 2009 (there were also two incidents after 2017 that came to light during the 2020 investigation). Shaw declined to participate in the investigation. The investigation of Shaw concluded in late February 2021. The investigator found that all of the allegations were substantiated by a preponderance of the evidence and that Shaw engaged in sexual harassment and sexual misconduct in violation of and policies. In coming to her conclusions, the investigator also relied on the opinion of an expert, Dr. James Borchers of the U.S. Council for Athletes\u2019 Health. Dr. Borchers opined that Shaw did not follow the \u201cnormal\u201d procedures of communication \u2013 including obtaining affirmative consent -- when administering the described treatment. Dr. Borchers also stated: \u201cMassage of the breast and groin/pubic area is generally considered inappropriate unless there are clear medical circumstances [that] dictate these occur. These treatments should only be carried out by specifically trained individuals and for very specific medical diagnoses or conditions.\u201d Borchers continued: \u201cThere is no explanation or documentation available that there was therapeutic justification for the use of techniques and their application for treatment. There are no medical records that were provided for review that substantiate the justification for these treatments and describe the indications for [their] use new investigation is underway to determine the adequacy of the 2009 investigation, and whether the university properly responded to subsequent concerns about that original investigation. President Papazian and encourage anyone with relevant information to share their concerns with the external investigator, Elizabeth V. McNulty, who can be reached directly 949-399-5026.", "8766_108.pdf": "Ex-San Jose State athletic trainer pleads guilty to sexually assaulting female athletes Published 3:00 p.m Aug. 15, 2023 Updated 3:14 p.m Aug. 15, 2023 Kenny Jacoby JOSE, Calif. \u2013\u2013 For 14 years, Scott Shaw insisted his touching of the breasts, buttocks and pelvic areas of female athletes at San Jose State University constituted legitimate medical treatments. On Tuesday morning in a San Jose federal courthouse, he admitted that defense was fiction. Shaw, 56, who worked as the Spartans\u2019 head athletic trainer and sports medicine director from 2008 to 2020 and as associate director for two years before that, pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of abusing his authority by groping female athletes under the guise of treating their injuries. The case drew parallels to that of Larry Nassar, the disgraced former U.S.A. Gymnastics and Michigan State University physician accused of sexually abusing more than 300 female athletes. He is serving an effective life sentence in prison. Nassar\u2019s and Shaw\u2019s lawyers both argued their treatments were forms of osteopathic manual medicine and trigger-point, or pressure-point, therapy, in which pressure is applied to one area of the body to relieve pain in another. Clean-shaven and wearing a gray suit, Shaw walked past reporters without making eye contact. He shook his head no when asked for comment and whether he had any words for his victims. One of his lawyers, Jeremy Blank, also declined to comment. Title Add Topic 2/27/25, 8:05 Scott Shaw, ex trainer, pleads guilty to sexual abuse of athletes 1/4 Judge Amy Labson Freeman set Shaw\u2019s sentencing hearing for Nov. 14. He faces up to two years in prison, one for each count. As part of his sentence, he must pay restitution to his victims and potential monetary fines. Several women, including one San Jose State former swimmer who attended the change-of- plea hearing Tuesday with her husband, are expected to make impact statements at his sentencing. \u201cI\u2019m feeling a lot of relief,\u201d said the swimmer, who was among the first to report Shaw's touching to school officials in 2009 never thought that would hear him say he's guilty. I\u2019m really ready to close this chapter and hopefully move forward.\u201d The plea agreement followed a nine-day trial in late July and early August that resulted in a mistrial. Two jurors stood in the way of his conviction, with one of them holding out on all six counts against Shaw and the other on five of the six. More: Mistrial in case of ex-San Jose State athletic trainer accused of groping female athletes In lieu of retrying Shaw, prosecutors offered him a deal to plead guilty to two counts in exchange for dropping the other four. One of those counts alleged that Shaw reached his hand into an athlete's bra and touched her nipple when she sought treatment for a shoulder injury in fall 2017. The second alleged that in December 2019, Shaw cupped a soccer player\u2019s buttocks and touched her breasts when he tucked her T-shirt under the front of her sports bra, all while claiming to examine her for lower back pain. Shaw acknowledged Tuesday that he had no legitimate medical purpose for touching those athletes' sensitive areas and that he did so knowing that he was depriving them of their right to bodily integrity. \u201cAre you pleading guilty because you are, in fact, guilty of these charges?\u201d Freeman asked him. \u201cYes,\u201d Shaw responded. Emotional testimony came from victims Eight former San Jose State female athletes representing five women\u2019s sports teams took the witness stand during Shaw\u2019s trial. They described how Shaw reached his bare hands inside 2/27/25, 8:05 Scott Shaw, ex trainer, pleads guilty to sexual abuse of athletes 2/4 their bras and shorts, rubbed their breasts, and touched their nipples, buttocks and groins. Several teared up during testimony. Each one said Shaw did not explain his treatments or why they were necessary, did not ask for consent or if they wanted a chaperone present, did not ask if they were comfortable, did not use proper draping and did not follow up with them after \u2013 all standard practice for athletic trainers. Prosecutors also said Shaw did not document any of his treatments. The women described being shocked and confused because they had come to Shaw seeking treatment for injuries to other areas of their bodies, including their shoulders, knees and lower backs. Some said he scoffed when they questioned his techniques, reminding them he was the expert. Several of those women spoke to for its April 2020 investigation that exposed the allegations against Shaw for the first time publicly. That investigation was referenced repeatedly throughout the trial by witnesses and attorneys as a catalyst for women to come forward want to thank all of for bringing all of this to the forefront and getting this the recognition it frankly needed years before,\u201d the swimmer said after Tuesday\u2019s plea hearing generally does not identify victims of sexual assault without their permission. The athletes prosecutors called to testify represent a fraction of the women who have accused Shaw of sexual misconduct. San Jose State has paid more than $7 million to 30 of the women who accused him and their lawyers. University missed chances to stop him Seventeen members of San Jose State\u2019s women\u2019s swimming and diving team reported Shaw\u2019s touching to school officials in late 2009. But the university\u2019s human resources department and campus police cleared Shaw of wrongdoing, enabling him to continue treating \u2013 and allegedly sexually assaulting \u2013 athletes for another decade. Believing the school\u2019s investigation was flawed, San Jose State\u2019s swim coach, Sage Hopkins, repeatedly re-reported the allegations to campus administrators, federal agencies, the NCAA, the Mountain West Conference and other entities. Finally the university agreed to reopen the case in December 2019. 2/27/25, 8:05 Scott Shaw, ex trainer, pleads guilty to sexual abuse of athletes 3/4 This time, a different outside law firm concluded Shaw had violated the school\u2019s sexual harassment policy in the cases of all 10 women listed as complainants. But even that investigation was inadequate, according to a subsequent investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice\u2019s Civil Rights Division, which found the school had violated Title for more than a decade by failing to adequately respond to Hopkins\u2019 reports. The university entered into a settlement with the Justice Department in September 2021, which required it to contact all of the roughly 1,000 female athletes who played sports for the school while Shaw was employed, asking them to report any inappropriate touching they may have experienced during treatments with him. Through that outreach, federal agents identified more victims, whose experiences became the subject of the criminal charges filed in March 2022. That included one woman who said he abused her in early 2020 \u2013 after the school had reopened its investigation, but while it was allowing him to continue coming to work. Justice delayed more than a decade In a statement Tuesday morning after Shaw\u2019s guilty plea, San Jose State acknowledged the delay in justice. \u201cThose who were harmed by the actions of Scott Shaw shouldered a burden for years and patiently waited for their day in court,\u201d the statement said. \u201cWe hope they feel some vindication in this result. The university is committed to preventing sexual misconduct and will be vigilant in protecting our campus community.\u201d Hopkins, who was also in the courtroom Tuesday, said he is grateful to and the federal government for believing the women and hopes Shaw will receive the maximum sentence. But Hopkins said he likely will never understand why campus officials and police did not act years earlier to stop Shaw hope that this is going to be a partial resolution for all of the women,\u201d Hopkins said. \u201cNothing can undo what was done to them.\u201d Kenny Jacoby is an investigative reporter for covering Title and campus sexual misconduct. Contact him at [email protected] and follow him on Twitter @kennyjacoby. 2/27/25, 8:05 Scott Shaw, ex trainer, pleads guilty to sexual abuse of athletes 4/4"}
8,957	Joseph J. Farah	Michigan State University	[ "8957_101.pdf", "8957_102.pdf", "8957_103.pdf", "8957_104.pdf", "8957_105.pdf" ]	{"8957_101.pdf": "Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. Michigan Public \| By Kate Wells Published August 11, 2022 at 12:37 Updated August 13, 2022 at 1:41 \u2022 10:44 Michigan 7th Judicial Circuit Court On Tuesday, Judge Joseph J. Farah of the Genesee County Circuit Court submitted notice to Governor Gretchen Whitmer of his plans to retire in November. The decision comes after an investigation found Farah sexually harassed a former intern Genesee County Circuit Court judge submitted official notice Tuesday of his plans to retire in November, after having been found responsible for sexually harassing a law student while she was interning for him. In a report completed last month, Michigan State University found Joseph J. Farah made \u201cexplicit sexual advances\u201d towards the then-third year student, Grace Ketzner, Donate The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 1/16 while she interned for him last summer, and repeatedly retaliated against her professionally after Ketzner rebuffed his requests to socialize privately with him after hours. Farah did not respond to multiple requests for comment from Michigan Radio, but submitted a written statement to denying all wrongdoing after reviewing the evidence spokesperson for Michigan State University confirmed that Farah had been an adjunct professor at the College of Law until May 15, 2021, but would not say whether Farah resigned or was terminated. Michigan Radio has obtained a redacted copy of the Title office\u2019s findings and decision in the case, and is using Ketzner\u2019s name with permission from her attorney. The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 2/16 Grace Ketzner Grace Ketzner interned for Judge Farah last summer found her claims against Farah credible. \"Of note, [Ketzner] noted that she was a law student when she brought this formal complaint, is about to sit for the bar exam, and has nothing to gain and everything to lose from raising these allegations against a sitting judge in her area,\" the investigation found. Ketzner has now graduated, but she filed a formal complaint with last November, two months after resigning from her internship with Farah. At the time, she was in her final year of law school. Ketzner told that Farah made sexual comments to her about former students and interns, repeatedly texted her with invitations to travel with him and spend time with him privately, made multiple comments about buying her drinks, and then ignored her at work and complained about her performance to colleagues as retaliation for her refusals. The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 3/16 At one point during her internship, Ketzner said in the complaint, Farah told her a story about another intern who had been alone in the office kitchenette with the lights off. When the intern told Farah he could come in, Farah allegedly said \u201cthere are limits to my self-restraint, and don\u2019t think could control myself in a dark room with you.\u201d Farah told Ketzner, \u201cThat story about the intern \u2026 that\u2019s what would say about you, too, Grace.\u201d Calls and emails to Farah\u2019s office, staff, and home on Wednesday were not returned. But his repeated sexual harassment of young women who worked under him has been an \u201copen secret,\u201d two legal professionals told Michigan Radio. One was Deborah LaBelle, an civil rights attorney in Ann Arbor have heard the rumors and reports of inappropriate and sexually harassing behavior by this judge in the past,\u201d LaBelle said would hope that other judges and attorneys with firsthand knowledge of this would recognize their obligations under the ethics rules to report this. Because we so need to have a judicial system at this time that we can believe in.\u201d Two former female interns of Farah reached Wednesday said they had only positive experiences working for him never felt harassed by him,\u201d said Kelly Fantetti, who interned for Farah in 2009 and is now an attorney in Florida. \u201cMy dad is an attorney in Flint and has practiced before Judge Farah and has been in that legal community for a long time. If it was an open secret don\u2019t think he would have let me intern for him if that were the case.\u201d Farah was appointed to the Genesee County Circuit Court in 1998. The trials he oversaw include a Flint water crisis criminal case and the case against teens who threw rocks from an I-75 overpass. In 2017, he received the integrity award from Western Michigan University's Cooley School of Law finds Farah repeatedly sexually harassed law student At first, it was just weird, uncomfortable stories, Ketzner said. Like the one about feet. In the summer of 2021, Farah told Ketzner, then his intern, about a previous student who \u201chad long tan legs and pretty painted toes and feet,\u201d and that \u201cmen notice and look at these types of things,\u201d according to the investigation. He also told Farah about attending a country music festival despite disliking country music, because of the \u201cshortage of clothing\u201d on women, most of whom wore \u201cthong bikini bottoms\u201d which Farah said he \u201cliked to investigate.\u201d The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 4/16 But then it became more explicit. Ketzner said Farah asked her to be a \u201ctypist\u201d for a novel he wanted to write about a woman from a small town, who moves to the city and meets an older man who becomes her boss and \u201cteaches her how to explore herself\u201d sexually, according to the report. Ketzner said Farah read her a \u201cvery sexually suggestive\u201d line from the prospective book that \u201cwas basically saying the boss wanted to \u2018f\u2014\u2019 the young woman without explicitly saying it.\u201d Ketzner also told that Farah would repeatedly invite her on work trips with him. While Farah was in Kalamazoo for a weekend conference last summer, he sent her multiple texts Friday evening, including comments about how on the \u201cnext trip\u201d Ketzner would dine with him and have \u201ca glass of red wine \u2026 or 2!\u201d After a joint presentation on Saturday, Farah invited Ketzner to lunch, but she told him she had to go to her nephew\u2019s birthday instead. The next day at work, Farah didn\u2019t speak to her, Ketzner said, which she believed was \u201cpunishment for not responding\u201d to his texts about wine or agreeing to have lunch with him. MSU\u2019s investigation found Farah \u201cdid negatively react to [Ketzner\u2019s] not responding to his requests to communication and socialized outside of work with him, despite his denials to the contrary.\u201d Farah also invited Ketzner to a conference in Grand Rapids in August 2021, but Ketzner backed out \u201cbecause she did not want to put herself in the position of being with [Farah] at night with alcohol.\u201d Afterwards, Farah \u201cimmediately retaliated against her by spreading negative feedback about her\u201d to colleagues, according to the investigation. Then Ketzner learned that she and Farah would both be in the Nashville area over the same November weekend \u2014 Ketzner for a friend\u2019s bachelorette party, and Farah for a work conference. Ketzner said Farah asked for her flight information, then booked himself on the same flight, sent her a picture of his flight itinerary, and asked if she was still going. When she said she was, Farah told her \u201cwell maybe will see you and your friends,\u201d then added, \u201cthat is, if you want free drinks.\u201d On September 2, 2021, Ketzner resigned her position and reported harassment, according to the investigation. But Farah continued to contact her, she said, including offering her tickets to an vs. Michigan football game. On September 7, Ketzner learned that Farah planned on observing her trial class at College of Law. The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 5/16 \u2018No one\u2019s telling me where to go\u2019 After Ketzner rebuffed Farah\u2019s invitation to the Grand Rapids conference, she approached a professor for guidance. It was the same professor who taught the trial class that Farah planned to observe \u2014 Ingham County Circuit Court Judge Rosemarie Aquilina. Jodi Westrick / Michigan Radio Judge Rosemarie Aquilina said Ketzner told her she was being harassed by a judge. \"She said, \u2018No one\u2019s telling me where to go, everyone\u2019s giving me confusing and mixed messages. They\u2019re saying don\u2019t report it, it\u2019s going to ruin my career.\u2019\u201d Aquilina told Michigan Radio she remembers it clearly. Ketzner first told her in August that she was dealing with harassment from a judge, and she didn\u2019t know what to do. \u201cShe said, \u2018No one\u2019s telling me where to go, everyone\u2019s giving me confusing and mixed messages. They\u2019re saying don\u2019t report it, it\u2019s going to ruin my career.\u2019\u201d Aquilina said she told Ketzner to report it to the state Judicial Tenure Commission, which investigates judicial misconduct. That was an option Ketzner said no one else had mentioned. Aquilina thought that was unsettling. \u201cFirst of all, we\u2019re in law school. Second, we\u2019re in a legal field. Any number of people [Ketzner talked to] have an obligation to tell her to go to the JTC.\u201d Ketzner thanked her. \u201cThe posture, the body language \u2014 she\u2019s relieved.\u201d Aquilina said. \u201cShe was credible. Her pain and fear were credible.\u201d The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 6/16 Then Ketzner came back to Aquilina after she learned Farah was going to observe her class. \u201cShe comes to me and says, \u2018He\u2019s going to be coming to my class. I\u2019m afraid.\u2019\u201d Aquilina said she excused Ketzner from that session of class and filed a formal complaint with her supervisor about the report she\u2019d received from Ketzner. Later, Ketzner told Aquilina she was \u201cbeing bullied\u201d for reporting Farah to the JTC. \u201cAnd she says to me, \u2018I\u2019ve been told my legal career is ruined before it\u2019s even started said \u2018Grace, you\u2019re the kind of attorney everyone wants to be represented by.\u2019\u201d Farah denies allegations, but finds him \u201cnot credible\u201d While Farah declined to participate in interviews or hearings with MSU\u2019s investigators, the report notes Farah did submit a written statement after he reviewed the evidence, denying all allegations against him. \u201cGenerally, [Farah] noted the length he has served as a judge relative to [the law student\u2019s] length of time as his intern,\u2019\u201d the report said. Farah\u2019s statement said, in part: \u201cNever in that time did make sexual overtures never intended to make her uncomfortable was not told by her or her supervisor or anyone else that anything said made her uncomfortable. Had been aware would have apologized, rectified the situation and not repeated any offensive statements deny that anything said was sexually motivated.\u201d Farah also denied telling Ketzner that he \u201ccouldn\u2019t control myself in a dark room with [her].\u201d He said he did read her a short excerpt from a novel he had been working on for years, to \u201chighlight descriptive language and the impact descriptive language can have,\u201d but denied the passage was sexual commented to [Ketzner] that she could be a \u2018typist\u2019 for the novel when it goes to print (because cannot type well) and she said \u2018yes.\u2019 She also indicated that she was impressed and said \u2018you just put that together?\u2019\u201d But MSU\u2019s investigation repeatedly notes in the report that they find \u201cseveral of [Farah\u2019s] explanations inconsistent, unbelievable, and less credible than [Ketzner\u2019s].\u201d \u201cOf note, [Ketzner] noted that she was a law student when she brought this formal complaint, is about to sit for the bar exam, and has nothing to gain and everything to lose from raising these allegations against a sitting judge in her area.\u201d The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 7/16 Meanwhile, Farah\u2019s written accounts of events contained \u201csome problematic information\u201d and were \u201cnot credible, especially on several key allegations found. Farah also acknowledged that some of his communications with Ketzner were \u201cunprofessional in content,\u201d according to the report. While found Farah\u2019s conduct met the school\u2019s definition of sexual harassment, it did not agree with Ketzner\u2019s additional claim that Farah\u2019s behavior constituted \u201cstalking.\u201d \u201cThe conduct at issue would not cause a reasonable person to fear for the safety of themselves or others or suffer substantial emotional distress,\u201d the investigation concluded, referring to the school\u2019s definition of stalking in its internal policies. Nor did the school find Farah\u2019s behavior met the threshold of \u201cdiscrimination on the basis of sex,\u201d as Ketzner claimed, because there was no mention of male interns who received different, better treatment second, unnamed witness makes similar allegations While was investigating, a second woman also spoke with the school\u2019s Title office and asked to file a Witness Information Form in Ketzner\u2019s case. The woman, who does not wish to be publicly identified, was also an intern for Farah before becoming his law clerk. In an interview with on March 23, the woman told investigators she initially \u201cwitnessed behavior toward other employees that made her uncomfortable.\u201d Farah told one intern (not Ketzner) that she \u201cneeded to be with an older man who would \u2018treat her right,\u2019\u201d according to the witness. But when that intern began applying for other jobs, \u201cbehind the scenes, Farah interfered with the intern\u2019s job opportunities. She stated she heard Farah tell other judges negative things about the intern, such as she had confidence issues and was unsure of herself. [The witness] thought it was odd Farah was attempting to deter other people from hiring her, as he kept her on his staff and obviously believed she was competent.\u201d This witness also said Farah would invite her and female interns on work trips with him, including one occasion when he asked them to come to his hotel room. The witness said she declined. After that, Farah was \u201cvery cold\u201d to her at work and even attempted to cancel her swearing-in ceremony after she passed the bar. When the witness left Farah\u2019s court for The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 8/16 a different job, he began sending her \u201cmessages with sexual innuendos\u201d that were \u201cvery aggressive.\u201d One of the messages \u201cstates that his girlfriend was out of town and he \u2018wished she was there to help him.\u2019\u201d The witness said people in the Genesee Circuit Court knew \u201cFarah often said inappropriate things\u201d and \u201cexcused it as just Farah being Farah\u201d or brushing it off as just \u201ccreepy.\u201d It was \u201cwell known\u201d that Farah had a \u201ctype of employee, pretty women\u201d and a \u201clevel of obsession with people, a possessiveness, that lead[s] to badmouthing and retaliation.\u201d She also told she decided to come forward after Ketzner reached out to her on LinkedIn, \u201clooking for other women who had interned for Farah, and inquiring on their experience.\u201d Farah allowed to retire after November election On Tuesday, Farah submitted a letter to Governor Whitmer retiring from his position, effective November 9, the day after the general election. What's not clear is what, if any, role the Judicial Tenure Commission played in Farah's retirement. Ketzner said she filed an official grievance with the commission in October of last year, and said commission staff told her in January 2022 that they were opening an investigation. Ketzner's attorney, Sarah Prescott, confirmed these dates. But these investigations aren't public until the commission determines the misconduct is serious enough to merit a public complaint with the Michigan Supreme Court. If so, it first sends the judge a letter informing them of the charges the commission will bring publicly in 28 days. Until that public complaint is issued at the end of the 28-day period, all details about the commission's investigation are confidential, even if they result in a \"private action\" (like a letter of admonition) or if a grievance is considered \"dismissed\" because the judge in question retires or resigns. That confidential investigation is what Ketzner said she was told was happening with Farah few days ago, a staff attorney with the commission called to tell her an agreement had been reached with Judge Farah, she said. \u201cThey officially had his resignation \u2014 she said resignation, not retirement \u2014 and that we would not have to move forward with the public hearing,\" Ketzner said. \"And she was happy that none of us would have to testify.\" The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 9/16 For Ketzner, this was a big moment was elated that we had gotten to this point,\u201d she said. \u201dThey had officially removed him in their own way from the bench, which was our ultimate goal.\u201d \u201cThe wording might not be exactly how was hoping it would come out, but I'm also really grateful \u2026 that we\u2019re able to do this now,\u201d she said, \u201cand let the public know why he is stepping down. And it's not on his own terms.\u201d If Farah did agree to retire as a condition of keeping the commission's investigation from moving forward and becoming public, it wouldn't be the first time. In 2021, 5% of commission grievances were \"resolved by dismissal, including those against judges who resigned or retired while under investigation,\" according to thecommission's most recent annual report. On Wednesday, Lynn Helland, the executive director and general counsel of the Judicial Tenure Commission, said the commission is prohibited by court rule from commenting, and could neither confirm nor deny whether the commission had received Ketzner's complaint or investigated Farah. Ketzner said she asked the commission's staff attorney if they could provide any more details about Farah's decision to step away from the bench: was he being allowed to leave with full pay and benefits? \"And she said that she could not tell me. That all she could tell me was that he would stay publicly appearing on the bench until the end of this month. And then it was her understanding from the end of August until November 9th, he would be working on writing opinions and orders, but would not be appearing in court.\" But Prescott, Ketzner's attorney, said allowing a judge to retire isn't the same thing as holding a judge accountable. She said it appears the commission\u2019s preference \u201cis to get these people to retire, so that nobody has to testify, yes. But also so the dignity and integrity of the judicial system can be protected.\u201d Prescott said that only protects judges. \"If Grace hadn't gone to and they hadn't written a 50-page, single-spaced report finding severe and pervasive sex harassment, all you would have is 'a judge retired' and the word of Grace Ketzner. Because nobody else would be doing anything.\" Update: Friday, August 12, 5:53 p.m. The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 10/16 On Friday, the acting chief judge of Michigan's Seventh Judicial Circuit, Elizabeth Kelly, said Farah would no longer hear cases in person, and she acknowledged that the court had received a complaint from Ketzner about Farah's conduct last September. \"The Court immediately began an investigation and in November 2021, the results were provided to the State Court Administrative Office,\" Kelly said in an emailed statement. \"The matter was later referred by [the administrative office] to the Judicial Tenure Commission.\" Effective Friday at noon, Kelly wrote, \"Judge Joseph J. Farah has been relieved of his in- person docket. Between now and his retirement in November, he will remotely complete any pending matters that were taken under advisement. Until a new judge is appointed, the court will continue its efforts to provide judicial resources for all other matters that are pending before Judge Farah.\" Corrected: August 11, 2022 at 1:01 The original version of this story said Judge Joseph Farah was an employee until May 2022. The correct date is May 2021. The original version of this story identified Deborah LaBelle as an attorney with the of Michigan. While LaBelle often does cooperating work with the of Michigan, she is not employed by the organization. The original version of this story stated Farah was appointed to the Oakland County Circuit Court bench in 1998. It was Genesee County, not Oakland. Tags Criminal Justice & Legal System genesee circuit court sexual harassment joseph farah Instagram The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 11/16 Kate Wells Kate Wells is a Peabody Award-winning journalist currently covering public health. She was a 2023 Pulitzer Prize finalist for her abortion coverage. See stories by Kate Wells The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 12/16 Latest Stories tightens its belt in response to federal funding cuts Whitmer proposes permitting overhaul Law enforcement leaders want specialized response programs, new survey says Michigan distributes millions from marijuana tax revenue Whitmer works to win over opposition in her 7th State of the State Future cell phone use in schools may look different as lawmakers discuss device limitations The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 13/16 Stay Connected Related Content Criminal Justice & Legal System Judge to Macomb County Clerk: Stop harassing your employees Tracy Samilton, October 30, 2017 There have been so many twists and turns and controversies since voters elected anti- government activist Karen Spranger as county clerk, it would make a\u2026 The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 14/16 \u00a9 2025 Contact Us Work with Us Public Documents Michigan Public Hourly News Contest Rules Privacy & Terms of Use Applications The Middle with Jeremy Ho\u2026 Michigan Public 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 15/16 2/27/25, 8:05 Genesee County judge sexually harassed intern, investigation finds. Now he's retiring. 16/16", "8957_102.pdf": "Image from Shutterstock. Home / Daily News / Courthouse made excuses for 'creepy' behavior Courthouse made excuses for 'creepy' behavior from judge accused of sexual harassment, former intern says (HTTPS://WWW.ABAJOURNAL.COM/AUTHORS/20 15, 2022, 8:37 Tweet Email Print Michigan judge who also served as an adjunct law professor is leaving the bench, after a Michigan State University investigation found it likely that he sexually harassed an intern, who was a student at the law school. Judge Joseph Farah of the 7th Circuit Court in Genesee County, Michigan, did not respond to an Journal interview request. Michigan Radio ( justice-legal-system/2022-08-11/genesee- county-judge-sexually-harassed-intern- investigation-finds-now-hes-retiring) reported Aug. 11 that Farah declined to participate in interviews or hearings for the investigation, but he did submit a written statement denying the allegations. It centered on reasoning that he had been a judge for some time, but the investigation found that his arguments were not credible on several key allegations, according to the article. An Aug. 10 MLive.com ( november.html) post reported that Farah was retiring, effective Nov. 9. Farah was appointed to the bench in 1998 and oversaw many high-profile cases ( after-allegations-from-former-intern/article_adb47b18-18e9-11ed-a8aa-f7941577a98a.html) reports. Linda Greene, the law school\u2019s dean, did not respond to a Journal interview request. Farah was an adjunct professor until May 15, 2021, according to Michigan Radio. Share 2/27/25, 8:06 Courthouse made excuses for 'creepy' behavior from judge accused of sexual harassment, former intern says 1/2 Copyright 2025 American Bar Association. All rights reserved. Grace Ketzner, the accuser and a former intern, gave the station permission to use her name. Another person who interned for Farah and wanted to remain anonymous also made a statement about him to the office. The second person claimed that people at the courthouse knew of Farah\u2019s alleged behavior, but they brushed it off as \u201ccreepy.\u201d Allegations include: \u2022 Farah repeatedly asking Ketzner for lunch, drinks and on work trips and then ignoring her, as well as spreading negative feedback after she rejected his overtures. \u2022 Farah telling another intern that she had to be with an older man who would treat her right and then trying to deter other judges from hiring her as a law clerk. \u2022 Farah telling Ketzner that he doesn\u2019t like country music but went to a country music festival because many women there wore thong bikinis. \u2022 Farah asking Ketzner to be a \u201ctypist\u201d for a book that he was writing. It was about a woman meeting an older man who becomes her boss and \u201cteaches her how to explore herself\u201d sexually. Additionally, Ketzner claims that she and Farah had separate plans to visit Nashville, Tennessee, during the same days. When he found out, he allegedly booked himself on the same flight. According to Ketzner, Farah said maybe he would see her and her friends if they wanted free drinks July decision ( from the Resolution Office found that evidence in the record supported the assertion that Farah violated university policy prohibiting sexual harassment and harassment on the basis of sex. The office did not find that Farah violated the university\u2019s stalking policy. Ketzner told Michigan Radio that she filed a grievance against Farah with the Michigan Judicial Tenure Commission. She claims that the commission recently told her that an agreement had been reached with Farah, and there would not be a public hearing. Write a letter to the editor, share a story tip or update, or report an error. 2/27/25, 8:06 Courthouse made excuses for 'creepy' behavior from judge accused of sexual harassment, former intern says 2/2", "8957_103.pdf": "Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah relieved of his duties following misconduct allegations. (Mid-Michigan NOW) Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah relieved of his duties following misconduct allegations by Mid-Michigan Newsroom Fri, August 12th 2022 at 3:57 Updated Fri, August 12th 2022 at 4:37 2/27/25, 8:06 Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah relieved of his duties following misconduct allegations 1/4 FLINT, Mich - Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah has been relieved of his in-person docket according to 7th Judicial County Probate Court Chief Judge Elizabeth Kelly. Kelly released the following statement: In September of 2021, the Court received a complaint from Ms. Grace Ketzner alleging misconduct by Judge Joseph J. Farah. The Court immediately began an investigation and in November 2021, the results were provided to the State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). The matter was later referred by to the Judicial Tenure Commission. Earlier this week, Judge Farah submitted his retirement notice to Governor Gretchen E. Whitmer, with an effective date of November 9, 2022.After consultation with SCAO, effective August 12, 2022, at 12:00 P.M., EDT, Judge Joseph J. Farah has been relieved of his in-person docket. Between now and his retirement in November, he will remotely complete any pending matters that were taken under advisement. Until a new judge is appointed, the Court will continue its efforts to provide judicial resources for all other matters that are pending before Judge Farah LINK: Genesee County judge resigns following sexual harassment allegations by intern former intern of Genesee County Circuit Court Judge Joseph Farah alleges he sexually harassed her during her internship, that is according to documents obtained by Mid-Michigan NOW. Farah was also an adjunct professor at Michigan State University during the time of the allegations and the claimant, Grace Ketzner, was an law student. Promoted Links SearchPad Mecosta County man faces life sentence for multiple child sexual abuse charges Book Your Low Priced Cruise (See Offers) Play War Thunder now for free War Thunder Play Now 2/27/25, 8:06 Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah relieved of his duties following misconduct allegations 2/4 report, obtained by Mid-Michigan NOW, from the Resolution Office determined Farah violated the university's Title Policy for sexual harassment. In that report, Ketzner says Judge Farah told her a story about another female intern saying he didn't think he could control himself in a dark room with her, and then told her would say that about you too. Nationwide arrest warrants issued in horrific child abuse case Island Boy busted: KodiyakRedd arrested for oxycodone, altered firearm during traffic stop Mom charged with child abuse after leaving children alone in squalor for years in Michigan Manistee County deputy arraigned on child abuse, domestic violence charges by Taboola Techno Mag Crossout Crossout 2.0: Supercharged Play Now War Thunder War Thunder - Register now for free and play against over 75 Million real Players Play Now Access all channels anywhere, anytime 2/27/25, 8:06 Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah relieved of his duties following misconduct allegations 3/4 Loading ... AdChoices Sponsored 2/27/25, 8:06 Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah relieved of his duties following misconduct allegations 4/4", "8957_104.pdf": "34\u00b0 Lansing \uf0c9 News First Alert Weather Livestream \uf002 FLINT, Mich Genesee County judge has tendered a letter of resignation following allegations of sexual harassment. 7th Circuit Court Judge Joseph J. Farah issued the letter, which can be read below, to Governor Gretchen Whitmer. In the one-sentence letter, Farah says his resignation will be effective on Nov. 9. Grace Ketzner, a former intern, has accused Farah of sexual harassment. At the time Ketzner was a law student at MSU. She claims the judge once told her he \u201cwouldn\u2019t be able to control himself in a dark room\u201d if he was locked inside with her. \u201cAfter talking to other women realized that this wasn\u2019t just a one-time ordeal and that it wasn\u2019t just me. this seemed to be a pattern,\u201d Ketzner said. \u201cThat really solidified my decision to go ahead and report.\u201d In July, Michigan State\u2019s Resolution Office concluded Farah violated its Title guidelines against sexual harassment and academic guidelines for harassment on the basis of sex. Farah resigned from last year. Ketzner has also filed a complaint with the Judicial Tenure Commission law professor, Genesee County judge resigns amid sexual harassment allegations realized that this wasn\u2019t just a one-time ordeal and that it wasn\u2019t just me.' By News 10 Published: Aug. 11, 2022 at 9:11 \| Updated: Aug. 12, 2022 at 7:28 2/27/25, 8:06 law professor, Genesee County judge resigns amid sexual harassment allegations 1/6 Farah has served as a circuit court judge since 1998 when then Gov. John Engler appointed him to a bench seat. According to the Michigan State University College of Law website, Farah was once an adjunct professor. He also served as an adjunct professor at Cooley Law School. Farah attended both and Cooley Law and is a board member of the Michigan Judges Association and Board of Law Examiners. Judge Farah Resignation Letter by KrystleElizabeth on Scribd 1 / 1 Next Orion Assembly closed for homicide investigation Copyright 2022 WILX. All rights reserved. Subscribe to our News 10 newsletter and receive the latest local news and weather straight to your email every morning. Techno Mag \| Sponsored Tips and Tricks \| Sponsored Crossout \| Sponsored Crossout 2.0: Supercharged Check out the new Crossout 2.0 for free. Discover PvP and PvE in our upgraded Action MMO. Countless unique Vehicles, PvE and PvP, Trading. Are you ready? Destroy vehicles your opponent took hours to craft and enjoy. Join now for Free Play Now Access all channels anywhere, anytime Elderly Woman Lives in an Old Shed - Take a Peek Inside! Don't judge before you see the inside Jobs Online \| Search Ads \| Sponsored Villas in Dubai \| Search Ads \| Sponsored Villas For Sale in Dubai Might Surprise You Get Deals Do you speak English? Work Job From Home In Pakistan \uf057 2/27/25, 8:06 law professor, Genesee County judge resigns amid sexual harassment allegations 2/6 Most Read Unsold Fridges \| Search Ads \| Sponsored Mubarikpur: Unsold Fridges Are Being Sold For Almost Nothing \uf057 2/27/25, 8:06 law professor, Genesee County judge resigns amid sexual harassment allegations 3/6 Student arrested for online threats towards \uf144 School board fires cafeteria worker who collected donations to pay for student lunches \uf144 Oscar-winner Gene Hackman, wife Betsy Arakawa and their dog were dead for some time, warrant shows One person shot Tuesday evening in Lansing Lansing home damaged after shots fired \uf144 Lansing Police Lieutenant charged with fraud after 9-month investigation Drug kingpin with \u2018significant\u2019 ties to Lansing sentenced to 27 years \uf144 Entire police force put on leave after chief, 4 officers arrested on multiple charges \uf057 2/27/25, 8:06 law professor, Genesee County judge resigns amid sexual harassment allegations 4/6 Latest News City of Lansing says to report \u2018out of control\u2019 potholes to 311 \uf144 Company says it already had deal to buy Jackson's Hayes Hotel after city announces sale funding cuts will impact food research projects \uf144 Michigan officials speak out about the Act \uf144 Housing, behavioral health among top needs for Capital Region \uf144 \uf144 City of Lansing says to report \u2018out of control\u2019 potholes to 311 \uf057 2/27/25, 8:06 law professor, Genesee County judge resigns amid sexual harassment allegations 5/6 \uf144 Michigan officials speak out about the Act \uf144 Company says it already had deal to buy Jackson\u2019s Hayes Hotel after city announces sale \uf057 Public Inspection File [email protected] - (517) 393-0110 Terms of Service Privacy Policy Statement Applications Advertising Digital Marketing Closed Captioning/Audio Description At Gray, our journalists report, write, edit and produce the news content that informs the communities we serve. Click here to learn more about our approach to artificial intelligence Gray Local Media Station \u00a9 2002-2025 News Studio 10 Community Facebook First Alert Weather Style Careers Sports Featured Guests Make An Impact Instagram Livestream Schedule Contact Us YouTube 500 American Road Lansing 48911 (517) 393-0110 2/27/25, 8:06 law professor, Genesee County judge resigns amid sexual harassment allegations 6/6", "8957_105.pdf": "Storm Tracker 12 Weather App ABC12 News Mobile App secret/article_747a8e0a-1fdd-11ed-9d8d-3b1cb8d28451.html Deal allowing Judge Farah to retire amid allegations may remain secret By: Ronnie Dahl Aug 19, 2022 Judge Farah 2/27/25, 8:06 Deal allowing Judge Farah to retire amid allegations may remain secret \| Local \| abc12.com 1/4 The Michigan Judicial Tenure Commission legally isn't required to disclose much of its work, including a deal with Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah. FLINT, Mich. (WJRT) - Most of the details contained in an agreement allowing Genesee County Judge Joseph Farah to retire after a sexual assault investigation likely will remain a secret. The Michigan Judicial Tenure Commission, which holds judges accountable for misconduct, legally is required to keep much of its business a secret. \"Deliberately, much of what the commission does is not transparent,\" said Lynn Helland, the executive director and general counsel for the commission Michigan State University investigation determined that Farah sexually harassed a former intern, Grace Ketzner. She also filed a complaint with Genesee County Circuit Court, which was forwarded to the judicial tenure commission. Genesee County judge resigning after allegations from former intern By: Ronnie Dahl and Ryan Jeltema 2/27/25, 8:06 Deal allowing Judge Farah to retire amid allegations may remain secret \| Local \| abc12.com 2/4 \"He told me he would not be able to control himself if he was in a dark room with me,\" Ketzner said. The commission apparently brokered a private deal that allows Farah to retire effective Nov. 9. Elizabeth Kelly, chief judge for Genesee County Circuit Court, removed Farah from all in-person proceedings last week through his retirement date. Farah was appointed a circuit court judge in 1998. Kelly said the complaint from Ketzner was forwarded to the State Court Administration Office and referred to the Judicial Tenure Commission. \"It was created by the Michigan Constitution to investigate ethical concerns about Michigan's judges,\" Helland said of the commission. The commission's investigation against Farah -- and most allegations it receives -- never are made public. Helland could not discuss details of Farah's case, but he offered insight into the commission's procedures. \"There is a court rule, in fact, that mandates that everything that the commission does be confidential,\" he said. Helland said the nine commission members and staff take their jobs \"really seriously\" even though their work often remains behind closed doors. The governor appoints two members while the rest are attorneys and judges chosen by their colleagues. \"We look at every complaint aggressively and every concern about judicial misconduct and deal with it appropriately, whether or not that's visible,\" he said. Complaints are only made public when the commission determines that the allegations to involve serious ethical violations and misconduct. Judge Farah's in-person docket removed after sexual harassment allegations By: Ronnie Dahl 2/27/25, 8:06 Deal allowing Judge Farah to retire amid allegations may remain secret \| Local \| abc12.com 3/4 Ronnie Dahl Weekend Anchor and Reporter Ronnie Dahl is the weekend evening anchor and a reporter for ABC12 News Subscribe to receive breaking news, daily headlines, latest forecast, local sports and more with ABC12 News email alerts. 2/27/25, 8:06 Deal allowing Judge Farah to retire amid allegations may remain secret \| Local \| abc12.com 4/4"}
8,471	Andrew Lotto	University of Florida	[ "8471_101.pdf", "8471_102.pdf" ]	{"8471_101.pdf": "About Board of Directors Contact Classifieds Advertise Issues Store Apartments Near 27, 2025 Investigation reveals extensive sexual harassment allegations against former professor Andrew Lotto was allowed to resign instead of being fired By Hope Dean October 24, 2019 \| 9:41pm Text messages between Lotto and the daughter of the initial reporter. Photo by From the Title investigation \| The Independent Florida Alligator Editor's Note: This investigation is part of a series of stories on sexual violence at UF. The following allegations are from a Title investigation. Stop Information Overload Sponsored by Ethereal Search Engine > 2/27/25, 8:07 Investigation reveals extensive sexual harassment allegations against former professor - The Independent Florida Alligator 1/6 professor in the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences was allowed to resign in May instead of being fired \u2013\u2013 but not before he allegedly assaulted or had inappropriate relationships with multiple women, some of whom were his students. UF\u2019s Office of Title Compliance conducted an investigation that found Andrew Lotto, a 51-year-old who started teaching at in 2016, touched several women in ways that made them uncomfortable. Students and faculty alleged in the investigation that Lotto was in a romantic relationship with one of his students, was caught in the midst of a sexual act with a student in his office, and pushed an undergraduate against the wall and stuck his finger in her ear, among other incidents. Title is a federal civil rights law that bans discrimination based on gender or sex and manages cases of sexual harassment. Lotto told The Alligator that he didn\u2019t fight the allegations because he was planning on retiring soon. He said his concern was primarily for his students who were pulled into the investigation and left without a mentor saw how much my students were suffering being brought back into this, being interviewed over and over,\u201d he said. Conversations about sexual violence, misconduct and protective measures have come to light on campus this semester. Three days ago, the 2019 Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Misconduct found that at UF, almost one in three undergraduate women and about 8 percent of men experienced nonconsensual sexual contact this year. But not every case of sexual assault or harassment is between students. \u201cLotto\u2019s relationships seem kind of cultish,\u201d a student said in an investigation interview. \u201cMinds have been manipulated and women have been cut off with no other systems of support \u2013\u2013 other than him. They are pitted against each other and in competition for Andrew\u2019s attention.\u201d Cheryl Betz, the author of the investigation, directed The Alligator to spokesperson Steve Orlando. \u201cWe take these matters very seriously and we strongly encourage anyone who has experienced sexual harassment to report it immediately so that the university can take appropriate action,\u201d Orlando wrote in a statement. Lotto was placed on paid administrative leave on March 11, 2019 due to the serious allegations and resigned from his position on May 23, 2019, the investigation reports. The 149-page investigation spanned September 2018 to May 2019 and featured interviews with 20 witnesses of at least eight incidents of inappropriate behavior. 2/27/25, 8:07 Investigation reveals extensive sexual harassment allegations against former professor - The Independent Florida Alligator 2/6 Almost every name is redacted from the report in accordance with a Florida statute which bans universities from releasing identifying information of a person who filed a complaint or a witness in a sexual harassment investigation. \u201cDid go too far look into some of the allegations The earliest recorded incident happened on Dec. 9, 2016 at a house party hosted by a faculty member who would later become the first person to report Lotto for inappropriate behavior, according to investigation records. The host said Lotto entered her daughter\u2019s room, laid himself on her bed and began to ask questions about the male friend she was speaking to online. The daughter, whose age is uncertain, confirmed the incident in an investigation interview, saying he reeked of alcohol and had asked \u201cWho\u2019s more important for you to talk to \u2013\u2013 him or me?\u201d and \u201cWhat does he have that don\u2019t have?\u201d He later asked her to change into a onesie and then picked her up, swung her from side to side and whispered love it when you wear your \u2018onesies\u2019!\u201d in her ear, the daughter told investigators. The investigation included 43 pages of text screenshots between Lotto and the daughter. Some of the texts discussed topics such as National Chocolate Chip Cookie Day and pumpkin carving, but in others, Lotto asked to see a picture of her in a dress and said he was hanging out with 16-year-olds at Busch Gardens. \u201cDid go too far tonight?\u201d he texted after the party. \u201cI\u2019ll let you decide that,\u201d the daughter responded. Lotto told The Alligator that he had known the daughter since she was five and frequently celebrated holidays at the initial reporter\u2019s house. He said he walked into the daughter\u2019s room at the party after the mother told him to go get her. \u201cThat was a normal interaction between the two of us. There was nothing about it that seemed odd,\u201d he said. \u201cI'm very disappointed to hear that that was used against me.\u201d But not every incident happened at a party \u2013\u2013 one took place in Lotto\u2019s office. In June 2018, the case\u2019s initial reporter said she saw a student lying on the couch in his office. Lotto was leaning over her torso with the lights off, according to records. He stumbled and fell back when he saw her at the door and moved his hands toward his crotch like he was zipping his pants or buckling his belt, the reporter told investigators. Lotto said that the student just had a migraine and was resting in his office while he sat on the edge of the couch. Another incident took place at a February conference on Amelia Island in Nassau County, Florida faculty member attended a social mixer on the first night of the conference where Lotto approached her, took her hand and started swaying before inviting her to come into the hot tub with him and several other women, she said in the investigation. The faculty member chuckled and said she hadn\u2019t brought a bathing suit, but Lotto allegedly suggested she climb in naked because it was what he and other women were planning to do, according to investigation records. The faculty member said she started to walk away and Lotto called after her: \u201cDon\u2019t go! Don\u2019t go!\u201d She left anyway. 2/27/25, 8:07 Investigation reveals extensive sexual harassment allegations against former professor - The Independent Florida Alligator 3/6 Lotto didn\u2019t deny every aspect of this interaction. \u201cShe said didn\u2019t bring a swimming suit\u2019 and said \u2018Apparently it might be optional at this point\u2019 because of stuff that was going on actually didn\u2019t end up going in the hot tub wasn\u2019t a part of any of these things,\u201d he told The Alligator. But the faculty member was still surprised by his actions, she said was floored that he was allowed to be around. I\u2019ve heard rumors that he has actually had sexual relationships with his grad students know it\u2019s just rumors, but just have to get it off my chest that think it might be true,\u201d she wrote in an email to David Fuller, a professor in the Department of Physical Therapy at UF. And according to the investigation records, she may be right. \u201cThe reason that just can\u2019t concentrate\u201d: relationships with students and faculty conducted an forensics exam on Lotto\u2019s computers and other devices in 2019 and found emails between him and a student that \u201cevidenced a romantic/intimate relationship between the two,\u201d the investigation said. The student wrote him poems over email. One had three parts with more than 30 stanzas about a beast-slaying prince and a princess locked in a dungeon second poem begged him to send her his photo and biography for a website. \u201cYou are a heavyweight of academic glory An example of the perfect candidate Now all your instincts might say you should just ignore me You\u2019re the reason that just can\u2019t concentrate,\u201d one stanza from the second poem reads this poem. Please finish it have read it over and over in the current darkness,\u201d Lotto replied. Other messages detailed how much the two missed each other. The student said she felt like they were on separate continents and Lotto agreed, saying they needed to find a more secure way to speak with each other need more and better interaction with you am hopeful miss it,\u201d he wrote am empty,\u201d she responded. Other students seemed to be drawn to Lotto as well. Out of the 20 comments on Lotto\u2019s webpage for Rate My Professor, a site where students can leave comments about their professors and rate their performances, seven mention his looks. Every commenter wrote about his classes at the University of Arizona, where he taught before coming to admit took this close [class] solely based on the \u2018hot professor\u2019 comments here. And it is true. One girl in front of me even blogged a steamy note about him in the beginning of class once,\u201d one user wrote. \u201cNice guy, and easy on the eyes,\u201d another wrote. But some students and faculty supported Lotto in ways that weren\u2019t sexual or romantic. Five people testified in Lotto\u2019s favor during the investigation. One student said Lotto was like her family and that \u201cwhen he comforts me, it\u2019s with words, not touching \u2013\u2013 he is very professional.\u201d Another student said she considered him a great resource and support system in the department. However, the author of the investigation wrote that she didn\u2019t find the witnesses credible given their close relationships with Lotto. Ianessa Humbert, former associate professor in the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, used to work with Lotto before she left to teach at the University of Iowa. She told The Alligator he was energetic, outgoing and always willing to support students and faculty. \u201cThe way things work at is if you are accused of something you might as well just be guilty,\u201d she said know that their [the reporters\u2019] opinions are completely skewed.\u201d Kathy Carbonell, a former assistant research professor and Lotto\u2019s ex-wife, said the allegations are \u201ca gross mischaracterization of who he actually is.\u201d 2/27/25, 8:07 Investigation reveals extensive sexual harassment allegations against former professor - The Independent Florida Alligator 4/6 Carbonell first met Lotto at the University of Arizona in the early 2000s when she was his student. They married in 2013 and decided to separate last month for reasons unrelated to the case, she said. \u201cHe treats his students more like family than he does employees,\u201d she said. \u201cHe is not some kind of sexual predator.\u201d \u201cExtremely fearful of retribution\u201d: The anonymous letters There were no interviews between November 2018 and March 2019. The investigation report did not explain the gap, but a wave of anonymous letters from students and faculty about Lotto\u2019s behavior kick-started the interviews again. Michael Perri, dean of the College of Public Health and Health Professions, was forwarded an email by an unknown person on Feb. 21, 2019. The letter claims that one of Lotto\u2019s students \u201cbasically lived at his house over the last six months\u201d and that the two were sleeping together. From March 6 through March 13, four additional anonymous letters were slipped under the office doors of Perri and Fuller. Fuller declined to comment and Perri directed The Alligator to a spokesperson. One author of an anonymous letter said Lotto touched their backside, pulled them close and began to use sexually explicit language. Five days later, another anonymous letter detailed how Lotto ground his pelvis against the writer\u2019s backside during a party, even when she pulled away from him several times don\u2019t even like walking down the hall past his open office door,\u201d she wrote have seen this same type of inappropriate behavior with other students on other occasions and feel it will continue to happen.\u201d According to investigation records, another person wrote Lotto had created an environment so hostile that several students had mental breakdowns, and a woman who got very drunk at one of Lotto\u2019s parties had started to strip her clothes off. \u201cDr. Lotto\u2019s behaviors towards female students are fundamentally demeaning, disrespectful and at the core predatorial,\u201d she wrote in the letter. \u201cIt appears that every new crop of students is a new fresh batch for him to conquer.\u201d She added that she felt the need to be anonymous because \u201cLike many others am extremely fearful of retribution.\u201d Lotto was told not to contact students after being placed on administrative leave in March 2019 and told investigators that he upheld this rule, but a surveillance investigation found that a student visited his house at least twice during his leave. He told The Alligator that a visit occurred because a doctoral student about to graduate asked to have a celebratory brunch at his house. However, surveillance found a student\u2019s car at his house at 8 p.m. and afterward on April 21 and April 24, according to the investigation. On May 24, Perri sent Lotto a letter saying he had accepted his voluntary resignation in lieu of being fired. \u201cI\u2019ve been an academic since was young. I've never even taken a vacation. So I'm going to be a retired person for a while,\u201d he told The Alligator. Contact Hope Dean at [email protected]. Follow her on Twitter @hope_m_dean. Support your local paper The Independent Florida Alligator has been independent of the university since 1971, your donation today could help #SaveStudentNewsrooms. Please consider giving today 2/27/25, 8:07 Investigation reveals extensive sexual harassment allegations against former professor - The Independent Florida Alligator 5/6 \uf111 \uf099 \uf111 \uf39e \uf111 \uf16d \uf111 \uf167 Powered by Solutions by The State News All Content \u00a9 2025 The Independent Florida Alligator and Campus Communications, Inc. 2/27/25, 8:07 Investigation reveals extensive sexual harassment allegations against former professor - The Independent Florida Alligator 6/6", "8471_102.pdf": "We Inform. You Decide. Not officially associated with the University of Florida Published by Campus Communications, Inc. of Gainesville, Florida Sports center causes confusion development meant for Celebration Pointe raised questions, pg 5 Drag queens and LGBTQ+ representation students discuss Pride Awareness Month, pg 5 Story description \ufb01 nish with comma, pg @FloridaAlligator @TheAlligator_ @TheAlligator @alligator_newspaper Basketball preseason winds down With the Gators, exhibition game on Tuesday, coach Mike White gave updates on injuries and the team\u2019s closing scrimmage, pg 10 @FloridaAlligator @TheAlligator_ @TheAlligator @alligator_newspaper 25, 2019 114 28 tor newspa By Hope Dean Alligator Staff Writer Editor\u2019s Note: This investigation is part of a series of stories on sexual violence at UF. The following allegations are from a Title investigation second story on this investigation will be released soon professor in the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences was allowed to resign in May instead of being \ufb01 red \u2014 but not before he allegedly assaulted or had inappropriate relationships with multiple women, some of whom were his students. UF\u2019s Of\ufb01 ce of Title Compli- ance conducted an investigation that found Andrew Lotto, 51, touched several women in ways that made them uncomfortable since he started teaching at in 2016. Students and faculty alleged in the investigation that Lotto was in a romantic rela- tionship with one of his students, was caught in the midst of a sexual act with a student in his of\ufb01 ce, and pushed an under- graduate against the wall and stuck his \ufb01 nger in her ear, among other incidents. Title is a federal civil rights law that bans discrimination based on gender or sex and manages cases of sexual harassment. Lotto told The Alligator he didn\u2019t \ufb01 ght the allegations because he was planning on retiring soon. He said his concern was primarily for his students who were pulled into the investigation and left without a mentor saw how much my students were suffering being brought back into this, being interviewed over and over,\u201d he said. Conversations about sexual vio- lence, misconduct and protective measures have come to light on campus this semester. Three days ago, the 2019 Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Mis- conduct found that at UF, almost one in three undergraduate women and about 8 percent of men experienced nonconsensual sexual contact this year. But not every case of sexual as- sault or harassment is between stu- dents. \u201cLotto\u2019s relationships seem kind of cultish,\u201d a student said in the Title investigation. \u201cMinds have been manipulated and women have been cut off with no other systems of support \u2014 other than him. They are pitted against each other and in competition for Andrew\u2019s attention.\u201d Cheryl Betz, the author of the in- vestigation, directed The Alligator to spokesperson Steve Orlando. \u201cWe take these matters very se- riously and we strongly encourage anyone who has experienced sexual harassment to report it immediately so that the university can take ap- propriate action,\u201d Orlando wrote in a statement. Lotto was placed on paid admin- istrative leave on March 11, 2019, due to the serious allegations and then resigned from his position on May 23, the investigation reports. The 149-page investigation spanned from September 2018 to May 2019 and featured interviews with 20 witnesses of at least eight incidents of inappropriate behavior. Almost every name is redacted from the report in accordance with a Florida statute that bans univer- sities from releasing identifying in- formation of a person who \ufb01 led a complaint or a witness in a sexual harassment investigation The earliest recorded incident happened on Dec. 9, 2016, at a house party hosted by a faculty member who would later become the \ufb01 rst person to report Lotto for inappropriate behavior, according to investigation records. The host said Lotto entered her daughter\u2019s room, lay on her bed and began to ask questions about the male friend she was speaking to online. The daughter, whose age is not mentioned in the report, con\ufb01 rmed the incident in an investigation in- terview, saying he reeked of alcohol and asked, \u201cWho\u2019s more important for you to talk to \u2014 him or me?\u201d and \u201cWhat does he have that don\u2019t have?\u201d He later asked her to change into a onesie and then picked her up, swung her from side to side and whispered love it when you wear your \u2018onesies\u2019!\u201d in her ear, the daughter told investigators. The investigation included 43 pages of text screenshots between Lotto and the daughter. Some of the texts discussed topics such as Na- tional Chocolate Chip Cookie Day and pumpkin carving, but in others, Lotto asked to see a picture of her in a dress and said he was hanging out with 16-year-olds at Busch Gardens. \u201cDid go too far tonight?\u201d he texted after the party. \u201cI\u2019ll let you decide that,\u201d the daughter responded. Lotto told The Alligator he had known the daughter since she was \ufb01 ve. According to the investigation, he frequently celebrated holidays at the initial reporter\u2019s house. He said he walked into the daughter\u2019s room at the party after the mother told him to go get her. \u201cThat was a normal interaction Reports show former professor\u2019s sexual misconduct $652,946 By Ana Escalante Alligator Staff Writer Dance Marathon\u2019s sixth an- nual Transform Today beat its $650,000 goal by $2,946.26. The total was revealed at Moralloween, Dance Mara- thon\u2019s Halloween-themed event where miracle families, families whose children have life-threatening diseases or ill- nesses, participate in events like a fashion show, a haunted house and trick-or-treating Wednesday. Moralloween is the largest event hosted by besides the actual marathon in March, when students dance for 26.2 hours while fundraising, said Morgan Hill market- ing manager. About 50 mira- cle children and their families attended wearing superhero and princess costumes. \u201cSo blessed that our orga- nization was able to raise this much and give it all to Shands right down the street,\u201d said Hill, who has been involved with for six years. \u201cFor me, the smiles of the children is really what just keeps this organization going.\u201d DM\u2019s morale team organiz- es Moralloween each year on Flavet Field where organiza- tions set up tables or a trick-or- treat booth that are in theme with their miracle child\u2019s in- terests, said Anna Fitzpatrick, assistant director of fundrais- ing for DM\u2019s morale team. The team also creates themes and activities in March. \u201cWe\u2019re really lucky this year that it fell right after Transform Today so we could Transform Today raises $600k 6 4 Lotto Margaret Dotson /Alligator Staff After a fashion show, a dance party and many happy tears, the Moralloween party hosted by Florida Dance Marathon comes to an end in front of the sunset over Flavet Field. Today\u2019s Weather Subscription Rate: Full Year (All Semesters) $100 The Alligator of\ufb01 ces are located at 2700 13th St. Classi\ufb01 ed advertising can be placed at that location from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday, except for holidays. \u00a9 Copyright 2017. All rights reserved. No portion of The Alligator may be reproduced in any means without the written consent of an of\ufb01 cer of Campus Communications Inc. The Independent Florida Alligator is a student newspaper serving the University of Florida, published by a nonpro\ufb01 t 501 (c)(3) educational organization, Campus Communications Inc., P.O. Box 14257, Gainesville, Florida, 32604- 2257. The Alligator is published Monday, Wednesday and Friday mornings, except during holidays and exam periods. During summer academic terms The Alligator is published Tuesdays and Thursdays. The Alligator is a member of the Newspaper Association of America, National Newspaper Association, Florida Press Association and Southern University Newspapers. Not of\ufb01 cially associated with the University of Florida Published by Campus Communications Inc., of Gainesville, Florida 0889-2423 The Alligator strives to be accurate and clear in its news reports and editorials. If you \ufb01 nd an error, please call our newsroom at 352-376-4458 or email [email protected] Have an event planned? Add it to the alligator\u2019s online calendar: alligator.org/calendar Local Events / News in Brief 86 72\u00b0 2 25, 2019 Got something going on? Want to see it on this page? Send an email with \u201cWhat\u2019s Happening\u201d in the subject line to [email protected]. To request publication in the next day\u2019s newspaper, please submit entries before 5 p.m. Please model your submissions after the above events and keep them to 150 words or fewer. Improperly formatted \u201cWhat\u2019s Happening\u201d submissions may not appear in the paper. Press releases will not appear in the paper. Zora Viel, [email protected] Gay Movie Night: \u201cMonster Pies\u201d When: Today, 7:30 p.m Where: Pride Community Center, 3131 13th St. What: Does anyone ever forget the time they felt the incredible force of first love? When Mike's English teacher pairs him up for a class assignment on 'Romeo and Juliet' with hot new kid William, Mike can't believe his luck. As the two spend more and more time working together on a monster movie version of the Bard's clas- sic tale, they soon realize their feelings for one another may be more powerful than either is truly ready for touching and origi- nal take on the all-encompassing power of first love, 'Monster Pies' is sure to move even the hardest of hearts Food Fest When: Thursday, 5 to 9 p.m. Where: Celebration Pointe What: Come enjoy great food from over 50 of Gainesville's restaurants all in one loca- tion. Gainesville Community Ministry (GCM) teamed up with Celebration Pointe to close the avenue in front of the Nike store and the Tommy Hilfiger store and fill it with music, food, beer, wine and kids activities. Admission to the 2019 Food Festival is free. Meal and drink tickets will be sold a la carte for $2 each. National Drug Take-Back Day Event When: Saturday, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Where: Alachua County Library Partnership Branch, 912 16th Ave. What: The Alachua County Health Promotion and Wellness Coalition have partnered with the Alachua County Sheriff\u2019s Office and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to host an event to prevent abuse and misuse of drugs. The public is invited to anonymously drop off any expired or unused medications at any of the four specified locations: Gainesville, Archer, Micanopy and Alachua. The Gainesville drop-off location is at the Alachua County Library Partnership Branch. Halloween Drag Brunch When: Sunday, 12 p.m. to 5 p.m. Where: MidiCi The Neapolitan Pizza Company, 4949 Celebration Pointe Ave. What: Hosted by Anita Waistline and Kelly T. Kelly with special per- formances by Evonka T. Rump, MrMs Adrian and Faith Taylor. Enjoy delicious Neapolitan pizza, a full liquor bar and local enter- tainment. Eat, drink and be scary as you sip on $20 bottomless mi- mosas and $5 Bloody Marys. For more information, call 352-378- 3030. Vegan Halloween Party When: Sunday, 5 p.m. Where: Cypress & Grove Brewing Co. What: Celebrate Halloween Weekend with local vegans while enjoying food and drinks. Southern Fried Vegan is com- ing from Los Angeles and will be joined by Lemkos Bakery to vend the event. Southern Fried Vegan is serving southern staples includ- ing Fried Chickun, BBQ, Mac Cheeze, Jambalaya, Cajun Corn, Totchos, Beer-Cheeze Battered Beyond Burgers, and more. Ghouls Night Out! Halloween Dance and Costume Party When: Oct. 31, 8 p.m. to 2 a.m. Where: High Dive, 210 2nd Ave. What: Hosted by Lady Grinning Soul, the High Dive is hosting a Halloween Costume Party and costume contest. The contest will have three prizes: first prize wins $100, second prize gets their bar tab covered and third prize will win two free tickets to any High Dive show. Tickets are available online at the Hear Again Records website with a $1 fee and at the High Dive box office with no fee. Prices are $5 in advance and $7 the day of the show for those 21 or older. All guests under 21 will have a $3 additional charge Libraries Fall Festival When: Oct. 31 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Where: Reitz Union North Lawn What: The Libraries are bring- ing the best of what they have to offer to the Reitz Lawn. There will be free T-shirts, snacks and games. Join them for demonstra- tions of resources, crafts, therapy dogs, music and the opportunity to learn more about how the li- braries can help you succeed at UF. For more information, con- tact Barbara Hood at bhood@ufl. edu D\u00eda de Los Muertos When: Nov. 1, 8 p.m. to midnight Where: J. Wayne Reitz Union Grand Ballroom What: Join the Mexican American Student Association Hispanic- Latino Affairs and GatorNights for the Day of The Dead Festival. The festival will have stations for craft making, face painting, live perfor- mances, great food and so much more. They will be celebrating the living and dead, celebrating their lives and legacies and hon- oring them on an altar to remem- ber loved ones. If you\u2019d like to bring a photograph of a loved one feel free to bring one or email the picture to: @bquinones@ufsa. ufl.edu in order to have it printed. Chris Kattan & Friends at High Dive When: Nov. 5, 7:30 p.m. Where: High Dive, 210 2nd Ave. What: The Saturday Night Live veteran, stand up comic, actor and author comes to Gainesville for the first time for an unforget- table night at High Dive. Tickets are available online at Hear Again Records with a $1 fee and at the High Dive box office with no fee. General admission seating is $25 in advance and $28 the day of the show 114 28 352-376-4458 \u2022 Fax: 352-376-4467 Engagement Managing Editor Editor Digital Managing Editor Opinions Editor University Editor Features Editor Sports Editor Assistant Sports Editor Editorial Board Multimedia Editor the Avenue Editor Metro Editor Advertising Office Manager Intern Coordinator Sales Representatives 352-373 \u2022 Fax: 352-376-3015 352-376-4446 \u2022 Fax: 352-376-4556 Classified Advertising Manager Ellen Light, [email protected] Administrative Assistant Ellen Light, [email protected] Comptroller Delia Kradolfer, [email protected] Bookkeeper Cheryl del Rosario, [email protected] General Manager Shaun O'Connor, [email protected] Administrative Assistant Lenora McGowan, [email protected] President Emeritus C.E. Barber, [email protected] System Engineer Kevin Hart Production Manager Jordan Bourne, [email protected] Assistant Production Manager Editorial Production Staff Dana Meyers 352-376-4446 \u2022 Fax: 352-376-4556 Deion McLeod, [email protected] 352-376-4482 \u2022 Fax: 352-376-4556 [email protected] Cheryl del Rosario, [email protected] Ellen Light, [email protected] Alejandro D'Agostino, Marc Fiol, Emily Perpich, Bismarie Plasencia Photographers Copy Desk Chiefs Caroline Keefe Meagan DiPolo , [email protected] Samantha Harrison Ellen Bausback, [email protected] Nick Hudson, [email protected] Sam Thomas, [email protected] Kelly Hayes, Zora Viel Tyler Nettuno, [email protected] Mari Faiello, [email protected] Amanda Rosa, Tranelle Maner, April Rubin, [email protected] Ashley Lazarski, [email protected] Kelly Hayes, [email protected] Tranelle Maner, Amanda Rosa, [email protected] Karina Elwood, [email protected] Chasity Maynard, [email protected] Aleesha Qureshi, Isabella Nino 25, 2019 3 318 13TH Must have a Medical Marijuana Use Registry Identification Card to purchase Medical Marijuana M00219 4 25, 2019 celebrate all the miracles made there,\u201d Fitzpartrick said. Dance Marathon gave Alpha Epsilon Delta, a pre-health honor soci- ety, a fundraising goal of $1,000 overall dur- ing their \ufb01 rst year. By the end of Transform Today, the organization had raised almost double that, said Luis Parera, a 20-year-old animal sciences junior. Alpha Epsilon Delta\u2019s superhero themed booth was littered with green decorations in support for their miracle child, Hannah, who has cysti- nosis, a genetic, metabol- ic disease, Parera said. This is the \ufb01 rst time the honor society has had a miracle child. \u201cIt\u2019s been really cool to work with a family, he said. \u201cThat\u2019s what I\u2019m looking forward to the most.\u201d @Aescalante22 [email protected] MORALLOWEEN, from pg. 1 50 miracle families went Margaret Dotson /Alligator Staff Students at Moralloween, hosted by Florida Dance Marathon, cheer Wednesday as the amount of money raised during Transform Today, a 26.2-hour fundraising event, is announced. The fundraiser raised a total of $652,946.62 in support of pediatric patients at Health Shands Children\u2019s Hospital. By Tien Le Alligator Staff Writer Students of all cultures are united by one thing: coffee. As Student Government\u2019s mul- ticultural affairs cabinet director, Robyn Louis said she wanted to hear from students about what and could do better. So she hosted a \u201cculture and coffee\u201d event. \u201cWe\u2019re Top 7, and want our students\u2019 cultural experience to be top 7 as well,\u201d Louis said. The multicultural cabinet held the event Thursday morning in the Reitz Union. Bagels, pastries and coffee were provided for about 20 people. Food and deco- rations for the event cost about $150, Louis said. The event began with guest speaker Jones, assistant direc- tor of Multicultural & Diver- sity Affairs, who said one of the main reasons the exists is because students across the coun- try constantly experience acts of insensitivity, bias and hate on college campuses. \u201cWe want to make sure that doesn\u2019t happen here at the Uni- versity of Florida,\u201d Jones said. Jones said it is important to discuss and celebrate cultures and identities to promote inclusion and diversity. She also encour- aged engaging in conversations that may make people uncom- fortable, like people wearing hi- jabs, gender-neutral restrooms or people speaking in their native language. \u201cIt\u2019s important for us to also note that there are so many things that students are literally just craving \u2014 craving connection, craving support,\u201d Jones said. \u201cWhat we\u2019d truly like to do is make spaces where people truly feel like they belong.\u201d After Jones\u2019 speech, Louis ini- tiated discussion. She asked what students thought about the up- coming openings of the Institute of Black Culture and Institute of Hispanic-Latino Cultures, and how they felt about Asian Paci\ufb01 c Islander American Affairs and the LGBTQ+ community not having houses. One student was sur- prised did not have a house, considering its student popula- tion size. Louis also asked students what could do to become more ra- cially and culturally inclusive beyond the and having a multicultural cabinet. Students voiced concern about the amount of people who don\u2019t know the exists because they feel like its presence isn\u2019t known. Yalanda Nicolas, a 18-year- old architecture freshman, learned about the event through on-campus \ufb02 yers. As a Haitian student, she recognized a lot of time and effort is being put in to make sure UF\u2019s diverse student population feels safe and con- nected to their cultures. She said a key part in improv- ing UF\u2019s diverse population is hiring more diverse staff who stu- dents can relate to. \u201cThe people who are on this campus think they want to see change, so the diverse group we have are go-getter leaders,\u201d Nico- las said. @tientle11 [email protected] Students participate in cultural discussion over co\ufb00 ee Students mentioned house space for LGBTQ+ students 25, 2019 5 Now enrolling for highly specialized graduate programs in: Scan this code to start your Master\u2019s Degree today NEW! Online or on-campus NEW! Online or on-campus NEW! Online or on-campus Earn a in business in No work experience required By Melissa Hernandez de la Cruz Alligator Contributing Writer Drag queens. Sex toys. LGBTQ+ representation. Sexual education. These are some ideas students suggested during Tuesday\u2019s Pride Awareness Month town hall in the Reitz Union. The town hall, which was attended by about 40 students, was one of two the organization will host in advance of the celebra- tion, which is mid-March to mid- April, said Karla Gonzalez Pride Awareness Month president. New ideas for Pride Awareness Month include organizing a ball, as- sembling goodie bags for homeless shelters and bringing transgender people of color to campus to share their experiences. \u201cWe want more community in- volvement to have a stronger com- munity base,\u201d said Gonzalez, a 21-year-old health education and behavior senior who identifies as bi- sexual. Gonzalez said the organization\u2019s crown jewel is their annual drag show, which typically features \u201cRu- Paul\u2019s Drag Race\u201d contestants. Staff also discussed other events includ- ing Paint Your Orgasm, Queer Prom, a gay blood drive and a kinky sex panel where there will be a sex toy giveaway. Emmely Pavila, Pride Aware- ness Month marketing director, said while drag shows are fun, educa- tional panels are just as necessary. During the town hall, attendees said they wanted Pride Awareness Month to stand up for queer people, promote intersectionality and ensure that queer voices are being heard in the Gainesville and communities. \u201cWe need safe spaces that cel- ebrate and represent the commu- nity,\u201d said Pavila, a 22-year-old psychology and sociology senior. In the last year, Pavila said she has become more comfortable with identifying as gay, and she feels saf- est at LGBTQ+ community-specific events like the town hall. Veronica Sandoval, a 19-year-old computer science sophomore who is bisexual, is on Pride Awareness Month\u2019s internal affairs and educa- tion board. She said she has been involved with activism in the LG- BTQ+ community since joining an LGBTQ+ club in high school. She said events such as Pride Awareness Month are important because they can help LGBTQ+ members feel more comfortable and educate allies on how to support the community history is important,\u201d Sandoval said. \u201cOur country needs to focus on sexuality education more than sex ed By Lina Ruiz Alligator Staff Writer presentation to the county commission Oct. 15 about a pos- sible Sports Events Center at Cel- ebration Pointe has sparked more questions than answers between city and county officials. The facility, which would host sporting events such as basketball and volleyball tournaments, would be paid for with bed tax dollars, which comes from tourist revenue, said county spokesperson Mark Sexton. Mayor Lauren Poe sent a letter Tuesday to County Chair Charles Chestnut voicing concern about the possible redevelopment project, asking the county to reconsider the proposal. Poe also wrote the City Commis- sion thought the two parties agreed to focus on inequities between East and West Gainesville. \u201cDiverting additional economic advantages to the West side will only add to the already burgeoning disparity, as well as urban sprawl,\u201d Poe wrote in the letter. Chestnut replied the same day with a letter stating the possible benefits of the Sports Events Center such as \u201ca 30-year impact of $1.2 billion economic output\u201d and more than 1,000 annual jobs. He also mentioned the county\u2019s contribution to redevelopment in East Gainesville through the recent unification of Gainesville\u2019s four Community Redevelopment Dis- tricts into one. \u201cThis consolidation will make $70 million in funding available for transformational projects such as the Eighth and Waldo project,\u201d Chestnut wrote. Sexton said the county was con- fused by the city\u2019s reaction at the Oct. 17 joint meeting, as the facility would not be paid through CRA- allocated funds don\u2019t know if it was a collec- tive amnesia or what kind of re- ports they were getting, but it\u2019s as though those conversations [about funding] had never happened,\u201d he told The Alligator City Commissioner David Arreo- la said the board agreed to send the letter because building the Sports Events Center would be \u201cbreaking a promise to East Gainesville.\u201d \u201cIt\u2019s not too late to turn back,\u201d Arreola said. \u201cIt\u2019s not too late for them to change their mind, come back to the table and work with what they originally promised.\u201d @lina_ruiz48 [email protected] Associated Press TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) \u2014 Follow- ing California\u2019s lead, Florida lawmakers are tackling rules that prohibit college athletes from reaping financial benefits from their prowess in the arena of big-money sports. With a bounty of marquee college sports programs, Florida could help student ath- letes flex their muscles as they take on the NCAA, which gov- erns college athletics and has long resisted calls to allow student athletes to profit from their collegiate sports careers. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis gave the effort in Florida a political boost Thursday when he appeared with a bi- partisan group of law- makers and two former star football players from Florida State Uni- versity. \u201cWhen look for good policy ideas, Cali- fornia is usually not the first place look. But think California is on the right track,\u201d said DeSantis, a Republi- can proposal by state House Democratic Leader Kionne McGhee is modeled after one signed into law last month by California Gov. Gavin Newsom that allows college athletes in the Golden State to sign endorse- ment deals and hire agents without endan- gering scholarships and their eligibility to participate in NCAA- sanctioned sports. Florida has more than 11,000 student athletes, many who play sports that might not get the same lime- light as football and basketball but never- theless achieve acclaim in their own sport, ac- cording to Rep. Chip LaMarca, a Republican who has introduced his own proposal. His leg- islation, if approved, would go into effect as soon as next summer and may include finan- cial literacy education. Pride Awareness Month hosts town hall to prepare for next year Sports Events Center plan creates confusion Florida may pay college athletes between the two of us. There was nothing about it that seemed odd,\u201d he said. \u201cI\u2019m very disappointed to hear that that was used against me.\u201d But not every incident happened at a party \u2014 one took place in Lot- to\u2019s of\ufb01 ce. In June 2018, the case\u2019s initial reporter said she saw a student ly- ing on the couch in his of\ufb01 ce. Lotto was leaning over her torso with the lights off, according to records. He stumbled and fell back when he saw her at the door and moved his hands toward his crotch like he was zip- ping his pants or buckling his belt, the reporter told investigators. Lotto said the student just had a migraine and was resting in his of- \ufb01 ce while he sat on the edge of the couch. Another incident took place at a February conference on Amelia Is- land in Nassau County, Florida faculty member attended a so- cial mixer on the \ufb01 rst night of the conference where Lotto approached her, took her hand and started sway- ing before inviting her to come into the hot tub with him and several other women, she said in the inves- tigation. The faculty member chuckled and said she hadn\u2019t brought a bath- ing suit, but Lotto allegedly sug- gested she climb in naked because it was what he and other women were planning to do, according to investi- gation records. The faculty member said she started to walk away and Lotto called after her: \u201cDon\u2019t go! Don\u2019t go!\u201d She left anyway. Lotto didn\u2019t deny every aspect of this interaction. \u201cShe said didn\u2019t bring a swim- ming suit,\u2019 and said, \u2018Apparently, it might be optional at this point,\u2019 be- cause of stuff that was going on ac- tually didn\u2019t end up going in the hot tub wasn\u2019t a part of any of these things,\u201d he told The Alligator. But the faculty member was still surprised by his actions, she said in the investigation was \ufb02 oored that he was al- lowed to be around. I\u2019ve heard ru- mors that he has actually had sexual relationships with his grad students know it\u2019s just rumors, but just have to get it off my chest that think it might be true,\u201d she wrote in an email to David Fuller, a professor in the Department of Physical Therapy at UF. And according to the investiga- tion records, she may be right conducted an forensics exam on Lotto\u2019s computers and oth- er devices in 2019 and found emails between him and a student that \u201cevi- denced a romantic/intimate relation- ship between the two,\u201d the investi- gation said. The student wrote him poems over email. One had three parts with more than 30 stanzas about a beast-slaying prince and a princess locked in a dungeon second poem begged him to send her his photo and biography for a website. \u201cYou are a heavyweight of academic glory An example of the perfect candidate Now all your instincts might say you should just ignore me You\u2019re the reason that just can\u2019t concentrate,\u201d one stanza from the second poem reads this poem. Please \ufb01 nish it have read it over and over in the current darkness,\u201d Lotto replied. Other messages detailed how much the two missed each other. The student said she felt like they were on separate continents and Lotto agreed, saying they needed to \ufb01 nd a more secure way to speak with each other need more and better interac- tion with you am hopeful miss it,\u201d he wrote am empty,\u201d she responded. Other students seemed to be drawn to Lotto as well. Out of the 20 comments on Lotto\u2019s webpage for Rate My Professor, a site where students can leave comments about professors and rate their performanc- es, seven mention his looks. Every commenter wrote about his classes at the University of Ari- zona, where he taught before com- ing to admit took this close [class] solely based on the \u2018hot professor\u2019 comments here. And it is true. One girl in front of me even blogged a steamy note about him in the begin- ning of class once,\u201d one user wrote. \u201cNice guy, and easy on the eyes,\u201d another wrote. But some students and faculty supported Lotto in ways that weren\u2019t sexual or romantic. Five people testi\ufb01 ed in Lotto\u2019s favor during the investigation. One student said Lotto was like her fam- ily and that \u201cwhen he comforts me, it\u2019s with words, not touching \u2014 he is very professional.\u201d Another stu- dent said she considered him a great resource and support system in the department. However, the author of the in- vestigation wrote she didn\u2019t \ufb01 nd the witnesses credible given their close relationships with Lotto. Ianessa Humbert, former associ- ate professor in the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sci- ences, used to work with Lotto be- fore she left to teach at the University of Iowa. She told The Alligator he was en- ergetic, outgoing and always willing to support students and faculty. \u201cThe way things work at is if you are accused of something you might as well just be guilty,\u201d she said know that their [the re- porters\u2019] opinions are completely skewed.\u201d Kathy Carbonell, a former as- sistant research professor and Lot- to\u2019s ex-wife, said the allegations are \u201ca gross mischaracterization of who he actually is.\u201d Carbonell \ufb01 rst met Lotto at the University of Arizona in the early 2000s when she was his student. They married in 2013 and decided to separate last month for reasons unre- lated to the case, she said. \u201cHe treats his students more like family than he does employees,\u201d she said. \u201cHe is not some kind of sexual predator There were no interviews be- tween November 2018 and March 2019. The investigation report did not explain the gap, but a wave of anonymous letters from students and faculty about Lotto\u2019s behavior kick-started the interviews again. Michael Perri, dean of the College of Public Health and Health Profes- sions, was forwarded an email by an unknown person on Feb. 21, 2019. The letter claims one of Lotto\u2019s stu- dents \u201cbasically lived at his house over the last six months\u201d and that the two were sleeping together. From March 6 through March 13, four additional anonymous letters were slipped under the of\ufb01 ce doors of Perri and Fuller. Fuller declined to comment and Perri directed The Alligator to the spokesperson. One author of an anonymous let- ter said Lotto touched their backside, pulled them close and began to use sexually explicit language. Five days later, another anonymous letter de- tailed how Lotto ground his pelvis against the writer\u2019s backside during a party, even when she pulled away from him several times don\u2019t even like walking down the hall past his open of\ufb01 ce door,\u201d she wrote have seen this same type of inappropriate behavior with other students on other occasions and feel it will continue to happen.\u201d According to investigation re- cords, another person wrote Lotto had created an environment so hos- tile that several students had mental breakdowns, and a woman who got very drunk at one of Lotto\u2019s parties had started to take her clothes off. \u201cDr. Lotto\u2019s behaviors towards female students are fundamentally demeaning, disrespectful and at the core predatorial,\u201d she wrote in the letter. \u201cIt appears that every new crop of students is a new fresh batch for him to conquer.\u201d She added she felt the need to be anonymous because \u201clike many oth- ers am extremely fearful of retribu- tion.\u201d Lotto was told not to contact stu- dents after being placed on adminis- trative leave in March 2019 and told investigators he upheld this rule, but a surveillance investigation found a student visited his house at least twice during his leave. He told The Alligator a visit oc- curred because a doctoral student about to graduate asked to have a celebratory brunch at his house. However, surveillance found a stu- dent\u2019s car at his house at 8 p.m. and afterward on April 21 and April 24, according to the investigation. On May 24, Perri sent Lotto a let- ter saying he had accepted his volun- tary resignation in lieu of being \ufb01 red. \u201cI\u2019ve been an academic since was young. I\u2019ve never even taken a vacation. So I\u2019m going to be a retired person for a while.\u201d he told The Al- ligator. Anyone with more information about this investigation can email Hope Dean at [email protected]. @hope_m_dean [email protected] 6 25, 2019 Feb. 3, 2016 \u2013 Lotto is o\ufb00ered a teaching position at April 13, 2017 \u2013 Lotto allegedly grinds on a student in a karaoke bar June 13, 2018 \u2013 Lotto allegedly bends over a student lying on his couch in the o\ufb03ce while the lights are o\ufb00 June 2017 \u2013 Lotto allegedly grabs a student\u2019s rear at a housewarming party Sept. 2018 \u2013 Initial reporter \ufb01les case against Lotto and Title investigator Cheryl Betz begins interviews Dec. 3, 2016 \u2013 Lotto allegedly lies on the daughter of the initial reporter\u2019s bed and asks questions about the male friend she was talking to Nov. 30, 2018 \u2013 Last investigation interview of 2018 takes place March 6-14, 2019 \u2013 Four anonymous letters describing Lotto\u2019s behavior are slipped under faculty o\ufb03ce doors March 11, 2019 \u2013 Lotto is placed on administrative leave May 23, 2019 \u2013 Lotto resigns from his position in lieu of being \ufb01red March 8, 2019 \u2013 First investigation interview of 2019 takes place May 17, 2019 \u2013 Investigation is closed Feb. 2019 \u2013 Lotto allegedly asks a faculty member to take her clothes o\ufb00 and join him in a hot tub at an o\ufb00-campus conference Title Investigation Andrew Lotto wears a Minnie Mouse costume during a party, according to investigation records. LOTTO, from pg. 1 Lotto doesn\u2019t deny every detail, claims \u2018normal interaction\u2019 Investigation Timeline: By Deion McLeod / Alligatior Staff 25, 2019 Editorial The Alligator encourages comments from readers. Letters to the editor should not exceed 600 words (about one letter-sized page). They must be typed, double-spaced and must include the author\u2019s name, classi\ufb01 cation and phone number. Names will be withheld if the writer shows just cause. We reserve the right to edit for length, grammar, style and libel. Send letters to [email protected], bring them to 2700 13th St., or send them to P.O. Box 14257, Gainesville 32604-2257. Columns of about 450 words about original topics and editorial cartoons are also welcome. Questions? Call 352-376-4458 s you patiently wait for your order, you can\u2019t help but feel a bit uncom- fortable. You see large spiderwebs overtak- ing certain areas of the coffee shop, as if they\u2019ve been there for a long time. Look- ing closer, you can see a thick layer of dust collecting on the tables and chairs as well. The shop\u2019s cracked beams don\u2019t ease your worries \u2014 the building looks like it could col- lapse at any moment. The waitress \ufb01 nally comes back with a large tray of pastries and drinks. Her expres- sion doesn\u2019t reveal much, but she seems to focus her emerald eyes on you. You quickly look down so you don\u2019t have to keep making eye contact. As you look up to grab your drink, you see the waitress look back at you before disappearing behind the counter. This eye contact is occurring way too often, you decide. It\u2019s time to drown your awkwardness in coffee. You take a big swig of your drink, and then immediately spit it out. Your friends all look at you in complete disbelief, and you look down in shock as well. Splattered across the table you see... Darts & Laurels It\u2019s nearly Halloween, and too many things are ruining this spooky season. We\u2019re supposed to be afraid of fic- tional monsters, not real ones. Warren Hurst, Sevier County Com- missioner of Tennessee, is one of these monsters. He\u2019s not a scary person by any means, but his views, on the other hand, are pretty horrifying. He recently made a homophobic statement against Pete Butti- gieg, an openly gay Democratic candidate for the presidency, saying that having a \u201cqueer\u201d running for President is ugly. He also decided to attack black people and individuals with low incomes, stat- ing that more focus goes to these groups instead of the rights of white people. Not only are we giving him a dart for being homophobic, but he also deserves one for basically saying white male privi- lege doesn\u2019t exist anymore. The fact that he can remain this ignorant clearly says otherwise. It turns out you can also be horrible without saying anything, and the Brazil- ian government is doing just that. Since September, the beaches of Brazil have been plagued with oil spills of unknown origins. Instead of properly ad- dressing the issue, the Brazilian govern- ment decided to do nothing \u2014 except send 5,000 troops to stop people from protesting about it laurel goes to the volunteers for their tireless work cleaning up the sludge that has been plaguing their beaches \u2014 preserving the habitats of the animals that depend on them dart goes to the Brazilian govern- ment for ignoring this problem while also preventing people from doing more to fix it. Lately, the protection of wildlife seems to be more of a priority, as it should be. The U.S. House has recently made animal cruelty a federal felony. We have to give the House a laurel for advancing animal rights. Now it just needs to control the animals breaking the law within it. Other people are breaking the law as well but in a more positive way. Protes- tors in Lebanon are dropping beats against the government, and they deserve the final laurel for enacting change in a creative way with their incor- poration of the viral \u201cBaby Shark\u201d song into the protest. The world needs more people like the ones in Lebanon and Brazil \u2014 or at least fewer people that make their actions necessary. The views expressed here are not necessarily those of The Alligator. The Board of Directors of Campus Communications, Inc., publisher of: The applications for these positions are available at the Alligator office, located at 2700 13th Street, Tuesday through Friday between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. from now until Friday, November 1\". Look for the Alligator sign located In the lobby. No phone calls, please. Allow up to 15 minutes at that time to read Information regarding the application process. The application must be returned to The Alligator by Tuesday, November 5\"' at 4 p.m DEADLINE. lnteNiews and selections by the Board of Directors will be held via video conference on Friday, November 15\"' at 11 a.m. Applicants must be degree-seeking college or university students. Preference will be given to those who have experience with The Independent Florido All/gator. Download the TapRide App to Get a Ride! University of Florida Student Nighttime Auxiliary Patrol or call 352-392 (7627) Kelly Hayes Tranelle Maner Amanda Rosa Zora Viel - Brand Name, Brand Pillowtop Mattress & Box Set: Twins $89, Fulls $100, Queens $120, Kings $200. Can Deliver 352- 377-9846. Gainesville Discount Furniture. 1-6-109-6D 7 Computers Selling computers, parts, or repair services or just looking for that new rig? Look in the Alligator Classifieds. Call 373 for more information. 8 Electronics Place an ad to sell your old stereo, cell phone, and more in the Electronics Section of the Alligator Classifieds. 373 9 Bicycles In the market for a new set of wheels or just looking to add a second to that collection? Want personalized handlebars or a fitted seat? Check in the Alligator Classifieds 10 For Sale Surplus On-Line Auctions\u25cf are underway\u2026bikes, computers, furniture, vehicles & more. All individuals interested in bidding go to 392-0370 8-19-18-24-10D Goats for Sale & Lease Horse Boarding - 7 miles to Charlie - 352-278-1925 8-19-24-10D 11 Motorcycles/ Mopeds Alligator Classifieds is the way to get your 2 wheels on the road. Show off your bikes, scooters, and repair services. Call 373 to get your classified in. Now you can easily submit your classified ad for print and/or web editions right thru our website! Just go to Visa and Mastercard accepted. 12 Autos Unload your lot. Sell your cars through Alligator Advertising for cheap. 373 or place your ad online at classifieds \u25cf We Buy Junk & Used Cars \u25cf \u25cfTrucks, Vans - Titled only 352-281-9980 [email protected] 1-6-43-12D Don't forget to tell them found it in The Alligator!\" This newspaper assumes no responsibil- ity for injury or loss arising from contacts made through advertising. We suggest that any reader who responds to advertising use caution and investigate the sincerity of the advertiser before giving out personal infor- mation or arranging meetings or investing money CASH? \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf Buying \u2605 Gold \u2605Jewelry \u2605 Coins, \u2605 Exchangable Currency.\u2605 Call 352-554-4654. Coin Kingdom 3446 W. University Ave. 1-6-40-13D The American Cancer Society Road to Recovery Volunteers Needed to transport cancer patients to treatment. Flexible schedule. Training and liability insurance provided. Please call 352-240-5062 if interested. St. Francis House is a homeless shelter located in downtown Gainesville. Our mission is to empower families with children to transition from homelessness to self-sufficiency by providing case management, housing, food, training and educational resources in a secure environment. If interested in volunteering please contact the volunteer coordinator at 352-378- 9079 ext 317 or [email protected] St Francis House depends on monetary support from individual donors and community businesses in order to provide meals to the homeless and the hungry. To make a donation by mail, please send checks payable to St. Francis House P.O. Box 12491 Gainesville Fl 32604 or our website at Stfrancishousegnv.org 14 Help Wanted This newspaper assumes no responsibil- ity for injury or loss arising from contacts made through advertising. We suggest that any reader who responds to advertis- ing use caution and investigate the sin- cerity of the advertiser before giving out personal information or arranging meet- ings or investing money. Students in Accounting, Aviation, Business/ Sales and computer science needed for vari- ous positions. Flexible schedules and com- petitive pay. Join our team! Learn more at 1-6-19-43-14D Reach over 50,000 readers each publication day. 1 For Rent furnished 6 Furnishings 13 Wanted WELCOME! $460/BedRoom \u25cf No Deposit! \u25cf Furnished Cable \u25cf Internet \u25cf Utilities 352-337-9098 1-6-43-1D Available Immediately. Blocks away from & shopping. 2BR unit. Rent includes utilities & wi-fi. Shared on-site. Call Brenda 352-672-8657 10-28-19-5-1 Remember to tell them found it in The Alligator!\" 2 For Rent unfurnished Empty Space? Find your next tenants in the Alligator Classifieds. Call 373 to place your ad today! 1BR $455/mo Small pet ok. 352-213-3901 1--6-19-43- 2D \u2605\u2605 Quality single family homes. Walk or bike to UF. 352-215-4991 or 352-215-4990 1-6-19-109-2D 3 Sublease Don\u2019t get stuck with an extra rent payment. Advertise your subleases in the Alligator Classifieds and save yourself some cash. Call 373-FIND. 4 Roommates MUSIC! Is your roommate driving you crazy? Find a replacement in the Alligator Classifieds! 5 Real Estate Sell your house, condo, acreage, mobile home and much more in the CLASSIFIEDS! Reach thousands of possible buyers! Mastercard and Visa accepted over the phone, by fax, email or or please call 373- Find (373-3463) Gorgeous Lake House. Fish, swim & ski. beautful Lake Winnott (near Melrose, FL). 3br/2ba cement block built in '03. Split floorplan w/approx 12'x 42' glassed-in room w/heat & air Concrete drive, boat ramp, fenced yd.18x31 enclosed RV/boat barn. Poss owner financing. Call for photo & addl info 352-278-4644 Agents welcome. 4% commission.11-1-19-6-5 For Info on Condos for Sale, Visit www or Matt Price, University Realty, 352-281-3551 1-6-19-43-5D 6 Furnishings Got a new couch?. Sell your old one in the Alligator Classifieds. Call 373 (3463) to place your ad today IT. 373 25, 2019 How to Place a Classified Ad: Corrections and Cancellations: Cancellations: Call 373 M-F, 8am - 4pm. No refunds or credits can be given. Alligator errors: Check your ad the day it runs. Call 373 with any corrections before noon INCORRECTLY. Corrected ads will be extended one day. No refunds or credits can be given after placing the ad. Corrections called in after the first day will not be further compensated. Customer error or changes: Changes must be made for the next day\u2019s paper. There will be a $2.00 charge for minor changes. Online: w/ major credit card at In Person: Cash, Check, MC, Discover or Visa @The Alligator Office: 2700 13th St. M-F, 8am - 4pm By E-mail: [email protected] By Fax: (352) 376-4556 By Mail: P.O. Box 14257 G-ville 32604 See alligator.org for more information Call 352-373 for information. Sorry, no cash by mail. Credit cards or checks only. By Debbie Ellerin \u00a92019 Tribune Content Agency 10/26/19 Los Angeles Times Daily Crossword Puzzle Edited by Rich Norris and Joyce Nichols Lewis 10/26/19 PUZZLE: Release Date: Saturday, October 26, 2019 1 Tablets that shouldn\u2019t be used with water 6 Mandela\u2019s org. 9 Actress Andersson of \u201cThe Seventh Seal\u201d 13 Officers-to-be 15 \u201cJust asking\u201d 17 Put on the throne 18 Israeli self- defense system 19 Longest note? 20 What some goggles may enhance 22 Notre Dame legend 24 Sci-fi antagonist 25 Had a bite 26 Palm tree starch 27 Piece of advice 29 Original Monopoly token still in use 31 Microsoft line 33 Tormentor\u2019s retort 35 Language group that includes Swahili 36 Poet\u2019s preposition 37 Beethoven\u2019s \u201cBagatelle in Minor\u201d honoree 41 \u201cGood enough\u201d 43 Acknowledge quietly 44 Jerry or Cherry 47 Meditative sounds 49 Poses 50 Corrida support 51 H, to Hercules 53 Expects 55 \u201cHold that thought\u201d 58 Blackjack need 60 Spokane and Omaha 61 Christie creation 63 Faux elixir 64 First name on the original \u201cGet Shorty\u201d movie poster 65 Uses roofing material, say 66 Get it 67 Valuable veins 1 Finishes in the bakery 2 Wide view 3 31-Across, e.g. 4 It\u2019s barely passable 5 Got booed, maybe 6 Egyptian life symbol 7 True __ 8 Fancy neckwear 9 Mah-jongg suit, familiarly 10 \u201cSwords into plowshares\u201d source 11 El Museo del Oro city 12 Caught, perhaps 14 Tour of duty 16 It\u2019s a bad sign 21 Theodor whose middle name was Seuss 23 Like some Egyptian churches 26 Member of the fam 28 Longtime \u201cSNL\u201d announcer 30 House speaker after Ryan 32 Toots 34 Royal attendant 38 Annual Alaskan sporting event 39 1600 is a perfect one 40 personnel, it\u2019s said 42 Some Spanish speakers 44 Overshoot 45 Smith grad 46 Injure again, as a ligament 48 Run through a reader 52 Actress MacDowell 54 Coral Sea sight 56 Bulky boats 57 Canaries component 59 Saint-Tropez seasons 62 Texter\u2019s qualifier PUZZLE: 10/23/19 25, 2019 9 home/office/apartment cleaners(m- f and every other sat). Day and night shifts available. Must own a car. weekly pay $10.00/hr. if interested please call 352-214- 0868 1-6-19-43-14D Drivers needed for taxi company. Contact us at (352)777-9488. 10-28-19- 8-14 Learn tax prep with the experienced team at Jackson Hewitt Online and in-class training available now! Hiring in MacClenny, Starke, Gainesville, Lake City, and surround- ing areas! Call us at 904-299-3059 for more information. 11-1-10-14 SIMEDHealth is currently seeking Full Time Certified Medical Assistants for several of our clinics in our Gainesville office location. Apply on our website at com. 10-25-19-7-14 Sun Country Sports Center Now Hiring Gymnastics Coaches. Awesome kids. Fun, friendly atmosphere. Apply now suncountrysports.com/jobs 12-2-19-14-14 SIMEDHealth is currently seeking Full Time Certified Medical Assistants for several of our clinics in our Gainesville office location. Apply on our website at com. 10-25-19-7-14 15 Services Do you have a business that provides a service? Place your ad in the Services Section of the Alligator Classifieds for as little as $3.00 per day. Call us at 373-FIND. Alcoholics Anonymous 24-hour hotline #352-372-8091 No dues or fees 18 Personals Alachua County Health Dept. Call 334-7960 for app\u2019t (optional $20 fee) 19 Connections Want to make a connection? Place your ad here to look for someone to share a common interest with or for your true love Strange But True: There were no armadillos in Texas until the 1840s. 20 Events/Notices Reach over 50,000 readers each publication day TICKETS? Place your ad here and get results! Visit: alligator.org/classifieds 23 Rides Trying to get to and from somewhere? Want to cut back on that gas bill? Place an ad in the classifieds to find trip arrangements or show off your bus and shuttle service. 373 24 Pets Furry, feathery, scaly...no, not your room- mate...pets. Find or advertise your pets or pet products here in the Pets section of the Alligator. Because Cats Don't Understand Abstinence Spaying/Neutering Free-Roaming Cats Borrow a Trap / Make a Clinic Reservation Make a Donation / Volunteer New Expanded Hours Lots of info at 25 Lost & Found Finders Keepers? If you find something, you can place a in our lost & found section. Be kind to someone who\u2019s lost what you\u2019ve found. Call 373 The Metropolitan Transportation Planning Organization for the Gainesville Urbanized Area announces a public meeting to which all interested persons are invited & TIME: October 28, 2019 at 3:00 p.m. PLACE: John R. \u201cJack\u201d Durrance Auditorium, County Administration Building, Gainesville, Florida PURPOSE: Regular Business Meeting of the Metropolitan Transportation Planning Organization copy of the agenda may be obtained by calling 352.955.2200, visit- ing our website at (click Metropolitan Transportation Planning), or appearing in person, during regular business hours, at 2009 67th Place, Gainesville, Florida. Public participation is solicited without regard to race, color, national origin, sex, age, dis- ability, familial status, religious status, marital status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. Persons who require special accommoda- tions under the Americans with Disabilities Act or persons who require translation ser- vices (free of charge) should contact Mike Escalante at 352.955.2200, extension 114, at least 48 hours prior to the public meeting. 10-25-1-20 21 Entertainment Get the party started! Place your Entertainment classified today to get people up and about. Call 373 Vintage & Unique - Like EBay in 3D Sat & Sun 1-6-109-21D Check out - the new short story by Terry Hensley - on Amazon surreal comedy (with just a touch of spookiness for Halloween). Original mu- sic too (\"Terry Hensley - topic\"). Interview on CollegeUndergroundRadio.com. 11-4-19- 5-21 Want to be a CNA? Don\u2019t want to wait? Express Training Services now offers a class which can be completed in one weekend. Perfect for busy college students. 1-6- 19-43-15D Losing your rental, pet, or application fee? Treated unfairly in your contract? Longtime Alachua County business will fight to get your deposit back CONSULTATION. Only $99 for action on your claim. Call 305- 850-9959 11-18-30-15 16 Health Services Alachua County Health Dept. Call 334-7960 for app\u2019t (optional $20 fee) Need Training? (352) 727-4733 Prep Classes from GatorCNA.com 7-7-19-111-16D Now you can easily submit your classified ad for print and/or web editions right thru our website! Just go to Visa and Mastercard accepted HELP! 24 7 1-866- 352-5323 352-376-8008 [email protected] 22 Tickets 14 Help Wanted 15 Services 16 Health Services 20 Events/Notices 1. Unyielding 1. Tom ____ 5. ____ bottle 2. Take back 6. Surprise 3. Shower ____ 7. Position 4. ____ key ANSWERS: 1A-Strict 5A-Water 6A-Amaze 7A-Stance 1D-Sawyer 2D-Retract 3D-Curtain 4D-Delete B-Twitter 10-25-19 by David L. Hoyt Complete the crossword puzzle by looking at the clues and unscrambling the answers. When the puzzle is complete, unscramble the circled letters to solve the BONUS. How to play & Hoyt Designs. All Rights Reserved. 2019 Tribune Content Agency Send comments to - 160 N. Stetson, Chicago, Illinois 60601 or [email protected] 1 6 2 5 3 7 4 CLUE: ____ launched in July of 2006 1. Insult; 2. Create; 3. Secure; 4. Process Today's Word 1. Limber, Lumber 2. Pulse, Purse 3. Rough, Rouge 4. Baron, Bacon 5. Squirt, Squirm 6. Dipper, Diaper 7. Raven, Ravel 8. Chase, Phase 9. Margin, Marlin 10. Quiet, Quilt answers below answers below answers below below Follow us for updates For updates on athletics, follow us on Twitter at @alligatorSports or online at 25, 2019 Florida basketball ranked consensus No. 6 The Gators men's basketball team is ranked No. 6 in the preseason Top 25 Poll and Today Coaches Poll. It's Florida's first time beginning a sea- son ranked in the top 25 since 2017-18, when it started out ranked No. 8. Senior volleyball libero Allie Gregory was named the Defensive Player of the Week on Monday. She averaged 5.17 digs per set over the last week. By Bryan Matamoros Sports Writer Florida\u2019s soccer team has made a habit of coming from behind to win games. It did just that on Oct. 13 against Ken- tucky and last Friday against Auburn, eras- ing one-goal deficits in both fixtures to earn crucial conference victories ahead of the upcoming Tournament. The No. 20 Gators tried to mount anoth- er comeback on Thursday night, but Ten- nessee held them scoreless in a 1-0 triumph at the Regal Soccer Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee. The Volunteers (9-5-2, 3-4-1 SEC) looked more like the 20th-ranked team in the nation than the Gators (10-6, 6-2 SEC) did in the early stages of the game. Tennes- see kept a majority of the possession and created several scoring opportunities, but Florida goalkeeper Susi Espinoza was there to keep the hosts off the scoreboard. Espinoza saved midfielder Sonia Ouchene Sal\u00f3n\u2019s header that was destined for the back of the net in the sixth minute. Florida had a difficult time breaking Staff Report The Gators must be feeling pretty \u201ccocky\u201d (I\u2019m sorry) after their win over South Carolina. The team sur- vived the wind and rain from Tropi- cal Storm Nestor, and so did the al- ligatorSports football writers. After walking from the stadium to the car \u2014 a nearly quarter-mile journey \u2014 we were all thoroughly soaked for the five-hour car ride back to Gainesville. Georgia is up next for UF, but both teams have a bye Saturday prior to that game. We intend to use our weekend off from traveling to catch up on school- work, hit the town and actually watch more than one college football game for once. The Gators may not be playing, but there are still lots of games for our \u201cexperts\u201d to weigh in on. Foot- ball writers Sam Campisano and Kyle Wood debate the most intriguing matchup of the week: No. 9 Auburn at No. 2 LSU. Auburn will win because\u2026 Auburn\u2019s ineptitude in Baton Rouge is so famous that there\u2019s even a curse for it. After upsetting on the road in 1999, Auburn coach Tommy Tuber- ville handed out cigars to his players on the field. That was the last time won at LSU. The Cigar Curse was born. What makes this year\u2019s Tigers team different? Bo Nix. (I\u2019m talking about the War Eagle Tigers, by the way) Auburn\u2019s freshman quarterback is legit. The offense is legit, too, averaging the third-most points per game in the SEC. LSU\u2019s defense, on the other hand? Not so legit. To be fair, No. 6 in the conference isn\u2019t terrible, but it\u2019s not exactly be- fitting of the No. 2 team in the na- tion. It\u2019s something Nix will take ad- vantage of, shocking the world in the process. Smoke on that, LSU. \u2014 Sam Campisano (-11.5) will win because\u2026 I\u2019ve been to Death Valley. It was very loud saw Auburn quarterback Bo Nix play in a hostile environment in The Swamp. He folded. Death Val- ley was louder than The Swamp. This is an easy pick, but I\u2019ll ex- PICKS: Week 9 12 12 By Evan Lepak Sports Writer College basketball season is now just a couple weeks away, and many teams, in- cluding the Gators, are pre- paring for exhibition games. These contests help squads gauge where they\u2019re at as a team and focus on areas that need to be improved before the regular season gets un- derway. Florida\u2019s exhibition takes place Tuesday at 7 p.m. at the O\u2019Connell Center, where the Gators will match up with the Lynn University Fighting Knights. Between now and then coach Mike White is hoping to get healthier following a closed scrimmage over the weekend and show more consistency in practice after one on Tuesday that White dubbed \u201chorrendous\u201d. Gators on target from three during scrimmage Florida ran with the Bulls on Saturday at the O\u2019Connell Center, defeating in a closed preseason scrimmage, 76-58. Kerry Blackshear Jr. had 17 points, draining four from beyond the arc. The Gators, as a group, shot well from three, going 13 for 24 as six different players made at least one trey. \u201cWe really shot the ball well,\u201d White said during Thursday\u2019s media availabili- ty. \u201cThat was pleasing. That was probably the biggest surprise out of the (scrim- mage).\u201d Although White was happy with the shot percent- age, he made it known that they aren\u2019t going to neces- sarily make shots at such a high clip like that every game. \u201cYou\u2019re hoping that your guys would understand that we can\u2019t expect to shoot the ball that well like the way that we shared the ball, a lot of extra passes, but you can\u2019t expect to shoot 50-something percent on the season.\u201d Florida battling injury as regular season approach- es has a lot of talent but not as much depth, and a few injuries here and there can certainly make a huge impact on a team that has just 11 eligible scholarship players for the 2019-20 sea- son. The team was handed a massive blow a couple weeks ago with the an- nouncement of Gorjok Gak\u2019s shoulder injury that\u2019ll keep him out indefinitely, and on Thursday, White shared some additional in- jury news. \u201cDontay (Bassett)\u2019s been out,\u201d White said. \u201cWe\u2019re hoping it\u2019s a minor knee, hoping it\u2019s just a bruise\u2026 Ques Glover is a little banged up with a finger is- sue as well faces preseason injuries Florida held scoreless against Tennessee Alligator File Photo Point guard Andrew Nembhard has missed time with tendinitis, according to coach Mike White. Margaret Dotson / Alligator Staff Forward Kit Loferski exited the game in the 81st minute with a red card for dissent in Florida's shutout loss to the Volunteers on Thursday night 12 25, 2019 11 By Brendan Farrell Sports Writer The Gators volleyball team enters this weekend on a roll. Florida has won 13 of its last 14 matches, with its only loss com- ing to No. 16 Kentucky on the road. The Gators (15-3, 6-1 SEC) are in third place in the and half a game behind Kentucky and Georgia, which are both 7-1. Florida has the opportunity to improve its record with two matches this weekend against teams in the bottom half of the standings win\u2019s always great,\u201d mid- dle blocker Rachael Kramer said. \u201cBut to have your team trending in the right direction, that\u2019s what we\u2019re really more excited about.\u201d Coach Mary Wise\u2019s squad will face eighth-place Alabama Friday night and 10th-place Ten- nessee on Sunday. Here is what you need to know about them: Alabama When: Friday at 7 p.m. It\u2019s been a tough start for Alabama in conference play. The Crimson Tide (11-7, 3-4 SEC) has lost three of its last four matches. Its only win during that stretch was Mississippi State, which still has yet to win an match. That\u2019s generally how the season has gone so far, as well. Alabama has dominated the bot- tom of the conference with wins against the bottom-three teams in the SEC. But Alabama has struggled mightily against the dif\ufb01 cult parts of its schedule. It has only played two other ranked teams and was swept by both. The Tide also played Georgia, which received 12 votes in this week\u2019s rankings and was also swept. The Crimson Tide\u2019s biggest issue is its offense. Alabama sits 10th in the in hitting per- centage at .211. That is a major advantage for a Gators defense that\u2019s ranked second in the in opponent hitting percentage (.170). Alabama enjoys spreading the ball around; six players have at least 180 attacks this season. However, three of those six play- ers are hitting below .200. That being said, freshman Alyiah Wells is a player to keep an eye on in this match. The middle blocker is fourth in blocks per set (1.08) and seventh in the conference in hitting per- centage (.342). The battle between Wells and Florida\u2019s tandem of Kramer and sophomore Lauren Dooley will be an intriguing one to watch. Tennessee When: Sunday at 1 p.m. Football fans in Knoxville looking for an escape haven\u2019t been successful with the volley- ball team, considering that both are 10th in the SEC. The Volunteers (9-9, 3-5 SEC) have also lost three of their last four following consecutive losses to Kentucky at home and No. 25 Missouri on the road. However, Tennessee has had a tough schedule so far in con- ference play. The Vols will have already played the top six teams in the after playing Florida on Sunday. They have also given the top teams in the a \ufb01 ght in most of their matches. Tennessee was swept by Kentucky, but it had a couple of close calls against Ole Miss and Georgia. Tennessee has a decent of- fense as well, ranking sixth in the in hitting percent- age (.243). Outside hitter Tessa Grubbs leads the team with 284 kills, and her 4.06 kills per set is fourth in the SEC. Defensively, the Volunteers have some holes. Tennessee has the third-worst opponent hitting percentage in the conference and is ninth in blocks per set. However, right side hitter Alyssa Andreno is seventh in the in blocks per set (1.04). @Bfarrell727 [email protected] By Victor Prieto Sports Writer The Florida men\u2019s tennis team will feature eight different Gators this weekend at the Ring Tennis Complex for the Southeast Regional Cham- pionships. Gainesville will host close to 100 ten- nis players from 15 different schools, as spots to compete in the National Fall Championships in Newport Beach, California, are on the line. The eight Gators competing this weekend are Johannes Ingildsen, Andy Andrade, Duarte Vale, Josh Goodger, Brian Ber- dusco, Lukas Greif, Greysen Cacciatore and Blaise Bicknell. Among those who competed on Thursday was sophomore Cacciatore. The Gainesville-native en- tered the tournament on a four-match win streak after claiming the Singles title at the Bedford Cup. Despite starting hot and extend- ing his win streak to \ufb01 ve after defeat- ing Mercer\u2019s Carver Arant, Cacciatore couldn\u2019t outlast Florida Gulf Coast\u2019s Feliksas Sakalauskas and failed to qual- ify for the main draw. After receiving a \ufb01 rst-round bye, the sophomore had no trouble defeating Arant in straight sets to advance to the \ufb01 nal qualifying round. Cacciatore took the early advan- tage against Sakalauskas, winning the \ufb01 rst set 6-4, but wouldn\u2019t take another set for the rest of the match, losing his chances of competing with his fellow Gators in the main draw. Cacciatore was eliminated from singles play, but he remains alive in doubles, playing in the main draw alongside freshman Bicknell. The other seven Gators will see their \ufb01 rst action on their home court starting Friday morning. @victorprieto_11 [email protected] Gators continue play against Alabama and Tennessee Southeast Regional Championships begin in Gainesville Samantha Harrison / Alligator Staff Middle blocker Rachael Kramer (5) said the team is trending in the right direction. Samantha Harrison / Alligator Staff Sophomore Greysen Cacciatore split his two singles matches Thursday, failing to qualify. 12 25, 2019 7 pm-12 am $3 Margaritas on Tap $3 Lemon Drop Shots $3 Wells $4 First Mag Pints $3 Green Tea Shots $3 Lemon Drops $3 Pork Rinds $4 Double Wells $4 Torts & Salsa $4 First Mag Pints 7 pm - 12 am $3 Cocktails on Tap $3 Tequila Shots $4 Fireball Shots $4 Swamphead Drafts 9 pm - Close 1718 West University Avenue 1728 West University Avenue Wells & Drafts start at 25 Wells & Drafts start at 25 18 ) ( 18 Open Thursday, Friday, & Saturday Nights $9.99 Red Fish Po\u2019 Boy with Tots restaurant & rooftop bar r Kyle (43-20) Tyler (43-20) Nick (38-25) Sam (38-25 (-14.5 (-11.5 (+6.5 (+2.5 (even (-31.5 (-21.5 (-14.5 Graham (37-26) Mark (37-26) Dylan (35-28) Edgar (34-29 (-14.5 (-11.5 (+6.5 (+2.5 (even (-31.5 (-21.5 (-14.5 Zach (32-31) Mari (31-32) Brian (30-33 (-14.5 (-11.5 (+6.5 (+2.5 (even (-31.5 (-21.5 (-14.5 'Expert' Picks of the Week White also mentioned that guard Andrew Nembhard has missed some time battling tendinitis. If some of these minor injuries linger for a longer period of time, UF\u2019s freshmen, espe- cially the ones down low in Omar Payne and Jason Jitoboh, will get some extended playing time. \u201cYou\u2019d like to see them play like sopho- mores,\u201d White said, referring to his freshmen low-post players with Gak and Bassett bat- tling injury. \u201cBut unfortunately they have no idea what\u2019s about to hit them.\u201d Florida\u2019s team culture healthy early The execution of a team\u2019s performance on the court a lot of times relies on a team\u2019s to- getherness off of it, and this group of Florida players continues to impress White in that aspect. With nine new faces on a 14-man roster, you\u2019d assume there\u2019d be some gaps in cama- raderie, but so far that hasn\u2019t been the case. \u201cWe\u2019ve got some strong personalities, and think that\u2019s a good thing,\u201d White said. \u201cThese guys are really close, especially for this early on with this many new guys, it\u2019s actually been pretty surprising.\u201d To be the Final Four-caliber team that many believe they are, the sixth-ranked Gators will need to continue to grow on and off the court heading into Tuesday and be- yond. @evanmplepak [email protected] pand upon my reasoning as to why the Tigers will beat the Auburn Tigers in the most tiger-heavy con- ference in football quarterback Joe Burrow, the Heisman front- runner, leads the second- highest scoring offense in the and the Tigers have an average victory margin of just over 30 points. Both Tigers defenses are very similar, with both teams allowing almost the exact same number of yards per game, but yields three more points per game. The difference is Auburn can\u2019t score with LSU, and its defense isn\u2019t quite good enough to lim- it Burrow, receivers Jus- tin Jefferson and Ja\u2019Marr Chase and running back Clyde Edwards-Helaire. Auburn hasn\u2019t won in Baton Rouge since 1999. It\u2019ll have to wait until at least 2021 to put an end to that streak will score its third quality win of the season and head into its matchup against Alabama, which holds title game im- plications, fresh off a win over the Crimson Tide\u2019s biggest rival. \u2014 Kyle Wood Now onto the picks\u2026 Tied for \ufb01 rst at 43-20 is Kyle \u201cDriver\u2019s Ed Can Screw Off\u201d Wood, who nearly missed his exit and decided to park it in the median and wait for traf\ufb01 c to clear. We made it to Co- lumbia in one piece, Kyle, but I\u2019m pretty sure that type of driving behavior is frowned upon. I\u2019m just glad Florida Highway Pa- trol didn\u2019t put a stop to our journey before it even had a chance to begin. Read the rest online at through the heart of Tennessee\u2019s de- fense, so it relied on forward Kit Loferski for a spark on offense. Loferski has done most of her damage from the \ufb02 anks this season, which was evident in the 31st minute. The redshirt junior used her speed to get behind UT\u2019s back line and whip in a cross to forward Kouri Peace, who was wide open in front of goal. Peace, however, shanked the kick, and both teams went into halftime tied 0-0. The Volunteers started the second half in the same fashion as the \ufb01 rst, but this time they capitalized on their supe- rior play. Forward Vignola pounced on a loose ball at the top of the box and found mid\ufb01 elder Katie Cousins, who calmly placed her shot in the bottom-right cor- ner to give Tennessee the 1-0 lead in the 51st minute was close to its second goal eight minutes later, as Vignola\u2019s left-footed shot hit the post. The Gators spent the rest of the game looking for an equal- izer, but Volunteers goalkeeper Lindsey Romig stood tall in net. Romig \ufb01 nished the match with seven saves, her second-highest mark of the season. Things went from bad to worse for in the 81st minute when Loferski was shown a straight red card for dissent. Loferski stormed off the pitch and went straight to the locker room. She was joined by the rest of her team nine minutes later, as the Gators suffered their sixth loss of the season. @bryan_2712 [email protected] BASKETBALL, from pg. 10 PICKS, from pg. 10 SOCCER, from pg. 10 is No. 6 Gators fall to 6-2 in"}
8,851	John Lee	Humboldt State University	[ "8851_101.pdf", "8851_102.pdf", "8851_103.pdf", "8851_104.pdf", "8851_105.pdf", "8851_106.pdf" ]	{"8851_101.pdf": "Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. Kenny Jacoby Wed, April 20, 2022 at 12:08 21 min read In 2016, California State University's Humboldt campus fired a dean after determining he groped and tried to forcibly kiss two female colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 render Cal State administrators unfireable, even for serious misconduct. Top Stories Gene Hackman death Ruby Franke docuseries Trump budget bill New Orleans Mardi Gras se Sign in Search the web 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 1/31 Back-to-back investigations found evidence of four such incidents, one of which was corroborated by an eyewitness. The dean, John Lee, denied the allegations but lost his appeal. His office was emptied. But that was not the end of Lee's time at the nation's largest public university system. Less than six months after his firing, Humboldt leaders reinstated Lee as a tenured professor making the maximum salary in the college he once led, in a predominantly female department, as part of the same faculty as the women he was found to have groped. Lee's career was salvaged, a investigation found, by a clause in his contract known as \"retreat rights\" that guaranteed him a parachute should he violate university rules. Retreat rights are supposed to provide a safety net for professors who leave tenured jobs for \"at-will\" administration posts, such as dean and provost. Administrators who have them can return to the faculty at any time if a new president cleans house or the role is a bad fit John Lee, a former dean and current professor at Cal Poly Humboldt, was found responsible in a 2015- 16 Title investigation for sexually harassing two female colleagues. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 2/31 leaders have liberally awarded retreat rights to high- and low-ranking administrators for years, including as a job perk to recruit executives. They are so common that a longtime former Humboldt dean, Ken Ayoob, told only an \"idiot\" would take a dean job without negotiating retreat rights into the contract. Because the clauses were written with no caveats for bad behavior, even administrators found responsible for sexual harassment can stay employed. At Humboldt, Lee served a three-month paid leave before returning to the classroom. He earns $154,000 a year. \"Absolutely nothing has happened,\" one of the women who said Lee groped her told TODAY. It is the news organization's policy not to publish the names of people who allege sexual harassment or assault without their permission. \"Retreat rights is not designed to be a Get Out of Jail Free card,\" she said, \"but that's exactly how it's being used spent two months investigating Lee's case and the role retreat rights played in its outcome. The news organization interviewed 23 current and former Humboldt employees who worked with Lee and eight experts on contract and labor law and Title IX, the federal law banning sex discrimination in education, which turns 50 this year. It reviewed contracts, correspondence among employees who complained about Lee and 169 pages of investigation records provided to by the woman who filed the Title complaint against him. Humboldt officials have yet to release the investigation records in response to a public records request filed by on Feb. 8, saying they expected to finish redacting them by the end of May 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 3/31 The reporting reveals a university system whose leaders knew about the apparent legal loophole for years but did little or nothing to fix it after Lee's case. Instead, they let campuses, including Humboldt, continue granting retreat rights to new administrator hires with no strings attached. Humboldt spokesperson Grant Scott-Goforth told the school \"revised its practices\" on retreat rights in 2017, after Lee's case, so all administrator contracts explicitly state those rights \"can be dismissed if the person has violated campus conduct policies obtained copies of two administrator contracts dated November 2017 and August 2018 that contain no such caveats. Any changes at Humboldt did not translate to CSU's other 22 campuses. Each campus manages retreat rights \"locally,\" said Mike Uhlenkamp, spokesperson for the chancellor's office. For that reason leaders do not know how Humboldt said it started adding caveats to administrator contracts with retreat rights after John Lee's case, but found at least two contracts since 2017 with no such caveats. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 4/31 many administrators across the system hold retreat rights, he said, \"or if any of their specific offer letters contained language related to misconduct.\" University officials again did not act to rein in retreat rights after a strikingly similar case played out at another campus four years after Lee's case. In 2020, Fresno State found its vice president of student affairs, Frank Lamas, responsible for sexual harassment and abusive workplace conduct. To prevent Lamas from retreating to the faculty like Lee, then-President Joseph Castro and attorney Darryl Hamm offered him $260,000, a clean record and a letter of recommendation from Castro to retire investigation published in February revealed the settlement and Castro's mishandling of at least a dozen sexual harassment, bullying and retaliation complaints against Lamas over a six-year span. Castro, who had become chancellor of the entire 23-campus in January 2021, resigned two weeks after the report amid mounting public pressure. He maintains his own retreat rights to a tenured professor job at CSU's flagship campus, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. Only after TODAY's investigation this year exposed how retreat rights factored into Lamas' settlement did officials finally address it. Trustees for the university system announced in March they would develop a systemwide policy prohibiting administrators found at fault for serious misconduct from exercising retreat rights. Future administrator contracts with retreat rights will include caveat language for bad behavior. \"The Lee and the other recent case have led the system to conclude that the time has come to formally qualify retreat rights on a systemwide basis,\" Uhlenkamp said in response to questions from 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 5/31 Uhlenkamp declined to say whether the policy will apply retroactively. He did not say what steps, if any officials have taken to revise the contracts of existing administrators. \"The great majority of employees who retreat to the faculty are dedicated and talented individuals who are passionate about teaching and have decided to return to the classroom after a stint as a university administrator,\" Uhlenkamp said. \"There are rare exceptions; occasionally, an administrator retreats to the faculty after having been found to have violated university policy. The case of John Lee at Cal Poly Humboldt is one example.\" Lee declined to comment for this story. In the 2015-16 Title case, he told investigators he may have greeted the women with a hug or a European kiss on the cheek but denied touching their breasts or kissing them forcibly, case records show. He cited cordial emails and text messages with one of the women as evidence of his innocence. The women who said Lee groped them told they feel unsafe while he's on campus. They said they complained to attorneys, Humboldt President Tom Jackson and Provost Jenn Capps and were told the case is resolved and nothing can be done. \"He didn't just ruin my administrative career, but he also has ruined my entire time at Humboldt,\" said one of the women, who has worked at the school for more than two decades. \"Humboldt is so beloved to me, and it makes me so angry that he's wrecked it. That have to try to avoid him on campus. That have to think about him potentially molesting, harassing and bullying other people just because administrators wouldn't stand up and do their job.\" Humboldt ignored complaints of abusive behavior Cal Poly Humboldt sits tucked on a redwood-studded hillside in the state's northwest corner, overlooking Arcata and Humboldt Bay. With 5,700 students enrolled, it is the second-smallest of the 23 campuses 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 6/31 Robert Snyder, a former provost and vice president of academic affairs at Cal Poly Humboldt, received multiple complaints about John Lee's \"management style\" during Lee's first four years. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 7/31 Lee was hired in March 2010 to act as a \"change agent\" for the College of Professional Studies, whose previous dean did not provide enough direction for the departments, Robert Snyder, Humboldt's then-provost and vice president of academic affairs, said in his statements to Title investigators in 2016. Lee brought two decades of experience from four universities, including the previous three years as dean of the education school at Pacific Lutheran University in Washington. As part of his offer to join Humboldt, Lee was granted retreat rights to a \"permanent, tenured\" position as a professor in the education school, his appointment letter shows. Lee oversaw the college's eight schools and departments, including education, business, nursing and psychology, and more than 270 faculty members and 500 student assistants. Over the four years they worked together, Snyder heard a number of complaints about Lee's \"management style,\" according to Snyder's statements. Among them: Lee was overly critical toward colleagues, particularly with department chairs; he strictly adhered to the chain of command; he was not flexible; and he gave unclear directions. None of those complaints, according to Snyder's statements, rose to the level of a hostile work environment. But a dozen current and former professors and administrators told they witnessed or experienced behavior from Lee that crossed a line into bullying or abuse. Three said they complained directly to Snyder. At least two explicitly complained of a \"hostile work environment\" in letters they submitted to administrators 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 8/31 Lee \"used to routinely scream at me in my office,\" said Martha Libster, who was hired at the same time as Lee to chair Humboldt's nursing program. Lee \"threatened\" Libster's job and berated her over work issues that he claimed would cause her \"demise\" and \"ruin\" her career, she wrote then-President Rollin Richmond in a November 2010 letter she shared with TODAY. Libster asked Snyder to mediate a meeting between the two of them, but Snyder declined, she told Richmond. She cited Lee's and others' \"hostility and accusations\" toward her in her resignation letter to Richmond that month. Another employee told Snyder in late 2012 that a heavily intoxicated Lee verbally abused two colleagues during a holiday party at Lee's home. Tasha Souza, who now works at Boise State University, said Lee confronted her in his living room, got in her face and insulted her, telling her she was not \"special\" and repeatedly yelling, \"You suck!\" Lee berated a male professor at the same party, calling him \"the pretty boy of the college\" and hurling expletives, the professor told Title investigators. People at the party told they saw Lee pounding two fingers into the professor\u2019s chest. The professor did not know what prompted the outburst, he said in his statements to investigators. John Lee's offer letter promised him a job as a tenured professor if he ever left his post as dean. The letter contained no caveats saying what would happen to his retreat rights in the event he violated...More 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 9/31 few days after the party, Lee came to the professor's office to discuss the incident but did not apologize, the professor's statements show. Lee invoked his Chicago roots, saying to \"mess with each other\" is the \"Chicago way.\" Cal Poly Humboldt is the second-smallest of the 23 campuses. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 10/31 Around the same time, the chair of Humboldt's education school submitted a 12- page memo to a human resources official that described a pattern of \"disturbing interactions\" she and other department chairs had with Lee over two-and-a-half years that she perceived as hostile, erratic or retaliatory, according to a copy of the memo obtained by contacted the retired chair, who confirmed the accuracy of the memo but declined to comment on the record. Her statements to Title investigators matched her account in the memo, in which she sought help filing a formal complaint and stated her refusal to meet with Lee one-on-one or in chair meetings going forward. \u201cDean Lee has created a climate of fear and intimidation resulting in a serious morale problem in the College of Professional Studies,\u201d the Nov. 17, 2012, memo said. \u201cIt is impossible to have a successful collegial relationship with an administrator who seeks to control through intimidation, threats, fear, and demands. The degree of abusiveness he has exhibited to me is unacceptable.\u201d Cal Poly Humboldt has 5,700 students. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 11/31 week later, David Bugbee, Humboldt's then director, wrote back, saying would not investigate her concerns because they \"do not constitute discrimination or harassment within the meaning of Title or the discrimination grievance procedures set forth\" in CSU's collective bargaining agreement with the faculty union, a copy of the letter she shared with shows. Bugbee referred her concerns to Snyder, who told the chair he would investigate them but not fire Lee, according to her statements to Title investigators. Snyder, she said, gave her an ultimatum: Continue meeting with Lee or resign as department chair and from the three search committees she chaired. The chair believed Snyder was retaliating against her for blowing the whistle about Lee, her statements to investigators show. \"Feeling even more vulnerable and demoralized,\" she told investigators, she resigned from all her chair positions. She retired from Humboldt early in spring 2013, leaving four years of salary on the table to avoid Lee. She said she felt administrators would not protect her from him. Snyder retired one year later. In one of his last acts as provost, he added a five- sentence addendum to Lee's appointment letter, according to a copy obtained by through a public records request. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 12/31 Dated March 2014, the addendum said Lee\u2019s original offer letter had \"neglected to specify your salary rate should you choose to exercise your retreat rights voluntarily, or be asked to leave your position as Dean.\" \"To clarify,\" Snyder wrote, \"your salary would be adjusted to correspond to the maximum level salary for Instructional Faculty ... at the rank of Professor in effect at that time.\" \u2018Your boss just grabbed me\u2019 Complaints that Lee mistreated colleagues continued hitting the desks of administrators, including Jenny Zorn, Humboldt\u2019s interim provost who succeeded Snyder, investigation records show. One such complaint came from Lee\u2019s associate dean, who accused him of sexual harassment. The associate dean in May 2015 handed Zorn her resignation letter, which stated she \"cannot work effectively for the university under\" Lee, a copy of the letter she shared with shows. The letter cited Lee\u2019s \"aggressive\" interactions with colleagues that she said \"sabotage\" the college\u2019s goals. She stated her intent to retreat to her tenured faculty position. After receiving multiple complaints about John Lee, Humboldt Provost Robert Snyder amended Lee's contract in 2014 to specify he would receive the maximum salary if he chose to retreat to the faculty. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 13/31 Zorn convinced her not to resign and to instead file an complaint, the associate dean told Title investigators and TODAY. That June, investigation records show, the associate dean met with then-senior associate vice president and director Colleen Mullery and disclosed that Lee had sexually harassed her and a female professor a year-and-a-half earlier. The incidents took place on a Friday night in December 2013 during a work party at the associate dean's home, case records show. About 70 Humboldt faculty, staff and acquaintances attended, including Lee, who drank so heavily he struggled to stand upright, three people who attended the party told investigators and TODAY. Early in the party, the professor was conversing with other faculty members in the living room when an intoxicated Lee got close to her and put his hand on her back and shoulder. According to her statements to investigators and TODAY, Lee pulled her toward him, slid his hand down her side, grabbed her breast and tried to kiss her. The professor pulled away and immediately told the associate dean what happened. The associate dean described her as \"visibly upset, shaking\" and \"furious.\" \"Your boss just grabbed me!\" the professor said. The associate dean was mortified, she said, but busy hosting. About two hours later, the associate dean walked in the garage, which had been converted into a dance floor, lit only by Christmas lights and a disco ball. People were dancing. Loud music was playing. She sat down in a bank of folding chairs against the wall. Lee sat next to her, put his arm around her shoulder, pulled her close and tried to kiss her, she told investigators and TODAY. Lee ran his hand over her breast, she said, and across her waist and buttocks. The associate dean pulled away, she told investigators and TODAY, but struggled to free herself from Lee\u2019s grip. When she managed to get up, Lee pulled her back down using both hands, she said, and continued trying to kiss 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 14/31 her. The whole time, she said, Lee fondled her while repeating really like you,\" and \"You are really great.\" When she pushed Lee off her, the associate dean left the garage and described what had happened to her husband, who was \"extremely upset,\" according to her statements to investigators. They decided not to boot Lee from the party, she said, because he was her boss and they did not want him to cause a scene. The associate dean never discussed the incidents with Lee, who acted as if they never happened, she said. For months, she was content to do the same. Cal Poly Humboldt's College of Professional Studies, where John Lee served as dean and now teaches classes, is housed inside Arthur S. Gist Hall. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 15/31 Her career in university administration was in Lee's hands, she told investigators and TODAY. She was Lee\u2019s interim associate dean at the time and needed to stay in his good graces for a shot at the permanent position, for which she was applying. Opportunities in administration were rare, she said, and she aspired to be a provost or president. Lee awarded her the permanent job in March 2014. But his repeated acts of abusiveness and retaliation threats toward her and other colleagues, she said, prompted her to write her resignation letter to Zorn a year later. The complaint she filed at Zorn\u2019s encouragement was at least the fifth Humboldt administrators had received describing hostile and bullying conduct by Lee toward colleagues found. According to the associate dean, Mullery \u2013 who also served as Humboldt's Title coordinator \u2013 seemed willing to investigate only Lee\u2019s groping. Cal Poly Humboldt's College of Professional Studies, where John Lee served as dean and now teaches classes, is housed inside Arthur S. Gist Hall. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 16/31 Realizing Title was probably her only recourse, the associate dean filed a formal sexual harassment complaint against Lee in July 2015, case records show. That set the university's investigation procedures in motion. Mullery conducted the initial inquiry later hired an outside investigator, Thomas Hauser, to reinvestigate after Lee accused Mullery of bias. Both investigations found Lee responsible for violating the university's Title policy. No one witnessed Lee\u2019s alleged sexual harassment of the associate dean in the garage, investigation records show. But the professor confirmed to investigators that Lee groped her at the same party and tried to forcibly kiss her on three occasions \u2013 twice at the party and again five months later, at a retirement party for Snyder in May 2014. The professor\u2019s husband told Title investigators and he witnessed one of the incidents and had to shove Lee off his wife. Mullery and Hauser interviewed at least 10 other current and former Humboldt employees, several of whom said they had seen Lee drink heavily during social events or bully or verbally abuse colleagues, their statements to investigators show. Lee \"mounted an extensive and vigorous defense which attacks the credibility of the evidence offered by\" the women, then system-wide Title officer Alexander Enyedi, who is now president of State University of New York at Plattsburgh, started as Humboldt provost during the Title investigation into John Lee. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 17/31 Pamela Thomason wrote in her June 2016 denial of Lee\u2019s appeal that cemented the findings. \"The evidence offered by Lee does not compel a different credibility determination. The campus\u2019s findings are supported by the evidence.\" Alexander Enyedi, who started as Humboldt\u2019s provost midway through the Title investigation, removed Lee as dean in July 2016 and placed him on paid administrative leave for three months, according to the nonretention letter he sent Lee, which obtained through a public records request. The July 11, 2016, letter informed Lee of his \"right to retreat to the faculty as a tenured Professor\" in the school of education. Enyedi gave Lee two weeks to decide if he would exercise those rights. \"If you elect to exercise retreat rights,\" Enyedi's letter said, \"your assignment for the next three months is to prepare for your return to teaching on January 11, 2017.\" 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 18/31 Retreat rights raise claim of \u2018double jeopardy\u2019 Faculty members who knew about the Title case said they were stunned when Lee returned from administrative leave and began teaching classes for aspiring K-12 educators. \"It's bad enough that they're not protecting adult women on this campus, but you're putting students in direct fire,\" Julie Alderson, a Humboldt art history professor, told TODAY. \"It is not acceptable. It is actually absurd.\" In response to questions from TODAY, Scott-Goforth, Humboldt's spokesperson, said the school has received no additional \"substantiated complaints\" against Lee since his return to the faculty. He declined to say if the school received complaints about Lee that it did not investigate or substantiate. Chris Aberson, a Humboldt psychology professor, said the school shouldn\u2019t need to wait for another incident to take action. \"These are fireable offenses,\" Aberson said. \"It's horrible. Is he still engaging in these behaviors?\" State law \u2013 Education Code 89535 \u2013 says any permanent university employee can be fired for \"immoral conduct\" or \"unprofessional conduct,\" among other things. But because of Lee\u2019s retreat rights attorneys believed completely severing ties with him would be an improper form of \"double jeopardy,\" because they would have to fire him once as an administrator, then again as a faculty member, Scott-Goforth, Uhlenkamp and Hamm told TODAY. Those officials also blamed CSU\u2019s collective bargaining agreement with California Faculty Association, the union representing faculty members. According to the officials, CFA\u2019s interpretation of the contract prevents the university from disciplining faculty members for conduct that occurred before they joined the faculty. In this July 2016 letter, Humboldt Provost Alexander Enyedi removed John Lee as dean after the Title case, placed him on paid leave for three months and allowed him to retreat to his faculty position ...More 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 19/31 \"Shouldn't the university be free to take action to appropriately mitigate, if not eliminate, the risk? We believe so, but we are also mindful of the likelihood that the arbitrators who hear faculty discipline cases or courts may disagree and order reinstatement and back pay to a faculty member who is dismissed or denied the right to retreat because of conduct they engaged in as an administrator,\" Uhlenkamp told TODAY. \"It's complicated, and we don\u2019t like our options in these rare but difficult situations, which is precisely why we are placing conditions on retreat rights going forward.\" 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 20/31 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 21/31 Retreat rights are a problem, not a problem President and San Diego State professor Charles Toombs told TODAY. The university has disciplined faculty for pre-employment conduct, Toombs said, and he was unaware of any instances in which was put in a position to defend a faculty member facing discipline for misconduct as an administrator. The university, Toombs said, needs to stop awarding retreat rights to administrators who never held a faculty job, including Lee, Lamas and Castro, who was granted a tenured faculty job at Fresno State in 2013 when he became campus president administrators would rather shift blame to absolve themselves of wrongdoing and harm that their actions cause than hold bad actors accountable,\" Toombs said. \"Management has shown that it is willing to protect abusers, failing survivors of sexual and gender violence. We, as faculty, have nothing to do with retreat rights, and executives deflect so they can wash their hands clean of their own mess.\" After Lee's return to the faculty, the women he was found to have groped met with Humboldt's campus attorney to determine what the school could do to protect them from Lee, they told TODAY. In sexual harassment cases under Title IX, schools can restrict credibly accused perpetrators\u2019 access to certain areas of campus and events, order them to undergo counseling and additional training and issue no-contact orders, among other things. According to the women, the university offered them none of those options. Pressed by TODAY, Scott-Goforth did not name a single measure Humboldt took to protect women on campus from Lee, other than making him complete the same Title training course required for all Humboldt employees. Scott-Goforth declined to answer why Snyder amended Lee's contract in 2014 to ensure he would receive the maximum salary upon retreating and why Lee received a $30,000 pay bump in 2016, the same year the Title investigation found him at fault. Lee made more than $195,000 that year, payroll records show. Charles Toombs, president of California Faculty Association, said should stop giving retreat rights to administrators as an executive perk. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 22/31 Humboldt's current administration is not privy to the details of how Enyedi, Snyder, Mullery and other former Humboldt administrators handled complaints against Lee, Scott-Goforth said attempted to contact Snyder by email but got no response. After this story published, Synder reached out to to say he no longer checks that email account and did not receive the messages. He declined to comment. Mullery and Enyedi, who left Humboldt in 2020 to become president of State University of New York\u2019s Plattsburgh campus, declined to comment. Two weeks after he removed Lee as dean, Enyedi appointed the associate dean who filed the Title complaint as his interim vice provost. After her one-year appointment finished, she informed him she wished to retreat to her tenured faculty job, a letter she shared with shows. Enyedi asked her to apply to be interim dean of the College of Professional Studies in January 2019, emails she shared with show. After initially expressing interest, she declined Enyedi's offer two days later, saying she would be \"reliving that trauma every single day of my life\" if she became dean realize now that can't apply,\" she wrote, \"and that John Lee wins.\" Kenny Jacoby is an investigative reporter for TODAY. Email him at [email protected] and follow him on Twitter @kennyjacoby. This article originally appeared on TODAY: Cal State admins can retreat to teaching jobs after serious misconduct View comments Terms and Privacy Policy Privacy Dashboard About Our Ads Solve the daily Crossword 38,734 people played the daily Crossword recently. Can you solve it faster than others? 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 23/31 Crossword Play on Yahoo 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 24/31 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 25/31 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 26/31 Recommended articles 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 27/31 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 28/31 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 29/31 and Yahoo Politics 2024 Election World Health Science The 360 Contact Us Originals Terms Privacy Policy Privacy Dashboard Help Share Your Feedback About Us About Our Ads Site Map 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 30/31 \u00a9 2025 Yahoo. All rights reserved. 2/27/25, 8:07 Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable. 31/31", "8851_102.pdf": "Thursday, February 27, 2025 \uf09a \uf099 \uf16d \uf167 Fiesta Folkl\u00f3rica will take place at Latest Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case Ricardo Lara Nava May 9, 2022 0 Comments administration , Arcata , Cal Poly Humboldt , Title \uf002 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 1/10 Former Cal Poly Humboldt dean of Professional Studies, John Lee was let go from his position in 2016 after two colleagues spoke out against his sexual misconduct and filed a Title report. Lee returned to work as a tenured professor after three months of leave in the College of Education using \u201cretreat rights\u201d in his contract. Title is meant to protect people from sex discrimination, including sexual harassment and assault. According to an email sent from Cal Poly Humboldt, \u201cretreat rights\u201d are stated in faculty members\u2019 contracts allowing them to \u201cretreat,\u201d or step down to a lower position on faculty allowing them to keep a job if they are let go or choose to step down. Since the release of the article on April 18, Cal Poly Humboldt University administration has not named Lee or the specific Title investigation findings that got him fired from his position in 2016 in emails sent to students, faculty and staff. On April 15, three days before the story was released, university administration sent an email to all students, faculty and staff with information about what to do about media inquiries from reporters, what\u2019s been done in response to Title complaints and resources available to all campus community members. Cal Poly Humboldt\u2019s weekly student-run publication, The Lumberjack released an article about a chair who is, as of writing this article, in temporary suspension and demoted to professor after speaking to a reporter. \u201cWe kind of went into action once we heard about the article, which was to try to do as much sort of support for folks that was productive, and so we offered resources and materials to the College of Professional Studies and the School of Education,\u201d said Maxwell D. Shnurer, chair of the Sexual Assualt Prevention Committee. \u201cFor moments like this in the future, and think the fact that you know within a couple of days, the administration was like, yeah, let\u2019s have that meeting to try to figure out what could be done there.\u201d Professor Rouhollah Aghasaleh, assistant professor at the School of Education and a member of at Cal Poly Humboldt, worked very closely with Lee and even considered him his mentor considered him as a person who supported me and we discussed our work,\u201d Aghasaleh said. \u201cWe discussed our teaching. We discussed our campus, the history of campus among our colleagues, he was one of the few ones who has been around for a longer time.\u201d When Aghasaleh heard about the news he said felt like my stomach was in my mouth wanted to throw up.\u201d 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 2/10 COVID-19: Testing, rising cases and new helpline Five years later, Charmaine Lawson continues to fight for justice Aghasaleh feels that the administration could have shared the information with about Lee\u2019s Title case before the release of the article. \u201cWe just let the trauma happen, and even after that happened there has been no communications, no well check no. No directions, no responses, no comments,\u201d Aghasaleh said. El Le\u00f1ador reached out to President Tom Jackson and Shawna Young for a statement on April 27, but as of May 3, no comment or statement has been received. El Le\u00f1ador reached out to Grant Scott-Goforth, Communications Specialist at Cal Poly Humboldt, on April 21 through email and phone but no response has been received as of May 3. Correction: The person who was reported to be under temporary suspension in the Lumberjack article did not hold a dean but a chair position. \uf164You May Also Like So, you have an affliction with screen addiction 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 3/10 April 20, 2021 0 Hateful packages sent to faculty October 31, 2022 0 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 4/10 Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked Comment * Name * World News February 8, 2019 0 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 5/10 Email * Website Post Comment Archives / archiv\u00f3 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 6/10 Advertisement/Anuncio 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 7/10 Instagram ellenadornews @ellenadornews Follow 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 8/10 For Mailing El Le\u00f1ador Newspaper Cal Poly Humboldt 1 Harpst Street Arcata 95521 El Le\u00f1ador's newsroom is Gist Hall 227 [email protected] Contact Us 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 9/10 (707) 826 \u2013 3271 Select Month \uf09a \uf099 \uf16d \uf167 Copyright \u00a9 2025 El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper. All rights reserved. Theme: ColorMag by ThemeGrill. Powered by WordPress. Archives 2/27/25, 8:07 Administration and faculty reaction to professor\u2019s past Title case \| El Le\u00f1ador Bilingual Newspaper 10/10", "8851_103.pdf": "(/) Hank Sims (/author/hank-sims) / Monday, April 18, 2022 (/2022/apr/18/) @ 2:02 p.m. / Cal Poly Humboldt (/categories/cal-poly- humboldt/) Huge Today Investigation Explores Why a Cal Poly Humboldt Professor Continues to Teach, Even After the University Upheld Sexual Harassment Complaints Against Him Years Ago Cal State dean groped two colleagues. \u2018Retreat rights\u2019 made him unfireable ( depth/news/investigations/2022/04/18/cal-state-dean-groped- colleagues-kept-teaching-humboldt-title-ix/9482554002 Today, April 18, 2022. (subscription only) (or via Yahoo News ( 090031560.html)!) ### This morning Today published the results of a months-long investigation into claims of sexual harassment by one professor at Cal Poly Humboldt, which allegedly took place while that professor held the post of Dean of Humboldt State\u2019s College of Professional Studies. The story \u2013 about Professor John Lee, who now teaches in the Education Department \u2013 uses the case to illustrate a CSU-wide problem with so- called \u201cretreat rights,\u201d which can be written into university administrators\u2019 contracts. These \u201cretreat rights\u201d give the administrator the right to a full-time faculty job in the event that they are fired. Lee was fired from Humboldt State in 2016 after the university upheld sexual harassment claims \u2013 including unwanted kissing and \u201cgroping\u201d \u2013 filed by two of his colleagues Today reports. Upon his termination, he exercised the \u201cretreat rights\u201d clause in his contract and, after three months of paid leave, took up his post as an education professor at the top of the salary range for that job Today reporter Kenny Jacoby quotes a Cal Poly Humboldt spokesperson as saying that it has since reformed the \u201cretreat rights\u201d clause to specifically state that the job guarantee would not apply in cases of personal misconduct \u2013 though the paper says it has found examples of contracts that still contain the unmodified clause \u2013 and a spokesperson for the Chancellor\u2019s office says that the Lee case illustrates that it\u2019s time for systemwide reform of such contracts Responds] Environmental, Fishing Groups Submit Notice of Intent to Sue for Violating Endangered Species Act With Potter Valley Project on the Eel River (/2022/apr/18/environmental-fishing-groups-submit- notice-intent/) (UPDATE) Weather Service Issues Special Wind and \u201cPea-Sized Hail\u201d Warning For the Next Hour or So \u00bb (/2022/apr/18/buckle-weather-service-issues-special- wind-and-pea/) 2/27/25, 8:07 Huge Today Investigation Explores Why a Cal Poly Humboldt Professor Continues to Teach, Even After the University Upheld \u2026 1/5 This morning\u2019s story follows on a previous Today investigation, which found cases of hushed-up sexual harassment at Cal State Fresno under then-President Joseph Castro, who is now chancellor of the system. [CORRECTION: Who chancellor of the system. He resigned ( in-fallout-over-his-handling-of-sexual-misconduct-claims/667865) in the wake of Today\u2019s story \u2192 \uf082 ( u= today-investigation-explores-why-cal-poly/) \uf081 ( status=Huge%20USA%20Today%20Investigation%20Explores%20Why%20a%20Cal%20Poly usa-today-investigation-explores-why-cal-poly/) \uf199 (mailto:? subject=Huge Today Investigation Explores Why a Cal Poly Humboldt Professor Continues to Teach, Even After the University Upheld Sexual Harassment Complaints Against Him Years Ago&body=Check out this article from the Lost Coast Outpost: usa-today-investigation-explores-why-cal-poly/) Stay in the loop! Sign up for our Sunday edition. email address Sign Up Lately on LoCO After Chaotic Public Meeting, Blue Lake City Council Opts to Extend Timeline for Proposed Battery Storage Facility (/2025/feb/26/blue-lake-battery-storage Responds] Environmental, Fishing Groups Submit Notice of Intent to Sue for Violating Endangered Species Act With Potter Valley Project on the Eel River (/2022/apr/18/environmental-fishing-groups-submit- notice-intent/) 2/27/25, 8:07 Huge Today Investigation Explores Why a Cal Poly Humboldt Professor Continues to Teach, Even After the University Upheld \u2026 2/5 (UPDATE) Weather Service Issues Special Wind and \u201cPea-Sized Hail\u201d Warning For the Next Hour or So \u00bb (/2022/apr/18/buckle-weather-service-issues-special- wind-and-pea/) 2/27/25, 8:07 Huge Today Investigation Explores Why a Cal Poly Humboldt Professor Continues to Teach, Even After the University Upheld \u2026 3/5 Share Best Newest Oldest 10 Comments \ue603 1 Login Name Join the discussion\u2026 ? e3.14 Reply \u2212 \u2691 2 years ago Put his picture in the article LoCo. He doesn\u2019t deserve protection just bc he\u2019s a professor 0 0 creeksdude Reply \u2212 \u2691 3 years ago When's the last time the system did something right? 0 0 Kira Trinity Reply \u2212 \u2691 3 years ago In class protests work reallllly well when enough people are involved. 1 0 Whammy Reply \u2212 \u2691 3 years ago edited Just a reminder that humans are animals with appetites for all sorts of things you may not agree with. Not defending any sexual misconduct but the nature is inside everyone. Some are better wielding their actions than others. Presumably. Not even a well-educated person such as a professor can not contain thwir actions.. But regardless do think the world would be better if humans did not think of oneself being above any other animal as our instincts deep down are extremely animalistic and even terrifying. 0 13 Me Reply \u2212 \u2691 > Whammy 3 years ago Sorry. My instinct has never been to assault someone. I'm all for giving animals more respect as sentient beings, but not with the goal of justifying deplorable human behavior in mind. 3 0 Arcata woman Reply \u2212 \u2691 > Whammy 3 years ago You\u2019re not as smart as you think you are 8 0 Port of Cleveland Reply \u2212 \u2691 > Whammy 3 years ago Less that some people can't contain their actions and more that some people are predatory and know they'll get away with it. 8 0 \u2945 \u2945 \u2945 \u2945 \u2945 2/27/25, 8:07 Huge Today Investigation Explores Why a Cal Poly Humboldt Professor Continues to Teach, Even After the University Upheld \u2026 4/5 Gilbert Reply \u2212 \u2691 > Whammy 3 years ago You're not defending sexual misconduct...? Just sometimes it's hard for people to control themselves? We just the same as animals? Is that you John? 9 0 Whammy Reply \u2212 \u2691 > Gilbert 3 years ago The better we understand people and their behavior, the easier it is to try to work towards solutions 1 8 Misty Reply \u2212 \u2691 3 years ago I'm making some popcorn for this one... 10 1 Subscribe Privacy Do Not Sell My Data \u2945 \u2945 \u2945 \u00a9 2025 Lost Coast Communications ( Contact: [email protected]. 2/27/25, 8:07 Huge Today Investigation Explores Why a Cal Poly Humboldt Professor Continues to Teach, Even After the University Upheld \u2026 5/5", "8851_104.pdf": "By By \| Times-Standard \| Times-Standard UPDATED: UPDATED: April 22, 2022 at 11:43 April 22, 2022 at 11:43 (Times-Standard File) (Times-Standard File Former admins find fault Former admins find fault with findings against professor with findings against professor $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 1/16 Former Cal Poly Humboldt administrators voiced concerns after a recent Former Cal Poly Humboldt administrators voiced concerns after a recent Today report Today report detailing the process of how a former dean of the Arcata detailing the process of how a former dean of the Arcata campus\u2019 College of Professional Studies continued as a tenured professor campus\u2019 College of Professional Studies continued as a tenured professor despite being found responsible for sexual assault in a Title investigation. despite being found responsible for sexual assault in a Title investigation. The story published on Monday, shines a light on the use of retreat rights, a The story published on Monday, shines a light on the use of retreat rights, a safety contract provision allowing administrators to return to the faculty due safety contract provision allowing administrators to return to the faculty due to the at-will nature of these leadership positions. As reported, these retreat to the at-will nature of these leadership positions. As reported, these retreat rights are generally handled throughout the system on a local, per- rights are generally handled throughout the system on a local, per- campus basis and are generally written without any caveats for misconduct campus basis and are generally written without any caveats for misconduct such as sexual harassment. such as sexual harassment. In a response to a Times-Standard inquiry regarding retreat rights for In a response to a Times-Standard inquiry regarding retreat rights for administrators, campus spokesperson Grant Scott-Goforth said \u201cCal Poly administrators, campus spokesperson Grant Scott-Goforth said \u201cCal Poly Humboldt does provide retreat rights to some administrators. Not all Humboldt does provide retreat rights to some administrators. Not all administrative appointments contain retreat rights. This is a common administrative appointments contain retreat rights. This is a common arrangement in higher education and the California State University.\u201d arrangement in higher education and the California State University.\u201d The university revised its practices on retreat rights a few years ago. The university revised its practices on retreat rights a few years ago. \u201cTo the best of the university\u2019s knowledge, since the 2017-18 school year, \u201cTo the best of the university\u2019s knowledge, since the 2017-18 school year, retreat rights to a tenured faculty position are withdrawn if the appointee is retreat rights to a tenured faculty position are withdrawn if the appointee is non-retained for a violation of university policy. The only appointments the non-retained for a violation of university policy. The only appointments the university is aware of that did not contain this updated language were interim university is aware of that did not contain this updated language were interim appointments, which were never intended to be permanent,\u201d Scott-Goforth appointments, which were never intended to be permanent,\u201d Scott-Goforth replied. replied. Lee, who declined to comment on the Today piece, was fired from his Lee, who declined to comment on the Today piece, was fired from his post as dean in 2016 after being found responsible of groping and kissing a post as dean in 2016 after being found responsible of groping and kissing a woman who worked on campus were upheld. Lee denied these actions. Six woman who worked on campus were upheld. Lee denied these actions. Six months after his termination as dean, Lee returned as a tenured professor in months after his termination as dean, Lee returned as a tenured professor in the female-majority education department through the retreat rights policy. the female-majority education department through the retreat rights policy $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 2/16 However, people working with or under Lee during his time as dean of the However, people working with or under Lee during his time as dean of the College of Professional Studies told the Times-Standard this week they believe College of Professional Studies told the Times-Standard this week they believe the article takes an unfair tone toward Lee. the article takes an unfair tone toward Lee. Robert Snyder served as provost and vice president of Academic Affairs at the Robert Snyder served as provost and vice president of Academic Affairs at the then-named Humboldt State University from 2007 through 2014. He hired then-named Humboldt State University from 2007 through 2014. He hired Lee in 2010 as part of a campuswide effort to diversify faculty, develop online Lee in 2010 as part of a campuswide effort to diversify faculty, develop online classes and find ways to increase student success during a time students classes and find ways to increase student success during a time students from a minority background were arriving in greater numbers. from a minority background were arriving in greater numbers. Snyder believes the article was not objective. Snyder believes the article was not objective. \u201c(Author Kenny) Jacoby obtained a copy of the complaint, he also says that \u201c(Author Kenny) Jacoby obtained a copy of the complaint, he also says that he\u2019s asked for a request from the university, which would believe, he\u2019s asked for a request from the university, which would believe, contain John Lee\u2019s response to that complaint, which understand he contain John Lee\u2019s response to that complaint, which understand he contested. Now, Mr. Jacoby went ahead and published his article without ever contested. Now, Mr. Jacoby went ahead and published his article without ever getting the request. So you have the complaint, but he doesn\u2019t have getting the request. So you have the complaint, but he doesn\u2019t have John Lee\u2019s response \u2026 This is something that happened six or seven years ago John Lee\u2019s response \u2026 This is something that happened six or seven years ago and he couldn\u2019t wait for the request? You\u2019re kidding me,\u201d Snyder said. and he couldn\u2019t wait for the request? You\u2019re kidding me,\u201d Snyder said. Jacoby reports Cal Poly Humboldt officials said the request was expected to Jacoby reports Cal Poly Humboldt officials said the request was expected to finish redacting by \u201cthe end of May\u201d. finish redacting by \u201cthe end of May\u201d. \u201cIn fact, there was another female administrator in John\u2019s college office, and \u201cIn fact, there was another female administrator in John\u2019s college office, and you have two people at the administrative level below John in his office. One you have two people at the administrative level below John in his office. One of them is the person that filed the sexual harassment complaint and Mr. of them is the person that filed the sexual harassment complaint and Mr. Jacoby doesn\u2019t even bother to interview the other female administrator in the Jacoby doesn\u2019t even bother to interview the other female administrator in the office. So saw the article is just very, very biased personally,\u201d Snyder office. So saw the article is just very, very biased personally,\u201d Snyder continued. continued. Read More Read More 00:01 00:01 02:00 02:00 $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 3/16 Denise Vanden Bos worked under Lee as a director of project development, Denise Vanden Bos worked under Lee as a director of project development, where she was responsible for creating opportunities for off-campus and where she was responsible for creating opportunities for off-campus and research assistantships as well as student internships. research assistantships as well as student internships. \u201cHe was my direct supervisor. He did my performance evaluations and we had \u201cHe was my direct supervisor. He did my performance evaluations and we had weekly meetings to keep things on track and so forth,\u201d she said of her duties weekly meetings to keep things on track and so forth,\u201d she said of her duties at the time. at the time. She told the Times-Standard the statements in the article are not factual. She told the Times-Standard the statements in the article are not factual was interviewed during the Title investigation and was shocked at the was interviewed during the Title investigation and was shocked at the allegations because nothing even remotely inappropriate has happened in allegations because nothing even remotely inappropriate has happened in any of my direct observations between the people involved,\u201d Vanden Bos any of my direct observations between the people involved,\u201d Vanden Bos said. \u201cIt\u2019s a hit piece. The article has nothing factual in it. What think the said. \u201cIt\u2019s a hit piece. The article has nothing factual in it. What think the writer did was interview some people but didn\u2019t look at any of the evidence writer did was interview some people but didn\u2019t look at any of the evidence called him to speak to him and he never returned my call.\u201d called him to speak to him and he never returned my call.\u201d \u201c(Before got to had worked in different positions at Planned \u201c(Before got to had worked in different positions at Planned Parenthood for 10 or more years, the last five as the of our local affiliate. Parenthood for 10 or more years, the last five as the of our local affiliate am a total woman\u2019s advocate. I\u2019m about women\u2019s rights, and was trained in am a total woman\u2019s advocate. I\u2019m about women\u2019s rights, and was trained in sexual harassment claims and procedures. I\u2019ll tell you that the investigation sexual harassment claims and procedures. I\u2019ll tell you that the investigation that was done on the campus had many flaws,\u201d Vanden Bos added that was done on the campus had many flaws,\u201d Vanden Bos added without specifying the perceived flaws. without specifying the perceived flaws. Peter Pennekamp did volunteer work under previous university president Peter Pennekamp did volunteer work under previous university president Rollin Richmond and attended meetings with Vanden Bos, his wife. He told Rollin Richmond and attended meetings with Vanden Bos, his wife. He told the Times-Standard many changes Lee brought to the College of Professional the Times-Standard many changes Lee brought to the College of Professional Studies in benefit of students caused anger among staff. Studies in benefit of students caused anger among staff. \u201cPeople were so anxious to get rid of him because he was standing up for the \u201cPeople were so anxious to get rid of him because he was standing up for the students. There was so much bias they should never have done this review on students. There was so much bias they should never have done this review on campus. The campus was completely incapable of doing this fairly,\u201d campus. The campus was completely incapable of doing this fairly,\u201d Pennekamp said. \u201cThat Today story put together totally unrelated stories Pennekamp said. \u201cThat Today story put together totally unrelated stories to attack Dr. Lee and make it sound like there is a pattern of abuse\u2026 It\u2019s just to attack Dr. Lee and make it sound like there is a pattern of abuse\u2026 It\u2019s just unbelievable.\u201d unbelievable.\u201d With the campus expanding its faculty and staff size as part of the long- With the campus expanding its faculty and staff size as part of the long- awaited transition to the system\u2019s third polytechnic institution, the awaited transition to the system\u2019s third polytechnic institution, the campus spokesperson reiterated the university provides retreat rights to campus spokesperson reiterated the university provides retreat rights to some administrators and that not all administrative appointments contain some administrators and that not all administrative appointments contain retreat rights. retreat rights $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 4/16 Originally Published: Originally Published: April 20, 2022 at 3:09 April 20, 2022 at 3:09 \u201cWe will continue this practice and ensure the above language referenced is \u201cWe will continue this practice and ensure the above language referenced is included in applicable appointment letters,\u201d the response reads. \u201cHumboldt included in applicable appointment letters,\u201d the response reads. \u201cHumboldt will also be imposing additional conditions on retreat rights consistent with will also be imposing additional conditions on retreat rights consistent with an upcoming policy.\u201d an upcoming policy.\u201d Mario Cortez can be reached at 707-441-0526. Mario Cortez can be reached at 707-441-0526. Around the Web Around the Web Find Useful Knowledge Find Useful Knowledge Ethereal Search Engine Ethereal Search Engine The Surprising Link Between Your The Surprising Link Between Your Pillowcase and Aging Pillowcase and Aging $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 5/16 Is My Space a Good Fit for Airbnb? Is My Space a Good Fit for Airbnb? Find Local and Heating Repair Find Local and Heating Repair Services Services We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find Your Perfect Pair! Your Perfect Pair $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 6/16 Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for You and Your Pup! You and Your Pup! 4 Easy Tips to Keep Your Kids Safe 4 Easy Tips to Keep Your Kids Safe Online Online 9 Kinds of Ancestors You Could Find 9 Kinds of Ancestors You Could Find on Your Family Tree on Your Family Tree $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 7/16 Tired of Cleaning out Your Gutters? Tired of Cleaning out Your Gutters? Get a Quote Today! Get a Quote Today! Should You Buy an Electric Car? Should You Buy an Electric Car? Test Your Hearing From The Comfort Test Your Hearing From The Comfort of Your Home of Your Home $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 8/16 What You Need to Know About Car What You Need to Know About Car Loans Loans 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate Changes Changes Achieve Total Peace of Mind With Achieve Total Peace of Mind With Ring Devices Ring Devices $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 9/16 Stop Paying Too Much for Your Stop Paying Too Much for Your Prescriptions - Compare Prices Today Prescriptions - Compare Prices Today Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Close to Home Close to Home The Close Relationship Between The Close Relationship Between Stress and Sleep Stress and Sleep $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 10/16 How Much Money Should You Have How Much Money Should You Have Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? Look for Any High School Yearbook, Look for Any High School Yearbook, It's Free! It's Free! The Smart Approach to Selling Your The Smart Approach to Selling Your Home Home $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 11/16 Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Limone at Home Limone at Home Access Low-interest Funds Access Low-interest Funds for Home Renovations for Home Renovations Support Your Neighbors and Get Support Your Neighbors and Get Involved With Food Rescue Involved With Food Rescue $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 12/16 Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Shoe Game Shoe Game How Long Does $1 Million Last After How Long Does $1 Million Last After 60? 60? Look for Any High School Yearbook, Look for Any High School Yearbook, It's Free! It's Free $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 13/16 How Much Money Should You Have How Much Money Should You Have Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? Access Low-interest Funds Access Low-interest Funds for Home Renovations for Home Renovations Should You Buy an Electric Car? Should You Buy an Electric Car $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 14/16 Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Limone at Home Limone at Home 4 Easy Tips to Keep Your Kids Safe 4 Easy Tips to Keep Your Kids Safe Online Online Find Local and Heating Repair Find Local and Heating Repair Services Services $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 15/16 2022 2022 \ue907 \ue907April April \ue907 \ue90720 20 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate Changes Changes $1 1 $1 1 Hurry, this deal won't last! Hurry, this deal won't last SALE! SALE! 2/27/25, 8:08 Former admins find fault with findings against professor \u2013 Times-Standard 16/16", "8851_105.pdf": "Home Support Best of Humboldt Cannabis Mag Insider Mag The Enterprise Lifelines Weddings \u00ab Skeletal Remains Found in Garbervil Silicon Valley Lawmaker Wants to archives rss \| \| Monday, April 18, 2022 Monday, April 18, 2022 Highlights Case of Dean Fired for Harassing Colleagues but Allowed to 'Retreat' into Tenured Post 18, 2022 3:31 published a two-month investigation into the case of a former dean at now Cal Poly Humboldt who was given a tenured professorship under what's known as \"retreat rights,\" even though he was fired from his administrative role in 2016 after campus investigations found he had groped two female colleagues. According to the article, John Lee currently teaches in the School of Education, earning $154,000 a year, under the \"retreat\" provision of his contract that guaranteed him a safe landing even if he engaged in serious misconduct. His reinstatement after a three-month leave placed him back among the same faculty as the women he was found to have harassed. \"Retreat rights is not designed to be a Get Out of Jail Free card,\" one of the women told TODAY, \"but that's exactly how it's being used.\" Lee, the story states, declined to comment. The investigation into the story, which is currently subscriber-only content, included interviews with dozens of Lee's current and former colleagues at the Arcata campus, as well as contract and labor experts and those with expertise on Title IX, which prohibits sexual discrimination in education, and the review of dozens of documents, among them correspondences to then Humboldt State University administrators about Lee's behavior states. Complaints about Lee's management style and his creation of a hostile work environment that included screaming insults began soon after he arrived at Humboldt in 2010 and continued, with those raising concerns hitting brick walls in seeking assistance from both Human Resources and other high ranking about the author Kimberly Wear [email protected] @kimberly_wear @kimberly_wear Bio: Kimberly Wear is the assistant editor of the North Coast Journal. more from the author 'Breathing Room' Local guaranteed income pilot program marks a milestone By Kimberly Wear Editor Greenson Shares 40th Award Win By Kimberly Wear Tweet Favorite administrators, according to the report. That included Robert Snyder, who in one of his last acts as provost and vice president of Academic Affairs in 2014 reportedly altered Lee's contract to ensure he would receive the maximum allowable salary if he retreated to a tenured position. Things took a turn in 2015 when Synder's replacement urged one of Lee's associate deans not to resign due to his conduct but to file an case, which eventually set into motion the two investigations that culminated with Lee's firing from the dean post, according to TODAY. The report on California State University's far-flung Humboldt campus comes on the heels of a related investigation that published in February (also subscriber only), which revealed how former Fresno State University President Joseph Castro gave one his top administrations a payout deal to retire rather than take a faculty position after he was found in 2020 to have committed abusive conduct in the workplace as well as sexual harassment. Castro, who had just been named chancellor, resigned from his newly acquired position two weeks after published the story on that settlement with Frank Lamas and what the paper describes as Castro's \"mishandling of at least a dozen sexual harassment, bullying and retaliation complaints against Lamas over a six-year span.\" In the end, Castro received a $400,000 settlement and ended up using his retreat rights to be a tenured professor at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, the paper states. \"Only after TODAY's investigation this year exposed how retreat rights factored into Lamas' settlement did officials finally address it,\" today's story states. \"Trustees for the university system announced in March they would develop a system-wide policy prohibiting administrators found at fault for serious misconduct from exercising retreat rights. Future administrator contracts with retreat rights will also include caveat language for bad behavior spokesperson told that the vast majority of those who use the \"retreat\" clause are \"dedicated and talented individuals\" who decide to return to the classroom for one reason or another after a time in administrative roles but stated there are \"rare exception,\" including Lee's, in which an administrator violates campus policy, is removed from their post and then goes back to teaching. The women involved in Lee's case told they feel unsafe on campus but have been told by everyone from attorneys to Cal Poly Humboldt President Tom Jackson that nothing can be done at this point. Tags: John Lee, retreat rights, Cal Poly Humboldt, Title IX, School of Education, California State University, Humboldt State University, Image Three Killed in Arcata Complex Fire By Kimberly Wear \u00bb support local journalism Become a Member or make a one-time contribution to support shop Shop for swag, deals, subscriptions and cool stuff latest in news blog Editor Greenson Shares 40th Award Win By Kimberly Wear Court Tosses Gaza Lawsuit Against Huffman By Thadeus Greenson Fair Board Faces Critical Racing Decision Tomorrow By Thadeus Greenson \u00bb Like 110 Share Save trending Sort Newest to Oldest Comments (5) speaking of... Former President to Focus on 'Global Engagement Space' as Professor Nov 25, 2024 Preview: Humboldt's Ballot Breakdown Presidential Search and Celebrating Indigenous Foodways Oct 17, 2024 to Host Community Forum on Presidential Search Oct 8, 2024 \u00bb humboldt last week Quick Local Stories From our podcast partner socialize 'It's Just Chaos' Court Tosses Gaza Lawsuit Against Huffman 'Breathing Room' Showing 1-5 of 5 Add a comment They give the same irresponsible treatment when you\u2019re harassed by other students sucks. Posted by Julia on 05/06/2022 at 11:02 report like dislike Time for a blanket party. Posted by Ben Debbs on 04/19/2022 at 8:20 report like dislike I'm fascinated by this story, largely because worked down the corridor from Lee's office in Gist Hall 2011-2016 and never heard about any of this had no idea he continued to work at after he ceased to be Dean. What a bizarre situation! Posted by pbitton on 04/19/2022 at 6:07 3 likes, 0 dislikes report like dislike Maybe a lawsuit would help. Posted by Sandi Hayden on 04/19/2022 at 3:49 3 likes, 0 dislikes report like dislike Has the Cal-Poly \"lipstick\" rubbed off already? Posted by Jim Scou on 04/19/2022 at 12:20 6 likes, 3 dislikes report like dislike Subscribe to this thread Post Comment readers also liked\u2026 Former Assemblymember Patty Berg Has Died at 82 By Thadeus Greenson NCJ's Greenson Wins Free Speech and Open Government Award By Jennifer Fumiko Cahill Subscribe to this thread: With Showing 1-5 of 5 By Email North Coast Journal 4 hours ago requested a plan. This is an outline of a plan at best.\" 1 Comment Share Still No Racing Decision, b\u2026 February\u2019s regularly scheduled bo North Coast Journal 5 hours ago The full impacts of the Trump administration's orders, freezes and firings on the North Coast remain murky. North Coast Journal North Coast Journal 19,892 followers 19,892 followers Follow Page", "8851_106.pdf": "\ue816 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has experienced retaliation 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 1/272 released an investigative expose on a professor accused of sexual nd how the school has continued to employ him for years. Liam Gwynn \uf2bd April 26, 2022 \uf133 News \uf02c ge Translate Gwynn : The department chair who has spoken out against John Lee was not fired ut on temporary suspension released an investigative expose on a professor and former Dean of al Studies accused of sexual assault and how the school has continued to m for years. One dean who spoke out against the school in the article has en fired for unstated reasons. the published an extensive expose, unearthing sexual assault s against a former dean and current professor who is currently teaching in the Professional Studies at Cal Poly Humboldt. Since the release of the story, ean has been fired and Lee continues to work, even if people aren\u2019t showing . hn Lee was a dean at Cal Poly Humboldt but after an investigation organized ool found evidence of four counts of sexual harassment, Lee was given three paid leave and transitioned into a tenured professor position. The two women ed Lee were forced to work in the same department as the man who ssaulted them. \uf062 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 2/272 med professor told the that Lee had groped and tried to forcibly three occasions. Her husband corroborated the story saying that on one e had to physically pull Lee off his wife. Before the sexual harassment claims mitted, the school had already received numerous complaints about Lee, ying and abusive behavior. ble to maintain a position at the school because he evoked \u201cretreat rights\u201d e found in a majority of dean contracts. \u201cRetreat rights\u201d give deans the ull-time professor position if they are ever fired from their position as a dean. tracts did not have any stipulations regarding Title violations. This is how ble to get a teaching job paying $154,000 a year working in the same nt as the two women who accused him of sexual misconduct. resentative Grant Scott-Goforth told that Cal Poly Humboldt he contracts after John Lee\u2019s case so that retreat rights wouldn\u2019t apply to t violate campus policies. However reporter Kenny Jacoby found cts from administrator\u2019s currently working at Cal Poly Humboldt, neither of any changes that the school claimed they made. rsation with the Lumberjack, Jacoby says that he contacted the school asking two aforementioned contracts. The representative simply asked who gave the o him and when he told them, they never responded. The Lumberjack also ut for a response regarding the John Lee situation, but after asking about the n the contracts, they stopped responding. \u2019s official response to the situation has been very limited so far. They sent out hree days before the story was released, attempting to reassure nd faculty that the school has resources for sexual assault survivors followed ions on what to do if contacted by the media. a inquiries about campus policy, decisions, and similar, spokespeople are d by News & Information. You should not speak to the media on behalf of the nless you have been designated to,\u201d states the email. \u201cThis is important to onsistency and to ensure that questions are answered as completely as 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 3/272 is important because three days after the article was published, o was quoted in the article speaking out against the school, was quietly his position as dean. The now-former dean, who wishes to remain us, told the Lumberjack that he had already spoken to the reporter weeks em sending out the notification not to talk to the media. That didn\u2019t stop him g demoted to a professor position, although officially, he was given no for the termination of his position. has yet to address whether or not they plan on reconsidering Lee\u2019s position. hemently maintains his innocence and although he originally would not he press, he recently issued a statement to the Lumberjack which is linked his statement, Lee denies all accusations and claims the investigation d by the school was biased against him and didn\u2019t provide the proper due ee also claims he had evidence that was dismissed and believes the school m unfairly. He goes on to detail all the work he\u2019s done for women and on campus and how the pushback he received was really just because agree with his decisions supporting and women. the statement gets a little off-topic, he makes his stance clear, he is owning up . With the school making it so difficult for people to speak out, it\u2019s unclear if er see any change with the contracts here. However, the Lumberjack will o investigate this story as the situation unfolds and if anyone has any n regarding John Lee you can reach out to us at [email protected] as well as the Campus Advocate Team\u2019s 24/7 al line (707) 445-2881. tement give to The Lumberjack by John Lee tions brought against me in 2015 are false. Like you condemn sexual nt in any form. As said back then and continue to maintain today did not arass anyone. The allegation is simply untrue. The investigation conducted by us at the time was biased and flawed from the very beginning and in no way me due process. Evidence provided by me as well as testimony provided by s ignored and dismissed few months after my appeal was denied was at my contract as dean was non-renewed. There was no cause mentioned for 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 4/272 newal. My position was at will, so there were no legal avenues for me at the done nothing wrong, yet was told was not to discuss the case, making it e for me to defend myself against the rumors knew were spreading like ork has been about fighting for justice and creating a better and safer world especially women and children and those who face adverse experiences or tion of any kind was hired in 2010, because my mission aligned with the he university under then President Rollin Richmond and Provost Bob Snyder make. One of the goals was to provide better support for our increasingly dent body, which included creating paid internships and increasing our nt of faculty of color. During my tenure, we increased student enrollment, to diversify our student body, and significantly increased our hiring of e faculty. y conflicts as dean stemmed from the push back received from some who mbrace these changes was also an outspoken critic of the well-publicized of an administrator who held to account the new administration for recruiting oviding the supports Native American students needed to feel welcomed and umboldt. The period before and after the non-renewal of my contract saw the and non-renewal of numerous administrators. Although there were few tors of color at the time, most of them were either non-renewed, pushed out, ged to move on. We have seen similar trends on the faculty side and student . ad conflicts for sure and would be the first to admit that have also made of mistakes. People who know me know am not the person described in the article. Had other people been interviewed who were present during the e alleged events, a story closer to the truth could have emerged. But that was the author\u2019s purpose strive to learn from my mistakes and experiences, but involved sexual harassment or other repugnant violations. While do not ct will continue to be vocal, combat injustices and work to improve the lives ho have not been given fair access to education and life opportunities. 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 5/272 ER: We at The Lumberjack post John Lee\u2019s statement for the benefit of the the community\u2019s right to all information regarding this subject, not in t or support. : While in Lee\u2019s statement he says \u201cHad other people been interviewed who ent during the time of the alleged events, a story closer to the truth could ged. But that was clearly not the author\u2019s purpose,\u201d we were told by the thor Kenneth Jacoby that he had reach out to John Lee for an interview but ately turned down. Share This Post \uf09a \uf099 \uf0e0 \uf1a1 More Stories Animal Crossing New Horizons, The Quarantine Game check-up about the hype over Animal Crossing then and now 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 6/272 Rebecca Laurenson \| Thursday, February 18, 2021 Arcata\u2019s Fourth Annual State Of The City Presentation COVID-19, Equity Arcata and Polytechnic Self-Study Poppy Cartledge \| Thursday, February 18, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 7/272 Quick Rundown Of Few COVID-19 Vaccines There are many new vaccines in development all over the world, but what do they do? Jen Kelly \| Wednesday, February 17, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 8/272 Updates On Testing And Vaccinations For COVID-19 At quick run down of current health options Gabe Kim \| Wednesday, February 17, 2021 The Weeknd Shades Hollywood Culture With Super Bowl Performance students weigh in with strong opinions Brianne Beronilla \| Wednesday, February 17, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 9/272 Newly Assembled Trans Task Force Takes Shape Rising Concerns From Trans Students Inspires Creation of New Organization Matthew Taylor \| Wednesday, February 17, 2021 COVID-19 Testing For Move-In Day 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 10/272 prepares to test hundreds of returning students Ian Vargas \| Wednesday, February 17, 2021 Does New Presidency Bring New Environmental Hope? What a new presidency plans to help the fight against climate change Elise Fero \| Friday, February 12, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 11/272 Building Relationships Through \u2018College Chats\u2019 Incoming Students Learn the Ins and Outs of College Life Brianne Beronilla \| Friday, February 12, 2021 It\u2019s Time To Stop The Taboo Talk Around Therapy 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 12/272 Therapy changed my life Elizabeth Hannah \| Friday, February 12, 2021 How To Communicate With Science Skeptic Effective ways to speak with climate change deniers Gabrielle Sturm \| Friday, February 12, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 13/272 Alum Is Super Bowl Champion Reflecting back on Alex Cappa\u2019s many achievements Whitney Mccoy \| Wednesday, February 10, 2021 Students And Staff Are Afraid Of Administration 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 14/272 How a former reporter unraveled at the seams while writing about admin Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, February 10, 2021 Black Liberation Month Speakers The has set up a month of speakers Ian Vargas \| Wednesday, February 10, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 15/272 Hot Gossip: Banana Slug Edition The newest tea about the slug world Elise Fero \| Wednesday, February 10, 2021 Is In Search Of New For Administration/Finance 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 16/272 Over the course of Feb. 1- Feb. 5 held open forums for final candidates Elizabeth Hannah \| Wednesday, February 10, 2021 Shopping Online Saves Lives And Kills Local Business COVID-19 has proven especially deadly to local businesses Dakota Cox \| Friday, February 5, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 17/272 Why Shifting The True-Crime Narrative Matters What Netflix is doing right in true crime docuseries Elizabeth Hannah \| Friday, February 5, 2021 How Local Clean Energy Microgrid Could Transform California 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 18/272 The Schatz Energy Research Center proves that 100% renewable energy operations are an attainable goal for California Gabrielle Sturm \| Thursday, February 4, 2021 New Covid Strain Touches Down In Humboldt People across Humboldt County are preparing to combat a novel coronavirus variant Gabe Kim \| Thursday, February 4, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 19/272 The Vaccine Rollout Creates More Controversy As remains in the purple tier and vaccinations continue to be distributed, we must continue to do our part to stop the spread Poppy Cartledge \| Thursday, February 4, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 20/272 Nina Uses Comedy To Start Conversations During the virtual comedy event held by the SDRC, Nina Ghiselli tells her story and emphasizes the importance of student disability resources within schools. Poppy Cartledge \| Thursday, February 4, 2021 Katelin Talbert Goes For The Goal The former Humboldt State goalkeeper starts the preseason with the NWSL\u2019s Reign Elliott Portillo \| Wednesday, February 3, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 21/272 The Biden Administration\u2019s Long Road To Student Loan Relief Current and former students reflect on the Biden administration\u2019s student loan relief plans. Poppy Cartledge \| Wednesday, February 3, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 22/272 Local Mexican Restaurant Owner Esteban Gonzalez Passes At 55 small-town treasure\u2019s legacy lives on Brianne Beronilla \| Wednesday, February 3, 2021 New Funding Aims To Reduce Turnover In Special Needs Teaching Program This program received funds through a grant that has been successful in the turnover for teachers. Rebecca Laurenson \| Wednesday, February 3, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 23/272 Embrace The Idea Of Spending Another Year In Isolation The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over Dakota Cox \| Friday, January 22, 2021 Bidding Farewell To Hip Hop\u2019s Masked Villain 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 24/272 The world remembers a legend Anthony Aragon \| Thursday, January 21, 2021 It\u2019s Not Just The Capitol Police As the world watched from their televisions on January 6, we witnessed scenes unfold before our eyes that were, to many, unimaginable: supporters of President Trump swarmed the steps of the U.S. Capitol Building, then proceeded to break in and Web Editor \| Wednesday, January 20, 2021 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 25/272 Day Of Service Zoom Event Annual events and workshops were hosted via Zoom early Monday morning Rebecca Laurenson \| Wednesday, January 20, 2021 Update On HSU\u2019s Climate Action Plan 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 26/272 continues to take climate action and sustainability seriously Gabrielle Sturm \| Wednesday, January 20, 2021 The San Jose State University Football Team Comes To Humboldt On a day\u2019s notice from administration, the football team spends a week and a half in Humboldt practicing because their county did not allow it. Students react to their presence on campus in the midst of a pandemic. Directed Dakota Cox \| Monday, December 7, 2020 Homelessness In Humboldt This is the first trailer of a homeless documentary created by students. We have spent months filming and will continue to film throughout the next year. Follow the heartbreaking stories of the homeless community around Humboldt county and the Skylar Gaven \| Monday, December 7, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 27/272 Thrifty Arcata Taking a tour of the local thrift shops in Arcata during the COVID-19 pandemic. Directed and produced by Skylar Gaven. Skylar Gaven \| Monday, December 7, 2020 House Plants Generate Peace And Meaning During The Pandemic Three different people with the same love for plants! House plants have become quite popular these days especially since we\u2019re all basically stuck inside during the pandemic. Not only are they aesthetically pleasing, but these beautiful green oxygen-makers provide more Skylar Gaven \| Monday, December 7, 2020 Students Work Towards Improving The Future Students with science and nature-based majors are motivated to make change Elise Fero \| Monday, December 7, 2020 8 Of The Best Local Places To Safely Visit Local destinations around to get your adventure on during the pandemic Elise Fero \| Monday, December 7, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 28/272 COVID-19 Pandemic Seeps Into Our Dreams The unprecedented and life-altering pandemic is affecting our dream state Skylar Gaven \| Monday, December 7, 2020 Backcountry Horsemen Of California Kick Off Food Drive On Horseback As a part of the Food For People food drive the volunteers trotted through Old Town Eureka All photos by Thomas Lal Thomas Lal \| Monday, December 7, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 29/272 Softball Remembers Evelyn Andrews Coach Sarchett and players reflect on their most memorable memories with Evelyn Andrews Sabrina Ochoa \| Sunday, December 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 30/272 McKinleyville Launches The First Christmas Lighting Contest McKinleyville plans its first Christmas lights, house decorations and door decorating contest. Rebecca Laurenson \| Sunday, December 6, 2020 Maintaining Sustainable Lifestyle During Global Pandemic students continue to pursue a zero waste lifestyle despite the additional obstacles presented by COVID-19 Dakota Cox \| Sunday, December 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 31/272 Climate Change Puts The Heat On Clean Up Of Dioxin Hotspot Vice Mayor alerts City Council to Arcata Bay Shoreline dioxin threat Shawn Leon \| Sunday, December 6, 2020 Dorm Students Cling To The College Experience 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 32/272 Students living on-campus concerned as Humboldt County enters the red COVID-19 tier Dakota Cox \| Tuesday, November 24, 2020 Elementary Education Students Learn To Teach Online Limited fact-to-face interaction challenges elementary education majors and K-8 students Brianne Beronilla \| Tuesday, November 24, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 33/272 Rugby Is The Closest Sport To Football Has Left With Humboldt\u2019s Lumberjack football gone rugby can take the spotlight. Justin Celotto \| Tuesday, November 24, 2020 Club Sport Athletes Stay On Track 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 34/272 Unable to practice as a team, athletes practice one-on-one. Justin Celotto \| Thursday, November 19, 2020 Prop 22 Represents Political Favoritism Of Money Over Workers\u2019 Rights California\u2019s passing of proposition 22 on Nov. 5 represents a frustrating history of workers\u2019 rights being trampled by the overwhelming influence of greed in politics. This proposition forces app-based workers to be classified as independent contractors, rather than employees. This the Editorial Board \| Thursday, November 19, 2020 Students For Quality Education Statewide Abolitionist Meeting Students from different locations demanded changes and ideas on how to accomplish them Elise Fero \| Thursday, November 19, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 35/272 Humboldt County Skips From Yellow To Red Tier Part of a statewide effort to slow COVID-19 cases, Humboldt county enters a heavily restrictive tier. Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, November 18, 2020 Savage Henry Comedy Club Faces Potential Closing The club\u2019s GoFundme is near its deadline Rebecca Laurenson \| Wednesday, November 18, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 36/272 Women\u2019s Volleyball Team Practices During COVID-19 Pandemic Regardless Of No Season The team practices with approval of president and system while adhering to state and local public health policies Sabrina Ochoa \| Wednesday, November 18, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 37/272 Remembering Evelyn Andrews 10 Months After Her Passing By Katelyn Dendas It has been 10 months since my friend, teammate and freshman year dorm mate, Evelyn Andrews, passed away don\u2019t remember what the grief counselor said or what transpired after that Monday, but do remember arriving Guest Contributor \| Wednesday, November 18, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 38/272 Affirmative Action Vs. Quotas There\u2019s a massive difference between affirmative action and quotas Mikayla Moore-Bastide \| Thursday, November 12, 2020 How To Cope With Post Election Anxiety The election may be over but the emotional aftereffects can be difficult to manage Brianne Beronilla \| Thursday, November 12, 2020 New Schedule For Spring Semester Classes look at the spring semester schedule for online and in-person classes Seth Finnegan \| Thursday, November 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 39/272 Starts New Program For Active Nurses nursing program for incoming or working nurses to continue their education Rebecca Laurenson \| Thursday, November 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 40/272 Board Working To Address Termination The University Center continues to work toward resolving President\u2019s termination notice Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, November 11, 2020 Protestors Seek To Defund Two local, activist organizations work together to stage a sit-in against Humboldt State\u2019s police department. Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, November 11, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 41/272 Getting Stuck On The Trump Train Writer Anthony Aragon details his experience of accidentally joining a pro-Trump car rally. Anthony Aragon \| Wednesday, November 11, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 42/272 Student Employees Unhappy With The University Students show up to work despite stress, non-payment and fear of unsafety Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, November 11, 2020 Geeks And Beats Challenge Social Injustices How superheroes and hip-hop go hand-in-hand Carlos Holguin \| Friday, November 6, 2020 Justin Turner Exposes The World Series To COVID-19 Justin Turner didn\u2019t need to be the story in the wake of the Dodgers\u2019 first World Series victory in 32 years. Instead here we are, wondering what sort of, if any, punishment Major League Baseball will decide to hand down Thomas Lal \| Friday, November 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 43/272 Students Contemplate Not Returning For Spring Semester exclusively reverts back to online instruction on Nov. 9 and students aren\u2019t happy Dakota Cox \| Thursday, November 5, 2020 Four More Years Of Fear News Editor Carlos Holguin explains why he is worried about the next four years. Carlos Holguin \| Thursday, November 5, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 44/272 Film Department Loses Budget And Resources Annual Humboldt International Film Festival proceeds without a budget Brianne Beronilla \| Thursday, November 5, 2020 Creates Election Coping Resources For Students Post election assistance for those that feel anxious about the future of the country Elise Fero \| Wednesday, November 4, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 45/272 Humboldt State Hall Of Fame Inductees Hall of Fame nominees for class of 2020 and class of 2021 announced Sabrina Ochoa \| Wednesday, November 4, 2020 Baseball Clubs Across California Come Together 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 46/272 Club baseball organizations from the system discuss COVID-19 obstacles Justin Celotto \| Wednesday, November 4, 2020 Dismal Democracy The Lumberjack editorial staff comments on America\u2019s flawed electoral system As the world watches the United States 2020 election results, waiting for our pseudodemocratic process to churn out a new president, historically unprecedented voting methods misrepresents the reported Election Day Lumberjack Staff \| Wednesday, November 4, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 47/272 Students Speak Honestly On Voting In 2020 The Elections Students look toward an uncertain future while factoring in the past four years. Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, November 4, 2020 The Mario Triple Pack Invokes Nostalgia Attack When was a child, the first video game system owned was a Nintendo 64. Among the games played was Super Mario 64 played it all the time and when wasn\u2019t playing it was lying Seth Finnegan \| Saturday, October 31, 2020 Music Department Returns To Rehearsals Band, symphony and orchestras proceed with in-person instruction this semester Elise Fero \| Saturday, October 31, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 48/272 Women\u2019s Lacrosse Drops Their Competitive Season Greta Roberts, president and player of Humboldt State University\u2019s women\u2019s lacrosse team, made the decision with her coach and teammates to cancel the upcoming spring season. The team decided that not being able to recruit in the fall would be Justin Celotto \| Saturday, October 31, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 49/272 Reporter Anthony Aragon Ranks Local, Oktoberfest Inspired Beers With public gatherings limited, Oktoberfest celebrations are confined to the crib this year Anthony Aragon \| Saturday, October 31, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 50/272 Minor Theater Is Back After Closure Scare GoFundMe saves The Minor Theater thanks to community support. Seth Finnegan \| Saturday, October 31, 2020 Humboldt State\u2019s Women\u2019s Basketball Team Races For Racial Change 5K race to protest social and racial injustices while raising money for Sabrina Ochoa \| Friday, October 30, 2020 Dobby\u2019s Proposition Opinions Haven\u2019t voted yet? Well, you\u2019re running out of time. Here\u2019s a quick rundown of California\u2019s propositions on the ballot this year Dobby Morse \| Friday, October 30, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 51/272 Corporations Buy Out Propositions In a series of general and misleading advertisements, corporate backers of Propositions 22 and 23 show their grubby hands Walker B. True \| Friday, October 30, 2020 Tackling Incarceration With Education Project Rebound, seeks to help students on campus who have experienced incarceration Carlos Holguin \| Friday, October 30, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 52/272 Lumberjack Basketball Welcomes New Head Coach Exclusive interview between reporter Jazmin Pacheco and Tae Norwood Jazmin Pacheco \| Friday, October 30, 2020 Sweet Mama Janisse Hit Hard By COVID-19 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 53/272 Local owner of Sweet Mama Janisse, Marie Janisse-Wilkins struggles to make up losses Shawn Leon \| Friday, October 30, 2020 The Class Of 2021 Scrambles To Reach The Finish Line Seniors surrender to an unexpected finish to their college career Brianne Beronilla \| Thursday, October 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 54/272 Resident Advisors Struggle To Keep Dorm Life Normal Due to the transition to online, campus life is lonelier than ever this semester Ivan Ramirez \| Thursday, October 22, 2020 Arcata Plaza Hosts Halloween Car Parade 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 55/272 Arcata plaza adjusts to a new, safe way for families to trick or treat on Halloween. Rebecca Laurenson \| Thursday, October 22, 2020 Continues Virtually The Campus and Community Dialogue On Race returns covering global justice for Black Lives. Mikayla Moore-Bastide \| Thursday, October 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 56/272 COVID-19 Hits Student Parents With Hurricane Of Obligation Humboldt State students with children carry the weight of multiple educations this semester Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, October 21, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 57/272 COVID-19 Isolation Increases Domestic Violence October is Domestic Violence Awareness Month Shawn Leon \| Wednesday, October 21, 2020 Indigenous Food Sovereignty Local food management practices of the Tolowa Dee-ni, Yurok and other indigenous peoples. Walker B. True \| Wednesday, October 21, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 58/272 Humboldt State Admin Attempts To Discredit The Lumberjack Lumberjack editorial represents both the majority opinion of the student newspaper\u2019s editorial board, nine editors, as well as the overwhelming majority of Humboldt State University\u2019s student body. Collectively, an editorial echos, embodies and advocates for community beliefs.* Insensitive communications Lumberjack Staff \| Wednesday, October 21, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 59/272 Screens Are Losing Their Novelty Life and Arts editor, Dakota Cox, speaks on his shifting perspective towards technology. Dakota Cox \| Saturday, October 17, 2020 Dobby\u2019s Dissection Of Donald Trump Columnist Dobby Morse shares their take on the presidential candidates Dobby Morse \| Saturday, October 17, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 60/272 Recreational Sports Athletes React To In Meeting Athletes speak out against the uncertainty surrounding rec sports and the playing season Anthony Aragon \| Friday, October 16, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 61/272 The Mental Toll Of COVID-19 Isolation Increased periods of isolation can lead to depression, and how to combat it Carlos Holguin \| Friday, October 16, 2020 Library Construction Picks Up The Pace During The Pandemic The library undergoes seismic retrofit construction Rebecca Laurenson \| Friday, October 16, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 62/272 COVID-19 Forces Students To Create Dance Studio In Their Home At-home teaching sacrifices the quality of education for dance majors Brianne Beronilla \| Thursday, October 15, 2020 Time For Yourself Is More Than Okay 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 63/272 If you needed a sign to tell you to take a break, this is that sign Mikayla Moore-Bastide \| Thursday, October 15, 2020 Athletics Department Left In Dark About Jane Teixeira addresses student concern over football program\u2019s stay on campus Thomas Lal \| Thursday, October 15, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 64/272 Students Support Science With Spanish bilingual program encourages students to pursue the field Gabe Kim \| Wednesday, October 14, 2020 WRRAP\u2019s Fifth Annual Zero Waste Conference Goes Virtual 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 65/272 HSU\u2019s eco awareness program continues providing support to campus during the pandemic Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, October 14, 2020 Humboldt State Reconsiders Spring Break Proposal to move spring break to a later date generates controversy Gabe Kim \| Wednesday, October 14, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 66/272 Board Issued Notice Of Termination University Center Board Members address Humboldt State University President\u2019s notice of termination Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, October 14, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 67/272 Humboldt State University\u2019s Women Soccer Team Create Bracelets In Support Of Black Lives Matter proceeds go to the African American Center of Academic Excellence Sabrina Ochoa \| Sunday, October 11, 2020 How To Survive Among Us Without Being Sus The best game about gaslighting your friends on a spaceship Sophia Escudero \| Saturday, October 10, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 68/272 Offers Housing To Forest Service Firefighters Firefighters who test positive for COVID-19 will be housed on campus to complete their quarantine period. Ivan Ramirez \| Saturday, October 10, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 69/272 Music Of The Moment 6 21 Savage and Metro Boomin drop a classic with \u201cSavage Mode II\u201d Dakota Cox \| Saturday, October 10, 2020 Students Experience Extra Stress Without Access To Classroom Online learning amplifies student stress Rebecca Laurenson \| Friday, October 9, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 70/272 Sports Bubbling For Controlling Coronavirus Science behind social bubbling casts doubt on the security behind implemented safety practices Jen Kelly \| Friday, October 9, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 71/272 Music Department Breaks National Accreditation Standards Students majoring in music suffer from education standards Ivan Ramirez \| Friday, October 9, 2020 Football Team Brings Mixed Reactions Humboldt State University students unsure how to feel about visiting football team Carlos Holguin \| Friday, October 9, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 72/272 Humboldt State Administration Cash In At Student Expense San Jose State\u2019s football team steals on-campus resources from student body Lumberjack Staff \| Thursday, October 8, 2020 Rugby Captain Frustrated With CSU\u2019s Hasty Actions 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 73/272 Club sports member expresses disappointment in administration inviting to campus Justin Celotto \| Thursday, October 8, 2020 Cancelling Contract For University Center Disagreements between the Board and administration reaches a new point of contention Carlos Holguin \| Thursday, October 8, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 74/272 Spartans Arrive At Despite Campus Concerns Editor\u2019s note football program was tested in congruence with Mountain West conference guidelines** The Spartans have arrived and this time they\u2019re not carrying spears or shields. Instead the San Jose State football team stepped onto the Humboldt State campus Thomas Lal \| Thursday, October 8, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 75/272 Music Of The Moment 5 After shooting Megan Thee Stallion, Tory Lanez cancels himself Dakota Cox \| Tuesday, October 6, 2020 Tragic, But Not Shocking, No Justice For Breonna Taylor 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 76/272 Opinion Editor Mikayla Moore-Bastide speaks on nationwide injustice Mikayla Moore-Bastide \| Tuesday, October 6, 2020 Cars Collide With Protestors At Breonna Taylor Demonstration News Editor, Carlos Holguin recounts his experience at the Breonna Taylor protest in Eureka on Sept. 24. Carlos Holguin \| Tuesday, October 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 77/272 Humboldt State Athletes Prepare For Uncertain Seasons Despite an uncertain future, athletes continue to train for their next season Justin Celotto \| Tuesday, October 6, 2020 Obituary Of Snake 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 78/272 Goodbye, Cruel World Dobby Morse \| Monday, October 5, 2020 Art Students Create Their Way Through Quarantine Artists at are experiencing somewhat smooth sailing this semester Rebecca Laurenson \| Monday, October 5, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 79/272 Humboldt Election Forums Are Going Virtual In order to keep up community involvement, Eureka and Arcata city councils go online. Brianne Beronilla \| Monday, October 5, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 80/272 Prepares For More Public Safety Power Shutoffs King Salmon Power Plant promotes grid stability Seth Finnegan \| Monday, October 5, 2020 Students Shocked At Arcata Community Forest Logging COVID-19 hampered the communication of logging plans between the city of Arcata and new members of the community Shawn Leon \| Sunday, October 4, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 81/272 The Ceramics Department Fires Back Up Experienced ceramics students are back in the lab this semester Dakota Cox \| Sunday, October 4, 2020 Considers Chief Candidate: Jason Wade 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 82/272 Captain of the University of Oregon police department, Jason Wade, puts his hat in the ring for chief at HSU. Dakota Cox \| Sunday, October 4, 2020 Welcome To The Twilight Zone Comparisons between episodes of the classic show The Twilight Zone and our own dismal reality Sophia Escudero \| Friday, September 25, 2020 Music Of The Moment 4 YoungBoy Never Broke Again dodges the sophomore slump with his new album \u201cTop.\u201d Dakota Cox \| Friday, September 25, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 83/272 Tree Sitters Defend Forest Near Strawberry Rock The Redwood Forest Defenders demand Yurok tribal land be returned Shawn Leon \| Thursday, September 24, 2020 How The Redwoods Are Battling Climate Change 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 84/272 While the rest of the planet suffers, what will become of the Redwood Forests? Elise Fero \| Thursday, September 24, 2020 COVID-19 Cheats The College System. Asynchronous classes allow students flexibility at the cost of self-discipline. Dakota Cox \| Thursday, September 24, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 85/272 Drastic Declines In The 2020-21 Budget Update quick and easy breakdown of how the university was impacted by budget cuts. Mikayla Moore-Bastide \| Thursday, September 24, 2020 Flaws Within Title Risk Students Security And Protection. 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 86/272 student shares their experience of sexual assault from a non-student member within their club. Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, September 23, 2020 Student Celebrates Life Post Quarantine Elise Fero recounts her experiences after 10 days of isolating in her dorm Elise Fero \| Wednesday, September 23, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 87/272 When In-Person Sports Can\u2019t Be Reality, Fantasy Delievers The Lumberjack guide to fantasy football Anthony Aragon \| Friday, September 18, 2020 Plans To Study Abroad In The Czech Republic During COVID-19 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 88/272 Journalism student looking to study abroad is questioning her decision Mikayla Moore-Bastide \| Friday, September 18, 2020 How The Wildfires Of California Are Impacting Arcata What life is like as climate change begins to worsen Elise Fero \| Friday, September 18, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 89/272 Lumberjack Editor Tests Positive For Senioritis Not the senior year anticipated or signed up for. Dakota Cox \| Friday, September 18, 2020 House Hunting In The Heat Of COVID-19 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 90/272 Housing struggles at Humboldt State continue to be a problem for students Gabe Kim \| Friday, September 18, 2020 Students Are Dining In During The COVID-19 Students survive COVID-19 by cooking for themselves and avoiding college cafeteria Rebecca Laurenson \| Thursday, September 17, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 91/272 Self-Care Cuts Changing your hair to change your life Dakota Cox \| Thursday, September 17, 2020 Humboldt State Athletes Stay Fit Safely During Pandemic 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 92/272 COVID-19 is not an excuse to stop sweating. Justin Celotto \| Thursday, September 17, 2020 Students Advocate For Award-Winning Food Sovereignty Lab. Awaiting approval from President Jackson, the food sovereignty lab is the first of its kind Ivan Ramirez \| Thursday, September 17, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 93/272 Seaweed Farm Sets Sail The first commercially-approved seaweed farm in California will be on the map. Gabe Kim \| Wednesday, September 16, 2020 Humboldt County\u2019s Public Health Officer 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 94/272 Dr. Teresa Frankovich resigns after 8 months Morgan Deer \| Wednesday, September 16, 2020 Legal Doubts Over Misuse Students and faculty voice discontent with treatment of Aquatic Center Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, September 16, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 95/272 Music Of The Moment 3 For better or worse, Big Sean is likely gone for good. Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, September 16, 2020 Students Find Creative Ways To Pass Time In Quarantine. 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 96/272 An inside look at how Humboldt State students\u2019 are staying busy with pandemic hobbies. Rebecca Laurenson \| Saturday, September 12, 2020 More Layers, More Protection? Humboldt State demands double masking on campus, does more layers equal more protection? Brianne Beronilla \| Saturday, September 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 97/272 The Ethnic Studies Bill Is Blessing Ethnic Studies will thankfully become mandatory for all California State University students \u2013 as it should be. Mikayla Moore-Bastide \| Saturday, September 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 98/272 The Complex Interface Of Humans And Wildfires How fire suppression is a mixed bag in Humboldt County Every fire season, blankets of smoke roll over Humboldt County. Here on the coast, that\u2019s as close to wildfires as some of us get. But our practice of fire suppression Jen Kelly \| Friday, September 11, 2020 Defund HSU\u2019s Police Department Incidents of racism from the former Chief, past examples of excessive force from current officers and a shrinking university budget. Walker B. True \| Friday, September 11, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 99/272 How Not To Be Bitten By Kitten Please prepare to be prey Congratulations, a baby feline has recently come into your life. If they\u2019re anywhere from 2-18 months, they bite. They see you as prey. Because you are prey. You always have been. You always will be. Dobby Morse \| Thursday, September 10, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 100/272 Humboldt State Students Voice Concerns Over Racial Casting Students come forth after witnessing and experiencing racial typecasting within Humboldt State\u2019s Theater Department. Elise Fero \| Thursday, September 10, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 101/272 Graduating Into Uncharted Waters graduates attempt to navigate a world turned upside-down by COVID-19 In May, Humboldt State University graduated hundreds of students, as it does every year. Unlike past years, graduates didn\u2019t get to shake hands with their respective dean and receive Gabe Kim \| Thursday, September 10, 2020 Music Of The Moment 2 The long awaited return of God\u2019s son, Nas. Dakota Cox \| Thursday, September 10, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 102/272 Tension And Fear Among The Board Of Directors tense emergency Board of Directors reveals conflict between faculty and Administration. Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, September 9, 2020 Student Journalist Travels To Portland To Capture Black Lives Matter Protests Kris Nagel captures chaotic social demonstrations with photojournalist and professor Mark Mckenna Kris Nagel \| Friday, August 28, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 103/272 Face Coverings Are Vital To Preventing Spread Of COVID-19 Humboldt State University taking necessary first step by requiring students and faculty to wear face coverings on campus. Brianne Beronilla \| Friday, August 28, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 104/272 Living On Campus During Pandemic Humboldt State University reopens campus and student housing for new incoming students. Sophia Escudero \| Friday, August 28, 2020 Students Stay Home Scared To Learn In Pandemic Times Students stay home this semester with concerns of health and quality of education. Rebecca Laurenson \| Friday, August 28, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 105/272 Cultural Center Budget Slashed Associated Students leaves student body devastated after significant reductions in cultural center\u2019s budget. Gabe Kim \| Friday, August 28, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 106/272 Anti-Immigration Graffiti Found In Arcata Plaza The Heart Bead store and corner of Cafe Brio hit with racist graffiti Skylar Gaven \| Thursday, August 27, 2020 All Aboard The Plague Ship Unprecedented times are met with normalized behavior puts students and community members at higher risk after reopening campus and student housing. Lumberjack Staff \| Thursday, August 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 107/272 How Non-Lethal Are Less Lethal Weapons Protestors injured by non-lethal weapons in Eureka following protests against police brutality. Walker B. True \| Thursday, August 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 108/272 Music Of The Moment The hip-hop community rallies behind the Black Lives Matter Movement Dakota Cox \| Thursday, August 27, 2020 Simple Favor, Wear Your Mask Correctly \u2026 Please Wearing a mask correctly shouldn\u2019t be a hassle or the worst part of your day. Mikayla Moore-Bastide \| Thursday, August 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 109/272 Humboldt State Proceeds With In-Person Instruction With President Jackson and Dr. Frankovich at opposite ends of agreement on in person classes, students caught in the middle feel COVID-19 is inevitable. Carlos Holguin \| Wednesday, August 26, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 110/272 From Colorado To COVID-19 Self-Isolation Freshman\u2019s experience catching coronavirus. Elise Fero \| Wednesday, August 26, 2020 Humboldt State Students Stand Up And Stand Out Against Racism Actions are being taken to bring about change in a country dominated by racism and police brutality Gabe Kim \| Tuesday, June 16, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 111/272 Racist Social Media Post Leads To Student Suspensions Two Humboldt State University Students are Suspended from Campus Organizations Grace Caswell \| Monday, June 15, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 112/272 Humboldt State\u2019s Hybrid Instruction Request Approved For Fall Semester Humboldt State will hold limited in-person instruction this fall; here are the details Gabe Kim \| Saturday, June 13, 2020 Protestors Make Themselves Heard In Arcata photo essay of the Arcata protests: fists high and voices raised Thomas Lal \| Wednesday, June 3, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 113/272 Protests Occur In Arcata After George Floyd\u2019s Murder Protesters gathered at Arcata City Hall and the plaza to speak out against police brutality and racism Thomas Lal \| Tuesday, June 2, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 114/272 Eureka Protests Erupt After George Floyd Murder Eureka protesters gathered in front of the Humboldt County Courthouse Thomas Lal \| Sunday, May 31, 2020 Dealing With Sh During COVID-19 The reality of \u2018going through it\u2019 during a time of a pandemic Alexis Parra \| Monday, May 25, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 115/272 Our Societal Structure Is Slipping With the pressures of the pandemic mounting, people are stuck with an impossible choice Walker B. True \| Friday, May 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 116/272 Humboldt State President Speaks On Fall 2020 Instruction President Jackson speaks with Faculty Senate over virtual teaching Grace Caswell \| Thursday, May 21, 2020 COVID-19 Cancels Fall 2020 Face-To-Face Instruction Most classes to be held entirely online Grace Caswell \| Thursday, May 21, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 117/272 Drake, The Genre-Hopping Superstar, Does It Again Drake drops surprise project, \u201cDark Lane Demo Tapes\u201d Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, May 20, 2020 Humboldt State Geologists Research Faults 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 118/272 Faults give clues to the history of the earth\u2019s crust and how it impacts our future Collin Slavey \| Wednesday, May 20, 2020 Survives The COVID-19 Shutdown The Student-Run Radio Programs Remain on Air Dakota Cox \| Tuesday, May 19, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 119/272 Birthday Celebrations During Social Distancing The pandemic forces people to re-imagine their birthday plans. Skylar Gaven \| Tuesday, May 19, 2020 California Universities Update Travel Suspension 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 120/272 The Travel Suspension has just been extended until July 31 Seth Finnegan \| Tuesday, May 19, 2020 Determined And Dedicated: Eureka Local Paves The Way To The Green Bay Packers pick up Eureka standout in the 2020 Draft Jasmine Younger \| Tuesday, May 19, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 121/272 The Stimulus Isn\u2019t Over Yet Deposits to students from Act are on the way Skylar Gaven \| Monday, May 18, 2020 Humboldt State Elects New Student Board 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 122/272 Newly Elected Associated Student Board prepares from the 2020-21 school year Dakota Cox \| Monday, May 18, 2020 Humboldt State Alum Plays Professional Basketball Abroad Justin Everett continues his basketball career in the Republic of Georgia Jazmin Pacheco \| Monday, May 18, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 123/272 Associated Students Lose Core Programs And Student Wages Based on projected enrollment, the Associated Students budget is expected to decrease 20% each year, for the next five years Dakota Cox \| Monday, May 18, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 124/272 Athletics Deals With Budget Curveball Humboldt State Athletics is making plans for an upcoming reduced budget Thomas Lal \| Wednesday, May 13, 2020 Reading \u201cBig Sur\u201d In Shelter-In-Place While Going To Big Sur reflection from a former Lumberjack news editor T. William Wallin \| Tuesday, May 5, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 125/272 Letter To The Editor: Reflections On 30 Years At Where we were, what went wrong & how we build a brighter future Web Editor \| Saturday, May 2, 2020 Staff Recipe: Oh No Bought Too Many Bananas\u2014Banana Bread 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 126/272 recipe for when you have too many bananas and don\u2019t know what to do with them Sophia Escudero \| Friday, May 1, 2020 Staff Recipe: True Sourdough Starter There\u2019s no time like the pandemic to get a start on a starter Walker B. True \| Thursday, April 30, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 127/272 The Overnight Sensation Is Back At It Again DaBaby releases his third album in 13 months BABY\u201d Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, April 29, 2020 Letter To The Editor: This Bus Driver Misses Students And Faculty 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 128/272 note from a local bus driver longing for a crowded bus again Web Editor \| Wednesday, April 29, 2020 Students Rely On OhSNAP! In Pandemic On-campus food pantry provides for students in need James Wilde \| Wednesday, April 29, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 129/272 Staff Recipe: Awesome Avocado Pasta Pasta, the go-to, easy-to-do meal, but with avocado Skylar Gaven \| Tuesday, April 28, 2020 The \u201cChinese Virus\u201d And The Social Disease 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 130/272 No one person is to blame when millions of people are at risk Benjamin Zawilski \| Tuesday, April 28, 2020 Ask Evergreen: Reveal And Reflect Ask Evergreen signing off Lumberjack Staff \| Monday, April 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 131/272 If It Wasn\u2019t Already Obvious, We Need Universal Healthcare The U.S. healthcare system isn\u2019t built to handle a pandemic because it\u2019s not built to help everyone Rachel Marty \| Monday, April 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 132/272 Giovanni Guerrero Aims To Promote And Protect Campus Resources Giovanni Guerrero makes his case for the Associated Students presidency Dakota Cox \| Monday, April 27, 2020 Jeremiah Finley Is Willing To Face Consequences To Create Change Associated Students Legislative Vice President Jeremiah Finley runs for the presidency Dakota Cox \| Monday, April 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 133/272 Shelter-In-Place Is Not Productivity Race Quarantine shelter-in-place offers escape for some and anxiety for others\u2014both are damaging the Editorial Board \| Sunday, April 26, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 134/272 Before You Forage: Nasturtiums Pretty flowers offer a punch packed with nutrition Chelsea Wood \| Sunday, April 26, 2020 Revamped Resident Evil 3 Radiates Nostalgia 20 years later and Resident Evil 3 still feels just as good Alberto Muro \| Sunday, April 26, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 135/272 Inside The Immune System How the body uses multiple levels of defense against foreign intruders Collin Slavey \| Saturday, April 25, 2020 Coach Continues Creating Community 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 136/272 Arcata High School\u2019s computer science teacher creates community for videogamers Walker B. True \| Saturday, April 25, 2020 Students Struggle To Stay Motivated COVID-19 rages through as students struggle with online schoolwork Sarah Blunt \| Saturday, April 25, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 137/272 Brief Breakdown Of COVID-19 Misconceptions Four things you or your relatives might misunderstand about COVID-19 Jen Kelly \| Friday, April 24, 2020 Wraps Up Faculty Sex Solicitation Investigation 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 138/272 Faculty member no longer employed by Lumberjack Staff \| Friday, April 24, 2020 What It\u2019s Like Living On Campus After The Exodus Despite Humboldt State University going digital, campus housing remains open Sophia Escudero \| Friday, April 24, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 139/272 Rent Strikes Are On The Rise What are rent strikes and why are they building during a pandemic? Jen Kelly \| Friday, April 24, 2020 Memes, Genocide And Teaching In Pandemic 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 140/272 With life disrupted, lecturer Kerri Malloy perseveres with flexibility and humor James Wilde \| Thursday, April 23, 2020 Even If You\u2019re Sick Of Them, Don\u2019t Take Your Partner For Granted Social distancing has strained my relationship, so be grateful if you\u2019re still with your partner Alexis Parra \| Thursday, April 23, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 141/272 Surfer\u2019s Tale: From Heaven To Quarantine An account of one surfer\u2019s last breath of clean, fresh air Dakota Cox \| Thursday, April 23, 2020 2020 Census: Raise Your Hand If You\u2019re Here 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 142/272 Everything you might want to know about the 2020 census Collin Slavey \| Thursday, April 23, 2020 Student Resources To Get Through The Pandemic Student resources for school, finances, food, housing and counseling Ivan Ramirez \| Wednesday, April 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 143/272 Meet HSU\u2019s New Athletic Director Jane Teixeira begins new position as head of Humboldt State athletics Thomas Lal \| Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Letter To The Editor Did Not Violate California Law 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 144/272 letter from HSU\u2019s vice president of Enrollment Management Lumberjack Staff \| Wednesday, April 22, 2020 First-Year Students Frustrated With Their Education freshmen got the short end of the stick after facing blackouts and the COVID-19 pandemic Sarah Blunt \| Wednesday, April 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 145/272 Sails Into Uncharted Waters Humboldt State faces enrollment drop, budget cuts and academic department reorganizations James Wilde \| Wednesday, April 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 146/272 Is Holding Administrative Meetings Online And You Can Attend Them How and when to watch administrators make big decisions Grace Caswell \| Monday, April 20, 2020 Half-Life: Alyx Makes Worthwhile Half-Life: Alyx is the first properly high budget virtual reality effort from a major studio Sam Papavasiliou \| Sunday, April 19, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 147/272 Budget Expected To Take Substantial Hit Associated Students prepare for massive budget cuts Dakota Cox \| Sunday, April 19, 2020 Health Center Remains Open 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 148/272 Students on campus can still reach out to medical services Jen Kelly \| Saturday, April 18, 2020 Humboldt State Violated California Law By Requiring Registration For Public Meeting briefly required registration for two public webinars as a security measure Grace Caswell \| Thursday, April 16, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 149/272 Housing The Homeless In Humboldt California houses, shelters and aids homeless as COVID-19 cases continue to rise Skylar Gaven \| Thursday, April 16, 2020 Telehealth Looks To Fill Gaps Left By Pandemic 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 150/272 Telehealth has a chance to make a name for itself in the Gabe Kim \| Wednesday, April 15, 2020 Press Release Still Seeks Public\u2019s Help In Lawson Case asks witnesses to come forward on third anniversary of David Josiah Lawson\u2019s death Web Editor \| Wednesday, April 15, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 151/272 Happy Birthday, Graduation Is Canceled An account from an senior living on campus Sloan Dempster \| Tuesday, April 14, 2020 President Sports Decorated Track Record 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 152/272 Lizbeth Cano-Sanchez steps up to the Associated Students presidency Dakota Cox \| Monday, April 13, 2020 Humboldt State Has Trees Grown From Seeds That Went To The Moon Here\u2019s how received the trees and where you can find them James Wilde \| Sunday, April 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 153/272 Lessons From When The Spanish Flu Hit Humboldt In 1918 Looking to the past to learn about the present pandemic Freddy Brewster \| Sunday, April 12, 2020 Tuition Refund Petition Reflects Student Experience 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 154/272 With labs, classrooms and most facilities on campus closed, what is being done with student tuition? Walker B. True \| Saturday, April 11, 2020 What It\u2019s Like Inside Pelican Bay Amid The Coronavirus Pandemic conversation with a student at Pelican Bay State Prison T. William Wallin \| Friday, April 10, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 155/272 Here\u2019s What The Lumberjack Is Watching, Reading, Playing And Doing Some unedited recommendations and brief reviews from some of our staff Lumberjack Staff \| Friday, April 10, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 156/272 14 Books To Read While Self-Isolating There\u2019s never been a better time to start reading books James Wilde \| Thursday, April 9, 2020 Before You Forage: Mussels Everything you need to know to forage for mussels Chelsea Wood \| Thursday, April 9, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 157/272 Joyner Drops Disappointing Debut Grammy-nominated rapper Joyner Lucas shares his debut album, \u201cADHD,\u201d with the world Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, April 8, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 158/272 Here\u2019s How You Can Drown Your Sports Sorrows While sports may be at a standstill, you can still relish and relive your favorite game moments Deion Alston \| Wednesday, April 8, 2020 With Future Unknown Amid Pandemic Plans For Enrollment Drops And Budget Cuts HSU, like all colleges, prepares for tough times amid COVID-19 pandemic James Wilde \| Tuesday, April 7, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 159/272 Projecting Grave Hit To Enrollment For Fall Semester Freshman class projected to shrink, number of academic departments to be reduced James Wilde \| Tuesday, April 7, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 160/272 Student Athletes Suffer Amid COVID-19 Cancellations student athletes share grief at abrupt endings Dakota Cox \| Tuesday, April 7, 2020 Gambino Goes Out With Banger Childish Gambino releases fourth and final album Dakota Cox \| Monday, April 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 161/272 Happy Thoughts And Hot Liquids Won\u2019t Save Us reminder of the few things we know that help prevent the spread of COVID-19 James Wilde \| Sunday, April 5, 2020 Humboldt State\u2019s Theatre Fraternity Tries Comeback 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 162/272 Alpha Psi Omega attempts a comeback with new students and adviser Ivan Ramirez \| Sunday, April 5, 2020 Online Learning Isn\u2019t For Me Online classes don\u2019t feel like real learning and stifle student motivation Alexis Parra \| Saturday, April 4, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 163/272 Rain Returns To Humboldt This Weekend moderate rainstorm will make its way through Humboldt County Gabe Kim \| Saturday, April 4, 2020 Humboldt Mold Manifests In Moisture 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 164/272 students are under-informed and unprepared for the beast that is mold Gabe Kim \| Saturday, April 4, 2020 Rundown Of All The Emails Has Sent Students Since March 15 has sent out over a dozen emails on their response to COVID- 19 Walker B. True \| Thursday, April 2, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 165/272 How To Sew Your Own Face Mask step-by-step guide to making face masks Rachel Marty \| Wednesday, April 1, 2020 Photos Show Life Around Arcata In The Time Of COVID-19 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 166/272 photo series from the end of spring break Thomas Lal \| Wednesday, April 1, 2020 Associated Students Elections Delayed Due To COVID-19 Associated Students Board of Directors redesigns spring elections Dakota Cox \| Tuesday, March 31, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 167/272 Here Are The Refunds Students Can Expect From Refunds for various fees are available for Humboldt State students in the midst of the COVID-19 outbreak Gabe Kim \| Tuesday, March 31, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 168/272 Students Bused Back To Met With Mixed Messages Locals react to students bused back to Humboldt from coronavirus-afflicted areas Gabe Kim \| Monday, March 30, 2020 Pop-Star Weeknd Is Here To Stay The Weeknd\u2019s fourth album, \u201cAfter Hours,\u201d has arrived Dakota Cox \| Saturday, March 28, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 169/272 Retention Rate On The Rise At More Humboldt State students are electing to stick around, but there\u2019s still work to be done Gabe Kim \| Friday, March 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 170/272 Learning From These Sudden Senior Year Goodbyes wasn\u2019t prepared for the school year to end so abruptly James Wilde \| Thursday, March 26, 2020 The Lumberjack Takes Home 14 Media Awards Humboldt State student newspaper wins four first place 2020 California College Media Association awards Lumberjack Staff \| Tuesday, March 24, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 171/272 Myths And Truths Of Surgical Face Masks Mirage of safety causes mask supply to plummet and xenophobia to reemerge Grace Caswell \| Friday, March 20, 2020 5 Dystopian Films To Watch Now That You Now Live In One 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 172/272 Lock yourself indoors and pretend these films are strictly fiction Benjamin Zawilski \| Wednesday, March 18, 2020 Updated: Summarizing HSU\u2019s COVID-19 Updates All classes to go online for the rest of the semester and other plans, plus a translation Lumberjack Staff \| Tuesday, March 17, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 173/272 Ask Evergreen: Concerned Citizen How to live through a pandemic Lumberjack Staff \| Monday, March 16, 2020 Students Stressed And Frustrated Going Into Somber Spring Break 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 174/272 Students react to in-person class cancellations due to global pandemic Gabe Kim \| Sunday, March 15, 2020 No Facts Justify The Pink Tax Businesses capitalize on gender-based price discrimination the Editorial Board \| Saturday, March 14, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 175/272 Ask Evergreen: Productive Procrastinator How to be productive while procrastinating Lumberjack Staff \| Saturday, March 14, 2020 Catcalling Can\u2019t Continue 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 176/272 Verbal harassment toward women is about control and the assertion of gender discrimination Benjamin Zawilski \| Friday, March 13, 2020 Humboldt Esports Builds Momentum Arcata High CyberTigers face off against the Novato High Hornets Walker B. True \| Friday, March 13, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 177/272 Dr. Asao Inoue Looks To Lead Academic Revolution Inoue confronts the supremacist ideas within American academia Rachel Marty \| Friday, March 13, 2020 Students Speak On Professor\u2019s Use Of N-Word 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 178/272 More trouble at the student radio station, this time with the adviser Dakota Cox \| Friday, March 13, 2020 Updated Suspends Classes After Spring Break, Also Cancels Sports And Large Events Classes will be taught remotely starting March 26 Lumberjack Staff \| Thursday, March 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 179/272 Indigenous Environmentalists Connect Environment And People Campus discussion touches on importance of traditional knowledge Skylar Gaven \| Thursday, March 12, 2020 Trackside Tales With Elliott Portillo 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 180/272 First-hand account from Humboldt State distance runner Elliott Portillo Elliott Portillo \| Thursday, March 12, 2020 Clubs Budget Crunched In Wake Of Declining Enrollment Associated Students takes over remains of the clubs budget Dakota Cox \| Thursday, March 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 181/272 Sprinkles Expected For Spring Break Rains look to rush in this upcoming weekend Collin Slavey \| Wednesday, March 11, 2020 Chemistry Professor Picks Up $100,000 Award 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 182/272 Claire Till of receives lucrative award to aid her research and academics Gabe Kim \| Wednesday, March 11, 2020 Mia Mingus Advocates For Accountability Personal accountability paves way for future of transformative justice Dakota Cox \| Wednesday, March 11, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 183/272 Activates Pandemic Planning Committee With COVID-19 spreading plans post-spring break response Walker B. True \| Wednesday, March 11, 2020 New In-N-Out In Eureka 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 184/272 \u201cQuality You Can Taste\u201d in Humboldt County Benjamin Zawilski \| Sunday, March 8, 2020 Major League Marijuana Why don\u2019t think marijuana is everything it\u2019s cracked up to be in baseball Gabe Kim \| Sunday, March 8, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 185/272 Ask Evergreen: Sensitive Sleeper How to fall asleep and stay asleep Lumberjack Staff \| Sunday, March 8, 2020 We\u2019re All Lonely But It\u2019s Not Our Fault 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 186/272 Shifting the blame of loneliness from individuals to institutions the Editorial Board \| Saturday, March 7, 2020 Vegan Cannabis-Infused Brownie Recipe Learn how to bake and get baked Rachel Marty \| Saturday, March 7, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 187/272 Stoners Bake Snacks With Scientific Hacks Finding more creative ways to use cannabis Rachel Marty \| Saturday, March 7, 2020 The Light At The End Of The Speeding Metal Death-Box 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 188/272 The United States needs better regulations on rear car lights Jen Kelly \| Friday, March 6, 2020 New Details For Animal Crossing: New Horizons The hype is real for the new Animal Crossing game after their recent presentation Seth Finnegan \| Friday, March 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 189/272 Pigs Compost On Campus tries to reduce HSU\u2019s food waste footprint through new pig program Emily Ortzow \| Friday, March 6, 2020 Students Suffer From Frequent Bike Thefts 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 190/272 Humboldt State University police say a student on campus gets their bike stolen every day Tiffany Emmons \| Thursday, March 5, 2020 Dream Season For Corsairs Continues College of the Redwoods men\u2019s basketball team charges into the playoffs Deion Alston \| Thursday, March 5, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 191/272 Navigating The Pressures Of The First-Generation Student Experience First-generation students must look outside family for support Sarah Blunt \| Thursday, March 5, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 192/272 Chico State Steals The Jacks\u2019 Spotlight Wildcats win, but the Jacks put on a good game Jazmin Pacheco \| Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Jacks Swept By Seawolves Humboldt State softball team takes loss in two double-headers against Sonoma State University Deion Alston \| Wednesday, March 4, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 193/272 Ross Discusses Evolution Of Racism In College Bestselling author Lawrence Ross calls for more than just black best friends Benjamin Zawilski \| Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Sanders Wins California Primary 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 194/272 Sanders takes over 40 percent of Humboldt vote Kris Nagel \| Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Biden\u2019s Recent Slip-Up Is Not His First The South Carolina gaffe is only his most recent in a series of slip-ups Seth Finnegan \| Tuesday, March 3, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 195/272 Mike Bloomberg Is Democratic Trump Mike Bloomberg is just another billionaire with outdated views looking for attention Sophia Escudero \| Tuesday, March 3, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 196/272 Final Fantasy Music Rendition Fills Fulkerson Pianist Ryan McGaughey performs fan-favorite tunes from Final Fantasy Walker B. True \| Sunday, March 1, 2020 My Hair Is Not Dress Code Violation Natural hairstyles are often shunned, but these hairstyles keep hair healthy while representing cultures Alexis Parra \| Sunday, March 1, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 197/272 We Still Need To Talk About Consent Consent is crucial, but some just don\u2019t get it the Editorial Board \| Saturday, February 29, 2020 Ask Evergreen: Respectful Rejector 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 198/272 Learn how to say no respectfully Lumberjack Staff \| Saturday, February 29, 2020 Polish Professor Melds Magic And Music dream of illusions and piano prowess with Igor Lapinski James Wilde \| Friday, February 28, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 199/272 Chico State Softball Dominates Doubleheader Vs. Jacks Chico State softball lived up to the hype in daytime doubleheader Gabe Kim \| Friday, February 28, 2020 Filling In The Fossil Record With Fungi 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 200/272 Madison Lalica cracks open 400-million-year-old fossils Collin Slavey \| Friday, February 28, 2020 \u201cMy Neighbor Totoro\u201d At The Minor Theatre View the magical world of Studio Ghibli animation with special showtimes at The Minor Theatre Skylar Gaven \| Thursday, February 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 201/272 Kirby Moss Illustrates The Significance Of Black Joy Journalist and Professor Kirby Moss presents new book on Black joy Rachel Marty \| Thursday, February 27, 2020 Students Test Out The Voting Waters 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 202/272 Mock election prepares students for local issues on ballot Jen Kelly \| Thursday, February 27, 2020 Environment Takes Center Stage At Huffman Town Hall Huffman talks greenhouse gases, sea level rise, salmon and more Kris Nagel \| Thursday, February 27, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 203/272 Report Reveals Shortcomings In Lawson Case National Police Foundation identifies issues and makes recommendations Grace Caswell \| Wednesday, February 26, 2020 Remembering Evelyn Ray Of Sunshine In Humboldt 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 204/272 Members of the community rally to celebrate the life of Evelyn Andrews Thomas Lal \| Wednesday, February 26, 2020 Travel Back In Time In opens soon for lovers of video games and liquor Alberto Muro \| Wednesday, February 26, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 205/272 Humboldt County Coronavirus Case Update Department of Health and Human Services quells concerns Walker B. True \| Wednesday, February 26, 2020 What It Means When You\u2019re \u201cGoing Through It\u201d 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 206/272 Breaking down the common modern phrase Alexis Parra \| Monday, February 24, 2020 New Rules Come Out Of Left Field rule changes go against what the game is all about Gabe Kim \| Monday, February 24, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 207/272 We Need The Wisdom Of Wikipedia Wikipedia shows collaboration is crucial for accuracy the Editorial Board \| Saturday, February 22, 2020 Digging In The Dunes 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 208/272 Making a difference in the dunes by hand, plant-by-plant James Wilde \| Saturday, February 22, 2020 Ask Evergreen: Busy Bee Ask Evergreen is a weekly advice column by the students of The Lumberjack Lumberjack Staff \| Saturday, February 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 209/272 Ja\u2019Quan Gardner Rushes Into The adds another pro football player to its record, but not for the league you think Seth Finnegan \| Friday, February 21, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 210/272 Before You Forage: Sea Lettuce Everything you ever wondered about sea lettuce Chelsea Wood \| Friday, February 21, 2020 Third Athletic Director Candidate At On Feb. 11 welcomed its third potential candidate for its next athletic director Alberto Muro \| Friday, February 21, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 211/272 Sweet Songs, Fancy Feathers, Birds Bang The sex life of a bird is no simple thing Collin Slavey \| Friday, February 21, 2020 New Grant Spurs Growth 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 212/272 will provide 36 more appointments per day by next year Tiffany Emmons \| Friday, February 21, 2020 First Case Of Coronavirus Confirmed In Humboldt Press release from Humboldt County Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Branch Lumberjack Staff \| Thursday, February 20, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 213/272 Sovereign Bodies Brings Awareness Activist creates new database to track violence against Indigenous women Sarah Blunt \| Thursday, February 20, 2020 Student-Run Radio Programs Are Back On Air 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 214/272 Jam out to your local, community neighbors Dakota Cox \| Thursday, February 20, 2020 Marcus Manning Continues Series Of Athletic Director Forums Another prospective athletic director gives their pitch Thomas Lal \| Thursday, February 20, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 215/272 Syphilis Rates Spike In Humboldt Though prevalent, there are many free treatment and prevention options Jen Kelly \| Thursday, February 20, 2020 Growing Up In The Shadow Of Malcolm 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 216/272 Ilyasah Shabazz discussed her background with loving energy on Feb. 12 Sarah Blunt \| Wednesday, February 19, 2020 Equity Arcata Holds Home Away From Home Potluck Potluck seeks to bring together and welcome students to the community Jazmin Pacheco \| Wednesday, February 19, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 217/272 Parking Pisses Me Off The trials and tribulations of finding parking on campus Sam Papavasiliou \| Wednesday, February 19, 2020 Flyers Allege Faculty Sex Solicitation 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 218/272 Humboldt State University investigation is ongoing James Wilde \| Wednesday, February 19, 2020 No Parking, No Progress Study reveals complex campus parking problem with solutions still far-off Jen Kelly \| Wednesday, February 19, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 219/272 Artificial Intelligence Generates Real Jokes On Twitter Creators say we shouldn\u2019t worry about being replaced yet Sam Papavasiliou \| Saturday, February 15, 2020 Hoppin\u2019 Around Humboldt 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 220/272 Multiple stops for Humboldt hops Alberto Muro \| Saturday, February 15, 2020 Struggles At The Station Floods and frequent power outages caused issues for during the fall semester Seth Finnegan \| Friday, February 14, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 221/272 Just One More Hour Of Breakfast Burritos Demand extends breakfast burrito availability to 11 a.m. at The Depot Ivan Ramirez \| Friday, February 14, 2020 Ask Evergreen: Lootless Lover 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 222/272 Ask Evergreen is a weekly advice column by the students of The Lumberjack Lumberjack Staff \| Thursday, February 13, 2020 Feelin\u2019 The Funk At International Education Week Breaking down the power and importance of global funk music James Wilde \| Thursday, February 13, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 223/272 Ballot Burning For The Modern Meddler Why we need to stick with physical ballots Jen Kelly \| Thursday, February 13, 2020 Sudden Oak Death Plagues Humboldt\u2019s Forests 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 224/272 While Humboldt County is known for its beautiful forests, sudden oak death threatens their wellbeing Benjamin Zawilski \| Thursday, February 13, 2020 Let\u2019s Make Media Coverage Equal, Always Emphasizing equity and integrity in the media February and beyond the Editorial Board \| Thursday, February 13, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 225/272 Jacks Fall To Second In Conference Coyotes Men\u2019s basketball leads early but drops second in a row at home Jazmin Pacheco \| Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Lights Out On Black Out Night 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 226/272 Lady Jacks dominate against San Bernardino Thomas Lal \| Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Campus Construction Nears Completion You\u2019ve seen it. You\u2019ve heard it. You\u2019ve become annoyed by it. When will it end? Gabe Kim \| Wednesday, February 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 227/272 Dr. Cornel West Talks Truth Selling out in less than a week, Dr. Cornel West commanded the stage with emotion and power Grace Caswell \| Wednesday, February 12, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 228/272 Students\u2019 Home Remedies We asked students for their home remedies to get over colds and flus Skylar Gaven \| Sunday, February 9, 2020 Allan Jones Opens Forums For Athletic Director First candidate for HSU\u2019s next athletic director makes his case for the job Thomas Lal \| Saturday, February 8, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 229/272 Why The Oscars Lack 2020 Vision The Academy Awards are broken\u2014here some ways to fix them Benjamin Zawilski \| Saturday, February 8, 2020 Ask Evergreen: Cornered Cohabitant 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 230/272 Ask Evergreen is a weekly advice column by the students of The Lumberjack Lumberjack Staff \| Friday, February 7, 2020 Chopping Genes And Growing Brains Innovative research and a discovery in HSU\u2019s molecular biology lab Collin Slavey \| Thursday, February 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 231/272 News Recap Budget The Humboldt State University budget proposal is under overview from President Jackson James Wilde \| Thursday, February 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 232/272 News Recap: Coronavirus Outbreak The Coronavirus continues to spread across the globe James Wilde \| Thursday, February 6, 2020 One More Reason To Ride Bike Saving money and the planet at the Bicycle Learning Center Dakota Cox \| Thursday, February 6, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 233/272 Walking And Wildlife Tracking group of students and community members wandered around Redwood Creek to track the local wildlife Walker B. True \| Wednesday, February 5, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 234/272 Deadly Fire At Arcata Apartments Fire leaves one dead and one hospitalized Sophia Escudero \| Wednesday, February 5, 2020 Turner And Thrower: Leading Ladies Humboldt State Lady Lumberjacks\u2019 dynamic duo Tyra Turner and Alexia Thrower show no signs of slowing down Deion Alston \| Wednesday, February 5, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 235/272 Stuck Swimming In Circles Completing and contemplating Mac Miller\u2019s final album Sarah Blunt \| Tuesday, February 4, 2020 5 Apps To Help You Survive The Semester 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 236/272 Survive the spring semester with these essential school apps Chelsea Wood \| Monday, February 3, 2020 Betting On The Super Bowl Doesn\u2019t Always Pay Off Clarifying the legality of betting on the Super Bowl Rachel Marty \| Sunday, February 2, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 237/272 Students Remember Legend Losing a legend leaves a lasting impact on fans Deion Alston \| Saturday, February 1, 2020 Who Students Are Supporting In The Upcoming Elections 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 238/272 What students think of the 2020 presidential candidates on offer Jen Kelly \| Friday, January 31, 2020 Dr. Cornel West Headlines Black Liberation Month At Philosopher, activist and intellectual Dr. Cornel West visiting Humboldt State University Grace Caswell \| Thursday, January 30, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 239/272 Press Release: Let\u2019s Talk About Mass Incarceration press release from the Formerly Incarcerated Students Club Lumberjack Staff \| Thursday, January 30, 2020 An Update On HSU\u2019s Climate Action Plan 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 240/272 The Humboldt Office of Sustainability reports good news for HSU\u2019s Climate Action Plan Collin Slavey \| Sunday, January 26, 2020 Ask Evergreen: Single And Seeking How do meet people without using online dating apps? Lumberjack Staff \| Saturday, January 25, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 241/272 The Failure Of Soccer The United States men\u2019s national team has not made much progress since failing to qualify for the 2018 World Cup Liam Warner \| Saturday, January 25, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 242/272 Memes Communicate Modern Messages How memes provide comedic relief in times of conflict Alexis Parra \| Friday, January 24, 2020 Stand-Up Comedy Etiquette For Dummies Keep your commentary to yourself and let me have a laugh, please Alberto Muro \| Friday, January 24, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 243/272 Trees Are Here To Help How planting trees can serve as one branch of a climate action plan Collin Slavey \| Thursday, January 23, 2020 Humboldt: Saving The Planet One Scrap At Time 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 244/272 Affordable art supplies with environmental consciousness in mind Chelsea Wood \| Thursday, January 23, 2020 Connecting Cannabis And Cancer New study links smoking cannabis with testicular cancer Benjamin Zawilski \| Thursday, January 23, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 245/272 Predicting What The New Decade Will Bring Three methods of thought going into the new year reveal a time of dedication and hard work Grace Caswell \| Wednesday, January 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 246/272 Out With The Old And In With The New At Several administrative changes at suggest high turnover James Wilde \| Wednesday, January 22, 2020 33 Months Living in a community full of love, fear and a growing void of justice Jen Kelly \| Wednesday, January 22, 2020 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 247/272 Prepares For Possible Storm Outages Winter storm moving in Wednesday evening may cause power outages James Wilde \| Wednesday, January 15, 2020 4 Pietastic Baking Tips For The Holidays 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 248/272 Four tips to make baking a pie that much easier Rachel Marty \| Saturday, December 14, 2019 Ask Evergreen: Fretful Fueler Ask Evergreen is a weekly advice column by the students of the Lumberjack. Lumberjack Staff \| Saturday, December 14, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 249/272 Work Out For Cause Humboldt State students partner with Campaign One At Time to raise money for a child\u2019s dream Jose Herrera \| Friday, December 13, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 250/272 Adapts To Low Enrollment Inside the multi-pronged battle against declining enrollment Collin Slavey \| Friday, December 13, 2019 Baseball Team Would Be Home Run Why should bring back baseball in the post-football era Liam Warner \| Friday, December 13, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 251/272 Give Me More Than Vague Emails On Campus Crime notifications lack conviction or specific plans of action Benjamin Zawilski \| Friday, December 13, 2019 Dreams In Between 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 252/272 Cast and crew of \u201cDreamers: Aqu\u00ed y All\u00e1\u201d shed light on complexities of immigration Jose Herrera \| Thursday, December 12, 2019 Parody Is Protected Speech administration cannot tell student media what to publish the Editorial Board \| Thursday, December 12, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 253/272 New Grant Lends Helping Hand Mental health grant seeks to address adverse childhood experiences in Humboldt Jerame Saunders \| Thursday, December 12, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 254/272 With The \u201cSexist \u2018Riddle'\u201d Creators The students behind the sign comparing Humboldt to genitalia discuss their curated material Delaney Duarte \| Wednesday, December 11, 2019 Associated Students President Resigns Administrative Vice President will take over for the spring semester James Wilde \| Wednesday, December 11, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 255/272 Spreading Warmth For Winter Many organizations around Humboldt County provide warm clothing for little or no cost. Jerame Saunders \| Monday, December 9, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 256/272 So You Want To Compost Composting can be one of the most beneficial ways to handle waste Collin Slavey \| Sunday, December 8, 2019 Lumberjacks Host Logtoberfest Logging sports club invites competition for an axe amount of fun Alberto Muro \| Sunday, December 8, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 257/272 Instagram Updates Are Wack With each new update comes new changes that seem to have no input from the user community. Chelsea Wood \| Sunday, December 8, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 258/272 Motorcycle Tips For Riding In The Rain It\u2019s always important to drive safely, and that goes double for motorcyclists, especially in the rain. Michael Estrada \| Saturday, December 7, 2019 HSU\u2019s Debate Team Preps For Spring Season Humboldt State University\u2019s debate team begins season preparation Alberto Muro \| Saturday, December 7, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 259/272 \u2018Dreamers: Aqu\u00ed All\u00e1\u2019 Preview Theater Arts Department presents a production that transcends borders Jose Herrera \| Friday, December 6, 2019 03 Greedo Releases Second Album From Prison 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 260/272 The incarcerated Los Angeles rapper releases a full length studio album produced by Kenny Beats. Jerame Saunders \| Friday, December 6, 2019 Confessionals: Student Apologies If you had to apologize to someone, who would it be and for what reasons? Chelsea Wood \| Friday, December 6, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 261/272 Ask Evergreen: Ant Avoider Mint, peppermint and spearmint essential oils are safe alternatives to bug sprays. Lumberjack Staff \| Friday, December 6, 2019 Humboldt Degree Value Lowest In System 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 262/272 Studies show Humboldt State graduates receive lowest pay among CSUs Rachel Marty \| Friday, December 6, 2019 Committees Seek New Chancellor Humboldt State has no direct input on chancellor search committees. James Wilde \| Thursday, December 5, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 263/272 Green Thumbs At The Greenhouse Dennis K. Walker Greenhouse provides a haven for a diversity of plant species. Jose Herrera \| Thursday, December 5, 2019 Decision Time For 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 264/272 Supreme Court set to determine future of over 700,000 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals policy recipients. James Wilde \| Thursday, December 5, 2019 Finding Cheer Amid The Holiday Blues It\u2019s the most wonderful time of the year. For some, anyway. Benjamin Zawilski \| Wednesday, December 4, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 265/272 Tull Impresses At National Championships cross country runner Daniel Tull places 56th out of 267 competitors at the Division National Championships in Sacramento. Thomas Lal \| Wednesday, December 4, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 266/272 Turkey Doomsday Investigations have found that many large-scale poultry farms keep their birds intentionally overweight and injected with hormones. Michael Estrada \| Wednesday, November 27, 2019 Boomer,\u2019 Let\u2019s Set The Record Straight Millennials and Zoomers may be fed up, but Boomer\u2019 is not equivalent to a racial slur. the Editorial Board \| Friday, November 22, 2019 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 267/272 As Big As The What\u2026? An In-Depth Breakdown Of The Superbowl Halftime Show By Kaylon Coleman If you were up to what a majority of Americans were up to Feb. 9, you watched the hopes of a Chiefs three-peat crash and burn miracuously, leading to an Eagles Superbowl win. I\u2019m personally over the Web Editor \| Wednesday, February 19, 2025 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 268/272 The Sausage Party To End All Sausage Parties: Mr. Humboldt Pageant Returns by Noah Pond, Eli Farrington, Jasmin Shirazian and Barley Lewis-McCabe 4- foot-tall vagina with a disco ball clitoris stood at center stage as two women stormed on dancing to It\u2019s Raining Men by The Weather Girls. The sausage fest to Web Editor \| Wednesday, February 19, 2025 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 269/272 A.S. President Eduardo Cruz Passionate About Protecting Rights, Supports Board Members Friendly working relationships take time and effort to build and maintain, which Cal Poly Humboldt Associated Students (A.S.) President Eduardo Cruz has taken the initiative to do. Cruz wants to listen to and prioritize the needs of his board members. Web Editor \| Wednesday, February 19, 2025 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 270/272 Caffeine And Creativity: Local Musicians Jazz Things Up At Northtown Coffee \u201cWhat are we playing?\u201d the pianist asked the drummer. \u201cJazz,\u201d the drummer said. There\u2019s an often repeated saying that Humboldt has more artists per capita than anywhere else in America don\u2019t know if that\u2019s true \u2014 or how it Web Editor \| Wednesday, February 19, 2025 3 Comments Sharon 26, 2022 This is some of the best reporting to come out of the Lumberjack ever! Reply Robert Cliver 27, 2022 Loading... 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 271/272 Wow! John Lee was paid $154,000 as a professor at HSU? That\u2019s nearly twice what anyone in my department makes. Is this accurate? Reply Henchman Of Justice 19, 2023 If it is such great reporting, why are comments turned off\u2026 Reply Leave a Reply Loading... Loading... \ue816 \u00a9 2022 The Lumberjack 2/27/25, 8:08 investigation brings Humboldt Professor\u2019s sexual assault allegations to light, one department chair who spoke out has \u2026 272/272"}
8,668	Fei Li	Michigan State University	[]	{}
8,195	Eugene Redmond	Yale University	[ "8195_101.pdf", "8195_102.pdf", "8195_103.pdf", "8195_104.pdf", "8195_105.pdf" ]	{"8195_101.pdf": "by: WTNH.com staff Posted: Jan 28, 2019 / 10:13 Updated: Jan 28, 2019 / 10:13 former professor of psychiatry at Yale is under investigation by the university over complaints of sexual misconduct. The university has commissioned an independent investigation into Eugene Redmond Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 44 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 1/12 He retired in July of 2018 after he was found responsible for sexual harassment. He had also been banned from the Yale campus. Yale released a statement on the investigation on Monday night which can be read, in full, below: President Peter Salovey has ordered an independent investigation of complaints of sexual misconduct against former professor of psychiatry Eugene Redmond. Professor Redmond, who conducted laboratory research and did not see patients, retired from Yale in July 2018 with disciplinary proceedings pending against him. He is banned from the Yale campus and denied the privileges of a retired faculty member. The sexual misconduct complaints arose in the context of a research facility that Redmond ran on the island of St. Kitts. The facility offered summer research internships to students from Yale and other institutions. Last summer, the university conducted disciplinary proceedings against Redmond in connection with a recent allegation of misconduct. In the course of investigating that allegation, it emerged that additional sexual misconduct complaints had been brought against Redmond in 1994 by interns who worked on St. Kitts Yale investigation in 1994 had been unable to verify those earlier allegations, but Redmond confirmed that he would end the internship program. At some point in the last several years, however, Redmond again began inviting interns to St. Kitts for the summer, and two individuals who as students participated in the revived internship program have brought forward complaints: one of these led to the 2018 disciplinary proceeding, and another complaint was brought forward in 2019. Salovey said have ordered a comprehensive and independent investigation of possible additional misconduct by Redmond, based on the information that came > Next > Cancel \u2715 Next story in > Cancel Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 2/12 to our attention during the disciplinary process and subsequently in recent weeks. We must learn whether there are additional survivors who wish to come forward, and we need to understand the facts relating to the internship program.\u201d Yale has engaged former U.S. Attorney Deirdre Daly, an attorney at Finn Dixon & Herling, to conduct the investigation. She will be contacting students, alumni, and others who may have relevant information. Anyone wishing to contact Ms. Daly may do so confidentially at (866) 277-2881 or [email protected]. At the conclusion of the investigation, the results will be shared with the Yale community. Yale has also reported what it has learned thus far to the Yale Police Department and the New Haven Police Department, which will be in contact with law enforcement in St. Kitts. If the police conduct their own investigations, Yale will cooperate fully. \u201cSexual harassment and misconduct have no place at Yale,\u201d Salovey stated am deeply angered by what we have learned of Professor Redmond\u2019s behavior, and am committed to the investigation that will shine more light on it: a university dedicated to the pursuit of truth can ask no less of itself.\u201d Copyright 2025 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed Storm Team 8 \| Video Forecast > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 3/12 More Videos \u2018Large-scale fentanyl distributor\u2019 arrested in Stamford > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 4/12 Top Stories Iowa gives final approval to a bill removing gender \u2026 Senegal has signed a deal with separatist rebels. \u2026 No new bombshells in Justice Department\u2019s release \u2026 Congress votes to kill Biden-era methane fee on oil \u2026 Bill aims to make child care more affordable Drying out overnight. Bright, breezy and seasonable \u2026 Meriden man sentenced to 10 years for drug distribution Mark Davis recovering after emergency surgery > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 5/12 Refugee aid groups say Trump administration is trying \u2026 Judge finds mass firings of federal probationary \u2026 North Korea says it performed cruise missile tests, \u2026 What to know about the latest effort to end Turkey\u2019s \u2026 More Stories > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 6/12 Court approves $5M settlement with Stone Academy 9 hours ag Connecicut Families: Yale Peabody Museum explores \u2026 15 hours ago New Haven elementary school students learn to ride \u2026 1 day ag Ruling expected soon on proposed Stone Academy settlement 1 day ago Stunning images of faraway galaxies 4 months ag > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 7/12 More Videos New Haven-area Catholic parishes react to Pope Francis\u2019 \u2026 3 days ago News 8 Breaking News Alerts Enter Your Email WTNH.com Video > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 8/12 More Videos 1 2 colleges named most beautiful in the country 2 high school grad can\u2019t read or write. Who failed \u2026 3 Newington landlord arrested for turning water off 4 Rates of homelessness on the rise in 5 UConn prof. arrested for using funding on trips 6 Suspect arrested for New Haven hit-and-run 7 Mark Davis recovering after emergency surgery 8 Griswold man arrested in relation to 2024 crash > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 9/12 8 Current 44\u00b0 Fog Tonight 38\u00b0 Clouds Early/Clearing Late Precip: 6% Tomorrow 47\u00b0 Mostly Sunny Precip: 6 News 8 Daily News Enter Your Email Watch News 8 for chance to win $200 Big gift card Contests 2 days ago > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 10/12 News Weather Traffic Sports Report It! On-Air Television Schedule Public File (WTNH) Children\u2019s Report Public File (WCTX) Children\u2019s Report Public File Report Public File Contact Closed Captioning Contacts Jobs at News 8 Internships Get News App Stay Connected > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 11/12 Privacy Policy 11/18/2024 Terms Of Use Applications Public File Assistance Contact The Hill NewsNation BestReviews Content Licensing Nexstar Digital Journalistic Integrity Sitemap Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information \u00a9 1998 - 2025 Nexstar Media Inc. \| All Rights Reserved > Next > Next story in > Next story in 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Former Yale professor under investigation by university for sexual misconduct complaints 12/12", "8195_102.pdf": "HARTFORD, Conn Yale University psychiatry professor sexually assaulted five students at a research facility on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts and committed sexual misconduct against at least eight others, according to a former federal prosecutor\u2019s report released Tuesday. Commissioned by Yale, the report by former Connecticut U.S. Attorney Deirdre Daly investigated the conduct of Dr. D. Eugene Redmond, who retired last year from the Yale School of Medicine after 44 years, amid disciplinary proceedings. Redmond has denied the allegations. Messages seeking comment were left with Redmond and his lawyer Tuesday. No criminal charges have been filed. Daly concluded Redmond sexually assaulted two students in the early 1990s and three others between 2010 and 2017. She reported the assaults involved nonconsensual touching of male students, including when they were intoxicated. Redmond also allegedly conducted three medical exams of students in St. Kitts that included inappropriate genital and/or rectal exams, the report said. Daly further alleged Redmond committed sexual misconduct against at least eight other undergraduates, recent graduates and one high school student in St. Kitts, New Haven and other locations. The report said Yale officials failed to adequately respond to sexual misconduct complaints against Redmond first brought by students in 1994. Report: Yale professor sexually assaulted 5 students Updated 4:16 CST, August 20, 2019 Economic blackout Harsh flu season Live: Trump administration Gene Hackman found dead Trump tariffs 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Yale professor sexually assaulted 5 students News 1/5 \u201cWe found no evidence that any faculty, staff, or administrators at Yale had actual knowledge of Redmond\u2019s sexual misconduct before it was reported,\u201d the report said. \u201cNevertheless, it is equally clear that if Yale had implemented a longstanding monitoring program after the 1994 investigation, Redmond\u2019s ongoing misconduct might well have been detected and stopped.\u201d In a statement Tuesday, Yale President Peter Salovey called Redmond\u2019s alleged actions \u201creprehensible and antithetical to the educational mission of our university.\u201d \u201cThe behaviors in question violate every expectation we have of our faculty, and the trust our students, and society, place in educators,\u201d Salovey said. \u201cOn behalf of Yale am deeply sorry Redmond\u2019s behavior was not stopped once and for all after it was first reported.\u201d Salovey said Yale is taking a number of actions in response to the report, including adding oversight to university-related internships and overnight programs. He also said Yale\u2019s disciplinary process will be improved. The allegations arose out of a summer internship program that was run by Redmond at a research facility on St. Kitts, the school has said. Redmond agreed to end the internship program after the 1994 allegations, which could not be verified, Yale officials said earlier this year. Redmond subsequently revived that program and two more allegations surfaced, one of which led to disciplinary proceedings last year. The other was brought forward in January, the school said. Redmond\u2019s retirement came after he was found responsible of sexual harassment by Yale\u2019s University-Wide Committee on Sexual Misconduct. In January, Yale announced that it hired Finn Dixon & Herling, the Stamford law firm where Daly works, to investigate Redmond. 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Yale professor sexually assaulted 5 students News 2/5 Daly said the firm interviewed 110 witnesses, including 38 current and former students, most of whom were Yale undergraduates at the time of the alleged assaults and misconduct. Thirty-four Yale professors and administrators also were interviewed. Redmond declined the firm\u2019s request for an interview, Daly said. Redmond\u2019s lawyer said that in order to interview Redmond, the firm would need to disclose the names of the students who made that allegations as well as all the firm\u2019s documents relating to its interviews of the students \u2014 a request the firm denied, Daly said. \u201cWe found the students\u2019 accounts to be highly credible,\u201d the report said. \u201cThere were no eyewitnesses to the assaults ... but each incident is corroborated, at least in part, by written communications and interviews with family members, friends, or therapists to whom the students reported the incidents 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Yale professor sexually assaulted 5 students News 3/5 Michigan Democratic Gov. Whitmer makes direct appeal to young men after sharp shift in election Texas child who was not vaccinated has died of measles, a first for the in a decade The Trump administration sets the stage for large-scale federal worker layoffs in a new memo Michelle Trachtenberg, \u2018Buffy the Vampire Slayer\u2019 and \u2018Harriet the Spy\u2019 star, dies at 39 1 2 3 4 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Yale professor sexually assaulted 5 students News 4/5 Trump administration says it\u2019s cutting 90% of foreign aid contracts 5 2/27/25, 8:09 Report: Yale professor sexually assaulted 5 students News 5/5", "8195_103.pdf": "[raw num=\u201d1\u2033 align=\u201dstretch\u201d] [bylines Yale student endured serial sexual harassment during a summer internship. The perpetrator \u2014 a School of Medicine professor \u2014 retired quietly. Five months later, the University announced an investigation \u2014 but did Yale do enough? Editor\u2019s Note: This article contains sexually graphic descriptions of misconduct. The student who experienced the misconduct requested the pseudonym Blair to protect their privacy. On a chilly January evening, Blair received an unexpected call from their dean SAW: On this island, a Yale pro\u2010 fessor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? marekramilo March 5, 2019 Leave a comment Yale Daily News \u2014 Yale Daily News Features 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 1/18 The dean told Blair, a gender nonbinary Yale senior who uses they/them/their pronouns, that Yale had launched an independent investigation into sexual misconduct complaints against retired School of Medicine professor Eugene Redmond. Blair was shocked. Seven months earlier, the University-Wide Committee on Sexual Misconduct had found Redmond responsible for sexually harassing them. But Redmond had retired before the University imposed disciplinary sanctions. It had seemed like the University\u2019s hands were tied. Blair wondered: What had changed? Later that night, in a Jan. 28, 2019 statement announcing the investigation, Yale said it was responding to a new complaint against Redmond. The University made a striking admission: Yale had investigated Redmond before. In 1994, former interns alleged that Redmond had sexually harassed them at a research facility on the Caribbean island St. Kitts where he ran an internship program \u2014 the same facility where he harassed Blair in 2017. At that time, Redmond promised to end the program, which he did for a few years. But since at least 2011, he had reopened it to Yale undergraduates, seemingly without Yale\u2019s knowledge. [photo headline=\u201d\u201d description=\u201d\u201d caption=\u201dEugene Redmond\u201d credit=\u201dYaleNews\u201d src=\u201d content/uploads/2019/03/redmond_courtesy-of-yale-news2.jpg\u201d link=\u201d\u201d ALIGN=\u201dright\u201d ] For a university that rarely \u2014 if ever \u2014 acknowledges cases of misconduct committed by faculty members, Yale\u2019s announcement was unprecedented. It also seemed impressive: Yale hired a former U.S. district attorney as an outside investigator and named Redmond publicly. It looked like the University was doing the right thing am committed to the investigation that will shine more light on it: a university dedicated to the pursuit of truth can ask no less of itself,\u201d University President Peter Salovey said in Yale\u2019s statement. But a five-month investigation by the News exposes Yale\u2019s inability to effectively discipline faculty members found to have violated the University\u2019s sexual misconduct policy. When the found Redmond responsible for sexual harassment, it sent a report to the administrator with authority to sanction 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 2/18 faculty \u2014 Provost Ben Polak. After receiving the UWC\u2019s findings and all follow- up reports and responses \u2014 a normal part of the UWC\u2019s adjudication process \u2014 the provost usually makes a disciplinary decision \u201cwithin seven days,\u201d according to the UWC\u2019s website. Polak had all of the follow-up reports and responses he had requested by July 9, but he did not issue a decision within seven days. Thirty-eight days passed before Blair received an update from the UWC: Redmond had retired without Polak having issued a decision. Another five months passed before the University announced its independent investigation in January. In a signed letter to the News, Redmond categorically denied sexually harassing Blair. After Yale announced its investigation, he denied the allegations that motivated it in an email to the News, calling them \u201cslanderous and defamatory.\u201d Fearing the disciplinary and legal action outlined in the UWC\u2019s confidentiality policy, Blair decided not to publish any documentation from their hearing. The News corroborated their story with email exchanges between Blair and University officials, as well as with the accounts of another St. Kitts intern, professors and Redmond himself. The case against Redmond reveals an inability by the \u2014 a highly bureaucratic system, considered a model among Yale\u2019s peer institutions \u2014 to accommodate nuance in the cases it adjudicates. At nearly every stage, the University\u2019s response to Blair\u2019s experiences did not uphold its commitment to preventing and addressing cases of sexual misconduct. From the burden imposed on student complainants, particularly those who are nonbinary, to its stringent yet vague confidentiality policy, the UWC\u2019s process can leave survivors feeling powerless and silenced. And even when the rules in a complainant\u2019s favor, the University is not always able or willing to hold its faculty members accountable. Polak\u2019s delay in disciplining Redmond and the University\u2019s decision to launch an investigation months after Redmond\u2019s retirement raise the question: Can Yale protect its students saw what saw\u201d 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 3/18 During the spring of their sophomore year, Blair, a biology major, began searching for internship opportunities for the upcoming summer. They found Redmond\u2019s internship program listed on Yale Career Link \u2014 an online job portal run by Yale\u2019s Office of Career Strategy \u2014 and decided to apply. In March, Redmond interviewed Blair in Morse College, where he served as an adviser for at least 20 years. Eager to build a relationship with their new mentor, Blair invited Redmond to a performance by their spoken word group, which he attended. Two days after the performance, Redmond told Blair over dinner that they would have to share a room with two beds over the summer. Blair found the idea of sharing a room with a professor \u201ca little weird,\u201d but ultimately agreed. There didn\u2019t seem to be other options. Despite the sleeping arrangements, Blair was thrilled by the opportunity to conduct research with Redmond, an esteemed scientist and pioneer of stem cell treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease. In the weeks after their dinner, Blair and Redmond emailed back and forth planning a joint research paper, which Blair knew would stand out on future medical school applications. The night of June 11, 2017, Blair and two female interns \u2014 also Yale undergraduates \u2014 flew into St. Kitts and drove to Redmond\u2019s research facility, roughly a mile from the coastline. The humid Caribbean air hit them as they walked to the main house with their suitcases, ready to sleep after a long day traveling. [photo headline=\u201d\u201d description=\u201d\u201d caption=\u201dRailroad tracks on St. Kitts.\u201d credit=\u201dCourtesy of Blair\u201d src=\u201d content/uploads/2019/03/20170615_1746300-e1551841351980.jpg\u201d link=\u201d\u201d ALIGN=\u201dright\u201d ] After saying goodnight to the other interns, Redmond and Blair retired to their shared room. Without warning, Redmond undressed, Blair said, and stood completely naked in front of them. Blair told the News that Redmond then put on loose boxers and got into his bed, which was situated just a few feet from Blair\u2019s own. 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 4/18 According to both Redmond and Blair, the professor also offered to apply lotion or aloe onto their back regularly that summer offered to put sunscreen or lotion on the student\u2019s back before going out into sun or at night. In the tropics, unprotected sun exposure can be dangerous,\u201d Redmond wrote in his letter to the News. Every morning, Blair woke with the other interns and walked across the facility grounds \u2014 past Dobermans that roamed the campus and cages of monkeys \u2014 to conduct their research. When their workday ended, the students often biked around the island or explored the nearby beach. Night after night, Blair and Redmond retired to their shared room. On one of those nights, Blair encountered the professor \u201cholding his penis with his hand and moving his hand up and down,\u201d they told the News few days later, Blair saw Redmond masturbating in the bedroom for a second time. \u201cYou can\u2019t do this again,\u201d Blair told him that night before leaving the room. Blair recalled confronting the professor the next day. In response, Redmond denied masturbating saw what saw,\u201d Blair told Redmond. \u201cIt\u2019s one of life\u2019s little pleasures,\u201d he responded. In his letter to the News, Redmond denied \u201cany occurrence of masturbation (or any explicit sexual behavior) in the presence of this student on any occasion in any place.\u201d When asked about this alleged conversation with Blair, Redmond\u2019s attorney did not address it directly but denied any misconduct. One of the female interns living with Blair and Redmond \u2014 who requested anonymity because she did not want to be associated with the case \u2014 told the 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 5/18 News that Blair confided in her about the second alleged masturbation incident that same night day after the confrontation, Redmond asked to speak with Blair alone after work, according to Blair, and inquired about their sexual fantasies. When Blair responded that they felt uncomfortable discussing such topics, Redmond asked whether they masturbate. Blair said \u201cnot often,\u201d hoping to end the conversation. But the conversation did not stop there. According to Blair, Redmond responded, \u201cAs someone who cares about you am going to prescribe an orgasm a day.\u201d From that day until the end of the summer he continued to ask Blair whether they were following his \u201cprescription.\u201d In his letter to the News, Redmond defended all of his interactions with Blair during the internship, insisting that conversations about \u201cgender and life experience [\u2026] were intended to be supportive and always guided by what the student brought up and seemed comfortable discussing.\u201d During the hearing, Redmond confirmed that he said that Blair \u201cshould have more sex,\u201d according to Blair. In addition, Redmond acknowledged that he had engaged in multiple conversations about Blair\u2019s sexual fantasies, sexuality and sexual history, according to Blair. Blair added that during the hearing, Redmond also admitted to talking about masturbation and sexual fantasies with previous interns. Halfway into the internship, Blair missed a day of work after experiencing \u201cterrifying\u201d stomach pain and constipation for several days. When Redmond entered the shared bedroom to check on Blair, he asked them to describe their medical condition, Blair recalled. \u201cWhy don\u2019t do a rectal exam on you?\u201d Blair remembered Redmond asking. \u201cI\u2019d rather not,\u201d Blair responded. 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 6/18 While Blair was reluctant to allow the rectal exam, they felt coerced to agree after Redmond insisted that it would be medically prudent to do so. Until that moment, Blair had never had a penetrative rectal examination. \u201cHe feigned giving me a medical exam didn\u2019t need, and sexually assaulted me,\u201d Blair told the News. Redmond told the News that he conducted the rectal exam to test for appendicitis. Redmond added that the student \u201ccooperated fully\u201d after he explained the need for a rectal exam. The medical decision was \u201cmade for \u2018watchful waiting,\u2019\u201d Redmond wrote in his letter. At the hearing, according to Blair, Redmond told the panel that before he administered the exam, Blair did not show symptoms of appendicitis, and that he had not been involved in diagnosing appendicitis in over 30 years. According to Blair, the panel ultimately confirmed what they already knew: The rectal exam was coercive. In his letter to the News, Redmond said that the rectal exam \u201cdid not reveal any signs of appendicitis.\u201d After the exam, Redmond gave Blair a laxative, and the student recovered fully do want to emphasize that even the behaviors that Dr. Redmond does admit to in his account \u2014 giving me a rectal exam, telling me to have more sex, offering me massages \u2014 are not behaviors that should exist in a student/professor relationship,\u201d Blair wrote in their opening statement for the hearing. \u201cAs faculty members at this university who interact with students respectfully ask that you consider whether you would behave with a student you were mentoring and supervising in this way.\u201d Even as Redmond engaged in repeated sexual behaviors, Blair increasingly felt beholden to him, particularly as a low-income student. When two other interns attended a concert on the island that Blair could not afford, Redmond offered to pay for it and future excursions, provided Blair kept it a secret. \u201cThat created this coercive environment where felt very thankful to him and wanted to be extra nice to him because he was paying for things for me, and felt 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 7/18 very uncomfortable about it,\u201d Blair said felt like owed him something.\u201d Redmond did not see these subsidies as problems. In his letter to the News, he wrote that, \u201cIt is odd that this generosity was interpreted by the Yale Committee as \u2018harassment.\u2019\u201d Blair wasn\u2019t the only intern uncomfortable with the power dynamics on St. Kitts. \u201cHe took us everywhere,\u201d one of the female interns told the News. \u201cWe were pretty much subject to his entire will throughout the summer.\u201d Redmond controlled all of the internship funding \u2014 including money for stipends, groceries and travel. Interns also depended on the professor to drive them around the island. Adding to Blair\u2019s discomfort, they said Redmond disregarded their gender identity on several occasions. Blair told Redmond their preferred pronouns when the two first reached St. Kitts in June. At the time, Redmond told Blair that they should not use they/them/their pronouns on the island since, \u201cnot everyone will understand.\u201d Blair added that Redmond said he did not believe in transgender identities. In his letter to the News, Redmond claimed that Blair had never indicated that \u201cnon-traditional pronouns (THEY, THEM, THEIR) were preferred.\u201d But in an earlier paragraph in the same letter, Redmond said that over the course of the internship, he had several conversations with Blair about gender guess he perceived me as a gay male, which is another way that a lot of people perceive me,\u201d Blair told the News. \u201cBut simultaneously, in this process of feeling violated felt like was being [romantically] pursued \u2026 for someone wasn\u2019t, someone he thought of me as that wasn\u2019t even the real version of me.\u201d \u201cHe could literally ruin my life\u201d After 64 days on the island, on Aug. 14, 2017, Blair returned to the U.S. \u201cThe moment stepped foot in Florida for the layover just cried my eyes out,\u201d Blair said. 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 8/18 Blair returned to Yale that fall to start their junior year. Though Blair had left St. Kitts behind, nightmares from the island persisted. They would lie awake, unable to sleep, as disturbing moments from the summer \u201ckept playing over and over again\u201d in their head. About two weeks after leaving the island, Blair decided to abandon their nearly finished research paper with Redmond \u2014 they wanted to cut ties with him completely. Soon after, Blair sought help processing the summer\u2019s trauma at Yale\u2019s Sexual Harassment and Assault Response & Education Center and confided in School of Medicine professor Joanna Radin, Blair\u2019s former professor and a trusted adviser. In Radin\u2019s office, Blair broke down as their story \u201cjust sort of spilled out.\u201d As a mandatory reporter, Radin notified the University Title coordinator of Blair\u2019s experience without naming them. Radin\u2019s response made Blair feel reaffirmed. Blair considered taking the next step \u2014 filing a formal complaint, which would launch an investigation into their allegation against Redmond. The decision kept them up at night. If Redmond \u2014 a powerful researcher \u2014 decided to retaliate, \u201che could literally ruin my life,\u201d Blair explained. They worried that if the were to rule against them, Redmond would undermine their chances of getting into medical school. Blair also feared they would repeatedly have to explain their gender identity, as they had done on the island with Redmond. They did not want to relive that discomfort. [photo headline=\u201d\u201d description=\u201d\u201d caption=\u201dYale School of Medicine\u201d credit=\u201dMarisa Peryer\u201d src=\u201d content/uploads/2019/03/indef-Marissa_Peryer-Contrib-3.jpg\u201d link=\u201d\u201d ALIGN=\u201dright always felt like was wrong,\u201d Blair said always felt hadn\u2019t experienced what had. \u2026 It took me so long to realize that even though felt so violated, it was valid. Because [Redmond] did a really great job the whole time of gaslighting me. Every time confronted him, he pretended it hadn\u2019t happened or it was coincidental.\u201d 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 9/18 After months of indecision, Blair filed a formal complaint on March 9, 2018. Later in March, the appointed an impartial fact-finder who began investigating their complaint. While Blair was determined to hold Redmond accountable, their daily routine was overwhelmed by the process of submitting statements, retelling their story to the fact-finder and waiting for hearings. Their hearing was postponed to take place after Blair had finished their final exams, but the proceedings loomed over them that semester. On May 15, 2018, the five-person panel held its hearing on Blair\u2019s complaint. \u201cThis is not something would have put myself through if did not feel morally compelled to do so,\u201d Blair said in their opening statement do not want this man to hurt anyone else the way he hurt me.\u201d Blair told the News that University officials seemed to not understand their gender identity. Blair recalled that, at the start of the seven-hour hearing, a panel member advised them to \u201cdo [their] best to not be offended\u201d if anyone misgendered them during the hearing. According to Blair panelists used their pronouns properly at the beginning of the hearing. But after Redmond\u2019s testimony \u2014 in which he described Blair using he/him/his pronouns \u2014 panelists started using incorrect, male pronouns as well, Blair said. Mark Solomon, the current chair and the panel chair for Redmond\u2019s case, declined to comment on specific cases and the alleged misuse of pronouns. Then chair and panelist David Post referred questions to Yale\u2019s Office of Public Affairs & Communication. The other three panel members at Redmond\u2019s hearing did not respond to requests for comment. Conroy, the University spokesman, first told the News on Dec. 1 that Yale does not \u201cconfirm or discuss complaints.\u201d After the University announced the independent investigation in January, Conroy said the investigator will \u201cexamine all issues regarding the complaints\u201d against Redmond. 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 10/18 Despite the exhausting process, Blair left the hearing feeling encouraged. \u201cThe panel was clearly in my favor, and they were shocked by the stuff was saying and Redmond was saying,\u201d Blair recalled. \u201cThat felt great because they believed me. And it was reaffirming. And felt good about it.\u201d About three weeks later, on June 4, 2018, the affirmed Blair\u2019s account. Redmond had violated Yale\u2019s sexual misconduct policy in the form of sexual harassment. Banned from Yale Polak, the University official who was to make the final decision about the case, received the panel\u2019s report on June 4 panel reports typically include a recommendation for an appropriate disciplinary sanction, according to the UWC\u2019s website. However, the report sent to Polak did not mention any recommendation for what Redmond\u2019s punishment should be, according to Blair, who also received a copy. After receiving the UWC\u2019s report, Polak requested a follow-up with more information about the rectal exam Redmond had performed on Blair. Both Blair and Redmond were given an opportunity to submit a response to the supplemental report. In an interview with the News, Conroy reiterated that the decision-maker may request further information before issuing a decision, as \u201cnew facts may emerge.\u201d On July 1 Secretary Anita Sharif-Hyder notified Blair that Redmond had requested an extension to submit his response \u201cdue to his travel schedule.\u201d Both parties\u2019 deadlines to submit responses were extended. By July 9, Polak had received all of the additional information he had requested. According to the UWC\u2019s website, a decision-maker \u201cwill render his or her decision in writing within seven days\u201d after receiving all reports and responses from the parties. But the did not notify Blair of the case\u2019s outcome until Aug. 16 \u2014 38 days later. That day, Blair finally received the email they had been anticipating all summer. 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 11/18 The email informed them that Polak had accepted the panel\u2019s conclusions, according to Blair. But Blair read on: Before the Provost issued a decision, Redmond had retired. No disciplinary action had been taken. Polak referred requests for comment on the extensions and retirement to Conroy, who reiterated that faculty members may retire from Yale at any time. Once a faculty member retires from Yale, the University can no longer impose disciplinary sanctions, such as counseling or suspension. \u201cIt seems that the reporting process was structured in such a way where the Provost allowed him to retire and that should not be the case,\u201d Blair told the News. \u201cNo one person should have that sort of power.\u201d Following his retirement, the University banned Redmond from campus and prohibited him from contacting Yale undergraduate and graduate students, residents, postdoctoral fellows and research associates, according to Blair\u2019s recount of the Aug. 16 email. Yale also banned the St. Kitts facility from recruiting Yale students as long as Redmond is affiliated with the program. Redmond was denied the privileges of most retired faculty members, such as emeritus status and University sponsorship for grant proposals, according to Conroy. But while Blair was left in the dark on Redmond\u2019s fate, five of his undergraduate advisees in Morse College were notified on July 27 that he intended to retire \u2014 20 days before Blair heard the news \u2014 according to an email sent to Abhishek Srinivas \u201921, one of the former advisees. \u201cProfessor Redmond chose to retire after he was informed of the planned punishment that would be implemented by University leadership,\u201d Conroy told the News on Jan. 29. \u201cIn addition, Yale cannot prevent faculty members from retiring if they are contractually entitled to do so.\u201d Conroy declined to comment on what Redmond\u2019s punishment would have been had he not retired. [photo headline=\u201d\u201d description=\u201d\u201d caption=\u201dRedmond\u2019s former lab\u201d credit=\u201dMarisa Peryer\u201d src=\u201d 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 12/18 content/uploads/2019/03/redmond_marisa-peryer4.jpg\u201d link=\u201d\u201d ALIGN=\u201dright\u201d ] In his letter to the News, Redmond confirmed that he retired last summer, but claimed that he was denied \u201cbasic due process rights in this matter.\u201d He did not respond to multiple requests for elaboration. On March 2, Ethan Levin-Epstein, a partner at a law firm advocating for workplace fairness, emailed the News on behalf of Redmond. \u201cDr. Redmond continues to deny that he engaged in misconduct and continues to strongly disagree with the Panel\u2019s decision and the unfair process by which it was reached,\u201d Levin-Epstein wrote in his email to the News. \u201cYale has made me a victim\u201d In an interview with the News on Jan. 29, Conroy insisted that the University imposed \u201csevere restrictions\u201d on Redmond after his retirement. Redmond is barred from engaging in Yale-related activities, according to a Dec. 3, 2018 email Conroy sent to the News. When asked if Redmond still receives retirement benefits, Conroy directed the News to a University website and read the policy aloud: \u201cAll faculty who retire are eligible to receive a subsidy for part of their health insurance.\u201d Despite the \u201csevere restrictions,\u201d the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine published a paper for which Redmond is the senior author in September 2018 \u2014 roughly one month after his retirement and subsequent ban from engaging in Yale-related activities. Just last month, Redmond submitted a paper to the journal Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications with his former colleagues in the School of Medicine\u2019s Department of Psychiatry. This is not the first sexual misconduct case that the School of Medicine has grappled with in recent years. The medical school drew scrutiny last summer for honoring cardiologist Michael Simons \u201984 \u2014 whom the found responsible for sexual harassment in 2013 \u2014 with an endowed professorship. In November, the News reported on two additional cases of sexual misconduct that the medical school mishandled. 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 13/18 In a Jan. 30 statement to the News, School of Medicine Dean Robert Alpern said that the school is \u201ccommitted to creating a culture of respect and inclusion, where sexual misconduct has no place.\u201d Redmond emphasized in his letter to the News that he sees himself as a \u201cvictim\u201d of Yale\u2019s adjudicatory processes. \u201cYale and/or its official process has made me a victim and brought great personal damage to me,\u201d Redmond wrote in his letter. According to Blair, St. Kitts staff decided to put the Yale internship program on hold after speaking with Blair in December 2017. Staff members did not respond to requests for comment. Still, Redmond said he hopes to continue searching for a treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease. [photo headline=\u201d\u201d description=\u201d\u201d caption=\u201dThe last paragraph of Eugene Redmond\u2019s signed letter to the News. \u201d credit=\u201d\u201d src=\u201d content/uploads/2019/03/redmond_marisa-peryer5.jpg\u201d link=\u201d\u201d ALIGN=\u201dright re-examination of Yale\u2019s approach\u201d Although the University claims that the UWC\u2019s confidentiality policy protects participants, Blair found that it did the opposite. When they wanted to speak, they couldn\u2019t, fearing University retaliation. And when they were resigned to remain silent, the University\u2019s investigation placed an unwanted spotlight on their case documents are confidential, and the University may take disciplinary action against any person who shares those documents. The confidentiality policy is designed to \u201cencourage parties and witnesses to participate in 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 14/18 proceedings and share all the pertinent information they have to offer,\u201d according to the UWC\u2019s website. All Yale community members are \u201cexpected\u201d to maintain the confidentiality of proceedings, according to policy. Blair does not remember signing an agreement committing to confidentiality, but since their case ended last August, they have felt silenced by the same confidentiality policy meant to preserve the integrity of the process. Blair feared they would be disciplined by Yale\u2019s Executive Committee if they made public documents from their case via the News, even though those documents would corroborate their account of events. Instead, Yale\u2019s independent investigation has inadvertently brought Blair\u2019s experience at St. Kitts into the public eye. Since the announcement, several acquaintances \u2014 including those with no knowledge of the complaint \u2014 have asked Blair about their experience on St. Kitts and connection to Redmond friend currently working on St. Kitts told Blair that the research facility is buzzing with speculation and gossip about Redmond feel that my privacy has been invaded after the investigation of Dr. Redmond went public,\u201d Blair told the News. \u201cIf things are going to be confidential, they have to be either fully or not.\u201d Initially, in November, administrators in Yale\u2019s Title Office, Office of the Provost and the School of Medicine all declined or did not respond to requests for comment on Redmond\u2019s retirement and on Polak\u2019s delay to issue disciplinary action. These administrators only issued public statements after Yale announced the independent investigation two months later. Conroy declined to comment on whether the University can take action if the independent investigation finds additional survivors, as Redmond is already retired and banned from Yale. According to Yale\u2019s statement, Salovey ordered the independent investigation \u2014 which is being conducted by former U.S. Attorney Deirdre Daly \u2014 after receiving another formal complaint against Redmond in 2019. \u201cWe must learn whether there are additional survivors who wish to come forward, and we need to understand the facts relating to the internship 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 15/18 program,\u201d Salovey wrote in the Jan. 28 statement. But this is not the first time Yale has launched an investigation into sexual misconduct allegations against Redmond. According to the University\u2019s statement, former St. Kitts interns brought sexual misconduct complaints against Redmond to Yale\u2019s attention in 1994. Yale\u2019s investigation that year was \u201cunable to verify those earlier allegations,\u201d according to the statement, but Redmond told Yale that he would end the internship program. Yale did not hold him to that commitment. Since the 1994 investigation, Redmond has recruited numerous Yale students, including Blair and at least six other undergraduates, to conduct research with him on St. Kitts. Amid the new investigation, Conroy said that he could not share who investigated the complaints against Redmond in 1994, at which time the had not yet been formed. He also declined to comment on whether the University followed up with Redmond on his promise to stop taking interns from Yale, or whether Yale ever reported Redmond to the Connecticut Medical Examining Board after he was found responsible for sexual harassment. Yale has reported the information it has to the Yale Police Department and the New Haven Police Department, \u201cwhich will be in contact with law enforcement in St. Kitts,\u201d according to the Jan. 28 statement. The University will cooperate fully if those departments conduct their own investigations, according to Conroy. Radin \u2014 the professor whom Blair confided in \u2014 wrote in an email to the News that she was \u201cdeeply dismayed to learn from the YDN\u201d that Yale had knowledge about Redmond\u2019s alleged misconduct dating back to 1994. \u201cThat Redmond was able [to] retire after a long career [at] Yale even as his behavior may have derailed the careers of young scholars is cause for serious concern,\u201d Radin wrote. \u201cThe courage and leadership of students like [Blair] should be recognized as such and prompt a re-examination of Yale\u2019s approach to dealing with sexual misconduct.\u201d Now, a year after they filed their complaint against Redmond, Blair feels resigned to the situation. When they first reported their case to the UWC, Blair 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 16/18 did not know that other interns had reported similar experiences with Redmond in the past. While Blair is hopeful that the independent investigation will have a positive outcome, they feel overwhelmed and frustrated that the University did not launch an investigation into Redmond\u2019s conduct earlier continually feel like the University did not take my case necessarily as seriously as had wished,\u201d Blair said think it is now taking it seriously, but really wish that this had all happened before [Redmond] had been allowed to retire.\u201d Leave a comment Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Comment Name * Email * Website 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 17/18 Yale Daily News, Proudly powered by WordPress. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time comment. Post Comment 2/27/25, 8:09 SAW: On this island, a Yale professor sexually harassed a Yale student. Did the University do enough? - Yale Daily \u2026 18/18", "8195_104.pdf": "An investigation found that a Yale professor lured dozens of students to a Caribbean island and sexually assaulted 5 of them Kelly McLaughlin Aug 22, 2019, 10:27 Xavier ROSSI/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images Dr. D. Eugene Redmond Jr., a psychiatry professor, retired from Yale in 2018 after a University-Wide Committee on Sexual Misconduct concluded he sexually harassed a student 54-page independent investigation commissioned by Yale and published on Tuesday found that Redmond sexually assaulted five students at a research facility in St. Kitts in the Caribbean. The investigation found Redmond engaged in sexual misconduct with at least eight other undergraduates and one high school student over a period of 25 years. Yale President Peter Salovey ordered the investigation in January, and 110 witnesses, including 38 current and former students, most of whom were Yale undergrads, where interviewed as part of the probe. 2/27/25, 8:10 Investigation: Yale Prof Eugene Redmond Sexually Assaulted 5 Students - Business Insider 1/5 six-month investigation into a Yale Medical School professor found that he lured students down to a research facility in the Caribbean for decades, and sexually assaulted five of them. Dr. D. Eugene Redmond Jr., a psychiatry professor, retired from Yale in 2018, after a University-Wide Committee on Sexual Misconduct concluded he sexually harassing a student. He is still awaiting disciplinary action, but an independent investigation into his conduct was launched in January. The 54-page independent investigation commissioned by Yale and published on Tuesday \u2014 first reported on by The Yale Daily News and The New Haven Register \u2014 found that Redmond sexually assaulted five students at a research facility in St. Kitts and engaged in sexual misconduct with at least eight other undergraduates and one high school student over a period of 25 years. \"Each of these incidents occurred in a bedroom that Redmond required each student to share with him and after each of the students had been drinking with Redmond,\" former Attorney Deirdre Daly wrote in a summary of the investigation. \"We have also determined that Redmond conducted, in St. Kitts, three purported medical exams of students that included inappropriate genital and/or rectal exams.\" Redmond had been a member of Yale's faculty since 1974. According to the investigation, he claimed to have shut down his internship program Redmond has not been criminally charged, and he has denied the allegations of sexual assault. Visit Insider's homepage for more stories. 2/27/25, 8:10 Investigation: Yale Prof Eugene Redmond Sexually Assaulted 5 Students - Business Insider 2/5 in 1994, after three students complained of sexual misconduct and harassment, but he re-opened the program in 2001. \"Redmond carefully selected the interns he abused and harassed,\" the report said. \"He often isolated them from their peers and flattered them, supported them financially, offered assistance for admittance to medical school, expressed deep affection, discussed intimate sexual matters, and sought time alone with them.\" Yale University. Reuters / Michelle McLoughlin Read more woman says she didn't realize an influential bishop sexually abused her for 20 years \u2014 until he called her 6-year-old daughter 'sexy' Yale President Peter Salovey ordered the investigation into Redmond in January, and 110 witnesses, including 38 current and former students, 2/27/25, 8:10 Investigation: Yale Prof Eugene Redmond Sexually Assaulted 5 Students - Business Insider 3/5 most of whom were Yale undergrads, where interviewed as part of the probe. Daly said in his report on the investigation that the accounts of assault were \"highly credible,\" and those who were interviewed were \"candid and straightforward.\" Each allegation was corroborated by \"family members, friends, or therapists to whom the students reported the incidents,\" the document said. New Haven and St. Kitts police have been notified of the investigation's findings, according to a press release from Yale. Redmond has not been criminally charged and declined to be interviewed by the university. The report said he has \"generally denied any complaints of sexual misconduct.\" Salovey said in a statement on Tuesday that he was \"deeply sorry Redmond's behavior was not stopped once and for all when it was first reported am grateful to the survivors who bravely came forward to report the assault and misconduct to which they were subjected,\" he said. \"The behaviors in question violate every expectation we have of our faculty and the trust our students, and society, place in educators.\" Yale said in its statement that the university has \"implemented new protocols for the maintenance and review of faculty disciplinary records so that relevant administrators can easily access a complete picture of any prior misconduct.\" If you are a survivor of sexual assault, you can call the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 800.656 (4673) or visit 2/27/25, 8:10 Investigation: Yale Prof Eugene Redmond Sexually Assaulted 5 Students - Business Insider 4/5 hotline.rainn.org/online and receive confidential support. Read more lawyer for R. Kelly called his alleged victims 'disgruntled groupies' in a court filing couple who ran a religious conversion therapy program have been charged with trafficking underage boys Source: Jeffrey Epstein ordered 3 couples in his entourage to get married Jeffrey Epstein was accused of sex trafficking young girls on his mysterious private island. Over 40 years ago, a different millionaire escaped justice in a stunningly similar case. 2/27/25, 8:10 Investigation: Yale Prof Eugene Redmond Sexually Assaulted 5 Students - Business Insider 5/5", "8195_105.pdf": "Campus & Community Sexual misconduct complaints to be subject of investigation President Peter Salovey has ordered an independent investigation of complaints of sexual misconduct against former professor of psychiatry Eugene Redmond. Jan 28, 2019 President Peter Salovey has ordered an independent investigation of complaints of sexual misconduct against former professor of psychiatry Eugene Redmond. Professor Redmond, who conducted laboratory research and did not see patients, retired from Yale in July 2018 with disciplinary proceedings pending against him. He is banned from the Yale campus and denied the privileges of a retired faculty member. The sexual misconduct complaints arose in the context of a research facility that Redmond ran on the island of St. Kitts. The facility offered summer research internships to students from Yale and other institutions. Last summer, the university conducted disciplinary proceedings against Redmond in connection with a recent allegation of misconduct. In the course of investigating that allegation, it emerged that additional sexual misconduct complaints had been brought 3 min read YaleNews Read Yale President Maurie McInnis\u2019s message about the 2/27/25, 8:10 Sexual misconduct complaints to be subject of investigation \| Yale News 1/4 against Redmond in 1994 by interns who worked on St. Kitts Yale investigation in 1994 had been unable to verify those earlier allegations, but Redmond confirmed that he would end the internship program. At some point in the last several years, however, Redmond again began inviting interns to St. Kitts for the summer, and two individuals who as students participated in the revived internship program have brought forward complaints: one of these led to the 2018 disciplinary proceeding, and another complaint was brought forward in 2019. Salovey said have ordered a comprehensive and independent investigation of possible additional misconduct by Redmond, based on the information that came to our attention during the disciplinary process and subsequently in recent weeks. We must learn whether there are additional survivors who wish to come forward, and we need to understand the facts relating to the internship program.\u201d Yale has engaged former U.S. Attorney Deirdre Daly, an attorney at Finn Dixon & Herling, to conduct the investigation. She will be contacting students, alumni, and others who may have relevant information. Anyone wishing to contact Ms. Daly may do so confidentially at (866) 277-2881 or [email protected]. At the conclusion of the investigation, the results will be shared with the Yale community. Yale has also reported what it has learned thus far to the Yale Police Department and the New Haven Police Department, which will be in contact with law enforcement in St. Kitts. If the police conduct their own investigations, Yale will cooperate fully. \u201cSexual harassment and misconduct have no place at Yale,\u201d Salovey stated am deeply angered by what we have learned of Professor Redmond\u2019s behavior, and am committed to the investigation that will shine more light on it: a university dedicated to the pursuit of truth can ask no less of itself.\u201d Media Contact Office of Public Affairs & Communications [email protected] 2/27/25, 8:10 Sexual misconduct complaints to be subject of investigation \| Yale News 2/4 Campus & Community Bundy to retire as dean of David Geffen School of Drama at Yale Feb 27, 2025 Frequencies of faith: On community and spiritual formation Feb 26, 2025 203-432-1345 Topics Campus & Community 5 min read From Divinity School 2/27/25, 8:10 Sexual misconduct complaints to be subject of investigation \| Yale News 3/4 Men\u2019s Basketball clinches outright Ivy League regular season title, completes perfect home record Feb 24, 2025 Yale Alumni service members spotlight Eli Medal of Honor recipients Feb 20, 2025 From Yale Athletics From Yale Alumni Association 2/27/25, 8:10 Sexual misconduct complaints to be subject of investigation \| Yale News 4/4"}
7,761	Jeffrey Bewley	University of Kentucky	[ "7761_101.pdf", "7761_102.pdf", "7761_103.pdf" ]	{"7761_101.pdf": "Kentucky Kernel \u2022 November 21, 2017 \u2022 after-sexual-misconduct-allegations-brought-against-him professor resigns after sexual misconduct allegations brought against him Bailey Vandiver agriculture professor resigned on Nov. 8 amid an ongoing investigation into inappropriate relationships he allegedly had with two students. Jeffrey Bewley was hired as an extension faculty member in dairy systems in 2007. An investigation began on Nov. 2, 2017 after a complaint was filed, according to documents and emails obtained via an open records request submitted by the Kernel. On Nov. 2, UK\u2019s interim Title Director Martha L. Alexander notified Jeffrey Bewley that the Office of Institutional Equity and Equal Opportunity had received notice that Bewley \u201cmay have violated the University\u2019s policies relating to discrimination, harassment or sexual misconduct,\u201d her email read. The individual who reported him said that she and Bewley engaged in a sexual relationship, which was not reported to the chair of Bewley\u2019s department or the dean of the college, according to Alexander\u2019s email. Furthermore, the reporting individual said Bewley continued contacting her after he had been asked to stop. Alexander and Bewley met on the afternoon of Nov. 2. During the meeting, Bewley admitted to the relationship with the reporting student, as well as a prior sexual relationship with a different student, which was also not appropriately reported. \u201cAs you are aware, being in a personal relationship with someone whose work you evaluate without disclosure of that relationship to the Chair or Dean constitutes a violation of Governing Regulation (B)(6),\u201d Alexander wrote in an email to Bewley. Shortly after the meeting, Bewley notified Alexander, Department of Animal and Food Sciences Chair Richard Coffey and College of Agriculture Dean Nancy Cox that he was resigning, effective immediately. Bewley wrote to Alexander that his resignation would be in the best interest of everyone involved. Jeffrey Bewley, who had been a dairy professor in the College of Agriculture since 2007, recently resigned amid an investigation into his alleged inappropriate relations with students. \u201cAlthough don\u2019t agree with all of the allegations and did not indicate any conditions, then need to let her move on personally and professionally without impeding her progress or life,\u201d Bewley wrote. He wrote that he would like to minimize additional stress on the student, the administration, and \u201cthose who will be negatively impacted by my departure.\u201d \u201cThis is a sad, difficult day for me,\u201d he wrote in his resignation letter to Coffey. Because he resigned and is no longer a employee, the investigation has been suspended. Alexander notified him that the investigation would be reopened should he return to in any capacity. According to Bewley\u2019s employee separation sheet, he voluntarily quit without notice and will not be eligible for rehire. In an email to Alexander, Bewley questioned what he can and can\u2019t say when applying for future jobs spokesperson Jay Blanton said that if another university contacts about Bewley will confirm his employment and that he resigned. \u201cFurther, we will say that at the time of his resignation there was an ongoing investigation regarding the potential violation of our policies relative to sexual misconduct,\u201d Blanton said. Blanton said it is important to note that the investigation ceased because of his resignation, and that no longer has any authority to discipline him or compel him to testify or provide information. \u201cIt\u2019s also important to note the timeline here: Shortly after he was informed about the complaint\u2014and admitted that he had not told his supervisor about a student in violation of university policy\u2014he resigned,\u201d Blanton said. Blanton said takes allegations like this very seriously and thoroughly investigates them. \u201cWe believe strongly that this must be a community where everyone feels a sense of safety and belonging,\u201d he said. \u201cOur commitment to investigating allegations of wrongdoing when they happen is a critical part of creating that kind of community.\u201d Blanton said it is also important to the university that both the person bringing the complaint and the accused person receive the rights of due process in these situations. No information that could potentially identify the reporting student can be provided because of federal privacy laws.", "7761_102.pdf": "professor resigns amid investigation into alleged improper relationships with students By Linda Blackford Updated November 21, 2017 5:26 University of Kentucky professor has resigned in the midst of an investigation of alleged inappropriate relationships with two students. Jeffrey Bewley, a dairy professor in the College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, resigned earlier this month amid an investigation into alleged improper relationships with two students. University of Kentucky Only have a minute? Listen instead 1.0x Powered by Trinity Audio 00:00 05:14 10 10 $1.99 1 Gain unlimited access to our exclusive stories Log In \| Subscribe 3/1/25, 8:34 professor resigns amid investigation of alleged improper relationships with students \| Lexington Herald Leader 1/5 Jeffrey Bewley was hired in 2007 as an extension professor in the department of animal and food science, with expertise in dairy science. According to documents obtained under the state open records law, Bewley stepped down Nov. 8, a week after he met with officials from the Office of Institutional Equity and Equal Opportunity to announce an investigation into potential policy violations. According to a Nov. 3 letter from Martha Alexander, UK\u2019s interim Title director, her office received a report that Bewley had \u201cengaged in a sexual relationship with a student and did not report that relationship to the chair of your department or to the dean of your college,\u201d the letter said. \u201cWe additionally received allegations that you persistently contacted the reporting individual after being asked to stop.\u201d The described behavior, Alexander said, could constitute sexual harassment, sexual assault or stalking. The letter says Bewley admitted to the relationship. \u201cYou also admitted you had engaged in a sexual relationship with a different student prior to the relationship we were discussing and did not disclose that relationship as required either,\u201d Alexander wrote. \u201cAs you are aware, being in a personal relationship with someone whose work you evaluate without disclosure of that relationship to the chair or dean constitutes a violation of the governing regulation XIV.\u201d None of the documents says whether the students were graduates or undergraduates. Relationships between professors and students are not explicitly forbidden at UK, but they are required to be disclosed to appropriate supervisors. Just after Bewley met with Alexander on Nov. 2, he sent her an email saying he would resign. 3/1/25, 8:34 professor resigns amid investigation of alleged improper relationships with students \| Lexington Herald Leader 2/5 \u201cAlthough don\u2019t agree with all the allegations and did not indicate any conditions, then need to let her move on personally and professionally without me impeding her progress or life,\u201d he wrote call to Bewley\u2019s home in Lexington was not returned. Alexander said that because of Bewley\u2019s resignation, the investigation would not continue, but if he returned to UK, it would be picked up. At another point in the email chain, Bewley asked what he could say or not say in applying for a new job spokesman Jay Blanton said that if another institution contacts the university about Bewley, \u201cwe will confirm his employment at the university and that he resigned. Further, we will say that at the time of his resignation, there was an ongoing investigation regarding the potential violation of our policies relative to sexual misconduct. We will also note that Dr. Bewley is ineligible to be rehired by the university.\u201d Prospective employers could request Bewley\u2019s personnel file and other documents related to his case. \u201cIt\u2019s important to note the investigation was suspended because of his resignation,\u201d Blanton said. \u201cWe can\u2019t compel him to testify or provide information at this point. Nor do we have any authority to discipline him at this juncture.\u201d That question of future employment was at the center of another big case alleging sexual harassment by a professor. Amidst a similar investigation last year, Professor James Harwood denied the allegations. Instead, he agreed to a settlement deal, which allowed him to resign but continue being paid for six months. Two of his victims were outraged that Harwood was allowed to leave without being disciplined. The issue turned into a major open records dispute between the student 3/1/25, 8:34 professor resigns amid investigation of alleged improper relationships with students \| Lexington Herald Leader 3/5 newspaper, the Kentucky Kernel, and has won twice in court, but the Kernel continues to appeal the case. In the past five years, at least two other professors were accused of violating policy, but they were allowed to leave with settlement deals that included provisos that wouldn\u2019t disclose the details to future employers. One of them moved directly to another school. Bewley has a doctorate in dairy systems management from Purdue University and was an expert in precision dairy farming, herd management science and dairy cow comfort, among other things. According to his personnel record, he was promoted to associate professor in 2013 for \u201cexcellent contributions\u201d to the department and extension programs in Kentucky. Last spring, he received a $20,000 retention bonus from to counter a job offer from Dairy Records Management System, an industry service company. The supporting letter mentioned that Bewley had obtained $6 million in funding for his research. As of April, Bewley\u2019s salary was $96,399 a year also released some heavily redacted emails between Nancy Cox, dean of the College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, and Bill Swinford, chief of staff to President Eli Capilouto. In one, Swinford asked whether the former student had been notified. Linda Blackford: 859-231-1359, @lbblackford This story was originally published November 21, 2017 at 11:56 AM. Want to see more content like this Newsletter The latest local, state and national headlines delivered each weekday afternoon By submitting agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. 3/1/25, 8:34 professor resigns amid investigation of alleged improper relationships with students \| Lexington Herald Leader 4/5 Part of the McClatchy Media Network Take Us With You Real-time updates and all local stories you want right in the palm of your hand Start a Subscription Customer Service Edition Herald-Leader Now Vacation Hold Pay Your Bill About Us Contact Us Newsletters Archives Sports Betting Personal Finance McClatchy Advertising Place an Ad Place a Classified Ad Place an Ad - Celebrations Place an Obituary Staffing Solutions Political \| Advocacy Advertising 3/1/25, 8:34 professor resigns amid investigation of alleged improper relationships with students \| Lexington Herald Leader 5/5", "7761_103.pdf": "University of Kentucky University of Kentucky UKnowledge UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences Animal and Food Sciences 2015 Karmella Ann Dolecheck University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Dolecheck, Karmella Ann CATTLE\" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences. 44. This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal and Food Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected] represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources understand that am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work understand that am free to register the copyright to my work The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student\u2019s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student\u2019s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Karmella Ann Dolecheck, Student Dr. Jeffrey M. Bewley, Major Professor Dr. Dave Harmon, Director of Graduate Studies ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science in the College of Agriculture, Food and Environment at the University of Kentucky By Karmella Ann Dolecheck Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Jeffrey M. Bewley, Associate Extension Professor of Animal Sciences Lexington, Kentucky 2015 Copyright\u00a9 Karmella Ann Dolecheck 2015 Poor estrus detection can limit the reproductive performance of a dairy herd. One objective of this research was to evaluate an alternative method to traditional estrus detection in the form of automated monitoring technologies. To accomplish this, the first study considered the ability of automatically monitored parameters (activity, number of steps, lying bouts, lying time, feeding time, rumination time, and temperature) to detect estrus second study compared automated activity monitoring to timed artificial insemination as reproductive management strategies on commercial herds. The other objective of this research was to evaluate the economic potential of automated estrus detection technologies. This was accomplished by creating and evaluating a farm specific decision support tool to determine the net present value of adopting an automated estrus detection technology. KEYWORDS: Estrus Detection, Automated Estrus Detection, Precision Dairy Farming, Automated Activity Monitoring, Decision Support Tool Karmella Ann Dolecheck March 9, 2015 By Karmella Ann Dolecheck Dr. Jeffrey Bewley Director of Thesis Dr. Dave Harmon Director of Graduate Studies March 9, 2015 Date iii do not necessarily believe that God has a specific plan for each of us, but do believe that things happen for a reason according to His will. Apparently, part of my path involved moving across the country and meeting many new people who have each had a meaningful impact on my life would like to acknowledge the following people for being part of that path: Jeffrey Bewley: You are probably one of the most unique (and by that mean weirdest) graduate advisors in the world have enjoyed watching you inspire and make a difference in so many students\u2019 lives, including my own have also heard you crack some hilarious and not so hilarious (\u201cthey said it was a smoker\u201d) jokes am glad you can handle my sarcasm and even give me some in return was lucky to have you as a advisor and look forward to continuing with you for my PhD. My committee- Dr. Silvia, Dr. Heersche, and Dr. Nebel appreciate each of you and what you have contributed to my education. Dr. Silvia, you always make me think about the actual physiology behind things when tend to only want to look at the application. Dr. Heersche could always count on you for a fast, thoughtful response have also appreciated your sense of humor through everything. Dr. Nebel appreciate you taking the time out of your busy schedule to be a part of my committee. Ever since you questioned my research in Minnesota knew it would be valuable to have you on my committee to push me to be the best possible. My parents: Although do not say it enough hope you realize am thankful for everything you have done for me. You both taught me to always work hard and follow my dreams. You supported my decision to move across the country and put up iv with the fact that do not visit or even call enough hope someday can be as great of a parent as you both have been to me. Matthew Borchers: Some days wonder what did with my life before you moved here and changed everything. You are my best friend- someone can count on to keep pushing me, tell me when am being stupid, give me a hug when need one, and have deep research discussions/arguments with. You are constantly pushing me to be better (both as a person and a researcher) and look forward to the future challenges you lay down and help me overcome. My other close friends- Lacey Herbst and Barbara Wadsworth: Both of you have played roles in keeping me sane, especially during my first six months here. Lacey, you have been my best friend for years now and am glad miles have not dimmed our friendship one bit. Barb, you have shown me around graduate school, been a great running partner, and are an irreplaceable personal shopper since everyone knows have no fashion sense am glad we will have more time to spend together throughout our PhD programs. My fellow graduate students: Derek Nolan, Maegan Weatherly, Lauren Mayo, Nicky Tsai, Amanda Stone, Elizabeth Eckelkamp, Di Liang, and Randi Black. Thank you all for being a friend, even if it was forced upon you. We have made some great memories together and will cherish my time as a graduate student because of that. My farmers: David Corbin, Larry Embry, and Mary Jones: Thank you all for allowing me on your farms enjoyed every opportunity to chat with you about life and cows will miss sitting in David\u2019s office for our hour-long talks after the work was done and eating fish sandwiches with Larry. v To everyone else: my siblings, other dairy faculty, other faculty, undergraduate students, etc. Even if have not named you specifically, know that would not be the person am today without each and every one of you. vi Thesis Abstract of Thesis Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi Frequently Used Abbreviations ........................................................................................ xii Chapter One Review of Literature The Estrous Cycle ........................................................................................................ 1 Reproductive Performance of the Dairy Cow ............................................................. 3 Estrus Detection ........................................................................................................... 7 Synchronization ......................................................................................................... 10 Synchronization Development .................................................................. 11 Ovsynch .................................................................................................... 12 Ovsynch Presynchronization .................................................................... 13 Synchronization Adoption ........................................................................ 15 Automated Estrus Detection ...................................................................................... 16 Algorithms ................................................................................................ 16 Mounting ................................................................................................... 18 Activity ..................................................................................................... 20 Rumination ................................................................................................ 22 Temperature .............................................................................................. 22 Progesterone .............................................................................................. 24 vii Others ........................................................................................................ 26 Technology Combinations ........................................................................ 26 Technology Effect on Timing of Insemination ......................................... 28 Technology Adoption ............................................................................... 29 Economics of Reproduction ...................................................................................... 30 Synchronization Economics...................................................................... 31 Automated Estrus Detection Economics .................................................. 33 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 34 Chapter Two Estrus Detection using Multiple Automated Technologies Compared to Visual Observation Introduction ........................................................................................................... 37 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................... 41 Estrus Confirmation .................................................................................. 42 Technologies Evaluated ............................................................................ 42 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................... 43 Estrus vs. Non-estrus. ................................................................... 43 Correlations. ................................................................................. 44 Machine learning. ......................................................................... 44 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 45 Activity ..................................................................................................... 46 Lying Time and Lying Bouts .................................................................... 47 Rumination and Feeding Time.................................................................. 48 Temperature .............................................................................................. 49 Behavioral Parameter Relationships ......................................................... 51 Machine Learning ..................................................................................... 52 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 54 Acknowledgments................................................................................................. 55 Chapter Three viii Comparison of timed artificial insemination and automated activity monitoring as reproductive management strategies in three commercial dairy herds Introduction ........................................................................................................... 61 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................... 63 Study Design ............................................................................................. 63 Treatment .......................................................................................... 65 Treatment ........................................................................................ 66 Pregnancy Diagnosis ................................................................................. 67 Temperature and Humidity Data .............................................................. 67 Herd Records ............................................................................................ 67 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................... 68 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 70 Time to First Service ................................................................................. 71 First Service ........................................................................................ 73 Repeat Service .................................................................................... 74 Service Interval ......................................................................................... 75 Services per Pregnancy ............................................................................. 76 Pregnancy Loss ......................................................................................... 77 Days Open and Proportion of Pregnant Cows at 90 d Past the ....... 77 Risk of Pregnancy Establishment ............................................................. 79 Further Discussion .................................................................................... 79 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 80 Acknowledgments................................................................................................. 80 Chapter Four Investment analysis of automated estrus detection technologies as compared to alternative breeding strategies Introduction ........................................................................................................... 86 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................... 88 Equations................................................................................................... 89 Cost of days open .......................................................................... 89 Semen and pregnancy diagnosis cost ............................................ 91 Pre estrus detection method costs ........................................ 92 costs ...................................................................................... 93 ix Cash Flow ..................................................................................... 93 Net Present Value ......................................................................... 94 Breakeven point ............................................................................ 94 Interface .................................................................................................... 94 Investment Analysis Demonstration ......................................................... 95 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 96 Cost of Days Open .................................................................................... 96 Investment Analysis Demonstration ......................................................... 98 vs. AED. .................................................................................. 98 vs. 75 and 25 ................................................... 100 vs ................................................................................ 100 vs. 75 and 25 .................................................. 101 Model Limitations ................................................................................... 102 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 102 Acknowledgments............................................................................................... 103 References ....................................................................................................................... 110 Vita .................................................................................................................................. 127 x Table 2.1. Comparison of automated monitoring technology parameters (adjusted means \u00b1 SE) during estrus (12 h before first observed standing event) and non-estrus (the 14 d before estrus)...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.....\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026...56 Table 2.2. Group level and cow level correlations between Tag activity (HRACT), IceQube number of steps (IQSTEP), SensOor high ear activity (SOACT), Track a Cow activity (TCACT), IceQube lying bouts (IQLB), IceQube lying time (IQLT), Track a Cow lying time Tag rumination (HRRUM), SensOor rumination (SORUM), SensOor feeding time bolus reticulorumen temperature (DVMT), and SensOor ear surface temperature (SOT) as recorded on 18 cows\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026.....57 Table 2.3. Estrus detection capability of different automated monitoring technologies and machine learning techniques (random forest, linear discrimant analysis, and neural network).................................................................................................\u2026.58 Table 3.1. Characteristics of cows (mean \u00b1 SD) in a study comparing timed artificial insemination (TAI) and automatic activity monitoring (AAM) as reproductive management strategies on three commercial dairy herds.\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026..\u2026.81 Table 3.2. Summary of time to first service in days after the voluntary waiting period (TFS), first service conception rate (CR1), repeat (2nd and 3rd) service conception rate (CR2), service interval (SI), days open (DO), services per pregnancy (SP), pregnancy loss (PL), and the proportion of cows pregnant at 90 d after the voluntary waiting period (P90) for three commercial herds in a study comparing two reproductive management strategies\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026... 82 Table 4.1 Herd assumptions used in an automated estrus detection technology investment analysis demonstration\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026104 Table 4.2. Lactation specific equations for cost per day open were derived from the model described by Bewley, 2010 and Liang, 2014\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..105 Table 4.3. Assumptions used in investment analysis demonstration analyzing the net present value of switching from visual observation (VO) or timed artificial insemination (TAI) to automated estrus detection (AED).\u2026\u2026.....\u2026....106 Table 4.4. Cost per day open for lactations 1, 2, 3, 4, and \u2265 5 assuming an average United States Holstein herd and ten year predicted estimates for milk price, feed price, slaughter price, and replacement price.\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026......\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026.107 Table 4.5. Net present value per cow per year associated with switching from either visual observation (VO) or timed artificial insemination (TAI) as a reproductive management program to either automated estrus detection (AED) or a combination of and or TAI. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..108 xi Figure 1.1. Injection protocol for Ovsynch, Presynch-12 Ovsynch, G6G Ovsynch, and Double Ovsynch using gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin F2\u03b1 (PGF2\u03b1)..\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u202635 Figure 2.1. Timeline of synchronization injections, ultrasound (US), blood sampling (BS) and visual observation (VO) for cows used in a study testing five automated monitoring technologies\u2019 estrus detection capabilities\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026.\u2026.\u2026\u2026.59 Figure 3.1. Timed artificial insemination G7G, Ovsynch, and Resynch protocols using prostaglandin F2\u03b1 (PGF2\u03b1) and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Artificial insemination (AI) occurred 16 h after the last GnRH injection\u2026\u2026\u2026.83 Figure 3.2. Survival curve representing the proportion of cows not pregnant by days open past the voluntary waiting period for cows bred according to timed artificial insemination (TAI) or automated activity monitoring (AAM)....\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026...84 Figure 4.1. Interface of a decision support tool dashboard available for net present value analysis of the investment in an automated estrus detection technology. \u2026\u2026....109 xii = automated activity monitoring = automated estrus detection = artificial insemination = corpus luteum = calving interval = conception rate d = day = Dairy Herd Improvement = days in milk = days open E2 = estradiol = estrus detection rate = false negative = false positive = follicle stimulating hormone g = gram GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone h = hour kg = kilogram l = liter = luteinizing hormone min = minute ml = milliliter xiii ng = nanogram = net present value P4 = progesterone pg = picogram PGF2\u03b1 = prostaglandin F2\u03b1 = retention pay-off = timed artificial insemination = true negative = true positive = pregnancy rate = temperature humidity index = visual observation = voluntary waiting period = United States 1 Review of Literature The estrous cycle is a cyclical pattern of ovarian activity that causes a period of sexual receptivity (behavioral estrus) in female animals starting at puberty (Forde et al., 2011). Cattle are polyestrous (ovulating several times throughout the year), having an 18 to 24 d estrous cycle and displaying behavioral estrus on average every 21 d (Hammond, 1927). The cycle includes a 14 to 18 d luteal phase when formation of the corpus luteum (CL) occurs, followed by a 4 to 6 d follicular phase which includes final maturation and ovulation of the dominate follicle. Hormones released from the hypothalamus (gonadotropin releasing hormone; GnRH), anterior pituitary (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone; LH), ovaries (progesterone; P4 and estradiol; E2), and uterus (prostaglandin F2\u03b1; PGF2\u03b1) work through a series of positive and negative feedback loops to regulate the estrous cycle. During fetal development, the ovaries develop approximately 150,000 primordial follicles (Erickson, 1966), each composed of a single oocyte surrounded by a squamous follicular epithelium (Hansel and Convey, 1983). After puberty, increases in FSH, which follicles depend on for development, initiate 2 or 3 waves of follicle growth occurring per estrous cycle (Adams et al., 1992; Sunderland et al., 1994). Through the process of selection and dominance, each wave results in a single large, healthy dominant follicle (Senger, 1999). The wall of the dominant follicle is composed of 2 steroidogenic cell types: granulosa cells proliferated from the squamous follicular cells of the primordial follicles and theca cells differentiated from surrounding connective tissue (Hansel and 2 Convey, 1983). As the dominant follicle continues to grow, E2 synthesis increases through the 2 cell, 2 gonadotropin model that Fortune and Quirk (1988) first described in cows. In short, binding of to receptors on the theca cells of the follicle drives the conversion of cholesterol to testosterone. Testosterone moves to the granulosa cells where conversion to E2 occurs. High E2 concentrations stimulate behavioral estrus in the absence of P4 (Allrich, 1994). Therefore, behavioral estrus can only occur if no P4- producing is present on the ovaries. The high E2 level that causes behavioral estrus is also responsible for suppression of FSH, which the original follicle wave depends on for growth (Sunderland et al., 1994; Ginther et al., 2000a; b). Unlike the smaller follicles, which regress, the dominant follicle can function independent of because of receptors developed on the granulosa cells (Xu et al., 1995). Ovulation occurs around 27 h after the onset of behavioral estrus when E2 reaches threshold, creating an surge (Roche, 1996; Walker et al., 1996). After ovulation (the major luteotropic hormone) mediates formation from the granulosa and theca cells of the ovulated dominant follicle (Forde et al., 2011). The produces high P4 concentrations that aid in maintenance of pregnancy, if established (Senger, 1999). The persistent P4 concentration during the luteal phase prevents frequent enough pulses to result in dominant follicle ovulation (Senger, 1999). Dominant follicles that develop during this period undergo atresia rather than ovulation (Forde et al., 2011). If no maternal recognition of pregnancy signal (interferon tau) is detected by cycle Day 16 luteolysis occurs via countercurrent exchange of uterine PGF2\u03b1 from the uterine vein to the ovarian artery (Senger, 1999; Forde et al., 2011). When the 3 regresses, P4 concentrations decrease and the resulting increase in GnRH allows the cow to enter the follicular phase of the cycle again (Senger, 1999; Forde et al., 2011). If pregnancy is established, follicular waves occur regularly during the first two trimesters, but stop about 21 d prepartum (Ginther et al., 1996). Upon resumption of basal levels of PGF2\u03b1 and E2 after parturition increases and follicular waves resume allowing the first dominant follicle to develop between 7 and 10 d postpartum (Murphy et al., 1990; Savio et al., 1990; Crowe et al., 1993; Crowe et al., 1998). Whether the first dominant follicle ovulates or undergoes atresia depends on the follicle\u2019s ability to produce enough E2 to result in a GnRH and, in turn, an surge (Austin et al., 2001). Most cows resume ovulation between 15 and 45 d postpartum, averaging 27 to 35 d (Murphy et al., 1990; Savio et al., 1990; Crowe et al., 1993; Crowe et al., 1998; Forde et al., 2011 The most common reproductive parameters used to evaluate a dairy herd include estrus detection rate (EDR), conception rate (CR), pregnancy rate (PR), days open (DO), and calving interval (CI; USDA, 2007). The number of cows detected in behavioral estrus divided by the number of cows eligible to come into behavioral estrus throughout a 21d period, multiplied by 100 is EDR. Conception rate is the number of cows that become pregnant divided by the number of cows bred during a 21 d period, multiplied by 100. Pregnancy rate is the percent of cows eligible to become pregnant during a 21 d period that actually do, as a percentage (Niles et al., 2001 herd\u2019s represents the mean number of days from calving to conception and is the mean number of days between calvings in a herd. Through evaluation of these reproductive parameters over 4 time, it is clear that reproductive performance has declined since the 1970s (Washburn et al., 2002; De Vries and Risco, 2005; Hare et al., 2006). Washburn et al. (2002) emphasized the regional reproductive efficiency decline in the Southeast United States (US) through a 10-state study of 532 Holstein and 29 Jersey herds. Between 1976 and 1999, both breeds experienced an 18.5 decrease and an increase in services per conception of 1.75. De Vries and Risco (2005) conducted another study that analyzed almost 3 million records from Florida and Georgia Holstein herds, finding a 46 d increase in DO, a 9.6% decrease in PR, and a 30 d increase in between 1982 and 1998. On a national level, Hare et al. (2006) evaluated changes in between 1980 and 2004 for roughly 130,000 Ayrshire, 210,500 Brown Swiss, 277,000 Guernsey, 18,900,000 Holstein, and 1,000,000 Jersey Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) enrolled cows. All breeds experienced a 0.90 to 1.07 d increase in per year, except Jerseys (0.49 d per year). Norman et al. (2009) completed a similar study that examined reproductive decline in over 5 million enrolled Holstein and Jersey cows between 1996 and 2006. For both breeds, mean services per lactation increased (2.1 to 2.5 in Holsteins and 2.0 to 2.3 in Jerseys) over the 9 years of data. During the same time, service interval (the time between services) increased 18 d in Holsteins and 11 d in Jerseys. In contrast, both first service and declined only until 2001 and have since increased. Data collected by the Department of Agriculture Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory agreed with the recent upward trend in reproductive performance (USDA, 2011). When analyzing all enrolled Holstein cows, most reproductive traits improved between 2003 and 2011, including (147 to 129 d (0.30 to 0.31), and 5 (426 to 409 d). However, enrollment in only represented 47% of dairy cows in 2013 (USDA, 2013b). In a retrospective study considering data from 1991 to 2000 on Spanish dairies, L\u00f3pez-Gatius (2003) found a 9.2% decrease in PR. Gonzalez-Recio et al. (2004) conducted another Spanish study spanning 1988 to 2001 and found increased from 106 to 122 d and first service decreased from 56 to 40%. The United Kingdom has also experienced fertility challenges, including a 16% decline in first service and a 20 d increase in between 1975 and 1998 (Royal et al., 2000). Therefore, consistent reproductive decline has occurred in other countries outside of the US. Multiple theories surrounding the reproductive performance decline exist. One established explanation is that the genetic correlation between milk yield and reproductive traits is unfavorable (Dematawewa and Berger, 1998; Stevenson, 2001b; VanRaden et al., 2004). VanRaden et al. (2004) estimated genetic correlations between first lactation and first lactation milk, fat, and protein yield at 0.38, 0.33, and 0.32, respectively, meaning selection for milk yield has resulted in selection against reproductive performance. Annual milk yield per cow increased 3.3 times between 1950 and 2000 (Stevenson, 2001b). Increased milk production has also influenced other factors that can affect fertility. For example, the additional feed intake required to sustain high levels of milk production increases metabolism, resulting in faster metabolism of hormones required for estrus expression (E2) and pregnancy maintenance (P4; Sangsritavong et al., 2002). Sangritavong et al. (2002) found lactating cows experienced greater liver blood flow (1183 vs. 757 l/h), lower circulating P4 (2.43 vs. 3.53 ng/ml), and lower circulating E2 6 (265 vs. 351 pg/ml) when compared to non-lactating cows. Both P4 and E2 are essential to reproduction and low levels may interrupt reproductive cyclicity. Another genetic factor that might have contributed to observations of reduced reproductive performance is inbreeding in the Holstein population, which was estimated at 6.05% in 2013 (USDA, 2013a). Bjelland et al. (2013) evaluated homozygosity in 5,800 Holstein cows and discovered that for every 1% increase increased 1.76 d. Additionally, VanRaden et al. (2011a) revealed the existence of multiple recessive defects, which occur at greater rates in inbred animals, that can cause embryo loss. Fortunately, recent research suggests that inbreeding may be declining, especially with increased utilization of genomic evaluations (VanRaden et al., 2011b). Environmental changes could also have played a role in the declining reproductive performance of dairy cows (Wolfenson et al., 2000; Rensis and Scaramuzzi, 2003; De Vries and Risco, 2005; L\u00f3pez-Gatius et al., 2005; Sch\u00fcller et al., 2014). The 1990s was the warmest decade of the 20th century (Bradley, 2000), resulting in increased heat stress levels and a greater percent of the experiencing heat stress (Lucy, 2001). Rensis and Scaramuzzi (2003) identified reduced estrus expression, lower reproductive hormone secretions, inferior follicle growth, and inhibited embryo formation as negative effects of heat stress on reproduction. In a commercial German herd, Sch\u00fcller et al. (2014) discovered that when mean was 73 or greater between 21 and 1 d pre- breeding dropped from 31 to 12%. In addition to immediate effects, summer heat stress has a long-term effect on reproduction that can last into October and November (Wolfenson et al., 2000). 7 Behavioral estrus is a period of sexual receptivity in cows, that allows for identification of ovulation (Roelofs et al., 2010). As the pre-ovulatory follicle grows, E2 production increases until reaching a threshold, resulting in stimulation of the brain that triggers behavioral responses (estrus). Estrus detection is the ability to detect behavioral estrus and breed cows at the proper time. Importance of estrus detection has increased since the replacement of bulls with artificial insemination (AI) starting in the 1940s (Foote, 1975; Foote, 1996) and has been identified as a major limiting factor in reproductive performance (Rounsaville et al., 1979; Heersche and Nebel, 1994; Nebel and Jobst, 1998; Ferguson and Skidmore, 2013). Both and depend on accurate estrus detection to ensure that breeding occurs at the appropriate time relative to ovulation (Roelofs et al., 2010). If insemination occurs too early, sperm quality is reduced before ovulation (Pursley, 1998). When insemination occurs too late, oocyte quality lowers as it awaits the sperm. Traditionally, estrus detection involves visual observation (VO) with the most definitive sign of estrus being a cow that stands and allows another cow to mount her (standing estrus). The mean duration of standing estrus is only 7.1 h with 8.5 standing events (Dransfield et al., 1998). Total mounting activity during estrus has been estimated as only 24.1 s (Walker et al., 1996), making secondary signs of behavioral estrus equally important. Secondary signs of estrus include increased activity, restlessness, nudging, sniffing others, flehmen response, resting the chin on another cow, mounting others, licking, rubbing, head butting, raising of tail, pink and swollen vulva, clear mucus discharge from the vulva, and decreases in both milk production and feed intake (Foote, 8 1975; Van Eerdenburg et al., 1996; Kerbrat and Disenhaus, 2004). Emphasizing their importance, Roelofs et al. (2005b) identified only 58% of behavioral estrus events when observing cows for standing estrus only, but 90% when also considering mounting other cows. Breed, genetics, age, milk production, and other individual cow characteristics influence behavioral estrus expression (De Silva et al., 1981; Van Vliet and Van Eerdenburg, 1996; Orihuela, 2000; L\u00f3pez-Gatius et al., 2005; Roelofs et al., 2005b; Cavestany et al., 2008). L\u00f3pez-Gatius et al. (2005) showed that an increase of 1 lactation number or 1 kg milk production resulted in a 21.4% or 1.6% decrease in estrus-related walking activity, respectively. Other research has shown primiparous animals have a significantly longer duration of estrus (13.6 vs. 10.8 h) and a more intense estrus when all signs of estrus were included (Roelofs et al., 2005b). In addition to individual cow factors, many management and environmental factors can influence estrus expression. Seasonal variation in estrus expression is evident, largely because of heat stress (Gangwar et al., 1965; Pennington et al., 1985; L\u00f3pez-Gatius et al., 2005 climate controlled housing experiment conducted by Gangwar et al. (1965) found that length of behavioral estrus was reduced from 20 h in spring and air conditioned situations to 11 h under simulated hot conditions. L\u00f3pez-Gatius et al. (2005) further demonstrated that walking activity during estrus was significantly lower in warm weather than cool weather (369 vs. 384% increase, respectively), emphasizing the importance of heat abatement. Lameness is the aversion to place weight on a foot because of pain (Scott, 1989) and occurs in 12.5% of cows in the (USDA, 2007 cow experiencing lameness may have physical limitations that result in reduced expression of behavioral estrus 9 (Walker et al., 2008a). Sood and Nanda (2006) discovered lower frequencies of standing events during estrus in lame cows (2.4 vs. 8.0 events, respectively). Walker et al. (2008b) found that lame cows experience up to a 37% reduction in estrus expression, likely because of reduced standing and walking times. Housing or access to pasture could also play a significant role in estrus expression (Cutullic et al., 2009; Palmer et al., 2010). Cutullic et al. (2009) found that access to pasture significantly increased the chance (2.28 odds ratio) of standing estrus compared to cows housed indoors. Palmer et al. (2010) also compared cows in housing to those on pasture, finding that a greater portion of pastured cows expressed standing estrus as recorded by an automated mounting detector (91 vs. 52%), but that estrus duration and intensity did not differ. Flooring, especially concrete, can reducing mounting activity (Vailes and Britt, 1990; Rodtian et al., 1996; Platz et al., 2008). Vailes and Britt (1990) showed a cow\u2019s preference to mount another cow was up to 15 times greater on dirt than on concrete floors. Rodtian et al. (1996) also found that cows confined to concrete displayed significantly lower mounts per estrus period compared to cows free to move between cement and dirt (11.4 vs. 26.9). Grooving of concrete or rubber mats over sub-ideal flooring can help to reduce these problems (van der Tol et al.; Platz et al., 2008). The number of social interactions a cow experiences, influenced by herd size, also affects estrus expression (Hurnik et al., 1975; Van Vliet and Van Eerdenburg, 1996; Roelofs et al., 2005b; Yaniz et al., 2006; Cutullic et al., 2009). Yaniz et al. (2006) showed that every additional cow in estrus increased walking activity 6.1% in cows experiencing estrus. Another study conducted by Cutullic et al. (2009) found that the 10 chance of observing standing estrus in a cow increased 4 times when in the presence of a herdmate in estrus compared to cows not in the presence of a herdmate in estrus. Observation timing, length, and frequency play a role in estrus detection when is used (Hurnik et al., 1975; Van Vliet and Van Eerdenburg, 1996; Cavestany et al., 2008). Van Vliet and Van Eerdenburg (1996) found that estrus behavior decreased before feeding and milking times and increased during the night. When compared to ultrasonography, 3, 60-minute observations of cows for estrus throughout the day resulted in 94 whereas only a 41 was reached when 2, 30-minute observations were conducted (Cavestany et al., 2008). Estrus detection rate varies between herds, but is estimated at only 50 to 60% (Chanvallon et al., 2014). Additionally, 19% of events occur at infertile times or in pregnant animals, resulting in 17% embryonic loss (Sturman et al., 2000 need for alternatives to traditional visual estrus detection, which is difficult because of the number of influencing factors discussed above, is evident. One alternative, which 46.8% of producers use, is non-automated estrus detection aids such as tailhead patches and tail chalk (USDA, 2007). Other alternative methods include efforts to eliminate estrus detection (through synchronized of estrus or ovulation) or the use of automated estrus detection (AED) technologies Synchronizing estrus or ovulation is a common reproductive management strategy to facilitate AI. Combinations of hormones can be used for two basic forms of synchronization: 1) treatment with a progestational compound to prevent estrus for 11 enough time that when removed estrus will follow and 2) use of an agent to remove the corpora luteum and stimulate estrus (Hansel and Convey, 1983). Synchronization Development During the early 1960s, progestational compounds, in the form of feed and water additives, implants, topical treatments, and vaginal inserts were examined (Hansel and Convey, 1983). This strategy resulted in 80 to 90% of animals showing estrus over a 4 d period beginning 2 d after withdrawal, but a reduction in from 10 to 15%. Combinations of P4 with E2 or gonadotropins were tested in hopes of gaining better control over the timing of estrus and ovulation, but were unsuccessful. Modern synchronization protocols that still use this method administer P4 trans-vaginal via controlled internal drug release. Most contemporary synchronization protocols depend on lysing the CL, promoting premature occurrence of estrus, and eliminating the need or extent of estrus detection (Stevenson, 2001b). Prostaglandin F2\u03b1 and GnRH, administered as intramuscular injections, are the two synthetic hormones commonly used to accomplish this. Administering PGF2\u03b1 will regress a if present on the ovaries (Pursley et al., 1995). Ideally, GnRH will induce ovulation of a dominant follicle by triggering release of (Pursley et al., 1995). Two less common alternatives to GnRH exist for luteinization of the dominant follicle by initiating an surge: E2 and human chorionic gonadotrophin (De Rensis et al., 1999; Wiltbank and Pursley, 2014). Three PGF2\u03b1 and GnRH protocols commonly used in the are targeted breeding, modified targeted breeding, and Ovsynch. 12 targeted breeding program consists of two or three injections of PGF2\u03b1 administered 11 to 14 d apart (Nebel and Jobst, 1998; Stevenson, 2001b). The specific interval of 11 to 14 d is used to allow enough time for cows that respond to the first injection to have a new before the second injection is administered (Stevenson, 2001b). If a cow did not respond to the first injection, she should be at a point in her estrous cycle that allows her to respond at the time of the second injection. Cows not observed in estrus after the second injection receive a third PGF2\u03b1 and 80 h later modified targeted breeding program begins with PGF2\u03b1, followed by GnRH two weeks later (Stevenson, 2001b). The protocol ends with a second PGF2\u03b1 injection seven days after the GnRH is given and occurs at visually observed estrus or 72 to 80 h later. The advantage of including GnRH compared to simple targeted breeding is that it induces ovulation and result in a new or additional CL, allowing more cows to respond to the second PGF2\u03b1 and enter estrus. Ovsynch Pursley et al. (1995) developed Ovsynch as a way to synchronize ovulation rather than estrus. This protocol begins with a GnRH injection and PGF2\u03b1 is given 1 week later (Figure 1.1) . An additional GnRH injection 48 to 56 h after the PGF2\u03b1 prompts ovulation 24 to 34 h later. Timed occurs 0 to 32 h after the second GnRH injection (Stevenson, 2001b). The ideal time of is 16 h after the GnRH injection because of low sperm viability when inseminated too early and low oocyte viability when inseminated too late (Pursley, 1998). Ovsynch has been the most widely adopted of synchronization protocols. In a recent survey conducted by Caraviello et al. (2006b), over 50% 103 large commercial 13 dairy farms indicated that they used Ovsynch for synchronized breeding. National surveys indicate that at least 16% of operations use Ovsynch on cows before the first (USDA, 2007). One of the first studies that compared Ovsynch to typical reproductive management occurred in 1997 on 3 commercial farms in Wisconsin (Pursley et al., 1997a). The comparison involved control cows managed using visual estrus detection with periodic PGF2\u03b1 and Ovsynch synchronized cows. In the Ovsynch group, days to first service (54 vs. 83) and (99 vs. 118) declined compared to the control group, whereas was similar (37% in Ovsynch vs. 39% in controls). Keister et al. (1999) also found that decreased (114 to 102 d) on two commercial herds when using Ovsynch compared to no hormonal intervention. When comparing in lactating herds using targeted breeding or Ovsynch, results were similar (38.9 vs. 37.8%, respectively), but the same study in heifers found Ovsynch to produce a lower (35.1 vs. 74.4%) for reasons that are not fully understood (Pursley et al., 1997b 2005 meta-analysis further investigated fertility differences in cows bred to Ovsynch and other reproductive management strategies, determining no differences in or between Ovsynch and bull breeding, VO, or PGF2\u03b1 based protocols (Rabiee et al., 2005). Thus the reduced observed in Ovsynch synchronized cows is not because of better fertility, but because of increased service rates (Wiltbank and Pursley, 2014). Ovsynch Presynchronization The point in the cycle when the cow begins Ovsynch is important because her responsiveness to GnRH dictates follicle size at time of (Vasconcelos et al., 1999). 14 Souza et al. (2007) discovered that medium sized follicles, between 15 and 19 mm, produced better fertility (52.6% pregnant at 60 d) than small or large follicles (38.2 and 34.3%, respectively) when supplemented with E2 8 h before the second GnRH injection. As a result, when Ovsynch was started on Days 1 to 4 or 14 to 21, lower ovulation rates and lower (25%) were observed compared to cows initiating the protocol between Days 5 and 13 (36% PR). The development of presynchronization protocols has increased the number of cows beginning Ovsynch between the ideal Day 5 and 13 of the estrous cycle. The first presynchronization strategy developed specifically for Ovsynch was Presynch-12 (Moreira et al., 2001). Using Presynch-12, cows receive 2 PGF2\u03b1 injections 14 d apart, with the second administered 12 d before beginning Ovsynch (Figure 1.1). Presynchronization increased fertility (42.8 vs. 29.4% 74-d pregnancy diagnosis) compared to cows undergoing only Ovsynch (Moreira et al., 2001 similar response was observed in subsequent studies (El-Zarkouny et al., 2004; Navanukraw et al., 2004). However, a limitation of a presynchronization protocol that only includes PGF2\u03b1 is that is does not address anovular cows (Wiltbank and Pursley, 2014). Another common presynchronization protocol is G6G or G7G. This protocol consists of one PGF2\u03b1 injection followed by GnRH 2 d later and Ovsynch beginning 6 (G6G) or 7 (G7G) d after (Figure 1.1; Peters and Pursley, 2002) . Original research found that G6G increased the number of cows with luteal function at the beginning of Ovsynch, but showed no improvement in when compared to Ovsynch alone (Peters and Pursley, 2002). Further research by Bello et al. (2006) also identified improved synchronization when using G6G compared to Ovsynch alone and showed a numeric, but 15 not statistically significant, difference in between treatments (G6G Ovsynch: 50% vs. Ovsynch only: 27%). Double-Ovsynch is a third presynchronization protocol that involves completing a full Ovsynch without AI, waiting 7 d, and then completing another Ovsynch with (Figure 1.1; Souza et al., 2008). This process should result in all cows beginning the second Ovsynch on Day 7 of the estrous cycle, which is within the optimal Day 5 to 13 period (Vasconcelos et al., 1999; Wiltbank and Pursley, 2014). When compared to Ovsynch alone, Double-Ovsynch can increase (39% vs. 30%; Giordano et al., 2012 comparison to Presynch-12 found increased in only primiparous (65.2 vs. 45.2%) and not multiparous (37.5 vs. 39.3%) animals (Souza et al., 2008). Herlihy (2012) also showed increased fertility in primiparous, but not multiparous cows subjected to Double- Ovsynch compared to Presynch-12. When Double-Ovsynch was compared to G6G, no difference in overall (36.3 vs. 34.8%) was found but primiparous Double-Ovsynch cows again reported a greater (44.3%) than multiparous Double-Ovsynch cows (31%; Astiz and Fargas, 2013). Synchronization Adoption According to a national survey published in 2007, 58.2% of operations used some form of PGF2\u03b1 or GnRH based synchronization programs for at least a portion of their heifers or cows (USDA, 2007 larger percent of medium operations use (70.8%) than small operations (53.2%). Some argue that the increased reproductive performance in the last 15 years is related to the increased use of synchronization (Wiltbank and Pursley, 2014). Indeed, the reduced time to first service seen since the early 2000s has occurred almost exclusively in herds using (Norman et al., 2009). Overall, Norman 16 et al. (2009) found that synchronized herds experienced 18 fewer days to first service and a 7 d shorter CI, though this was accompanied by a 12% lower 70 d non-return rate, a 2% lower CR, and 0.4 more services per pregnancy. Regardless, many economic, management, and sociological aspects are important to consider before implementing any synchronization protocol (Wiltbank and Pursley, 2014). Although some protocols tend to produce better results than others, the best protocol will be easy to manage and simple to comply with which may vary by farm and management situation (Stevenson, 2001b). Perhaps the next step in synchronization is to simplify protocols to make them more useful in commercial operations (Wiltbank and Pursley, 2014 An alternative to is technologies (Lehrer et al., 1992). These monitors supplement a producer\u2019s ability to collect information about their cows without increasing cow stress through disturbances or handling (Wathes et al., 2008). Examples of automatically measured parameters related to behavioral estrus include mounting events, activity, rumination, body temperature, and P4 levels (Senger, 1994; Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012; Fricke et al., 2014b). Algorithms common problem with all information, except mounting behavior, collected using automated technologies is that some changes in cow behavior and physiology are not exclusive to estrus. As a result, software specific algorithms (sets of rules to follow during calculations) must be used to compare an animal\u2019s current behavior with a cow- specific reference period, creating an estrus alert when a set threshold is exceeded (Saint- 17 Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012). To determine usefulness of a technology, comparison are made between estrus events identified by the technology and a gold standard such as VO, ultrasonography, blood or milk P4 levels, or a combination of these. Correctly identified estrus events are considered true positives (TP), non-alerted estrus events are false negatives (FN), non-alerted non-estrus events are true negatives (TN), and alerted non-estrus events are false positives (FP; Firk et al., 2002). Detection is a balance of sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity, the probability that an event is alerted, is equal to TP/(TP+FN)100 (Hogeveen et al., 2010). Specificity, the probability that when an event does not occur no alert is generated, is equal to TN/(TN+FP)100. Because neither sensitivity nor specificity account for the prevalence of the event, other comparative measurements are also useful. These include positive predictive value [TP/(TP+FP)100] and negative predictive value [TN/(TN+FN)100] . Other common measures of detection ability include error rate [FP/(TP+FP)100] and accuracy [(TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)]. The algorithms used for any technology alert will greatly influence success (Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012). An Australian study testing 5 different algorithms for using automated activity monitoring (AAM) found a variation in sensitivity ranging from 79.4 to 94.1% and a variation in specificity between 90.0 and 98.2% (Hockey et al., 2010). Similar studies testing different algorithms for using reported sensitivities from 51 to 87% (Roelofs et al., 2005a; Lovendahl and Chagunda, 2010). 18 Mounting Standing estrus is the most definitive sign of estrus because it occurs almost exclusively in animals experiencing estrus. This behavior has automatically been monitored using pressure-sensitive technologies glued to the tailhead of the cow (Xu et al., 1998; At-Taras and Spahr, 2001; Cavalieri et al., 2003a; Saint-Dizier and Chastant- Maillard, 2012). When activated by a standing event, cow ID, date, time, and duration of mount are sent to a computer to be reviewed (Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012). Standing events per estrus and length of standing estrus have been recorded using these devices in multiple studies (Stevenson et al., 1996; Dransfield et al., 1998; Xu et al., 1998; At-Taras and Spahr, 2001; Cavalieri et al., 2003b). The most recent study, conducted by Johnson et al. (2012), found 18.4 \u00b1 8.9 standing events per 6.0 \u00b1 4.9 h estrus period. Each standing event can last 2.3 to 3.8 s (Xu et al., 1998; At-Taras and Spahr, 2001). Season can affect results, with hot weather decreasing duration of estrus but not number or duration of individual mounts (At-Taras and Spahr, 2001). Number of mounts can be affected by both parity and days in milk (DIM), with primiparous cows and cows <80 having increased occurrence (Xu et al., 1998; At-Taras and Spahr, 2001; Peralta et al., 2005). Cavalieri et al. (2003b) compared of estrus length and number and duration of mounts to rump-mounted pressure-sensitive technologies and found low correlations in synchronized cows. Still, both methods were successful at detecting estrus with sensitivity rates of 97.5% and 93.8% for and rump-mounted pressure-sensitive technologies, respectively (Cavalieri et al., 2003b). Additional studies agree that rump- mounted pressure-sensitive technology sensitivity is comparable to or better than in 19 both cows (Xu et al., 1998; At-Taras and Spahr, 2001; Saumande, 2002; Peralta et al., 2005) and heifers (Stevenson et al., 1996), with sensitivity and positive predictive value as high as 91.7 and 100%, respectively, using milk P4 as a comparison. Rump-mounted pressure-sensitive technologies have also shown results comparable to tail paint and pedometers (Cavalieri et al., 2003a). One limitation of rump-mounted pressure-sensitive technologies is the labor required to attach and remove them because they are not left on the animal for an entire lactation like other automated technologies can be (Rorie et al., 2002). Additionally, some studies have reported estrus detection trouble because of lost or displaced monitors (Dohi et al., 1993; Xu et al., 1998). Researchers have considered a subcutaneous implantable device for measuring pressure from mounting, but concerns of animal welfare, consumer perception, and potential residue issues have limited development (Senger, 1994). Recently, an alternative method of automated mounting detection has shown potential (Homer et al., 2013). An ultra-wideband radio technology captured 3- dimensional positioning of animals to determine height changes associated with cows mounting others or standing to be mounted. The ultra-wideband radio system identified 9 of 10 cows in estrus and 6 of 6 cows not in estrus compared to milk P4, VO, and activity monitoring. Although promising, further commercial demonstration of this method is necessary restraint of both of these mounting behavior monitors is that mounting behavior must occur for them to work (Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012). Multiple studies have reported standing estrus occurrence in fewer than 50% of estrus events (Van 20 Eerdenburg et al., 1996; Heres et al., 2000). Modern facilities, especially concrete, limit mounting behavior (De Silva et al., 1981; Britt et al., 1986). Additionally, most pressure sensitive systems only detect mounts lasting \u2265 2 s, but 40% of mounts may last < 2 s (Walker et al., 1996). Activity An increase in activity associated with estrus was first observed in rats in 1923 (Wang, 1923). Additional research showed this response in other female mammals, including humans, swine, and cattle (Altmann, 1941; Farris, 1944; Farris, 1954). One of the first activity monitoring studies in cattle found that number of steps per h increased 2 to 4 times in cows experiencing estrus when compared to cows not in estrus (Kiddy, 1977). Duration of the activity increase associated with estrus is 16.1 \u00b1 4.7 h (Valenza et al., 2012) and multiple studies from a recent review estimated current systems can accurately detect 70% of cows in estrus (Fricke et al., 2014b). Two types of systems are currently available: 1) pedometers, usually attached to the leg and 2) accelerometers, which have been attached to the neck, leg, or ear (Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012). Pedometers measure the number of steps taken and accelerometers measure three-dimensional movement, estimating overall activity (Fricke et al., 2014b). In a recent comparison between and conducted by Michaelis et al. (2014), no difference in existed (42.1 vs. 37.3%, respectively). The sensitivity and positive predictive value of (35.6 and 83.3%, respectively) was numerically, but not significantly, greater than (34.3 and 75.1%). The ability of to produce similar or better results than has also been shown in other research (Peter and Bosu, 21 1986; Liu and Spahr, 1993; At-Taras and Spahr, 2001). Automated activity monitoring can also be useful in heifers under a variety of housing systems, including pasture, dry lot, and tiestall (Sakaguchi et al., 2007). Comparisons between and other estrus detection methods also exist. Cavalieri et al. (2003a) compared estrus detection of a pedometer, a rump-mounted pressure-sensitive mounting detector, and tail paint using milk P4 levels and pregnancy diagnosis and found no differences in sensitivities (81.4, 88.4, and 91.3%, respectively). Reports concerning the percent of estrus events identified using vary between 51 and 84% in both confinement and pasture situations (Lewis and Newman, 1984; Redden et al., 1993; Roelofs et al., 2005a; McGowan et al., 2007; Hockey et al., 2010; Kamphuis et al., 2012; Valenza et al., 2012). Yaniz et al. (2006) stated that a reduction in physical activity occurs with increased milk production, parity, and temperature humidity index (THI). Holman et al. (2011) agreed that high milk yield and low may negatively affect sensitivity, additionally adding that lameness can affect results from leg mounted technologies. However, synchronization, parity, cow age, milk yield, season, DIM, and weather have been found in other studies to have no effect on physical activity (At-Taras and Spahr, 2001; Yaniz et al., 2006). Recently, studies have focused on comparing to TAI. In 2010, Galon (2010) found no difference in first service between Ovsynch (17.6%) and pedometers (22.6 more comprehensive study compared to using over 900 animals from 3 herds (Neves et al., 2012). Time to pregnancy was shorter (82 vs. 125 d) for cows bred using the AAM. 22 Rumination Automated rumination monitoring can use a microphone system that lies on the cow\u2019s neck to identify the regurgitation and re-chewing of cud (Burfeind et al., 2011) or an accelerometer to identify motions associated with rumination (Bikker et al., 2014). Schirmann et al. (2009) validated a commercial, microphone-based rumination monitoring device, finding high correlations to of 51 cows (r = 0.93). Because of the decrease in feed intake during estrus (Maltz et al., 1997), the resulting decrease in rumination provides another possible method for (Reith and Hoy, 2012). Reith and Hoy (2012) showed a reduction in rumination on the day of estrus from a baseline of 429 min/d to 355 min/d. Overall, mean decrease in rumination during 265 estrus events was 17% (74 min), but with high variation (-71 to +16%). In a follow-up study that looked at 453 estrous cycles, rumination time decreased 19.6% (83 min/d) on the day of estrus (Reith et al., 2014). Pahl et al. (2015) also found a decrease in rumination on the day of (19.3%) and the day before (19.8%) inseminations leading to pregnancy. Temperature Cow temperature fluctuates throughout the estrous cycle, being lowest just before estrus, high on the day of estrus, and low again at the time of ovulation in comparison to the high temperatures seen throughout the luteal phase of the cycle (Wrenn et al., 1958; Lewis and Newman, 1984; Suthar et al., 2011). The decrease before estrus may result from lowered P4 levels after luteolysis (Wrenn et al., 1958; Kyle et al., 1998), though Suthar et al. (2011) identified no correlation between body temperature and serum P4 concentrations (r = 0.018). The increase in temperature during estrus could be associated with the increase in activity during behavioral estrus (Walton and King, 1986; Redden et 23 al., 1993). Yet tie stall cows, whose movement is constricted, have also experienced increases in vaginal temperature during estrus (Suthar et al., 2011). Other hypothesis for increased vaginal temperature surrounding estrus are enhanced blood flow to the area (Suthar et al., 2011) and correlation with the surge (Clapper et al., 1990). Regardless of reasoning, reticulorumen boluses, vaginal inserts, temperature monitoring ear tags, and milk temperature sensing technologies originally designed for disease detection could provide an additional method of estrus detection. Vaginal temperature increases between 0.10 and 1.02 \u00baC (Lewis and Newman, 1984; Redden et al., 1993; Kyle et al., 1998; Fisher et al., 2008; Suthar et al., 2011) and milk temperature increases of 0.3 \u00baC (Maatje and Rossing, 1976; McArthur et al., 1992) have bene recorded during estrus. Rectal temperatures, though non-automated, have even greater reported increases during estrus (1.3 \u00baC; Piccione et al., 2003). These temperature increases last for 6.8 \u00b1 4.6 h in dairy cows and 6.5 \u00b1 2.7 h in beef cows (Redden et al., 1993; Kyle et al., 1998). Maatje and Rossing (1976) found 84% of visually observed estrus events were identifiable using twice-daily milk temperature monitoring follow-up study by McArthur et al. (1992) introduced skepticism after only 50% of estrus events were identified via milk temperature monitoring compared to P4 concentrations in the milk. Other studies have focused on vaginal temperature monitoring, finding sensitivities ranging from 69 to 86% when compared to P4 concentrations, making them similar to (Redden et al., 1993; Kyle et al., 1998). Overall, temperature monitoring as a tool for estrus detection has both potential and difficulties (Ball et al., 1978; Schl\u00fcnsen et al., 1987; Fordham et al., 1988; Cooper-Prado et al., 2011; Culmer, 2012). Past challenges 24 have included large daily fluctuations in temperature, variability in temperature rises, seasonal variation, and problems with data recovery from reticulorumen temperature boluses. Many studies agree that temperature alone may not be specific enough to use for estrus detection because of the variety of factors (sickness, ambient temperature, water intake, etc.) that may also affect it (Walton and King, 1986; Fordham et al., 1988 newly proposed tool for automated temperature monitoring is measurements of body surface temperature using infrared technology (Talukder et al., 2014). Although originally discredited for high rates of and (Hurnik et al., 1985), new technology has been developed that is much more promising. Talukder et al. (2014) measured surface temperature on the vulva and muzzle of 20 cows and identified a significant decrease in temperature 48 h before, increase 24 h before, and another decrease at ovulation as determined by ultrasound evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity of this method for estrus detection compared to plasma P4 varied from 58 to 92% and 29 to 57%, respectively, depending on the algorithm used. Creation of an accurate algorithm and automation of vulval temperature monitoring is challenging because of fecal contamination and tail placement. Alternative locations for infrared temperature monitoring such as the eye and back of the ear may be more appropriate (Hoffmann et al., 2013). Progesterone Progesterone measurements can be estimated through both blood and milk sampling and are often used as the gold standard comparison when testing other estrus detection methods (Firk et al., 2002). Roelofs et al. (2006) demonstrated that milk P4 concentrations decline to < 5 ng/ml 80 h before and < 2 ng/ml 71 h before ovulation, with 25 blood P4 following a similar pattern. Multiple reproductive parameters can be gained from measuring P4, including identification of estrus and estrus detection errors, likelihood of insemination success, pregnancy diagnosis or loss, ovarian cyst diagnosis, anestrus identification, and evaluation of responses to hormone intervention (Nebel, 1988; Blom and Ridder, 2010; Mazeris, 2010; Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012). On-farm, individual milk P4 tests have been developed (Marcus and Hackett, 1986; Worsfold et al., 1987; Nebel, 1988), but are not automated. An alternative is automated detection through inline milk sampling systems (Pemberton et al., 2001; Gillis et al., 2002; Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012). The only commercially available system of this kind is Herd Navigator (DeLaval, Tumba, Sweden), which collects milk at specific time points throughout the estrous cycle to determine a P4 curve for each cow (Friggens and Chagunda, 2005; Mazeris, 2010). An algorithm in the system then determines if the cow receives an estrus alert depending on her point in the estrous cycle group of Danish herds using the Herd Navigator system have reported a between 40 and 63% and a mean reduction in of 22 d since adoption (Blom and Ridder, 2010 separate survey reported of Herd Navigator test farms changed from 22.8% pre-installation to 40% two years later (Durkin, 2010). When compared to inseminations resulting in pregnancy, the high sensitivity (93.3%) and specificity (93.7%) for estrus detection has identified the usefulness of the Herd Navigators as an tool (Friggens et al., 2008). Furthermore, the Herd Navigator can also conduct measurements of lactate dehydrogenase, urea, and \u03b2 26 dehydroxybutyrate to detect metabolic diseases and mastitis in addition to estrus detection benefits. Regardless, high cost of the system has limited its adoption. Others Lewis and Newman (1984) found vaginal pH to be lowest on the day of estrus, decreased milk yield surrounding estrus, and heart rate to be slowest during estrus. However, these variations were small and repeated measurements (because of lack of automation) are not yet feasible for commercial dairies. Similar inability to automate has reduced interest in other areas, including monitoring electrical resistance of vaginal mucus, dry matter concentration and crystallization patterns of vaginal mucus, and blood P4 around estrus (Noonan et al., 1975; Leidl and Stolla, 1976; Heckman et al., 1979). Technology Combinations According to de Mol et al. (1997), the missing link in automated technology monitoring is merging all available data. Combinations of multiple parameters would improve when certain conditions (environmental temperature, pen changes, etc.) interfere with one monitoring method (Firk et al., 2002). Maatje et al. (1997a) considered the combination of activity, milk yield, and milk temperature for estrus detection, finding sensitivity improvements of 10 to 20% over activity alone. Peralta et al. (2005) also tested three parameters, finding the sensitivity of VO, activity monitoring, and mounting detection alone was 49.3%, 37.2% and 48%, respectively. The combination of all three systems increased estrus detection sensitivity to 80.2%. Additional studies have shown the usefulness of combining multiple variables for estrus detection (Redden et al., 1993; de Mol and Woldt, 2001b; Brehme et al., 2008; O\u2019Connell et al., 2011). 27 Merging automatically collected data (activity, rumination, etc.) with an individual cow\u2019s history can also improve estrus detection algorithms. Firk et al. (2003) demonstrated that including information about the length of time since a cow\u2019s last estrus period decreased sensitivity from 91.7 to 87.9% but improved error rate from 34.6 to 12.5%. The potential for multiple parameter combinations in estrus detection requires improved data analysis compared to univariate scenarios. Some multivariate evaluation techniques include statistical process control, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and machine learning. Statistical process control monitors and detects changes in data over time. Control limits are set through calculations of the mean variation between observations and when an observation goes outside of those control limits, an alert is triggered (De Vries and Conlin, 2003b). This allows the model to distinguish between natural variation and real change. Statistical process control has been used to manage mastitis (Niza- Ribeiro et al., 2004; Lukas et al., 2005) and reproductive performance (De Vries and Conlin, 2003a; b). Fuzzy logic analysis involves 3 steps: fuzzification, fuzzy inference, and defuzzification (Firk et al., 2002). Fuzzification is the process of transforming real variables into linguistic variables. Fuzzy inference then applies rules to the transformed variables in a fashion similar to \u201cif, then\u201d statements to classify them. Defuzzification returns the values created by fuzzification and fuzzy inference back to readable values. In the dairy industry, fuzzy logic has been applied to mastitis (De Mol and Woldt, 2001a; 28 Cavero et al., 2006; Kramer et al., 2009), lameness (Kramer et al., 2009), and estrus detection (De Mol and Woldt, 2001a). Neural networks do not require a specific algorithm to work (Grzesiak et al., 2006). Instead, they learn how to make associations and adapt when presented with new data. Although most commonly used in engineering, business, and medicine, some models can predict milk production (Sanzogni and Kerr, 2001; Grzesiak et al., 2006; Sharma et al., 2007) and mastitis occurrence (Ankinakatte et al., 2013) (Heald et al., 2000; Hassan et al., 2009). Machine learning is another method of programming that allows for constant algorithm improvement through experience and data analysis (Alpaydin, 2004). Machine learning is applicable to retailers who track customer behavior, financial institutions when identifying risk, and manufacturing scenarios to help minimize resource consumption. Reproductive performance in the dairy industry has also been evaluated using machine learning (Mitchell et al., 1996; Caraviello et al., 2006a; Shahinfar et al., 2013). Technology Effect on Timing of Insemination Pregnancy outcome is dependent on timing of relative to ovulation (Nebel et al., 1994). Automated monitoring technologies\u2019 ability to predict ovulation may help maximize by determining ideal time (Senger, 1994). Dransfield et al. (1998) evaluated 2,661 inseminations in 17 herds and reported the highest when cows underwent 4 to 12 h after the onset of standing activity as measured by an automated rump-mounted pressure-sensitive technology similar study using pedometer readings showed 6 to 17 h after increased activity levels resulted in the highest CR, with no 29 effect of disease, inseminator, or bull on the results (Maatje et al., 1997b). Vaginal temperature has also shown a high correlation (r = 0.74) to ovulation (Rajamahendran et al., 1989), and strong relationships with the peak (Clapper et al., 1990; Mosher et al., 1990; Fisher et al., 2008). Automated technologies\u2019 ability to measure intensity and duration of estrus may further improve CR. Dransfield et al. (1998) reported that the probability of pregnancy increased with an increased number of standing events. Cows that stood for mounting less than 3 times experienced a 41% lower chance of becoming pregnant compared to cows that stood to be mounted 3 or more times before AI. Stevenson et al. (1983) agreed that increased estrus intensity resulted in a significant positive effect on CR. Technology Adoption Technology adoption on dairy farms has been slow (Russell and Bewley, 2013). In 2007, the estimated dairy herds using pedometers and pressure sensing technologies for estrus detection at 1.4 and 5.7%, respectively (USDA, 2007). Nevertheless, Borchers and Bewley (2014) recently conducted a producer survey and identified high adoption interest in mounting and cow activity monitoring technologies. Reasons producers may consider adopting automated technologies include current reductions in availability of skilled labor, greater opportunities to meet production goals, and increased electronic record keeping opportunities (Wathes et al., 2008). Producers may reject automated technologies because of lack of confidence in technology and uncertainty in payback period. Russell and Bewley (2013) conducted a survey to identify reasons for slow technology adoption in Kentucky herds and 42% and 30% of producers identified undesirable cost to benefit ratio and no economic value, respectively. Borchers 30 and Bewley (2014) also identified economics (benefit to cost ratio and investment cost) as the two biggest factors influencing technology adoption. These results highlight the importance of evaluating economic feasibility of automated technologies Reproductive performance is one of the largest factors affecting dairy farm profitability because of its direct relationship to milk production, replacement availability, genetic progress, and culling (Britt, 1985; Plaizier et al., 1997; Olynk and Wolf, 2008). Dijkhuizen et al. (1985) estimated that reproductive failure accounted for 2% of gross production or 10% of an average farmer\u2019s income. In agreement, both Plaizier et al. (1997) and Kalantari and Cabrera (2012) have identified high correlations between reproductive performance and herd value. The mean value of a new pregnancy is between US$192 and $278, depending on parity, point in lactation, milk production, probability of pregnancy, and replacement heifer price (De Vries, 2006b; Cabrera, 2012 more common economic measurement of reproductive performance is the cost of extended DO. One extra represents a loss of US$0.10 to $5.41 per cow, depending on calculation strategy and time point used (Holmann et al., 1984; Groenendaal et al., 2004; Meadows et al., 2005; De Vries, 2006a). This cost decreases with an increase in feed cost and slaughter price, a shorter voluntary waiting period (VWP), and lower milk production (Bewley et al., 2010). The cost of increases as reproductive performance declines and replacement and milk prices increase (Meadows et al., 2005; Bewley et al., 2010). Estrus detection methods differ in cost because of differences in EDR, CR, and inputs (Holmann et al., 1987; Olynk and Wolf, 2009). Inputs include labor for estrus 31 detection and estrus detection aids such as tail paint, synchronization hormones, and automated detection technologies (Holmann et al., 1987). Additional reproductive management inputs include cost of semen, insemination, and pregnancy diagnosis. Galv\u00e3o et al. (2013) estimated cost of visual estrus detection at $0.15/cow/d, assuming labor costs of $15.00/h and the ability to monitor 100 cows/h. Mean cost per straw of semen labor cost per insemination, and cost per pregnancy diagnosis have recently been valued at $10.00, $5.00, and $3.00, respectively (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013). Synchronization Economics Recent research estimated commercial prices for GnRH and PGF2\u03b1 at $2.40 and $2.65/dose, respectively (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013). Cost of labor for an injection was $0.25, assuming 60 injections/h by an employee earning $15.00/h. Lima et al. (2010) estimated that 10.8 injections per cow per year were required in a program. With injection prices accumulating quickly, the benefits of may be offset by drug costs (Tenhagen et al., 2004). To determine this, studies have compared the economics of synchronization with other reproductive management strategies. One study conducted a partial budget comparison of natural service (exclusive use of bulls) and a modified Presynch-Ovsynch with estrus detection, assuming a large, western U.S. Holstein dairy herd (Overton, 2005). On average, natural service costs totaled US$10 more per cow per year. Lima et al. (2010) also compared natural service to a modified Ovsynch protocol, finding that the cost for each program per cow per year was $100.49 and $67.80, respectively. However, after accounting for the difference in and PR, TAI\u2019s advantage over natural service reduced to $9.73/cow per year. 32 The advantage of over natural service depended on the cost to feed bulls, semen price, and genetic merit of purchased semen. Olynk and Wolf (2009) compared the economics of three reproductive management programs for estrus detection, Ovsynch, and Cosynch, a variation of Ovsynch involving insemination at the same time as the last GnRH injection. They found that Ovsynch resulted in economic preference until nine additional minutes of labor (estimated at $1.92) were required, at which point Cosynch was preferred net present value (NPV) analysis by Olynk and Wolf (2008) emphasized that when labor costs are low, visual estrus detection has a greater value but when labor costs are high, Ovsynch has a greater value. However, these conclusions were highly dependent on sensitivity of the visual estrus detection program. Whereas some dairies use only TAI, many dairies combine and visual estrus detection (Giordano et al., 2012a). Recently, an economic comparison of for estrus (Presynch Ovsynch), and a combination of both systems considered varying EDR, accuracy of estrus detection compliance, and milk price (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013). Individually, the groups with a high (60%) EDR, regardless of accuracy of estrus detection (85 or 95%), showed the greatest profit followed by the group with high (95%) compliance. Combining and increased profits in all situations regardless of increased input costs. Giordano et al. (2011) created a similar, though more user friendly, comparison model. The tool calculates per cow per year for different reproductive management programs and can be adapted to an individual farm\u2019s situation using production, reproduction, and economic inputs. Reproductive management options comparable by 33 the tool include 100% VO, 100% TAI, and any combination of and VO. In an example presented by the authors using information from a commercial Wisconsin dairy herd, 100 programs were more profitable than 100% VO. Combining and was only valuable when the was low in the program. Giordano et al. (2012a) found that the net value of programs combining and visual estrus detection was reliant on the number of cows receiving after visually detected and the CR. Automated Estrus Detection Economics The full economic value of automated technologies is difficult to determine because most of them provide additional benefits (i.e. health monitoring, cow comfort evaluation, etc.) beyond estrus detection. One study has estimated the reproductive benefit of an inline P4 indicator at US$63.50 per cow-year on a typical Danish herd, assuming that adoption would improve EDR, reduce time to first service, and reduce inaccurate (Ostergaard et al., 2005). To the author\u2019s knowledge, publications of economic comparisons between technologies alone and other reproductive management programs do not exist. However, Fricke et al. (2014c) conducted an economic comparison between three reproductive management strategies: 1) cows inseminated using and undergoing Ovsynch if not detected in estrus by 62 DIM, 2) cows inseminated using after presynchronization and receiving Ovsynch if not detected in estrus by 62 DIM, and 3) cows inseminated after Presynch-Ovsynch. Their analysis resulted in a similar for all three systems, indicating potential for the combination of activity monitoring and TAI. 34 Reproductive performance of dairy cows is below acceptable standards. One aspect of reproductive performance that we have substantial control over is estrus detection. Improvements to estrus detection may be obtainable through or technologies. The economics of alternative reproductive management systems require evaluation before adoption. 35 Figure 1.1. Injection protocol for Ovsynch, Presynch-12 Ovsynch, G6G Ovsynch, and Double Ovsynch using gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin F2\u03b1 (PGF2\u03b1 16 h 56 h 7 days Ovsynch GnRH GnRH PGF2\u03b1 GnRH GnRH PGF2\u03b1 PGF2\u03b1 PGF2\u03b1 16 h 56 h 7 12 days 14 days Presynch-12 GnRH GnRH PGF2\u03b1 PGF2\u03b1 PGF2\u03b1 16 h 56 h 7 days 6 days 2 days G6G Ovsynch GnRH GnRH GnRH GnRH PGF2\u03b1 PGF2\u03b1 16 h 56 h 7 days 7 days 7 days 3 days Double Ovsynch 36 Estrus Detection using Multiple Automated Technologies Compared to Visual Observation K. A. Dolecheck, W. J. Silvia,* G. Heersche Jr.,* Y.M. Chang,\u2020 D.L. Ray,* A. E. Stone,* B. A. Wadsworth,* and J.M. Bewley* Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40546 \u2020Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London 37 Detecting a high percentage of cows in estrus is essential to maintain reproductive performance in dairy herds using AI. Estrus detection rate is the most common measure used to determine estrus detection efficiency. Estrus detection rate is calculated as the number of cows detected in behavioral estrus, divided by the number of cows eligible to come into behavioral estrus throughout a 21 d period, multiplied by 100 (USDA, 2007). Traditionally, estrus detection is accomplished using VO. The most definitive sign of estrus is when a cow stands and allows another cow to mount her. Other observable signs of estrus include increased activity, restlessness, tail raising, clear mucus discharge from the vulva, a pink and swollen vulva, reduced milk yield and feed intake, displaying a flehmen response, and increased interactions with other cows (sniffing the vulva area, chin resting, mounting, licking, grooming, head butting, etc.; Foote, 1975; Van Eerdenburg et al., 1996; Kerbrat and Disenhaus, 2004). Visual observation generally produces poor results, regardless of being the most common form of estrus detection (used by 93% of dairy operations; USDA, 2007). The Dairy Records Management Systems reported mean yearly on Holstein herds (including all reproductive management strategies) as 44.9% in 2015 (DRMS, 2015). The low may be a result of the extreme decline in Holstein cattle estrus duration (from 18 h to less than 8 h) over the last 50 years (Reames et al., 2011). Increasing age, milk production, and environmental factors (greater ambient temperature, uncomfortable housing, etc.) can also negatively affect length and intensity of estrus expression (Vailes and Britt, 1990; L\u00f3pez-Gatius et al., 2005; Palmer et al., 2010). 38 Many farms have successfully implemented timed artificial insemination (TAI) as a replacement for visual estrus detection. In 2007, the reported that 58.2% of dairy operations used some form of PGF2\u03b1 or GnRH based synchronization programs for at least a portion of their heifers or cows (USDA, 2007). However, protocol incompliance (i.e. missed injections) often reduces the success of (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013). Additionally, consumer concerns surrounding hormone use could limit this management option in the future (Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012; Nebel, 2013). Automated estrus detection technologies are another available alternative to supplement or replace visual estrus detection. Parameters with potential for include mounting events, activity level, lying time, rumination events, plod or milk P4 levels, feeding time, body temperature, and more (Senger, 1994; Saint-Dizier and Chastant- Maillard, 2012; Fricke et al., 2014a). Estrus related changes in some of these parameters (mounting events, activity level, lying time, rumination events, and P4) have been quantified repeatedly. However, a lack of consistent data exists surrounding estrus related changes in feeding time and body temperature. Additionally, these parameters have not been measured on the same cows during the same estrus periods. Although mounting events are nearly exclusive to estrus, the remaining secondary signs of estrus are not. Therefore, to create estrus alerts, technologies use algorithms or sets of rules to follow during calculations. Algorithms vary between technologies and are specific to each technology manufacturer. Most algorithms work by comparing an animal\u2019s current behavior with a cow-specific reference period. The reference period is 39 used to create a threshold and when that threshold is exceeded, an estrus alert is created (Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012). To determine usefulness of a specific technology, estrus events identified by the technology algorithm are compared to a gold standard such as VO, ultrasonography, blood or milk P4 levels, or a combination of these. Correctly identified estrus events are considered TP, non-alerted estrus events are FN, non-alerted non-estrus events are TN, and alerted non-estrus events are (Firk et al., 2002). Detecting estrus events is a balance of sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity, the probability that an event is alerted, is equal to TP/(TP+FN)100 (Hogeveen et al., 2010). Specificity, the probability that when an event does not occur no alert is generated, is equal to TN/(TN+FP)100. Because neither sensitivity nor specificity account for the prevalence of the event, other comparative measurements are also useful. These include positive predictive value [TP/(TP+FP)100], negative predictive value [TN/(TN+FN)100], and accuracy [(TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)]. The \u201cestrus alerts\u201d created by individual technologies are a combination of the parameters measured by the technology and the technology manufacturer algorithm. Most technology manufacturer algorithms are considered proprietary, making it difficult to directly compare detection performance between technologies. Machine learning techniques can be used to replace the manufacturer alert algorithms and compare technologies to one another based solely on parameter data collected. Machine learning techniques work in two stages. First, the machine learning technique uses a training set of parameter data to identify a subset of features associated with the event of interest. Second, a testing data set is used to evaluate machine learning technique prediction 40 power , given the associations established using the training data (Breiman, 2001). Three common machine learning techniques are random forest, linear discriminant analysis, and neural network. Each of the three methods works in a different way. The random forest method develops a group of tree-structured classifications using the training data. Then, within each iteration of the testing series, each tree contributes an opinion of how the data should be classified (Breiman, 2001; Shahinfar et al., 2014). Linear discriminant analysis is used to determine relationships between one categorical variable and a set of independent variables (McLachlan, 2004), similar to logistic regression analysis. Neural networks are the most frequently used of machine learning techniques in animal sciences (Shahinfar et al., 2014). These models are designed to make connections similar to a human\u2019s nervous system (Lippmann, 1987). Neural networks are valued for their ability to learn independently and adapt quickly (Krieter, 2005). Mitchell et al. (1996) and Krieter (2005) have previously described the use of machine learning techniques for estrus detection. However, both studies used the technique to identify the day of estrus rather than a more specific time frame. Additionally, no commercially available technology data was used in those analyses. This study included two objectives. The first objective was to evaluate estrus related changes in activity level, number of steps, lying bouts, lying time, feeding time, rumination events, ear surface temperature, and reticulorumen temperature as measured using five technologies on the same cows. The second objective of this study was to apply machine learning techniques to parameters collected by technologies to see if improvements in estrus detection ability could be made. 41 This study was conducted at the University of Kentucky Coldstream Dairy under Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol number 2013-1069. All lactating cows (n = 82) were housed in two groups, separated by a shared, raised feedbunk. Both groups maintained open access to freestalls, one group with sawdust-covered rubber- filled mattresses (PastureMat; Promat, Ontario, Canada) and the other group with sawdust-covered Dual Chamber Cow Waterbeds (Advanced Comfort Technology, Inc., Reedburg, WI). Cows were allowed access to a grass seeded exercise lot for 1 h per d at 1000, weather permitting. All other surfaces accessible to cows (freestall area, feed bunk, holding pen, and alleys) contained grooved concrete. Delivery of a ration containing corn silage, alfalfa silage, whole cottonseed, and grain mix occurred 2X at 0530 and 1330. Milking occurred 2X at 0430 and 1530. This study enrolled 32 Holstein cows that had not been bred in their current lactation. Parity, DIM, and milk (mean \u00b1 SD) of these cows at the beginning of the study protocol was 2.0 \u00b1 1.2, 77.8 \u00b1 20.5 d, and 639.7 \u00b1 535.8, respectively. Cow ovulations were synchronized in three groups of 14, 10, and 8 cows, starting on January 24, March 19, and May 14, respectively. The synchronization protocol was a modification of the standard Ovsynch (Pursley et al., 1995), preceded by G7G (Bello et al., 2006; Figure 2.1). In contrast to the standard Ovsynch, administration of the last injection of GnRH (gonadorelin diacetate tetrahydrate, Cystorelin; Merial Limited, Duluth, GA; 100 \u00b5g intramuscular) did not occur to stimulate estrus expression. Additionally, to stimulate regression, two PGF2\u03b1 injections (dinoprost tromethamine, Lutalyse; Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ; 25 mg intramuscular) were given on the last day of 42 the protocol (7 d after the first GnRH injection), 6 h apart (0800 and 1400). Day 0 was designated as the last day of the synchronization protocol in each group (Figure 2.1). Estrus Confirmation Blood samples (10 ml) were collected from cow coccygeal veinson d -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 7, 9, and 11 (Figure 2.1). Plasma was separated from centrifuged samples and stored at -20 \u00baC until the concentration of P4 was determined by radioimmunoassay (Coat-a- Count Progesterone, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Malvern, PA). Response to the synchronization protocol was confirmed if P4 was greater than 1.0 ng/ml on d -2, -1, and 0, dropped to less than 1.0 ng/ml by d 1, and returned above 1.0 ng/ml by d 9. Ultrasonography identified ovarian structures on d -16, 0, 5, 7, and 11 (Figure 2.1), further confirming synchronization response. Visual observation of cows for 4, 30-min periods at 0330, 1000, 1430, and 2200 occurred on d 2, 3, 4, and 5 (Figure 2.1). Two observers were present at each shift, with one assigned to each side of the separated housing area. Study cows were clearly identified using spray paint. Observers recorded the time of each standing estrus event. Technologies Evaluated Each cow was fitted with 5 automated monitoring technologies before beginning synchronization. The bolus Systems, LLC, Greeley, CO), placed into the reticulorumen using a bolus gun, recorded reticulorumen temperature twice daily using a passive radio-frequency identification transponder. Data download occurred at the time of parlor entrance, where panel readers were located. The Tag Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel), held on the left side of the neck using a nylon collar, measured neck activity and rumination time in 2 h blocks using a 3-axis accelerometer and microphone 43 with a microprocessor, respectively. The rumination portion of the Tag was previously validated in dairy cattle (Schirmann et al., 2009; Burfeind et al., 2011). The IceQube (IceRobotics Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland), attached to the left rear leg using a plastic strap, reported number of steps, lying bouts, and lying time every 15 minutes using a 3-axis accelerometer. The SensOor (Agis Automatisering, Harmelen, Netherlands), attached to the left ear, used a 3-axis accelerometer to classify each min into one of six behaviors (rumination, feeding, resting, low activity, regular activity, or high activity) and reported hourly percentage of time associated with each behavior. Additionally, the SensOor used a digital surface temperature monitor to evaluate mean hourly ear surface temperature. The behavioral portion of the SensOor, but not the temperature monitor, was previously validated on dairy cows (Bikker et al., 2014). The Track a Cow (Animart Inc., Beaver Dam and ENGS, Rosh Pina, Israel), attached to the front right leg using a nylon strap, used a 3-axis accelerometer to measure hourly activity and lying time. Statistical Analysis Regardless of data reporting frequency method, all technology parameter data was summed by hour. Parameter data was then averaged by hour across 12 hour blocks of time. If observed in standing estrus during periods, a cow\u2019s estrus was classified as the 12 h period of time leading up to the first observed standing estrus event. The 28, 12 h periods (14 d) before the estrus period were classified as periods of non-estrus. Estrus vs. Non-estrus. The procedure of 9.3 Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) analyzed the effect of estrus status (estrus or non-estrus) on bolus reticulorumen temperature Tag neck activity and rumination; IceQube lying bouts, 44 lying time, and number of steps; SensOor ear surface temperature, feeding time, high ear activity, and rumination; and Track a Cow leg activity and lying time, considering cow as a random effect (ci): yij = \u00b5 + ESj + ci + eij Where yij is the parameter measurement bolus reticulorumen temperature Tag neck activity or rumination; IceQube lying bouts, lying time, or number of steps; SensOor ear surface temperature, feeding time, high ear activity, or rumination; or Track a Cow leg activity or lying time) of the ith cow; \u00b5 is the intercept; ESj is an indicator of estrus or non-estrus at time j; and eij is residual error. Correlations. The procedure of 9.3 calculated daily relationships between bolus reticulorumen temperature Tag neck activity and rumination; IceQube lying bouts, lying time, and number of steps; SensOor ear surface temperature, feeding time, high ear activity, and rumination; and Track a Cow leg activity and lying time for each cow. The procedure of 9.3 averaged the 18 daily cow correlations and the median was used to represent cow level correlations. Group level correlations were also analyzed. The procedure of 9.3 averaged the 14 d of non-estrus data from all 18 cows by parameter and day. The procedure of then summarized relationships between bolus reticulorumen temperature Tag neck activity and rumination; IceQube lying bouts, lying time, and number of steps; SensOor ear surface temperature, feeding time, high ear activity, and rumination; and Track a Cow leg activity and lying time. Machine learning. The package <caret> from version 3.1.1 Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) was used to create a 4-fold cross-validation, 45 including 10 analysis per series, for each technology bolus Tag, IceQube, SensOor, and Track a Cow) using three machine learning techniques (random forest, linear discriminant analysis, and neural network). The training data set contained 70% of visually observed estrus events (n = 13). The remaining 30% of observations were used in the testing data set (n = 5). The models were used to predict which time block (of the 29, 12 h periods defined earlier) each data line referred to. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of each technology and machine learning technique combination were calculated based on time block predictions Progesterone analysis combined with ultrasonography indicated that 29 of the 32 cows (90.6%) ovulated after completing the synchronization protocol. Eighteen cows (62.1%) were observed standing to be mounted during the periods. Failure to detect the remaining 11 cows may have resulted from unexpressed estrus periods or short estrus lengths that went unobserved because of non-continuous observation researcher error resulted in some data not being properly saved from the computer. Consequently, 4 cows observed in estrus were missing lying time data from the Track a Cow and were removed from affected analysis. Additionally, a technology malfunction resulted in no IceQube data recorded for 1 other cow, which was also removed from affected analysis. All remaining technology parameter analysis included all 18 cows observed in estrus. 46 Activity All activity measures increased significantly during estrus compared to non-estrus < 0.01; Table 2.2.1). The percent activity increase between non-estrus and estrus for Tag neck activity, IceQube number of steps, SensOor high ear activity, and Track a Cow leg activity was 71.2%, 224.8%, 330.4%, and 177.1%, respectively. Similar estrus associated increases in numbers of steps (2 to 4 times) have been reported previously (Kiddy, 1977; Redden et al., 1993; Roelofs et al., 2005a). The range of increase in activity may have resulted from differing accelerometer attachment locations. The largest estrus related activity increase was recorded by the ear-mounted accelerometer, followed by the leg location, and then the neck (Table 2.2.1). Holman et al. (2011) compared the same neck activity monitor as used in this study to a leg activity monitor, finding no difference in sensitivity (58.9 vs. 63.3%) but noting that different factors (BCS, milk yield, and lameness) affected each system\u2019s ability to detect estrus. Activity monitoring is the most widely marketed of automated measures used for estrus detection. The ability of to detect estrus, as reported in multiple studies, ranges between 51.0 and 89.2% in both confinement and pasture situations (Roelofs et al., 2005a; Dela Rue et al., 2014). McGowan et al. (2007) evaluated the estrus detection ability of activity as measured by the IceTag, an earlier version of the IceQube, and found a range in sensitivity from 76 to 84% and a range in specificity from 12.5 to 22%. Kamphuis et al. (2012) evaluated the estrus detection ability of neck activity using the Tag, finding a 62.4% sensitivity, 99.3% specificity, and 76.6% positive predictive value. 47 Group level correlations between activity monitors in this study ranged from a low of 0.76 between Tag neck activity and Track a Cow leg activity and a high of 0.99 between all activity monitoring technologies (IceQube, SensOor, and Track a Cow) except the Tag (Table 2.2). At the cow level, correlations were reduced and ranged from 0.17 between the SensOor ear activity and Track a Cow leg activity and 0.55 between the number of steps recorded by the IceQube and the SensOor ear activity (Table 2.2). Activity monitor location affected activity level reading, resulting in the wide range of correlations. Differences between group level and cow level correlations were expected because daily variation at the cow level will be masked at the group level. Lying Time and Lying Bouts All lying measures were significantly less during estrus as compared to non-estrus < 0.01; Table 2.2.1). Percentage change between non-estrus and estrus for IceQube lying bouts, IceQube lying time, and Track a Cow lying time were similar at -50.0%, - 56.0%, and -51.6%, respectively. Time spent lying decreases around estrus because of increased activity (Esslemont and Bryant, 1976; Livshin et al., 2005; Jonsson et al., 2011). However, lying time alone has rarely been used as a predictor for estrus. McGowan et al. (2007) found that lying time recorded by the IceTag produced poor results alone as an indicator of estrus (50% estrus detection). Similarly, Jonsson et al. (2011) reported a 50.0% sensitivity, 99.6% specificity, and 18.2% error rate [calculated as FP/(TP+FP)100] using lying behavior reported by the IceQube to predict estrus. Compared to IceQube step count from the same study (sensitivity: 88.9%, specificity: 99.4%, and error rate: 15.8%), results were poor. However, by adding lying behavior to 48 step count, error rate was reduced to 5.9%. Therefore, there may be potential to use lying behavior in combination with other parameters to reduce false estrus alerts. The correlation between lying time as measured by the IceQube and Track a Cow in this study was 0.85 at the group level and 0.44 at the cow level (Table 2.2). Differences in lying time between technologies may be explained by technology location. The IceQube was placed on a rear leg whereas the Track a Cow was placed on a front leg. At times, cows may lay so that their back legs are more perpendicular to the ground than their front legs, or vice versa. Rumination and Feeding Time Both measures of rumination time decreased significantly from non-estrus to estrus < 0.01; Table 2.2.1). Previous research analyzing the change in rumination relative to estrus is limited. Reith and Hoy (2012) evaluated 265 estrus events, finding that rumination on the d of estrus decreased 17% (74 min), but with large variation between herds (14 to 24%). In a follow-up study that looked at 453 estrous cycles, rumination time decreased 19.6% (83 min) on the d of estrus (Reith et al., 2014). Pahl et al. (2015) also found a decrease in rumination on the d of (19.3%) and the d before (19.8%) inseminations leading to pregnancy. In this study, the percent decrease in rumination time for the Tag and SensOor was 49.9% and 42.7%, respectively, during the 12 h period before estrus. These large decreases could be the result of a narrower \u201cestrus\u201d window (12 h) as compared to the previous studies (1 d). The correlation between rumination time recorded by the tag and rumination time recorded by the SensOor was 0.78 at the group level and 0.36 at the cow level (Table 2.2). Differences between technologies (4.88 min/h during estrus and 6.42 min/h 49 during non-estrus) could be the result of differing recording methods. The Tag uses a microphone system that rests on the cow\u2019s neck to identify the regurgitation and re- chewing of cud. The SensOor uses an accelerometer to identify ear movement associated with rumination. Both systems have been validated with high correlations to (SensOor: r = 0.93 and Tag: r = 0.93; Bikker et al., 2014 and Schirmann et al., 2009). However, the SensOor validation was done on a per minute basis whereas the Tag validation was done on a 2-hour basis. Therefore, results are not directly comparable. One explanation for decreased rumination around estrus is decreased feed intake (Maltz et al., 1997; Diskin and Sreenan, 2000). Contrarily, feeding time as recorded by the SensOor in this study increased significantly during estrus (15.55 min/h) as compared to non-estrus (8.88 min/h < 0.01; Table 2.2.1). In agreement, group level correlations between SensOor feeding time and Tag rumination (r = -0.37) and SensOor rumination (r = -0.79) were negative (Table 2.2). Other researchers agree that feed intake may not always decrease around estrus. De Silva et al. (1981) found no change in feed intake during the 3 d period surrounding estrus and Lukas et al. (2008) found actually increased 0.61 kg/d during estrus. The method by which the SensOor measured feeding time in the current study depended on the ability of an accelerometer to distinguish ear movements related to feeding and is not a true measure of intake. Therefore, the reported increase in feeding time may not represent an actual increase in but rather head movements similar to those occurring when a cow is feeding. Temperature Reticulorumen temperature as measured by the bolus increased significantly during the 12 h period of estrus (39.36 \u00b1 0.24 vs. 38.85 \u00b1 0.21 < 0.0; 50 Table 2.2.1). Ear surface temperature as recorded by the SensOor showed a numeric but non-significant increase during estrus (24.27 \u00b1 1.21 vs. 23.00 \u00b1 0.85 = 0.16; Table 2.2.1). Ear surface temperature is influenced by both core body temperature and ambient temperatures (Mader and Kreikemeier, 2006). Therefore, ear surface temperature was expected to be less than and fluctuate more than reticulorumen temperature (a measure of core body temperature alone). The large variation in ear surface temperature was evident in the greater standard error as compared to reticulorumen temperature. SensOor temperature measurements are not advertised for estrus detection use, likely because of this variation. Previously, vaginal temperature increases between 0.10 and 1.02 \u00baC (Lewis and Newman, 1984; Kyle et al., 1998) and milk temperature increases of 0.3 \u00baC (Maatje and Rossing, 1976; McArthur et al., 1992) have been reported during estrus. Rectal temperatures, though non-automated, have even greater reported increases during estrus (1.3 \u00baC; Piccione et al., 2003). These estrus related temperature increases have been reported to last for 6.8 \u00b1 4.6 h in dairy cows and 6.5 \u00b1 2.7 h in beef cows (Redden et al., 1993; Kyle et al., 1998). Regardless of reported estrus related changes in temperature, inconsistent results have been found when using temperature for estrus detection in previous studies. Maatje and Rossing (1976) found 84% of visually observed estrus events were identifiable using twice-daily milk temperature monitoring. However, McArthur et al. (1992) found only 50% of estrus events were identified via milk temperature monitoring as compared to P4 concentrations. 51 Correlation between the reticulorumen temperature measured by the bolus and ear surface temperature measured by the SensOor was negative at both the group level (r = -0.24) and the cow level (r = -0.04; Table 2.2). The different temperature monitor locations and large measurement variations likely contributed to this result. Behavioral Parameter Relationships Table 2.2 includes all group level and cow level correlations between parameters. As discussed previously, group level correlations were expected to be greater than cow level correlations because daily variation at the cow level will be masked at the group level. Both types of relationships between parameters may be useful in the creation of multivariable estrus detection algorithms. Discussion below considers group level correlations. As expected, activity measures showed moderate to strong negative correlation with lying measures (r = -0.44 to -0.96). Both rumination measures showed negative correlations with activity (group level: r = -0.95 to -0.15) and strong positive correlations with lying measures (r = 0.63 to 0.88), indicating that most rumination occurred when cows were lying down. As expected, feeding time showed strong negative correlations with lying measure (r = -0.90 to -0.68) and strong positive correlations with activity (r = 0.86 to 0.94). Temperature showed weak correlations (r = -0.19 to 0.19) with most parameters. The only exception was a moderately negative correlation between SensOor ear surface temperature and Tag rumination (r = -0.57), for reasons not fully understood. 52 Machine Learning Because of the low number of observed estrus events in this study (n = 18), when 70% of the data was used for the training set, data from only 5 cows was left for the testing set. Consequently, results should be interpreted carefully, keeping in mind the low sample size. Table 2.3 shows the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy accomplished using different combinations of each of the five technologies and machine learning techniques (random forest, linear discriminant analysis, or neural network). The objective of this analysis was to compare estrus detection ability of automatically collected technology data, independent of alert algorithm. Using random forest, the SensOor and IceQube produced the greatest accuracy (98.6%; Table 2.3). The SensOor also produced the greatest accuracy (100%) when using linear discriminant analysis whereas the IceQube produced the greatest accuracy (100%) when using neural networks (Table 2.3). The number and variety of parameters measured by both the SensOor and IceQube likely gave them an advantage in these analysis. Peralta et al. (2005) showed that although VO, activity monitoring, and mounting detection alone produced low estrus detection sensitivities (49.3%, 37.2% and 48.0%, respectively), combining all three produced an acceptable sensitivity of 80.2%. Redden et al. (1993) also found that by combining two parameters (activity and vaginal temperature) that alone each produced an 80% EDR, a 90 was possible. The bolus produced the poorest results in the machine learning analysis. The model found few patterns in the bolus data useful for predicting estrus events, as indicated by multiple cases of 0.0% sensitivity or 0.0% specificity. Overall accuracy was still acceptable for the bolus (71.7 to 96.6%), but only because of the low number of 53 potential (n = 5) and the large number of potential (n = 140) in the analysis rather than actual predicting ability. The bolus was the only tested technology that contained only one measured parameter. Machine learning techniques work by finding patterns between parameters and likely did not have enough data to predict estrus in this scenario. Between the remaining technologies, the IceQube produced the second best accuracy (97.9 to 100.0%), followed by the Tag (96.6 to 97.9%), and then the Track a Cow (91.0 to 97.2%). However, all technology results were similar. Compared to other studies that have tested similar machine learning techniques for estrus detection, these results are high. Krieter (2005) applied the neural network technique, combining activity and time since last estrus to a testing set of 74 estrus events, and accomplished a sensitivity, specificity, and error rate of 77.5, 99.6, and 9.1%, respectively. Mitchell et al. (1996) used machine learning techniques to identify 69% of estrus events in a 44 cow testing set, but experienced a large number of (74%). That analysis included milk yield, milking order, and time since last estrus as predictors. Both of those analyses were used to predict the day of estrus, whereas the current study focused on predicting a 12 h period before estrus. Narrowing the estrus period may be more accurate as most researchers agree that estrus does not last a full 24 h. Another explanation for the improved results in this study is the low number of observations in the testing set, which could have resulted in the models overestimating predicting ability. Size and structure of the dataset can influence the performance of different machine learning techniques (Shahinfar et al., 2014), making multiple analyses using different machine learning techniques important. Overall, differences between machine learning 54 techniques were small. In general, estrus detection ability of machine learning techniques were superior to VO. When was compared to P4 results of all 32 cows, a 62.1% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 21.4% negative predictive value, and a 65.6% accuracy of estrus detection were achieved. Non-continuous monitoring likely limited the ability of to detect short periods of estrus. Additionally, using secondary signs of estrus to define estrus rather than standing events alone likely would have increased detection rate. Roelofs et al. (2005b) identified 19% of behavioral estrus events when observing cows for standing estrus alone, but 90% when considering multiple secondary signs. The ability to continuously monitor cows using automated monitoring technologies, allowing detection of short or unexpressed estrus periods, likely contributed to improved performance over VO. Machine learning techniques in this study also improved on previous reports of capabilities. The greatest reported by an automated monitoring technology that the author\u2019s are aware of was 89.2% using a leg activity monitor (Dela Rue et al., 2014). The only automated monitoring technology and machine learning technique combinations that did not exceed 90% detection in the current study were the bolus (regardless of machine learning technique) and the random forest technique combined with the Tag and the IceQube (Table 2.3). The improvements observed when using machine learning techniques indicate that this method may be useful for improving manufacturer algorithms Reticulorumen temperature, neck activity, rumination, lying bouts, lying time, step count, feeding time, ear activity, and leg activity may be useful as predictors of 55 estrus. Ear surface temperature, as monitored in this study, holds less potential for detecting differences between periods of estrus and non-estrus. When comparing five technologies using machine learning techniques, an ear-mounted accelerometer had a slight advantage in estrus detection ability. This could be because of the increased number of parameters the device was capable of measuring. Overall, estrus detection ability of machine learning techniques were superior to and improved on previous reports of automated monitoring technology capabilities. Based on these results, it was concluded that multiple measureable parameters may be useful for AED. Additionally, applying machine learning techniques to automatically collected parameters has the potential to improve estrus detection compared to labor intensive and current automated monitoring technology algorithms The authors would like to thank Agis Automatisering Systems Engineers Ltd., IceRobotics Ltd., Animart Inc., and for supplying the technologies used in this study along with technical support. Additionally, we would like to thank Joey Clark, Susan Hayes, and the rest of the staff at the University of Kentucky Coldstream Dairy for their assistance with the study. This study would not have been possible without visual estrus detection assistance from multiple graduate and undergraduate students. 56 Table 2.1. Comparison of automated monitoring technology1 parameters (adjusted means \u00b1 SE) during estrus (12 h before first observed standing event2) and non-estrus (the 14 d before estrus). Parmeter monitored n Estrus Non-estrus P-value bolus reticulorumen temperature (\u00b0C) 18 39.36 \u00b1 0.24 38.85 \u00b1 0.21 < 0.01 Tag neck activity (units/2 h) 18 48.34 \u00b1 1.99 28.24 \u00b1 0.85 < 0.01 Tag rumination (min/2 h) 18 16.65 \u00b1 2.45 33.26 \u00b1 0.46 < 0.01 IceQube lying bouts (per h) 17 0.36 \u00b1 0.10 0.72 \u00b1 0.07 < 0.01 IceQube lying time (min/h) 17 10.84 \u00b1 1.85 24.65 \u00b1 1.05 < 0.01 IceQube number of steps (per h) 17 258.61 \u00b1 11.13 79.63 \u00b1 5.36 < 0.01 SensOor ear surface temperature (\u00b0C) 18 24.27 \u00b1 1.21 23.00 \u00b1 0.85 0.16 SensOor feeding time (min/h) 18 15.55 \u00b1 0.95 8.88 \u00b1 0.69 < 0.01 SensOor high ear activity (min/h) 18 17.69 \u00b1 0.60 4.11 \u00b1 0.38 < 0.01 SensOor rumination time (min/h) 18 13.20 \u00b1 1.04 23.05 \u00b1 0.57 < 0.01 Track a Cow leg activity (units/h) 18 261.40 \u00b1 11.19 94.34 \u00b1 6.60 < 0.01 Track a Cow lying time (min/h) 14 8.75 \u00b1 2.94 18.07 \u00b1 2.39 < 0.01 1DVM bolus Systems, LLC, Greeley Tag Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel; IceQube, IceRobotics Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland; SensOor, Agis Automatisering, Harmelen, Netherlands; and Track a Cow, Animart Inc., Beaver Dam and ENGS, Rosh Pina, Israel 2Observations for standing estrus occurred for 30 min periods at 0330, 1000, 1430, and 2200 daily 57 Table 2.2. Group level1 and cow level2 correlations between Tag activity (HRACT), IceQube number of steps (IQSTEP), SensOor high ear activity (SOACT), Track a Cow activity (TCACT), IceQube lying bouts (IQLB), IceQube lying time (IQLT), Track a Cow lying time Tag rumination (HRRUM), SensOor rumination (SORUM), SensOor feeding time bolus reticulorumen temperature (DVMT), and SensOor ear surface temperature (SOT)3 as recorded on 18 cows4. 1Correlations between the daily mean of all cows combined 2Median of daily individual cow correlations 3DVM bolus Systems, LLC, Greeley Tag Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel; IceQube, IceRobotics Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland; SensOor, Agis Automatisering, Harmelen, Netherlands; and Track a Cow, Animart Inc., Beaver Dam and ENGS, Rosh Pina, Israel 4Significance level indicated by < 0.10 < 0.05 < 0.01), or < 0.001 SOAct TCAct Cow level 0.39 0.39 0.23 -0.02 -0.11 -0.39 0.13 -0.23 0.25 0.14 0.11 0.78*** 0.55* 0.47\u2020 0.20 -0.20 -0.26 -0.24 -0.27 0.21 -0.12 0.29 0.81* 0.99* 0.17 0.21 -0.07 -0.36 -0.12 -0.46\u2020 0.19 0.05 -0.15 0.76 0.99* 0.99* 0.24 -0.12 -0.16 -0.05 0.11 -0.01 -0.05 0.04 -0.70 -0.88* -0.84* -0.87* 0.38 0.21 0.27 -0.12 0.26 -0.23 -0.35 -0.73 -0.94* -0.93* -0.96* 0.94* 0.44\u2020 0.20 0.12 -0.10 -0.08 -0.09 -0.44 -0.72 -0.69 -0.74 0.74 0.85* 0.19 0.35 -0.28 0.05 -0.22 -0.15 -0.68 -0.60* -0.68 0.64 0.65** 0.63* 0.36 0.04 0.00 0.09 -0.65 -0.95* -0.93* -0.95* 0.83* 0.88* 0.66 0.78* -0.48\u2020 0.13 0.22 0.86* 0.91* 0.94* 0.92* -0.79* -0.90* -0.68 -0.37 -0.79* -0.12 -0.15 0.10 0.10 0.19 0.13 -0.03 -0.07 -0.03 0.07 -0.12 0.17 -0.04 -0.11 0.18 0.10 0.13 -0.15 -0.07 -0.07 -0.57 -0.19 -0.11 -0.24 Group level 58 Table 2.3. Estrus detection capability1 of different automated monitoring technologies2 and machine learning techniques (random forest, linear discrimant analysis, and neural network). Models attempted to identify the 12 h period of time before the first observed standing event3 from the 28, 12 h periods leading up to observed estrus. The analysis included 18 total cows, with 70% used for training and 30% used for testing. Technique Technology Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value Accuracy Random forest SensOor 100.00 98.6 71.4 100.0 98.6 bolus 0.0 94.3 0.0 96.4 91.0 Tag 60.0 99.3 75.0 98.6 97.9 IceQube 80.0 99.3 80.0 99.3 98.6 Track a Cow 100.0 97.1 55.6 100.0 97.2 Linear discriminant analysis SensOor 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 bolus 0.2 73.6 0.0 96.3 71.7 Tag 100.0 97.9 62.5 100.0 97.9 IceQube 100.0 97.9 62.5 100.0 97.9 Track a Cow 100.0 96.4 50.0 100.0 96.6 Neural network SensOor 100.0 98.6 71.4 100.0 98.6 bolus 0.0 100.0 0.0 96.6 96.6 Tag 100.0 96.4 50.0 100.0 96.6 IceQube 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Track a Cow 100.0 97.9 27.8 100.0 91.0 1Sensitivity + FN), specificity + FP), positive predictive value + FP), negative predictive value + FN), accuracy + FN); where = true positive = true negative = false positive, and = false negative 2DVM bolus Systems, LLC, Greeley Tag Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel; IceQube, IceRobotics Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland; SensOor, Agis Automatisering, Harmelen, Netherlands; and Track a Cow, Animart Inc., Beaver Dam and ENGS, Rosh Pina, Israel 3Observations for standing estrus occurred 4X for 30 min periods at 0330, 1000, 1430, and 2200 daily. 59 Figure 2.1. Timeline of synchronization injections, ultrasound (US), blood sampling (BS) and visual observation (VO) for cows used in a study testing five automated monitoring technologies\u2019 estrus detection capabilities. The synchronization protocol was a modified G7G Ovsynch with injections given at 0800. Two injections of PGF2\u03b1 (6 h apart; 0800 and 1400) were administered on d 0. Ultrasonography and blood sampling was done at 0800. Visual observation was conducted 4X for 30 min periods at 0330, 1000, 1430, and 2200. PGF2\u03b1 GnRH PGF2\u03b1 2 1 0 -1 -2 -7 -14 -16 7 5 9 11 3 4 60 Comparison of timed artificial insemination and automated activity monitoring as reproductive management strategies in three commercial dairy herds K. A. Dolecheck,* W. J. Silvia,* G. Heersche Jr.,* C.L. Wood, \u2020 K.J. McQuerry,\u2020 and J.M. Bewley* Department of Animal and Food Sciences and \u2020Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40546 61 Mean yearly of Holstein herds is 44.9% (DRMS, 2015). Estrus detection efficiency has been identified as a major limiting factor in dairy reproductive performance (Heersche and Nebel, 1994; Nebel and Jobst, 1998; Ferguson and Skidmore, 2013). The effectiveness of traditional, visual estrus detection is reduced by short estrus periods and influenced by the timing, length, and frequency of observation (Van Vliet and Van Eerdenburg, 1996; Dransfield et al., 1998; Cavestany et al., 2008). The average estrus period lasts only 7.1 h with 8.5 standing events (Dransfield et al., 1998), which can easily be missed during twice per day observations. Timed artificial insemination, commonly accomplished through a synchronization protocol known as Ovsynch (Pursley et al., 1995), has successfully been implemented on many farms as a replacement for visual estrus detection. Unfortunately, lack of protocol compliance (i.e. missed injections) often reduces the success of (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013). Additionally, consumer concerns surrounding hormone use could limit this management option in the future (Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012; Nebel, 2013). One alternative to is technologies. Parameters with potential for include mounting events, activity levels, lying time, feeding time, rumination, body temperature, and P4 levels (Senger, 1994; Saint-Dizier and Chastant-Maillard, 2012; Fricke et al., 2014a). Challenges associated with include determining how and when to intervene with anovular cows and determining the best time to inseminate relative to behavioral changes (Fricke et al., 2014a). Variation among animals complicates both of these factors. Another drawback associated with AED, as identified 62 in producer surveys, is the large investment cost and uncertainty in payback period (Russell and Bewley, 2013; Borchers and Bewley, 2014). Most technologies currently available to dairy farmers work via AAM. An increase in activity associated with estrus was first observed in rats in 1923 (Wang, 1923 similar response was established in other female mammals, including swine and cattle (Altmann, 1941; Farris, 1944; Farris, 1954). In one of the first cattle activity monitoring studies, the authors found that the number of steps per hour increased two- to four-times in cows displaying estrus behavior compared to cows not (Kiddy, 1977). In an evaluation by Liu and Spahr (1993), 74% of estrus events were detected by as compared to pregnancy diagnosis. In comparison, only 58% of estrus events were detected by direct VO. Cavalieri et al. (2003a) compared to other estrus detection methods (a rump-mounted pressure-sensitive mounting detector and tail paint) using milk P4 levels and pregnancy diagnosis as verification. They found no differences in the percent of true estrus events detected (81.4, 88.4, and 91.3%, respectively). Estrus detection rate of AAM, as reported in other studies, ranges between 51.0 and 89.2% in both confinement and pasture situations (Roelofs et al., 2005a; Dela Rue et al., 2014). Direct comparisons or reproductive performance in dairy cows bred by versus are limited. Galon (2010) found no difference in first service (17.6 vs. 22.6%, respectively) between cows on versus those on a protocol. Neves et al. (2012) compared to using over 900 animals from three herds. They found no differences between and groups in (15.9 vs. 14.6%) or (30.0 vs. 31.0%). However, the results of this experiment are difficult to interpret since breeding based on visual detection was permitted in both the and groups. 63 The objective of this study was to compare the reproductive performance of cows in three commercial dairy herds that were bred solely based on versus cows from the same herds bred using only an intensive This study was conducted in three commercial Kentucky Holstein dairy herds. Farm location, herd size, and willingness to participate were considered during herd selection. Milking herd size and rolling herd average milk production of herds A, B, and at the beginning of the study were 247 cows and 11,587 kg, 130 cows and 9,588 kg, and 419 cows and 8,341 kg. At the conclusion of the study, milk herd size and rolling herd average milk production was 261 cows and 12,230 kg, 190 cows and 11,040 kg, and 432 cows and 9,381 kg, for herds A, B, and C, respectively. Herds and housed cows exclusively on sand-bedded freestalls. Herd housed cows on both sand-bedded freestalls and compost-bedded pack barns. Cows in herd may have been housed exclusively on one or switched between the two housing systems during the study. Herd and C\u2019s facilities contained grooved concrete, whereas Herd B\u2019s facilities contained ungrooved concrete. Study Design Each herd manager agreed to enroll cows in the study for one year, beginning in October 2012. At the conclusion of one year, cows from herds and continued to be enrolled for an additional three months. All cows in herd completed the study by January 2014. The last cows in herds and completed the study in June 2014. The was 60 d for herds and C, and 80 d for herd A. Cows were assigned to a treatment group when they reached 17 to 31 d before the end of the VWP. This 64 resulted in cows being assigned to groups at 14 d intervals. To be considered eligible for this experiment, cows had to meet specific health requirements. First, cows had to have a \u2265 2.5 (1 to 5 scale; Ferguson et al., 1994). Cows with a < 2.50 (emaciated) were excluded from the study (n = 27). Remaining cows were grouped into two categories: 2.50 to 2.75 and 3.00 to 5.00. Second, each cow was subjected to a routine reproductive exam by the herd veterinarian to verify normal progression of uterine involution (free of any clinical signs of metritis or pyometra) and the commencement of ovarian cyclicity (indicated by the presence of a or follicle greater than 9 mm in diameter). Third, cows must have been free of clinical metabolic disorders since calving. Removal from the study occurred if a cow did not meet the reproductive tract criteria (n = 149) or if she had experienced any clinical, recorded metabolic disorders in the current lactation (n = 11). These criteria were set in an attempt to reduce the effect of factors known to affect cow fertility. Eligible cows were classified by parity (primiparous or multiparous) and predicted milk yield (DHIA). Each cow\u2019s predicted milk yield was classified as greater than or less than herd mean based on milk. If milk was not available for a cow, estimated relative producing ability milk was used. If neither milk nor estimated relative producing ability milk was available, first test day milk production was used. Assignment of cows to treatments or AAM) followed, alternating alike herdmates (determined by parity and predicted milk yield classification) between the treatments. This allocation procedure resulted in a balance in BCS, parity, and summit milk among treatment groups (Table 3.1). Forty-five cows were enrolled twice during 65 the study period. Because this number was too small to account for repeated measures, only the first completed enrollment for each cow was included in the statistical analysis. Cows remained in their assigned treatment for 90 d after the end of the VWP. The study was designed to compare two non-visual reproductive management strategies. Consequently, insemination according to of estrus throughout the study period resulted in removal from analysis (n = 55). Additionally, any cows that were reported by the herd manager as having missed injections (n = 60), were eligible for breeding at the time of system failure (n = 46), were not bred at the time of an alert as reported by the herd manager (n = 6), were culled throughout their 90 day study period (n = 61), or were removed from the study by the herd manager (n = 53) were excluded from analysis Treatment Synchronization of ovulation in cows assigned to the treatment involved a combination of protocols commonly referred to as G7G, Ovsynch, and Resynch (Figure 3.1). The G7G presynchronization consisted of PGF2\u03b1 (dinoprost tromethamine, Lutalyse; Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ; 25 mg intramuscular) and GnRH (gonadorelin diacetate tetrahydrate, Cystorelin; Merial Limited, Duluth, GA; 100 \u00b5g intramuscular) administered 9 and 7 days before beginning Ovsynch, respectively. The Ovsynch protocol consisted of GnRH on day 0, followed by PGF2\u03b1 (day 7), GnRH (day 8), and insemination (day 9; Pursley et al., 1995) . Resynch began with GnRH one week before pregnancy diagnosis. Cows received PGF2\u03b1 at the time of open diagnosis, followed by GnRH and 56 and 72 hours later, respectively. This method allowed up to three 66 breedings in cows during the 90 day study period. Herd managers supervised the synchronization procedure and each had previous experience with protocols Treatment Cows assigned to the treatment received an ankle-mounted, mechanical activity monitor measuring 9.2 x 7.4 x 2.4 cm and weighing 92 g (AfiAct Pedometer Plus, Afimilk, Kibbutz Afikim, Israel). The monitor was attached to a rear leg at least 10 d before the end of the to establish the normal activity level of each cow. The system continuously recorded activity level using a 3-axis accelerometer that relayed information to a computer at each milking. Steps per hour since the last milking and a 10 d backwards moving mean steps per hour were calculated after each data download. An estrus alert was generated when the most recent measurement of a cow\u2019s steps per hour exceeded her 10 d backward moving mean as determined using a proprietary algorithm, consistent across herds. Herd managers were instructed to check the alert list twice per day and breed cows at every alert throughout the 90 day study period, unless specific management practices (i.e. pen changes, hoof trimming, etc.) indicated a false alert. All herds began using the system in March 2012 (6 months before beginning the study) and were considered past the initial adjustment and learning stage. If an open cow experienced no alert generation for a 39 \u00b1 7 d period beginning at the end of the VWP, hormone intervention (PGF2\u03b1 or GnRH) was permitted as directed by the herd veterinarian. Regardless of hormone intervention, cows remained in the treatment for the analysis. 67 Pregnancy Diagnosis The herd veterinarian or a trained researcher conducted pregnancy diagnosis via ultrasound at 39 (herd and herd C) or 40 (herd A) d post insemination for cows and 39 \u00b1 7 (herd and C) or 40 \u00b1 7 (herd A) d post insemination for cows. Pregnancy loss was determined via a second ultrasound after 60 d pregnant. Temperature and Humidity Data County weather stations managed by the Kentucky Mesonet recorded temperature and humidity using a Platinum Resistance Thermometer (Thermometrics Corporation, Northridge, CA) and a HMP45C Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe (Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT), respectively, every 5 minutes. Weather stations were located 5, 4, and 18 nautical miles from herds A, B, and C, respectively. Daily was calculated using the maximum daily temperature and maximum daily relative humidity in the following equation (NOAA, 1976 = temperature (\u2070F) - [0.55 \u2013 (0.55 \u00d7 relative humidity/100)] \u00d7 [temperature (\u2070F) \u2013 58.8]. An individual for each cow was calculated using the mean daily over her 90 day study period. Herd Records (Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC) records from each farm provided calving dates, predicted milk yield, insemination dates, pregnancy diagnosis, summit milk, and culling information. These records aided in the calculation of days to first service, first service CR, repeat service CR, service interval, DO, services per pregnancy, pregnancy loss, and the proportion of cows pregnant at 90 d past the VWP. Only services 2 and 3 were included in repeat service because cows did not have the opportunity to be bred more than three times. Additionally, the number of 68 services greater than 3 was low (n = 12). Because of the herd differences in was calculated as days past the VWP. Statistical Analysis To account for both continuous and binomial response variables, construction of multiple models was required. All main effects remained in each model, regardless of significance. Two-way interactions determined to have potential biological significance remained in models when < 0.05, as determined through stepwise backward elimination. The procedure of (Version 9.3 Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) analyzed the effects of treatment, herd, parity, BCS, THI, summit milk, and selected interactions on days to first service, service interval, services per pregnancy, and DO: yijklm = \u00b5 + Treatmenti + Herdj + Parityk + BCSl + THIm + Summitm + (Treatmenti \u00d7 Herdj )+ (Treatmenti \u00d7 Summitm)+ (Summitm \u00d7 Herdj) + (Treatmenti \u00d7 THIm) + (Summitm \u00d7 THIm) + (Herdj \u00d7 THIm) + (Treatmenti \u00d7 Parityk) + (Summitm \u00d7 Parityk) + (THIm \u00d7 Parityk) + eijklm where yijklm is the outcome variable of the mth cow, in the l category, in the k parity category, in the jth herd, with treatment i; \u00b5 is the intercept; i is or AAM; j is A, B, or C; k is primiparous or multiparous; l is 2.50 to 2.75 or 3.00 to 5.00; THIm is the 90 day mean for the mth cow; Summitm is the summit milk production of the mth cow; and eijklm is residual error. To analyze first service CR, pregnancy loss, and proportion of cows pregnant at 90 d past the VWP, binomial datasets were created using \u201c1\u201d to identify the occurrence of each event (pregnancy or pregnancy loss) and \u201c0\u201d to identify no event occurrence. The 69 procedure of was used to analyze the effects of treatment, herd, parity, BCS, THI, summit milk, and selected interactions on first service CR, pregnancy loss, and proportion of cows pregnant at 90 d past the VWP: yijklm = \u00b5 + Treatmenti + Herdj + Parityk + BCSl + THIm + Summitm + (Treatmenti \u00d7 Herdj) + (Treatmenti \u00d7 Summitm) + (Summitm \u00d7 Herdj) + (Treatmenti \u00d7 THIm) + (Summitm \u00d7 THIm) + (Herdj \u00d7 THIm) + (Treatmenti \u00d7 Parityk) + (Summitm \u00d7 Parityk) + (THIm \u00d7 Parityk) + eijklm where yijklm is the outcome variable of the mth cow, in the l category, in the k parity category, in the jth herd, with treatment i; \u00b5 is the intercept; i is or AAM; j is A, B, or C; k is primiparous or multiparous; l is 2.50 to 2.75 or 3.00 to 5.00; THIm is the 90 day mean for the mth cow; Summitm is the summit milk production of the mth cow; and eijklm is residual error similar binomial model evaluated repeat service CR, which differed only in the inclusion of service number (2 or 3) as a fixed effect: yijklmn = \u00b5 + Treatmenti + Herdj + Parityk + BCSl +Servicem + THIn + Summitn + (Treatmenti \u00d7 Herdj) + (Treatmenti \u00d7 Summitn) + (Summitn \u00d7 Herdj) + (Treatmenti \u00d7 THIn) + (Summitn \u00d7 THIn) + (Herdj \u00d7 THIn) + (Treatmenti \u00d7 Parityk) + (Summitn \u00d7 Parityk) + (THIn \u00d7 Parityk) + eijklmn where yijklmn is repeat service of the nth cow, in the l category, in the k parity category, in the jth herd, with treatment i nth cow; \u00b5 is the intercept; i is or AAM; j is A, B, or C; k is primiparous or multiparous; l is 2.50 to 2.75 or 3.00 to 5.00; m is service 2 or 3; THIn is the 90 day mean for the nth cow; Summitn is the summit milk production of the nth cow; and eijklmn is residual error. 70 Survival analysis was used to evaluate the effect of treatment on risk of pregnancy establishment using the procedure of SAS. The outcome variable was the at which a cow conceived. The model included treatment as an effect Herd A, B, and had 214, 141, and 187 cows complete the study, respectively. Percent of cows removed from the study was 34.2%, but differed between herds. Of all cows that started the study, herd A, B, and removed 17.1% (56.8% TAI, 43.2% AAM), 18.5% (37.5% TAI, 62.5% AAM), and 52.4% (57.8% TAI, 42.2% AAM), respectively. Herd experienced greater than expected removal rates slow manager reaction to an system failure on herd after a severe thunderstorm accounted for most of the cows dropped from that herd (n = 42). This highlights the need for a backup reproductive management plan when using in the case of system failure. Herd also reported multiple instances where breeding of cows occurred after observed estrus (n = 45) and where protocols were not followed properly (n = 48). Compliance with protocols is often overlooked, even though it has been shown to have a greater negative effect on reproductive performance than poor accuracy of estrus detection (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013). Of the cows that completed the study, 51.5% were (n = 279) and 48.5% were (n = 263). Both treatment and herd groups were evenly balanced for parity, BCS, and summit milk production (Table 3.1). In the group, 24.7% of all cows (in herd A: 23.2%, herd B: 31.4%, and herd C: 21.0%) received hormonal intervention (81.7% PGF2\u03b1, 18.3% GnRH) upon veterinarian recommendation after no alert generation for 39 \u00b1 7 days. Some of the interventions occurred before first service, likely because of 71 delayed cyclicity. Petersson et al. (2008) reported that delayed cyclicity occurs in 13.8 to 18.2% of lactations. Early embryo loss may also have extended length of time between estrus events in cows, resulting in intervention. Santos et al. (2004) summarized that 50% of lactating cows have viable embryos 5 to 6 days post-insemination, but on days 27 to 31 are usually only between 35 and 45%. An alternative explanation could be that the threshold was set too high to create alerts for some cows with low increases in activity during estrus. Setting a threshold for alerts can be challenging because it requires a balance between (if set too low) and (if set too high). Of the cows that received hormonal intervention (n = 65), 92.3% were re-inseminated before the end of the study. Regardless of intervention, analyses included all cows. Cows that were never bred were only included in the analysis of proportion of cows pregnant at 90 d past the and the survival analysis to determine risk of pregnancy establishment. Cows that never became pregnant were excluded from the pregnancy loss analysis. Only cows that became pregnant and did not experience pregnancy loss were included in the analysis of services per pregnancy and summary of reproductive performance between treatments, herds, parity category, THI, and summit milk production is included in Table 3.2 and discussed further in the following paragraphs. Time to First Service Time to first service (mean \u00b1 SE) was 6.7 \u00b1 0.7 and 21.9 \u00b1 0.8 d after the for and AAM, respectively < 0.01). This resulted from cows in the treatment requiring natural estrus expression before the first insemination whereas insemination of cows occurred at a predetermined time. The 15.2 d difference in 72 this study is similar to that reported by Norman et al. (2009) who found cows managed using experienced 18 fewer days to first service compared to unsynchronized cows. Herd < 0.01) and the interaction of treatment and herd < 0.01) also affected time to first service. This indicates that even when the same management strategies are used, herd compliance and attention to detail may affect results of both and AAM. Neves et al. (2012) similarly reported an effect of herd on reproductive performance when comparing and AAM, although greater differences between herds (i.e protocol) existed in that case. Regardless, herd management can affect reproductive performance (Lucy, 2001). For example, a management strategy focused on reducing negative energy balance in the fresh period could expect cows to return to cyclicity faster (Butler, 2000; Butler, 2003; Van Knegsel et al., 2007). Although all herds experienced a longer time to first service in cows, that difference was greater in herd (20.6 d) than either herd or (14.0 and 11.1 d, respectively). This may be the result of delayed cyclicity in cows or missed alerts in herd C. Temperature humidity index, parity, and the interaction between and parity = 0.04 = 0.04 = 0.04, respectively) also affected time to first service. As mean increased, time to first service increased in multiparous cows, but not primiparous cows. This suggests that multiparous cows in this study were more susceptible to heat stress than primiparous cows. Using production levels, Aguilar et al. (2009) stated that the effect of heat stress increased with increasing parities, doubling between first and second parity and again between second and third parity. Time to first service was not affected by category = 0.38). Delaying evaluation until after the transition period and excluding cows below a score of 2.5 likely 73 affected this result. Summit milk production also did not affect time to first service = 0.58) or any other measure of reproductive performance in this study. Although an established link exists between increased milk production and reduced reproductive performance (Dematawewa and Berger, 1998; Stevenson, 2001a; VanRaden et al., 2004), study enrollment criteria and cyclicity) likely offset some of these effects. First Service First service (mean \u00b1 SEM) was 41.1 \u00b1 3.1% and 41.1 \u00b1 3.1% for and AAM, respectively = 0.99). Cows undergoing in this study were subject to presynchronization (G7G) before first service, which should have enhanced fertility by reducing variation in time to ovulation. Therefore, the expectation was that would be greater of cows would be greater than cows. The ability to use hormonal intervention on cows not displaying increased activity may have offset some of the presynchronization advantage. However, hormone intervention was only used on 24.7% of cows. Herd and did affect first service < 0.01 and < 0.01, respectively). The differences between herds was the result of a low first service in herd (29.5 \u00b1 3.5%) and a high first service in herd (54.4 \u00b1 3.5%), whereas herd fell in the middle (40.6 \u00b1 4.4%). Reproductive performance before the study began was lowest in herd and continued inferior performance was expected. Herd A\u2019s 20 day longer may have been an advantage by giving cows longer to begin cycling before consideration for breeding. An estimated 20 to 30% of high-producing lactating Holsteins are anovular at 60 to 75 (Gumen et al., 2003; Lopez et al., 2005). In agreement, Stevenson and Phatak (2005) found that delaying first service three weeks (from 56 to 77 DIM) 74 improved by 20.1%. Cows with a between 3.00 and 5.00 experienced a greater first service (47.4 \u00b1 3.1%) than cows with a between 2.50 and 2.75 (35.2 \u00b1 3.3%). In agreement with this study, Roche et al. (2007) found that first service decreased 5% as at first service declined by one unit on a 10 point scale. Reduced energy balance may play a role in these observations (Roche et al., 2009). First service was not affected by THI, parity, or summit milk = 0.35 = 0.57, and = 0.13, respectively). No parity effect was expected and the lack of summit milk effect was consistent in all analysis. Repeat Service Repeat service (mean \u00b1 SE) was 34.9 \u00b1 3.8 and 45.8 \u00b1 4.7% for and AAM, respectively = 0.04). The effect of herd = 0.01), the interaction between treatment and herd = 0.04), and the interaction between treatment and parity = 0.04) affected these results. The herd by treatment effect was the result of a low (17.9 \u00b1 3.7%) repeat service in herd C\u2019s group compared to all other treatment within herd combinations. Although an attempt was made to remove cows with protocol errors, this result indicates that some errors may not have been reported. The treatment by parity effect occurred because of the primiparous group having a significantly greater repeat service (53.2 \u00b1 7.2%) than the primiparous group (31.4 \u00b1 5.0%). This difference indicates that first lactation cows bred to natural estrus may have a greater repeat service than those bred to synchronized ovulation. Insemination number category, herd, and the interaction between herd and = 0.04 = 0.04 = 0.01, and = 0.02, respectively) did affect repeat service CR. Second service inseminations produced a greater (45.8 \u00b1 3.5%) than third 75 service inseminations (34.9 \u00b1 4.7%). Chebel et al. (2004) also found decreasing with increasing services. With each increased service decreased 7.0%, similar to the 10.9% found between second and third service in this study. Cows with a between 3.00 and 5.00 pre-breeding experienced a greater repeat service (45.9 \u00b1 4.4%) than cows with a between 2.50 and 2.75 (34.8 \u00b1 4.0%). As previously discussed, reduced energy balance may play a role in these observations (Roche et al., 2009). As increased, herd displayed no difference in repeat service CR. This likely resulted from the use of heat abatement that included natural ventilation, fan placement, and sprinkler usage. Herds and experienced surprisingly greater as increased. In herd B, this is likely because fewer inseminations occurred in the warm months (n = 10) as compared to the cool months (n = 112). In herd C, the long system failure during the summer months limited the number of cows classified with a high THI. Therefore, these results may not be completely representative of actual farm conditions. Repeat service was not affected by THI, parity, or summit milk = 0.07 = 0.54, and = 0.20, respectively). These results are consistent with those for first service CR. Service Interval Service interval (mean \u00b1 SE) was 42.2 \u00b1 0.7 and 28.6 \u00b1 0.8 d for and AAM, respectively < 0.01). The effect of parity < 0.01) and the interaction between treatment and parity < 0.01) affected these results. Service interval of both primiparous cows (25.5 \u00b1 1.3) and multiparous cows (31.7 \u00b1 1.0) was less than both primiparous cows (42.0 \u00b1 1.1) and multiparous cows (42.3 \u00b1 0.9). 76 This resulted from the ability to rebreed open cows as soon as the system detected them in estrus again. Conversely cows could not be rebred until after pregnancy diagnosis, regardless of observed estrus activity. In practice, rebreeding cows observed in estrus before pregnancy diagnosis is common. Therefore, our study design may have affected these results. In addition to the difference between treatments, primiparous cows experienced a 6 d shorter service interval than multiparous cows < 0.01). Service interval was not effected by herd, THI, BCS, or summit milk = 0.35 = 0.91 = 0.87, and = 0.93, respectively). Services per Pregnancy Services per pregnancy (mean \u00b1 SE) was 1.59 \u00b1 0.05 and 1.56 \u00b1 0.05 for and AAM, respectively = 0.74). Norman et al. (2009) reported greater services per pregnancy for both synchronized (2.8) and unsynchronized cows (2.4) and a significant difference between the two breeding systems < 0.01). Contrary to this study, Norman et al. (2009) did not have specific criteria (i.e \u2265 2.5, no clinical, recorded metabolic diseases, resumed cyclicity, etc.) that a cow must meet to be included. Additionally, the current study design only allowed for a 90 d breeding period, therefore limiting the number of insemination possibilities. Herd < 0.01) did affect services per pregnancy. The effect of herd resulted from a reduced services per pregnancy in herd (1.42 \u00b1 0.06) compared to herds (1.66 \u00b1 0.07) and (1.65 \u00b1 0.07). The increased first service in herd because of the longer likely influenced this result. 77 Services per pregnancy was not affected by THI, parity, BCS, or summit milk = 0.63 = 0.19 = 0.16, and = 0.53, respectively). Pregnancy Loss Pregnancy loss (mean \u00b1 SEM) was 14.1 \u00b1 2.8% and 9.0 \u00b1 2.3% for and AAM, respectively = 0.14). Lee and Kim (2007) also found no difference in pregnancy loss between synchronized animals (9.0%) and non-synchronized animals (6.3%). This study is in line with previous reports of 7.2% embryonic loss between 28 and 84 d (Silke et al., 2002) and 12.5% pregnancy loss between 31 and 45 d (Chebel et al., 2004) . Herd and the interaction between herd and did affect pregnancy loss < 0.01 and = 0.01, respectively). As increased, pregnancy loss increased in Herd but slightly decreased in Herds and C. Chebel et al. (2004) reported no effect of heat stress before or after insemination on pregnancy loss. Again, a low number of cows completing the study under warm conditions may have affected the accuracy of these results. Pregnancy loss was not affected by THI, parity, BCS, or summit milk = 0.46 = 0.09 = 0.84, and = 0.92, respectively). Days Open and Proportion of Pregnant Cows at 90 d Past the Days open (30.7 \u00b1 1.9 vs 34.8 \u00b1 1.9 d past the for and AAM, respectively) and the proportion of pregnant cows at 90 d past the (61.9 \u00b1 3.4 vs. 64.1 \u00b1 3.4% for and AAM, respectively) did not differ between treatments. The lack of difference between treatments shows that cows recovered from the 15.2 d difference in days to first service. This is likely the result of cows in the treatment 78 having experienced a 10.9% greater repeat service and a 13.6 d shorter service interval, as previously discussed. Herd did affect < 0.01). The effect of herd resulted from an enhanced performance in herd (25.7 \u00b1 2.0 d past the VWP) over herds and (35.8 \u00b1 2.6 and 36.7 \u00b1 2.6 d past the VWP, respectively). Herd A\u2019s high first service CR, resulting from the longer VWP, likely played a role in these results. Days open was not affected by THI, parity, BCS, or summit milk = 0.18 = 0.11 = 0.12, and = 0.57, respectively). The proportion of pregnant cows at 90 d past the was affected by BCS, herd, and the interaction of herd and = 0.01 < 0.01, and = 0.01, respectively). The proportion of pregnant cows at 90 d past the favored cows with a between 3.00 and 5.00 over cows with a between 2.50 and 2.75 (68.8 \u00b1 3.1 vs. 56.7 \u00b1 3.8%, respectively). Roche et al. (2007) noted that a one unit greater than median at nadir 3.8 vs. 2.8) increased 42 d pregnancy establishment by 7%, similar to the 12.1% difference reported in this study. As increased, the proportion of cows pregnant at 90 d past the remained consistent in Herd A. This was likely the result of sufficient heat abatement, as discussed earlier. At the same time, the proportion of cows pregnant at 90 d past the decreased in Herd B, but increased in Herd C. The proportion of pregnant cows at 90 d past the was not affected by THI, parity, or summit milk = 0.16 = 0.30, and = 0.24; respectively). 79 Risk of Pregnancy Establishment Results of the survival analysis that considered the effect of treatment on the percent of cows not pregnant by past the appear in Figure 3.2. The risk of pregnancy establishment was 1.7% less for cows (hazard ratio = 0.98, 95 = 0.80 to 1.21), but that was not significantly different from cows throughout the 90 day study period = 0.87). The lack of difference found between and when considering both and the proportion of pregnant cows at 90 d past the supports this result. Further Discussion Timed artificial insemination has successfully been implemented on many farms as a replacement for visual estrus detection. However requires strict compliance and dedicated labor for success. Based on the results of this study, a reproductive management program based on can achieve similar effectiveness with minimal hormonal intervention. Another solution could be a combination of the two systems. Recently, Fricke et al. (2014c) evaluated the effectiveness of TAI, with or without supplementation at first service. They found that supplementing with reduced time to first service by 7.5 to 12.4 d and decreased by 8.0% as compared to alone. In another study, Stevenson et al. (2014) compared in cows bred to a Presynch-Ovsynch-Resynch protocol with cows bred using exclusively from 40 to 75 DIM. Cows in the group received an injection of PGF2\u03b1 at 54 if they were not bred by that point in time. Mean of cows in the group was 24 days less. Further research comparing different protocols systems with various sensitivity settings, or a combination of these two systems may be warranted. 80 Although both reproductive management strategies produced similar results in this study, the economics of each system should be analyzed before adoption on a commercial herd. The initial investment in is large, but may be offset by reoccurring injection and labor costs associated with TAI. Fricke et al. (2014c) found that per cow per year of the different reproductive management strategies differed by only $4.00 to $8.00. This indicates that multiple reproductive management strategies can be economically feasible, depending on individual herd scenarios When compared as reproductive management strategies and resulted in similar performance on three commercial herds. Timed artificial insemination cows experienced a 15.2 d shorter time to first service. Automated activity monitored cows experienced a 10.9% greater at repeat services and a 13.6 d shorter service interval. No treatment difference in or risk of pregnancy establishment existed. Herd and parity did affect performance in some situations Afimilk (Kibbutz Afikim, Israel) provided financial and software support for this study. David Corbin (Corbin Bros. Dairy, Campbellsville, KY), Larry Embry (Longview Farms, Leitchfield, KY), Stewart and Mary Jones (Coleman Crest Dairy, Loretto, KY), and the farm staff at each of the commercial dairies are greatly appreciated for their participation. We would additionally like to thank Denise Ray for her assistance with ultrasound diagnosis. We also appreciate the contributions of the herd veterinarians, associated county extension agents, and the Kentucky Dairy Development Council consultants. 81 Table 3.1. Characteristics of cows (mean \u00b1 SD) in a study comparing timed artificial insemination (TAI) and automatic activity monitoring (AAM) as reproductive management strategies on three commercial dairy herds. Parameter Treatment Herd BCS1,2 2.96 \u00b1 0.33 2.93 \u00b1 0.33 2.92 \u00b1 0.31 2.90 \u00b1 0.25 3.01 \u00b1 0.39 Parity 1.93 \u00b1 1.12 2.10 \u00b1 1.34 2.01 \u00b1 1.20 2.09 \u00b1 1.29 1.95 \u00b1 1.24 Summit milk3 39.38 \u00b1 8.43 40.33 \u00b1 9.26 39.19 \u00b1 8.89 39.76 \u00b1 8.21 40.65 \u00b1 9.23 1Body condition score at enrollment: 24 \u00b1 7 d before the end of the (herd A: 80 DIM, herd B: 60 DIM, herd C: 60 DIM). 2As evaluated using the 1 to 5, 0.25 increment system developed by Ferguson et al. (1994) 3 Data presented was collected from Dairy Records Management Systems (Raleigh, NC) 82 Table 3.2. Summary of time to first service in days after the voluntary waiting period (TFS), first service conception rate (CR1), repeat (2nd and 3rd) service conception rate (CR2), service interval (SI), days open (DO), services per pregnancy (SP), pregnancy loss (PL), and the proportion of cows pregnant at 90 d after the voluntary waiting period (P90) for three commercial herds in a study comparing two reproductive management strategies. Effect TFS1 (n = 538) CR12 (n = 538) CR22 (n = 437) SI1 (n = 293) DO1 (n = 353) SP1 (n = 353) PL2 (n = 395) P902 (n = 542) Treatment TAI3 6.67 \u00b1 0.7a 41.11 \u00b1 3.1 34.93 \u00b1 3.8b 42.16 \u00b1 0.7b 30.66 \u00b1 1.9 1.59 \u00b1 0.05 14.07 \u00b1 2.8 61.85 \u00b1 3.4 AAM4 21.91 \u00b1 0.8b 41.12 \u00b1 3.1 45.75 \u00b1 4.7a 28.63 \u00b1 0.8a 34.77 \u00b1 1.9 1.56 \u00b1 0.05 9.03 \u00b1 2.3 64.07 \u00b1 3.4 Herd 12.74 \u00b1 0.8a 54.42 \u00b1 3.5a 42.17 \u00b1 4.6a 35.36 \u00b1 0.9 25.70 \u00b1 2.0a 1.42 \u00b1 0.06a 9.03 \u00b1 2.2 73.89 \u00b1 3.1a 12.61 \u00b1 1.1a 40.61 \u00b1 4.4b 51.11 \u00b1 6.9a 36.37 \u00b1 1.0 35.76 \u00b1 2.6b 1.66 \u00b1 0.07b 12.19 \u00b1 3.9 64.68 \u00b1 5.5a 17.50 \u00b1 0.9b 29.50 \u00b1 3.5c 28.56 \u00b1 4.0b 34.45 \u00b1 0.8 36.68 \u00b1 2.6b 1.65 \u00b1 0.07b 13.07 \u00b1 3.4 48.69 \u00b1 3.9b Parity Primiparous 14.51 \u00b1 0.8 42.44 \u00b1 3.5 41.90 \u00b1 4.8 33.79 \u00b1 0.9a 30.51 \u00b1 2.1 1.52 \u00b1 0.06 8.51 \u00b1 2.4 65.37 \u00b1 3.7 Multiparous 14.05 \u00b1 0.7 39.85 \u00b1 2.9 38.57 \u00b1 3.7 37.00 \u00b1 0.8b 34.92 \u00b1 1.8 1.63 \u00b1 0.05 14.87 \u00b1 2.7 60.50 \u00b1 3.2 2.50 to 2.75 14.77 \u00b1 0.8 35.16 \u00b1 3.3b 34.77 \u00b1 4.0b 35.31 \u00b1 0.8 34.94 \u00b1 2.2 1.63 \u00b1 0.06 11.67 \u00b1 2.9 56.72 \u00b1 3.8a 3.00 to 5.00 13.79 \u00b1 0.7 47.39 \u00b1 3.1a 45.93 \u00b1 4.4a 35.49 \u00b1 0.8 30.49 \u00b1 1.8 1.52 \u00b1 0.05 10.95 \u00b1 2.4 68.81 \u00b1 3.1b THI5,6 0.01 \u00b1 0.07 -0.01 \u00b1 0.01 0.04 \u00b1 0.02 -0.01 \u00b1 0.05 0.17 \u00b1 0.13 0.00 \u00b1 0.00 -0.03 \u00b1 0.02 0.02 \u00b1 0.01 Summit milk6 0.02 \u00b1 0.03 0.01 \u00b1 0.00 0.01 \u00b1 0.01 0.00 \u00b1 0.03 -0.04 \u00b1 0.07 0.00 \u00b1 0.00 0.00 \u00b1 0.01 0.01 \u00b1 0.00 Lowercase letters indicate significant differences within effect and column < 0.05) 1Reported as mean \u00b1 SE; 2Reported as mean \u00b1 SEM; 3Timed artificial insemination; 4Automated activity monitoring; 5Temperature humidity index; 6Reported as model estimate 83 Figure 3.1. Timed artificial insemination G7G, Ovsynch, and Resynch protocols using prostaglandin F2\u03b1 (PGF2\u03b1) and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Artificial insemination (AI) occurred 16 h after the last GnRH injection. Resynch 2\u03b1 if open GnRH GnRH 7 d 56 h Pregnancy Diagnosis G7G-Ovsynch 2\u03b1 2\u03b1 GnRH GnRH GnRH 2 d 7 d 7 d 56 h 84 Figure 3.2. Survival curve representing the proportion of cows not pregnant by days open past the voluntary waiting period for cows bred according to timed artificial insemination (TAI) or automated activity monitoring (AAM). The risk of pregnancy throughout the 90 day study period was not different (hazard ratio = 0.97 = 0.77). 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cows not pregnant (%) Days open (days past the voluntary waiting period 85 Investment analysis of automated estrus detection technologies as compared to alternative breeding strategies K. A. Dolecheck, G. Heersche Jr., J. M. Bewley *Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40546 86 Reproductive performance is one of the largest factors affecting dairy farm profitability because of its direct relationship to milk production, replacement animal availability, genetic progress, and culling (Britt, 1985; Plaizier et al., 1997; Olynk and Wolf, 2008). Dijkhuizen et al. (1985) estimated that reproductive failure accounted for 2% of a farm\u2019s gross production value. Plaizier et al. (1997) found that adjusted (calculated as the projected divided by the percent of cows not culled for reproductive purposes) and net revenue were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.72). The mean value of a new pregnancy has been estimated between $192 and $278, depending on parity, DIM, milk production, probability of pregnancy, cull price, and replacement heifer price (De Vries, 2006b; Cabrera, 2012 more commonly discussed economic measurement of reproductive performance is cost of extended DO. One extra represents a loss of -$1.54 to $5.41 per cow, unadjusted for inflation (Holmann et al., 1984; Groenendaal et al., 2004; Meadows et al., 2005; De Vries, 2006a; Liang, 2013). The cost per is reduced when feed cost or slaughter price increase or when the or milk production are reduced (Bewley et al., 2010). The cost per increases when reproductive performance declines or replacement price or milk price increases (Meadows et al., 2005; Bewley et al., 2010). Many reproductive management programs exist, including bull breeding for estrus, timed artificial insemination, and AED. Reproductive management program costs differ with different EDR, CR, labor requirements, and associated costs (Holmann et al., 1987; Olynk and Wolf, 2009). Associated costs may include estrus detection aids or replacements in the form of tail paint, hormones, or technologies (Holmann et al., 87 1987). Additional reproductive management costs include those associated with semen purchases, insemination costs, and pregnancy diagnosis. Economic differences between reproductive management programs have been compared previously. Both Overton (2005) and Lima et al. (2010) estimated the cost of using Ovsynch was around $10 less per cow per year compared to natural service (bull breeding). The difference in cost depended on bull feed costs, semen price, and the observed improvement in genetic merit when using semen over a bull. Other researchers have stated that Ovsynch produces an economic preference over VO, depending on labor costs and efficiency of (Olynk and Wolf, 2008; 2009). Recently, economic comparisons have moved towards analyzing the value of combining and TAI. Galv\u00e3o et al. (2013) compared (Presynch Ovsynch), and a combination of both systems, account for varying EDR, estrus detection accuracy compliance, and milk price. Individually, the groups with a high (60%), regardless of accuracy of estrus detection (85 or 95%), resulted in the greatest profits followed by the group with high compliance (95%). Combining and increased profits in all situations, regardless of increased input costs. Giordano et al. (2011) created a similar, but more user friendly, comparison model. The tool calculates per cow per year for different reproductive management programs and can be adapted to an individual farm\u2019s situation using production, reproduction, and economic inputs. In an example presented by the authors using information from a commercial Wisconsin dairy herd, 100 programs were more profitable than 100% VO. Because of a high service rate, combining and was only valuable when was low. 88 To the authors\u2019 knowledge, publication of economic comparisons between technologies and other reproductive management programs do not exist. However, Fricke et al. (2014c) used the tool created by Giordano et al. (2011) to conduct an economic comparison between three first service reproductive management methods: 1) cows inseminated using and undergoing Ovsynch if not detected in estrus by 62 DIM, 2) cows inseminated using after presynchronization and receiving Ovsynch if not detected in estrus by 62 DIM, and 3) cows inseminated after Presynch-Ovsynch. Their analysis resulted in a similar ($2,728, $2,732, and 2,736 per cow per year) for all three methods when investment cost of the system was assumed as $10,000 with a $100 tag price. The objective of this project was to create a producer-friendly, farm-specific decision support tool dashboard specifically for investment analysis of technologies. As interest and use increases, such a tool would fill an industry need secondary objective of this study was to develop a new cost per equation using stochastically simulated variables and retention pay-off (RPO) values model to investigate the economics of transitioning to from an alternative reproductive management program (bull breeding, VO, synchronization, visual detection aids, or a technician service) was developed using Excel 2013 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). The model estimated the costs, semen costs, and pregnancy diagnosis costs associated with both pre- and post investment. Differences in costs were used to calculate of the investment. Additionally, the model was turned into a user- friendly, farm-specific decision support tool dashboard. 89 Equations Cost of days open. Days open was calculated using the process described by Pecsok et al. (1994). Equation 4.1 first calculated the number of eligible breeding cycles - 10.5) 21 (Eq. 4.1) Where is the number of eligible breeding cycles is the to stop breeding a cow if she has not yet become pregnant is voluntary waiting period, 10.5 days is the mean length of time after the before a cow will express estrus, and 21 is the mean length of the estrous cycle in cattle. Equation 4.2 calculated DO: DOi + 10.5) + 21 \u00d7 (( (1-PRi)-((1-PRi PRi ) - N- 1) \u00d7((1- PRi)N)) +((DNB-VWP-21)\u00d7(1-PRi)N) (Eq. 4.2) Where is days open, i is pre- or post investment is voluntary waiting period, 10.5 is the mean length of time after the before a cow will express estrus, 21 is the mean length of the estrous cycle in cattle is pregnancy rate as calculated by the multiplication of and first service is the number of eligible breeding cycles (Equation 4.1), and is the to stop breeding a cow if she has not yet become pregnant. Equations 4.3 (Meadows et al., 2005) and 4.4 calculated and the number of cows calving each year, respectively: 90 CIi = (DOi + 280) 30.42 (Eq. 4.3) CLVYi \u00d7 CULL)) \u00d7 ( 365.25 (CIi \u00d7 30.42) ) (Eq. 4.4) Where is the calving interval, i is pre- or post investment is days open (Equation 4.12), 280 is the mean Holstein gestation length, 30.42 is the mean number of days in one month is the number of cows calving each year is the lactating herd size is the culling rate, and 365.25 is the mean number of days in a year. To determine cost per DO, the whole farm stochastic simulation model previously described by Bewley et al. (2010) and Liang (2013) was used. This model uses the value of a cow to determine cost per DO, accomplished by subtracting the value of a cow at the she conceived from the value of a cow in the same lactation at 60 DIM. Using the model, 10,000 iterations were run for each lactation (1 to \u2265 5) with cost per as an output and variables expected to have potential effects on cost per (rolling herd average milk production, age at first calving, mature cow live weight, heifer calf value, bull calf value, semen cost dictating an open cow as a reproductive cull, milk production level dictating an open cow as a production cull, veterinarian costs, discount rate, milk price, feed price, replacement price, cull cow price, VWP, EDR, and CR) as inputs. The simulation allowed for a large number of variable combinations to be created, which would be difficult or impossible to collect in real life conditions. Using the simulation results, the procedure of (Version 9.3 Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) analyzed the effects of each input and their two-way interactions on the cost per DO, using < 0.05 as the inclusion criteria for the model. The resulting 91 estimates were used to develop lactation specific equations for cost per DO. Main effects of each variable on all lactations are shown in Table 4.2. Equation 4.5 calculated total yearly economic losses resulting from DO: TYCDOij = (CLVYi \u00d7 Lactj) \u00d7 ((DOi \u2212 VWP) \u00d7 CDOLj) (Eq. 4.5) Where is total yearly cost of in lactation j, i is pre- or post investment is the number of cows calving each year (Equation 4.4), Lact is the percent of cows in lactation j is mean days open (Equation 4.2 is voluntary waiting period , and CDOLi is the cost per for lactation j (Table 4.2). Semen and pregnancy diagnosis cost. Conception rates for the first 12 services were calculated using the first service (model input) and assuming a reduction of 2.6 percent at each insemination (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013). The weighted mean was then determined by weighting each service by the number of inseminations occurring at each breeding, assuming that all cows that calved were bred at each service until they became pregnant or reached status. To determine timing of inseminations and when cows reached status, Equations 4.6 (Pecsok et al., 1994) and 4.7 (Heersche and Nebel, 1994) calculated at first breeding and breeding interval, respectively: DIM1i = ( 21 EDRi (Eq. 4.6) BIi = (DOi - DIM1i) (( 1 WCRi) - 1) (Eq. 4.7) Where DIM1 is days in milk at first service, i is pre- or post investment is estrus detection rate is voluntary waiting period is the number of eligible breeding cycles (Equation 4.11 is breeding interval is mean days open (Equation 4.12), and is weighted mean CR. 92 Total yearly semen cost was determined by multiplying semen cost (model input) by the total number of inseminations in one year. Total yearly pregnancy diagnosis costs were determined assuming that all cows that conceived underwent pregnancy diagnosis, along with those not redetected in estrus before the time of the pregnancy diagnosis (as determined using EDR). Pre estrus detection method costs. Model versatility allowed selection of bull breeding, VO, synchronization, visual detection aids, or a technician service as an input for pre investment reproductive management program. Regardless of chosen program, weekly labor costs associated with the program is required as an input. Other variable inputs, depending on selected reproductive management method, include cost and number of hormone injections per service, cost and number of detection aids used per service, breeding fee per service, yearly cost to maintain a bull, and other weekly reproductive management costs. Variable input costs associated with each service were multiplied by the total number of inseminations in one year to determine yearly costs. Total yearly variable costs associated with the pre estrus detection method were calculated as labor costs plus other yearly variable costs. The model allows either elimination or a percent reduction of the use of the pre investment reproductive management program, therefore eliminating or reducing associated variable costs by the same extent. For example, if the pre program was associated with a variable cost of $15 per cow per year and a producer decided to keep using this program 25% of the time post investment, variable costs were reduced to $3.75 per cow per year, not including costs associated with the system. Additionally, when the selection is made to continue using a portion of the pre 93 reproductive management program, post investment is calculated as a weighted mean of the pre- and post investment EDR. For example, if pre program was 60% and was still used 25% of the time after adoption, with at 80%, post would be 75 costs. Yearly variable costs associated with included labor cost, the cost to replace lost or broken tags, and the maintenance costs charged by the company. Equation 4.8 calculated the total fixed investment cost of the system \u00d7 HS) (Eq. 4.8) Where is total fixed investment cost of the system is initial fixed investment cost of the system is the individual system tag price is the percent of the lactating herd receiving an system tag, and is lactating herd size. Cash Flow. Differences between pre- and post investment TYCDO, semen costs, pregnancy diagnosis costs, and estrus detection method costs were used to calculate yearly change in cash flow (Equation 4.9): FLOW\ud835\udc5b= (PostCDO + PostSemen + PostDiagnosis + PostED) \u2212(PreCDO + PreSemen + PreDiagnosis + PreED) (Eq. 4.9) Where is cash flow in year n, PostCDO is the year n after investment, PostSemen is the year n semen cost after investment, PostDiagnosis is the year n pregnancy diagnosis cost after investment, Post is the year n estrus detection method cost after investment, PreCDO is the year n before investment, PreSemen is the year n semen cost before investment, PreDiagnosis is 94 the year n pregnancy diagnosis cost before investment, and PreED is the year n estrus detection method cost before investment. Net Present Value. Equation 4.10 calculated of the over a 10-year investment period, assuming no terminal value at the conclusion: NPV= \u2211 FLOWn (1+DR)n n=1 (Eq. 4.10) Where is the net present value of the system over the 10 y investment period, n is the year of investment is the change in cash flow for each year n (Equation 4.9 is the discount rate, and is the total investment cost of the system (Equation 4.8). Breakeven point. Equation 4.11 calculated breakeven point, in years = Ln CCn CCn+1 \u2044 (Eq. 4.11) Where is breakeven point, Ln is the last year (n) of negative cumulative cash flow, CCn is the absolute value of cumulative cash flow in year n, and CAn+1 is the actual cash flow in the year after n. Interface Figure 4.1 shows the interface of the model, after development into a user- friendly decision support tool dashboard using Xcelsius 4.0 BusinessObjects, Newtown Square user will enter herd specific information about their current reproductive management program and information about the proposed technology system in order to receive farm-specific adoption results. User output includes current and estimated new (using the system) mean and reproductive cull percent, calculated as the percent of cows reaching status in one year. Investment 95 analysis results are also included in the form of and BE. The decision support tool is available online at Investment Analysis Demonstration To demonstrate model utility, an investment analysis demonstration was conducted. Herd input assumptions were gathered from DairyMetrics (Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC), Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI; Columbia, MO), and published literature to represent an average Holstein dairy herd. Parameters gathered from DairyMetrics used the limitations of only Holstein herds with more than 100 cows and between 10 and 70%, to attempt elimination of herds miss-reporting EDR. Ten-year (2014 to 2023) predicted means were used for milk price, feed cost, replacement cost, and cull cow value to reduce the effects of high or low prices at one specific time point. Resulting mean lactating herd size, rolling herd average milk production, milk price, and feed cost were 316, 10,533 kg, $0.40/kg, and $0.17/kg DM. The remaining herd assumptions used in the investment demonstration are shown in Table 4.1. Four investment scenarios were considered: 1) 100 to 100% AED, 2)100 to 75 and 25% VO, 3)100 to 100% AED, and 4) 100 to 75 and 25% TAI. In situations where was used pre investment, the assumption was that 0.60 min per cow per day was required for labor (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013), accomplishing a 48.6 (Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC). When was used pre investment, an Ovsynch protocol was assumed (2 doses GnRH and 1 dose PGF2\u03b1 per service) with a 95% service rate (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013) and a strict 38 d pregnancy diagnosis with no re-inseminations occurring before pregnancy 96 diagnosis. Doses of GnRH and PGF2\u03b1 were estimated at $2.40 and $2.65, respectively, and labor required for was estimated at 1.00 min/injection. Labor costs and first service were held consistent at $15.00/h (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013) and 36.8% (Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC), regardless of reproductive management program technologies with varying initial fixed investment cost (low: $5,000 vs. high: $10,000), tag price (low: $50 vs. high $100), and (low: 60% vs. high: 80%) were compared, resulting in eight combinations. Percent of cows to receive a tag (50%), percent of tags to replace per year (5%), system maintenance cost per year ($0), labor required per week (3.5 h), labor costs ($15.00/h; Galv\u00e3o, 2013), and expected first service (36.8%; Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC) were held constant in all combinations summary of pre- and post investment reproductive management scenario assumptions is included in Table 4.3 Cost of Days Open Two factors differentiate the new cost per equations produced in this study from previous models: stochastic simulation of market conditions and the use of to quantify the value of the cow. Stochastic simulation allows for randomness within outcomes, unlike deterministic simulation, which will always produce the same outcome. By using stochastic simulations, we are able to consider a variety of variable combinations and determine how our value of interest (cost per DO) changes with changing scenarios. The method determines the difference in projected future profit achievable by a cow and the projected future profit achievable by her replacement 97 (Groenendaal et al., 2004; Liang, 2013). The resulting value represent the maximum amount of money that can be spent in order to attempt to keep that cow (Van Arendonk, 1984; Huirne et al., 1997; Groenendaal et al., 2004). When is not accounted for, culling costs are not considering the potential future profits associated with either the current cow or her replacement (Giordano et al., 2011). Groenendaal et al. (2004) also used the method to estimate the cost per DO, but did not use stochastic simulation. Additionally, that model differed from this one by including dry cow feed costs, herd discount rate, and weight of the animal at birth as variables, but not including the dictating an open cow as a reproductive cull, the milk production level dictating an open cow as a production cull, or the difference between bull and heifer calf value. Using the assumptions in Table 4.1, the resulting cost per for each lactation (1 to \u2265 5) considering varying (40, 60, or 80%) are shown in Table 4.4. Cost per ranged from $1.79 to $3.27 in lactation 1, $2.66 to $3.88 in lactation 2, $4.71 to $7.19 in lactation 3, $2.43 to $7.95 in lactation 4, and $1.70 to $3.03 in lactation \u2265 5. Results of this study and previous studies are similar, with other estimates of cost per (unadjusted for inflation) being $0 to $3.00 (Groenendaal et al., 2004), $1.37 (Meadows et al., 2005), $3.19 to 5.41 (De Vries, 2006a), and -$1.54 to 2.78 (Liang, 2013). Previous studies have also noted an effect of lactation on cost per (Olds et al.; Groenendaal et al., 2004; Liang, 2013). Olds et al. (1979) estimated a $0.47 lower cost per in first lactation animals over later parities ($0.71 vs. 1.18, unadjusted for inflation). Liang (2013) also reported reduced costs per in first lactation animals, noting a possible effect of lactation persistency. 98 Investment Analysis Demonstration Net present value helps determine the profitability of an investment by considering the differences between returns and costs, including the time value of money (Butler, 1996). When is less than zero, an investment is not profitable equal to or greater than zero encourages investment. Net present value per cow per year for the four investment scenarios (100 to 100% AED, 00 to 75 and 25% VO, 100 to 100% AED, and 100 to 75 and 25% TAI), considering varying EDR, system cost, and tag price combinations is shown in Table 4.5. The was always least in the 60%, $10,000 initial fixed investment cost, $100 tag price scenario and greatest in the 80 EDR, $5,000 initial fixed investment cost, and $50 tag price scenario. This was expected because of the combined extremes of fixed costs and EDR. Of the three varying factors analyzed in this study (60 vs. 80%) had the greatest effect on NPV, followed by the tag price ($50 vs. 100), and lastly the initial fixed investment cost ($10,000 vs. 5,000). This highlights the importance of reproductive performance over cost of a reproductive management program, as also noted by Galv\u00e3o et al. (2013). Additionally, the fact that the variable costs (tag price) were more influential than the fixed costs (initial investment cost) shows that herd size will influence investment results. Further discussion of each investment scenario is included below vs. AED. When pre estrus detection was alone, mean and per cow were 153 d and $84.58, respectively. When the post AED- investment was 60%, mean dropped to 138 d and mean per cow dropped to $73.96. When the post AED-investment was 80%, mean dropped to 99 118 d and mean per cow dropped to $47.53. As expected, improving decreased DO, thereby reducing the cost of DO. The range in per cow per year and payback period for investment in after was $27.06 to $48.81 and 0.55 to 1.71 y, respectively. This represents $2,706 to $4,881 per year on a 100 cow dairy or $27,060 to $48,810 per year on a 1,000 cow dairy. Regardless of both system cost and was always positive and indicated a positive investment situation. The two factors contributing to the positive in this scenario were the reduced labor costs and the improved EDR. Olynk and Wolf (2008) also stated that the major factors affecting the economics of reproductive management are and labor costs. Labor costs associated with in this study were estimated at $54.60 per cow per year, using the assumption of 0.60 min required per cow per d (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013). Labor costs associated with the system were $15.23 per cow per year, resulting in a reduction of $39.37 per cow per year. This would be the equivalent of $3,937 per year in a 100 cow herd or $39,370 per year in a 1,000 cow herd. Labor costs associated with may be reduced if a farm spends less time on estrus detection each day or if cheaper labor is available. Reducing labor costs would reduce and could eventually lead to an unprofitable investment situation. Estrus detection rate improved 11.4 to 31.4% after investment, which reduced and associated costs. These results were greatly affect by what the was defined as. For example, when was increased from 48.6 to 91% (the 99th percentile of Holstein herds, DRMS), all combinations of the system were no longer profitable investments (-$18.85 to -$2.34 per cow per year). Therefore, 100 although the average farm may improve using AED, individual farm situations will vary vs. 75 and 25% VO. When the post investment estrus detection method used a combination of 75 and 25% VO, the weighted was 57.2 and 72.2%, for the 60 and 80 systems, respectively. The combination of the 60 system and reduced mean and per cow by 12 d and $7.58, respectively. The combination of the 80 system and reduced mean and per cow by 28 d and $25.81, respectively. By combining and VO, reproductive performance was improved, although not to the same extent as when using alone because of the relatively low when using VO. If produced a greater EDR, reproductive performance in this scenario would be improved. The range in per cow per year and payback period for investment in in this scenario was $15.90 to $32.41 and 0.80 to 2.56 y, respectively. When compared to the previous scenario was not increased as greatly (8.6 to 23.6%), nor was labor cost decreased as much ($32.31 per cow per year), explaining the reduced NPV. However investment was still profitable and improved reproductive performance using any combination of system cost, tag price, and vs. AED. When was used pre investment, mean and mean per cow were 137 d and $108.98, respectively. When the post AED-investment was 60%, mean remained similar at 138 d while mean per cow decreased to $73.96. When the post AED-investment was 80%, mean decreased to 118 d and mean per cow decreased to $47.532. 101 The range in per cow per year and payback period for investment in after was $26.13 to $47.89 and 1.75 to 0.56 y, respectively. This represents $2,613 to $4,789 per year on a 100 cow dairy or $26,130 to $47,890 per year on a 1,000 cow dairy. Regardless of both system cost and was always positive and indicated a positive investment situation. The shorter service interval of (21 d) contributed most to the positive of investing. An assumption was made that cows would not be rebred until after pregnancy diagnosis (38 d), regardless of observed estrus activity. In practice, rebreeding cows observed in estrus before pregnancy diagnosis is common. Therefore, our scenario assumptions may have affected these results. Reducing the service interval would change but would not necessarily lead to a negative investment scenario vs. 75 and 25% TAI. When the post investment estrus detection method used a combination of 75 and 25% TAI, the weighted was 68.8 and 83.8%, for the 60 and 80 systems, respectively. The combination of the 60 system and decreased mean and per cow by 9 d and $45.65, respectively. The combination of the 80 system and decreased mean and per cow by 22d and $67.11, respectively. Because of the shorter service interval using AED, combining and improved reproductive performance compared to alone. The range in per cow per year and payback period for investment in in this scenario was $28.42 to $47.23 and 0.57 to 1.64 y, respectively. Combining reproductive management strategies had two benefits. First, labor of the combined 102 and system was $11.91 per cow per year, which was lower than either ($13.08/c/y) or ($15.23/c/y) alone. Second, the service interval was reduced when using (21 d) as compared to (38 d). Model Limitations The goal of this study was to develop a user-friendly, farm-specific decision support tool. Therefore, inputs and calculations were kept simple. Although simplification may reduce accuracy and reliability in some cases, the ability to quantify results is an improvement over a producer\u2019s guess (Delorenzo and Thomas, 1996). Additionally, the relative expected consequences are more important than exact numbers (Lien, 2003). Some factors that were not accounted for in this model include additional benefits from the system (i.e. health status monitoring, lameness detection, etc.), the effect of on the quality of a producer\u2019s life, and the change in heifer calf inventory resulting from changes in reproductive performance. Although these limitations exist, the flexibility of the model to handle multiple situations and provide farm-specific results is beneficial to producers considering investing in AED, especially given that no other decision support tools of this kind currently exist new equation for calculating cost per DO, using stochastically simulated variables and RPO, was used in an investment analysis of technologies. On an average Holstein dairy, investment in an system produced a positive when switching from either or TAI. Combinations of and or produced similar results to using alone. Investment analysis results were highly dependent on the assumptions used, especially and service rate and interval, and 103 labor costs. Producers can use farm-specific inputs with the decision support tool dashboard to determine individual results The authors would like to thank Di Liang for her assistance developing the model for cost per DO. 104 Table 4.1 Herd assumptions used in an automated estrus detection technology investment analysis demonstration. Input Assumption Source1 Milking herd size 316 DairyMetrics Percent of herd in 1st lactation (%) 36.1 Dhuyvetter et al. (2007) Percent of herd in 2nd lactation (%) 26.0 Dhuyvetter et al. (2007) Percent of herd in 3rd lactation (%) 17.7 Dhuyvetter et al. (2007) Percent of herd in 4th lactation (%) 11.0 Dhuyvetter et al. (2007) Percent of herd in 5th and later lactations (%) 9.2 Dhuyvetter et al. (2007) Rolling herd average milk production (kg) 10,533 DairyMetrics Milk price ($/kg)2 0.40 FAPRI, 2014 Feed cost ($/kg DM)2 0.17 FAPRI, 2014 Culling rate (%) 37.7 DairyMetrics Cull cow value ($/kg)2 1.43 FAPRI, 2014 Mature cow live weight (kg) 723 Liang (2013) Days in milk do not breed (d) 300 Bewley et al. (2010) Cull milk yield (kg/d) 15.9 Bewley et al. (2010) Replacement heifer price ($)2 1825 Liang (2013) Heifer calf value ($) 400.00 Dhuyvetter et al. (2007) Bull calf value ($) 100.00 Dhuyvetter et al. (2007) Age at first calving (m) 25.6 DairyMetrics Voluntary waiting period (DIM) 58.5 DairyMetrics First service (%) 36.8 DairyMetrics Semen cost ($/straw) 10.00 Galv\u00e3o et al. (2013) Pregnancy diagnosis ($/c) 3.00 Galv\u00e3o et al. (2013) Veterinary costs ($/c/y) 61.61 Groenendaal et al. (2004) Metritis incidence (%) 7.8 Wilson et al. (2004) Retained placenta incidence (%) 10.4 Wilson et al. (2004) Labor cost ($/h) 15.00 (Galv\u00e3o et al., 2013) Discount rate (%) 8.0 Hyde and Engel (2002) 1DairyMetrics information was collected in August 2014 from Dairy Records Management Systems, (Raleigh, NC) and is Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (Columbia, MO) 2Ten-year predicted means (2014 to 2023) 105 Table 4.2. Lactation specific equations for cost per day open were derived from the model described by Bewley, 2010 and Liang, 2014. Relationships1 between rolling herd average milk production (RHA), age at first calving (AFC), mature cow live weight (weight), heifer calf value (heifer value), bull calf value (bull value), semen cost, days in milk dictating an open cow as a reproductive cull DNB), milk production level dictating an open cow as a production cull (Cull MY), veterinarian costs (vet costs), discount rate (DR), milk price, feed price, replacement price (replace price), cull cow price (cull price), voluntary waiting period (VWP), estrus detection rate (EDR), and conception rate (CR) as determine by the model are shown for each lactation (1 to \u2265 5). Variable Lactation 1 2 3 4 \u2265 5 Intercept -74.2215 -67.8471 -44.9264 21.3131 54.4406 0.0020 0.0018 0.0014 -0.0005 -0.0008 -0.1535 -0.2318 -0.2510 Weight 0.0258 0.0205 0.0106 Heifer value 0.0038 Bull value 0.1146 -0.0553 Semen cost -0.0790 0.0239 Cull -0.2920 Vet costs -0.0014 Milk price -0.0001 3.2775 1.4262 Feed price -0.9481 Replace i -0.0545 -0.0436 -0.0420 -0.0206 -0.0130 Cull price 60.7782 41.0304 53.9354 39.1645 30.9424 0.2807 0.2688 0.2762 -0.1708 21.1000 29.9581 6.8555 -39.7913 -55.3717 50.3472 60.6795 48.5017 -60.4479 -93.2207 1Coefficents were calculated using the imperial system rather than the metrics system. 106 Table 4.3. Assumptions used in investment analysis demonstration analyzing the net present value of switching from visual observation (VO) or timed artificial insemination (TAI) to automated estrus detection (AED). The systems displayed represent two combinations of extreme costs and estrus detection rate (EDR). All costs assume a 100 c herd investing in 100 tags. Breeding system Variable1 (%) First service conception rate (%) Total fixed investment cost ($) Variable costs ($/c/y 48.6 36.8 0 54.60 95.0 36.8 0 13.08 Low 60.0 36.8 20,0003 32.30 High 80.0 36.8 10,0004 29.80 1Determined using previously published literature and national statistics (Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC) 2Includes labor for each breeding system plus cost of hormones in and cost to replace 5% of tags in AED. 3$10,000 initial fixed investment cost plus $100 tag price 4$5,000 initial fixed investment cost plus $50 tag price 107 Table 4.4. Cost per day open for lactations 1, 2, 3, 4, and \u2265 5 assuming an average United States Holstein herd1 and ten year predicted estimates for milk price, feed price, slaughter price2, and replacement price3. Varying estrus detection rates (40, 60, and 80 100%) were compared. Lactation Estrus detection rate (%) 40 60 80 1 1.79 2.53 3.27 2 2.66 3.27 3.88 3 4.71 5.95 7.19 4 2.43 5.19 7.95 5 1.70 2.37 3.03 1Determined using August 2014 DairyMetrics (Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC) and published literature 2Milk price, feed price, and slaughter price estimates were collected from the 2014 Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute Report (Columbia, MO) 3Liang (2013) 108 Table 4.5. Net present value per cow per year associated with switching from either visual observation (VO) or timed artificial insemination (TAI) as a reproductive management program to either automated estrus detection (AED) or a combination of and or TAI. Variation in estrus detection rate (60 vs. 80%), system cost ($10,000 or 5,000), and tag price ($50 or 100) were evaluated. Net present value ($/c/y) Investment situation estrus detection rate (%) 60 80 system cost system cost ($) 5,000 10,000 5,000 10,000 tag price tag price tag price tag price ($) 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 to 32.04 28.64 30.45 27.06 48.81 45.42 47.23 43.84 to 75 and 25 20.88 17.49 19.30 15.90 32.41 29.01 30.83 27.43 to 31.11 27.72 29.53 26.13 47.89 44.50 46.31 42.91 to 75 and 25 33.40 30.00 31.82 28.42 47.23 43.83 45.64 42.25 109 Figure 4.1. Interface of a decision support tool dashboard available for net present value analysis of the investment in an automated estrus detection technology. 110 Adams, G. P., R. L. Matteri, J. P. Kastelic, J. C. Ko, and O. J. Ginther. 1992. Association between surges of follicle-stimulating hormone and the emergence of follicular waves in heifers. J. Reprod. Fertil. 94(1):177-188. Aguilar, I., I. Misztal, and S. Tsuruta. 2009. Genetic components of heat stress for dairy cattle with multiple lactations. J. Dairy Sci. 92(11):5702-5711. Allrich, R. D. 1994. Endocrine and Neural Control of Estrus in Dairy Cows1. J. Dairy Sci. 77(9):2738-2744. Alpaydin, E. 2004. Introduction to machine learning press. Altmann, M. 1941. Interrelations of the sex cycle and the behavior of the sow. J. Comp. Psych. 31(3):481-498. Ankinakatte, S., E. Norberg, P. L\u00f8vendahl, D. Edwards, and S. H\u00f8jsgaard. 2013. Predicting mastitis in dairy cows using neural networks and generalized additive models comparison. Comput. Electron. Agr. 99:1-6. Astiz, S. and O. Fargas. 2013. Pregnancy per differences between primiparous and multiparous high-yield dairy cows after using Double Ovsynch or G6G synchronization protocols. Theriogenology 79(7):1065-1070. At-Taras, E. E. and S. L. Spahr. 2001. Detection and characterization of estrus in dairy cattle with an electronic heatmount detector and an electronic activity tag. J. Dairy Sci. 84(4):792-798. Austin, E. J., M. Mihm, A. C. Evans, P. G. Knight, J. L. Ireland, J. J. Ireland, and J. F. Roche. 2001. Alterations in intrafollicular regulatory factors and apoptosis during selection of follicles in the first follicular wave of the bovine estrous cycle. Biol. Reprod. 64(3):839-848. Ball, P. J. H., S. V. Morant, and E. J. Cant. 1978. Measurement of milk temperature as an aid to oestrus detection in dairy cattle. J. Agric. Sci. 91(03):593-597. Bello, N. M., J. P. Steibel, and J. R. Pursley. 2006. Optimizing ovulation to first GnRH improved outcomes to each hormonal injection of ovsynch in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89:3413-3424. Bewley, J., M. Boehlje, A. W. Gray, H. Hogeveen, S. Kenyon, S. Eicher, and M. Schutz. 2010. Stochastic simulation using@ Risk for dairy business investment decisions. Agr. Finance Rev. 70(1):97-125. Bikker, J. P., H. van Laar, P. Rump, J. Doorenbos, K. van Meurs, G. M. Griffioen, and J. Dijkstra. 2014. Technical note: Evaluation of an ear-attached movement sensor to record cow feeding behavior and activity. J. Dairy Sci. 97(5):2974-2979. Bjelland, D. W., K. A. Weigel, N. Vukasinovic, and J. D. Nkrumah. 2013. Evaluation of inbreeding depression in Holstein cattle using whole-genome markers and alternative measures of genomic inbreeding. J. Dairy Sci. 96(7):4697-4706. Blom, J. Y. and C. Ridder. 2010. Reproductive Management and Performance Can be Improved by Use of DeLaval Herd Navigator. Pages 102-103 in Proceedings of the The First North American Conference on Precision Dairy Management. Progressive Dairy Operators, Toronto, Canada. Borchers, M. R. and J. M. Bewley. 2014. Producer assessment of precision dairy farming technology use, pre-purchase considerations, and usefulness. J. Dairy Sci. Submitted. 111 Bradley, R. 2000. 1000 years of climate change. Science 288:1353-1355. Brehme, U., U. Stollberg, R. Holz, and T. Schleusener. 2008 pedometer\u2014New sensor-aided measurement system for improvement in oestrus detection. Comput. Electron. Agr. 62(1):73-80. Breiman, L. 2001. Random forests. Machine learning 45(1):5-32. Britt, J. H. 1985. Enhanced reproduction and its economic implications. J. Dairy Sci. 68(6):1585-1592. Britt, J. H., R. G. Scott, J. D. Armstrong, and M. D. Whitacre. 1986. Determinants of estrous behavior in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 69(8):2195-2202. Burfeind, O., K. Schirmann, M. A. G. von Keyserlingk, D. M. Veira, D. M. Weary, and W. Heuwieser. 2011. Technical note: Evaluation of a system for monitoring rumination in heifers and calves. J. Dairy Sci. 94(1):426-430. Butler, L. D. 1996. Understanding internal rate of return and net present value. USDA, Washington, D.C. Butler, W. 2003. Energy balance relationships with follicular development, ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 83(2):211-218. Butler, W. R. 2000. Nutritional interactions with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60-61:449-457. Cabrera, V. 2012 simple formulation and solution to the replacement problem practical tool to assess the economic cow value, the value of a new pregnancy, and the cost of a pregnancy loss. J. Dairy Sci. 95(8):4683-4698. Caraviello, D., K. Weigel, M. Craven, D. Gianola, N. Cook, K. Nordlund, P. Fricke, and M. Wiltbank. 2006a. Analysis of reproductive performance of lactating cows on large dairy farms using machine learning algorithms. J. Dairy Sci. 89(12):4703- 4722. Caraviello, D. Z., K. A. Weigel, P. M. Fricke, M. C. Wiltbank, M. J. Florent, N. B. Cook, K. V. Nordlund, N. R. Zwalk, and C. L. Rawson. 2006b. Survey of management practices on reproductive performance of dairy cattle on large commercial farms. J. Dairy Sci. 89:4723-4735. Cavalieri, J., V. Eagles, M. Ryan, and K. L. Macmillan. 2003a. Comparison of four methods for detection of oestrus in dairy cows with resynchronised oestrous cycles. Aust. Vet. J. 81(7):422-425. Cavalieri, J., L. R. Flinker, G. A. Anderson, and K. L. Macmillan. 2003b. Characteristics of oestrus measured using visual observation and radiotelemetry. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 76(1-2):1-12. Cavero, D., K.-H. T\u00f6lle, C. Buxad\u00e9, and J. Krieter. 2006. Mastitis detection in dairy cows by application of fuzzy logic. Livest. Sci. 105(1):207-213. Cavestany, D., M. Fernandez, M. Perez, G. Tort, A. Sanchez, and R. Siena. 2008. Oestrus behaviour in heifers and lactating dairy cows under a pasture-based production system. Vet. Quart. 30(Suppl 1):10-36. Chanvallon, A., S. Coyral-Castel, J. Gatien, J.-M. Lamy, D. Ribaud, C. Allain, P. Cl\u00e9ment, and P. Salvetti. 2014. Comparison of three devices for the automated detection of estrus in dairy cows. Theriogenology 82(5):734-741. Chebel, R. C., J. E. P. Santos, J. P. Reynolds, R. L. A. Cerri, S. O. Juchem, and M. Overton. 2004. Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 84(3\u20134):239-255. 112 Clapper, J. A., J. S. Ottobre, A. C. Ottobre, and D. L. Zartman. 1990. Estrual rise in body temperature in the bovine I. Temporal relationships with serum patterns of reproductive hormones. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 23(2):89-98. Cooper-Prado, M., N. Long, E. Wright, C. Goad, and R. Wettemann. 2011. Relationship of ruminal temperature with parturition and estrus of beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 89(4):1020-1027. Crowe, M. A., D. Goulding, A. Baguisi, M. P. Boland, and J. F. Roche. 1993. Induced ovulation of the first postpartum dominant follicle in beef suckler cows using a GnRH analogue. J. Reprod. Fertil. 99(2):551-555. Crowe, M. A., V. Padmanabhan, M. Mihm, I. Z. Beitins, and J. F. Roche. 1998. Resumption of follicular waves in beef cows is not associated with periparturient changes in follicle-stimulating hormone heterogeneity despite major changes in steroid and luteinizing hormone concentrations. Biol. Reprod. 58(6):1445-1450. Culmer, M. D. 2012. Detection of ovulation in dairy cows by twice-daily passive monitoring of reticulo-rumen temperature. Cutullic, E., L. Delaby, D. Causeur, G. Michel, and C. Disenhaus. 2009. Hierarchy of factors affecting behavioural signs used for oestrus detection of Holstein and Normande dairy cows in a seasonal calving system. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 113(1- 4):22-37. De Mol, R. and W. Woldt. 2001a. Application of fuzzy logic in automated cow status monitoring. J. Dairy Sci. 84(2):400-410. de Mol, R. M., G. H. Kroeze, J. M. F. H. Achten, K. Maatje, and W. Rossing. 1997. Results of a multivariate approach to automated oestrus and mastitis detection. Livest. Prod. Sci. 48(3):219-227. de Mol, R. M. and W. E. Woldt. 2001b. Application of fuzzy logic in automated cow status monitoring. J. Dairy Sci. 84(2):400-410. De Rensis, F., M. Allegri, and G. E. Seidel Jr. 1999. Estrus synchronization and fertility in post-partum dairy cattle after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and prostaglandin F2\u03b1 analog. Theriogenology 52(2):259-269. De Silva, A. W. M. V., G. W. Anderson, F. C. Gwazdauskas, M. L. McGilliard, and J. A. Lineweaver. 1981. Interrelationships with estrous behavior and conception in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 64(12):2409-2418. De Vries, A. 2006a. Determinants of the cost of days open in dairy cattle. Proceedings of the 11th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics. Page 1114. International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Cairns, Australia. De Vries, A. 2006b. Economic value of pregnancy in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 89(10):3876-3885. De Vries, A. and B. Conlin. 2003a. Design and performance of statistical process control charts applied to estrous detection efficiency. J. Dairy Sci. 86(6):1970-1984. De Vries, A. and B. Conlin. 2003b. Economic value of timely determination of unexpected decreases in detection of estrus using control charts. J. Dairy Sci. 86(11):3516-3526. De Vries, A. and C. A. Risco. 2005. Trends and seasonality of reproductive performance in Florida and Georgia dairy herds from 1976 to 2002. J. Dairy Sci. 88(9):3155- 3165. 113 Dela Rue, B., C. Kamphuis, C. Burke, and J. Jago. 2014. Using activity-based monitoring systems to detect dairy cows in oestrus: a field evaluation Vet. J. 62(2):57-62. Delorenzo, M. A. and C. V. Thomas. 1996. Dairy Records and Models for Economic and Financial Planning. J. Dairy Sci. 79(2):337-345. Dematawewa, C. M. and P. J. Berger. 1998. Genetic and phenotypic parameters for 305- day yield, fertility, and survival in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 81(10):2700-2709. Dhuyvetter, K. C., T. L. Kastens, M. Overton, and J. Smith. 2007. Cow Culling Decisions: Costs or Economic Opportunity? Procedings of the Western Dairy Management Conference. Reno, NV. Dijkhuizen, A., J. Stelwagen, and J. Renkema. 1985. Economic aspects of reproductive failure in dairy cattle. I. Financial loss at farm level. Prev. Vet. Med. 3(3):251- 263. Diskin, M. G. and J. M. Sreenan. 2000. Expression and detection of oestrus in cattle. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 40(5):481-491. Dohi, H., A. Yamada, S. Tsuda, T. Sumikawa, and S. Entsu. 1993. Technical note: a pressure-sensitive sensor for measuring the characteristics of standing mounts of cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 71(2):369-372. Dransfield, M. B., R. L. Nebel, R. E. Pearson, and L. D. Warnick. 1998. Timing of insemination for dairy cows identified in estrus by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system. J. Dairy Sci. 81(7):1874-1882. DRMS. 2015. DairyMetrics. Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC. Durkin, J. 2010. Heat Detection: Trends and Opportunities. Pages 90-99 in Proceedings of The First North American Conference on Precision Dairy Management. Progressive Dairy Operators, Toronto, Canada. El-Zarkouny, S. Z., J. A. Cartmill, B. A. Hensley, and J. S. Stevenson. 2004. Pregnancy in dairy cows after synchronized ovulation regimens with or without presynchronization and progesterone. J. Dairy Sci. 87(4):1024-1037. Erickson, B. 1966. Development and senescence of the postnatal bovine ovary. J. Anim. Sci. 25(3):800-805. Esslemont, R. J. and M. J. Bryant. 1976. Oestrous behaviour in a herd of dairy cows. Vet. Rec. 99(24):472-475. Farris, E. J. 1944. Comparison of patterns of cyclic activity of women and the female albino rat. Anat. Rec. 89:536. Farris, E. J. 1954. Activity of dairy cows during estrus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 125(929):117-120. Ferguson, J. D., D. T. Galligan, and N. Thomsen. 1994. Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77(9):2695-2703. Ferguson, J. D. and A. Skidmore. 2013. Reproductive performance in a select sample of dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 96(2):1269-1289. Firk, R., E. Stamer, W. Junge, and J. Krieter. 2002. Automation of oestrus detection in dairy cows: a review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 75(3):219-232. Firk, R., E. Stamer, W. Junge, and J. Krieter. 2003. Improving oestrus detection by combination of activity measurements with information about previous oestrus cases. Livest. Prod. Sci. 82(1):97-103. Fisher, A. D., R. Morton, J. M. A. Dempsey, J. M. Henshall, and J. R. Hill. 2008. Evaluation of a new approach for the estimation of the time of the surge in 114 dairy cows using vaginal temperature and electrodeless conductivity measurements. Theriogenology 70:1065-1074. Foote, R. H. 1975. Estrus detection and estrus detection aids. J. Dairy Sci. 58(2):248-256. Foote, R. H. 1996. Review: Dairy Cattle Reproductive Physiology Research and Management\u2014Past Progress and Future Prospects. J. Dairy Sci. 79(6):980-990. Forde, N., M. E. Beltman, P. Lonergan, M. Diskin, J. F. Roche, and M. A. Crowe. 2011. Oestrous cycles in Bos taurus cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 124(3\u20134):163-169. Fordham, D. P., P. Rowlinson, and T. T. McCarthy. 1988. Oestrus detection in dairy cows by milk temperature measurement. Res. Vet. Sci. 44(3):366-374. Fortune, J. and S. Quirk. 1988. Regulation of steroidogenesis in bovine preovulatory follicles. J. Anim. Sci. 66(Supplement 2):1-8. Fricke, P. M., P. D. Carvalho, J. O. Giordano, A. Valenza, G. Lopes, Jr., and M. C. Amundson. 2014a. Expression and detection of estrus in dairy cows: the role of new technologies. Animal 8 Suppl 1:134-143. Fricke, P. M., P. D. Carvalho, J. O. Giordano, A. Valenza, G. J. Lopes, and M. C. Amundson. 2014b. Expression and detection of estrus in dairy cows: the role of new technologies. animal 8(Supplements1):134-143. Fricke, P. M., J. O. Giordano, A. Valenza, G. Lopes, Jr., M. C. Amundson, and P. D. Carvalho. 2014c. Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows managed for first service using timed artificial insemination with or without detection of estrus using an activity-monitoring system. J. Dairy Sci. 97(5):2771-2781. Friggens, N. C., M. Bjerring, C. Ridder, S. Hojsgaard, and T. Larsen. 2008. Improved detection of reproductive status in dairy cows using milk progesterone measurements. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 43 Suppl 2:113-121. Friggens, N. C. and M. G. G. Chagunda. 2005. Prediction of the reproductive status of cattle on the basis of milk progesterone measures: model description. Theriogenology 64(1):155-190. Galon, N. 2010. The use of pedometry for estrus detection in dairy cows in Isreal. J. Reprod. Dev. 56:S48-S52. Galv\u00e3o, K. N., P. Federico, A. De Vries, and G. M. Schuenemann. 2013. Economic comparison of reproductive programs for dairy herds using estrus detection, timed artificial insemination, or a combination. J. Dairy Sci. 96(4):2681-2693. Gangwar, P. C., C. Branton, and D. L. Evans. 1965 CONDITIONS. J. Dairy Sci. 48:222-227. Gillis, E. H., J. P. Gosling, J. M. Sreenan, and M. Kane. 2002. Development and validation of a biosensor-based immunoassay for progesterone in bovine milk. J. Immunol. Methods 267(2):131-138. Ginther, O. J., D. R. Bergfelt, L. J. Kulick, and K. Kot. 2000a. Selection of the dominant follicle in cattle: role of estradiol. Biol. Reprod. 63(2):383-389. Ginther, O. J., D. R. Bergfelt, L. J. Kulick, and K. Kot. 2000b. Selection of the dominant follicle in cattle: role of two-way functional coupling between follicle-stimulating hormone and the follicles. Biol. Reprod. 62(4):920-927. 115 Ginther, O. J., K. Kot, L. J. Kulick, S. Martin, and M. C. Wiltbank. 1996. Relationships between and ovarian follicular waves during the last six months of pregnancy in cattle. J. Reprod. Fertil. 108(2):271-279. Giordano, J. O., P. M. Fricke, M. C. Wiltbank, and V. E. Cabrera. 2011. An economic decision-making support system for selection of reproductive management programs on dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 94(12):6216-6232. Giordano, J. O., A. S. Kalantari, P. M. Fricke, M. C. Wiltbank, and V. E. Cabrera. 2012a daily herd Markov-chain model to study the reproductive and economic impact of reproductive programs combining timed artificial insemination and estrus detection. J. Dairy Sci. 95(9):5442-5460. Giordano, J. O., M. C. Wiltbank, J. N. Guenther, R. Pawlisch, S. Bas, A. P. Cunha, and P. M. Fricke. 2012b. Increased fertility in lactating dairy cows resynchronized with Double-Ovsynch compared with Ovsynch initiated 32 d after timed artificial insemination. J. Dairy Sci. 95(2):639-653. Gonzalez-Recio, O., M. A. Perez-Cabal, and R. Alenda. 2004. Economic value of female fertility and its relationship with profit in Spanish dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 87(9):3053-3061. Groenendaal, H., D. Galligan, and H. Mulder. 2004. An economic spreadsheet model to determine optimal breeding and replacement decisions for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 87(7):2146-2157. Grzesiak, W., P. B\u0142aszczyk, and R. Lacroix. 2006. Methods of predicting milk yield in dairy cows\u2014Predictive capabilities of Wood's lactation curve and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Comput. Electron. Agr. 54(2):69-83. Gumen, A., J. N. Guenther, and M. C. Wiltbank. 2003. Follicular size and response to ovsynch versus detection of estrus in anovular and ovular lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86(10):3184-3194. Hammond, J. 1927. Physiology of Reproduction in the Cow. Hansel, W. and E. M. Convey. 1983. Physiology of the estrous cycle. J. Anim. Sci. 57 Suppl 2:404-424. Hare, E., H. D. Norman, and J. R. Wright. 2006. Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89(1):365-370. Hassan, K., S. Samarasinghe, and M. Lopez-Benavides. 2009. Use of neural networks to detect minor and major pathogens that cause bovine mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 92(4):1493-1499. Heald, C., T. Kim, W. Sischo, J. Cooper, and D. Wolfgang. 2000 computerized mastitis decision aid using farm-based records: an artificial neural network approach. J. Dairy Sci. 83(4):711-720. Heckman, G., L. Katz, R. Foote, E. Oltenacu, N. Scott, and R. Marshall. 1979. Estrous cycle patterns in cattle monitored by electrical resistance and milk progesterone. J. Dairy Sci. 62(1):64-68. Heersche, G. and R. L. Nebel. 1994. Measuring efficiency and accuracy of detection of estrus. J. Dairy Sci. 77(9):2754-2761. Heres, L., S. J. Dieleman, and F. J. van Eerdenburg. 2000. Validation of a new method of visual oestrus detection on the farm. Vet. Q. 22(1):50-55. Herlihy, M. M., J. O. Giordano, A. H. Souza, H. Ayres, R. M. Ferreira, A. Keskin, A. B. Nascimento, J. N. Guenther, J. M. Gaska, S. J. Kacuba, M. A. Crowe, S. T. 116 Butler, and M. C. Wiltbank. 2012. Presynchronization with Double-Ovsynch improves fertility at first postpartum artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(12):7003-7014. Hockey, C. D., J. M. Morton, S. T. Norman, and M. R. McGowan. 2010. Evaluation of a neck mounted 2-hourly activity meter system for detecting cows about to ovulate in two paddock-based Australian dairy herds. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 45:107- 117. Hoffmann, G., M. Schmidt, C. Ammon, S. Rose-Meierh\u00f6fer, O. Burfeind, W. Heuwieser, and W. Berg. 2013. Monitoring the body temperature of cows and calves using video recordings from an infrared thermography camera. Vet. Res. Commun. 37(2):91-99. Holman, A., J. Thompson, J. E. Routly, J. Cameron, D. N. Jones, D. Grove-White, R. F. Smith, and H. Dobson. 2011. Comparison of oestrus detection methods in dairy cattle. Vet. Rec. 169(2):47. Holmann, F. J., R. W. Blake, and C. R. Shumway. 1987. Economic evaluation of fourteen methods of estrous detection. J. Dairy Sci. 70(1):186-194. Holmann, F. J., C. R. Shumway, R. W. Blake, R. B. Schwart, and E. M. Sudweeks. 1984. Economic value of days open for Holstein cows of alternative milk yields with varying calving intervals. J. Dairy Sci. 67(3):636-643. Homer, E. M., Y. Gao, X. Meng, A. Dodson, R. Webb, and P. C. Garnsworthy. 2013. Technical note novel approach to the detection of estrus in dairy cows using ultra-wideband technology. J. Dairy Sci. 96(10):6529-6534. Huirne, R. B. M., S. B. Harsh, and A. A. Dijkhuizen. 1997. Critical success factors and information needs on dairy farms: the farmer's opinion. Livest. Prod. Sci. 48(3):229-238. Hurnik, J. F., G. J. King, and H. A. Robertson. 1975. Estrous and related behaviour in postpartum Holstein cows. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 2(1):55-68. Hurnik, J. F., A. B. Webster, and S. DeBoer. 1985. An investigation of skin temperature differentials in relation to estrus in dairy cattle using a thermal infrared scanning technique. J. Anim. Sci. 61(5):1095-1102. Hyde, J. and P. Engel. 2002. Investing in a Robotic Milking System Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 85(9):2207-2214. Johnson, C. R., M. W. Ayers, A. Ahmadzadeh, B. Shafii, S. Etter, R. C. Chebel, and J. C. Dalton. 2012. Short communication: Characterization of early postpartum estrous behavior and ovulation in lactating dairy cows using radiotelemetry. J. Dairy Sci. 95(9):5085-5088. Jonsson, R., M. Blanke, N. K. Poulsen, F. Caponetti, and S. Hojsgaard. 2011. Oestrus detection in dairy cows form activity and lying data using on-line individual models. Comput. Electron. Agr. 76:6-15. Kalantari, A. and V. Cabrera. 2012. The effect of reproductive performance on the dairy cattle herd value assessed by integrating a daily dynamic programming model with a daily Markov chain model. J. Dairy Sci. 95(10):6160-6170. Kamphuis, C., B. DelaRue, C. R. Burke, and J. Jago. 2012. Field evaluation of 2 collar- mounted activity meters for detecting cows in estrus on a large pasture-grazed dairy farm. J. Dairy Sci. 95(6):3045-3056. 117 Keister, Z. O., S. K. DeNise, D. V. Armstrong, R. L. Ax, and M. D. Brown. 1999. Pregnancy outcomes in two commercial dairy herds following hormonal scheduling programs. Theriogenology 51(8):1587-1596. Kerbrat, S. and C. Disenhaus. 2004 proposition for an updated behavioural characterisation of the oestrus period in dairy cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 87(3\u20134):223-238. Kiddy, C. A. 1977. Variation in physical activity as an indication of estrus in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 60(2):235-243. Kramer, E., D. Cavero, E. Stamer, and J. Krieter. 2009. Mastitis and lameness detection in dairy cows by application of fuzzy logic. Livest. Sci. 125(1):92-96. Krieter, J. 2005. Oestrus detection in dairy cows using control charts and nueral networks. Pages 1-11 in Proc. of the 56th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production. Commission on Cattle Production, Uppsala, Sweden. Kyle, B. L., A. D. Kennedy, and J. A. Small. 1998. Measurement of vaginal temperature by radiotelemetry for the prediction of estrus in beef cows. Theriogenology 49(8):1437-1449. Lee, J.-I. and I.-H. Kim. 2007. Pregnancy loss in dairy cows: the contributing factors, the effects on reproductive performance and the economic impact. J. Vet. Sci. 8(3):283-288. Lehrer, A. R., G. S. Lewis, and E. Aizinbud. 1992. Oestrus detection in cattle: recent developments. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 28(1\u20134):355-362. Leidl, W. and R. Stolla. 1976. Measurement of electric resistance of the vaginal mucus as an aid for heat detection. Theriogenology 6(2\u20133):237-249. Lewis, G. S. and S. K. Newman. 1984. Changes throughout estrous cycles of variables that might indicate estrus in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 67(1):146-152. Liang, D. 2013. Estimating the economic losses from disease and extended days open with a farm-level stochastic model. Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Lien, G. 2003. Assisting whole-farm decision-making through stochastic budgeting. Agricultural Systems 76(2):399-413. Lima, F. S., A. De Vries, C. A. Risco, J. E. Santos, and W. W. Thatcher. 2010. Economic comparison of natural service and timed artificial insemination breeding programs in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 93(9):4404-4413. Lippmann, R. P. 1987. An introduction to computing with neural nets Magazine 4(2):4-22. Liu, X. and S. L. Spahr. 1993. Automated electronic activity measurement for detection of estrus in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 76(10):2906-2912. Livshin, N., J. Grinshpun, L. Rpsenfeld, I. Shvartzman, A. Antler, B. Zion, G. Stojanovski, G. Bunevski, E. Maltz, and S. Cox. 2005. Lying behaviour of dairy cows under different housing systems and physiological conditions. Pages 305- 311 in Proc. 2nd European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming. Wageningen Academic Publishers. L\u00f3pez-Gatius, F. 2003. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 60(1):89-99. 118 L\u00f3pez-Gatius, F., P. Santolaria, I. Mundet, and J. L. Y\u00e1niz. 2005. Walking activity at estrus and subsequent fertility in dairy cows. Theriogenology 63(5):1419-1429. Lopez, H., D. Z. Caraviello, L. D. Satter, P. M. Fricke, and M. C. Wiltbank. 2005. Relationship between level of milk production and multiple ovulations in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88(8):2783-2793. Lovendahl, P. and M. G. G. Chagunda. 2010. On the use of physical activity monitoring for estrus detection in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93:249-259. Lucy, M. C. 2001. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? J. Dairy Sci. 84(6):1277-1293. Lukas, J., D. Hawkins, M. Kinsel, and J. Reneau. 2005. Bulk tank somatic cell counts analyzed by statistical process control tools to identify and monitor subclinical mastitis incidence. J. Dairy Sci. 88(11):3944-3952. Lukas, J. M., J. K. Reneau, and J. G. Linn. 2008. Water intake and dry matter intake changes as a feeding management tool and indicator of health and estrus status in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91(9):3385-3394. Maatje, K., R. M. de Mol, and W. Rossing. 1997a. Cow status monitoring (health and oestrus) using detection sensors. Comput. Electron. Agr. 16(3):245-254. Maatje, K., S. H. Loeffler, and B. Engel. 1997b. Predicting Optimal Time of Insemination in Cows that Show Visual Signs of Estrus by Estimating Onset of Estrus with Pedometers. J. Dairy Sci. 80(6):1098-1105. Maatje, K. and W. Rossing. 1976. Detecting oestrus by measuring milk temperatures of dairy cows during milking. Livest. Prod. Sci. 3(1):85-89. Mader, T. L. and W. Kreikemeier. 2006. Effects of growth-promoting agents and season on blood metabolites and body temperature in heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 84(4):1030- 1037. Maltz, E., S. Devir, J. H. M. Metz, and H. Hogeveen. 1997. The body weight of the dairy cow I. Introductory study into body weight changes in dairy cows as a management aid. Livest. Prod. Sci. 48(3):175-186. Marcus, G. J. and A. J. Hackett. 1986. Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of bovine serum and milk progesterone without extraction. J. Dairy Sci. 69(3):818-824. Mazeris, F. 2010. DeLaval Herd Navigator: Proactive Herd Management. Pages 26-27 in Proceedings of The First North American Conference on Precision Dairy Management. Progressive Dairy Operators, Toronto, Canada. McArthur, A., M. Easdon, and K. Gregson. 1992. Milk temperature and detection of oestrus in dairy cattle. J. Agr. Eng. Res. 51:29-46. McGowan, J. E., C. R. Burke, and J. G. Jago. 2007. Validation of technology for objectively measuring behaviour in dairy cows and its application for oestrous detection. Pages 136-142 in Proc. of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Wanaka, New Zealand. McLachlan, G. 2004. Discriminant analysis and statistical pattern recognition. Vol. 544. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Meadows, C., P. Rajala-Schultz, and G. Frazer. 2005 spreadsheet-based model demonstrating the nonuniform economic effects of varying reproductive performance in Ohio dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 88(3):1244-1254. 119 Michaelis, I., O. Burfeind, and W. Heuwieser. 2014. Evaluation of Oestrous Detection in Dairy Cattle Comparing an Automated Activity Monitoring System to Visual Observation. Reprod. Domest. Anim.:n/a-n/a. Mitchell, R. S., R. A. Sherlock, and L. A. Smith. 1996. An investigation into the use of machine learning for determining oestrus in cows. Comput. Electron. Agr. 15(3):195-213. Moreira, F., C. Orlandi, C. A. Risco, R. Mattos, F. Lopes, and W. W. Thatcher. 2001. Effects of presynchronization and bovine somatotropin on pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(7):1646-1659. Mosher, M. D., J. S. Ottobre, G. K. Haibel, and D. L. Zartman. 1990. Estrual rise in body temperature in the bovine II. The temporal relationship with ovulation. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 23(2):99-107. Murphy, M. G., M. P. Boland, and J. F. Roche. 1990. Pattern of follicular growth and resumption of ovarian activity in post-partum beef suckler cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. 90(2):523-533. N.O.A.A. 1976. Livestock hot weather stress. Pages C31-76 in Reg. Operations Lett. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dept. Commerce, National Weather Service Central Region, Kansas City, MO. Navanukraw, C., D. A. Redmer, L. P. Reynolds, J. D. Kirsch, A. T. Grazul-Bilska, and P. M. Fricke. 2004 modified presynchronization protocol improves fertility to timed artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87(5):1551- 1557. Nebel, R. L. 1988. On-Farm Milk Progesterone Tests. J. Dairy Sci. 71(6):1682-1690. Nebel, R. L. 2013. Attaining reproductive solutions through activity and health monitoring. Pages 27-44 in Proc. Precision Dairy Conference and Expo. University of Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota. Nebel, R. L. and S. M. Jobst. 1998. Evaluation of systematic breeding programs for lactating dairy cows: a review. J. Dairy Sci. 81(4):1169-1174. Nebel, R. L., W. L. Walker, M. L. McGilliard, C. H. Allen, and G. S. Heckman. 1994. Timing of artificial insemination of dairy cows: fixed time once daily versus morning and afternoon. J. Dairy Sci. 77(10):3185-3191. Neves, R. C., K. E. Leslie, J. S. Walton, and S. J. LeBlanc. 2012. Reproductive performance with an automated activity monitoring system versus a synchronized breeding program. J. Dairy Sci. 95(10):5683-5693. Niles, D., S. Eicker, and S. Stewart. 2001. Using Pregnancy Rate to Monitor Reproductive Management. Pages 117-121 in Proceedings of The 5th Western Dairy Management Conference. Las Vegas, Nevada. Niza-Ribeiro, J., J. Noordhuizen, and J. Menezes. 2004. Capability index statistical process control tool to aid in udder health control in dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 87(8):2459-2467. Noonan, J. J., A. B. Schultze, and E. F. Ellington. 1975. Changes in bovine cervical and vaginal mucus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. J. Anim. Sci. 41(4):1084-1089. 120 Norman, H. D., J. R. Wright, S. M. Hubbard, R. H. Miller, and J. L. Hutchison. 2009. Reproductive status of Holstein and Jersey cows in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 92(7):3517-3528. O\u2019Connell, J., F. A. T\u00f8gersen, N. C. Friggens, P. L\u00f8vendahl, and S. H\u00f8jsgaard. 2011. Combining cattle activity and progesterone measurements using hidden semi- Markov Models. J. Agric. Biol. Envir. S. 16(1):1-16. Olds, D., T. Cooper, and F. A. Thrift. 1979. Effect of Days Open on Economic Aspects of Current Lactation1. J. Dairy Sci. 62(7):1167-1170. Olynk, N. and C. Wolf. 2008. Economic analysis of reproductive management strategies on commercial dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 91(10):4082-4091. Olynk, N. and C. Wolf. 2009. Stochastic economic analysis of dairy cattle artificial insemination reproductive management programs. J. Dairy Sci. 92(3):1290-1299. Orihuela, A. n. 2000. Some factors affecting the behavioural manifestation of oestrus in cattle: a review. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 70(1):1-16. Ostergaard, S., N. C. Friggens, and M. G. Chagunda. 2005. Technical and economic effects of an inline progesterone indicator in a dairy herd estimated by stochastic simulation. Theriogenology 64(4):819-843. Overton, M. 2005. Cost comparison of natural service sires and artificial insemination for dairy cattle reproductive management. Theriogenology 64(3):589-602. Pahl, C., E. Hartung, K. Mahlkow-Nerge, and A. Haeussermann. 2015. Feeding characteristics and rumination time of dairy cows around estrus. J. Dairy Sci. 98(1):148-154. Palmer, M. A., G. Olmos, L. A. Boyle, and J. F. Mee. 2010. Estrus detection and estrus characteristics in housed and pastured Holstein\u2013Friesian cows. Theriogenology 74(2):255-264. Pecsok, S. R., M. L. McGilliard, and R. L. Nebel. 1994. Conception Rates. 1. Derivation and Estimates for Effects of Estrus Detection on Cow Profitability. J. Dairy Sci. 77(10):3008-3015. Pemberton, R. M., J. P. Hart, and T. T. Mottram. 2001. An electrochemical immunosensor for milk progesterone using a continuous flow system. Biosens. Bioelectron. 16(9-12):715-723. Pennington, J. A., J. L. Albright, M. A. Diekman, and C. J. Callahan. 1985. Sexual activity of Holstein cows: seasonal effects. J. Dairy Sci. 68(11):3023-3030. Peralta, O. A., R. E. Pearson, and R. L. Nebel. 2005. Comparison of three estrus detection systems during summer in a large commercial dairy herd. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 87(1):59-72. Peter, A. T. and W. T. K. Bosu. 1986. Postpartum ovarian activity in dairy cows: Correlation between behavioral estrus, pedometer measurements and ovulations. Theriogenology 26(1):111-115. Peters, M. W. and J. R. Pursley. 2002. Fertility of lactating dairy cows treated with Ovsynch after presynchronization injections of PGF2 alpha and GnRH. J. Dairy Sci. 85(9):2403-2406. Petersson, K.-J., E. Strandberg, H. Gustafsson, M. D. Royal, and B. Berglund. 2008. Detection of delayed cyclicity in dairy cows based on progesterone content in monthly milk samples. Prev. Vet. Med. 86(1):153-163. 121 Piccione, G., G. Caola, and R. Refinetti. 2003. Daily and estrous rhythmicity of body temperature in domestic cattle Physiology 3(1):7. Plaizier, J., G. King, J. Dekkers, and K. Lissemore. 1997. Estimation of economic values of indices for reproductive performance in dairy herds using computer simulation. J. Dairy Sci. 80(11):2775-2783. Platz, S., F. Ahrens, J. Bendel, H. H. Meyer, and M. H. Erhard. 2008. What happens with cow behavior when replacing concrete slatted floor by rubber coating: a case study. J. Dairy Sci. 91(3):999-1004. Pursley, J. R., M. R. Kosorok, and M. C. Wiltbank. 1997a. Reproductive management of lactating dairy cows using synchronization of ovulation. J. Dairy Sci. 80(2):301- 306. Pursley, J. R., M. O. Mee, and M. C. Wiltbank. 1995. Synchronizatin of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2\u03b1 and GnRH. Theriogenology 44:915-923. Pursley, J. R., R. W. Silcox, and M. C. Wiltbank. 1998. Effect of Time of Artificial Insemination on Pregnancy Rates, Calving Rates, Pregnancy Loss, and Gender Ratio After Synchronization of Ovulation in Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2139-2144. Pursley, J. R., M. C. Wiltbank, J. S. Stevenson, J. S. Ottobre, H. A. Garverick, and L. L. Anderson. 1997b. Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus. J. Dairy Sci. 80(2):295-300. Rabiee, A. R., I. J. Lean, and M. A. Stevenson. 2005. Efficacy of Ovsynch Program on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Meta-Analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 88(8):2754-2770. Rajamahendran, R., J. Robinson, S. Desbottes, and J. S. Walton. 1989. Temporal relationships among estrus, body temperature, milk yield, progesterone and luteinizing hormone levels, and ovulation in dairy cows. Theriogenology 31(6):1173-1182. Reames, P. S., T. B. Hatler, S. H. Hayes, D. L. Ray, and W. J. Silvia. 2011. Differential regulation of estrous behavior and luteinizing hormone secretion by estradiol-17\u03b2 in ovariectomized dairy cows. Theriogenology 75(2):233-240. Redden, K., A. Kennedy, J. Ingalls, and T. Gilson. 1993. Detection of estrus by radiotelemetric monitoring of vaginal and ear skin temperature and pedometer measurements of activity. J. Dairy Sci. 76(3):713-721. Reith, S., H. Brandt, and S. Hoy. 2014. Simultaneous analysis of activity and rumination time, based on collar-mounted sensor technology, of dairy cows over the peri- estrus period. Livest. Sci. 170(0):219-227. Reith, S. and S. Hoy. 2012. Relationship between daily rumination time and estrus of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(11):6416-6420. Rensis, F. D. and R. J. Scaramuzzi. 2003. Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow\u2014a review. Theriogenology 60(6):1139-1151. Roche, J., N. Friggens, J. Kay, M. Fisher, K. Stafford, and D. Berry. 2009. Invited review: Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity, health, and welfare. J. Dairy Sci. 92(12):5769-5801. 122 Roche, J., K. Macdonald, C. Burke, J. Lee, and D. Berry. 2007. Associations among body condition score, body weight, and reproductive performance in seasonal-calving dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 90(1):376-391. Roche, J. F. 1996. Control and regulation of folliculogenesis--a symposium in perspective. Rev. Reprod. 1(1):19-27. Rodtian, P., G. King, S. Subrod, and P. Pongpiachan. 1996. Oestrous behaviour of Holstein cows during cooler and hotter tropical seasons. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 45(1\u20132):47-58. Roelofs, J., F. L\u00f3pez-Gatius, R. H. F. Hunter, F. J. C. M. van Eerdenburg, and C. Hanzen. 2010. When is a cow in estrus? Clinical and practical aspects. Theriogenology 74(3):327-344. Roelofs, J. B., F. J. C. M. Van Eerdenburg, W. Hazeleger, N. M. Soede, and B. Kemp. 2006. Relationship between progesterone concentrations in milk and blood and time of ovulation in dairy cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 91(3\u20134):337-343. Roelofs, J. B., F. J. C. M. van Eerdenburg, N. M. Soede, and B. Kemp. 2005a. Pedometer readings for estrous detection and as predictor for time of ovulation in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 64(8):1690-1703. Roelofs, J. B., F. J. C. M. van Eerdenburg, N. M. Soede, and B. Kemp. 2005b. Various behavioral signs of estrous and their relationship with time of ovulation in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 63(5):1366-1377. Rorie, R. W., T. R. Bilby, and T. D. Lester. 2002. Application of Electronic Estrus Detection Technologies to Reproductive Management of Cattle. Theriogenology 57:137-148. Rounsaville, T. R., P. A. Oltenacu, R. A. Milligan, and R. H. Foote. 1979. Effects of Heat Detection, Conception Rate, and Culling Policy on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Herds. J. Dairy Sci. 62(9):1435-1442. Russell, R. A. and J. M. Bewley. 2013. Characterization of Kentucky dairy producer decision-making behavior. J. Dairy Sci. 96(7):4751-4758. Saint-Dizier, M. and S. Chastant-Maillard. 2012. Towards an automated detection of oestrus in dairy cattle. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 47(6):1056-1061. Sakaguchi, M., R. Fujiki, K. Yabuuchi, Y. Takahashi, and M. Aoki. 2007. Reliability of Estrous Detection in Holstein Heifers Using a Radiotelemetric Pedometer Located on the Neck or Legs Under Different Rearing Conditions. J. Reprod. Dev. 53(4):819-828. Sangsritavong, S., D. K. Combs, R. Sartori, L. E. Armentano, and M. C. Wiltbank. 2002. High Feed Intake Increases Liver Blood Flow and Metabolism of Progesterone and Estradiol-17\u03b2 in Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 85(11):2831-2842. Santos, J. E. P., W. W. Thatcher, R. C. Chebel, R. L. A. Cerri, and K. N. Galv\u00e3o. 2004. The effect of embryonic death rates in cattle on the efficacy of estrus synchronization programs. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 82\u201383(0):513-535. Sanzogni, L. and D. Kerr. 2001. Milk production estimates using feed forward artificial neural networks. Comput. Electron. Agr. 32(1):21-30. Saumande, J. 2002. Electronic detection of oestrus in postpartum dairy cows: efficiency and accuracy of the DEC\u00ae (showheat) system. Livest. Prod. Sci. 77(2\u20133):265- 271. 123 Savio, J. D., M. P. Boland, N. Hynes, and J. F. Roche. 1990. Resumption of follicular activity in the early post-partum period of dairy cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. 88(2):569-579. Schirmann, K., M. A. von Keyserlingk, D. M. Weary, D. M. Veira, and W. Heuwieser. 2009. Technical note: Validation of a system for monitoring rumination in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92:6052-6055. Schl\u00fcnsen, D., H. Roth, H. Sch\u00f6n, W. Paul, and H. Speckmann. 1987. Automatic health and oestrus control in dairy husbandry through computer aided systems. J. Agr. Eng. Res. 38(4):263-279. Sch\u00fcller, L. K., O. Burfeind, and W. Heuwieser. 2014. Impact of heat stress on conception rate of dairy cows in the moderate climate considering different temperature\u2013humidity index thresholds, periods relative to breeding, and heat load indices. Theriogenology 81(8):1050-1057. Scott, G. B. 1989. Changes in limb loading with lameness for a number of Friesian cattle. Br. Vet. J. 145(1):28-38. Senger, P. L. 1994. The estrus detection problem: new concepts, technologies, and possibilities. J. Dairy Sci. 77(2745-2753). Senger, P. L. 1999. Pathways to pregnancy and parturition. Current Conceptions, Inc, Pullman, WA. Shahinfar, S., D. Page, J. Guenther, V. Cabrera, P. Fricke, and K. Weigel. 2013. Prediction of insemination outcomes in Holstein dairy cattle using alternative machine learning algorithms. J. Dairy Sci. Shahinfar, S., D. Page, J. Guenther, V. Cabrera, P. Fricke, and K. Weigel. 2014. Prediction of insemination outcomes in Holstein dairy cattle using alternative machine learning algorithms. J. Dairy Sci. 97(2):731-742. Sharma, A. K., R. Sharma, and H. Kasana. 2007. Prediction of first lactation 305-day milk yield in Karan Fries dairy cattle using modeling. Appl. Soft. Comput. 7(3):1112-1120. Silke, V., M. Diskin, D. Kenny, M. Boland, P. Dillon, J. Mee, and J. Sreenan. 2002. Extent, pattern and factors associated with late embryonic loss in dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 71(1):1-12. Sood, P. and A. Nanda. 2006. Effect of lameness on estrous behavior in crossbred cows. Theriogenology 66(5):1375-1380. Souza, A. H., H. Ayres, R. M. Ferreira, and M. C. Wiltbank. 2008 new presynchronization system (Double-Ovsynch) increases fertility at first postpartum timed in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 70:208-215. Souza, A. H., A. Gumen, E. P. Silva, A. P. Cunha, J. N. Guenther, C. M. Peto, D. Z. Caraviello, and M. C. Wiltbank. 2007. Supplementation with estradiol-17beta before the last gonadotropin-releasing hormone injection of the Ovsynch protocol in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90(10):4623-4634. Stevenson, J. S. 2001a. Reproductive management of dairy cows in high milk-producing herds. J. Dairy Sci. 84:E128-E143. Stevenson, J. S. 2001b. Reproductive Management of Dairy Cows in High Milk- Producing Herds. J. Dairy Sci. 84, Supplement(0):E128-E143. 124 Stevenson, J. S., S. L. Hill, R. L. Nebel, and J. M. DeJarnette. 2014. Ovulation timing and conception risk after automated activity monitoring in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 97(7):4296-4308. Stevenson, J. S. and A. P. Phatak. 2005. Inseminations at estrus induced by presynchronization before application of synchronized estrus and ovulation. J. Dairy Sci. 88(1):399-405. Stevenson, J. S., M. K. Schmidt, and E. P. Call. 1983. Estrous intensity and conception rates in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 66(2):275-280. Stevenson, J. S., M. W. Smith, J. R. Jaeger, L. R. Corah, and D. G. LeFever. 1996. Detection of estrus by visual observation and radiotelemetry in peripubertal, estrus-synchronized beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 74(4):729-735. Sturman, H., E. A. B. Oltenacu, and R. H. Foote. 2000. Importance of inseminating only cows in estrus. Theriogenology 53(8):1657-1667. Sunderland, S. J., M. A. Crowe, M. P. Boland, J. F. Roche, and J. J. Ireland. 1994. Selection, dominance and atresia of follicles during the oestrous cycle of heifers. J. Reprod. Fertil. 101(3):547-555. Suthar, V. S., O. Burfeind, J. S. Patel, A. J. Dhami, and W. Heuwieser. 2011. Body temperature around induced estrus in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94(2368-2373). Talukder, S., K. L. Kerrisk, L. Ingenhoff, P. C. Thomson, S. C. Garcia, and P. Celi. 2014. Infrared technology for estrus detection and as a predictor of time of ovulation in dairy cows in a pasture-based system. Theriogenology 81(7):925-935. Tenhagen, B.-A., M. Drillich, R. Surholt, and W. Heuwieser. 2004. Comparison of timed after synchronized ovulation to at estrus: Reproductive and economic considerations. J. Dairy Sci. 87(1):85-94. USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007 Part IV: Reference of dairy cattle health and management practices in the United States. National Animal Health Monitoring System. USDA. 2011. Reproductive status of cows in Dairy Herd Improvement programs and bred using artificial insemination. Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, USDA. 2013a. Bovine inbreeding trends. Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, USDA. 2013b. D.H.I. Participation as of January 1, 2013. D.H.I. Report K-1. Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Vailes, L. D. and J. H. Britt. 1990. Influence of footing surface on mounting and other sexual behaviors of estrual Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci. 68(8):2333-2339. Valenza, A., J. O. Giordano, G. Lopes, L. Vincenti, M. C. Amundson, and P. M. Fricke. 2012. Assessment of an accelerometer system for detection of estrus and treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone at the time of insemination in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Van Arendonk, J. 1984. Studies on the replacement policies in dairy cattle. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierz\u00fcchtung und Z\u00fcchtungsbiologie 101(1\u20105):330-340. van der Tol, P. P. J., J. H. M. Metz, E. N. Noordhuizen-Stassen, W. Back, C. R. Braam, and W. A. Weijs. Frictional Forces Required for Unrestrained Locomotion in Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88(2):615-624. 125 Van Eerdenburg, F. J., H. S. Loeffler, and J. H. van Vliet. 1996. Detection of oestrus in dairy cows: a new approach to an old problem. Vet. Q. 18(2):52-54. Van Knegsel, A., H. Van den Brand, J. Dijkstra, and B. Kemp. 2007. Effects of dietary energy source on energy balance, metabolites and reproduction variables in dairy cows in early lactation. Theriogenology 68:S274-S280. Van Vliet, J. H. and F. J. C. M. Van Eerdenburg. 1996. Sexual activities and oestrus detection in lactating Holstein cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 50(1):57-69. VanRaden, P. M., K. M. Olson, D. J. Null, and J. L. Hutchison. 2011a. Harmful recessive effects on fertility detected by absence of homozygous haplotypes. J. Dairy Sci. 94(12):6153-6161. VanRaden, P. M., K. M. Olson, G. R. Wiggans, J. B. Cole, and M. E. Tooker. 2011b. Genomic inbreeding and relationships among Holsteins, Jerseys, and Brown Swiss. J. Dairy Sci. 94(11):5673-5682. VanRaden, P. M., A. H. Sanders, M. E. Tooker, R. H. Miller, H. D. Norman, M. T. Kuhn, and G. R. Wiggans. 2004. Development of a national genetic evaluation for cow fertility. J. Dairy Sci. 87(7):2285-2292. Vasconcelos, J. L., R. W. Silcox, G. J. Rosa, J. R. Pursley, and M. C. Wiltbank. 1999. Synchronization rate, size of the ovulatory follicle, and pregnancy rate after synchronization of ovulation beginning on different days of the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 52(6):1067-1078. Walker, S., R. Smith, J. Routly, D. Jones, M. Morris, and H. Dobson. 2008a. Lameness, activity time-budgets, and estrus expression in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 91(12):4552-4559. Walker, S. L., R. F. Smith, J. E. Routly, D. N. Jones, M. J. Morris, and H. Dobson. 2008b. Lameness, Activity Time-Budgets, and Estrus Expression in Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 91(12):4552-4559. Walker, W. L., R. L. Nebel, and M. L. McGilliard. 1996. Time of Ovulation Relative to Mounting Activity in Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 79(9):1555-1561. Walton, J. S. and G. J. King. 1986. Indicators of estrus in Holstein cows housed in tie stalls. J. Dairy Sci. 69(11):2966-2973. Wang, G. H. 1923. The relation between \"spontaneous\" activity and oestrous cycle in the white rat. Comp. Psychol. Monogr. 2, 6:27. Washburn, S. P., W. J. Silvia, C. H. Brown, B. T. McDaniel, and A. J. McAllister. 2002. Trends in Reproductive Performance in Southeastern Holstein and Jersey Herds. J. Dairy Sci. 85(1):244-251. Wathes, C. M., H. H. Kristensen, J. M. Aerts, and D. Berckmans. 2008. Is precision livestock farming an engineer's daydream or nightmare, an animal's friend or foe, and a farmer's panacea or pitfall? Comput. Electron. Agr. 64(1):2-10. Wilson, D. J., R. N. Gonz\u00e1lez, J. Hertl, H. F. Schulte, G. J. Bennett, Y. H. Schukken, and Y. T. Gr\u00f6hn. 2004. Effect of Clinical Mastitis on the Lactation Curve Mixed Model Estimation Using Daily Milk Weights. J. Dairy Sci. 87(7):2073-2084. Wiltbank, M. C. and J. R. Pursley. 2014. The cow as an induced ovulator: Timed after synchronization of ovulation. Theriogenology 81(1):170-185. Wolfenson, D., Z. Roth, and R. Meidan. 2000. Impaired reproduction in heat-stressed cattle: basic and applied aspects. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60\u201361(0):535-547. 126 Worsfold, A. I., J. M. Booth, P. W. Wells, A. C. Huddart, and C. J. Stanley. 1987. The evaluation of a new rapid milk progesterone test as an aid to improving dairy herd fertility. Br. Vet. J. 143(1):83-87. Wrenn, T. R., J. Bitman, and J. F. Sykes. 1958. Body Temperature Variations in Dairy Cattle during the Estrous Cycle and Pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci. 41(8):1071-1076. Xu, Z., H. A. Garverick, G. W. Smith, M. F. Smith, S. A. Hamilton, and R. S. Youngquist. 1995. Expression of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acids in bovine follicles during the first follicular wave. Biol. Reprod. 53(4):951-957. Xu, Z. Z., D. J. McKnight, R. Vishwanath, C. J. Pitt, and L. J. Burton. 1998. Estrus Detection Using Radiotelemetry or Visual Observation and Tail Painting for Dairy Cows on Pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 81(11):2890-2896. Yaniz, J. L., P. Santolaria, A. Giribet, and F. Lopez-Gatius. 2006. Factors affecting walking activity at estrus during postpartum period and subsequent fertility in dairy cows. Theriogenology 66(8):1943-1950. 127 Karmella Dolecheck grew up in Twin Falls, Idaho. She graduated high school in 2008 and continued her education at Utah State University in Logan, Utah. There she majored in Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences with an Animal and Dairy Science emphasis and a minor in Agribusiness Management. During her undergraduate career, Karmella was a College of Agriculture Student Ambassador and member of Dairy Club, Animal Science Club, the College of Agriculture Student Government, Collegiate 4-H, the Honors program, and Service Learning Scholars. She graduated in 2012 with recognition through both the Honors and Service Learning Scholars programs and was additionally distinguished as the College of Agriculture Scholar of the Year. Her undergraduate Honors thesis was titled, \u201cEffects of supplementing Propionibacteria in lactation dairy diets on ruminal fermentation in continuous culture.\u201d Karmella began her career at the University of Kentucky in June 2012, studying under Drs. Jeffrey Bewley and William Silvia. There she focused on the technical and economic potential of automatic estrus detection technologies. Her work was presented at the 2013 Precision Dairy Conference in Rochester and the 2013 and 2014 Joint Annual Meetings in Indianapolis and Kansas City, MO. Karmella is also a member of the American Dairy Science Association (ADSA), American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists, Gamma Sigma Delta, and the Kentucky Academy of Science. 128 Scientific Publications: Lawson, B.D., A.H. Shahzad, K.A. Dolecheck, E.L. Martel, K.A. Velek, D.L. Ray, J.C. Lawrence, W.J. Silvia. 2014 pregnancy detection assay using milk samples: Evaluation and considerations. J. Dairy Sci. 97 (10): 6316-6325 Scientific Abstracts: Dolecheck, K.A., W.J. Silvia, G. Heersche Jr., A.E. Sterrett, B.A. Wadsworth, and J.M. Bewley. 2014. Changes in behavioral and physiological parameters around estrus in partially synchronized cows. Abstract 1491. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Kansas City, MO. Dolecheck, K.A., W.J. Silvia, G. Heersche Jr., and J.M. Bewley. 2014. Reproductive performance of timed artificial insemination and activity-based estrus detection. Abstract 344. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Kansas City, MO. Dolecheck, K.A., G. Heersche Jr., J.M. Bewley. 2013. Investment analysis of automated estrus detection technologies. Abstract 349. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. Dolecheck, K.A., G. Heersche Jr., J.M. Bewley. 2013. Investment analysis of automated estrus detection technologies. Precision Dairy 2013. Rochester, MN. Dolecheck, K. A., J. M. Vera, A. J. Young, A. H. Smith, V. Fellner, and J.-S. Eun. 2012. Effects of Supplementing propionibacteria in lactation dairy diets on ruminal fermentation in continuous cultures. Abstract 199. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ."}
7,433	Kenneth N. Wexley	Michigan State University	[ "7433_101.pdf", "7433_102.pdf" ]	{"7433_101.pdf": "Kenneth N. Wexley, Plaintiff- appellant, v. Michigan State University; Richard Lewis; David Scott;john Dibiaggio; Delores Cook; and Dean Pridgeon,defendants- appellees, 25 F.3d 1052 (6th Cir. 1994) U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit - 25 F.3d 1052 (6th Cir. 1994) May 23, 1994 Before and BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges; and CONTIE, Senior Circuit Judge CURIAM. Kenneth N. Wexley appeals the district court's summary judgment disposition of his religious discrimination claims. We affirm the district court's April 19, 1993 determinations for the following reasons. Plaintiff-appellant Kenneth N. Wexley, a Jewish professor, was a tenured faculty member at Michigan State University's College of Business. Defendant-appellee Richard Lewis was the Dean of the College of Business, defendant-appellee David Scott was the University's Provost and Vice-President of Academic Affairs, defendant-appellee John DiBiaggio was 2/27/25, 8:11 Kenneth N. Wexley, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Michigan State University; Richard Lewis; David Scott;john Dibiaggio; Delores Cook; and \u2026 1/6 the President of the University, and defendants-appellees Delores Cook and Dean Pridgeon were members of the University's Board of Trustees. On October 16, 1990, Dean Lewis recommended to Provost Scott that formal sexual harassment proceedings be initiated against Professor Wexley after four female students complained of his sexual advances. On October 22, 1990, Provost Scott notified President DiBiaggio of Dean Lewis' intent to initiate the dismissal proceedings before the University's Committee on Faculty Tenure (\"UCFT\") in accordance with the University's Dismissal of Tenured Faculty for Cause Policy (\"Dismissal Policy\") which provides that tenured faculty may be dismissed for \"gross misconduct.\" On October 24, 1990, Provost Scott charged Professor Wexley with gross misconduct. On November 28, 1990, Professor Wexley and the Provost's designee met with the to select the Hearing Committee that would hear the evidence. Seven of the UCFT's fifteen faculty members were randomly selected by the UCFT's chairperson to serve on the committee. The Provost's designee used his sole peremptory challenge to dismiss the only Jewish member selected to sit on the Hearing Committee, Professor Martin Fox. The Provost claims that he dismissed Professor Fox due to his previously-shown unwillingness to recommend that tenured faculty be terminated; Professor Wexley insists that the Provost dismissed Professor Fox because he is Jewish. On September 11, 1991, the Hearing Committee issued its decision in which five of the six members found Professor Wexley guilty of gross misconduct and recommended that he be dismissed from the University. Specifically, the Hearing Committee found: (1) [a] persistent pattern of intrusion into students' private affairs through the sexualization of conversations; (2) [a] denial of a student's right to pursue an education and work with faculty in an atmosphere of intellectual and academic freedom; and (3) [an] unreasonable use of his authority to take advantage of others in subordinate positions through sexual advances.... Hearing Committee's Preliminary Written Report and Decision at 11. After considering \"a wide range of penalties, including a warning letter, job transfer, last chance warning, counseling, removal of merit pay, suspension, suspension with conditions, and dismissal,\" id., the Hearing Committee recommended, by a five-to-one vote, that Professor Wexley be dismissed. Though the agreed, on appeal, with the Hearing Committee's finding of gross misconduct, the asked the Hearing Committee to 1 2/27/25, 8:11 Kenneth N. Wexley, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Michigan State University; Richard Lewis; David Scott;john Dibiaggio; Delores Cook; and \u2026 2/6 reconsider its recommendation that Professor Wexley be discharged. Upon reconsideration, the Hearing Committee voted, once again, to dismiss Professor Wexley. On May 14, 1992, President DiBiaggio recommended to the University's Board of Trustees that Professor Wexley be suspended, without pay, for 18 months, and that he be required to submit to psychological counseling. On June 12, 1992, the University's Board of Trustees unanimously adopted President DiBiaggio's recommendations. Professor Wexley refused to accept the terms of the proposed suspension and submitted his resignation to President DiBiaggio on June 26, 1992. The University accepted the professor's resignation on July 23, 1992. Professor Wexley initiated this action claiming, inter alia, that he was discriminated against because he is Jewish. Specifically, Professor Wexley claims that he was dismissed: in violation of Michigan's Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act (Count I); in violation of his equal protection and due process rights under 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 (Counts and V); in violation of Michigan's Bullard-Plawecki Employee Right to Know Act (Count III); and, in violation of Michigan's \"constructive discharge\" laws (Count IV). On June 2, 1992, the district court dismissed Professor Wexley's due process and equal protection claims with prejudice. On April 19, 1993, the district court granted the appellees' motion for summary judgment, dismissed Professor Wexley's civil rights claims, and remanded the Bullard-Plawecki and \"wrongful constructive discharge\" claims to state court. Professor Wexley timely appealed. Standard of Review Summary judgment is appropriate where \"there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\" Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c district court's grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Pinney Dock & Transp. Co. v. Penn Cent. Corp., 838 F.2d 1445, 1472 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 880 (1988). In its review, this court must view the facts and all inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. 60 Ivy St. Corp. v. Alexander, 822 F.2d 1432, 1435 (6th Cir. 1987). The moving party has the burden of conclusively establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists. Id. However, in the face of a summary judgment motion, the nonmoving party cannot rest on its pleadings but must come forward with some probative evidence to support its claim. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). 2 2/27/25, 8:11 Kenneth N. Wexley, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Michigan State University; Richard Lewis; David Scott;john Dibiaggio; Delores Cook; and \u2026 3/6 \"By its very terms, this standard provides that the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.\" Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986) (emphasis in original). The dispute must be genuine and the facts must be such that if they were proven at trial, a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. 60 Ivy St. Corp., 822 F.2d at 1435. If the disputed evidence \"is merely colorable or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.\" Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50 (citations omitted). Professor Wexley's Discrimination Claims plaintiff presents a prima facie case of discrimination by showing that he belongs to a protected class, that he was qualified for the position that he held, that he was discharged from his employment, and that he was replaced by a non-minority worker. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). See generally Boutros v. Canton Regional Transit Auth., 997 F.2d 198, 202 (6th Cir. 1993) (\"This Circuit has held that the required elements of prima facie proof necessary for a plaintiff charging a ... hostile work environment under both Title and 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 are the same.\") Moreover, \" ' [p]roof of discriminatory motive is critical' when disparate treatment is claimed.\" Wilson v. Stroh Companies, Inc., 952 F.2d 942, 945 (6th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted). When a plaintiff presents a prima facie case of religious discrimination under 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983, the burden shifts to the employer to articulate non-discriminatory reasons for its actions. See Id. (\"Once the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant must articulate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for his action.\"). \"If the defendant is successful, the plaintiff still may prevail if he establishes that the apparently non- discriminatory rationale was merely a pretext.\" Id. (citation omitted plaintiff may show pretext by establishing that he did not violate the work rule for which he was disciplined or that other employees who engaged in similar misconduct received less severe sanctions.\" Id. Professor Wexley was constructively discharged in accordance with the Hearing Committee's finding of \"gross misconduct\" which the University defines as \"violations of professional ethics, to wit: the use of professional authority to exploit others, e.g., sexual advances to a student.\" Though Professor Wexley maintains that the appellees recommended his dismissal because he is Jewish, the professor failed to establish that the appellees treated similarly-situated non-Jewish faculty members more favorably. Accordingly, we need not determine whether Professor Wexley established a prima facie case of employment discrimination under 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 because the appellees 3 2/27/25, 8:11 Kenneth N. Wexley, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Michigan State University; Richard Lewis; David Scott;john Dibiaggio; Delores Cook; and \u2026 4/6 articulated non-discriminatory non-pretextual reasons for their actions, and Professor Wexley failed to establish pretext. Therefore, the district court properly rejected Professor Wexley's 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 claim. In order to establish a prima facie case under Michigan's Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, Professor Wexley \"must demonstrate that 1) he is a member of a protected class, 2) he was discharged, 3) the individual that discharged him was predisposed to discriminate against members of the protected class, and 4) the individual acted on this predisposition.\" Wilson, 952 F.2d at 946 (citation omitted). Once again, we need not determine whether Professor Wexley established a prima facie case under Elliott-Larsen because the appellees (pursuant to the burden-shifting framework) articulated legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for filing the \"gross misconduct\" charges and for pursuing the claims, and Professor Wexley failed to establish that the appellees' proffered reasons were pretextual. Accordingly, the district court properly rejected Professor Wexley's Elliott-Larsen claim. We the district court's April 19, 1993 determinations for the aforementioned reasons. 1 Though there were seven members on the Hearing Committee initially, one member requested that he be excused after the hearing began 2 Professor Wexley's Second Amended Complaint lists the following defendants: Michigan State University; Richard Lewis; David Scott; John DiBiaggio; Delores Cook; and, Dean Pridgeon 3 \" [T]he final element of the prima facie case [may] be satisfied by proof that plaintiff was replaced by a non-minority worker, or, if plaintiff was not replaced, by proof that non- minority workers with comparable work records were retained while plaintiff was terminated.\" Williams v. Ford Motor Co., 870 F.2d 658 (6th Cir. Mar. 13, 1989) (unpublished) 4 Though Professor Wexley claims that two of the students who accused him of making sexual advances made anti-Semitic remarks, the professor failed to establish a causal nexus between the students' alleged remarks and the University's actions 4 5 6 2/27/25, 8:11 Kenneth N. Wexley, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Michigan State University; Richard Lewis; David Scott;john Dibiaggio; Delores Cook; and \u2026 5/6 5 Though Professor Wexley claims that the district court lacked the authority to dismiss the Elliott-Larsen claim, \" 'pendent jurisdiction is a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff's right.' \" Baer v Coal Co., 782 F.2d 600, 603 (6th Cir. 1986) (citation omitted). See Aschinger v. Columbus Showcase Co., 934 F.2d 1402, 1412 (6th Cir. 1991) (\" [T]rial courts do possess some discretion to decide a pendent state law claim once the federal basis for jurisdiction is dismissed.\"). Judicial economy and fairness favored the district court's retention of jurisdiction in this action. See Kitchen v. Chippewa Valley Schools, 825 F.2d 1004, 1010 (6th Cir. 1987) (\" [T]here is sufficient connection between [section] 1983 and Elliott-Larsen claims to justify the exercise of pendent jurisdiction.\"). Because the substantive elements of proof underlying Professor Wexley's discrimination claims are the same, the district court did not abuse its discretion by exercising its pendent jurisdiction over Professor Wexley's Elliott-Larsen claim 6 Though the individual appellees also claim that they are shielded from liability by qualified immunity, the district court did not address the issue, and our substantive determinations above obviate the need to resolve the issue Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. 2/27/25, 8:11 Kenneth N. Wexley, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Michigan State University; Richard Lewis; David Scott;john Dibiaggio; Delores Cook; and \u2026 6/6", "7433_102.pdf": "Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993 District Court for the Western District of Michigan - 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) April 19, 1993 821 F. Supp. 479 (1993) Kenneth N. WEXLEY, Plaintiff, v UNIVERSITY, and Richard Lewis, David Scott, John DiBiaggo, Delores Cook, and Dean Pridgeon, as individuals, Defendants. No. 5-91-CV-91. United States District Court, W.D. Michigan, S.D. April 19, 1993. 480 Mark T. Light, Lansing, MI, for plaintiff. Michael J. Kiley & Kurt E. Krause, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, for defendants. 481 McKEAGUE, District Judge. 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 1/13 This case presents claims that defendants discriminated against plaintiff, a tenured professor, in the terms and conditions of his employment when they suspended him in connection with students' charges of improper sexual advances. Plaintiff, who is Jewish, alleges he was discriminated against because of his religion and ethnic background. Now before the Court is defendants' motion for summary judgment Plaintiff Kenneth N. Wexley was, at all times pertinent, a tenured faculty member in the Department of Management of the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University. On October 16, 1990, defendant Richard Lewis, Dean of the College of Business and Graduate School of Management, recommended to the University's Provost, defendant David Scott, that formal proceedings be initiated to dismiss plaintiff for gross misconduct. The recommendation was based upon the accusations of four women that plaintiff had made persistent and unwanted sexual advances toward them. Provost Scott initiated formal dismissal proceedings on October 24, 1990, charging plaintiff with gross misconduct in violation of professional ethics, to-wit: \"use of professional authority to exploit others, e.g., sexual advances to a student.\" Pursuant to the University's tenured faculty dismissal for cause policy, a hearing committee was selected, consisting of seven of the 15 members of the University Committee on Faculty Tenure (\"UCFT\"). The hearing committee conducted hearings on March 25, March 26, March 28, April 18, and May 6, 1991; and reviewed 14 exhibits presented by the parties before issuing its preliminary written report and decision on September 11, 1991. Five of the six hearing committee members found plaintiff guilty of gross misconduct and recommended he be dismissed. The committee summarized its fact-findings as follows: The Committee concludes that its finding of gross misconduct in this case is constituted by: (1) persistent pattern of intrusion into students' private affairs through the sexualization of conversations; [1] 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 2/13 (2) denial of a student's right to pursue an education and work with faculty in an atmosphere of intellectual and academic freedom; and (3) unreasonable use of his authority to take advantage of others in subordinate positions through sexual advances; all of which are a breach of professional ethics. On appeal to the UCFT, the hearing committee's finding of guilt was affirmed, but the case was returned to the hearing committee with the recommendation that it fashion a penalty short of dismissal. On reconsideration, the hearing committee again voted 5-1 in favor of plaintiff's dismissal, thus transforming the preliminary report and decision into its final report and decision. University President, defendant John DiBiaggio, reviewed this final decision and, on May 14, 1992, issued his \"response and supporting rationale.\" He recommended the hearing committee's findings of fact be approved, but that less severe disciplinary action be taken. He recommended plaintiff be suspended, without pay and benefits, from July 1, 1992 to January 1, 1994, and be required to obtain and participate in a program of psychiatric or psychological counselling. These recommendations were unanimously adopted on June 12, 1992, by resolution of the Michigan State University Board of Trustees upon motion of defendant Trustee Delores Cook, with support of defendant Trustee Dean Pridgeon. Plaintiff found the terms and conditions of the suspension \"intolerable and unacceptable.\" On June 26, 1992, he tendered his resignation, effective July 1, 1992. 482 This action followed. The second amended complaint, in count II, asserts a claim under 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983, that the procedure employed by defendants in charging him and finding him guilty violated his due process and equal protection rights. In count V, plaintiff claims the procedure employed by defendants in imposing punishment violated his due process and equal protection rights. Counts and contain pendent state law claims. The Court focuses first on the federal law claims which form the basis for the Court's jurisdiction. In their motion for summary judgment, defendants attack both the due process and equal protection claims, contending plaintiff received all the process he was [2] 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 3/13 due under the law and has failed to produce any evidence to support a finding that defendants' actions were motivated by discriminatory animus Defendants' motion for summary judgment asks the Court to evaluate the factual support for plaintiff's claims. The Court must look beyond the pleadings and assess the proof to determine whether there is a genuine need for trial. Matsushita Elec. Ind. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986). The standard for determining whether summary judgment is appropriate is \"whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one- sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.\" Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2512, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). \"By its very terms, this standard provides that the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.\" Id., 477 U.S. at 247-248, 106 S. Ct. at 2510 (emphasis in original). If defendants carry their burden of showing there is an absence of evidence to support a claim, then plaintiff must demonstrate by affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324-25, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 2553-54, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986). An issue of fact is \"genuine\" if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could find for the plaintiff. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S. Ct. at 2510. An issue of fact concerns \"material\" facts only if establishment thereof might affect the outcome of the lawsuit under governing substantive law. Id complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of a claim necessarily renders all other facts immaterial. Celotex, supra, 477 U.S. at 322-23, 106 S. Ct. at 2552-53 To the extent plaintiff's due process claims are premised on alleged defects in the procedure whereby he was charged and found guilty, they have already been dismissed. By opinion and order dated June 1, 1992, this Court, the Honorable Richard A. Enslen, dismissed such claims and expressly denied plaintiff leave to amend the complaint in this respect. Such claims are therefore given no further consideration. Plaintiff's due process claim concerning the procedure employed in imposing punishment, however, is based on 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 4/13 facts which culminated only after Judge Enslen's ruling. It is properly presented to the Court in the second amended complaint. Essentially, plaintiff contends the procedure whereby the Board of Trustees made the final decision to suspend him, based on the advisory reports and recommendations of President DiBiaggio and the hearing committee, without giving him a further fair opportunity to be heard, was violative of due process. Plaintiff acknowledges that he was allowed, through argument by counsel, to address the Board prior to its decision, but 483 contends he was entitled also to be personally present and to present additional evidence to the Board in response to President DiBiaggio's recommendations. It is clear that plaintiff, a tenured professor, had a legitimate expectation of continued employment at Michigan State University and, therefore, had a property interest protected by due process. Johnston-Taylor v. Gannon, 907 F.2d 1577, 1581 (6th Cir. 1990); Frumkin v. Bd. of Trustees, Kent State University, 626 F.2d 19, 21 (6th Cir.1980). \"Due process,\" however, is a flexible concept. What procedural protections are required in a particular situation depends largely on the circumstances and a balancing of interests: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail. Yashon v. Hunt, 825 F.2d 1016, 1022 (6th Cir.1987), quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 903, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976); see also Frumkin, supra, 626 F.2d at 21. In balancing these interests in the context of a public university's management of its faculty, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has recognized that \"universities have traditionally been afforded broad discretion in their administration of internal affairs.\" Id., 626 F.2d at 22. Universities are justifiably reluctant, and due process does not require them, to transform faculty disciplinary proceedings into full-fledged adversarial trials. Id. Due process requires that a tenured professor not be discharged without receiving a hearing in which he is informed of the grounds for dismissal and given the opportunity to challenge the sufficiency of those grounds. Johnston-Taylor, supra, 907 F.2d at 1581. 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 5/13 There is no question but that plaintiff was afforded a lengthy hearing, entailing five sessions during a six-week period, and given abundant opportunity to challenge the sufficiency of the charges against him. The result was the unequivocal determination by a body of plaintiff's peers that he was guilty of gross misconduct and should be dismissed. Plaintiff, ironically, now challenges the process whereby the recommended penalty was reduced to an 18-month suspension, simply because he was not afforded a second full- fledged adversarial hearing before the body which rendered the final decision. The Board reached its final decision based on review of the \"Charge; Hearing Committee Report of 9/11/01; University Committee on Faculty Tenure Decision on Appeal of 12/1/91; Final Report and Recommendations of the Hearing Committee of 12/17/91; Response of President and Supporting Rationale, and other documents related to this matter which are made a part of the minutes of the closed meeting of the Board of Trustees of this date.\" Resolution, Michigan State University Board of Trustees, June 12, 1992. That such a procedure comports with due process is now well-settled. Bates v. Sponberg, 547 F.2d 325, 331-33 (6th Cir.1976); Crook v. Baker, 813 F.2d 88, 99 (6th Cir. 1987). In Bates, the court recognized that the hearing afforded a tenured professor was \"meaningful\" even though it was not conducted in the presence of the authority having final responsibility to determine his discharge. 547 F.2d at 332. The court concluded there was no due process violation where the Eastern Michigan University Board of Regents decided to discharge Professor Bates based upon review of the report and recommendation of the grievance committee, compiled after lengthy hearings, and the report and recommendation of the University President. The court reached this conclusion (a) even though the Board of Regents did not have access to the record of proceedings below, (b) even though the Board of Regents denied the professor's request for a further hearing, and (c) even though the Board of Regents imposed a penalty more severe than that recommended by the grievance committee. 484 The Bates court recognized that efficient administration commonly requires deciding officers to delegate responsibilities, for taking evidence and for sifting and analyzing it, to competent subordinates. 547 F.2d at 332. Such a procedure meets the minimal requirements of due process. Id., at 333. Accord, Crook v. Baker, supra. Consistent with these authorities, the Court concludes plaintiff suffered no infringement of due process rights as a result of the manner in which his suspension was imposed. Due process does not require that every decision with potentially adverse consequences be attended by a full-fledged evidentiary hearing. \"All that is necessary is that the procedures be tailored, in light of the decision to be made, to the `capacities and circumstances of 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 6/13 those who are to be heard' to insure that they are given a meaningful opportunity to present their case.\" Frumkin, supra, 626 F.2d at 21, quoting Mathews, supra, 424 U.S. at 348, 96 S. Ct. at 909. Plaintiff was given fair and abundant opportunity to present his case. That he was not afforded an additional evidentiary hearing by the Board of Trustees does not offend due process. In this respect, there is no genuine issue of material fact; defendants are entitled to summary judgment on plaintiff's due process claim Plaintiff alleges that defendants have subjected him to disparate treatment because he is Jewish, thereby denying him equal protection of the laws. His equal protection claims under 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 are measured by the same standards which apply to Title employment discrimination claims under 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 2000e et seq.; Risinger v. Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation, 883 F.2d 475, 483 (6th Cir.1989). These standards have been well-defined in the case law and are applied through a tripartite burden- allocation scheme established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-04, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 1824-25, 36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973), and summarized as follows: First, the plaintiff has the burden of proving by the preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination. Second, if the plaintiff succeeds in proving the prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant \"to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee's rejection.\" Third, should the defendant carry this burden, the plaintiff must then have an opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination. Texas Dep't of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S. Ct. 1089, 1093, 67 L. Ed. 2d 207 (1981) (citations omitted). To carry his initial burden of submitting evidence to support a prima facie case, plaintiff must either present direct evidence of intentional and purposeful discrimination, or circumstantial evidence sufficiently strong to raise an inference that defendants' conduct was motivated by discriminatory animus. Plaintiff asks the Court to find significant the facts (1) that the only other Jewish faculty member who was selected to serve on the 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 7/13 hearing committee, Professor Martin Fox, was peremptorily excused; and (2) that the main complaining student had stated that \"Jewish men quite often have affairs and their wives suffer in silence.\" Lorraine M. Hollar dep. tr., p. 36. While these facts are interesting and deserve comment, they do not represent direct evidence that any of the defendants discriminated against plaintiff because of his religion or ethnic background. The University dismissal for cause policy gives each party to the disciplinary proceedings one peremptory challenge. Dismissal of Tenured Faculty for Cause, \u00b6 II.e.(9). Professor Fox was peremptorily excused by Robert F. Banks, Assistant Provost, who acted in defendant Provost Scott's stead during selection of the hearing committee. He was excused because he had, in past participation as a hearing committee member, \"exercised his responsibilities in a problematic fashion.\" Banks aff., p. 3. Assistant Provost Banks \"did not consider Professor Fox's religious faith and/or ethnic background in choosing to excuse him from serving on the Hearing Committee.\" Id. Dr. Banks' affidavit remains unrefuted. 485 The statement made by Lorraine M. Hollar concerning the promiscuity of Jewish men was made to a third person outside the context of formal proceedings. It was undisputedly the statement not of Ms. Hollar's opinion, but of her mother's opinion. Hollar dep. tr., p. 36. Thus, neither of the cited items constitutes a clear showing even that Dr. Banks or Ms. Hollar acted with a discriminatory motive. Further, even if Dr. Banks or Ms. Hollar were deemed so motivated, the evidence would nonetheless fail to make out a prima facie case, because plaintiff has presented no basis for concluding that their animus should be imputed to any of the defendants or otherwise affected the process by which plaintiff was found guilty of gross misconduct. See Wilson v. Stroh Companies, Inc., 952 F.2d 942, 945- 46 (6th Cir.1992). There is no causal nexus between the asserted direct evidence of discrimination and the ultimate decision of the Board of Trustees. To establish a prima facie case based on circumstantial evidence, plaintiff must show by a preponderance of the evidence (1) that he belongs to a protected class; (2) that he was qualified for his job; (3) that he was suspended (constructively discharged) despite his qualifications without valid cause; and (4) that defendants have replaced him or sought to replace him with a person of comparable qualifications. See Simpson v. Diversitech General Inc., 945 F.2d 156, 158 (6th Cir.1991); Shah v. General Electric Co., 816 F.2d 264, 268 (6th Cir.1987). Plaintiff satisfies the first two factors. He falls short, however, with respect to the third and fourth. Plaintiff was suspended because he was found to have engaged in gross misconduct 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 8/13 in violation of professional ethics, in that he used his professional authority to exploit a student by making sexual advances to her. The offense is, on its face, undisputedly a valid cause for dismissal or other discipline under University policy. The charge against Dr. Wexley, which the hearing committee found to have been proven by clear and convincing evidence, was based primarily on the complaint of Lorraine Hollar. Ms. Hollar was a candidate for a master's degree in business administration. She became acquainted with Dr. Wexley in the spring term of 1989, when she enrolled in a course taught by him. At the same time, Dr. Wexley had been assigned to serve as her advisor. After she sought advice from him concerning a summer internship, a mentor/student relationship developed. During the course of this relationship, spanning the spring, summer and fall terms of 1989, Ms. Hollar charged and the committee found: Dr. Wexley repeatedly initiated inappropriate personal conversations, including references to sex and sexual relationships; Dr. Wexley repeatedly inquired whether Ms. Hollar would like to have a sexual relationship with him, which advances she refused; and Dr. Wexley's advances made Ms. Hollar extremely apprehensive about her participation in an independent study and internship supervised by him. Though Dr. Wexley contested the charge, the hearing committee found his testimony not credible. Plaintiff Dr. Wexley has filed an affidavit in response to defendants' motion for summary judgment. The affidavit does not refute Ms. Hollar's allegations. Further, while Dr. Wexley did contest her allegations before the committee, he appears to admit that if Ms. Hollar's allegations are accepted as true, then he can legitimately be deemed to have made sexual advances to her. (Brief in opposition to recommendation to suspend, dated June 10, 1992, p. 2). He argues, however, that such conduct cannot be deemed valid cause for dismissal because University policy does not prohibit sexual relationships between faculty members and students per se. His position is that sexual advances toward a student warrant dismissal only if made on a 486 \"quid pro quo\" basis. Since he was not found to have promised anything in exchange for sex, he argues no valid cause for dismissal has been established. Plaintiff's argument is not persuasive. The policy provision under which he was charged, though not articulately worded, clearly proscribes use of professional authority to exploit students through such means as sexual advances. The policy makes no reference to a \"quid pro quo\" element. Neither did the hearing committee or Board of Trustee find that Dr. Wexley had made sexual advances of a quid pro quo nature. And clearly, the proscribed exploitation could take place in the absence of an express proposed quid pro quo arrangement. The relative positions of parties to a professor/student relationship are inherently unequal, rendering the subordinate student vulnerable to subtle, but no less [3] 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 9/13 injurious forms of exploitation. The allegations of Lorraine Hollar that Dr. Wexley subjected her to repeated, unwelcome, intimidating sexual advances, present precisely the sort of exploitative professional misconduct that may warrant dismissal under the policy. Plaintiff has failed to carry his burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence, that he was suspended without valid cause. Plaintiff has also failed to show or even allege that defendants have replaced him or sought to replace him with a person of comparable qualifications. Instead, he correctly argues that this final element of his prima facie case may be satisfied by other evidence that raises an inference of discrimination; that is, evidence that similarly situated non-minority faculty members received more favorable treatment. Shah, supra, 816 F.2d at 270; Mitchell v. Toledo Hospital, 964 F.2d 577, 583 (6th Cir.1992); Stotts v. Memphis Fire Dep't, 858 F.2d 289, 295-96 (6th Cir.1988). To satisfy this alternative requirement, plaintiff must show by a preponderance of the evidence that other non-minority employees who are similarly situated in all relevant respects, received more favorable treatment. Mitchell, supra, 964 F.2d at 583; Stotts, supra, 858 F.2d at 296; Shah, 816 F.2d at 270-71. At the heart of the inquiry whether cited non-minority employees are similarly situated in all relevant respects, are determinations that they have comparable work records and engaged in misconduct of comparable seriousness. Mitchell, 964 F.2d at 583-84; Stotts, 858 F.2d at 296-98; Shah, 816 F.2d at 270-71. Plaintiff points to various details in the proceedings that led to his suspension and argues that no other tenured faculty member at Michigan State University has been treated in this manner. This argument is not based on evidence, but on a lack of evidence, does not address the requisite criteria, and certainly does not support an inference that plaintiff was discriminated against because he is Jewish. Required to address the \"similarly-situated\" criteria, plaintiff identifies one other professor, Dr. Gary L. Blanchard, who was charged with undefined sexual harassment-type misconduct by defendants. Stating that Dr. Blanchard is also a member of a protected class, however, plaintiff has not furnished specific information to support a finding that he engaged in misconduct of comparable seriousness and had a comparable work record, and was nonetheless treated more leniently than plaintiff. In fact, defendants assert, Dr. Blanchard was charged with gross misconduct under the same policy provision applied to plaintiff, and was also suspended for 18 months. Plaintiff has thus failed to present persuasive evidence that similarly situated non-minority faculty members were treated more leniently than he was treated. Absent such a showing, he fails to raise an inference of discrimination and fails to establish a prima facie [4] 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 10/13 case. Shah, supra, at 270; Galbraith v. 487 Northern Telecom, Inc., 944 F.2d 275, 281 (6th Cir.1991); Hull v. Cuyahoga Valley Bd. of Education, 926 F.2d 505, 513 (6th Cir. 1991). Plaintiff has clearly failed to satisfy the third and fourth elements of his prima facie case. He has thus failed to make a prima facie showing, by direct or indirect evidence, that he was intentionally discriminated against because of his religion or ethnic background, in either defendants' determination that he was guilty of misconduct or in the imposition of penalty. Because plaintiff has not proven his prima facie case, the burden does not shift to defendants to articulate a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for the suspension. If it did, the burden would clearly be satisfied by defendants' assertion that plaintiff was suspended because he was found guilty of gross misconduct after having been afforded due process. Plaintiff's proffered evidence, already summarized above, that this reason is pretextual, falls far short of demonstrating that this reason is unworthy of belief or that discriminatory animus more likely motivated the suspension. See Mitchell, supra, 964 F.2d at 585; Irvin v. Airco Carbide, 837 F.2d 724, 726 (6th Cir. 1987). Accordingly, the Court concludes plaintiff has failed, in response to defendants' motion for summary judgment, to come forward with evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact concerning his claims for denial of equal protection. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment in this respect as well The foregoing analysis effectively disposes of plaintiff's only claims arising under federal law. The sole premises for federal subject matter jurisdiction have thus been extinguished. Under these circumstances, the Court may decline to exercise continuing \"pendent\" or supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff's state law claims. 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 1367(c). Plaintiff's claim for employment discrimination under the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, M.C.L. \u00a7 37.2101 et seq., is governed by substantially the same standards that apply to his equal protection claims. See Pitts v. Michael Miller Car Rental, 942 F.2d 1067, 1070 (6th Cir.1991); Grubb v. W.A. Foote Memorial Hospital, 741 F.2d 1486, 1492-93 (6th Cir.1984); Sargent v. Int'l Brotherhood of Teamsters, 713 F. Supp. 999, 1014-105 (E.D.Mich.1989). Hence, the Court's foregoing evaluation of the evidence presented in support of the equal protection claims applies with equal force and yields the same result with respect to the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act claim. It follows that defendants are entitled to summary 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 11/13 judgment with respect to this claim, contained in Count of the second amended complaint. With respect, however, to the claims contained in Counts and IV, under the Bullard- Plawecki Employee Right to Know Act, M.C.L. \u00a7 423.501 et seq., and for wrongful constructive discharge, the Court, in the exercise of its discretion, and in the interests of comity, declines to exercise continuing pendent jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 1367(c); United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725-26, 86 S. Ct. 1130, 1138-39, 16 L. Ed. 2d 218 (1966). The latter claims will be remanded to the Ingham County Circuit Court. An order consistent with this opinion shall issue forthwith In accordance with the written opinion of the Court of even date that defendants' motion for summary judgment is that defendants are awarded in their favor with respect to plaintiff's claims contained in count I, count and count of the second amended complaint that the pendent state law claims contained in counts and are to the Ingham County Circuit Court [1] The seventh member of the committee requested and was allowed to be excused after the proceedings began. [2] Count contains a claim under Michigan's Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, M.C.L. \u00a7 37.2101 et seq., alleging defendants discriminated against plaintiff in employment based on religion and ethnic background. Count contains a claim under the Bullard-Plawecki Employee Right to Know Act, M.C.L. \u00a7 423.501 et seq., alleging plaintiff was wrongfully denied prompt access to his entire personnel file during the disciplinary proceedings. In count IV, plaintiff alleges the terms and conditions of the suspension are so intolerable as to constitute a wrongful constructive discharge. 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 12/13 [3] The committee also heard testimony of a nonstudent who, in 1975, upon inquiring of Dr. Wexley about the business management program at Michigan State University, was subjected to similar inappropriate sexual conversations. Further, the committee noted that Dr. Wexley had been informally and confidentially disciplined by the University in 1986 in conjunction with a former student's complaint of undefined sexual harassment. The committee viewed the evidence as manifesting a pattern of misconduct that warranted dismissal because Dr. Wexley showed no desire to change his conduct and no awareness that his conduct was inappropriate. [4] Plaintiff's argument that Dr. Blanchard's suspension is more lenient because it does not require the same waiver of confidentiality and release of psychological counselling records is to no avail. Given the lack of information concerning Dr. Blanchard's misconduct and past work record, it is impossible to determine that this minor difference is sufficiently significant to give rise to an inference that plaintiff was treated differently because he is Jewish. Moreover, correspondence from President DiBiaggio to plaintiff shortly after he had refused to accept suspension, makes it clear that the waiver and release requirement was negotiable. Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. 3/1/25, 8:26 Wexley v. Michigan State University, 821 F. Supp. 479 (W.D. Mich. 1993) :: Justia 13/13"}
8,801	Ross May	Florida State University	[ "8801_101.pdf", "8801_102.pdf" ]	{"8801_101.pdf": "won't employ professor guilty of sexual misconduct, reviewing its hiring practices Tristan Wood Fresh Take Florida Published 6:02 a.m Nov. 22, 2021 The University of West Florida confirmed Friday that it will not employ next semester a former Florida State University professor who took a job there teaching after he was found guilty of sexual misconduct with students. The Pensacola university also said it was exploring how to overhaul its hiring practices to avoid similar issues in the future. The university said it had been unaware of the investigation at Florida State into Ross May, 38, when it hired him part-time to teach two online classes after had fired him. The university said in a statement it was reviewing how it examines the backgrounds of its instructors. \"The safety and well-being of students in the classroom and online is the highest priority for the university,\" spokeswoman Brittany Sherwood said. Original story: Professor fired from for sexual misconduct now teaching online at Virtual training: How is using virtual reality to train law enforcement for real-life situations May, the former associate director of FSU's Family Institute, was among three professors identified last week who had determined committed sexual misconduct in separate incidents with students. It fired May, suspended another who resigned a few months later and allowed a third to remain on the job. The most recent investigation concluded over the summer. 2/27/25, 8:12 won't employ professor guilty of misconduct next semester 1/3 fired May over allegations he pressured a student to get drunk, hugged her \"in a forceful way\" in a photograph and bet another student $50 he could have sex with her by the end of the semester. The incidents allegedly occurred during 2019, and the investigation was completed in May 2020. May did not immediately respond to an email inquiry about UWF's statement. May said previously that he had agreed to leave but called its investigation conclusions unfounded, saying honored their decision, and was satisfied with vacating my position.\" He added, \"As someone who has spent considerable time trying to empirically understand the process of forgiveness apologize to anyone that might have felt slighted during the investigation, and wish them well in their endeavors reviewing its hiring processes UWF's provost, George Ellenberg, said the university had been unaware of the misconduct investigation and the university's findings when it hired him. He also said the university was reviewing its hiring processes. For new hires, the university verifies employment and educational references and checks for criminal convictions, Sherwood said. It does not check to see whether applicants with previous college teaching experience have been the subject of Title investigations by their former employers. May has maintained a working relationship with some members of FSU's faculty after his firing. He published an academic paper earlier this month with Frank Fincham, the Family Institute's director. He also published another paper earlier this year with Fincham. Florida State faced widespread criticism earlier this year after new disclosures over its handling of a case against another professor, who was accused of an inappropriate sexual relationship with a visiting female international student. The professor \u2014 who already had been counseled about sexual misconduct involving students in 1991 and 2005 \u2014 retired last year before investigated the latest allegations, and the school dropped the case. Responding to this week's reports about the three professors said Friday that sexual misconduct was not tolerated and said there were many ways for people to report concerns. 2/27/25, 8:12 won't employ professor guilty of misconduct next semester 2/3 Until this week, the formal investigations were all previously undisclosed, and had made no announcements about the investigations. \"As was demonstrated in these cases, it is important that possible violations of the university's sexual misconduct policy are promptly reported so that the university can take immediate and appropriate action spokesman Dennis Schnittker said. This story was produced by Fresh Take Florida, a news service of the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications. The reporter can be reached at [email protected]. 2/27/25, 8:12 won't employ professor guilty of misconduct next semester 3/3", "8801_102.pdf": "determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students \| By Tristan Wood Published November 16, 2021 at 9:30 The University of West Florida in Pensacola said it had been unaware of the investigation at Florida State into Ross May, 38, when it hired him part time to teach two online classes after had fired him. The university said in a statement it was reviewing how it examines the backgrounds of its instructors. (Lauren Witte/Fresh Take Florida) Florida State University quietly fired one professor, suspended another who resigned a few months later and allowed a third to remain on the job after it was determined they committed sexual misconduct in separate incidents with students, according to disciplinary records. One took a part-time job teaching at another Florida university. The formal investigations were all previously undisclosed. At least one ran until this summer. In each case, investigators concluded that the three faculty members violated the university\u2019s sex discrimination and sexual misconduct policies made no announcements about the cases or outcomes. Donate The Middle with Jeremy Ho 2/27/25, 8:12 determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students 1/8 The investigative reports were obtained under Florida\u2019s public records law. One of the cases illustrates differences in rules at Florida\u2019s public universities and colleges regarding professors who have relationships with students: Some allow them in certain circumstances; others ban them. The university fired Ross May, 38, its associate director of FSU\u2019s Family Institute, which studies how parents can develop healthy environments for their children, over allegations that May pressured a student to get drunk, hugged her \"in a forceful way\" in a photograph and bet another student $50 he could have sex with her by the end of the semester. The incidents allegedly occurred during 2019, and the investigation was completed in May 2020. May is currently teaching two classes online at the University of West Florida, according to documents obtained from the university. In an academic paper he published earlier this month with Frank Fincham, the Family Institute\u2019s director, May said he was working as a researcher at the Education Institute in Miami, which he said was now defunct. In another paper he published this year with Fincham, on the subject of divine forgiveness, May was listed as working with the Healthy Relationships and Lifestyle Center in Broomfield, Colorado. May said in an interview he agreed to leave despite what he called unfounded conclusions from the investigation honored their decision, and was satisfied with vacating my position.\u201d He added, \u201cAs someone who has spent considerable time trying to empirically understand the process of forgiveness apologize to anyone that might have felt slighted during the investigation, and wish them well in their endeavors.\u201d Another professor, David Gilbert, 62, said he was suspended without pay for two weeks and later resigned after a graduate student accused him of sending her a sexually explicit email in January 2020. In the email, Gilbert described an erotic dream that included the student, and said he hoped something like that would happen in the future. \u201cUs \u2018mature\u2019 guys like to work slowly \u2013 take our time and savor every minute,\u201d he wrote,according to the investigative report. Gilbert had been the university\u2019s J. Herbert Taylor distinguished professor of molecular biology. The Middle with Jeremy Ho 2/27/25, 8:12 determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students 2/8 Gilbert also told the student he had named his sailboat \u201cBlow me,\u201d and invited her to travel to Japan with him, after he had separated from his wife, the report said. He was also accused of speaking derisively about former President Donald Trump, telling a student \u201cshe must be a Trump supporter in an insulting way,\u201d the report said. Another person at Florida State warned Gilbert, \u201cJust watch you don\u2019t get MeToo\u2019d,\u201d the report said -- a reference to the social justice movement against sexual abuse and sexual harassment by employers that went viral in 2017. Gilbert resigned a few months after the investigation concluded in April 2020 and is now a senior investigator at the San Diego Biomedical Research Institute. Gilbert acknowledged to investigators he sent the sexually inappropriate email and another one like it, jokingly invited students to Japan and kissed a student on her neck. He said some other accusations were \u201chearsay, taken out of context, or false.\u201d He said some of his behavior was caused by poor judgment after he separated from his wife and his son died by suicide, and said he was seeking therapy, according to the report. Gilbert said in an interview that he was honest to investigators, had apologized to those involved and accepted the university\u2019s two-week suspension before he resigned later. The third investigation involved John \u201cRead\u201d Gainsford, a music professor still working in the College of Music. The university concluded after its investigation completed in July that Gainsford had improper sexual relationships with at least three students, even though he did not instruct or supervise them, because he holds \u201cconsiderable institutional authority and influence within the college and subsequently over all College of Music students.\u201d During the investigation, Gainsford described one relationship as \u201cfriends with benefits\u201d \u2013 meaning a sexual relationship without serious commitment \u2013 with a College of Music student he met on the Grindr online dating app. He said he also had a relationship with another student who he later married. Gainsford acknowledged to investigators that such relationships were unwise. \u201cStudents gossip among themselves and no good can come of that,\u201d he said. The Middle with Jeremy Ho 2/27/25, 8:12 determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students 3/8 The student who initiated the investigation accused Gainsford of non-consensual sex on at least five occasions \u2013 including once when the student had blacked out from drinking, the report said, but the university concluded that was unsubstantiated. During Florida State\u2019s questioning about those incidents, Gainsford said \u201cthat is not how remember things,\u201d and said he would never have nonconsensual sex with anyone. Florida State also concluded that Gainsford did not create an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment because it was \u201cmore likely than not\u201d that the student had agreed to Gainsford\u2019s requests for sex. Gainsford emphasized in an interview that he was cleared of the allegations of sexual assault and creating a hostile educational environment, and declined to discuss the investigation further was cleared of the allegations made,\u201d he said. Florida State permits professors to become involved in relationships with students as long as professors don\u2019t have any supervision or authority over them, such as awarding them grades. In those cases, faculty are required to disclose the relationship to their department supervisors. The University of Florida in 2019 imposed an outright ban on sexual or romantic relationships between faculty and undergraduate students, regardless of circumstances. ___ This story was produced by Fresh Take Florida, a news service of the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications. The reporter can be reached at [email protected]. Education Tristan Wood Tristan is a reporter for News who can be reached by emailing [email protected]. See stories by Tristan Wood The Middle with Jeremy Ho 2/27/25, 8:12 determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students 4/8 The Florida Roundup live from - March 7 The Florida Roundup will broadcast live from WUFT's studios in College of Journalism and Communications on the campus of the University of Florida, and you are invited. Learn More And Sign Up The Middle with Jeremy Ho 2/27/25, 8:12 determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students 5/8 Latest News Headlines Photo gallery: Charlie Kirk speaks at UF's Plaza of the Americas Prizilla previews 2nd Sunshine Music & Arts Festival at Heartwood Soundstage The Point, Feb. 27, 2025: Researchers rebuilding a shorebird's sinking home As waters rise, researchers race to rebuild a shorebird\u2019s sinking home Porters Quarters\u2019 first farmers market reconnects community with agriculture The Middle with Jeremy Ho 2/27/25, 8:12 determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students 6/8 From News The drops its lawsuit against Capital One, marking a major reversal Katy Perry and Gayle King are heading to space as part of an all-female Blue Origin crew Data show Tesla sales declined sharply in Europe workers return to to clear their desks, as Trump dismantles the agency The Middle with Jeremy Ho 2/27/25, 8:12 determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students 7/8 Stay Connected 1200 Weimer Hall \| P.O. Box 118405 Gainesville 32611 (352) 392-5551 service of the College of Journalism and Communications at the University of Florida. \u00a9 2025 / Division of Media Properties About Contact Us Station News Membership Sponsorship Community Representation Statement Public Files and Records Public File Public File Public File Public File Report Applications Trump says new tariffs will cut U.S. drug deaths but fatal overdoses were already plummeting The Middle with Jeremy Ho 2/27/25, 8:12 determines three professors guilty of sexual misconduct with students 8/8"}
7,578	Donna Laird	St. Philip‚Äôs College	[ "7578_101.pdf", "7578_102.pdf", "7578_103.pdf" ]	{"7578_101.pdf": "Report: Helicopter crashes near South Texas ranch, killing 2 St. Philip's College loses three employees in dustup. By Melissa Ludwig, By Melissa [email protected] Updated June 9, 2011 12:50 p.m. Bawdy emails cost administrator her job Newsletters 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 1/12 An administrator at St. Philip's College resigned after an internal investigation found she violated the school's email policy by sending hundreds of nonwork-related message to co-workers, many of them deemed sexually explicit and racially offensive. Donna Laird, the now former radiography program director, resigned May 18, according to documents obtained by the San Antonio Express-News through open-records laws. COURTESY/Courtesy Photo 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 2/12 Donna Laird, the now former radiography program director, resigned May 18, according to documents obtained by the San Antonio Express-News through open- records laws Article continues below this ad Laird, who could not be reached for comment, told investigators that she sent the email to \u201calleviate stress at work.\u201d 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 3/12 Many of the notes included pictures of pets, patriotic slogans and motivational sayings, but others featured semi-nude women, animals having sex or masturbating, foul language, and jokes stereotyping men, women, rednecks and people of all races. In sending those messages to a group of colleagues, Laird showed \u201cgross disregard\u201d for proper use of her work email account, investigators found. Investigators also recommended disciplining Laird's supervisor Rebecca Sanchez, former chairwoman of the allied health department, who received at least 100 of the email messages but failed to chastise Laird. More For You Report: Helicopter crashes near South Texas ranch, killing 2 Officials question Texas measles case, school cancels classes 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 4/12 'Deport Musk' posters spotted along San Antonio River Walk 'Irate and combative' driver slams into San Antonio gas station More S.A. school districts prepping amid measles outbreak Sanchez has taken early retirement. The investigation began after Warren Parker, an instructor in the radiography department, filed a sexual harassment complaint against Laird and turned over 400 email messages Laird sent to him and a handful of other employees over a six-year period. More Information Parker didn't speak out until he believed his bid for tenure was in jeopardy Article continues below this ad Related documents Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation St. Philip's Professor fired 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 5/12 Last month, St. Philip's College President Adena Williams Loston fired Parker and rejected his tenure application. She cited the fact that Parker inappropriately took a sick day to attend a conference for his side business, which offers continuing education to radiographers, people who take X-rays. Though investigators found Laird erred in sending the email, they denied she sexually harassed Parker. In documents, Parker claims he once asked Laird to stop, which Laird denies. Parker did not complain until his job was on the line. In addition, Parker used some of the more innocuous pictures and videos Laird sent as \u201cicebreakers\u201d in class and in his private business seminars Article continues below this ad 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 6/12 The bawdier email messages include a musical slide show featuring scantily clad vaginas, pictures mocking young blacks dressed up for prom as \u201cghetto,\u201d a woman simulating oral sex on the stick shift of a car, a young man lighting a bottle rocket stuck in his rectum and a satirical exercise program to hire black men to pose as muggers and chase white women. Sexual harassment policy forbids unwelcome advances or offensive, unequal treatment based on gender. Laird is an Anglo woman; Parker is an African American man. However, the emails were sent to men and women of all races, indicating that Parker was not singled out due to his race or gender. Investigators also found little evidence to support Parker's claim that the email messages were unwelcome. \u201cNonetheless, Ms. Laird's conduct of sending a high-volume of nonwork-related emails, coupled with sending email of a sexual nature, certainly raises the potential for claims of a sexually hostile work environment,\u201d the report found Article continues below this ad 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 7/12 June 9, 2011 \| Updated June 9, 2011 12:50 p.m. Melissa Ludwig The classic newspaper crossword gets a makeover Cross\|word An approachable redesign to a classic, featuring exclusive weekday puzzles Flipa quick cracke puzzles Chris Pittard, Parker's lawyer, said his client was disappointed in the findings and is appealing his termination. \u201cThe emails are so egregious as to constitute a hostile work environment, particularly since they were sent over such a long period of time,\u201d Pittard said. When news of the investigation broke, several students wrote letters in support of Donna Laird and formed a Facebook group that has collected more than 100 members. About 38 students also showed up in the dean's office to express support for Parker, according to a memo from the dean provided by Parker. Randall Dawson has replaced Sanchez as chair of allied health, and David King replaced Laird as program director. 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 8/12 Our new award-winning games from Puzzmo are a free, modern twist on the classic newspaper TheraGun's Prime percussion massager is 37% off today 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 9/12 Why I'm ditching my old binoculars for these ones with night vision 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 10/12 Save $161 on a massive 32-inch gaming monitor at Walmart 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 11/12 'Irate and combative' driver slams into San Antonio gas station Potentially harmful dye spawns recall for Texas drink company new Thai lates Let's Play Typeshift Really Bad Chess Bongo Flipart About Contact Services Quick Links \u00a9 2025 Hearst Newspapers Terms of Use Privacy Notice Industry Opt Out Your Privacy Choices (Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads) Top 2/27/25, 8:12 Bawdy emails cost administrator her job 12/12", "7578_102.pdf": "Northside traffic piling up after emergency highway closure Come Back & Book Your Vacation At GuestReady, we have been welcoming guests since 2016 in Europe and the Middle East GuestReady By Melissa Ludwig, By Melissa [email protected] Updated May 13, 2011 2:56 a.m. Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation Newsletters Sign in 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 1/12 An administrator at St. Philip's College is under investigation based on a professor's complaint that she sent hundreds of sexually explicit and racially offensive emails to a handful of employees over the past six years. Donna Laird is the subject of Warren Parker\u2019s complaint. COURTESY/Courtesy Photo New #rooftop #bar in New Braunfels #texas Watch More 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 2/12 Warren Parker, a radiography instructor, claims his boss, program director Donna Laird, sent at least 400 emails from her work account featuring semi-nude women, animals having sex or masturbating, foul language and jokes stereotyping men, women, rednecks and people of all races Article continues below this ad Parker is speaking out now because he believes his bid for tenure is in jeopardy. He provided the San Antonio Express-News with a sample of about 100 emails he had saved. When asked about Parker's complaint regarding the emails, Retha Karnes, a lawyer for the Alamo Colleges, said an investigation into the matter is ongoing. She declined to comment further. Laird did not return a phone call and an email sent to her work account seeking comment. More For You 4.8 magnitude earthquake strikes West Texas 'fraudster' to be jailed, pay back $58K after false claims 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 3/12 Texas leaders quiet amid the biggest measles outbreak in decades Texas Senate unanimously votes to ban lottery courier services Austin reports first case of measles disease, mayor says The emails include a musical slide show featuring scantily clad vaginas, pictures mocking young blacks dressed up for prom as \u201cghetto,\u201d a woman simulating oral sex on the stick shift of a car, a young man lighting a bottle rocket stuck in his rectum and a satirical exercise program to hire black men to pose as muggers and chase white women. Parker, who's black, said he did not think the emails were funny, but did not say anything because he was trying to earn tenure. Laird, who is white, copied her boss on some of the emails, giving Parker the impression that bawdy humor was \u201cthe norm\u201d around the office. Laird's boss was Rebecca Sanchez in Allied Health, who declined to comment Wednesday. More Information Warning: Clicking on these links will expose you to material that can be considered objectionable. Read some of Laird's emails (PDF) Watch the video from the last email on YouTube 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 4/12 looked at the other people who were copied and thought, \u2018This is what they do here at this place,'\u201d Parker said never solicited it, never said \u2018Ha ha, send me more never responded to any of them Article continues below this ad Shortly after his arrival at the Alamo Colleges in 2005, Parker said he asked Laird, \u201c\u2018Why do you send me that stuff?'\u201d According to Parker, Laird responded that she was a military wife and since Parker was ex-military, he ought to \u201cman up.\u201d He said nothing and began keeping the emails in a folder called \u201cDonna's Jokes.\u201d Parker said Laird told him in March that his tenure application could be in trouble because he inappropriately took a sick day to attend a conference for his side business, which offers continuing education for radiographic technologists, who are trained to take X-rays. Shortly afterward, Parker filed a complaint of sexual and racial harassment against Laird with the Alamo Colleges and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Article continues below this ad former instructor, who asked not to be named, said she also received some of Laird's emails, but could not recall the specific content, but confirmed they were off-color. 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 5/12 Other recipients of the emails were contacted by the Express-News but didn't respond. In an email sent in October 2005, Parker was among a group of 11 who received a video of a woman competing in a sack race when her breast fell out of her shirt. In February 2006, five people received a picture of a naked man with his penis caught in a shower door. According to district policy, email should be used for college business only and employees have no expectation of privacy. All emails belong to the district and are subject to public information laws, the policy states Article continues below this ad \u201cUsers are advised to state nothing in an e-mail message that would be inappropriate if published in the news media,\u201d the policy said. The policy goes on to prohibit using district technology to \u201caccess, send, store, or display inappropriate, obscene, harassing or abusive messages or materials ...\u201d or anything that creates a \u201chostile work or educational environment for an employee or student, regardless of intent.\u201d Employees are required to promptly report suspected unauthorized use to an immediate supervisor or to a district administrator or security representative. If confirmed, unauthorized use could result in termination Article continues below this ad 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 6/12 May 12, 2011 \| Updated May 13, 2011 2:56 a.m. Melissa Ludwig The classic newspaper crossword gets a makeover Our new award-winning games from Puzzmo are a free, modern twist on the classic newspaper Cross\|word An approachable redesign to a classic, featuring exclusive weekday puzzles Flipart quick daily flip. Finally someone cracked the code on digital jigsaw puzzles. Eduardo Cruz, the district's ethics and compliance officer, said all policies are reviewed in new employee orientation, and all full-time employees are required to complete online ethics training each year. The online training targets problem areas, Cruz said. This year's subject was improper use of email. Laird has been employed at St. Philip's for 15 years. She and Parker have won awards from the National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development. \u201cAll of this is a huge black eye they want to cover it up,\u201d Parker said. All of the people copied on the emails should have reported it and none of them did, he said. Around The Web Powered by Stop Information Overload By Ethereal Search Engine Find Local and Heating Repair Services The Surprising Link Between Your Pillowcase and Aging 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 7/12 By By Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Shoe Game By How Much Money Should You Have Before Hiring a Financial Advisor? By The Close Relationship Between Stress and Sleep By Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Close to Home By Should You Buy an Electric Car? By We've Got Your Eyes Covered - Find Your Perfect Pair! By 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 8/12 TheraGun's Prime percussion massager is 37% off today 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 9/12 Why I'm ditching my old binoculars for these ones with night vision 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 10/12 Save $161 on a massive 32-inch gaming monitor at Walmart San Antonio anchor says goodbye after 14 years Recall over popular nasal medicine: What you need to know Senate unanimously votes to ban lottery courier services Let's Play Typeshift Really Bad Chess Bongo Flipart Cross\|word 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 11/12 About Contact Services Quick Links \u00a9 2025 Hearst Newspapers Terms of Use Privacy Notice Industry Opt Out Your Privacy Choices (Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads) Top 28/02/2025, 17:46 Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 12/12", "7578_103.pdf": "Northside traffic piling up after emergency highway closure Action follows his complaint about boss' emails. ByBy Melissa [email protected] Updated May 14, 2011 12:01 a.m. St. Philip's professor fired Newsletters Sign in 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 1/11 radiography instructor at St. Philip's College who filed a complaint against his boss for allegedly sending racially and sexually offensive emails has been fired. Warren Parker says he found Donna Laird's emails offensive. Courtesy Photo New #rooftop #bar in New Braunfels #texas Watch More 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 2/11 Warren Parker received a termination letter Friday, though it was dated Wednesday, according to Parker's lawyer, Chris Pittard. The letter cited the fact that Parker inappropriately took a sick day to attend a conference for his side business, which offers continuing education to radiographers, who take X-rays Article continues below this ad He also was notified that he was denied tenure. In March, Parker complained that his boss, program director Donna Laird, had sent hundreds of emails to him and a handful of other employees during a six-year 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 3/11 period that included semi-nudity, pictures of animals having sex, racist jokes and other off-color material. He said he didn't complain earlier because he was trying to earn tenure. He spoke up when he did because he believed his bid for tenure was in jeopardy. More For You 4.8 magnitude earthquake strikes West Texas 'fraudster' to be jailed, pay back $58K after false claims Texas leaders quiet amid the biggest measles outbreak in decades Texas Senate unanimously votes to ban lottery courier services Austin reports first case of measles disease, mayor says He saved the emails and provided about 100 to the Express-News. 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 4/11 Parker, who is black, filed the complaint of sexual and racial harassment with Alamo Colleges and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Laird, who is white, is still employed at St. Philip's. She did not respond to a request for comment. The college said it is investigating the complaint. More Information Pittard called the reasons for Parker's termination a \u201csmokescreen Article continues below this ad Bawdy emails spark St. Philip's investigation 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 5/11 May 14, 2011 \| Updated May 14, 2011 12:01 a.m The classic newspaper crossword gets a makeover Our new award-winning games from Puzzmo are a free, modern twist on the classic newspaper Cross\|word An approachable redesign to a classic, featuring exclusive weekday puzzles Flipa quick cracke puzzles \u201cWe believe (his termination) is in retaliation for him reporting the sexual harassment by his supervisor, Donna Laird,\u201d Pittard said. Pittard said that Parker will appeal the termination through college procedures and, if necessary, the courts. Around The Web Powered by Stop Information Overload By Ethereal Search Engine 8 Reasons Your Car Insurance Rate Changes By How Long Does $1 Million Last After 60? By 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 6/11 Get Ready to Rethink Your Workplace Shoe Game By Get Personalized Mortgage Advice Close to Home By Test Your Hearing From The Comfort of Your Home By Unbox a Monthly Surprise of Fun for You and Your Pup! By Take on a Challenge: Make Pasta Al Limone at Home By What You Need to Know About Car Loans By 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 7/11 TheraGun's Prime percussion massager is 37% off today 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 8/11 Why I'm ditching my old binoculars for these ones with night vision 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 9/11 Save $161 on a massive 32-inch gaming monitor at Walmart 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 10/11 San Antonio anchor says goodbye after 14 years Recall over popular nasal medicine: What you need to know Se vote cour Let's Play Typeshift Really Bad Chess Bongo Flipart About Contact Services Quick Links \u00a9 2025 Hearst Newspapers Terms of Use Privacy Notice Industry Opt Out Your Privacy Choices (Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads) Top 28/02/2025, 17:47 St. Philip's professor fired 11/11"}
7,689	Enrique Graf	University of Charleston	[ "7689_101.pdf", "7689_102.pdf", "7689_103.pdf", "7689_104.pdf", "7689_105.pdf" ]	{"7689_101.pdf": "CofC piano prof resigns after intensive sexual miscon- duct investigation by Paul Bowers July 19, 2013 UPDATE: The College of Charleston Department of Public Safety has closed its investigation of sexual misconduct charges against Enrique Graf, saying that it has has \u201cdetermined that there is not sufficient 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC piano prof resigns after intensive sexual misconduct investigation - Charleston City Paper pianist Enrique\u2026 1/7 evidence to support an arrest or criminal charges.\u201d Read more here. \u2014 Renowned pianist Enrique Graf has resigned from a tenured position at the College of Charleston in the midst of investigations of sexual misconduct, according to documents obtained by the City Paper via a Freedom of Information Act request. Graf, who was employed as an artist in residence at the college and taught the school\u2019s postgraduate Artist Certificate program for pianists, resigned June 2 after an internal investigation at the school that began in January. The allegations brought against Graf came from three male students who claimed Graf sexually abused them at various points from the 1980s to 2012. The former students, here referred to as [A], [B], and [C] for the sake of anonymity, made claims including unwanted kisses, coerced oral sex, exposure to pornography, indecent exposure, masturbation, and inappropriate touching. One of the students, [B], withdrew his accusations in 1994. After [C], a current student, came to the school with accusations in January 2013, CofC hired attorney Christy R. Fargnoli to conduct an independent investigation into the allegations, and in the course of the investigation, the previous case of [A] was brought to light again after initially being reported in 2006. During the spring 2013 semester, Graf\u2019s current students were contacted for interviews. In her report, Fargnoli notes that one student said Graf had \u201cindirectly asked the student if he/she was homosexual\u201d and that the student had seen Graf \u201crub students\u2019 backs in ways that did not seem appropriate. \u201cThe remainder of the students interviewed stated that they have never seen Mr. Graf act inappropriately in any way whatsoever,\u201d Fargnoli writes. \u201cThey stated that they have never heard him make inappropriate comments or ask inappropriate questions. They stated that they never felt uncomfortable around Mr. Graf.\u201d Fargnoli also interviewed Graf\u2019s partner, a downstairs apartment neighbor, and numerous school officials who said they had never seen evidence of misconduct. Eunjoo Yun, director of the Charleston Academy of Music, said she had known Graf for 22 years, and to her knowledge, no student, parent, or faculty member had ever raised concerns about Graf. In his letter of resignation, Graf said he intends to retire under the provisions of the S.C. Retirement System. Reached by e-mail, Graf says he plans to continue his concert schedule, which currently has him performing at Music Fest Perugia in Perugia, Italy. He calls the allegations against him \u201cabsurd, baseless, and untrue.\u201d 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC piano prof resigns after intensive sexual misconduct investigation - Charleston City Paper pianist Enrique\u2026 2/7 categorically deny any misconduct and am proud of a long and successful teaching career, 24 years at the College of Charleston plus 36 years at other institutions have had hundreds of students, most of whom consider friends and cherished colleagues have never sexually harassed or abused anyone,\u201d Graf said. (To read Graf\u2019s full response, click here.) The following are the accusations that were brought by the three students, according to documents from the College of Charleston: [A] College officials received an e-mail in November 2006 from the ex-wife of a former student of Graf\u2019s met Enrique Graff [sic] few years ago. He was my husband\u2019s piano teacher since [A] was 13 until he turned 19. My husband loved him and respected him. Enrique was his hero,\u201d she wrote. \u201cThe entire time, though, Enrique sexually and mentally abused him.\u201d According to documents obtained from the College of Charleston, the alleged abuse took place during the 1980s, when neither Graf nor his student were affiliated with the college. Eventually, [A] told his own story in a sworn affidavit. He said he took classes from Graf at Peabody Preparatory in Baltimore, Md., and that starting at age 14, Graf \u201cbegan to show an increasing interest in me.\u201d At 15, he says Graf spoke to him openly about homosexuality and smoked marijuana in front of him. At 16, he says Graf kissed him on the lips in a strip mall parking lot. \u201cFrom that point on was so confused and ashamed that did not know how to interpret Enrique\u2019s actions,\u201d [A] says in the affidavit. According to [A], Graf sometimes gave him massages and touched his genitals after piano lessons at Graf\u2019s home. Once before an out-of-town piano competition, [A] says, Graf took a bath with him and touched his genitals. Eventually, he says Graf convinced him to perform oral sex on him \u201cout of fear of reprisal.\u201d [A] says he and Graf smoked marijuana and drank alcohol together. At age 18, he says, Graf introduced him to cocaine, which they used together. Although the case was brought up in 2006, it came up again in 2013 as the college expanded its investigation. Graf denied all of [A]\u2019s claims. He said he never did drugs or knowingly drank with a student, although he \u201cconceded that it is possible that he smoked marijuana with former students after they were no longer his students,\u201d according to Fargnoli. On March 19, 2013, Graf\u2019s attorney, Allan Holmes, sent a letter to [A] questioning the veracity of his claims. \u201cMr. [A], it is my suspicion that you have engaged in homosexual activities before and after your marriage, but that you did not disclose any homosexual encounters to your wife prior to your marriage,\u201d Holmes wrote. \u201cIs my suspicion correct?\u201d CofC did not provide evidence of a response from [A]. 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC piano prof resigns after intensive sexual misconduct investigation - Charleston City Paper pianist Enrique\u2026 3/7 [B] In September 1994, [B], an 18-year-old freshman piano student, wrote a letter to a school official detailing several complaints against Graf. He wrote that Graf arranged for him to live in an apartment beneath his own home, and that immediately upon his arrival, Graf knocked on his window after 11 p.m. and invited him over. \u201cIt is customary for students to be polite and deferential to professors, and believed it would be impolite for me to object or leave,\u201d [B] wrote. On multiple occasions in Graf\u2019s home, he says, Graf showed him pornography videos and magazines, masturbated in front of him, showed him sex toys, and encouraged him to use binoculars to spy on neighbors having sex. [B] wrote that he wanted Graf to be fired and given a poor reference. He said he wanted a written promise that his scholarship, which had been awarded by Graf, would continue to be in effect. He also asked to be provided with counseling sessions, payment for legal costs, and an on-campus job of at least 10 hours per week. As evidence, [B] presented a taped interview he had conducted with another student who stated, \u201cHe\u2019s done the same thing to everybody.\u201d When asked, \u201cYou mean masturbate?\u201d the second student said, \u201cYes.\u201d [B] also made a complaint to the U.S. Department of Education\u2019s Office of Civil Rights claiming that the college had discriminated against him on the basis of sex. William A. Lindstrom, then dean of undergraduate studies, conducted interviews and found that Graf\u2019s conduct constituted sexual harassment under the college\u2019s guidelines. \u201cThere is some evidence that is incontrovertible,\u201d Lindstrom wrote. According to Lindstrom, Graf admitted to providing Playboy magazines to students, showing pornographic videos to a student, and talking with an 18-year-old student about \u201csexual matters\u201d within days of the student\u2019s arrival in Charleston. Lindstrom recommended that the college begin termination proceedings. Graf\u2019s lawyer, Holmes, responded by writing a letter to an administrator that called the claims \u201cbaseless and defamatory\u201d and stated that the student had a history of \u201cerratic,\u201d \u201cbelligerent,\u201d and \u201cdeceptive\u201d behavior. He said the student had been lax in his piano practice habits and that Graf had threatened to take away his scholarship if he didn\u2019t practice. As evidence, he furnished a letter from one of the student\u2019s previous piano teachers expressing concern about his practice habits. The student later withdrew his complaints with both the university and the Department of Education and said he had never been subjected to sexual harassment or sexual advances. Provost Conrad Festa wrote a letter to Graf that informed him that the matter had ended but included several warnings for Graf to \u201cscrupulously avoid any conduct which might give rise to a perception of misconduct.\u201d Festa wrote to Graf, \u201cHenceforth, you are not to participate in any one-on-one discussion with any student regarding any matter of an explicitly 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC piano prof resigns after intensive sexual misconduct investigation - Charleston City Paper pianist Enrique\u2026 4/7 sexual nature.\u201d Festa also told Graf it would be \u201cinappropriate\u201d for him to provide copies of Playboy to his students. [C] In December 2012, a day before CofC students left for winter break, Associate Dean Michael Haga received an e-mail from a student requesting a meeting. He set up the meeting, and the student told him that his roommate, [C], had been abused by a teacher since arriving at the college. Haga reported this to the dean, as required by school policy, and the student later told Fargnoli that he had started to notice a change in [C] during the fall 2012 semester. \u201cMr. [C] was fun and happy-go-lucky,\u201d Fargnoli wrote. \u201cHowever, he had become more quiet and reserved. Mr. [C] had trouble sleeping, appeared depressed, and stated he was hearing voices.\u201d In a sworn affidavit given in January 2013, [C], then a candidate in Graf\u2019s Artist Certificate program, said that Graf had seemed \u201cvery friendly\u201d as soon as he had arrived for his freshman year at the college. \u201cHe would invite me over to his house late in the evening to chat,\u201d [C] said, until one night halfway through his freshman year when Graf invited him over to the house and asked if he wanted a massage. This led to Graf stripping down to his underwear, insisting that [C] take his clothes off, and beginning the massage, according to the affidavit. \u201cHe rubbed his genitals all over my face and felt as though was paralyzed was shaking and the emotions were incomprehensible felt violated, disgusted, and betrayed left after he was done with the massage,\u201d he writes. Later, he says, Graf took him to a music festival in Perugia, Italy, and invited him to go to Paris with him afterward, where Graf booked only one room with a single bed. He says Graf put porn on the television one night, and another night he woke up to find Graf performing oral sex on him. \u201cWhen he saw that woke up he asked me to perform oral sex on him,\u201d he writes did it. The next day was mute could hardly look at or speak to him, and he was constantly questioning me throughout the day as to why was being so quiet and strange. It was insulting and degrading for him to ask what he knew the answer to.\u201d Graf denied all of these allegations. He told Fargnoli that he and his student had shared a room in Paris, but that there had been two beds in the room. Asked why the student would make false allegations, Graf \u201cspeculated that it could be that Mr. [C] is upset with Mr. Graf and is trying to get revenge against him\u201d because Graf had told [C]\u2019s ex-girlfriend that he had broken up with her so he could see other girls. Graf also speculated that the student might have made the allegations for money, but Fagnoli writes that she saw no evidence to support that claim. \u201cAt no time during my conversations with Mr. [C] has he mentioned money or any other ulterior motive for making these allegations,\u201d Fagnoli says. \u201cHe has indicated only that he wants Mr. Graf\u2019s behavior towards 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC piano prof resigns after intensive sexual misconduct investigation - Charleston City Paper pianist Enrique\u2026 5/7 him to stop.\u201d On Jan. 10, 2013, College of Charleston legal counsel Kathryn Bender contacted a general counsel at Carnegie Mellon University, where Graf held a part-time instructional staff position, to discuss \u201cpotential harassment\u201d by Graf. In a February e-mail to CofC employees, Graf indicated that lawyers at Carnegie Mellon had begun their own investigation into his past Carnegie Mellon spokesperson gave no comment on whether an investigation was conducted but said that Graf has no current affiliation with the university. The internal investigation began at CofC on Jan. 11, and Graf was forbidden from teaching classes and making one-on-one contact with students. As the investigation stretched on through the spring semester, word spread about the accusations being brought against Graf. On Feb. 21, one of Graf\u2019s students wrote CofC President George Benson to ask about the circumstances that had led the university to bring in a substitute teacher. \u201cWe are lost and unable to do any planning regarding our studies and careers without him,\u201d the student wrote. On March 18, the legal department filed an incident report with the school\u2019s Department of Public Safety, beginning a criminal investigation with the assistance of the State Law Enforcement Division. The investigation is ongoing, and no criminal charges have been brought against Graf. On March 27, Provost George W. Hynd sent Graf a notice of proposed dismissal find that your behavior has included immorality, dishonesty, conduct unbecoming a faculty member, and willful and repeated violations of College rules, regulations, and policies,\u201d Hynd wrote. \u201cYou have grossly abused the power relationship that always exists between a faculty member and students.\u201d Graf\u2019s attorney, Holmes, filed an appeal of the dismissal proposal to the Faculty Hearing Committee. On May 1, Holmes wrote to President Benson threatening a lawsuit because the Faculty Hearing Committee had not allowed Graf to have \u201ca constitutionally mandated hearing.\u201d Holmes called the process a \u201clynching\u201d of Graf\u2019s reputation. Benson wrote a letter to the Faculty Hearing Committee telling it to grant Graf a hearing regarding his proposed dismissal. Holmes provided a list of witnesses who were anticipated to testify in Graf\u2019s defense at the hearing. The list included the ex-girlfriend of [C], who would testify about [C]\u2019s \u201cpersonality, relationships, mood swings, hearing of voices, and other evidence of psychosis and drug use.\u201d The list also included numerous past and current students and colleagues, including one CofC graduate who was going to \u201ctestify that Mr. [C] told him he was going to blackmail Mr. Graf.\u201d But on June 1, Graf withdrew his grievance, canceling the hearing. On June 2, Graf announced his resignation. On June 3, Lt. Col. Robert Reese, the director of public safety at CofC, told Graf via letter that he 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC piano prof resigns after intensive sexual misconduct investigation - Charleston City Paper pianist Enrique\u2026 6/7 \u00a9 2025 Charleston City Paper Powered by Newspack was banned indefinitely from the campus and all college-related events. \u201cBased on information available through public records and other information provided to me regarding your past conduct have reason to believe that you present a danger to the College of Charleston campus community,\u201d Reese wrote. 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC piano prof resigns after intensive sexual misconduct investigation - Charleston City Paper pianist Enrique\u2026 7/7", "7689_102.pdf": "a7b12feb3448.html Accused professor won\u2019t be charged Natalie Caula Hauff Aug 29, 2013 Enrique Graf Provided Criminal charges will not be filed against the former College of Charleston professor accused by a student of sexual misconduct and abuse, according to a final report from the school\u2019s Department of Public Safety released on Friday. The campus police department began investigating allegations in March that internationally acclaimed pianist and tenured professor Enrique Graf had an alleged \u201cinappropriate\u201d relationship with an unidentified male student, according to the incident 2/27/25, 8:13 Accused professor won\u2019t be charged \| Archives \| postandcourier.com 1/3 report. Already a subscriber? Trusted sources empower voices Cancel anytime $24.99 $15.99 Your First Month $299 $175.00 Billed annually 2 $599 $325.00 Billed every 2 years Introductory offers available to first-time customers only. Subscription rate will increase to full-price after 12 months. Unlimited statewide access to our website and app Your community voice: local reporting teams throughout South Carolina Experience South Carolina\u2019s vibrant culture through our storytelling Log in 2/27/25, 8:13 Accused professor won\u2019t be charged \| Archives \| postandcourier.com 2/3 2/27/25, 8:13 Accused professor won\u2019t be charged \| Archives \| postandcourier.com 3/3", "7689_103.pdf": "Pianist Calls Professor a Sexual Predator / April 11, 2014 piano student claims his dream of being a classical musician became a nightmare when the professor who gave him a scholarship demanded oral sex and other sexual favors. John Doe sued Enrique Graf, the College of Charleston, the school president and the former dean of its music department, in the Charleston County Court of Common Pleas. Doe says he met Graf at a piano recital in 2007. At the time, Doe says, he was living in a state \"thousands of miles\" from South Carolina. He claims that after talking about his dream of being a professional classical musician, Graf, then a music professor and artist-in-residence at the College of Charleston, offered him a full scholarship to study piano there. Doe describes the Graf's offer as the chance of a lifetime, as his family is impoverished. He says he readily accepted the offer and enrolled in the college for the fall semester of 2008, when he was 17. \"Prior to enrolling in college, plaintiff had never been away from home or his parents for any appreciable period of time, only occasionally with a piano teacher and other parents to piano recitals, and to a camp to treat a serious genetic medical condition which was never for more than a period of a week or two,\" Doe says. Doe claims that at first his relationship with Graf \"was a normal student-teacher relationship.\" However, \"at the end of the first semester of plaintiff's freshman year ... and continuing until after plaintiff had graduated from college with his undergraduate degree, Graf displayed a pattern of repeated unwanted and extremely inappropriate sexual advances toward plaintiff,\" the complaint states. Doe claims that the pattern of inappropriate behavior began with Graf inviting him to his home in the evening, where \"Graf encouraged plaintiff to experiment with drugs and alcohol and to attend parties, and Graf's encouragement made plaintiff feel as though there were no negative consequences for such behavior.\" The complaint adds: \"On numerous occasions Graf would offer plaintiff, who was at the time well under the age of twenty-one years, marijuana and alcoholic beverages and encourage plaintiff to use these substances.\" Doe claims Graf scheduled his lessons at the professor's home to make it \"easier for Graf to sexually abuse and/or harass plaintiff.\" Try Litigation Reports or Log in Thursday, February 27, 2025 \| Back issues Log in to CasePortal Thursday, February 27, 2025 Free Litigation Reports Find Judicial Opinions 2/27/25, 8:13 Pianist Calls Professor a Sexual Predator \| Courthouse News Service 1/4 \"Graf would touch plaintiff's back and legs in an appropriate manner while giving plaintiff piano instruction, which made plaintiff feel uncomfortable, but which plaintiff reasonably felt he had to submit to due to the impression of South American masculinity and culture that Graf presented as his cultural identity,\" the complaint states. Eventually, Doe says, Graf told him that he was homosexual. \"Graf asked plaintiff how big his penis is ... and continued to try and coerce plaintiff into telling Graf about the size of his, plaintiff's penis, by claiming that he had seen the penis of another student, who was one of plaintiff's longtime acquaintances who also studied piano with plaintiff prior to attending college.\" Despite all this, Doe says, he felt he had to continue his lessons with Graf, as he thought his scholarship depended on it. At one of these sessions, he says, Graf coerces him into accepting a massage. He claims Graf instructed Doe to take off his clothes, then took off all but his own underwear. \"While Graf was giving plaintiff the massage, Graf rubbed his genitals on plaintiff's face and attempted to insert one of his fingers into plaintiff's anus,\" Doe says in the lawsuit. He says this left him feeling \"disgusted, ashamed and humiliated.\" Still, he says, he feared that if he did not comply with Graf's wishes, the professor \"would undermine his own career and education.\" After the massage incident, Doe says, the unwanted attention from his professor waned. But he says that changed when Graf and several students went on a trip to Perugia, Italy to a music festival. At the end of the festival, Doe says, Graf invited him to Paris to meet a former student. \"Graf paid for the trip and booked a hotel room in Paris for plaintiff and Graf to share,\" Doe says - an arrangement of which he says he was unaware until their arrival. \"Each night while in Paris, Graf supplied plaintiff with alcohol which plaintiff consumed at Graf's encouragement and insistence,\" Doe says. He claims the professor also drugged him without his knowledge, and forced him to watch pornography. Doe says he awoke one night during the stay in Paris and discovered the professor rubbing his penis against Doe's palm and fingers. Another time, Doe says, he awoke to find Graf performing oral sex on him. \"[W]hen Graf saw that plaintiff was awake, Graf asked plaintiff to perform oral sex on him (Graf), which terrified plaintiff.\" (Parentheses in complaint.) Doe claims he \"was not able to tell Graf 'no' or to stop because plaintiff was concerned of the repercussion that might follow for plaintiff's education and career should plaintiff refuse.\" Doe says a similar incident occurred in the spring of 2012, when he traveled to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, where Graf was also a professor. While there, Doe says, \"Graf asked Plaintiff to 'show (Graf) what a good blowjob is.'\"(Parentheses in complaint.) 2/27/25, 8:13 Pianist Calls Professor a Sexual Predator \| Courthouse News Service 2/4 Doe claims he \"refused Graf's request to perform oral sex on him until Graf adamantly pressed plaintiff and plaintiff reluctantly gave in.\" Doe says all this caused him psychological trauma, shame, humiliation, self- loathing, depression and guilt. He says he subsequently learned that the college had received a previous complaint is of inappropriate conduct involving Graf, and had settled a 1994 lawsuit involving allegations that the professor had sexually harassed another student. Doe claims the college failed to take any steps to protect students or to remove Graf from his position. Doe seeks punitive damages for Title violation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, invasion of privacy, outrage, assault and battery and other charges. He is represented by Edward Pritchard III, of Charleston, and Taylor Schuster of Anderson & Schuster, in Mt. Pleasant. Categories Sign up for new weekly newsletter Closing Arguments to get the latest about ongoing trials, major litigation and hot cases and rulings in courthouses around the U.S. and the world. Subscribe Additional Reads Contributor-Test-Post- 2025-02-27 February 27, 2025 Contributor-Test-Post- 2025-02-27 February 27, 2025 Contributor-Test-Post- 2025-02-27 February 27, 2025 Contributor-Test-Post- 2025-02-27 February 27, 2025 Subscribe to Closing Arguments [email protected] 2/27/25, 8:13 Pianist Calls Professor a Sexual Predator \| Courthouse News Service 3/4 \u00a9 2025, Courthouse News Service Terms of Use \u2022 Privacy Policy \u2022 Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information About Us / Masthead / Advertise / Customer Support / Careers Connect with us on our social channels: \uf2d4 \uecba \uf3e7 2/27/25, 8:13 Pianist Calls Professor a Sexual Predator \| Courthouse News Service 4/4", "7689_104.pdf": "Graf discussing the International Piano Series. (Source: Vimeo) CHARLESTON, S.C. (WCIV) -- Hours before The Post and Courier released a story delving into sexual misconduct allegations of a College of Charleston professor, the school responded. CofC president addresses professor misconduct allegations Thu, July 18th 2013 at 11:56 Updated Fri, September 18th 2015 at 9:24 Save Story Share Saved Storie 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC president addresses professor misconduct allegations 1/5 In the letter addressed to the entire campus, President P. George Benson said he had been monitoring the allegations against former Department of Music faculty member Enrique Graf since December 2012, when they were brought to his attention. According to a list of facts about the case, Benson said the College received a formal complaint against Graf in January of this year. At the time, he was a tenured professor. \"Upon receipt of this complaint, and considering the serious nature of the allegations, the College immediately assigned Mr. Graf to{}administrative duties pending the outcome of an investigation conducted by an external investigator.{} From that time forward, Mr. Graf was not permitted to teach or otherwise work with students at the College of Charleston,\" Benson wrote. After that, the Provost found that Graf had violated several of CofC's policies, including those on discrimination, harassment, and abuse. As an appeal hearing was set to begin, Benson writes, Graf withdrew his appeal, resigned as an instructor.{} Promoted Links SearchPad man's courtroom confession leads to life sentence, friends immediate arrest Woman wanted in connection with 'bestiality bus' arrested, faces 129 charges Book Your Low Priced Cruise (See Offers) Play War Thunder now for free War Thunder Play Now Saved Storie 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC president addresses professor misconduct allegations 2/5 acknowledged Mr. Graf's resignation on June 4, 2013,\" Benson said in the campus-wide letter. He goes on to say the findings of the school's investigation were \"disturbing.\" According to the Post and Courier article, a timeline traces complaints against Graf to 1994 with a complaint to both the school and the Department of Education. That complaint was later withdrawn. The paper reports that after receiving the letter this year, they investigated for three months and handed the case over to the school's Department of Public Safety, who involved the State Law Enforcement Division. In the investigative documents, two victims are named -- a current student and a former student from Maryland. The current student alleges that Graf made repeated unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, unwanted physical contact and verbally sexually abused him. The student goes on to claim the behavior started shortly after he entered College of Charleston as a freshman and has continued since then.{} The student accused Graf of asking about the size of his penis and invited the student to his house to drink alcohol and smoke marijuana. The allegations of impropriety continue during a trip to Paris in which the student says Graf booked a room for the pair with just one bed, played pornographic movies all night and tried to molest the student as he slept. According to the documents, Graf pestered the student into performing a sex act during a trip to Carnegie Mellon University, another school where Graf teaches. As the student prepared to apply to graduate schools, Graf offered him an assistantship, a recording and a recital in a large music hall in Uruguay if he stayed, the investigation revealed. The former student also making allegations against Graf said the abuse began in a Baltimore prep school at the age of 16 with a forced kiss during a ride home after a concert Saved Storie 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC president addresses professor misconduct allegations 3/5 The Maryland student said Graf would often coerce the teen into providing or receiving massages which usually ended with Graf masturbating in front of him. Many times, the student told investigators, Graf leveraged sex acts with the promise of a musical career. In a 2006 incident cited in a letter from the alleged victim's ex-wife, Graf coerced the music student into drug and alcohol abuse as early as 15 years old. By the time the student was 18, Graf had him using cocaine, the letter alleged. Graf denied the allegations, saying neither student appeared afraid or uncomfortable around him. Graf also said any touching he did of students was to correct their posture, the documents state. Graf speculated that the allegations could have been invented to extort money from him, according to the investigation. When the College's investigation turned to Graf's current students, they found one student who said Graf made comments that made him feel uncomfortable. The student also said there were rumors about the incident in Paris, the investigation found. One of the students' former roommates said he brought up Graf's advances once, but quickly dropped it, saying Graf had asked for oral sex. At a later date, the victim went into detail with his roommate, the report states. The school also talked to several of Graf's former students at the College and at Carnegie Mellon -- none of whom said they had any problems with Graf. Members of the College's faculty and staff did not report any problems with Graf, either directed toward them or towards others in their presence, the report states. The same follows for members of the Charleston Academy of Music, where Graf has worked for more than 20 years, and people who live in the same building as Graf. Police have not filed any charges against Graf Private school pastor in child abuse investigation allowed to continue preaching Saved Storie 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC president addresses professor misconduct allegations 4/5 Loading ... Irmo teacher and principal granted bond in child fondling case Walterboro man sentenced to 30 years for sexually assaulting 6-year-old girl by Taboola War Thunder War Thunder - Register now for free and play against over 75 Million real Players Play Now Crossout Crossout 2.0: Supercharged Play Now Pfizer The rise of health misinformation is a growing global crisis. Here's how advocates are fighting it Learn More AdChoices Sponsored Saved Storie 2/27/25, 8:13 CofC president addresses professor misconduct allegations 5/5", "7689_105.pdf": "61\u00b0 Charleston \uf0c9 Live Video News \uf002 Enrique Graf. (Source: enriquegraf.com tenured piano professor at the College of Charleston submitted his resignation last month amid an investigation into alleged sexual misconduct with a student, officials say. According to a letter from College of Charleston President George Benson, a current student filed a complaint against Enrique Graf in January 2013 alleging sexual misconduct by the pianist. Graf was placed on administrative duties pending the outcome of an investigation. Benson said an investigation uncovered a list of policy violations committed by Graf, including the College's \"Prohibition of Discrimination and Harassment, Including Sexual Harassment and Abuse\", the \"Drug and Alcohol Abuse Policy\", the \"Code of Professional Conduct\", and the \"Statement of Professional Ethics.\" According to an investigation report, the sexual misconduct happened throughout the student's time at the college between spring 2008 and summer 2012. The alleged incidents range from inappropriate touching by Graf, to inviting the student over for drinks and marijuana, to oral sex. Student alleges sexual misconduct by former CofC professor By Philip Weiss Published: Jul. 18, 2013 at 2:20 \| Updated: Jul. 18, 2013 at 4:55 2/27/25, 8:13 Student alleges sexual misconduct by former CofC professor 1/5 The report states while on a school trip to Paris, Graf shared a single bed hotel room with the victim. According to the student, Graf played pornographic videos in the room, and told the student \"it was normal for guys to watch porn together.\" One night while on the trip, the report states the victim woke up while Graf was performing oral sex on him. It goes on to report Graf asked the student to do the same to him, to which the student agreed because he was \"scared and did not know how to react. These alleged incidents continued while on a trip to Carnegie Mellon University during the victim's senior year, according to the report. Graf once taught at the university. The victim told investigators his consent to Graf's advances was not true consent, because he did so out coercion, fear, and naivety. The victim also alleges Graf would provide incentives to get him to stay at the college for graduate studies, such as an assistantship recording, and a recital in Uruguay. Investigators say Graf denied all allegations of sexual misconduct made by the student. While he confirmed the two did go on trips together, Graf claimed there were never any sexual advances of any kind. Graf told investigators the student may have filed the allegations as a way to make money, or because the victim was mad at him for a previous incident. According to the report, when the victim was upset about a break up, Graf said he told the victim's ex-girlfriend he broke up with her so he could see other girls. Word got back to the student, which made him upset. Investigators say allegations of sexual assault were also made by a former student of Graf's while the two were in Baltimore, Maryland. The victim says he was 13 to 19 years old during the incidents. The allegations in the report, much like the ones made by the College of Charleston student, included inappropriate touching, oral sex, and other instances of sexual misconduct. Investigators say Graf denied these allegations as well. Investigators concluded the two victims did not have ulterior motives in making their claims, while witness testimony contradicted some of Graf's statements, and Graf was found to have made sexual advances with the victims. It was also discovered during the investigation Graf was accused of sexual harassment by another person in the 1983 and again in 1994, according to a letter from the college's Provost, George W. Hynd. In a letter to Graf from Hynd, Graf was suspended without pay and barred from campus on March 27 as a result of the investigation. According to Benson, Graf appealed the suspension, but later withdrew the appeal and resigned. His resignation was made official on June 4. Benson says the college has offered academic advising and support to Graf's current students throughout the investigation. Graf began working at the College of Charleston in 1989 as a visiting professor, according to College of Charleston Public Information Officer Michael Robertson committee has been formed to review the college's policies regarding sexual harassment and misconduct, according to Benson's letter. The committee will work to provide recommendations, as well as program prevention and response improvements. Copyright 2013 WCSC. All rights reserved. Crossout \| Sponsored Crossout 2.0: Supercharged Check out the new Crossout 2.0 for free. Discover PvP and PvE in our upgraded Action MMO. Countless unique Vehicles, PvE and PvP, Trading. Are you ready? Destroy vehicles your opponent took hours to craft and enjoy. Join now for Free Play Now The rise of health misinformation is a growing global crisis. Here's how advocates are fighting it Health misinformation accounts for 51% of social posts associated with vaccines and up to 60% related to pandemics. \uf057 2/27/25, 8:13 Student alleges sexual misconduct by former CofC professor 2/5 Most Read Tips and Tricks \| Sponsored Pfizer \| Sponsored Learn More Your fingers can tell you a lot about your personality. What kind of fingers do you have? Villas in Dubai \| Search Ads \| Sponsored Villas For Sale in Dubai Might Surprise You Get Deals Unsold Fridges \| Search Ads \| Sponsored Solar Panel \| Search Ads \| Sponsored Pakistan Solar Panels: See How Much It Will Cost To Install Them (See Prices) Learn More Mubarikpur: Unsold Fridges Are Being Sold For Almost Nothing! Amusement Park Equipment \| search ads \| Sponsored The Cost Of Amusement Park Equipment From Mexico Might Surprise You (See Prices) Learn More \u2018Profound betrayal\u2019: 8 charged in North Charleston corruption investigation \uf144 Coroner identifies victim in deadly Summerville shooting \uf144 Oscar-winner Gene Hackman, wife Betsy Arakawa and their dog were dead for some time, warrant shows \uf057 2/27/25, 8:13 Student alleges sexual misconduct by former CofC professor 3/5 \uf144 Michelle Trachtenberg, \u2018Buffy the Vampire Slayer,\u2019 and \u2018Harriet the Spy\u2019 star, dies at 39 \uf144 84-year-old charged in early-morning North Charleston killing \uf144 Charleston officials tell Dockside Condominiums residents to evacuate by Friday The future of North Charleston City Council seats after 3 members face charges \uf144 Isle of Palms Police arrest man accused in sexual assault case involving youth \uf057 Terms of Service Privacy Policy Public Inspection File Report [email protected] - (843) 402-5555 Applications Careers Closed Captioning/Audio Description Advertising Digital Marketing At Gray, our journalists report, write, edit and produce the news content that informs the communities we serve. Click here to learn more about our approach to artificial News Weather Sports Contact Us 2126 Charlie Hall Boulevard Charleston 29414 (843) 402-5555 2/27/25, 8:13 Student alleges sexual misconduct by former CofC professor 4/5 \uf057 intelligence Gray Local Media Station \u00a9 2002-2025 2/27/25, 8:13 Student alleges sexual misconduct by former CofC professor 5/5"}
7,625	Patrick Crosby	University of Buffalo	[ "7625_101.pdf" ]	{"7625_101.pdf": "senior adviser resigns after relationship with student St. Bonaventure says didn't warn about adviser who had sex in his office When a student began an affair with a senior staffer in August 2016, she thought it would just be a fun story to tell at her bachelorette party one day. But she became pregnant, the consensual relationship ended in June and she reported it to the university in August. She and the staffer \u2013 Patrick Crosby, a senior adviser in the Educational Opportunity Program \u2013 had sex in his office on multiple occasions, and he sent her sexually suggestive photos and videos taken in his office during work time, she told officials was in his office all the time and nobody said anything to me,\u201d said the student, who wishes to remain anonymous could have come in a clown suit and an AK-47, and no one would have noticed was very clearly not a freshman was very clearly not a part of removed Crosby from his job as counselor and put him on \u201cspecial assignment,\u201d which allowed him to work from home until last month. He resigned April 21. Then, St. Bonaventure University hired Crosby as an academic adviser in its higher educational opportunity program told the school he had been laid off for \u201cbudgetary reasons\u201d and did not disclose the situation with the student, according to Tom Missel, interim vice president of university relations at St. Bonaventure spokesperson John Della Contrada could not say what told St. Bonaventure. UB\u2019s policy is to confirm a former worker\u2019s dates of employment when called by potential employers, according to Della Contrada. Faculty and staff are allowed to have relationships with students as long as there is no conflict of interest, according to UB\u2019s nepotism policy. The university also prohibits \u201cunwelcome\u201d sexual conduct. By May 10, 2018 \| 7:01am 2/27/25, 8:14 senior adviser resigns after relationship with student - The Spectrum 1/4 Della Contrada declined to comment on Crosby\u2019s case but provided a statement to The Spectrum that read, in part, \u201cAs a matter of practice, the university does not comment on individual personnel issues. Unwelcome sexual or romantic propositions and other forms of unwelcome sexual conduct are prohibited under university policies prohibiting sexual harassment.\u201d Tracy Johnson, assistant vice provost of educational affairs, also declined to comment. Crosby, who had been at since July of 2016, declined to comment on the pictures he sent from his office. He said wholeheartedly regret and am saddened by the difficulties and pain that I\u2019ve caused my loved ones and those who support me.\u201d \u201cThough my actions were unfavorable, she was a consenting adult and violated no policy in my relationship with this student since there was no power dynamic; she was not a student of mine while at the university,\u201d Crosby said in the statement. \u201cOur relationship was very separate from any and all professional role[s held at the university.\u201d Crosby used two apps, Kik and Telegram, to communicate with the student, she said. She would go to his office a few times a week for lunch and more than once to have sex would just walk in and open his door,\u201d she said. When she came to UB, Crosby was the only familiar person to her, she said. The student met Crosby at Buffalo State College where he was her counselor for COMPASS, a college mentoring opportunity program. When the student reported the situation and provided the videos and photos to Title Coordinator Sharon Nolan-Weiss in August, the university made sure she and Crosby had no further contact, the student said. The university, according to emails the student supplied to The Spectrum, told Crosby in September he wasn\u2019t allowed to be in contact with students after September while he worked from home. UB\u2019s nepotism policy was last revised in 2015. Nolan-Weiss declined to talk to The Spectrum for this story. UB\u2019s policy focuses on the type of relationships between employees and students and if they involve conflicts of interest or unequal power relationships. If neither exists, the relationship is allowed, and faculty and staff, including advisers, do not have to report a consensual relationship. Officials said a conflict would involve coercion or a professor, adviser or staff member having a supervisory or evaluative role 2/27/25, 8:14 senior adviser resigns after relationship with student - The Spectrum 2/4 over a student. The university does not keep track of the number of relationship cases between staff and students unless someone reports a conflict, officials said. In the past 10 years, universities nationwide have reevaluated and updated policies governing relationships between faculty, staff and undergraduate students. Harvard, Stanford, Yale, the University of Connecticut, and the College of William and Mary all prohibit sexual or romantic relationships between staff, faculty and students. In March, the University of Pennsylvania updated its policy to prohibit all sexual relations between faculty, staff, advisers and undergraduate students. The hashtag #MeToo movement in the past year has also sparked new conversations about sexual dynamics and relationships in the workplace, including at universities. Stanford\u2019s policy says relationships have the potential to involve bias, favoritism and exploitation, and may have adverse effects on the school\u2019s work environment during the relationship or post-breakup. It also says the relationships could \u201cerode trust\u201d in mentee-mentor relationships. The College of William and Mary\u2019s policy says the prohibition is to protect students and the \u201cintegrity of the university is hesitant about revising its policy to prohibit all relationships between staff and students, but it\u2019s something officials say is being discussed. The student said she was surprised that UB\u2019s policy allowed her relationship, but she said sneaking around wasn\u2019t hard. \u201cThis is an example of a completely inappropriate relationship that should have never happened,\u201d the student said. \u201cAnd this is pretty bad, but our school is practically a mini-city and there\u2019s definitely girls who\u2019ve experienced more and greater terrible things that happen. They need to say something and not be embarrassed [to come forward].\u201d St. Bonaventure University hired Crosby as an academic counselor in the Higher Educational Opportunity Program on April 23 and suspended him on April 30, after learning of his relationship with the student, according to Missel. Missel said told St. Bonaventure upon Crosby\u2019s hiring that Crosby was \u201claid off due to budgetary purposes.\u201d St. Bonaventure is \u201cinvestigating\u201d Crosby\u2019s case, Missel said. Correction: The original article stated the relationship began in June. Hannah Stein is the editor-in-chief and can be reached at [email protected] and @HannahJStein. 2/27/25, 8:14 senior adviser resigns after relationship with student - The Spectrum 3/4 Powered by Solutions by The State News All Content \u00a9 2025 The Spectrum 2/27/25, 8:14 senior adviser resigns after relationship with student - The Spectrum 4/4"}
7,896	Edward C. Gardiner	Weber State University	[ "7896_101.pdf", "7896_102.pdf" ]	{"7896_101.pdf": "Weber State instructor charged with sex offense By Jeremiah Stettler The Salt Lake Tribune \u00b7 October 25, 2006 8:53 am This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2006, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted. Posted: 1:42 Weber State University instructor was pulled from his classes and charged with sexual battery this week on suspicion of groping a student after class. Edward C. Gardiner, a 53-year-old psychology instructor, was placed on paid administrative leave after a student reported him touching her breasts and buttocks during an after-class counseling session. 2/27/25, 8:14 Weber State instructor charged with sex offense - The Salt Lake Tribune 1/4 Gardiner was the victim's \"college teacher,\" according to a probable cause statement filed with the class misdemeanor charge. \"'He\" was touching her under the pretense of assisting her and counseling her in his office.\" University officials could not immediately say how long Gardiner has taught at WSU's Layton campus, but said this is the first complaint filed by students or staff against him. Until this week, Gardiner had taught five psychology classes. \"Weber State University takes allegations of this nature very seriously,\" said school spokesman John Kowalewski. \"We do everything we can to ensure the safety and well- being of our students, faculty and staff.\" 2/27/25, 8:14 Weber State instructor charged with sex offense - The Salt Lake Tribune 2/4 The university has turned Gardiner's class over to another psychology faculty member, Kowalewski said. While police have released few details about the alleged Aug. 22 encounter between Gardiner and his student, the probable cause statement suggests that the instructor touched her sexually over clothing \"causing 'her\" affront, alarm and great distress.\" Gardiner is scheduled to appear in court at 1:30 p.m. on Nov. 29. The Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing has confirmed that Gardiner surrendered his psychology license in 2004 because of an investigation into unprofessional conduct. He is ineligible for another licence until spring 2009. Kowalewski said he is unaware of Gardiner's professional licensing problems, but said it did not involve the university. He said a license is not required by WSU's psychology department. [email protected]\" Target=\"_BLANK\">[email protected] 2/27/25, 8:14 Weber State instructor charged with sex offense - The Salt Lake Tribune 3/4 2/27/25, 8:14 Weber State instructor charged with sex offense - The Salt Lake Tribune 4/4", "7896_102.pdf": "\uf111 \uf111 Deseret News Deseret Magazine Latest Politics Utah \uf0d7 Sports \uf0d7 More teacher accused of abuse Published: Oct 25, 2006, 12:00 a.m Edward C. Gardiner 2/27/25, 8:14 teacher accused of abuse \u2013 Deseret News 1/5 By Deseret News, Ben Winslow Weber State University psychology instructor has been charged with sexual battery, accused of groping a student who came to him for counseling. The Davis County Attorney's Office charged Edward C. Gardiner, 53, on Monday with one count of sexual battery, a class misdemeanor. Police said the student, who is in her mid-20s, said she had been groped while meeting with Gardiner at WSU's Layton campus on Aug. 22. \"The defendant was the victim's college teacher and was touching her under the pretense of assisting her and counseling her in his office,\" Weber State police officer Robin Helton wrote in a probable cause statement filed with the charges. Davis County prosecutors said Gardiner had offered his services as a counselor to the students in his class. \"He offered to assist all of his students, or as many students who wanted to take advantage of his help,\" deputy Davis County Attorney Troy Rawlings said Tuesday. However, the Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing said Gardiner had surrendered his license to practice psychology in 2004 amidst an investigation for unprofessional conduct. Weber State University said Tuesday that Gardiner has been placed on paid administrative leave, pending the outcome of an internal investigation and the criminal case. \"We do everything we can to ensure the safety and well-being of our students, faculty and staff,\" university spokesman John Kowalewski said. \"Weber State University takes allegations of this nature very seriously.\" Kowalewski said Gardiner was a contract employee and a license is not a requirement for someone to teach in the psychology department. The two courses he was teaching View Comments 2/27/25, 8:14 teacher accused of abuse \u2013 Deseret News 2/5 this semester have now been assigned to other faculty. Davis County prosecutors issued a summons for Gardiner to appear in court on Nov. 29. He did not return a call seeking comment Tuesday. E-mail: [email protected] Utah Today Get all the news that's happening in the Beehive State in one place, as well as major national and world news that you value. Email Address By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice and European users agree to the data transfer policy. You Might Also Like Designer's Corner: These Are The Latest Trends Sponsor: Mansion Global The Japanese Don\u2019t Clean \u2013 They Use This Genius Invention! Sponsor: siteweb 2/27/25, 8:14 teacher accused of abuse \u2013 Deseret News 3/5 Looking for comments? Find comments in their new home! Click the buttons at the top or within the article to view them \u2014 or use the button below for quick access Most Commented [Story]Things Just Aren\u2019t The Same Between William And Kate And Now We Know Why Sponsor: DailySportX How to Bring Your Walls to Life\u2014Literally Sponsor: Mansion Global Freeway racers unaware unmarked police car was behind them Deseret News Is gun safety training coming to Utah schools? Deseret News Judge denies request for more testimony as Kouri Richins\u2019 case moves \u2018full\u2026 Deseret News Utah Rep. Blake Moore the latest lawmaker to have town hall flooded with DOGE, federal layoff questions 580 Medicaid cuts uncertain as Republicans hunt for ways to reduce spending 214 2/27/25, 8:14 teacher accused of abuse \u2013 Deseret News 4/5 Copyright \u00a9 2025 Deseret News Publishing Company. All Rights Reserved Terms of Use \u2022 Privacy Notice Notice of Collection \u2022 Cookie Policy \u2022 Cookie Preferences Utah lawmakers reject expanding E-Verify to small companies 185 Perspective: When pop culture tests the boundaries of blasphemy 173 New church statement reiterates careful handling of tithing by Latter-day Saint leaders 119 2/27/25, 8:14 teacher accused of abuse \u2013 Deseret News 5/5"}
7,788	John Earnhardt	University of New England	[ "7788_101.pdf", "7788_101.pdf" ]	{"7788_101.pdf": "Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 This diversity case arises out of a bitter dispute over the University of New England's (\"UNE\") decision that John Earnhardt's conduct as a professor violated university policy sufficiently to warrant his termination. For the reasons that follow Grant UNE's and its Director of Human Resources Michael Miles's motion for summary judgment as to negligence and breach of contract, and Deny Earnhardt's motion for summary judgment on his breach of contract claim that the University failed to afford him a proper appeal. Earnhardt's motion for summary judgment on the defendants' counterclaims is Granted. My rulings on other pending motions are set forth at the end of this Order. Facts and Procedural History The University of New England terminated the plaintiff John Earnhardt as an untenured associate professor in 1994, following an investigation of sexual harassment complaints made by several students, a grievance and an appeal process. Earnhardt then brought this lawsuit against UNE, various faculty and administrators, and two of UNE's lawyers charging negligence, negligent infliction of emotional distress, intentional interference with contract, invasion of privacy, and breach of contract dismissed all counts against the lawyers in August 1995. Earnhardt voluntarily dismissed the counts against all defendants other than and Miles in November 1995, stipulating that his payment of reasonable attorney fees and costs accrued on behalf of the defendant(s) in this lawsuit would be a necessary precondition to renewal of any of those claims in this or any other court. See Order, Earnhardt v. UNE, Civ. No. 95-229 (D. Me. Jan. 8, 1996); Pl.'s Stip. (Jan. 16, 1996). The remaining issues are Earnhardt's claims against for negligence and breach of contract and against Miles for negligence, and UNE's and Miles's counterclaims against Earnhardt for abuse of process and malicious prosecution and Miles have moved for summary judgment on Earnhardt's negligence and breach of contract claims. Earnhardt has moved for summary judgment on one of his breach of contract claims, as well as on UNE's and Miles's counterclaims. Negligence Earnhardt claims that he is entitled to damages on account of Miles's alleged negligence in handling and investigating the students' sexual harassment complaints, and UNE's alleged negligence in Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 handling and investigating the complaints, in conducting the grievance process and in training and supervising the university personnel involved in the proceedings. See Compl., Cts & XV. Whether Miles and had such duties to Earnhardt is a question of law for the court. Williams v. Inverness Corp., 664 A.2d 1244, 1246 (Me. 1995). There is no such duty. Under Maine law an employee's rights to recover damages arising out of a termination are exclusively contractual. See Bard v. Bath Iron Works Corp., 590 A.2d 152, 155-56 (Me. 1991); Staples v. Bangor Hydro-Electric Co., 561 A.2d 500, 501 (Me. 1989); Libby v. Calais Regional Hosp., 554 A.2d 1181, 1182-83 (Me. 1989). Earnhardt's terms of employment were governed by a written, one-year contract that incorporated the \"applicable rules of the University and the respective Faculty and Personnel Handbooks.\" Plaintiff's Statement of Material Facts (in support of opposition to defendants' motion for summary judgment) (\"Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts I\") \u00b6 73; Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n to Defs.' Motion for Summ. J. at 2-3. Even if Earnhardt's claims could be characterized independently of a \"wrongful discharge\" theory-e.g., as claims for negligent training and supervision-they would be claims for injuries arising out of his employment and thereby barred by the exclusivity and immunity provisions of the Maine Workers Compensation Act. See 39 M.R.S.A. \u00a7 104; Li v. C.N. Brown Co., 645 A.2d 606, 608 (Me. 1994). The negligence counts in Earnhardt's complaint also include allegations of \"injury to reputation.\" See Compl. \u00b6\u00b6 98, 122. To the extent that those assertions may be construed as defamation claims, they too are barred by Maine's workers compensation law. See Sylvester v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 1995 788206, at *3 (D. Me. 1995); Caldwell v. Federal Express Co., 908 F. Supp. 29, 34 (D. Me. 1995). 1 Therefore, the defendants' motion for summary judgment on the negligence counts against and Miles is Granted. Breach of Contract Facts recite the relevant facts in the light most favorable to Earnhardt. In January 1994, three students and alumnae, Susan Keene, Victoria Boisen and Alison Gully filed sexual harassment complaints against Earnhardt with administrators. Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 7; Miles/Hazard Report, Thompson Aff., Ex at 1 & Exs & E. Earnhardt has admitted that he had sexual relationships with Keene, Boisen and Gully, but maintains that he perceived those relationships to be consensual and welcome in all respects. Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6\u00b6 39, 42. (Gully eventually withdrew her complaint, but both she and Earnhardt never denied having had a sexual relationship while she was still a student. Miles/Hazard Report at 10-12.) Other information about Earnhardt's behavior, not officially submitted as a sexual harassment complaint, was filed several weeks later by student Darden Duclos, who claimed to have withdrawn from a research project supervised by Earnhardt after he subjected her to unwelcome sexual advances. Miles/Hazard Report at 14-15. Pending an investigation of the complaints, Earnhardt was placed on suspension with pay on January Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 24, 1994. Suspension Letter, Thompson Aff., Ex. F. Copies of the students' charges were attached to the suspension letter. Id. In accordance with UNE's sexual harassment policy, the complaints were investigated jointly by Dean of Students Barbara Hazard and Human Resources Director Michael Miles. Their investigation, which included notice to Earnhardt, examination of his lawyer's written response to the complaints and an interview with Earnhardt himself, resulted in a 16-page, single-spaced report dated February 21, 1994. See Miles/Hazard Report. The report concluded that Earnhardt's pattern of admitted relationships and other behavior with the complaining students had violated UNE's sexual harassment and conflict of interest policies, as well as the Statement on Professional Ethics. Id. at 16. Upon reviewing the report and consulting with President Thomas Reynolds and Earnhardt's supervisor, Dr. Carl Spirito Dean Michael Beaudoin concluded that Earnhardt should be terminated. Termination Letter, Thompson Aff., Ex. O. Earnhardt requested review of his suspension and termination by a grievance committee. The committee appointed by the Faculty Senate included one member who had served as Darden Duclos's faculty advisor. Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 45. Earnhardt appeared before the committee in April, two working days after he had first received a copy of the Miles/Hazard Report. Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 42. The committee heard evidence proffered by Earnhardt and his lawyer, including the testimony of six witnesses who appeared in his behalf. See Committee Mem., Thompson Aff., Ex. P; Defs.' Mot. for Summ. J. at 2; see also Defs.' Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 50. In its memorandum of May 3, 1994 (with a cover letter of May 4, 1994), the grievance committee set forth its findings and concluded that Earnhardt's suspension and termination had been justified on the grounds of the actions he had admitted. Committee Mem. Earnhardt's lawyer received the memorandum on May 9, 1994, and the same day appealed the committee's findings and recommendation in a letter requesting tape recordings of the grievance committee proceedings. Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6\u00b6 84-85; Plaintiff's Stmt. of Material Facts (in support of plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on breach of contract claim) (\"Pl.'s Stmt. Facts II\") \u00b6 8. Earnhardt never received a specific response to his appeal request. Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 9. However President Reynolds independently decided to review the grievance committee's decision as soon as it was issued, and upheld Earnhardt's termination in a letter to him dated May 5, 1994, and postmarked May 6, 1994. Pl.'s Mem. in Support of Mot. for Summ. J.. at 4; see also Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 84. It is unclear whether Earnhardt received the President's letter prior to receiving the committee's termination memorandum. As noted above, Earnhardt's contract of employment explicitly incorporates \"applicable rules of the University and the respective Faculty and Personnel Handbooks.\" Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 73; Employment Contract, Thompson Aff., Ex. G. The Faculty Handbook provides that \"[t]ermination for proven or admitted violations of ethical, moral or professional standards may be immediate.\" Faculty Handbook, Miles Aff., Ex. 1 (B)(4) (\"Termination for Cause\"). The Personnel Handbook states that \"Employees are expected to conduct themselves in accordance with the ethical principles or standards that may be outlined by their licensing agency or certification authority or by their professional association (whether or not they choose to belong).\" Personnel Handbook, Miles Aff., Ex. 2 at 8 (\"Conflict of Interest\"). The Personnel Handbook also sets forth the Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 process for bringing and investigating sexual harassment complaints: A. Informal Complaint At the complainant's option, a complaint may be brought to any of the following members of the University community: . . . . The person to whom the complaint is brought will counsel the complainant as to the options available, and, at the complainant's request, may help the complainant resolve the compliant informally, and/or help the complainant draft a formal statement of grievance. B. Formal Complaint formal complaint should be filed with one of the University's complaint officers, who are the Affirmative Action Officer/Human Resources Director and the Dean of Students. Normally, the Affirmative Action Officer/Human Resources Director is expected to investigate complaints involving employees, and the Dean of Students is expected to investigate complaints involving students. The complaint officer shall immediately begin an investigation. The purpose of the investigation is to determine whether a violation of this policy has occurred. The complaint officer has an obligation to conduct a thorough and objective investigation in a timely fashion, assuring appropriate confidentiality and assuring that the accused has a full opportunity to respond to allegations. At the conclusion of the investigation, the active complaint officer will, in consultation with the other complaint officer, submit a written report of findings and recommendations to the cognizant Senior Administrator, with a copy to the complainant and the accused. That Senior Administrator shall take corrective action as appropriate. The Senior Administrator shall consult with the president before any decision on action is made. Upon completion of the proceedings, both parties will be promptly informed of the results of the investigation and the outcome of the proceedings. C. Appeals Process The right to appeal the findings, the recommendations, or corrective action is available to the complainant . . ., as follows: . . . . 2. employees may appeal by use of the grievance procedure described in the Faculty or Personnel Handbooks, as appropriate. III. Confidentiality B. Protection of the Accused Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 At the time the investigation commences, the accused will be informed of the allegations, the identity of the complainant and the facts surrounding the allegations. In the event the allegations are not substantiated, all reasonable steps will be taken to preserve the reputation of the accused. Personnel Handbook at 32-33. The Faculty Handbook sets forth the procedures for faculty grievances: 2. Formal Grievance Process b. . . . The Grievance Committee shall be appointed from the membership of the Faculty Senate and shall contain at least five members, none of whom has a direct conflict of interest in the issue at hand. . . . c. The Grievance Committee . . . shall hear the grievance and such witnesses as it deems germane to the grievance and shall forward, within five working days of the close of the hearing, its recommendations in writing to the President of the University with copies to the Chair of the Faculty Senate and parties involved in the grievance. The grievance hearing and other proceedings will be closed to the public in order to assure confidentiality. The aggrieved party has the right to have either legal counsel or other representation. The Grievance Committee shall make every reasonable effort to hold a hearing, reach its findings, and make its recommendation to resolve the grievance within ten working days. d. The recommendations of the Grievance Committee may be appealed in writing to the President of the University by the aggrieved employee within three working days after receiving the decision. With respect to all grievance proceedings, the decision, in writing, of the President shall be final, except where the President is one of the parties in the grievance . . . . Faculty Handbook at 13-14. Earnhardt's Argument In his complaint Earnhardt charges that the defendants breached his contract by suspending him without reason to believe his continued presence on campus would threaten harm to himself or others; denying him a competent, impartial and thorough investigation of the three sexual harassment complaints; denying him informal resolution of those complaints; failing to inform him fully of the charges during the investigation of the complaints; failing to notify him of all charges prior to the grievance hearing; failing to provide him sufficient time before his grievance hearing to prepare a defense; failing to inform him of the procedural rights he would have during the grievance hearing; failing to staff the grievance committee with faculty competent in and American Association of University Professors (AAUP) sexual harassment investigation and grievance procedures; allowing him to attend only one of the eleven grievance committee meetings; allowing the grievance committee to interview witnesses without him or his counsel being present; not allowing him to confront his accusers or to question witnesses; failing to reveal the names of the Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 witnesses interviewed by the committee; not requiring the complainants to appear in person at the hearing and allowing the committee to rely on the Miles/Hazard report; allowing the committee members to consult with Miles and Hazard and lawyers during the hearing; and failing to provide him with explicit findings by the committee with respect to each of the grounds of removal presented. Compl. \u00b6 129. In addition, in his response to the motion for summary judgment, Earnhardt asserts that and Miles breached his contract by failing to follow its own internal procedures; failing to provide an adequate explanation of the reasons for his suspension and then for his termination that would enable him effectively to grieve that termination; failing to provide him with a copy of the Miles/Hazard report at the close of their investigation; failure of the grievance committee to conduct an inquiry independent of that conducted by Miles and Hazard into whether his behavior toward Keene, Boisen, Gully and Duclos violated policy; failing to provide a grievance committee all of whose members were faculty free of conflicts of interest; failure of the grievance committee to hold a single hearing at which he could confront all witnesses before the committee; failure of the grievance committee to determine whether his conduct warranted termination; and failure to afford him a proper appeal from the committee's determination. Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n to Defs.' Mot. for Summ. J. at 3-23. Analysis Because is a private institution of higher education these facts present no state action and Earnhardt's procedural rights are governed exclusively by his contract of employment rather than by federal or state constitutional due process standards. See Knowles v. Unity College, 429 A.2d 220, 221-22 (Me. 1981); Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830, 839-43, 102 S. Ct. 2764, 2770-72, 73 L. Ed. 2d 418, 426-29 (1982); Johnson v. Pinkerton Academy, 861 F.2d 335, 337 (1st Cir. 1988); see also Logan v. Bennington College Corp., 72 F.3d 1017, 1027-29 (2d Cir. 1995). The vast majority of Earnhardt's claims are insufficient to amount to breach of contract because Earnhardt's contract, including the faculty and personnel handbooks, provides no such guarantees. As a glance at the sections of those documents quoted above reveals, Earnhardt's contract contained no requirement that a faculty member's continued presence on campus threaten harm to himself or to others before he could be suspended; no option of informal resolution of a sexual harassment complaint at the request of the accused rather than the victim; no requirement that a grievant be allowed to attend all grievance committee hearings or confront all grievance committee witnesses; no requirement that the grievance committee conduct a single hearing at which all witnesses must appear; no requirement that the grievance committee engage in fact-finding independent of that conducted by the investigating administrators; no requirement that the grievance committee proceed without consulting university counsel; and so forth. Earnhardt claims the references to policies and guidelines in the Miles/Hazard Report, in correspondence from to Earnhardt and in the faculty and personnel handbooks require the University to follow procedures when dealing with faculty grievances. 2 But nowhere do the Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 relevant documents explicitly adopt or incorporate those procedural requirements. See Knowles, 429 A.2d at 222 (Me. 1981). The Personnel Handbook does state that employees are bound by the ethical principles or standards outlined by their professional associations-a de facto adoption of policies for application to faculty behavior-but that provision does not bind or its administrators by AAUP's suggested grievance procedures. See id. Earnhardt also argues that UNE's failure to provide him with a copy of the Miles/Hazard Report until two working days prior to his grievance hearing-and six weeks after the report was issued-violates the University's own requirement that \"[a]t the conclusion of the investigation . . . a written report of findings and recommendations . . . [will be sent] to the accused.\" See Personnel Handbook at 32. However, Earnhardt has failed to identify any evidence he would have presented to the grievance committee had the report been provided to him earlier; that is, he has failed to show that this breach was material. Others of Earnhardt's claims simply are not borne out by the record. First, Earnhardt argues that failed to provide an \"objective and thorough investigation\" of the sexual harassment charges, see Personnel Handbook at 32, on several grounds, all of which are either immaterial or unsupported by the record address each of them. Earnhardt claims that Hazard was unable to investigate the charges objectively because of her prior involvement with the three complainants and due to her having labeled his conduct sexual harassment before beginning the investigation; in fact, Hazard met with the three complainants only once prior to the investigation (logically, in her capacity as the administrator specifically designated to handle sexual harassment complaints involving students, see Personnel handbook at 32), a meeting at which the students did not disclose Earnhardt's name and at which Hazard simply advised them that their complaints might best be brought under the rubric of \"sexual harassment.\" Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts I, App. at 10-11 & 14-17. Earnhardt argues that Hazard's comments to the women at that meeting about sexual harassment being \"the closest thing\" to the behaviors they were describing indicated that the \"university was willing to `fudge' things in order to obtain a desired result,\" Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 7; Hazard's comments on their face belie Earnhardt's interpretation. Earnhardt asserts that Hazard covered up UNE's Counseling & Career Center Director Jeri Keane's alleged conflict of interest and continuing involvement in the investigation. Because Keane never participated in the Miles/Hazard investigation nor sat on the grievance committee, whatever conflicts of interest she may have had are immaterial; even so, the documents submitted by Earnhardt include Keane's own letter to the complainants of January 3, 1994, removing herself from further involvement with their complaints because of her prior contacts with the plaintiff. Keane Letter, Thompson Aff., Ex. A. Earnhardt argues that a more thorough investigation would have undermined two particular conclusions in the Miles/Hazard Report: that Keene \"remained in the relationship [with Earnhardt] against her will,\" Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 7, and that Duclos dropped a student research internship and received an `F' because she was fearful of Earnhardt's sexual advances. First, neither Keene's complaint nor the Report asserts that Keene stayed in the relationship against her will. See Miles/Hazard Report at 2-7; Keene Complaint, Thompson Aff., Ex. C. Second, while Earnhardt claims that Duclos failed her internship project because she never started it, he provides no basis for this assertion in the record and, instead, Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 includes among his supporting documents one that shows her having registered for the internship. Duclos Transcript, Thompson Aff., Ex at 1. The course description Earnhardt submits to prove that such projects cannot be commenced without a faculty sponsor's signature says nothing about the timing of such approval Student Research Project Guideline, Thompson Aff., Ex. J. Earnhardt argues that the omission of certain pieces of information from the Miles/Hazard Report is proof of a lack of thoroughness. He claims that the most \"important, and intentional, omission\" was the failure to include Gully's admission to Hazard on February 17, 1994, that most of the allegations in her complaint were untrue and Hazard's supposed conclusion that this was so. In fact, the documents cited by Earnhardt--principally a memorandum from Miles and Hazard to Dean Beaudoin about their communications with Gully-indicate that as of February 17 Gully had indicated to Hazard that only two statements in her complaint were untrue and that Hazard believed that most of the complaint was accurate. Miles/Hazard Memorandum, Thompson Aff., Ex at 4; Miles/Hazard Report at 14. Finally, Earnhardt argues that Miles and Hazard deliberately omitted from their report \"their conclusion,\" Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 10, that Earnhardt's relationships with the three complainants presented no conflict of interest; he claims that their alleged conclusion was based on their knowledge of Spirito's alleged awareness of Earnhardt's conduct with two students, and implies that Spirito's failure to act on that information was proof that the plaintiff had not, after all, violated the policy. Id. But whether Spirito chose to act on this alleged awareness is immaterial to whether later had a right to investigate Earnhardt's conduct and find that he violated the conflict of interest policy. Even if it were material, the record substantiates Spirito's lack of awareness that Boisen was still a student when he learned of her relationship with Earnhardt, Spirito Aff. at 2-3, and his inability to act on the allegations he heard in 1992 as to sexual overtures the plaintiff may have made to another student, due to the source's refusal to disclose the student's name. Id. at 2. Furthermore, Earnhardt was informed of all charges and complaints against him and given an opportunity to respond during the investigation of the sexual harassment complaints, compare Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n to Defs.' Mot. at 11 with Suspension Letter and with Keene Complaint (App to Miles/Hazard Report and Attachment to Suspension Letter) at 1-2; he did receive an extensive explanation of the reasons for his termination prior to the grievance committee hearing, see Miles/Hazard Report; Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 42; the grievance committee did determine whether his conduct warranted suspension and then termination, see Committee Memorandum \u00b6\u00b6 3-6; and there are no factual allegations to substantiate the accusation that one of the members of the grievance committee had a \"direct conflict of interest in the issue at hand,\" see Faculty Handbook at 13, simply because he had served as faculty advisor to Darden Duclos (the student who presented additional information to Miles and Hazard during their investigation of the other students' sexual harassment complaints). See Duclos Transcript, Thompson Aff., Ex. I; Miles/Hazard Report at 14-15; Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 15 & Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 45; Defs.' Reply Mem. 24-25 & App., Carter Aff. \u00b6\u00b6 3-5, 8-9. Thus Grant UNE's and Miles's motion for summary judgment on Earnhardt's breach of contract claims. Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 Likewise Earnhardt's motion for summary judgment on the issue whether breached his contract by failing to afford him an appeal consistent with the terms of his contract of employment. The relevant facts are undisputed. The Faculty Handbook, which is incorporated in Earnhardt's contract of employment, provides him the right to appeal grievance committee decisions \"in writing to the President of the University . . . within three working days after receiving the decision.\" Faculty Handbook at 13. Earnhardt appealed the grievance committee's decision the very day he received it, May 9, 1994, but four days earlier President Reynolds independently decided to review the grievance committee's findings and recommendations as if Earnhardt already had requested an appeal. Pl.'s Mem. in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. at 4; see also Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 84. But for the order of the letters, which may have crossed in the mail, President Reynolds afforded Earnhardt the very review to which his contract of employment entitled him. Nothing in his employment contract provides Earnhardt with the right to a de novo factual determination by the president, nor does it guarantee him an opportunity beyond his initial submission of an appeal in writing to argue the merits of his case. 3 Counterclaims (Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process) Under Maine law the elements of abuse of process are the use of legal process in a manner not proper in the regular conduct of the legal proceedings and the existence of an ulterior motive. Goucher v. Dineen, 471 A.2d 688, 689 (Me. 1984). The First Circuit Court of Appeals has explained that the filing of a baseless lawsuit itself may be sufficient to establish a claim. Simon v. Navon, 71 F.3d 9, 15 (1st Cir. 1995) (construing abuse of process under Maine law). However, proof of an ulterior motive requires showing a \"specific link\" between the process at issue-here a lawsuit-and an impermissible, collateral purpose. Simon, 71 F.3d at 16. As the First Circuit explained, \"This could [be] satisfied . . . with evidence of a threat made explicitly to [the defendant] or a disclosure confided to a third party that [the plaintiff] planned to file suit solely to hurt [the defendant].\" Id. at 16. That is, \"circumstantial evidence,\" see Defs. Objections to Pl.'s Mot. Dismiss and for Summ. J. upon Defs.' Countercls. at 12, of an ulterior motive is insufficient. Here, because and Miles have failed to provide any evidence of such a \"specific link Grant Earnhardt's motion for summary judgment on abuse of process. Earnhardt also has moved for summary judgment on the malicious prosecution claim. Under Maine law, to sustain an action for \"wrongful use of civil proceedings\" a party must show that the proceedings were initiated or continued without probable cause and with malice, that the primary purpose was one other than that of securing the proper adjudication of the claim in which the proceedings are based and that the proceedings have terminated in favor of the person against whom they are brought. See Restatement (Second) of Torts, \u00a7 674; see also Nadeau v. State, 395 A.2d 107, 116 (Me. 1978); Larsen v. Hanscom, 539 A.2d 627, 627 (Me. 1988); Simon, 71 F.3d at 14-15. The proceedings in question cannot be deemed terminated until the final disposition of any appeals that may be taken, see Restatement \u00a7 674 cmt. j read First Circuit precedent as requiring this precondition even with respect to the voluntarily dismissed counts against the individual faculty and staff, despite the Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 fact that those counts cannot be subject to appeal. See Simon, 71 F.3d at 15 (\"The difference between [abuse of process and malicious prosecution] often is explained as a matter of timing and scope: malicious prosecution is the appropriate cause of action for challenging the whole of a lawsuit-i.e., asserting that the suit has no basis and should not have been brought-while abuse of process covers the allegedly improper use of individual legal procedures after a suit has been filed properly.\" (emphasis added)). Accordingly, the malicious prosecution claim is premature and Grant Earnhardt's motion for summary judgment and Miles have moved to strike the certificate of Earnhardt's lawyer on a variety of grounds, including failure to comply with the requirements for the form and substance of an affidavit for summary judgment purposes. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). Given my rulings above with respect to final termination, the motion is Moot. Other Pending Motions The above rulings render Moot the defendants' motion for judgment on the pleadings and their motion in limine to exclude the testimony of Nancy Deane, as well as the plaintiff's motion to strike the defendants' affirmative defenses and his motion to strike portions of the Beaudoin, Moore, Spirito and Miles affidavits. Nothing presented in the affidavits would affect or alter my rulings above. The plaintiff's motion to strike the defendants' Supplemental Statement of Material Facts seems to have been based on a misunderstanding of its purpose 4 ; given that and the appropriateness of the supplement that motion is Denied. The defendants' remaining motion for extension of a page limit is Granted; the plaintiff's objection to the length of the defendant's reply to his summary judgment response is Denied. Conclusion In sum, the defendants' motion for summary judgment as to all remaining counts of the complaint is Granted, the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on his breach of contract claim is Denied and the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on the defendants' counterclaims are Granted. So Ordered. Dated this 3rd day of July, 1996. 1. Earnhardt also argues that has breached an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Although the Law Court has not entirely foreclosed future recognition of that cause of action, it has declined to recognize it thus far with respect to employment and has indicated that the prerequisites would include a violation of a public policy clearly enunciated by statute and for which no civil remedy is available. See Bard, 590 A.2d at 156. The statute cited by the plaintiff here, 20 U.S.C. \u00a7 1681 et seq., relates to sex discrimination and therefore is irrelevant to the undisputed facts in this case, which concerns the treatment of Earnhardt, not his accusers. See Order, Earnhardt v. UNE, 95-229 (D. Me. Earnhardt v. University of New England 1996 \| Cited 0 times \| D. Maine \| July 3, 1996 Jan. 26, 1996) (endorsement on Pl.'s Mot. to Amend Compl. of Oct. 2, 1995). Moreover, the plaintiff does have a civil remedy in this instance, one for breach of contract. 2. Dean Beaudoin's termination letter of March 3, 1994, referred to \"allegations of violations of the guidelines,\" Termination Letter, Thompson Aff., Ex. O, and the Miles/Hazard Report referred in detail to the Statement on Professional Ethics, Miles/Hazard Report at 5, 10, 13, 15 & 16, and AAUP's Sexual Harassment, Suggested Policy and Procedures for Handling Complaints. Id. at 6, 9 & 13. 3. The only arguments raised by Earnhardt's attorney in his appeal letter were as follows: Insofar as and my client were not notified as to any hearings in which witnesses on behalf of the University appeared and addressed your committee, and obviously did not involve the right to examine and cross examine these persons under oath, there are very serious flaws in the University's procedures, and [sic] consequently violate due process standard [sic]. Pl.'s Stmt. Mat. Facts \u00b6 8; Att'y Certif., Ex. C. As explained above, Earnhardt had no such rights as a matter of constitutional and contract law. 4. The plaintiff objects to the defendants' Supplemental Statement as if it had been submitted in support of their motion for summary judgment; in fact, it was submitted in conjunction with the defendants' opposition to the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on the defendants' counterclaims and, as such, was entirely appropriate."}

Subsets and Splits