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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to ensemble YOLOv5 models for improved mAP and Recall! Clone the repo, install requirements, and start testing and inference.
keywords: YOLOv5, object detection, ensemble learning, mAP, Recall
---
📚 This guide explains how to use YOLOv5 🚀 **model ensembling** during testing and inference for improved mAP and Recall.
UPDATED 25 September 2022.
From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning):
> Ensemble modeling is a process where multiple diverse models are created to predict an outcome, either by using many different modeling algorithms or using different training data sets. The ensemble model then aggregates the prediction of each base model and results in once final prediction for the unseen data. The motivation for using ensemble models is to reduce the generalization error of the prediction. As long as the base models are diverse and independent, the prediction error of the model decreases when the ensemble approach is used. The approach seeks the wisdom of crowds in making a prediction. Even though the ensemble model has multiple base models within the model, it acts and performs as a single model.
## Before You Start
Clone repo and install [requirements.txt](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/requirements.txt) in a [**Python>=3.8.0**](https://www.python.org/) environment, including [**PyTorch>=1.8**](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/). [Models](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/tree/master/models) and [datasets](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/tree/master/data) download automatically from the latest YOLOv5 [release](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/releases).
```bash
git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5 # clone
cd yolov5
pip install -r requirements.txt # install
```
## Test Normally
Before ensembling we want to establish the baseline performance of a single model. This command tests YOLOv5x on COCO val2017 at image size 640 pixels. `yolov5x.pt` is the largest and most accurate model available. Other options are `yolov5s.pt`, `yolov5m.pt` and `yolov5l.pt`, or you own checkpoint from training a custom dataset `./weights/best.pt`. For details on all available models please see our README [table](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5#pretrained-checkpoints).
```bash
python val.py --weights yolov5x.pt --data coco.yaml --img 640 --half
```
Output:
```shell
val: data=./data/coco.yaml, weights=['yolov5x.pt'], batch_size=32, imgsz=640, conf_thres=0.001, iou_thres=0.65, task=val, device=, single_cls=False, augment=False, verbose=False, save_txt=False, save_hybrid=False, save_conf=False, save_json=True, project=runs/val, name=exp, exist_ok=False, half=True
YOLOv5 🚀 v5.0-267-g6a3ee7c torch 1.9.0+cu102 CUDA:0 (Tesla P100-PCIE-16GB, 16280.875MB)
Fusing layers...
Model Summary: 476 layers, 87730285 parameters, 0 gradients
val: Scanning '../datasets/coco/val2017' images and labels...4952 found, 48 missing, 0 empty, 0 corrupted: 100% 5000/5000 [00:01<00:00, 2846.03it/s]
val: New cache created: ../datasets/coco/val2017.cache
Class Images Labels P R [email protected] [email protected]:.95: 100% 157/157 [02:30<00:00, 1.05it/s]
all 5000 36335 0.746 0.626 0.68 0.49
Speed: 0.1ms pre-process, 22.4ms inference, 1.4ms NMS per image at shape (32, 3, 640, 640) # <--- baseline speed
Evaluating pycocotools mAP... saving runs/val/exp/yolov5x_predictions.json...
...
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.504 # <--- baseline mAP
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50 | area= all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.688
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.75 | area= all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.546
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= small | maxDets=100 ] = 0.351
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=medium | maxDets=100 ] = 0.551
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= large | maxDets=100 ] = 0.644
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= all | maxDets= 1 ] = 0.382
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= all | maxDets= 10 ] = 0.628
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.681 # <--- baseline mAR
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= small | maxDets=100 ] = 0.524
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=medium | maxDets=100 ] = 0.735
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= large | maxDets=100 ] = 0.826
```
## Ensemble Test
Multiple pretrained models may be ensembled together at test and inference time by simply appending extra models to the `--weights` argument in any existing val.py or detect.py command. This example tests an ensemble of 2 models together:
- YOLOv5x
- YOLOv5l6
```bash
python val.py --weights yolov5x.pt yolov5l6.pt --data coco.yaml --img 640 --half
```
Output:
```shell
val: data=./data/coco.yaml, weights=['yolov5x.pt', 'yolov5l6.pt'], batch_size=32, imgsz=640, conf_thres=0.001, iou_thres=0.6, task=val, device=, single_cls=False, augment=False, verbose=False, save_txt=False, save_hybrid=False, save_conf=False, save_json=True, project=runs/val, name=exp, exist_ok=False, half=True
YOLOv5 🚀 v5.0-267-g6a3ee7c torch 1.9.0+cu102 CUDA:0 (Tesla P100-PCIE-16GB, 16280.875MB)
Fusing layers...
Model Summary: 476 layers, 87730285 parameters, 0 gradients # Model 1
Fusing layers...
Model Summary: 501 layers, 77218620 parameters, 0 gradients # Model 2
Ensemble created with ['yolov5x.pt', 'yolov5l6.pt'] # Ensemble notice
val: Scanning '../datasets/coco/val2017.cache' images and labels... 4952 found, 48 missing, 0 empty, 0 corrupted: 100% 5000/5000 [00:00<00:00, 49695545.02it/s]
Class Images Labels P R [email protected] [email protected]:.95: 100% 157/157 [03:58<00:00, 1.52s/it]
all 5000 36335 0.747 0.637 0.692 0.502
Speed: 0.1ms pre-process, 39.5ms inference, 2.0ms NMS per image at shape (32, 3, 640, 640) # <--- ensemble speed
Evaluating pycocotools mAP... saving runs/val/exp3/yolov5x_predictions.json...
...
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.515 # <--- ensemble mAP
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50 | area= all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.699
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.75 | area= all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.557
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= small | maxDets=100 ] = 0.356
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=medium | maxDets=100 ] = 0.563
Average Precision (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= large | maxDets=100 ] = 0.668
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= all | maxDets= 1 ] = 0.387
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= all | maxDets= 10 ] = 0.638
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.689 # <--- ensemble mAR
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= small | maxDets=100 ] = 0.526
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=medium | maxDets=100 ] = 0.743
Average Recall (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= large | maxDets=100 ] = 0.844
```
## Ensemble Inference
Append extra models to the `--weights` argument to run ensemble inference:
```bash
python detect.py --weights yolov5x.pt yolov5l6.pt --img 640 --source data/images
```
Output:
```bash
detect: weights=['yolov5x.pt', 'yolov5l6.pt'], source=data/images, imgsz=640, conf_thres=0.25, iou_thres=0.45, max_det=1000, device=, view_img=False, save_txt=False, save_conf=False, save_crop=False, nosave=False, classes=None, agnostic_nms=False, augment=False, update=False, project=runs/detect, name=exp, exist_ok=False, line_width=3, hide_labels=False, hide_conf=False, half=False
YOLOv5 🚀 v5.0-267-g6a3ee7c torch 1.9.0+cu102 CUDA:0 (Tesla P100-PCIE-16GB, 16280.875MB)
Fusing layers...
Model Summary: 476 layers, 87730285 parameters, 0 gradients
Fusing layers...
Model Summary: 501 layers, 77218620 parameters, 0 gradients
Ensemble created with ['yolov5x.pt', 'yolov5l6.pt']
image 1/2 /content/yolov5/data/images/bus.jpg: 640x512 4 persons, 1 bus, 1 tie, Done. (0.063s)
image 2/2 /content/yolov5/data/images/zidane.jpg: 384x640 3 persons, 2 ties, Done. (0.056s)
Results saved to runs/detect/exp2
Done. (0.223s)
```
<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/124489091-ea4f9a00-ddb0-11eb-8ef1-d6f335c97f6f.jpg" width="500">
## Environments
YOLOv5 is designed to be run in the following up-to-date verified environments (with all dependencies including [CUDA](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda)/[CUDNN](https://developer.nvidia.com/cudnn), [Python](https://www.python.org/) and [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/) preinstalled):
- **Notebooks** with free GPU: <a href="https://bit.ly/yolov5-paperspace-notebook"><img src="https://assets.paperspace.io/img/gradient-badge.svg" alt="Run on Gradient"></a> <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/tutorial.ipynb"><img src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab"></a> <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/ultralytics/yolov5"><img src="https://kaggle.com/static/images/open-in-kaggle.svg" alt="Open In Kaggle"></a>
- **Google Cloud** Deep Learning VM. See [GCP Quickstart Guide](https://docs.ultralytics.com/yolov5/environments/google_cloud_quickstart_tutorial/)
- **Amazon** Deep Learning AMI. See [AWS Quickstart Guide](https://docs.ultralytics.com/yolov5/environments/aws_quickstart_tutorial/)
- **Docker Image**. See [Docker Quickstart Guide](https://docs.ultralytics.com/yolov5/environments/docker_image_quickstart_tutorial/) <a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/yolov5"><img src="https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/ultralytics/yolov5?logo=docker" alt="Docker Pulls"></a>
## Status
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/ci-testing.yml"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/ci-testing.yml/badge.svg" alt="YOLOv5 CI"></a>
If this badge is green, all [YOLOv5 GitHub Actions](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions) Continuous Integration (CI) tests are currently passing. CI tests verify correct operation of YOLOv5 [training](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/train.py), [validation](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/val.py), [inference](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/detect.py), [export](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/export.py) and [benchmarks](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/benchmarks.py) on macOS, Windows, and Ubuntu every 24 hours and on every commit.
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