---
license: cc
language:
- fa
- en
library_name: transformers
tags:
- text-generation-inference
inference: false
# widget:
# - text:
#   output:
#     url: PersianMind.jpg
metrics:
- bleu
- comet
- accuracy
- perplexity
- spearmanr
pipeline_tag: text-generation
co2_eq_emissions: 
  emissions: 232380
---


<img src="PersianMind.jpg" alt="PersianMind logo" width=200/> 


# <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">PersianMind</span>

<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">PersianMind</span> is a cross-lingual Persian-English large language model.
The model achieves state-of-the-art results on Persian subset of the [<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Belebele</span>](https://github.com/facebookresearch/belebele) benchmark 
and the [ParsiNLU multiple-choice QA](https://github.com/persiannlp/parsinlu) task.
It also attains performance comparable to GPT-3.5-turbo in a Persian reading comprehension task.

### Model Description

- **Developed by:** [Pedram Rostami](mailto:pedram.rostami@ut.ac.ir), [Ali Salemi](mailto:alisalemi@ut.ac.ir), and [Mohammad Javad Dousti](mailto:mjdousti@ut.ac.ir)
- **Model type:** Language model
- **Languages:** English and Persian
- **License:** [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) (non-commercial use only.)

## How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model.
Note that you need to install <code><b>sentencepiece</b></code> and <code><b>accelerate</b></code> libraries along with <code><b>PyTorch</b></code> and <code><b>🤗Transformers</b></code> to run this code.

```python
from transformers import LlamaTokenizer, LlamaForCausalLM
import torch

device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
# Generate an access token for your account as explained in
# https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers.js/guides/private
access_token = "hf_..."
model = LlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "universitytehran/PersianMind-v1.0",
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    low_cpu_mem_usage=True,
    device_map={"": device},
    token=access_token,
)
tokenizer = LlamaTokenizer.from_pretrained(
    "universitytehran/PersianMind-v1.0",
)

TEMPLATE = "{context}\nYou: {prompt}\nPersianMind: "
CONTEXT = "This is a conversation with PersianMind. It is an artificial intelligence model designed by a team of " \
    "NLP experts at the University of Tehran to help you with various tasks such as answering questions, " \
    "providing recommendations, and helping with decision making. You can ask it anything you want and " \
    "it will do its best to give you accurate and relevant information."
PROMPT = "در مورد هوش مصنوعی توضیح بده."

model_input = TEMPLATE.format(context=CONTEXT, prompt=PROMPT)
input_tokens = tokenizer(model_input, return_tensors="pt")
input_tokens = input_tokens.to(device)
generate_ids = model.generate(**input_tokens, max_new_tokens=512, do_sample=False, repetition_penalty=1.1)
model_output = tokenizer.batch_decode(generate_ids, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False)[0]

print(model_output[len(model_input):])
```

### How to Quantize the Model

Quantized models can be run on resource-constrained devices. 
To quantize the model, you should install the <code><b>bitsandbytes</b></code> library.
In order to quantize the model in 8-bit (`INT8`), use the code below. 

```python
model = LlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "universitytehran/PersianMind-v1.0",
    device_map="auto",
    low_cpu_mem_usage=True,
    load_in_8bit=True
)
```

Alternatively, you can quantize the model in 4-bit (`NormalFloat4`) with the following code.

```python
from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig

quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(
    load_in_4bit=True,
    bnb_4bit_use_double_quant=True,
    bnb_4bit_quant_type="nf4",
)
model = LlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "universitytehran/PersianMind-v1.0", 
    quantization_config=quantization_config, 
    device_map="auto"
)
```

### Evaluating Quantized Models

| Model                                                              | <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Belebele</span> (Persian) | Fa→En Translation<br>(<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Comet</span>) | En→Fa Translation<br>(<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Comet</span>) | Model Size | Tokens/sec |
| :----------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------: | :--------: |
| <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">PersianMind</span> (`BF16`) |        73.9                                                      |                                   83.61                                    |                                     79.44                                  |   13.7G    |   25.35    |
| <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">PersianMind</span> (`INT8`) |        73.7                                                      |                                   82.32                                    |                                     78.61                                  |    7.2G    |   11.36    |
| <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">PersianMind</span> (`NF4`) |        70.2                                                      |                                   82.07                                    |                                     80.36                                  |    3.9G    |   24.36    |

We evaluated quantized models in various tasks against the original model. 
Specifically, we evaluated all models using the reading comprehension multiple-choice 
question-answering benchmark of [<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Belebele</span>](https://github.com/facebookresearch/belebele) (Persian subset) and reported the accuracy of each model. 
Additionally, we evaluated our models for Persian-to-English and English-to-Persian translation tasks. 
For this, we utilized the Persian-English subset of the [<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Flores</span>-200](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores/tree/main/flores200) dataset and
reported our results using the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Comet</span> metric. 
Furthermore, we calculated the average number of generated tokens per second by each model during running the translation tasks. 
To understand resource efficiency, we measured the memory usage of each model by employing the `get_memory_footprint()` function.

## License
<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">PersianMind</span> is subject to Meta's [LLaMa2 Community License](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/facebookresearch/llama/main/LICENSE). 
It is further licensed under [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), which allows non-commercial use of the model.
Commercial use of this model requires written agreement which must be obtained from the copyright holders who are listed as developers in this page.
If you suspect any violations, please reach out to us.


## Citation

If you find the following model helpful, please ensure to cite the following paper.

**BibTeX:**
```bibtex
@misc{persianmind,
  title={{PersianMind: A Cross-Lingual Persian-English Large Language Model}},
  author={Rostami, Pedram and Salemi, Ali and Dousti, Mohammad Javad},
  year={2024}
  eprint={2401.06466},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```