diff --git "a/test.json" "b/test.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/test.json" @@ -0,0 +1,8002 @@ +[ + { + "question": "Compounds that are capable of accepting electrons, such as o 2 or f2, are called what?", + "distractor3": "residues", + "distractor1": "antioxidants", + "distractor2": "Oxygen", + "correct_answer": "oxidants", + "support": "Oxidants and Reductants Compounds that are capable of accepting electrons, such as O 2 or F2, are calledoxidants (or oxidizing agents) because they can oxidize other compounds. In the process of accepting electrons, an oxidant is reduced. Compounds that are capable of donating electrons, such as sodium metal or cyclohexane (C6H12), are calledreductants (or reducing agents) because they can cause the reduction of another compound. In the process of donating electrons, a reductant is oxidized. These relationships are summarized in Equation 3.30: Equation 3.30 Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books." + }, + { + "question": "What term in biotechnology means a genetically exact copy of an organism?", + "distractor3": "phenotype", + "distractor1": "adult", + "distractor2": "male", + "correct_answer": "clone", + "support": "But transgenic animals just have one novel gene. What about an animal with a whole new genome? Could a clone , a genetically exact copy of an organism, be developed using techniques associated with biotechnology? It could be argued that human cloning is one of the inevitable outcomes of modern biotechnology. It \"simply\" involves the removal of the nucleus from a somatic cell and its placement into an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed. This new cell would mimic the zygote, the first diploid cell of a new organism. This new zygote is allowed to become established, and a few days later is placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother. Theoretically this would result in an individual genetically identical to the donor. Obviously, there are many ethical and legal issues associated with human cloning, and of course, it is not a \"simple\" procedure. But animal cloning is arguably a different story." + }, + { + "question": "Vertebrata are characterized by the presence of what?", + "distractor3": "Thumbs", + "distractor1": "Bones", + "distractor2": "Muscles", + "correct_answer": "backbone", + "support": "Figure 29.7 Vertebrata are characterized by the presence of a backbone, such as the one that runs through the middle of this fish. All vertebrates are in the Craniata clade and have a cranium. (credit: Ernest V. More; taken at Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D." + }, + { + "question": "What is the height above or below sea level called?", + "distractor3": "variation", + "distractor1": "depth", + "distractor2": "latitude", + "correct_answer": "elevation", + "support": "As you know, the surface of Earth is not flat. Some places are high, and some places are low. For example, mountain ranges like the Sierra Nevada in California or the Andes in South America are high above the surrounding areas. An accurate location must take into account the third dimension. Elevation is the height above or below sea level. Sea level refers to the height of the ocean\u2019s surface. This is the midpoint between high and low tide. Sea level can vary from place to place, but scientists base their elevation measurements on the average, or mean, sea level to make sure they have a standard reference point." + }, + { + "question": "Ice cores, varves and what else indicate the environmental conditions at the time of their creation?", + "distractor3": "magma", + "distractor1": "mountain ranges", + "distractor2": "fossils", + "correct_answer": "tree rings", + "support": "Tree rings, ice cores, and varves indicate the environmental conditions at the time they were made." + }, + { + "question": "What chemical signals in plants control different processes?", + "distractor3": "Human Hormones", + "distractor1": "produce hormones", + "distractor2": "nitrogen hormones", + "correct_answer": "plant hormones", + "support": "Plant hormones are chemical signals that control different processes in plants." + }, + { + "question": "Meiosis is part of the process of gametogenesis, which is the production of what?", + "distractor3": "sperm only", + "distractor1": "chromosomes", + "distractor2": "egg only", + "correct_answer": "sperm and eggs", + "support": "Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis) Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, involves the process of meiosis. During meiosis, two nuclear divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the nucleus and then separate the chromatids that were made during an earlier stage of the cell\u2019s life cycle. Meiosis and its associated cell divisions produces haploid cells with half of each pair of chromosomes normally found in diploid cells. The production of sperm is called spermatogenesis and the production of eggs is called oogenesis. Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis occurs in the wall of the seminiferous tubules, with the most primitive cells at the periphery of the tube and the most mature sperm at the lumen of the tube (Figure 18.14). Immediately under the capsule of the tubule are diploid, undifferentiated cells. These stem cells, each called a spermatogonium (pl. spermatogonia), go through mitosis to produce one cell that remains as a stem cell and a second cell called a primary spermatocyte that will undergo meiosis to produce sperm. The diploid primary spermatocyte goes through meiosis I to produce two haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes. Each secondary spermatocyte divides after meiosis II to produce two cells called spermatids. The spermatids eventually reach the lumen of the tubule and grow a flagellum, becoming sperm cells. Four sperm result from each primary spermatocyte that goes through meiosis." + }, + { + "question": "Which type of tree is dominant in temperate forests?", + "distractor3": "shrubs", + "distractor1": "vines", + "distractor2": "fungus", + "correct_answer": "deciduous", + "support": "Figure 44.18 Deciduous trees are the dominant plant in the temperate forest. (credit: Oliver Herold)." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of viscosity is found in long-chain hydrocarbons?", + "distractor3": "intense viscosity", + "distractor1": "increased viscosity", + "distractor2": "low viscosity", + "correct_answer": "highly viscous", + "support": "There is also a correlation between viscosity and molecular shape. Liquids consisting of long, flexible molecules tend to have higher viscosities than those composed of more spherical or shorter-chain molecules. The longer the molecules, the easier it is for them to become \u201ctangled\u201d with one another, making it more difficult for them to move past one another. London dispersion forces also increase with chain length. Due to a combination of these two effects, long-chain hydrocarbons (such as motor oils) are highly viscous." + }, + { + "question": "Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions in this?", + "distractor3": "occasional array", + "distractor1": "incorrect array", + "distractor2": "normal array", + "correct_answer": "regular array", + "support": "Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions in a regular array. The lattice energy (U) of an ionic substance is defined as the energy required to dissociate the solid into gaseous ions; U can be calculated from the charges on the ions, the arrangement of the ions in the solid, and the internuclear distance. Because U depends on the product of the ionic charges, substances with dior tripositive cations and/or di- or trinegative anions tend to have higher lattice energies than their singly charged counterparts. Higher lattice energies typically result in higher melting points and increased hardnessbecause more thermal energy is needed to overcome the forces that hold the ions together. Lattice energies cannot be measured directly but are obtained from a thermochemical cycle called the Born\u2013Haber cycle, in which Hess\u2019s law is used to calculate the lattice energy from the measured enthalpy of formation of the ionic compound, along with other thermochemical data. The Born\u2013Haber cycle can be used to predict which ionic compounds are likely to form. Sublimation, the conversion of a solid directly to a gas, has an accompanying enthalpy change called the enthalpy of sublimation." + }, + { + "question": "About how tall can mid-ocean ridges be?", + "distractor3": "2 inches", + "distractor1": "about 2 meters", + "distractor2": "about 2 feet", + "correct_answer": "about 2 km", + "support": "Besides seamounts, there are long, very tall (about 2 km) mountain ranges. These ranges are connected so that they form huge ridge systems called mid-ocean ridges ( Figure below ). The mid-ocean ridges form from volcanic eruptions. Lava from inside Earth breaks through the crust and creates the mountains." + }, + { + "question": "What are by far the most common type of invertebrate?", + "distractor3": "corals", + "distractor1": "spiders", + "distractor2": "crustaceans", + "correct_answer": "insects", + "support": "This Monarch caterpillar is an invertebrate. It is also an insect and an arthropod. Of all the animal species, it is estimated that well over 90% are invertebrates. Of all invertebrates, the insects are by far the most numerous. There are so many species of insects that scientists have yet to discover them all, let alone name or count them. Estimates of the total number of insect species fall in the range of 1 to 30 million. So, it helps if there are methods to classify not just the insects, but all invertebrates." + }, + { + "question": "What do waves deposit to form sandbars and barrier islands?", + "distractor3": "glaciers", + "distractor1": "magma", + "distractor2": "organisms", + "correct_answer": "sediments", + "support": "Waves may also deposit sediments to form sandbars and barrier islands . You can see examples of these landforms in Figure below ." + }, + { + "question": "Penis, testes, and epididymis are organs in what system?", + "distractor3": "female reproductive system\u200b", + "distractor1": "virus reproductive system\u200b", + "distractor2": "plant reproductive system\u200b", + "correct_answer": "male reproductive system", + "support": "Male reproductive organs include the penis, testes, and epididymis." + }, + { + "question": "Only about one percent of plants have lost what ability, turning them into consumers and even predators, instead of producers?", + "distractor3": "growth", + "distractor1": "flowering", + "distractor2": "rooting", + "correct_answer": "photosynthesis", + "support": "Almost all plants make food by photosynthesis . Only about 1 percent of the estimated 300,000 species of plants have lost the ability to photosynthesize. These other species are consumers, many of them predators. How do plants prey on other organisms? The Venus fly trap in Figure below shows one way this occurs." + }, + { + "question": "How does a neon light produce visible light?", + "distractor3": "mitosis", + "distractor1": "luminescence", + "distractor2": "radiation", + "correct_answer": "electroluminescence", + "support": "A neon light produces visible light by electroluminescence. The bulb is a glass tube that contains the noble gas neon. When electricity passes through the gas, it excites electrons of neon atoms, causing them to give off visible light. Neon produces red light. Other noble gases are also used in lights, and they produce light of different colors. For example, krypton produces violet light, and argon produces blue light." + }, + { + "question": "The bird ancestor that lived in trees developed what feature commonly associated with birds?", + "distractor3": "beaks", + "distractor1": "tails", + "distractor2": "webbed feet", + "correct_answer": "wings", + "support": "Wings evolved in a bird ancestor that lived in trees. Thus, wings are modified arms that helped the animal glide from branch to branch." + }, + { + "question": "What do most living things use to make atp from glucose?", + "distractor3": "nitrogen", + "distractor1": "enzymes", + "distractor2": "carbon", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "Today, most living things use oxygen to make ATP from glucose. However, many living things can also make ATP without oxygen. This is true of some plants and fungi and also of many bacteria. These organisms use aerobic respiration when oxygen is present, but when oxygen is in short supply, they use anaerobic respiration instead. Certain bacteria can only use anaerobic respiration. In fact, they may not be able to survive at all in the presence of oxygen." + }, + { + "question": "What are the two most common silicates?", + "distractor3": "Micas\t and quartz", + "distractor1": "Olivine and quartz", + "distractor2": "Micas\t and feldspar", + "correct_answer": "feldspar and quartz", + "support": "Feldspar and quartz are the two most common silicates. In beryl, the silicate pyramids join together as rings. Biotite is mica. It can be broken apart into thin, flexible sheets. Compare the beryl and the biotite shown in Figure below ." + }, + { + "question": "What term means the amount of water vapor in the air?", + "distractor3": "ambient", + "distractor1": "temperature", + "distractor2": "pressure", + "correct_answer": "humidity", + "support": "Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. High humidity increases the chances of clouds and precipitation." + }, + { + "question": "Paracrine signals move by what method through the extracellular matrix?", + "distractor3": "transfusion", + "distractor1": "osmosis", + "distractor2": "deposition", + "correct_answer": "diffusion", + "support": "Paracrine Signaling Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals. Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix. These types of signals usually elicit quick responses that last only a short amount of time. In order to keep the response localized, paracrine ligand molecules are normally quickly degraded by enzymes or removed by neighboring cells. Removing the signals will reestablish the concentration gradient for the signal, allowing them to quickly diffuse through the intracellular space if released again. One example of paracrine signaling is the transfer of signals across synapses between nerve cells. A nerve cell consists of a cell body, several short, branched extensions called dendrites that receive stimuli, and a long extension called an axon, which transmits signals to other nerve cells or muscle cells. The junction between nerve cells where signal transmission occurs is called a synapse. A synaptic signal is a chemical signal that travels between nerve cells. Signals within the nerve cells are propagated by fast-moving electrical impulses. When these impulses reach the end of the axon, the signal continues on to a dendrite of the next cell by the release of chemical ligands called neurotransmitters by the presynaptic cell (the cell emitting the signal). The neurotransmitters are transported across the very small distances between nerve cells, which are called chemical synapses (Figure 9.3). The small distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an immediate response, such as, Take your hand off the stove! When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the target cell changes, and the next electrical impulse is launched. The neurotransmitters that are released into the chemical synapse are degraded quickly or get reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell so that the recipient nerve cell can recover quickly and be prepared to respond rapidly to the next synaptic signal." + }, + { + "question": "Presence of a cell wall, large central vacuole, and organelles called plastids distinguish what type of cell?", + "distractor3": "heterotroph", + "distractor1": "animal", + "distractor2": "reproductive", + "correct_answer": "plant", + "support": "All but one of the structures described above are found in plant cells as well as animal cells. The only exception is centrioles, which are not found in plant cells. Plant cells have three additional structures that are not found in animals cells. These include a cell wall, large central vacuole, and organelles called plastids. You can see these structures in the model of a plant cell in Figure below . You can also see them in the interactive plant cell at this link:." + }, + { + "question": "What happens when mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin?", + "distractor3": "bruising", + "distractor1": "bleeding", + "distractor2": "balding", + "correct_answer": "goosebumps", + "support": "Mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin. Even humans automatically contract these muscles when they are cold. They cause \u201cgoosebumps,\u201d as shown here." + }, + { + "question": "What are people with osteoporosis at increased risk of?", + "distractor3": "growth spurt", + "distractor1": "epilepsy", + "distractor2": "senility", + "correct_answer": "bone fractures", + "support": "For a long time, scientists considered fungi to be members of the plant kingdom because they have obvious similarities with plants. Both fungi and plants are immobile, have cell walls, and grow in soil. Some fungi, such as lichens , even look like plants (see Figure below )." + }, + { + "question": "Where is energy stored in a chemical substance?", + "distractor3": "inside atoms", + "distractor1": "on the surface", + "distractor2": "in molecules", + "correct_answer": "between atoms", + "support": "energy that is stored in the connections between atoms in a chemical substance." + }, + { + "question": "By the year 2050, 25 percent of the population of the united states will be 60 years of age or older. the cdc estimates that 80 percent of those 60 years and older have one or more chronic disease associated with deficiencies of this?", + "distractor3": "blood vessels", + "distractor1": "respiratory system", + "distractor2": "cardiovascular system", + "correct_answer": "immune system", + "support": "Immune System By the year 2050, 25 percent of the population of the United States will be 60 years of age or older. The CDC estimates that 80 percent of those 60 years and older have one or more chronic disease associated with deficiencies of the immune systems. This loss of immune function with age is called immunosenescence. To treat this growing population, medical professionals must better understand the aging process. One major cause of age-related immune deficiencies is thymic involution, the shrinking of the thymus gland that begins at birth, at a rate of about three percent tissue loss per year, and continues until 35\u201345 years of age, when the rate declines to about one percent loss per year for the rest of one\u2019s life. At that pace, the total loss of thymic epithelial tissue and thymocytes would occur at about 120 years of age. Thus, this age is a theoretical limit to a healthy human lifespan. Thymic involution has been observed in all vertebrate species that have a thymus gland. Animal studies have shown that transplanted thymic grafts between inbred strains of mice involuted according to the age of the donor and not of the recipient, implying the process is genetically programmed. There is evidence that the thymic microenvironment, so vital to the development of na\u00efve T cells, loses thymic epithelial cells according to the decreasing expression of the FOXN1 gene with age. It is also known that thymic involution can be altered by hormone levels. Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone enhance involution, and the hormonal changes in pregnant women cause a temporary thymic involution that reverses itself, when the size of the thymus and its hormone levels return to normal, usually after lactation ceases. What does all this tell us? Can we reverse immunosenescence, or at least slow it down? The potential is there for using thymic transplants from younger donors to keep thymic output of na\u00efve T cells high. Gene therapies that target gene expression are also seen as future possibilities. The more we learn through immunosenescence research, the more opportunities there will be to develop therapies, even though these therapies will likely take decades to develop. The ultimate goal is for everyone to live and be healthy longer, but there may be limits to immortality imposed by our genes and hormones." + }, + { + "question": "Upon death of an organism, during composition, what returns to the soil as ammonium ions?", + "distractor3": "hydrogen", + "distractor1": "potasium", + "distractor2": "calcium", + "correct_answer": "nitrogen", + "support": "When organisms die and decompose, their nitrogen is returned to the soil as ammonium ions. Nitrifying bacteria change some of the ammonium ions into nitrates." + }, + { + "question": "Most insects reproduce quickly and through what type of reproduction?", + "distractor3": "asexual reproduction", + "distractor1": "spores", + "distractor2": "photosynthesis", + "correct_answer": "sexual reproduction", + "support": "Most insects can reproduce very quickly within a short period of time. With a short generation time, they evolve faster and can quickly adjust to environmental changes. Most insects reproduce by sexual reproduction . The female produces eggs, which are fertilized by the male, and then the eggs are usually placed near the required food. In some insects, there is asexual reproduction during which the offspring come from a single parent. In this type of reproduction, the offspring are almost identical to the mother. This is most often seen in aphids and scale insects." + }, + { + "question": "Digestion of proteins begins with acids in what organ?", + "distractor3": "brain", + "distractor1": "colon", + "distractor2": "liver", + "correct_answer": "stomach", + "support": "24.4 Protein Metabolism Digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, where HCl and pepsin begin the process of breaking down proteins into their constituent amino acids. As the chyme enters the small intestine, it mixes with bicarbonate and digestive enzymes. The bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic HCl, and the digestive enzymes break down the proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. Digestive hormones secretin and CCK are released from the small intestine to aid in digestive processes, and digestive proenzymes are released from the pancreas (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen). Enterokinase, an enzyme located in the wall of the small intestine, activates trypsin, which in turn activates chymotrypsin. These enzymes liberate the individual amino acids that are then transported via sodium-amino acid transporters across the intestinal wall into the cell. The amino acids are then transported into the bloodstream for dispersal to the liver and cells throughout the body to be used to create new proteins. When in excess, the amino acids are processed and stored as glucose or ketones. The nitrogen waste that is liberated in this process is converted to urea in the urea acid cycle and eliminated in the urine. In times of starvation, amino acids can be used as an energy source and processed through the Krebs cycle." + }, + { + "question": "Many species of rotifers exhibit haplodiploidy, which is a method of what?", + "distractor3": "respiration", + "distractor1": "circulation", + "distractor2": "digestion", + "correct_answer": "gender determination", + "support": "Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/rotifers) to see rotifers feeding. Rotifers are pseudocoelomates commonly found in fresh water and some salt water environments throughout the world. Figure 28.17 shows the anatomy of a rotifer belonging to class Bdelloidea. About 2,200 species of rotifers have been identified. Rotifers are dioecious organisms (having either male or female genitalia) and exhibit sexual dimorphism (males and females have different forms). Many species are parthenogenic and exhibit haplodiploidy, a method of gender determination in which a fertilized egg develops into a female and an unfertilized egg develops into a male. In many dioecious species, males are short-lived and smaller with no digestive system and a single testis. Females can produce eggs that are capable of dormancy for protection during harsh environmental conditions." + }, + { + "question": "What is the most abundant metal of the earth's crust?", + "distractor3": "magnetite", + "distractor1": "calcium", + "distractor2": "copper", + "correct_answer": "aluminum", + "support": "Metals represent approximately 25% of the elemental makeup of the Earth's crust. The bulk of these metals, primarily aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, are typically found in combined form. The most abundant metal is aluminum, which occurs almost exclusively as the ionic mineral bauxite. The other most common metals, including iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, are also found primarily as the cationic portion of an ionic compound. Very few metals actually occur naturally as pure substances. The ones that do are often referred to as precious or semi-precious metals." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter?", + "distractor3": "Newton's energy", + "distractor1": "heavy energy", + "distractor2": "mechanical energy", + "correct_answer": "thermal energy", + "support": "The total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter is called thermal energy." + }, + { + "question": "What part of the eye allows light to enter?", + "distractor3": "iris", + "distractor1": "eyelid", + "distractor2": "retina", + "correct_answer": "pupil", + "support": "Take-Home Experiment: The Pupil Look at the central transparent area of someone\u2019s eye, the pupil, in normal room light. Estimate the diameter of the pupil. Now turn off the lights and darken the room. After a few minutes turn on the lights and promptly estimate the diameter of the pupil. What happens to the pupil as the eye adjusts to the room light? Explain your observations. The eye can detect an impressive amount of detail, considering how small the image is on the retina. To get some idea of how small the image can be, consider the following example." + }, + { + "question": "The body cannot sustain for very long the bursts of energy mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones associated with what stress response?", + "distractor3": "sink-or-swim", + "distractor1": "do-or-die", + "distractor2": "fainting", + "correct_answer": "fight-or-flight", + "support": "Watch this Discovery Channel animation (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/adrenaline) describing the flight-or-flight response. Long-term Stress Response Long-term stress response differs from short-term stress response. The body cannot sustain the bursts of energy mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine for long times. Instead, other hormones come into play. In a long-term stress response, the hypothalamus triggers the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland. The adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH to release steroid hormones called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids turn on transcription of certain genes in the nuclei of target cells. They change enzyme concentrations in the cytoplasm and affect cellular metabolism. There are two main corticosteroids: glucocorticoids such as cortisol, and mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. These hormones target the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in the adipose tissue. The fatty acids are released into the bloodstream for other tissues to use for ATP production. The glucocorticoids primarily affect glucose metabolism by stimulating glucose synthesis. Glucocorticoids also have anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of the immune system. For example, cortisone is used as an anti-inflammatory medication; however, it cannot be used long term as it increases susceptibility to disease due to its immune-suppressing effects. Mineralocorticoids function to regulate ion and water balance of the body. The hormone aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of water and sodium ions in the kidney, which results in increased blood pressure and volume. Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids can cause a condition known as Cushing\u2019s disease, characterized by a shifting of fat storage areas of the body. This can cause the accumulation of adipose tissue in the face and neck, and excessive glucose in the blood. Hyposecretion of the corticosteroids can cause Addison\u2019s disease, which may result in bronzing of the skin, hypoglycemia, and low electrolyte levels in the blood." + }, + { + "question": "What system enters the brain stem and influences activity in the cerebellum, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex?", + "distractor3": "lipids system", + "distractor1": "vasculature system", + "distractor2": "ventrical system", + "correct_answer": "vestibular system", + "support": "14.2 Central Processing Sensory input to the brain enters through pathways that travel through either the spinal cord (for somatosensory input from the body) or the brain stem (for everything else, except the visual and olfactory systems) to reach the diencephalon. In the diencephalon, sensory pathways reach the thalamus. This is necessary for all sensory systems to reach the cerebral cortex, except for the olfactory system that is directly connected to the frontal and temporal lobes. The two major tracts in the spinal cord, originating from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, are the dorsal column system and the spinothalamic tract. The major differences between the two are in the type of information that is relayed to the brain and where the tracts decussate. The dorsal column system primarily carries information about touch and proprioception and crosses the midline in the medulla. The spinothalamic tract is primarily responsible for pain and temperature sensation and crosses the midline in the spinal cord at the level at which it enters. The trigeminal nerve adds similar sensation information from the head to these pathways. The auditory pathway passes through multiple nuclei in the brain stem in which additional information is extracted from the basic frequency stimuli processed by the cochlea. Sound localization is made possible through the activity of these brain stem structures. The vestibular system enters the brain stem and influences activity in the cerebellum, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex. The visual pathway segregates information from the two eyes so that one half of the visual field projects to the other side of the brain. Within visual cortical areas, the perception of the stimuli and their location is passed along two streams, one ventral and one dorsal. The ventral visual stream connects to structures in the temporal lobe that are important for long-term memory formation. The dorsal visual stream interacts with the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe, and together they can influence the activity in the frontal lobe to generate movements of the body in relation to visual information." + }, + { + "question": "In what type of animals may a body cavity be present or absent?", + "distractor3": "nonvascular", + "distractor1": "vertebrate", + "distractor2": "bicellular", + "correct_answer": "triploblastic", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Chemical reactions involve a transfer of heat energy. measured in what?", + "distractor3": "thermals", + "distractor1": "amps", + "distractor2": "amperes", + "correct_answer": "joules", + "support": "Chemical reactions involve a transfer of heat energy. Measured in joules." + }, + { + "question": "Trees and shrubs are example of what type of plant?", + "distractor3": "grasses", + "distractor1": "biennial", + "distractor2": "annuals", + "correct_answer": "perennials", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The products of what process are needed for cellular respiration, and vice versa?", + "distractor3": "circulation", + "distractor1": "digestion", + "distractor2": "spermatogenesis", + "correct_answer": "photosynthesis", + "support": "Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are like two sides of the same coin. This is clear from the diagram in Figure below . The products of photosynthesis are needed for cellular respiration. The products of cellular respiration are needed for photosynthesis. Together, the two processes store and release energy in virtually all living things." + }, + { + "question": "Most fungi get organic compounds from what?", + "distractor3": "carnivorous organisms", + "distractor1": "inorganic material", + "distractor2": "living organisms", + "correct_answer": "dead organisms", + "support": "Most fungi get organic compounds from dead organisms. They are decomposers called saprotrophs. A saprotroph feeds on any remaining organic matter after other decomposers do their work. Fungi use enzymes to digest organic remains and then absorb the resulting organic compounds. As decomposers, fungi are vital for the health of ecosystems. They break down nonliving organic matter and release the nutrients into the soil. Plants can then use the nutrients and pass them on to herbivores and other consumers." + }, + { + "question": "How do very massive stars end their lives?", + "distractor3": "consumed by black hole", + "distractor1": "become super novas", + "distractor2": "explode", + "correct_answer": "become red supergiants", + "support": "A more massive star ends its life in a more dramatic way. Very massive stars become red supergiants . Unlike a red giant, when all the helium in a red supergiant is gone, fusion continues. Lighter atoms fuse into heavier atoms up to iron atoms. Creating elements heavier than iron through fusion uses more energy than it produces. For this reason, stars do not ordinarily form any heavier elements. When there are no more elements for the star to fuse, the core succumbs to gravity and collapses." + }, + { + "question": "Pairs of nitrogenous bases are attached to each other by?", + "distractor3": "magnetism", + "distractor1": "potassium bonds", + "distractor2": "ionic bonds", + "correct_answer": "hydrogen bonds", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Rupture can cause fragments of what to travel via the bloodstream and become lodged in other arteries?", + "distractor3": "white blood cells", + "distractor1": "enamel", + "distractor2": "red blood cells", + "correct_answer": "plaque", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The strength of a base depends on the concentration of _______ it produces when dissolved in water?", + "distractor3": "monoxide ions", + "distractor1": "combustion ions", + "distractor2": "calcium ions", + "correct_answer": "hydroxide ions", + "support": "The strength of a base depends on the concentration of hydroxide ions it produces when dissolved in water. For example, sodium hydroxide completely breaks down into ions in water, so it is a strong base. However, only a fraction of ammonia breaks down into ions, so it is a weak base." + }, + { + "question": "The overall voltage of the battery is therefore the sum of ________ of the individual cells.", + "distractor3": "weights", + "distractor1": "currents", + "distractor2": "resistances", + "correct_answer": "voltages", + "support": "Batteries There are two basic kinds of batteries: disposable, or primary, batteries, in which the electrode reactions are effectively irreversible and which cannot be recharged; andrechargeable, or secondary, batteries, which form an insoluble product that adheres to the electrodes. These batteries can be recharged by applying an electrical potential in the reverse direction. The recharging process temporarily converts a rechargeable battery from a galvanic cell to an electrolytic cell. Batteries are cleverly engineered devices that are based on the same fundamental laws as galvanic cells. The major difference between batteries and the galvanic cells we have previously described is that commercial batteries use solids or pastes rather than solutions as reactants to maximize the electrical output per unit mass. The use of highly concentrated or solid reactants has another beneficial effect: the concentrations of the reactants and the products do not change greatly as the battery is discharged; consequently, the output voltage remains remarkably constant during the discharge process. This behavior is in contrast to that of the Zn/Cu cell, whose output decreases logarithmically as the reaction proceeds (Figure 19.11 \"The Variation of \"). When a battery consists of more than one galvanic cell, the cells are usually connected in series\u2014that is, with the positive (+) terminal of one cell connected to the negative (\u2212) terminal of the next, and so forth. The overall voltage of the battery is therefore the sum of the voltages of the individual cells." + }, + { + "question": "Organisms that live deep in the ocean must be able to withstand what?", + "distractor3": "tsunamis", + "distractor1": "the sun", + "distractor2": "significant water pressure", + "correct_answer": "extreme water pressure", + "support": "Organisms that live deep in the ocean must be able to withstand extreme water pressure, very cold water, and complete darkness. However, even here, thriving communities of living things can be found. Organisms cluster around hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor. The vents release hot water containing chemicals that would be toxic to most other living things. The producers among them are single-celled chemoautotrophs. They make food using energy stored in the chemicals. The tube worms in this chapter's opening photo depend on these chemoautotrophs for food." + }, + { + "question": "Which system are the brain and spinal cord apart of?", + "distractor3": "limbic system", + "distractor1": "large nervous system", + "distractor2": "cerebral cortex", + "correct_answer": "central nervous system", + "support": "The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain serves as the control center of the nervous system and the body as a whole. It consists of three major parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The spinal cord carries nerve impulses back and forth between the body and brain." + }, + { + "question": "What are biochemical catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions?", + "distractor3": "polymers", + "distractor1": "inhibitor", + "distractor2": "metabolites", + "correct_answer": "enzymes", + "support": "Enzymes are biochemical catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. Without enzymes, most chemical reactions in living things would occur too slowly to keep organisms alive." + }, + { + "question": "What process can cause harmful alleles to become fixed?", + "distractor3": "mutation", + "distractor1": "natural selection", + "distractor2": "migration", + "correct_answer": "genetic drift", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What record shows that dinosaurs originated 200-250 million years ago?", + "distractor3": "species record", + "distractor1": "ancient record", + "distractor2": "biological record", + "correct_answer": "fossil record", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What instrument is used to make very sensitive mass measurements in a laboratory, usually in grams?", + "distractor3": "scale", + "distractor1": "speedometer", + "distractor2": "thermometer", + "correct_answer": "analytical balance", + "support": "An analytical balance makes very sensitive mass measurements in a laboratory, usually in grams." + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of bright colors on a flower's petals?", + "distractor3": "to attract a mate", + "distractor1": "to distract predators", + "distractor2": "to absorb light", + "correct_answer": "to attract pollinators", + "support": "Flowers Flowers are modified leaves, or sporophylls, organized around a central stalk. Although they vary greatly in appearance, all flowers contain the same structures: sepals, petals, carpels, and stamens. The peduncle attaches the flower to the plant. A whorl of sepals (collectively called the calyx) is located at the base of the peduncle and encloses the unopened floral bud. Sepals are usually photosynthetic organs, although there are some exceptions. For example, the corolla in lilies and tulips consists of three sepals and three petals that look virtually identical. Petals, collectively the corolla, are located inside the whorl of sepals and often display vivid colors to attract pollinators. Flowers pollinated by wind are usually small, feathery, and visually inconspicuous. Sepals and petals together form the perianth. The sexual organs (carpels and stamens) are located at the center of the flower. As illustrated in Figure 26.14, styles, stigmas, and ovules constitute the female organ: the gynoecium or carpel. Flower structure is very diverse, and carpels may be singular, multiple, or fused. Multiple fused carpels comprise a pistil. The megaspores and the female gametophytes are produced and protected by the thick tissues of the carpel. A long, thin structure called a style leads from the sticky stigma, where pollen is deposited, to the ovary, enclosed in the carpel. The ovary houses one or more ovules, each of which will develop into a seed upon fertilization. The male reproductive organs, the stamens (collectively called the androecium), surround the central carpel. Stamens are composed of a thin stalk called a filament and a sac-like structure called the anther. The filament supports the anther, where the microspores are produced by meiosis and develop into pollen grains." + }, + { + "question": "Collateral ganglia controls organs in which cavity in the body?", + "distractor3": "cardiac", + "distractor1": "cranial", + "distractor2": "pelvic", + "correct_answer": "abdominal", + "support": "To continue with the analogy of the circuit diagram, there are three different types of \u201cjunctions\u201d that operate within the sympathetic system (Figure 15.3). The first type is most direct: the sympathetic nerve projects to the chain ganglion at the same level as the target effector (the organ, tissue, or gland to be innervated). An example of this type is spinal nerve T1 that synapses with the T1 chain ganglion to innervate the trachea. The fibers of this branch are called white rami communicantes (singular = ramus communicans); they are myelinated and therefore referred to as white (see Figure 15.3a). The axon from the central neuron (the preganglionic fiber shown as a solid line) synapses with the ganglionic neuron (with the postganglionic fiber shown as a dashed line). This neuron then projects to a target effector\u2014in this case, the trachea\u2014via gray rami communicantes, which are unmyelinated axons. In some cases, the target effectors are located superior or inferior to the spinal segment at which the preganglionic fiber emerges. With respect to the \u201cwiring\u201d involved, the synapse with the ganglionic neuron occurs at chain ganglia superior or inferior to the location of the central neuron. An example of this is spinal nerve T1 that innervates the eye. The spinal nerve tracks up through the chain until it reaches the superior cervical ganglion, where it synapses with the postganglionic neuron (see Figure 15.3b). The cervical ganglia are referred to as paravertebral ganglia, given their location adjacent to prevertebral ganglia in the sympathetic chain. Not all axons from the central neurons terminate in the chain ganglia. Additional branches from the ventral nerve root continue through the chain and on to one of the collateral ganglia as the greater splanchnic nerve or lesser splanchnic nerve. For example, the greater splanchnic nerve at the level of T5 synapses with a collateral ganglion outside the chain before making the connection to the postganglionic nerves that innervate the stomach (see Figure 15.3c). Collateral ganglia, also called prevertebral ganglia, are situated anterior to the vertebral column and receive inputs from splanchnic nerves as well as central sympathetic neurons. They are associated with controlling organs in the abdominal cavity, and are also considered part of the enteric nervous system. The three collateral ganglia are the celiac ganglion, the superior mesenteric ganglion, and the inferior mesenteric ganglion (see Figure 15.2). The word celiac is derived from the Latin word \u201ccoelom,\u201d which refers to a body cavity (in this case, the abdominal cavity), and the word mesenteric refers to the digestive system." + }, + { + "question": "A bee will sometimes do a dance to tell other bees in the hive where to find what?", + "distractor3": "honey", + "distractor1": "enemies", + "distractor2": "water", + "correct_answer": "food", + "support": "There are many other examples of innate behaviors. For example, did you know that honeybees dance? The honeybee pictured below has found a source of food ( Figure below ). When the bee returns to its hive, it will do a dance. This dance is called the waggle dance . The way the bee moves during its dance tells other bees in the hive where to find the food. Honeybees can do the waggle dance without learning it from other bees, so it is an innate behavior." + }, + { + "question": "The lens focuses light on the retina , which covers the back of the inside of the eye. the retina has light-sensing photoreceptor cells called?", + "distractor3": "tubes and rods", + "distractor1": "cones and tubes", + "distractor2": "holes and cones", + "correct_answer": "rods and cones", + "support": "The lens focuses light on the retina , which covers the back of the inside of the eye. The retina has light-sensing photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods let us see in dim light. Cones let us detect light of different colors." + }, + { + "question": "Temperature, water, soil, and air are examples of nonliving factors of an ecosystem, also termed what?", + "distractor3": "diverse factors", + "distractor1": "nucleic factors", + "distractor2": "conditional factors", + "correct_answer": "abiotic factors", + "support": "Ecology is the study of ecosystems. That is, ecology is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and with the nonliving part of their environment. An ecosystem consists of all the nonliving factors and living organisms interacting in the same habitat . Recall that living organisms are biotic factors . The biotic factors of an ecosystem include all the populations in a habitat, such as all the species of plants, animals, and fungi, as well as all the micro-organisms. Also recall that the nonliving factors are called abiotic factors . Abiotic factors include temperature, water, soil, and air." + }, + { + "question": "Ibuprofen and albuterol are examples of drugs whose _________ have different effects.", + "distractor3": "analogous", + "distractor1": "nanoparticles", + "distractor2": "misnomers", + "correct_answer": "enantiomers", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Although magma once filled our moon's craters, what is thought to have ended there over a billion years ago?", + "distractor3": "deserts activity", + "distractor1": "mineral activity", + "distractor2": "oceanic activity", + "correct_answer": "volcanic activity", + "support": "When you look at the Moon from Earth, you notice dark and light areas. The maria are dark, solid, flat areas of lava (mostly basalt). Maria covers around 16% of the Moon\u2019s surface, mostly on the near side. The maria formed about 3.0 to 4.0 billion years ago, when the Moon was continually bombarded by meteoroids ( Figure below ). Large meteorites broke through the Moon\u2019s newly formed surface. This eventually caused magma to flow out and fill the craters. Scientists estimate volcanic activity on the Moon ended about 1.2 billion years ago." + }, + { + "question": "Sensory nerves carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors to what system?", + "distractor3": "IRCULATORY SYSTEM", + "distractor1": "MUSCULAR SYSTEM", + "distractor2": "ENDOCRINE SYSTEM", + "correct_answer": "central nervous", + "support": "Human senses include sight, hearing, balance, taste, smell, and touch. Sensory organs such as the eyes contain cells called sensory receptors that respond to particular sensory stimuli. Sensory nerves carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. The brain interprets the nerve impulses to form a response." + }, + { + "question": "Which kind of muscle regulates air flow in lungs?", + "distractor3": "alveoli", + "distractor1": "vascular", + "distractor2": "striated", + "correct_answer": "smooth", + "support": "Smooth muscle regulates air flow in lungs." + }, + { + "question": "What type of bonds are formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals?", + "distractor3": "theta bonds", + "distractor1": "sigma bonds", + "distractor2": "omega bonds", + "correct_answer": "pi bonds", + "support": "Sigma bonds are formed by the end-to-end overlap of bonding orbitals. Pi bonds are formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals. Single bonds are normally sigma bonds. A double or triple bond consists of one sigma bond and either one or two pi bonds." + }, + { + "question": "On what day of the cycle does ovulation usually occur?", + "distractor3": "1st", + "distractor1": "17th", + "distractor2": "7th", + "correct_answer": "14th", + "support": "After menstruation, the endometrium begins to build up again. At the same time, a follicle starts maturing in an ovary. Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the cycle. After it occurs, the endometrium continues to build up in preparation for a fertilized egg. What happens next depends on whether the egg is fertilized." + }, + { + "question": "The majority of animals belong to what category, characterized by the lack of a backbone?", + "distractor3": "arthropod", + "distractor1": "vertebrate", + "distractor2": "nematode", + "correct_answer": "invertebrate", + "support": "The majority of living animals are invertebrates. Invertebrates lack a backbone." + }, + { + "question": "What is another name for the vertebral column?", + "distractor3": "brain stem", + "distractor1": "nerve column", + "distractor2": "pillar", + "correct_answer": "backbone", + "support": "animal in Phylum Chordata that has a vertebral column, or backbone." + }, + { + "question": "The temperature at which a substance melts is called its what point?", + "distractor3": "freezing", + "distractor1": "boiling", + "distractor2": "change", + "correct_answer": "melting", + "support": "The temperature at which a substance melts is called its melting point. Melting point is a physical property of matter. The gold pictured in the Figure above , for example, has a melting point of 1064\u00b0C. This is a high melting point, and most other metals also have high melting points. The melting point of ice, in comparison, is much lower at 0\u00b0C. Many substances have even lower melting points. For example, the melting point of oxygen is -222\u00b0C." + }, + { + "question": "Oogenesis, which is gametogenesis in females, begins with what type of ste cells?", + "distractor3": "uterian", + "distractor1": "secretion", + "distractor2": "digestive", + "correct_answer": "ovarian", + "support": "Oogenesis Gametogenesis in females is called oogenesis. The process begins with the ovarian stem cells, or oogonia (Figure 27.11). Oogonia are formed during fetal development, and divide via mitosis, much like spermatogonia in the testis. Unlike spermatogonia, however, oogonia form primary oocytes in the fetal ovary prior to birth. These primary oocytes are then arrested in this stage of meiosis I, only to resume it years later, beginning at puberty and continuing until the woman is near menopause (the cessation of a woman\u2019s reproductive functions). The number of primary oocytes present in the ovaries declines from one to two million in an infant, to approximately 400,000 at puberty, to zero by the end of menopause. The initiation of ovulation\u2014the release of an oocyte from the ovary\u2014marks the transition from puberty into reproductive maturity for women. From then on, throughout a woman\u2019s reproductive years, ovulation occurs approximately once every 28 days. Just prior to ovulation, a surge of luteinizing hormone triggers the resumption of meiosis in a primary oocyte. This initiates the transition from primary to secondary oocyte. However, as you can see in Figure 27.11, this cell division does not result in two identical cells. Instead, the cytoplasm is divided unequally, and one daughter cell is much larger than the other. This larger cell, the secondary oocyte, eventually leaves the ovary during ovulation. The smaller cell, called the first polar body, may or may not complete meiosis and produce second polar bodies; in either case, it eventually disintegrates. Therefore, even though oogenesis produces up to four cells, only one survives." + }, + { + "question": "Humans are among the most versatile of mammals with what type of diet?", + "distractor3": "vegetarian", + "distractor1": "carnivore", + "distractor2": "herbivore", + "correct_answer": "omnivore", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Solute potential is also called osmotic potential because solutes affect the direction of what?", + "distractor3": "electrolysis", + "distractor1": "permeability", + "distractor2": "electrolysis", + "correct_answer": "osmosis", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Newton\u2019s second law of what is more than a definition; it is a relationship among acceleration, force, and mass?", + "distractor3": "interference", + "distractor1": "gravity", + "distractor2": "change", + "correct_answer": "motion", + "support": "9.80 m/s 2 . When we say that an acceleration is 45 g 's, it is 45\u00d79.80 m/s 2 , which is approximately 440 m/s 2 . ) While living subjects are not used any more, land speeds of 10,000 km/h have been obtained with rocket sleds. In this example, as in the preceding one, the system of interest is obvious. We will see in later examples that choosing the system of interest is crucial\u2014and the choice is not always obvious. Newton\u2019s second law of motion is more than a definition; it is a relationship among acceleration, force, and mass. It can help us make predictions. Each of those physical quantities can be defined independently, so the second law tells us something basic and universal about nature. The next section introduces the third and final law of motion." + }, + { + "question": "What is the physical transformation of an insect moving through stages of life?", + "distractor3": "parthenogenesis", + "distractor1": "Transition", + "distractor2": "Growth and Development", + "correct_answer": "metamorphosis", + "support": "With a few exceptions, all insect life begins as an egg. After leaving the egg, insects must grow and transform until reaching adulthood. Only the adult insect can mate and reproduce. The physical transformation of an insect from one stage of its life cycle to another is known as metamorphosis ." + }, + { + "question": "When equal amounts of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid are mixed with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the result is what kind of solution?", + "distractor3": "a thermodynamic one", + "distractor1": "a economical one", + "distractor2": "a lateral one", + "correct_answer": "a neutral one", + "support": "When equal amounts of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid are mixed with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the result is a neutral solution. The products of the reaction do not have the characteristics of either an acid or a base. Here is the balanced molecular equation." + }, + { + "question": "What are fast moving rivers of air that are going in opposite directions called?", + "distractor3": "burst streams", + "distractor1": "air streams", + "distractor2": "cause streams", + "correct_answer": "jet streams", + "support": "Jet streams are fast moving rivers of air going in opposite directions." + }, + { + "question": "Nephrons, renal tubules and the loop of henle are part of the process of blood filtration by what organs?", + "distractor3": "liver", + "distractor1": "bladder", + "distractor2": "lungs", + "correct_answer": "kidneys", + "support": "Kidney Function and Physiology Kidneys filter blood in a three-step process. First, the nephrons filter blood that runs through the capillary network in the glomerulus. Almost all solutes, except for proteins, are filtered out into the glomerulus by a process called glomerular filtration. Second, the filtrate is collected in the renal tubules. Most of the solutes get reabsorbed in the PCT by a process called tubular reabsorption. In the loop of Henle, the filtrate continues to exchange solutes and water with the renal medulla and the peritubular capillary network. Water is also reabsorbed during this step. Then, additional solutes and wastes are secreted into the kidney tubules during tubular secretion, which is, in essence, the opposite process to tubular reabsorption. The collecting ducts collect filtrate coming from the nephrons and fuse in the medullary papillae. From here, the papillae deliver the filtrate, now called urine, into the minor calyces that eventually connect to the ureters through the renal pelvis. This entire process is illustrated in Figure 41.7." + }, + { + "question": "Fungi, such as black bread mold (rhizopus nigricans), have haploid-dominant what?", + "distractor3": "mutations", + "distractor1": "birth cycles", + "distractor2": "gene pools", + "correct_answer": "life cycles", + "support": "Figure 11.9 Fungi, such as black bread mold (Rhizopus nigricans), have haploid-dominant life cycles. The haploid multicellular stage produces specialized haploid cells by mitosis that fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. Each spore gives rise to a multicellular haploid organism by mitosis. (credit \u201czygomycota\u201d micrograph: modification of work by \u201cFanaberka\u201d/Wikimedia Commons)." + }, + { + "question": "The electrode at which oxidation occurs is called?", + "distractor3": "calomel", + "distractor1": "diode", + "distractor2": "cathode", + "correct_answer": "the anode", + "support": "The electrode at which oxidation occurs is called the anode . The zinc anode gradually diminishes as the cell operates due to the loss of zinc metal. The zinc ion concentration in the half-cell increases. Because of the production of electrons at the anode, it is labeled as the negative electrode." + }, + { + "question": "There are about 6200 known species of what?", + "distractor3": "reptiles", + "distractor1": "primates", + "distractor2": "mammals", + "correct_answer": "amphibians", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The lens and other parts of the eye work together to focus a real image on what eye structure?", + "distractor3": "cornea", + "distractor1": "iris", + "distractor2": "pupil", + "correct_answer": "retina", + "support": "As just described, the eyes collect and focus visible light. The lens and other structures of the eye work together to focus a real image on the retina. The image is upside-down and reduced in size, as you can see in Figure below . The image reaches the brain as electrical signals that travel through the optic nerve. The brain interprets the signals as shape, color, and brightness. It also interprets the image as though it were right-side up. The brain does this automatically, so what we see is always right-side up. The brain also \u201ctells\u201d us what we are seeing." + }, + { + "question": "What is required to move or change matter from one state to another?", + "distractor3": "evolution", + "distractor1": "food", + "distractor2": "gravity", + "correct_answer": "energy", + "support": "Energy provides the ability to move or change matter from one state to another (for example, from solid to liquid). Every living thing needs energy to live and grow. Your body gets its energy from food, but that is only a small part of the energy you use every day. Cooking your food takes energy, and so does keeping it cold in the refrigerator or the freezer. The same is true for heating or cooling your home. Whether you are turning on a light in the kitchen or riding in a car to school, you are using energy. Billions of people all around the world use energy, so there is a huge demand for resources to provide all of this energy. Why do we need so much energy? The main reason is that almost everything that happens on Earth involves energy." + }, + { + "question": "A food web can be broken up into what further subdivision that usually has a few links in it?", + "distractor3": "water chain", + "distractor1": "food pyramid", + "distractor2": "oxygen chain", + "correct_answer": "food chain", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What living species of bird is considered the largest of the raptors?", + "distractor3": "pteradactyl", + "distractor1": "California condor", + "distractor2": "peregrine falcon", + "correct_answer": "golden eagles", + "support": "Although not as famous as its bald cousin, Golden Eagles are much easier to find in Northern California - one of the largest breeding populations for Golden Eagles. The largest of the raptors, Golden Eagles weigh typically between 8 and 12 pounds, and their wing span is around 6 to 7 feet. These eagles dive towards earth to catch prey, and can reach speeds of up to 200 mph! Meet one of the largest birds of prey at http://www. kqed. org/quest/television/cool-critters-the-golden-eagle ." + }, + { + "question": "What contains positive protons and neutral neutrons?", + "distractor3": "epidermis", + "distractor1": "electrons", + "distractor2": "ions", + "correct_answer": "nucleus", + "support": "The nucleus is at the center of the atom. It contains positive protons and neutral neutrons. Negative electrons constantly move about the nucleus." + }, + { + "question": "Horny ridges on the jaws serve the same function as what, for turtles?", + "distractor3": "hairs", + "distractor1": "skin", + "distractor2": "taste buds", + "correct_answer": "teeth", + "support": "Turtles may appear slow and harmless when they are out of the water, but in the water is another story. Turtles can be either herbivores or carnivores, with most sea turtles carnivorous . Turtles have a rigid beak and use their jaws to cut and chew food. Instead of teeth, the upper and lower jaws of the turtle are covered by horny ridges. Carnivorous, or animal-eating turtles usually have knife-sharp ridges for slicing through their prey. But as the turtle is not a very fast animal, and it cannot quickly turn its head to snap at prey, it does have some limitations. Sea turtles typically feed on jellyfish, sponges and other soft-bodied organisms. Some species of sea turtle with stronger jaws eat shellfish, while other species, such as the green sea turtle, do not eat any meat at all. Herbivorous turtles have serrated ridges that help them cut through tough plants." + }, + { + "question": "Natural gas is the predominately made up of?", + "distractor3": "sulfur", + "distractor1": "hydrogen", + "distractor2": "carbon", + "correct_answer": "methane", + "support": "Natural gas is mostly methane. Natural gas is usually found with petroleum. People prefer to burn natural gas when possible because it is relatively clean." + }, + { + "question": "Which organs control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine?", + "distractor3": "ears", + "distractor1": "lungs", + "distractor2": "tongue", + "correct_answer": "kidneys", + "support": "The kidneys play many vital roles in homeostasis. They filter all the blood in the body many times each day and produce a total of about 1.5 liters of urine. The kidneys control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine. The kidneys also secrete hormones that help maintain homeostasis. Erythropoietin, for example, is a kidney hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells when more are needed. The kidneys themselves are also regulated by hormones. For example, antidiuretic hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the kidneys to produce more concentrated urine when the body is low on water." + }, + { + "question": "What unit of measurement is defined to be the number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12?", + "distractor3": "one ohm", + "distractor1": "one quark", + "distractor2": "one joule", + "correct_answer": "one mole", + "support": "The relative scale of atomic masses in amu is also a relative scale of masses in grams. We said before that the mole is officially equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. In other words, one carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12 amu, and one mole of carbon atoms has a mass of exactly 12 grams. This relationship is true for all substances. If one atom of helium has a mass of 4.00 amu, one mole of helium atoms has a mass of 4.00 g. One molecule of water has a mass of 18.0 amu, so one mole of water molecules has a mass of 18.0 grams. Molar mass is defined as the mass of one mole of representative particles of a substance. It is expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol)." + }, + { + "question": "What involves sensing and focusing light from people and objects?", + "distractor3": "projection", + "distractor1": "echolocation", + "distractor2": "sensory perception", + "correct_answer": "vision", + "support": "Vision involves sensing and focusing light from people and objects. The steps involved are as follows:." + }, + { + "question": "What is a therian mammal in which the embryo is born at an early, immature stage?", + "distractor3": "carnivore", + "distractor1": "rodent", + "distractor2": "bat", + "correct_answer": "a marsupial", + "support": "Marsupials have a different way of reproducing that reduces the mother\u2019s risks. A marsupial is a therian mammal in which the embryo is born at an early, immature stage. The embryo completes its development outside the mother\u2019s body in a pouch on her belly. Only a minority of therian mammals are marsupials. They live mainly in Australia. Examples of marsupials are pictured in Figure below ." + }, + { + "question": "What are fungi which feed on living cells called?", + "distractor3": "symbiotic", + "distractor1": "static", + "distractor2": "predatory", + "correct_answer": "parasitic", + "support": "23.24 Nutrition Fungi are saprophytes. When they find a source of food (e. dead wood, orange peel) , they decompose it and digest it. The enzymes break down larger organic molecules in the substrate into smaller molecules. These smaller molecules diffuse into the fungus, where they are used to allow growth and repair. Fungi which feed on living cells are parasitic. For example, athlete's foot grows on the human foot. These kinds of fungi produce hyphae called haustoria, which can penetrate host cells without immediately killing them. However, they are friendlier species of fungi. Many fungi live symbiotically with plants or animals. For example, most trees have fungi living in close contact with their roots. In this relationship, known as a mycorrhiza, there are many benefits: \u2022 Growing around the plant roots and often entering plant cells, the hyphae absorb minerals from the soil and release them in the roots. The fungi gets its source of food (organic nutrients) while delivering food to the plant. \u2022 The mycelium here would increase the surface area, thus the absorptive surface, of the plant roots. \u2022 The fungal cells help to maintain air and water flow in the soil around the roots. \u2022 The fungi may prevent other potentially pathogenic fungi to attack the tree." + }, + { + "question": "What rock group offers the richest source of fossils?", + "distractor3": "geode", + "distractor1": "metamorphic", + "distractor2": "igneous", + "correct_answer": "sedimentary", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient", + "distractor3": "Permable", + "distractor1": "nutrients", + "distractor2": "mirrors", + "correct_answer": "osmosis", + "support": "Figure 3.7 Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient. If a membrane is permeable to water, though not to a solute, water will equalize its own concentration by diffusing to the side of lower water concentration (and thus the side of higher solute concentration). In the beaker on the left, the solution on the right side of the membrane is hypertonic." + }, + { + "question": "Isotopes are named for their number of protons plus what?", + "distractor3": "nuclei", + "distractor1": "isomers", + "distractor2": "electrons", + "correct_answer": "neutrons", + "support": "Isotopes are named for their number of protons plus neutrons. If a carbon atom had seven neutrons, what would it be named?." + }, + { + "question": "Movements in the mantle cause the plates to move over time in a process called what?", + "distractor3": "boundary drift", + "distractor1": "continental expansion", + "distractor2": "continental shift", + "correct_answer": "continental drift", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "In phyisics, what is considered to be the rotational version of force?", + "distractor3": "pressure", + "distractor1": "work", + "distractor2": "energy", + "correct_answer": "torque", + "support": "Torque is equal to the cross product as stated above. In general, one can simplify by saying that the torque is equal to the force acting on the object multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the application of the force to the rotational axis. Say you had a seesaw. It is easier to exert torque, get the seesaw to move, if you pushed on the board near the end rather than near the middle. It is the rotational version of Force." + }, + { + "question": "Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called what?", + "distractor3": "cords", + "distractor1": "fibers", + "distractor2": "veins", + "correct_answer": "tendons", + "support": "Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called tendons (see Figure above ). Many skeletal muscles are attached to the ends of bones that meet at a joint . The muscles span the joint and connect the bones. When the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing them to move." + }, + { + "question": "What is the ability to see called?", + "distractor3": "hearing", + "distractor1": "thought", + "distractor2": "smell", + "correct_answer": "vision", + "support": "The ability to see is called vision . This ability depends on more than healthy eyes. It also depends on certain parts of the brain, because the brain and eyes work together to allow us to see. The eyes collect and focus visible light. The lens and other structures of the eye work together to focus an image on the retina. The image is upside-down and reduced in size, as you can see in the Figure below . Cells in the retina change the image to electrical signals that travel to the brain through the optic nerve. The brain interprets the electrical signals as shape, color, and brightness. It also interprets the image as though it were right-side up. The brain does this automatically, so what we see always appears right-side up. The brain also interprets what we are seeing." + }, + { + "question": "Which two major innovations allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water?", + "distractor3": "salt and pollen", + "distractor1": "bee and pollen", + "distractor2": "root and pollen", + "correct_answer": "seed and pollen", + "support": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants Seed plants appeared about one million years ago, during the Carboniferous period. Two major innovations\u2014seed and pollen\u2014allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water. The gametophytes of seed plants shrank, while the sporophytes became prominent structures and the diploid stage became the longest phase of the lifecycle. Gymnosperms became the dominant group during the Triassic. In these, pollen grains and seeds protect against desiccation. The seed, unlike a spore, is a diploid embryo surrounded by storage tissue and protective layers. It is equipped to delay germination until growth conditions are optimal. Angiosperms bear both flowers and fruit. The structures protect the gametes and the embryo during its development. Angiosperms appeared during the Mesozoic era and have become the dominant plant life in terrestrial habitats." + }, + { + "question": "Water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases by the addition of what?", + "distractor3": "demand", + "distractor1": "motion", + "distractor2": "mineral", + "correct_answer": "energy", + "support": "Chemistry in Everyday Life Decomposition of Water / Production of Hydrogen Water consists of the elements hydrogen and oxygen combined in a 2 to 1 ratio. Water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases by the addition of energy. One way to do this is with a battery or power supply, as shown in (Figure 1.15)." + }, + { + "question": "What anatomical feature is shared by all chordates?", + "distractor3": "laxchord", + "distractor1": "isochord", + "distractor2": "botachord", + "correct_answer": "notochord", + "support": "Did you know that fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all related? They are all chordates. Chordates are a group of animals that includes vertebrates, as well as several closely related invertebrates. Chordates (phylum Chordata ) are named after a feature they all share, a notochord. A notochord is a hollow nerve cord along the back." + }, + { + "question": "With wavelengths from 400-700 nm, what kind of light represents only a very small portion of the spectrum?", + "distractor3": "ultraviolet light", + "distractor1": "invisible light", + "distractor2": "sunlight", + "correct_answer": "visible light", + "support": "The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a very wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. Visible light is only a very small portion of the spectrum with wavelengths from 400-700 nm." + }, + { + "question": "In humans, the only haploid cells are what reproductive cells?", + "distractor3": "uteral and sperm", + "distractor1": "dna and egg", + "distractor2": "sperm and dna", + "correct_answer": "sperm and egg", + "support": "The life cycle of a plant is very different from the life cycle of an animal. Humans are made entirely of diploid cells (cells with two sets of chromosomes, referred to as ''2n''). Our only cells that are haploid cells (cells with one set of chromosomes, ''n'') are sperm and egg cells. Plants, however, can live when they are are at the stage of having haploid cells or diploid cells. If a plant has a haploid chromosome number of 20, what is the diploid chromosome number? If the diploid chromosome number is 20, what is the haploid number?." + }, + { + "question": "Where is the spinal trigeminal nucleus located?", + "distractor3": "cerebrum", + "distractor1": "spinal cord", + "distractor2": "pons", + "correct_answer": "medulla", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The lithosphere is divided into a dozen major and several minor what?", + "distractor3": "faults", + "distractor1": "zones", + "distractor2": "crystals", + "correct_answer": "plates", + "support": "The lithosphere is divided into a dozen major and several minor plates. Each plate is named for the continent or ocean basin it contains. Some plates are made of all oceanic lithosphere. A few are all continental lithosphere. But most plates are made of a combination of both." + }, + { + "question": "During the first year after birth, what is a baby called?", + "distractor3": "fetus", + "distractor1": "toddler", + "distractor2": "newborn", + "correct_answer": "infant", + "support": "For the first year after birth, a baby is called an infant. Childhood begins at age two and continues until adolescence. Adolescence is the last stage of life before adulthood." + }, + { + "question": "What are used to indicate the number of atoms of an element that are in the compound?", + "distractor3": "digits", + "distractor1": "indices", + "distractor2": "suffixes", + "correct_answer": "prefixes", + "support": "Prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of an element that are in the compound." + }, + { + "question": "Area, volume, and speed are all examples of what type of units?", + "distractor3": "known units", + "distractor1": "fundamental units", + "distractor2": "calculated measure", + "correct_answer": "derived units", + "support": "Derived units can be expressed as some combination of base units. Examples of derived units are area, volume, and speed." + }, + { + "question": "Anything moving has what type of energy?", + "distractor3": "thermal", + "distractor1": "magnetic", + "distractor2": "potential", + "correct_answer": "kinetic", + "support": "Why do the air and sand of Death Valley feel so hot? It\u2019s because their particles are moving very rapidly. Anything that is moving has kinetic energy, and the faster it is moving, the more kinetic energy it has. The total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter is called thermal energy . It\u2019s not just hot things such as the air and sand of Death Valley that have thermal energy. All matter has thermal energy, even matter that feels cold. That\u2019s because the particles of all matter are in constant motion and have kinetic energy." + }, + { + "question": "A skydiver will reach what when the air drag equals their weight?", + "distractor3": "ending velocity", + "distractor1": "constant velocity", + "distractor2": "building velocity", + "correct_answer": "terminal velocity", + "support": "viscosity. Using the equation of the previous problem, find the viscosity of motor oil in which a steel ball of radius 0.8 mm falls with a terminal speed of 4.32 cm/s. The densities of the ball and the oil are 7.86 and 0.88 g/mL, respectively. A skydiver will reach a terminal velocity when the air drag equals their weight. For a skydiver with high speed and a large body, turbulence is a factor. The drag force then is approximately proportional to the square of the velocity. Taking the drag force to be F D = 1 \u03c1Av 2 and setting this 2 equal to the person\u2019s weight, find the terminal speed for a person falling \u201cspread eagle. \u201d Find both a formula and a number for v t , with assumptions as to size. A layer of oil 1.50 mm thick is placed between two microscope slides. Researchers find that a force of 5.50\u00d710 \u22124 N is required to glide one over the other at a speed of 1.00 cm/s when their contact area is 6.00 cm 2 . What is the oil\u2019s viscosity? What type of oil might it be? 42. (a) Verify that a 19.0% decrease in laminar flow through a tube is caused by a 5.00% decrease in radius, assuming that all other factors remain constant, as stated in the text. (b) What increase in flow is obtained from a 5.00% increase in radius, again assuming all other factors remain constant? 43. Example 12.8 dealt with the flow of saline solution in an IV system. (a) Verify that a pressure of 1.62\u00d710 4 N/m 2 is created at a depth of 1.61 m in a saline solution, assuming its density to be that of sea water. (b) Calculate the new flow rate if the height of the saline solution is decreased to 1.50 m. (c) At what height would the direction of flow be reversed? (This reversal can be a problem when patients stand up. ) 44. When physicians diagnose arterial blockages, they quote the reduction in flow rate. If the flow rate in an artery has been reduced to 10.0% of its normal value by a blood clot and the." + }, + { + "question": "What organs are considered the female gonads?", + "distractor3": "fallopian tubes", + "distractor1": "testes", + "distractor2": "uterus", + "correct_answer": "ovaries", + "support": "27.2 | Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System By the end of this section, you will be able to: \u2022 Describe the structure and function of the organs of the female reproductive system \u2022 List the steps of oogenesis \u2022 Describe the hormonal changes that occur during the ovarian and menstrual cycles \u2022 Trace the path of an oocyte from ovary to fertilization The female reproductive system functions to produce gametes and reproductive hormones, just like the male reproductive system; however, it also has the additional task of supporting the developing fetus and delivering it to the outside world. Unlike its male counterpart, the female reproductive system is located primarily inside the pelvic cavity (Figure 27.9). Recall that the ovaries are the female gonads. The gamete they produce is called an oocyte. We\u2019ll discuss the production of oocytes in detail shortly. First, let\u2019s look at some of the structures of the female reproductive system." + }, + { + "question": "What is the adaptation that certain animals use to become less visible to predators and prey?", + "distractor3": "insulation", + "distractor1": "skeletons", + "distractor2": "speed", + "correct_answer": "camouflage", + "support": "Camouflage by the dead leaf mantis makes it less visible to both its predators and prey. If alarmed, it lies motionless on the rainforest floor of Madagascar, Africa, camouflaged among the actual dead leaves. It eats other animals up to the size of small lizards." + }, + { + "question": "What is another term for blood clotting?", + "distractor3": "differentiation", + "distractor1": "adulation", + "distractor2": "oxidation", + "correct_answer": "coagulation", + "support": "Positive Feedback Loop A positive feedback loop maintains the direction of the stimulus, possibly accelerating it. Few examples of positive feedback loops exist in animal bodies, but one is found in the cascade of chemical reactions that result in blood clotting, or coagulation. As one clotting factor is activated, it activates the next factor in sequence until a fibrin clot is achieved. The direction is maintained, not changed, so this is positive feedback. Another example of positive feedback is uterine contractions during childbirth, as illustrated in Figure 33.21. The hormone oxytocin, made by the endocrine system, stimulates the contraction of the uterus. This produces pain sensed by the nervous system. Instead of lowering the oxytocin and causing the pain to subside, more oxytocin is produced until the contractions are powerful enough to produce childbirth." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call the study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other?", + "distractor3": "climatology", + "distractor1": "biology", + "distractor2": "biochemistry", + "correct_answer": "ecology", + "support": "Most biological sciences are specialized areas of study. Biology includes biochemistry, cell biology, microbiology, immunology, genetics, physiology, zoology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and botany. Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals that make up life. Cell biology is the study of life at the level of the cell. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. Immunology is the study of an organism's resistance to disease. Genetics is the study of how organisms pass traits to their offspring. The study of how the human body works is called physiology. Zoology is the study of animals. The study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other is called ecology. Evolutionary biology is the study of how populations and species change over time. Botany is the study of plants. The four unifying principles are important foundations for each and every field of biology. Applied fields of biology such as medicine and genetic research involve many specialized areas of study." + }, + { + "question": "Childbirth usually starts when which sac breaks?", + "distractor3": "protein", + "distractor1": "umbilical", + "distractor2": "uterine", + "correct_answer": "amniotic", + "support": "During childbirth , a baby passes from the uterus, through the vagina, and out of the mother\u2019s body. Childbirth usually starts when the amniotic sac breaks." + }, + { + "question": "What phenomenon, which is most important in small populations, occurs because the alleles in an offspring generation are a random sample of the alleles in the parent generation?", + "distractor3": "genetic code", + "distractor1": "genetic DNA", + "distractor2": "genetic mutation", + "correct_answer": "genetic drift", + "support": "Genetic Drift Another way a population\u2019s allele frequencies can change is genetic drift (Figure 11.7), which is simply the effect of chance. Genetic drift is most important in small populations. Drift would be completely absent in a population with infinite individuals, but, of course, no population is this large. Genetic drift occurs because the alleles in an offspring generation are a random sample of the alleles in the parent generation. Alleles may or may not make it into the next generation due to chance events including mortality of an individual, events affecting finding a mate, and even the events affecting which gametes end up in fertilizations. If one individual in a population of ten individuals happens to die before it leaves any offspring to the next generation, all of its genes\u2014a tenth of the population\u2019s gene pool\u2014will be suddenly lost. In a population of 100, that 1 individual represents only 1 percent of the overall gene pool; therefore, it has much less impact on the population\u2019s genetic structure and is unlikely to remove all copies of even a relatively rare allele. Imagine a population of ten individuals, half with allele A and half with allele a (the individuals are haploid). In a stable population, the next generation will also have ten individuals. Choose that generation randomly by flipping a coin ten times and let heads be A and tails be a. It is unlikely that the next generation will have exactly half of each allele. There might be six of one and four of the other, or some different set of frequencies. Thus, the allele frequencies have changed and evolution has occurred. A coin will no longer work to choose the next generation (because the odds are no longer one half for each allele). The frequency in each generation will drift up and down on what is known as a random walk until at one point either all A or all a are chosen and that allele is fixed from that point on. This could take a very long time for a large population. This simplification is not very biological, but it can be shown that real populations behave this way. The effect of drift on frequencies is greater the smaller a population is. Its effect is also greater on an allele with a frequency far from one half. Drift will influence every allele, even those that are being naturally selected." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for when an embryo fixes itself to the side of the uterus?", + "distractor3": "exploration", + "distractor1": "bacterial", + "distractor2": "parasite", + "correct_answer": "implantation", + "support": "Implantation occurs when the developing embryo fixes itself to the side of the uterus." + }, + { + "question": "When exposed to ultraviolet, some substances, such as minerals, glow in characteristic visible wavelengths, a process called this?", + "distractor3": "pigment", + "distractor1": "plasma", + "distractor2": "chemical reaction", + "correct_answer": "fluorescence", + "support": "When exposed to ultraviolet, some substances, such as minerals, glow in characteristic visible wavelengths, a process called fluorescence. So-called black lights emit ultraviolet to cause posters and clothing to fluoresce in the visible. Ultraviolet is also used in special microscopes to detect details smaller than those observable with longer-wavelength visible-light microscopes. Things Great and Small: A Submicroscopic View of X-Ray Production X-rays can be created in a high-voltage discharge. They are emitted in the material struck by electrons in the discharge current. There are two mechanisms by which the electrons create X-rays. The first method is illustrated in Figure 24.18. An electron is accelerated in an evacuated tube by a high positive voltage. The electron strikes a metal plate (e. , copper) and produces X-rays. Since this is a high-voltage discharge, the electron gains sufficient energy to ionize the atom." + }, + { + "question": "What disease occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated?", + "distractor3": "malnutrition", + "distractor1": "allergy", + "distractor2": "schizophrenia", + "correct_answer": "cancer", + "support": "Cancer is a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated. Cancer cells grow rapidly and may form a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor." + }, + { + "question": "If a lump of clay is dropped into water, what will occur?", + "distractor3": "Will break up", + "distractor1": "Will float", + "distractor2": "Will dissolve", + "correct_answer": "it will sink", + "support": "Floating and Sinking Drop a lump of clay in water. It will sink. Then mold the lump of clay into the shape of a boat, and it will float. Because of its shape, the boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force. The same is true of steel ships." + }, + { + "question": "Nerve cells that sense touch are found mainly where?", + "distractor3": "lungs", + "distractor1": "stomach", + "distractor2": "brain", + "correct_answer": "skin", + "support": "Touch is the ability to sense pain, pressure, or temperature. Nerve cells that sense touch are found mainly in the skin. The skin on the palms, soles, face, and lips has the most neurons. Neurons that sense pain are also found inside the body inside the body in the tongue, joints, muscles, and other organs." + }, + { + "question": "What do concentric circles on a topographic map indicate?", + "distractor3": "a crater", + "distractor1": "a forest", + "distractor2": "a lake", + "correct_answer": "a hill", + "support": "Courtesy of the US Geological Survey. Concentric circles on a topographic map indicate a hill . Public Domain." + }, + { + "question": "Arthropods today have two unusual hox genes, both of which influence what?", + "distractor3": "motility", + "distractor1": "compression", + "distractor2": "reproduction", + "correct_answer": "segmentation", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What are the little sacs at the end of the bronchioles called?", + "distractor3": "ganglion", + "distractor1": "lung", + "distractor2": "respiratory sacs", + "correct_answer": "alveoli", + "support": "The bronchioles lead to the alveoli. Alveoli are the little sacs at the end of the bronchioles ( Figure below ). They look like little bunches of grapes. Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli. That means oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood. The gases are exchanged between the blood and alveoli by simple diffusion." + }, + { + "question": "How often should women perform a breast self-exam?", + "distractor3": "quarterly", + "distractor1": "yearly", + "distractor2": "weekly", + "correct_answer": "monthly", + "support": "If you are a young woman, getting in the habit of performing a monthly breast self-exam is a good idea. Lumps or other subtle changes in the breasts may indicate breast cancer. The outcome is typically better if breast cancer is caught and treated early." + }, + { + "question": "The spokes of what structures that distinguish saturn appear seasonally, with an origin as yet unknown?", + "distractor3": "satellites", + "distractor1": "moons", + "distractor2": "craters", + "correct_answer": "rings", + "support": "An animation of dark spokes in Saturn\u2019s rings is seen here: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Saturn_ring_spokes_PIA11144_300px_secs15.5to23_20080926. ogv . The spokes appear seasonally and their origin is as yet unknown." + }, + { + "question": "Circulating the air prevents ethylene from accumulating, and carbon dioxide inhibits synthesis of new what?", + "distractor3": "cellulose", + "distractor1": "alcohol", + "distractor2": "sulfur", + "correct_answer": "ethylene", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is a fiber that is found only in mammals?", + "distractor3": "feathers", + "distractor1": "muscle", + "distractor2": "muscle", + "correct_answer": "hair", + "support": "Hair is a fiber that is found only in mammals. Its main component is keratin. A hair shaft consists of dead, keratin-filled cells that overlap each other like the shingles on a roof (see Figure below ). Like roof shingles, the overlapping cells help shed water from the hair." + }, + { + "question": "The sternocleidomastoid is the major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates what?", + "distractor3": "knee", + "distractor1": "tongue", + "distractor2": "eye", + "correct_answer": "head", + "support": "Muscles That Move the Head The head, attached to the top of the vertebral column, is balanced, moved, and rotated by the neck muscles (Table 11.5). When these muscles act unilaterally, the head rotates. When they contract bilaterally, the head flexes or extends. The major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the head is the sternocleidomastoid. In addition, both muscles working together are the flexors of the head. Place your fingers on both sides of the neck and turn your head to the left and to the right. You will feel the movement originate there. This muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles when viewed from the side (Figure 11.14)." + }, + { + "question": "What type of plants does human welfare depend greatly on?", + "distractor3": "fertilizer plants", + "distractor1": "mosses", + "distractor2": "ferns", + "correct_answer": "seed plants", + "support": "30.4 Human welfare depends greatly on seed plants." + }, + { + "question": "What forms when secondary alcohols oxidize?", + "distractor3": "electrons", + "distractor1": "chromosomes", + "distractor2": "ions", + "correct_answer": "ketones", + "support": "Secondary alcohols are oxidized to form ketones." + }, + { + "question": "What are cells without a nucleus called?", + "distractor3": "crustal cells", + "distractor1": "Monocyte Cells", + "distractor2": "heterogeneous cells", + "correct_answer": "prokaryotic cells", + "support": "Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus. They are found in single-celled organisms. Eukaryotic cells are cells with a nucleus and other organelles. They are found mainly in multicellular organisms." + }, + { + "question": "Bones, cartilage, and what other thing make up the skeletal system?", + "distractor3": "lungs", + "distractor1": "muscles", + "distractor2": "organs", + "correct_answer": "ligaments", + "support": "Bones, cartilage, and ligaments make up the skeletal system." + }, + { + "question": "The hypothalamus is actually part of the brain, but it also secretes what?", + "distractor3": "electrolytes", + "distractor1": "enzymes", + "distractor2": "acids", + "correct_answer": "hormones", + "support": "The hypothalamus is actually part of the brain, but it also secretes hormones. Some of its hormones go directly to the pituitary gland in the endocrine system. These hypothalamus hormones tell the pituitary to either secrete or stop secreting its hormones. In this way, the hypothalamus provides a link between the nervous and endocrine systems." + }, + { + "question": "What disease characterized by the extreme swelling of the limbs is caused by infection with a type of roundworm?", + "distractor3": "fibrosis", + "distractor1": "pulmonary edema", + "distractor2": "gigantism", + "correct_answer": "elephantiasis", + "support": "Roundworms can be free-living organisms, but they are probably best known for their role as significant plant and animal parasites. Most Nematodes are parasitic, with over 16,000 parasitic species described. Heartworms, which cause serious disease in dogs while living in the heart and blood vessels, are a type of roundworm. Roundworms can also cause disease in humans. Elephantiasis, a disease characterized by the extreme swelling of the limbs ( Figure below ), is caused by infection with a type of roundworm." + }, + { + "question": "What is the study of water movement, including waves and ocean currents?", + "distractor3": "thermal oceanography", + "distractor1": "theoretical oceanography", + "distractor2": "experimental oceanography", + "correct_answer": "physical oceanography", + "support": "There are many branches of oceanography. Physical oceanography is the study of water movement, like waves and ocean currents. Physical oceanographers ask when or if a tsunami will hit a shoreline. Marine geologists look at rocks and structures in the ocean basins. These scientists ask how new ocean crust forms. Chemical oceanographers study the natural elements in ocean water. Chemical oceanographers might be concerned with where carbon dioxide goes in the oceans. Marine biologists look at marine life. There are lots of questions to ask about marine life!." + }, + { + "question": "What part of the sperm contains the nucleus?", + "distractor3": "nucleus", + "distractor1": "body", + "distractor2": "tail", + "correct_answer": "head", + "support": "The head of the sperm contains the nucleus. The nucleus holds the DNA of the cell. The head also contains enzymes that help the sperm break through the cell membrane of an egg." + }, + { + "question": "There are many types of asexual spores. conidiospores are unicellular or multicellular spores that are released directly from the tip or side of this?", + "distractor3": "goychay", + "distractor1": "ganglion", + "distractor2": "idioma", + "correct_answer": "hypha", + "support": "There are many types of asexual spores. Conidiospores are unicellular or multicellular spores that are released directly from the tip or side of the hypha. Other asexual spores originate in the fragmentation of a hypha to form single cells that are released as spores; some of these have a thick wall surrounding the fragment. Yet others bud off the vegetative parent cell. Sporangiospores are produced in a sporangium (Figure 24.9)." + }, + { + "question": "What forms when nitrogen and sulfur oxides in air dissolve in rain?", + "distractor3": "acid snow", + "distractor1": "carbon rain", + "distractor2": "dioxide rain", + "correct_answer": "acid rain", + "support": "Acid rain forms when nitrogen and sulfur oxides in air dissolve in rain ( Figure below ). This forms nitric and sulfuric acids. Both are strong acids. Acid rain with a pH as low as 4.0 is now common in many areas. Acid fog may be even more acidic than acid rain. Fog with a pH as low as 1.7 has been recorded. That\u2019s the same pH as toilet bowl cleaner!." + }, + { + "question": "Where do mushrooms get their energy?", + "distractor3": "producing dead organisms", + "distractor1": "killing organisms", + "distractor2": "accumulating dead organisms", + "correct_answer": "decomposing dead organisms", + "support": "Mushrooms gain their energy from decomposing dead organisms. Explain why a mushroom is not a plant." + }, + { + "question": "What are the hormones that cause a plant to grow?", + "distractor3": "pistills", + "distractor1": "sporozoans", + "distractor2": "pores", + "correct_answer": "gibberellins", + "support": "Gibberellins are hormones that cause the plant to grow. When gibberellins are applied to plants by scientists, the stems grow longer. Some gardeners or horticulture scientists add gibberellins to increase the growth of plants. Dwarf plants (small plants), on the other hand, have low levels of gibberellins ( Figure below ). Another function of gibberellins is to stop dormancy (resting time) of seeds and buds. Gibberellins signal that it\u2019s time for a seed to germinate (sprout) or for a bud to open." + }, + { + "question": "The ileum is the last part of what digestive system organ?", + "distractor3": "large intestine", + "distractor1": "stomach", + "distractor2": "esophagus", + "correct_answer": "small intestine", + "support": "The ileum is the last part of the small intestine. It is covered with villi like the jejunum. A few remaining nutrients are absorbed in the ileum. From the ileum, any remaining food waste passes into the large intestine." + }, + { + "question": "What are the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms?", + "distractor3": "proteins", + "distractor1": "neutrons", + "distractor2": "lipids", + "correct_answer": "cells", + "support": "If you zoom in very close on a leaf of a plant, or on the skin on your hand, or a drop of blood, you will find cells, you will find cells ( Figure below ). Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Most cells are so small that they are usually visible only through a microscope. Some organisms, like bacteria, plankton that live in the ocean, or the Paramecium, shown in Figure below , are unicellular, made of just one cell. Other organisms have millions, billions, or trillions of cells." + }, + { + "question": "Clubfoot, also known as talipes, is a congenital (present at birth) disorder of unknown cause and is the most common deformity of what?", + "distractor3": "cranium", + "distractor1": "upper limb", + "distractor2": "genitals", + "correct_answer": "lower limb", + "support": "Appendicular System: Congenital Clubfoot Clubfoot, also known as talipes, is a congenital (present at birth) disorder of unknown cause and is the most common deformity of the lower limb. It affects the foot and ankle, causing the foot to be twisted inward at a sharp angle, like the head of a golf club (Figure 8.21). Clubfoot has a frequency of about 1 out of every 1,000 births, and is twice as likely to occur in a male child as in a female child. In 50 percent of cases, both feet are affected." + }, + { + "question": "Somatic cells come from the body and are not what, like sperm or eggs are?", + "distractor3": "organic", + "distractor1": "spores", + "distractor2": "toxins", + "correct_answer": "gametes", + "support": "In the case of Dolly, cells from the mammary glands were taken from the adult that was to be cloned. But other somatic cells can be used. Somatic cells come from the body and are not gametes like sperm or egg." + }, + { + "question": "What forms when nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures?", + "distractor3": "calcium oxides", + "distractor1": "hydrocarbons", + "distractor2": "nitric acid", + "correct_answer": "nitrogen oxides", + "support": "Nitrogen oxides include nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Nitrogen oxides form when nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures. This occurs in hot exhausts from vehicles, factories, and power plants." + }, + { + "question": "A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width is called?", + "distractor3": "circle graph", + "distractor1": "pie chart", + "distractor2": "venn diagram", + "correct_answer": "bar graph", + "support": "Bar graphs are especially useful for comparing values for different types of things. The bar graph in Figure below shows the number of vehicles of each type that passed the checkpoint." + }, + { + "question": "What opens two strands of dna?", + "distractor3": "chromosome", + "distractor1": "replication", + "distractor2": "adenylate", + "correct_answer": "helicase", + "support": "DNA replication. The two DNA strands are opened by helicase. The strands are held open by a single strand of binding proteins, preventing premature reannealing. Topoisomerase solves the problem caused by tension generated by winding/unwinding of DNA. This enzyme wraps around DNA and makes a cut permitting the helix to spin and relax. Once DNA is relaxed, topoisomerase reconnects broken strands. DNA primase synthesizes a short RNA primer which initiates the Okazaki fragment. Okazaki fragments are attached by DNA ligase." + }, + { + "question": "What come together to create continents and supercontinents?", + "distractor3": "mountains", + "distractor1": "islands", + "distractor2": "volcanic sediment", + "correct_answer": "microcontinents", + "support": "Microcontinents come together to create continents and supercontinents." + }, + { + "question": "Most hybrids are sterile because what genetic structures are not homologous and cannot pair during meiosis?", + "distractor3": "phenotypes", + "distractor1": "zygotes", + "distractor2": "ribosomes", + "correct_answer": "chromosomes", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Vultures, raccoons and blowflies are examples of what?", + "distractor3": "consumer", + "distractor1": "producer", + "distractor2": "predator", + "correct_answer": "scavengers", + "support": "Scavengers consume the soft tissues of dead animals. Examples of scavengers include vultures, raccoons, and blowflies." + }, + { + "question": "What are classified by climatic factors and types of primary producers?", + "distractor3": "fossil biomes", + "distractor1": "equivalent biomes", + "distractor2": "old biomes", + "correct_answer": "terrestrial biomes", + "support": "Terrestrial biomes are classified by climatic factors and types of primary producers. The world map in Figure below shows where 13 major terrestrial biomes are found." + }, + { + "question": "All organisms can be classified into one of three of this least specific grouping?", + "distractor3": "species", + "distractor1": "aspects", + "distractor2": "phlylum", + "correct_answer": "domains", + "support": "Modern taxonomists have reordered many groups of organisms since Linnaeus. The main categories that biologists use are listed here from the most specific to the least specific category ( Figure below ). All organisms can be classified into one of three domains , the least specific grouping. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The Kingdom is the next category after the Domain. All life is divided among six kingdoms: Kingdom Bacteria, Kingdom Archaea, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, and Kingdom Animalia." + }, + { + "question": "What artery takes blood to the brain?", + "distractor3": "coronary", + "distractor1": "veins", + "distractor2": "pulmonary", + "correct_answer": "carotid", + "support": "Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of blood vessels (Figure 40.15). Arteries take blood away from the heart. The main artery is the aorta that branches into major arteries that take blood to different limbs and organs. These major arteries include the carotid artery that takes blood to the brain, the brachial arteries that take blood to the arms, and the thoracic artery that takes blood to the thorax and then into the hepatic, renal, and gastric arteries for the liver, kidney, and stomach, respectively. The iliac artery takes blood to the lower limbs. The major arteries diverge into minor arteries, and then smaller vessels called arterioles, to reach more deeply into the muscles and organs of the body." + }, + { + "question": "The bohr model works only for which atom?", + "distractor3": "boron", + "distractor1": "helium", + "distractor2": "carbon", + "correct_answer": "hydrogen", + "support": "The Bohr model works only for the hydrogen atom." + }, + { + "question": "What holds together adenine and thymine?", + "distractor3": "helium bonds", + "distractor1": "covalent bonds", + "distractor2": "potassium bonds", + "correct_answer": "hydrogen bonds", + "support": "The base-pairing nature of DNA. Adenine always pairs with thymine, and they are held together with two hydrogen bonds. The guanine-cytosine base pair is held together with three hydrogen bonds. Note that one sugar-phosphate backbone is in the 5\u2019 \u2192 3\u2019 direction, with the other strand in the opposite 3\u2019 \u2192 5\u2019 orientation. Notice that the 5'-end begins with a free (not attached to the sugar of another nucleotide) phosphate group, while the 3'-end has a free (not attached to the phosphate group of another nucleotide) deoxyribose sugar." + }, + { + "question": "Approximately 20% of the atmosphere is made of which element?", + "distractor3": "nitrogen", + "distractor1": "hydrogen", + "distractor2": "carbon", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "Approximately 20% of the atmosphere is oxygen. This gas is essential for life. In environments where oxygen is in low supply, it can be provided from a tank. Since gases are very compressible, a large amount of oxygen can be stored in a relatively small container. When it is released, the volume expands and the pressure decreases. The gas is then available for breathing under normal pressure." + }, + { + "question": "Compound forms when atoms of nonmetals form molecules that are held together by what?", + "distractor3": "dissonance bonds", + "distractor1": "phenotype bonds", + "distractor2": "magnetic bonds", + "correct_answer": "covalent bonds", + "support": "Compound forms when atoms of nonmetals form molecules that are held together by covalent bonds." + }, + { + "question": "Which property of diamond makes it so hard?", + "distractor3": "carbon bonds", + "distractor1": "non-covalent bonds", + "distractor2": "metal-metal bonds", + "correct_answer": "chemical bonds", + "support": "Diamond is the hardest natural material known on Earth. Yet diamond is just pure carbon. What is special about this element that makes diamond so hard? Bonds. Chemical bonds. In a perfect diamond crystal, each C atom makes four connections\u2014bonds\u2014to four other C atoms in a three-dimensional matrix. Four is the greatest number of bonds that is commonly made by atoms, so C atoms maximize their interactions with other atoms. This threedimensional array of connections extends throughout the diamond crystal, making it essentially one large molecule. Breaking a diamond means breaking every bond at once. Also, the bonds are moderately strong. There are stronger interactions known, but the carboncarbon connection is fairly strong itself. Not only does a person have to break many connections at once, but also the bonds are strong connections from the start. There are other substances that have similar bonding arrangements as diamond does. Silicon dioxide and boron nitride have some similarities, but neither of them comes close to the ultimate hardness of diamond. How do atoms make compounds? Typically they join together in such a way that they lose their identities as elements and adopt a new identity as a compound. These joins are called chemical bonds. But how do atoms join together? Ultimately, it all comes down to electrons. Before we discuss how electrons interact, we need to introduce a tool to simply illustrate electrons in an atom." + }, + { + "question": "Which has a higher metabolic rate, a mouse or an elephant?", + "distractor3": "elephant", + "distractor1": "rat", + "distractor2": "rabbit", + "correct_answer": "mouse", + "support": "Figure 33.4 The mouse has a much higher metabolic rate than the elephant. (credit \u201cmouse\u201d: modification of work by Magnus Kjaergaard; credit \u201celephant\u201d: modification of work by \u201cTheLizardQueen\u201d/Flickr)." + }, + { + "question": "The bony socket that houses the eyeball and associated muscles is called?", + "distractor3": "acetabulum", + "distractor1": "cavity", + "distractor2": "glenoid fossa", + "correct_answer": "orbit", + "support": "The Orbit The orbit is the bony socket that houses the eyeball and contains the muscles that move the eyeball or open the upper eyelid. Each orbit is cone-shaped, with a narrow posterior region that widens toward the large anterior opening. To help protect the eye, the bony margins of the anterior opening are thickened and somewhat constricted. The medial walls of the two orbits are parallel to each other but each lateral wall diverges away from the midline at a 45\u00b0 angle. This divergence provides greater lateral peripheral vision. The walls of each orbit include contributions from seven skull bones (Figure 7.16). The frontal bone forms the roof and the zygomatic bone forms the lateral wall and lateral floor. The medial floor is primarily formed by the maxilla, with a small contribution from the palatine bone. The ethmoid bone and lacrimal bone make up much of the medial wall and the sphenoid bone forms the posterior orbit. At the posterior apex of the orbit is the opening of the optic canal, which allows for passage of the optic nerve from the retina to the brain. Lateral to this is the elongated and irregularly shaped superior orbital fissure, which provides passage for the artery that supplies the eyeball, sensory nerves, and the nerves that supply the muscles involved in eye movements." + }, + { + "question": "Where does the energy produced by plants come from?", + "distractor3": "evaporation", + "distractor1": "groundwater", + "distractor2": "animals", + "correct_answer": "sunlight", + "support": "They are full of energy. Energy in the form of glucose. Fruit and vegetable plants, like all plants, are autotrophs and producers, producing energy from sunlight. The energy from sunlight is briefly held in NADPH and ATP, which is needed to drive the formation of sugars such as glucose. And this all happens in the Calvin Cycle." + }, + { + "question": "Humans cannot digest what primary structural material of plants, which is one of the most abundant organic substances on earth?", + "distractor3": "zinc", + "distractor1": "sulfur", + "distractor2": "carbonate", + "correct_answer": "cellulose", + "support": "Starches (a) and cellulose (b) differ in the connection between glucose units and the amount of branching in the molecule. Starches can be coiled or branched, whereas cellulose, the primary structural material of plants, has long, unbranched chains held together by hydrogen bonds. Cellulose is the primary structural material of plants and one of the most abundant organic substances on Earth. Because our enzymes are not able to hydrolyze the bonds between the glucose units in cellulose, we are unable to digest it. A recently marketed product containing a high percentage of cellulose was sold as a dietetic substance for rapid weight loss, but those who consumed it experienced severe intestinal discomfort because the cellulose could not be digested. The product was quickly removed from the market." + }, + { + "question": "The cell walls of what organisms are strengthened by chitin, unlike plant cell walls, which contain cellulose?", + "distractor3": "yeast", + "distractor1": "virus", + "distractor2": "bacterium", + "correct_answer": "fungi", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What three parts is the earth divided into?", + "distractor3": "troposphere, atomosphere, xerosphere", + "distractor1": "crust, core, magma", + "distractor2": "oceans, land, air", + "correct_answer": "crust, mantle, core", + "support": "From outside to inside, Earth is divided into crust, mantle, and core. Each has a different chemical makeup. Earth can also be divided into layers with different properties. The two most important are lithosphere and asthenosphere." + }, + { + "question": "Ac is better than dc for doing what?", + "distractor3": "stopping electrical ebergy", + "distractor1": "cooking electrcal energy", + "distractor2": "storing electrical energy", + "correct_answer": "transporting electrcal energy", + "support": "Alternating Current (AC): Voltage pushes (so current flows) in alternate directions, back and forth. In the US they reverse direction 60 times a second (60 Hz). AC is more convenient than DC for transporting electrical energy. Below is a plot of voltage vs. time for a standard circuit in the USA." + }, + { + "question": "What arises due to crossing over, independent assortment, and the random union of gametes?", + "distractor3": "alternative variation", + "distractor1": "susceptible variation", + "distractor2": "recessive variation", + "correct_answer": "genetic variation", + "support": "Asexual reproduction has the advantage of occurring quickly. Sexual reproduction has the advantage of creating genetic variation. This can help a species adapt to environmental change. The genetic variation arises due to crossing over, independent assortment, and the random union of gametes." + }, + { + "question": "Myofibrils are long cylindrical structures that lie parallel to and run the entire length of what fibers?", + "distractor3": "heart muscle fibers", + "distractor1": "uplift muscle fibers", + "distractor2": "luminous muscle fibers", + "correct_answer": "skeletal muscle fibers", + "support": "Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure and Function Each skeletal muscle fiber is a skeletal muscle cell. Within each muscle fiber are myofibrils, long cylindrical structures that lie parallel to the muscle fiber. Myofibrils run the entire length of the muscle fiber. They attach to the plasma membrane, called the sarcolemma, at their ends, so that as myofibrils shorten, the entire muscle cell contracts (Figure 16.18)." + }, + { + "question": "Hydrogen atoms form only one covalent bond because they have only one have one of what to pair with it?", + "distractor3": "Water electron", + "distractor1": "loops electron", + "distractor2": "modular electron", + "correct_answer": "valence electron", + "support": "Hydrogen atoms form only one covalent bond because they have only one valence electron to pair." + }, + { + "question": "The ionic end of a detergent can either be a sulfate or what?", + "distractor3": "phosphate", + "distractor1": "molecule", + "distractor2": "calcite", + "correct_answer": "sulfonate", + "support": "Figure 11.33 Detergents contain a nonpolar hydrocarbon end (blue) and an ionic end (red). The ionic end can be either a sulfate or a sulfonate. The length of the hydrocarbon end can vary from detergent to detergent." + }, + { + "question": "The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels. the inside of the small intestine is called this?", + "distractor3": "osmotic", + "distractor1": "reticular", + "distractor2": "porous", + "correct_answer": "lumen", + "support": "The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels. The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen. Figure 34.19 Which of the following statements about digestive processes is true? a. Amylase, maltase and lactase in the mouth digest carbohydrates. Trypsin and lipase in the stomach digest protein. Bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine. No food is absorbed until the small intestine." + }, + { + "question": "Why do fish have short esophaguses?", + "distractor3": "no mouths", + "distractor1": "big tail", + "distractor2": "no intestines", + "correct_answer": "no lungs", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What broad animal group is thought to have evolved from theropod dinosaurs around 150 million years ago?", + "distractor3": "reptiles", + "distractor1": "insects", + "distractor2": "mammals", + "correct_answer": "birds", + "support": "Birds are thought to have evolved from theropod dinosaurs around 150 million years ago. Their ancestor may have been similar to the extinct theropod Deinonychus, whose fossils convinced most scientists that birds evolved from dinosaurs. Scientist still don\u2019t know how or why wings and flight evolved, but they continue to search for answers." + }, + { + "question": "During evolution, something happened to increase the size of what organ in humans, relative to that of the chimpanzee?", + "distractor3": "liver", + "distractor1": "stomach", + "distractor2": "lung", + "correct_answer": "brain", + "support": "Compared with the nearest evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee, the human has a brain that is huge. At a point in the past, a common ancestor gave rise to the two species of humans and chimpanzees. That evolutionary history is long and is still an area of intense study. But something happened to increase the size of the human brain relative to the chimpanzee. Read this article (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/hugebrain) in which the author explores the current understanding of why this happened. According to one hypothesis about the expansion of brain size, what tissue might have been sacrificed so energy was available to grow our larger brain? Based on what you know about that tissue and nervous tissue, why would there be a trade-off between them in terms of energy use?." + }, + { + "question": "What is the protein in red blood cells which transports oxygen around the body?", + "distractor3": "hematocrit", + "distractor1": "plasma", + "distractor2": "hydrogen", + "correct_answer": "hemoglobin", + "support": "What do you see when you look at this picture? Is it just a mass of tangled ribbons? Look closely. It\u2019s actually a complex pattern of three-dimensional shapes. It represents the structure of a common chemical found inside living cells. The chemical is a protein called hemoglobin. It is the protein in red blood cells which transports oxygen around the body." + }, + { + "question": "The glass hydrometer is filled with air and weighted with lead at the bottom. it floats highest in the densest fluids and has been calibrated and labeled so that you can read this from it?", + "distractor3": "density", + "distractor1": "volume", + "distractor2": "mass", + "correct_answer": "specific gravity", + "support": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 12.1 Mendel\u2019s Experiments and the Laws of Probability Working with garden pea plants, Mendel found that crosses between parents that differed by one trait produced F1 offspring that all expressed the traits of one parent. Observable traits are referred to as dominant, and non-expressed traits are described as recessive. When the offspring in Mendel\u2019s experiment were self-crossed, the F2 offspring exhibited the dominant trait or the recessive trait in a 3:1 ratio, confirming that the recessive trait had been transmitted faithfully from the original P0 parent. Reciprocal crosses generated identical F1 and F2 offspring ratios. By examining sample sizes, Mendel showed that his crosses behaved reproducibly according to the laws of probability, and that the traits were inherited as independent events. Two rules in probability can be used to find the expected proportions of offspring of different traits from different crosses. To find the probability of two or more independent events occurring together, apply the product rule and multiply the probabilities of the individual events. The use of the word \u201cand\u201d suggests the appropriate application of the product rule. To find the probability of two or more events occurring in combination, apply the sum rule and add their individual probabilities together. The use of the word \u201cor\u201d suggests the appropriate application of the sum rule." + }, + { + "question": "What system provides a major route for heat flow between the interior and exterior of the body?", + "distractor3": "respiratory system", + "distractor1": "excretory system", + "distractor2": "nervous system", + "correct_answer": "the circulatory system", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Organs involved in digestion that do not have food pass through them are called?", + "distractor3": "bypass organs", + "distractor1": "vestigial organs", + "distractor2": "layer organs", + "correct_answer": "accessory organs", + "support": "Other organs involved in digestion include the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. They are called accessory organs because food does not pass through them. Instead, they secrete or store substances needed for digestion." + }, + { + "question": "At a synapse, what objects are released to carry a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?", + "distractor3": "microorganisms", + "distractor1": "viruses", + "distractor2": "receptors", + "correct_answer": "neurotransmitters", + "support": "Laura Guerin. At a synapse, neurotransmitters are released to carry a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next . CC BY-NC 3.0." + }, + { + "question": "All cells have a jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended. what is that substance?", + "distractor3": "cortisol", + "distractor1": "glycerol", + "distractor2": "plasma", + "correct_answer": "cytosol", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "In physics, when one subtracts the frictional force from the applied force what is the result?", + "distractor3": "kinetic force", + "distractor1": "rolled force", + "distractor2": "quarter force", + "correct_answer": "net force", + "support": "The net force is found by subtracting the frictional force from the applied force." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the force that brings objects toward the earth?", + "distractor3": "centrifugal", + "distractor1": "weight", + "distractor2": "light", + "correct_answer": "gravity", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Skyscrapers and other large structures built on soft ground must be anchored to what, located below the ground surface?", + "distractor3": "water table", + "distractor1": "ocean floor", + "distractor2": "groundwater", + "correct_answer": "bedrock", + "support": "Skyscrapers and other large structures built on soft ground must be anchored to bedrock. Sometimes the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the ground surface." + }, + { + "question": "When your brain senses that your body temperature is increasing, it sends messages to the blood vessels in the skin to increase in what?", + "distractor3": "weight", + "distractor1": "surface", + "distractor2": "height", + "correct_answer": "diameter", + "support": "The cardiovascular system also plays a role in maintaining body temperature. It helps to keep you warm by moving warm blood around your body. Your blood vessels also control your body temperature to keep you from getting too hot or too cold. When your brain senses that your body temperature is increasing, it sends messages to the blood vessels in the skin to increase in diameter. Increasing the diameter of the blood vessels increases the amount of blood and heat that moves near the skin's surface. The heat is then released from the skin. This helps you cool down. What do you think your blood vessels do when your body temperature is decreasing?." + }, + { + "question": "Ingestion and propulsion are the first two steps in which process that describes how humans process and consume food?", + "distractor3": "respiration", + "distractor1": "absorption", + "distractor2": "regeneration", + "correct_answer": "digestion", + "support": "Digestive Processes The processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. The first of these processes, ingestion, refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth. There, the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin breaking down the carbohydrates in the food plus some lipid digestion via lingual lipase. Chewing increases the surface area of the food and allows an appropriately sized bolus to be produced. Food leaves the mouth when the tongue and pharyngeal muscles propel it into the esophagus. This act of swallowing, the last voluntary act until defecation, is an example of propulsion, which refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract. It includes both the voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis. Peristalsis consists of sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along (Figure 23.5). These waves also play a role in mixing food with digestive juices. Peristalsis is so powerful that foods and liquids you swallow enter your stomach even if you are standing on your head." + }, + { + "question": "Which fish has a round sucker used to suck the blood of other fish?", + "distractor3": "moray", + "distractor1": "shark", + "distractor2": "abalone", + "correct_answer": "lamprey", + "support": "Lampreys Lampreys lack scales but have fins and a partial backbone. Their mouth is surrounded by a large round sucker with teeth. They use the sucker to suck the blood of other fish. lampreys." + }, + { + "question": "What type of change is undergone when the physical properties of a substance are changed?", + "distractor3": "atmospheric", + "distractor1": "thermal", + "distractor2": "genetic", + "correct_answer": "physical", + "support": "Any time the physical properties of a substance are changed, we can say the substance has undergone a physical change . All substances undergo physical changes where there is a change in the form of the substance but not in its chemical composition. For instance, the grinding of granular sugar into powdered sugar is a physical change. Similarly, dissolving sugar in water is a physical change. We can also use physical changes to separate mixtures into their components. There are a variety of methods used, and the best procedure depends largely on the nature of the mixture. Depending on the states of matter involved, the relative sizes of the mixtures components, and whether the mixture is homogeneous or heterogeneous will determine the necessary separation technique." + }, + { + "question": "Digestive enzymes are released, or secreted, by the organs of which body system?", + "distractor3": "endocrine system", + "distractor1": "nervous system", + "distractor2": "urinary system", + "correct_answer": "digestive system", + "support": "Digestive enzymes are released, or secreted, by the organs of the digestive system. These enzymes include proteases that digest proteins, and nucleases that digest nucleic acids. Examples of digestive enzymes are:." + }, + { + "question": "When water is aerated it can provide a plant's roots with what gas for cellular respiration?", + "distractor3": "carbon dioxide", + "distractor1": "nitrogen", + "distractor2": "carbon", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Where on a jellyfish is the mouth opening located?", + "distractor3": "top", + "distractor1": "left side", + "distractor2": "right side", + "correct_answer": "underside", + "support": "In the jellyfish, a mouth opening is present on the underside of the animal, surrounded by tentacles bearing nematocysts. Scyphozoans live most of their life cycle as free-swimming, solitary carnivores. The mouth leads to the gastrovascular cavity, which may be sectioned into four interconnected sacs, called diverticuli. In some species, the digestive system may be further branched into radial canals. Like the septa in anthozoans, the branched gastrovascular cells serve two functions: to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption and diffusion; thus, more cells are in direct contact with the nutrients in the gastrovascular cavity. In scyphozoans, nerve cells are scattered all over the body. Neurons may even be present in clusters called rhopalia. These animals possess a ring of muscles lining the dome of the body, which provides the contractile force required to swim through water. Scyphozoans are dioecious animals, that is, the sexes are separate. The gonads are formed from the gastrodermis and gametes are expelled through the mouth. Planula larvae are formed by external fertilization; they settle on a substratum in a polypoid form known as scyphistoma. These forms may produce additional polyps by budding or may transform into the medusoid form. The life cycle (Figure 28.10) of these animals can be described as polymorphic, because they exhibit both a medusal and polypoid body plan at some point in their life cycle." + }, + { + "question": "Calcium ion is an example of what kind of messenger?", + "distractor3": "first", + "distractor1": "third", + "distractor2": "fourth", + "correct_answer": "second", + "support": "Second Messengers Second messengers are small molecules that propagate a signal after it has been initiated by the binding of the signaling molecule to the receptor. These molecules help to spread a signal through the cytoplasm by altering the behavior of certain cellular proteins. Calcium ion is a widely used second messenger. The free concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) within a cell is very low because ion pumps in the plasma membrane continuously use adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) to remove it. For signaling purposes, Ca2+ is stored in cytoplasmic vesicles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, or accessed from outside the cell. When signaling occurs, ligand-gated calcium ion channels allow the higher levels of Ca2+ that are present outside the cell (or in intracellular storage compartments) to flow into the cytoplasm, which raises the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+. The response to the increase in Ca2+ varies, depending on the cell type involved. For example, in the \u03b2-cells of the pancreas, Ca2+ signaling leads to the release of insulin, and in muscle cells, an increase in Ca 2+ leads to muscle contractions. Another second messenger utilized in many different cell types is cyclic AMP (cAMP). Cyclic AMP is synthesized by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase from ATP (Figure 9.12). The main role of cAMP in cells is to bind to and activate an enzyme called cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase). A-kinase regulates many vital metabolic pathways: It phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of its target proteins, activating them in the process. A-kinase is found in many different types of cells, and the target proteins in each kind of cell are different. Differences give rise to the variation of the responses to cAMP in different cells." + }, + { + "question": "Aspirin and ibuprofen reduce pain by inhibiting the synthesis of what?", + "distractor3": "hormones", + "distractor1": "triglycerides", + "distractor2": "lipids", + "correct_answer": "prostaglandins", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What unit do astronomers use to describe distances in space?", + "distractor3": "gravity years", + "distractor1": "quantum years", + "distractor2": "light months", + "correct_answer": "light years", + "support": "Astronomers use light years as the unit to describe distances in space. Remember that a light year is the distance light travels in one year." + }, + { + "question": "What is the process by which water moves through semi-permeable membranes from one part of the body to another?", + "distractor3": "mitosis", + "distractor1": "diffusion", + "distractor2": "electrolysis", + "correct_answer": "osmosis", + "support": "26.1 | Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments By the end of this section, you will be able to: \u2022 Explain the importance of water in the body \u2022 Contrast the composition of the intracellular fluid with that of the extracellular fluid \u2022 Explain the importance of protein channels in the movement of solutes \u2022 Identify the causes and symptoms of edema The chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions. The dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes. In the human body, solutes vary in different parts of the body, but may include proteins\u2014including those that transport lipids, carbohydrates, and, very importantly, electrolytes. Often in medicine, a mineral dissociated from a salt that carries an electrical charge (an ion) is called and electrolyte. For instance, sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) are often referred to as electrolytes. In the body, water moves through semi-permeable membranes of cells and from one compartment of the body to another by a process called osmosis. Osmosis is basically the diffusion of water from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, along an osmotic gradient across a semi-permeable membrane. As a result, water will move into and out of cells and tissues, depending on the relative concentrations of the water and solutes found there. An appropriate balance of solutes inside and outside of cells must be maintained to ensure normal function." + }, + { + "question": "What is the phenotypic range of a particular genotype called?", + "distractor3": "range of motion", + "distractor1": "diversity", + "distractor2": "natural selection", + "correct_answer": "norm of reaction", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What cells are the basis of nervous tissue?", + "distractor3": "osteoclasts", + "distractor1": "erythrocytes", + "distractor2": "lipocytes", + "correct_answer": "neurons", + "support": "Neurons Neurons are the cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. They are responsible for the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations, and that produce movements in response to those stimuli, along with inducing thought processes within the brain. An important part of the function of neurons is in their structure, or shape. The threedimensional shape of these cells makes the immense numbers of connections within the nervous system possible." + }, + { + "question": "Pure carbon can exist in different forms, depending on how its atoms are arranged. the forms include diamond, graphite, and what else?", + "distractor3": "ligands", + "distractor1": "calcites", + "distractor2": "lead", + "correct_answer": "fullerenes", + "support": "Pure carbon can exist in different forms, depending on how its atoms are arranged. The forms include diamond, graphite, and fullerenes. All three forms exist as crystals, but they have different structures. Their different structures, in turn, give them different properties. You can learn more about them in Table below ." + }, + { + "question": "Which cavity, filled with lubricating serous fluid, lies between the epicardium and the pericardium?", + "distractor3": "thoracic cavity", + "distractor1": "cranial cavity", + "distractor2": "oral cavity", + "correct_answer": "pericardial cavity", + "support": "and is part of the heart wall. The pericardial cavity, filled with lubricating serous fluid, lies between the epicardium and the pericardium. In most organs within the body, visceral serous membranes such as the epicardium are microscopic. However, in the case of the heart, it is not a microscopic layer but rather a macroscopic layer, consisting of a simple squamous epithelium called a mesothelium, reinforced with loose, irregular, or areolar connective tissue that attaches to the pericardium. This mesothelium secretes the lubricating serous fluid that fills the pericardial cavity and reduces friction as the heart contracts. Figure 19.5 illustrates the pericardial membrane and the layers of the heart." + }, + { + "question": "What part of the male reproductive system is involved with the most common disorders?", + "distractor3": "the glans", + "distractor1": "the ureter", + "distractor2": "the penis", + "correct_answer": "the testes", + "support": "Most common disorders of the male reproductive system involve the testes. They include injuries and cancer." + }, + { + "question": "Layers of what create a volcano?", + "distractor3": "crust", + "distractor1": "rock", + "distractor2": "limestone", + "correct_answer": "lava", + "support": "Magma beneath a volcano erupts onto the volcano\u2019s surface. Layer upon layer of lava creates a volcano." + }, + { + "question": "In amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, blood flow is directed in two circuits: one through the lungs and back to the heart, which is called what?", + "distractor3": "metabolic circulation", + "distractor1": "systemic circulation", + "distractor2": "sensory circulation", + "correct_answer": "pulmonary circulation", + "support": "In amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, blood flow is directed in two circuits: one through the lungs and back to the heart, which is called pulmonary circulation, and the other throughout the rest of the body and its organs including the brain (systemic circulation). In amphibians, gas exchange also occurs through the skin during pulmonary circulation and is referred to as pulmocutaneous circulation. As shown in Figure 40.4b, amphibians have a three-chambered heart that has two atria and one ventricle rather than the two-chambered heart of fish. The two atria (superior heart chambers) receive blood from the two different circuits (the lungs and the systems), and then there is some mixing of the blood in the heart\u2019s ventricle (inferior heart chamber), which reduces the efficiency of oxygenation. The advantage to this arrangement is that high pressure in the vessels pushes blood to the lungs and body. The mixing is mitigated by a ridge within the ventricle that diverts oxygen-rich blood through the systemic circulatory system and deoxygenated blood to the pulmocutaneous circuit. For this reason, amphibians are often described as having double circulation. Most reptiles also have a three-chambered heart similar to the amphibian heart that directs blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits, as shown in Figure 40.4c. The ventricle is divided more effectively by a partial septum, which results in less mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Some reptiles (alligators and crocodiles) are the most primitive animals to exhibit a four-chambered heart. Crocodilians have a unique circulatory mechanism where the heart shunts blood from the lungs toward the stomach and other organs during long periods of submergence, for instance, while the animal waits for prey or stays underwater waiting for prey to rot. One adaptation includes two main arteries that leave the same part of the heart: one takes blood to the lungs and the other provides an alternate route to the stomach and other parts of the body. Two other adaptations include a hole in the heart between the two ventricles, called the foramen of Panizza, which allows blood to move from one side of the heart to the other, and specialized connective tissue that slows the blood flow to the lungs. Together these adaptations have made crocodiles and alligators one of the most evolutionarily successful animal groups on earth. In mammals and birds, the heart is also divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles, as illustrated in Figure 40.4d. The oxygenated blood is separated from the deoxygenated blood, which improves the efficiency of double circulation and is probably required for the warm-blooded lifestyle of mammals and birds. The four-chambered heart of birds and mammals evolved independently from a three-chambered heart. The independent evolution of the same or a similar biological trait is referred to as convergent evolution." + }, + { + "question": "Non-human organisms that mainly consume plants/other primary producers are known as what?", + "distractor3": "omnivores", + "distractor1": "amphibians", + "distractor2": "carnivores", + "correct_answer": "herbivores", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "In the microbiology lab, what technique refers to the procedures that are carried out under sterile conditions?", + "distractor3": "ionization", + "distractor1": "personal hygiene", + "distractor2": "experimental control", + "correct_answer": "aseptic", + "support": "In the microbiology lab, aseptic technique refers to the procedures that are carried out under sterile conditions. Scientists who study microbes are called microbiologists. Microbiologists must carry out their lab work using the aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination of themselves, contamination of the environment they are working in, including work surfaces or equipment, and contamination of the sample they are working on. Bacteria live on just about every surface on Earth, so if a scientist wants to grow a particular type of bacterium in the lab, he or she needs to be able to sterilize their equipment to prevent contamination by other bacteria or microorganisms. The aseptic technique is also used in medicine, where it is important to keep the human body free of contamination." + }, + { + "question": "Connecting a magnesium rod to an underground steel pipeline protects the pipeline from corrosion. because magnesium (e\u00b0 = \u22122.37 v) is much more easily oxidized than iron (e\u00b0 = \u22120.45 v), the mg rod acts as the anode in a what?", + "distractor3": "voltaic cell", + "distractor1": "anode cell", + "distractor2": "stimulation cell", + "correct_answer": "galvanic cell", + "support": "Connecting a magnesium rod to an underground steel pipeline protects the pipeline from corrosion. Because magnesium (E\u00b0 = \u22122.37 V) is much more easily oxidized than iron (E\u00b0 = \u22120.45 V), the Mg rod acts as the anode in a galvanic cell. The pipeline is therefore forced to act as the cathode at which oxygen is reduced. The soil between the anode and the cathode acts as a salt bridge that completes the electrical circuit and maintains electrical neutrality. As Mg(s) is oxidized to Mg2+ at the anode, anions in the soil, such as nitrate, diffuse toward the anode to neutralize the positive charge. Simultaneously, cations in the soil, such as H+ or NH4+, diffuse toward the cathode, where they replenish the protons that are consumed as oxygen is reduced. A similar strategy uses many miles of somewhat less reactive zinc wire to protect the Alaska oil pipeline." + }, + { + "question": "Matrix is the term for the fluid-filled interior of what structure, where most of the cell\u2019s atp is made?", + "distractor3": "enzyme", + "distractor1": "nucleus", + "distractor2": "Golgi apparatus", + "correct_answer": "mitochondria", + "support": "As the Figure below (a) and (b) shows, a mitochondrion has two phospholipids membranes. The smooth outer membrane separates the mitochondrion from the cytosol. The inner membrane has many folds, called cristae . These cristae greatly increase the membrane surface area for integral proteins. Many proteins involved in cellular respiration are embedded in this inner membrane. The greater surface area allows more proteins to be located there, resulting in more cellular respiration reactions, and more ATP synthesis. ATP is produced by the enzyme ATP synthase, which is a membrane protein of the mitochondria inner membrane. The fluid-filled inside of the mitochondrian, called matrix , is where most of the cell\u2019s ATP is made." + }, + { + "question": "Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi. the cell wall protects the cell from what?", + "distractor3": "starvation and predators", + "distractor1": "fermentation and predators", + "distractor2": "entrainment and predators", + "correct_answer": "desiccation and predators", + "support": "Like plant cells, fungal cells are surrounded by a thick cell wall; however, the rigid layers contain the complex polysaccharides chitin and glucan and not cellulose that is used by plants. Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi. The cell wall protects the cell from desiccation and predators. Fungi have plasma membranes similar to other eukaryotes, except that the structure is stabilized by ergosterol, a steroid molecule that functions like the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes. Most members of the kingdom Fungi are nonmotile. Flagella are produced only by the gametes in the primitive division Chytridiomycota. Growth and Reproduction The vegetative body of a fungus is called a thallus and can be unicellular or multicellular. Some fungi are dimorphic because they can go from being unicellular to multicellular depending on environmental conditions. Unicellular fungi are generally referred to as yeasts. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker\u2019s yeast) and Candida species (the agents of thrush, a common fungal infection) are examples of unicellular fungi. Most fungi are multicellular organisms. They display two distinct morphological stages: vegetative and reproductive. The vegetative stage is characterized by a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae (singular, hypha), whereas the reproductive stage can be more conspicuous. A mass of hyphae is called a mycelium (Figure 13.22). It can grow on a surface, in soil or decaying material, in a liquid, or even in or on living tissue. Although individual hypha must be observed under a microscope, the mycelium of a fungus can be very large with some species truly being \u201cthe fungus humongous. \u201d The giant Armillaria ostoyae (honey mushroom) is considered the largest organism on Earth, spreading across over 2,000 acres of underground soil in eastern Oregon; it is estimated to be at least 2,400 years old." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for air moving over earth\u2019s surface?", + "distractor3": "tidal", + "distractor1": "humidity", + "distractor2": "spin cycle", + "correct_answer": "wind", + "support": "Wind is only air moving over Earth\u2019s surface, but it can cause a lot of erosion. Look at Figure below . It will give you an idea of just how much erosion wind can cause. The dust storm in the photo occurred in Arizona. All that dust in the air was picked up and carried by the wind. The wind may carry the dust for hundreds of kilometers before depositing it." + }, + { + "question": "Each of what paired organs is enclosed within a cavity surrounded by the pleura?", + "distractor3": "heart", + "distractor1": "bones", + "distractor2": "ovaries", + "correct_answer": "lungs", + "support": "Pleura of the Lungs Each lung is enclosed within a cavity that is surrounded by the pleura. The pleura (plural = pleurae) is a serous membrane that surrounds the lung. The right and left pleurae, which enclose the right and left lungs, respectively, are separated by the mediastinum. The pleurae consist of two layers. The visceral pleura is the layer that is superficial to the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures (Figure 22.14). In contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The visceral and parietal pleurae connect to each other at the hilum. The pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal layers." + }, + { + "question": "What are the best-known extinct vertebrates?", + "distractor3": "trilobites", + "distractor1": "snakes", + "distractor2": "trees", + "correct_answer": "dinosaurs", + "support": "Introduction Vertebrates are among the most recognizable organisms of the animal kingdom. More than 62,000 vertebrate species have been identified. The vertebrate species now living represent only a small portion of the vertebrates that have existed. The best-known extinct vertebrates are the dinosaurs, a unique group of reptiles, which reached sizes not seen before or after in terrestrial animals. They were the dominant terrestrial animals for 150 million years, until they died out in a mass extinction near the end of the Cretaceous period. Although it is not known with certainty what caused their extinction, a great deal is known about the anatomy of the dinosaurs, given the preservation of skeletal elements in the fossil record. Currently, a number of vertebrate species face extinction primarily due to habitat loss and pollution. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, more than 6,000 vertebrate species are classified as threatened. Amphibians and mammals are the classes with the greatest percentage of threatened species, with 29 percent of all amphibians and 21 percent of all mammals classified as threatened. Attempts are being made around the world to prevent the extinction of threatened species. For example, the Biodiversity Action Plan is an international program, ratified by 188 countries, which is designed to protect species and habitats." + }, + { + "question": "Centrioles help organize the chromosomes before cell division so that each daughter cell has the correct number of what?", + "distractor3": "receptors", + "distractor1": "ribosomes", + "distractor2": "cells", + "correct_answer": "chromosomes", + "support": "Centrioles are organelles involved in cell division. They help organize the chromosomes before cell division so that each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes after the cell divides. Centrioles are found only in animal cells and are located near the nucleus (see Figure above )." + }, + { + "question": "What development is less risky for the mother?", + "distractor3": "mutation", + "distractor1": "gastrointestinal", + "distractor2": "atypical", + "correct_answer": "marsupial", + "support": "Marsupial development is less risky for the mother. However, the embryo is fragile, so it may be less likely to survive than the fetus of a placental mammal." + }, + { + "question": "What does the term decay in chemistry refer to with regards to atoms?", + "distractor3": "separation of nuclei", + "distractor1": "pressures in nuclei", + "distractor2": "destruction of nuclei", + "correct_answer": "changes in nuclei", + "support": "You probably associate the term decay with images like the one above. But when it comes to atoms, decay has a different meaning. Decay in chemistry refers to changes in the nuclei of certain atoms." + }, + { + "question": "How does increasing the temperature of reactants affect the rate of their reaction?", + "distractor3": "it decreases it", + "distractor1": "it patterns it", + "distractor2": "it is unchanged", + "correct_answer": "it increases it", + "support": "When the temperature of reactants is higher, the rate of the reaction is faster. At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster. As a result, they are more likely to bump into one another and to collide with greater force. For example, food spoils because of chemical reactions, and these reactions occur faster at higher temperatures (see the bread on the left in the Figure below ). This is why we store foods in the refrigerator or freezer (like the bread on the right in the Figure below ). The lower temperature slows the rate of spoilage." + }, + { + "question": "What type of eclipse happens when a full moon moves through earth's shadow?", + "distractor3": "planetary", + "distractor1": "cycle", + "distractor2": "solar", + "correct_answer": "lunar", + "support": "Sometimes a full moon moves through Earth's shadow. This is a lunar eclipse ( Figure below ). During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon travels completely in Earth\u2019s umbra. During a partial lunar eclipse, only a portion of the Moon enters Earth\u2019s umbra. When the Moon passes through Earth\u2019s penumbra, it is a penumbral eclipse. Since Earth\u2019s shadow is large, a lunar eclipse lasts for hours. Anyone with a view of the Moon can see a lunar eclipse." + }, + { + "question": "Dynamite is an example of what type of potential energy?", + "distractor3": "thermal", + "distractor1": "carbon", + "distractor2": "mineral", + "correct_answer": "chemical", + "support": "Dynamite is another example of chemical potential energy. The major component of dynamite is nitroglycerin, a very unstable material. By mixing it with diatomaceous earth, the stability is increased and it is less likely to explode if it receives a physical shock. When ignited, the nitroglycerin explodes rapidly, releasing large amounts of nitrogen and other gases along with a massive amount of heat." + }, + { + "question": "All the atoms of a given element have the same number what?", + "distractor3": "neutrons and protons", + "distractor1": "neutrons and electrons", + "distractor2": "cells and electrons", + "correct_answer": "protons and electrons", + "support": "All the atoms of a given element have the same number of protons and electrons, but they may vary in their numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element that differ in their numbers of neutrons are called isotopes." + }, + { + "question": "What structures located on chromosomes control characteristics of life and are passed from parents to offspring?", + "distractor3": "cells", + "distractor1": "eggs", + "distractor2": "axons", + "correct_answer": "genes", + "support": "Characteristics of life are controlled by genes, which are passed from parents to offspring, and are located on chromosomes, like the one shown here, that are found in every cell. The gene theory is one of the unifying principles of biology." + }, + { + "question": "The lattice energy is usually the most important energy factor in determining the stability of what?", + "distractor3": "saline compound", + "distractor1": "harmonic compound", + "distractor2": "magnetic compound", + "correct_answer": "ionic compound", + "support": "The lattice energy is usually the most important energy factor in determining the stability of an ionic compound." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of organisms helps hold soil in place to slow erosion?", + "distractor3": "animals", + "distractor1": "flowers", + "distractor2": "bacteria", + "correct_answer": "plants", + "support": "People remove a lot of vegetation. They log forests or prepare the land for farming or construction. Even just walking or riding your bike over the same place can kill the grass. But plants help to hold the soil in place ( Figure below ). Without plants to protect it, soil may be carried away by wind or running water. In many areas, soil is eroding faster than it is forming. In these locations, soil is a non-renewable resource." + }, + { + "question": "Water found on the surface of the earth is referred to as what?", + "distractor3": "runoff", + "distractor1": "groundwater", + "distractor2": "reservoir water", + "correct_answer": "surface water", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Which planet is named after the roman goddess of love?", + "distractor3": "Jupiter", + "distractor1": "Neptune", + "distractor2": "Mercury", + "correct_answer": "venus", + "support": "Named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus is the only planet named after a female. Venus is sometimes called Earth\u2019s \u201csister planet. \u201d But just how similar is Venus to Earth? Venus is our nearest neighbor. Venus is most like Earth in size." + }, + { + "question": "In astronomy, what are so dense that not even light can escape their gravity?", + "distractor3": "red holes", + "distractor1": "black rods", + "distractor2": "dwarf stars", + "correct_answer": "black holes", + "support": "If the core remaining after a supernova is more than about 5 times the mass of the Sun, the core collapses to become a black hole . Black holes are so dense that not even light can escape their gravity. For that reason, we can't see black holes. How can we know something exists if radiation can't escape it? We know a black hole is there by the effect that it has on objects around it. Also, some radiation leaks out around its edges. A black hole isn't a hole at all. It is the tremendously dense core of a supermassive star." + }, + { + "question": "What are the simplest organic compounds?", + "distractor3": "carbohydrates", + "distractor1": "proteins", + "distractor2": "enzymes", + "correct_answer": "hydrocarbons", + "support": "Summary Covalent inorganic compounds are named by a procedure similar to that used for ionic compounds, using prefixes to indicate the numbers of atoms in the molecular formula. The simplest organic compounds are the hydrocarbons, which containonly carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes contain only carbon\u2013hydrogen and carbon\u2013carbon single bonds, alkenes contain at least one carbon\u2013carbon double bond, and alkynes contain one or more carbon\u2013carbon triple bonds. Hydrocarbons can also be cyclic, with the." + }, + { + "question": "Animals are classified according to morphological and developmental characteristics, such as a body plan. with the exception of sponges, the animal body plan is symmetrical. this means that their distribution of body parts is balanced along this?", + "distractor3": "ulna", + "distractor1": "skull", + "distractor2": "radius", + "correct_answer": "axis", + "support": "Classification Features of Animals Animals are classified according to morphological and developmental characteristics, such as a body plan. With the exception of sponges, the animal body plan is symmetrical. This means that their distribution of body parts is balanced along an axis. Additional characteristics that contribute to animal classification include the number of tissue layers formed during development, the presence or absence of an internal body cavity, and other features of embryological development." + }, + { + "question": "Competition that occurs between members of the same species, which improves the species\u2019 adaptations, is called what?", + "distractor3": "adaptive behavior", + "distractor1": "interspecies competition", + "distractor2": "commensalism", + "correct_answer": "intraspecific competition", + "support": "Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. It improves the species\u2019 adaptations." + }, + { + "question": "When we were dealing with electrical effects, it was very useful to speak of an electric field that surrounded what?", + "distractor3": "sunlight charge", + "distractor1": "liquid charge", + "distractor2": "stellar charge", + "correct_answer": "electrical charge", + "support": "When we were dealing with electrical effects, it was very useful to speak of an electric field that surrounded an electric charge. In the same way, we can imagine a magnetic field surrounding a magnetic pole. The force that one magnet exerts on another can be described as the interaction between one magnet and the magnetic field of the other magnet. Magnetic field lines go from the north magnetic pole to the south magnetic pole. We define the magnetic field at any point as a vector (represented by the letter B ) whose direction is from north to south magnetic poles." + }, + { + "question": "Plants require air, water, nutrients, and what in order to live and survive?", + "distractor3": "entertainment", + "distractor1": "money", + "distractor2": "gravity", + "correct_answer": "light", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Exothermic reactions, like all chemical reactions, require what to get started?", + "distractor3": "specific energy", + "distractor1": "surface energy", + "distractor2": "membrane energy", + "correct_answer": "activation energy", + "support": "All chemical reactions, including exothermic reactions, need activation energy to get started." + }, + { + "question": "What broad group of animals are the first true tetrapods, vertebrates with four limbs?", + "distractor3": "mammals", + "distractor1": "fish", + "distractor2": "reptiles", + "correct_answer": "amphibians", + "support": "Amphibians are the first true tetrapods , or vertebrates with four limbs. Amphibians have less variation in size than fish, ranging in length from 1 centimeter (2.5 inches) to 1.5 meters (about 5 feet). They generally have moist skin without scales. Their skin contains keratin , a tough, fibrous protein found in the skin, scales, feathers, hair, and nails of tetrapod vertebrates, from amphibians to humans. Some forms of keratin are tougher than others. The form in amphibian skin is not very tough, and it allows gases and water to pass through their skin." + }, + { + "question": "In most fungi, the haploid nuclei contributed by each parent do not do what right away?", + "distractor3": "vaporize", + "distractor1": "filter", + "distractor2": "disperse", + "correct_answer": "fuse", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is telomere shortening associated with?", + "distractor3": "changing", + "distractor1": "sleeping", + "distractor2": "reducing", + "correct_answer": "aging", + "support": "Telomerase is not active in adult somatic cells. Adult somatic cells that undergo cell division continue to have their telomeres shortened. This essentially means that telomere shortening is associated with aging. In 2010, scientists found [1] that telomerase can reverse some age-related conditions in mice, and this may have potential in regenerative medicine. Mariella Jaskelioff, et al. , \u201cTelomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in aged telomerase-deficient mice,\u201d Nature, 469 (2011):102\u20137." + }, + { + "question": "What gas is released when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose?", + "distractor3": "nitrous oxide", + "distractor1": "hydrogen peroxide", + "distractor2": "carbon monoxide", + "correct_answer": "carbon dioxide", + "support": "Carbon dioxide is given off when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose." + }, + { + "question": "What type of lens is thicker at the edges than it is in the middle?", + "distractor3": "glass lens", + "distractor1": "convex lens", + "distractor2": "surface lens", + "correct_answer": "concave lens", + "support": "A concave lens is thicker at the edges than it is in the middle. This causes rays of light to diverge. The light forms a virtual image that is right-side up and smaller than the object." + }, + { + "question": "A collapsing nebula leads to what process?", + "distractor3": "chemical reaction", + "distractor1": "nuclear reaction", + "distractor2": "destructive fusion", + "correct_answer": "nuclear fusion", + "support": "Stars form from clouds of gas and dust called nebulas. Nebulas collapse until nuclear fusion starts." + }, + { + "question": "Lenses that focus light are called what?", + "distractor3": "sensing lenses", + "distractor1": "active lenses", + "distractor2": "powering lenses", + "correct_answer": "converging lenses", + "support": "Lenses , made from curved pieces of glass, focus or de-focus light as it passes through. Lenses that focus light are called converging lenses, and these are the ones used to make telescopes and cameras. Lenses that de-focus light are called diverging lenses." + }, + { + "question": "What happens to the pressure when more gas is added to a rigid container?", + "distractor3": "Higher", + "distractor1": "occurs", + "distractor2": "changes", + "correct_answer": "increases", + "support": "The acceleration of the car is in the same direction as the velocity." + }, + { + "question": "Often represented by an arrow, a vector is a measurement that has both size and what?", + "distractor3": "reason", + "distractor1": "pressure", + "distractor2": "location", + "correct_answer": "direction", + "support": "When both distance and direction are considered, motion can be represented by a vector. A vector is a measurement that has both size and direction. It may be represented by an arrow. If you are representing motion with an arrow, the length of the arrow represents distance, and the way the arrow points represents direction. The red arrows on the map in the Figure above are vectors for Jordan\u2019s route from his house to the school and from the school to the post office. If you want to learn more about vectors, watch the video at this URL:." + }, + { + "question": "A solenoid wrapped around a bar of iron or other ferromagnetic material forms what?", + "distractor3": "compress", + "distractor1": "impoundment", + "distractor2": "compass", + "correct_answer": "electromagnet", + "support": "Solenoids are the basis of electromagnets. An electromagnet is a solenoid wrapped around a bar of iron or other ferromagnetic material (see Figure below ). The electromagnetic field of the solenoid magnetizes the iron bar by aligning its magnetic domains. The combined magnetic force of the magnetized iron bar and the wire coil makes an electromagnet very strong. In fact, electromagnets are the strongest magnets made. Some of them are strong enough to lift a train. The maglev train described earlier, in the lesson \"Electricity and Magnetism,\" contains permanent magnets. Strong electromagnets in the track repel the train magnets, causing the train to levitate above the track." + }, + { + "question": "Enzymes can catalyze up to several million reactions per what?", + "distractor3": "day", + "distractor1": "minute", + "distractor2": "hour", + "correct_answer": "second", + "support": "Enzymes are extremely efficient in speeding up biochemical reactions. They can catalyze up to several million reactions per second. As a result, the difference in rates of biochemical reactions with and without enzymes may be enormous. A typical biochemical reaction might take hours or even days to occur under normal cellular conditions without an enzyme, but less than a second with the enzyme." + }, + { + "question": "Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar are the four basic types of what?", + "distractor3": "electrons", + "distractor1": "ions", + "distractor2": "protons", + "correct_answer": "neurons", + "support": "While there are many defined neuron cell subtypes, neurons are broadly divided into four basic types: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar. Figure 35.5 illustrates these four basic neuron types. Unipolar neurons have only one structure that extends away from the soma. These neurons are not found in vertebrates but are found in insects where they stimulate muscles or glands. A bipolar neuron has one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma. An example of a bipolar neuron is a retinal bipolar cell, which receives signals from photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light and transmits these signals to ganglion cells that carry the signal to the brain. Multipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron. Each multipolar neuron contains one axon and multiple dendrites. Multipolar neurons can be found in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). An example of a multipolar neuron is a Purkinje cell in the cerebellum, which has many branching dendrites but only one axon. Pseudounipolar cells share characteristics with both unipolar and bipolar cells. A pseudounipolar cell has a single process that extends from the soma, like a unipolar cell, but this process later branches into two distinct structures, like a bipolar cell. Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar and have an axon that branches into two extensions: one connected to dendrites that receive sensory information and another that transmits this information to the spinal cord." + }, + { + "question": "How many families are known quarks divided into?", + "distractor3": "four", + "distractor1": "two", + "distractor2": "five", + "correct_answer": "three", + "support": "The known quarks are divided into three families, low energy, medium energy, and high energy." + }, + { + "question": "The nervous system has two main parts, called the central nervous system and the what?", + "distractor3": "obsolete nervous system", + "distractor1": "functional nervious system", + "distractor2": "useful nervous system", + "correct_answer": "peripheral nervous system", + "support": "The nervous system has two main parts, called the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is described later in this lesson. The central nervous system is shown in Figure below . It includes the brain and spinal cord." + }, + { + "question": "What makes up the dense outer layer of bones?", + "distractor3": "plasma", + "distractor1": "adipose tissue", + "distractor2": "ligaments", + "correct_answer": "compact bone", + "support": "Compact bone makes up the dense outer layer of bone. It is very hard and strong." + }, + { + "question": "What type of behaviors are rigid and predictable, and usually involve basic life functions?", + "distractor3": "impulsive behaviors", + "distractor1": "diverse behaviors", + "distractor2": "protective behaviors", + "correct_answer": "innate behaviors", + "support": "Innate behaviors are rigid and predictable. All members of the species perform the behaviors in the same way. Innate behaviors usually involve basic life functions, such as finding food or caring for offspring. Several examples are shown in Figure below . If an animal were to perform such important behaviors incorrectly, it would be less likely to survive or reproduce." + }, + { + "question": "Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are all different kinds of what?", + "distractor3": "fossil", + "distractor1": "pollen", + "distractor2": "bacteria", + "correct_answer": "fungi", + "support": "Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are all different kinds of fungi. There may be as many as 1.5 million species of fungi ( Figure below ). You can easily see bread mold and mushrooms without a microscope, but most fungi you cannot see. Fungi are either too small to be seen without a microscope, or they live where you cannot see them easily\u2014deep in the soil, under decaying logs, or inside plants or animals. Some fungi even live in, or on top of, other fungi." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past?", + "distractor3": "detritis", + "distractor1": "corals", + "distractor2": "bones", + "correct_answer": "fossils", + "support": "Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past. The soft parts of organisms almost always decompose quickly after death. On occasion, the hard parts\u2014mainly bones, teeth, or shells\u2014remain long enough to mineralize and form fossils. An example of a complete fossil skeleton is shown in Figure below . The fossil record is the record of life that unfolded over four billion years and pieced back together through the analysis of fossils." + }, + { + "question": "What process, which is analogous to mitosis, is a series of events that arrange and separate chromosomes and chromatids into daughter cells?", + "distractor3": "digestion", + "distractor1": "apoptosis", + "distractor2": "inhibition", + "correct_answer": "meiosis", + "support": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 11.1 The Process of Meiosis Sexual reproduction requires that diploid organisms produce haploid cells that can fuse during fertilization to form diploid offspring. As with mitosis, DNA replication occurs prior to meiosis during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Meiosis is a series of events that arrange and separate chromosomes and chromatids into daughter cells. During the interphases of meiosis, each chromosome is duplicated. In meiosis, there are two rounds of nuclear division resulting in four nuclei and usually four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The first separates homologs, and the second\u2014like mitosis\u2014separates chromatids into individual chromosomes. During meiosis, variation in the daughter." + }, + { + "question": "All of the elements in group 9 have nine of which electrons?", + "distractor3": "gradient", + "distractor1": "shell", + "distractor2": "ionic", + "correct_answer": "valence", + "support": "All of the elements in group 9 have nine valence electrons." + }, + { + "question": "The force of attraction between a positively charged metal ion and the valence electrons it shares with other ions of the metal is called?", + "distractor3": "temporal bond", + "distractor1": "ionic bond", + "distractor2": "metallic yield", + "correct_answer": "metallic bond", + "support": "A metallic bond is the force of attraction between a positively charged metal ion and the valence electrons it shares with other ions of the metal. The electrons move freely around the positive ions, which form a lattice-like structure." + }, + { + "question": "When a car is brought to a stop by friction on level ground, it loses what?", + "distractor3": "mass energy", + "distractor1": "residual energy", + "distractor2": "exhibit energy", + "correct_answer": "kinetic energy", + "support": "How Nonconservative Forces Affect Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy may not be conserved when nonconservative forces act. For example, when a car is brought to a stop by friction on level ground, it loses kinetic energy, which is dissipated as thermal energy, reducing its mechanical energy. Figure 7.15 compares the effects of conservative and nonconservative forces. We often choose to understand simpler systems such as that described in Figure 7.15(a) first before studying more complicated systems as in Figure 7.15(b)." + }, + { + "question": "What system of the body is responsible for transmitting, processing, and responding to most of the sensory information that is created by various stimuli?", + "distractor3": "attentive system", + "distractor1": "respiratory system", + "distractor2": "circulatory system", + "correct_answer": "nervous system", + "support": "Animals can detect environmental stimuli, such as light, sound, and touch. Stimuli are detected by sensory nerve cells. The information is transmitted and processed by the nervous system. The nervous system, in turn, may direct the body to respond. Animal Eyes at http://www. surenmanvelyan. com/eyes/animal-eyes/ has 26 images of the eyes of various animals." + }, + { + "question": "Do vascular or nonvascular plants lack tracheids?", + "distractor3": "both do", + "distractor1": "vascular", + "distractor2": "neither do", + "correct_answer": "nonvascular", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "When the earth is between the moon and the sun, what type of moon shows?", + "distractor3": "crescent moon", + "distractor1": "waning moon", + "distractor2": "half moon", + "correct_answer": "a full moon", + "support": "A full moon occurs when the whole side facing Earth is lit. This happens when Earth is between the Moon and the Sun. About one week later, the Moon enters the quarter-moon phase. Only half of the Moon\u2019s lit surface is visible from Earth, so it appears as a half circle. When the Moon moves between Earth and the Sun, the side facing Earth is completely dark. This is called the new moon phase. Sometimes you can just barely make out the outline of the new moon in the sky. This is because some sunlight reflects off the Earth and hits the Moon. Before and after the quarter-moon phases are the gibbous and crescent phases. During the crescent moon phase, the Moon is less than half lit. It is seen as only a sliver or crescent shape. During the gibbous moon phase, the Moon is more than half lit. It is not full. The Moon undergoes a complete cycle of phases about every 29.5 days." + }, + { + "question": "The stored chemical energy of trees and other plants is called what?", + "distractor3": "byproduct energy", + "distractor1": "decomposition energy", + "distractor2": "biocomposte energy", + "correct_answer": "biomass energy", + "support": "The stored chemical energy of trees and other plants is called biomass energy. When plant materials are burned, they produce thermal energy that can be used for heating, cooking, or generating electricity. Biomass\u2014especially wood\u2014is an important energy source in countries where most people can\u2019t afford fossil fuels. Some plants can also be used to make ethanol, a fuel that is added to gasoline. Ethanol produces less pollution than gasoline, but large areas of land are needed to grow the plants needed to make it." + }, + { + "question": "What is the star nearest the earth named?", + "distractor3": "alpha centauri", + "distractor1": "apollinaris centauri", + "distractor2": "andromeda centauri", + "correct_answer": "proxima centauri", + "support": "Astronomers are used to really big numbers. While the moon is only 406,697 km from earth at its maximum distance, the sun is much further away (150 million km). Proxima Centauri, the star nearest the earth, is 39, 900, 000, 000, 000 km away and we have just started on long distances. On the other end of the scale, some biologists deal with very small numbers: a typical fungus could be as small as 30 \u03bcmeters (0.000030 meters) in length and a virus might only be 0.03 \u03bcmeters (0.00000003 meters) long." + }, + { + "question": "What are the majority of solution properties dependent upon?", + "distractor3": "acid state of solute", + "distractor1": "similar state of solute", + "distractor2": "gas state of solute", + "correct_answer": "chemical state of solute", + "support": "The properties of a solution are different from those of either the pure solute(s) or solvent. Many solution properties are dependent upon the chemical identity of the solute. Compared to pure water, a solution of hydrogen chloride is more acidic, a solution of ammonia is more basic, a solution of sodium chloride is more dense, and a solution of sucrose is more viscous. There are a few solution properties, however, that depend only upon the total concentration of solute species, regardless of their identities. These colligative properties include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. This small set of properties is of central importance to many natural phenomena and technological applications, as will be described in this module." + }, + { + "question": "What must be combined with a halogen to give it a positive oxidation number?", + "distractor3": "carbon", + "distractor1": "nitrogen", + "distractor2": "calcium", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "Halogens (Cl, Br, I) have negative oxidation numbers when they form halide compounds. When combined with oxygen, they have positive numbers. In the chlorate ion (ClO 3 - ), the oxidation number of Cl +5, and the oxidation number of O is -2." + }, + { + "question": "Hormones are often regulated through what?", + "distractor3": "intensity loops", + "distractor1": "alternating loops", + "distractor2": "response loops", + "correct_answer": "feedback loops", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Surging hormones will cause adolescents to have what?", + "distractor3": "bulging muscles", + "distractor1": "blackouts", + "distractor2": "growth spurts", + "correct_answer": "mood swings", + "support": "Adolescents may have mood swings because of surging hormones ." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the force that a magnet exerts on certain materials?", + "distractor3": "potential force", + "distractor1": "positive force", + "distractor2": "gravitational force", + "correct_answer": "magnetic force", + "support": "The force that a magnet exerts on certain materials is called magnetic force . Like electric force, magnetic force is exerted over a distance and includes forces of attraction and repulsion. North and south poles of two magnets attract each other, while two north poles or two south poles repel each other." + }, + { + "question": "What cells does the skeletal system make?", + "distractor3": "brain cells", + "distractor1": "Osteoclast", + "distractor2": "Dendritic cells", + "correct_answer": "blood cells", + "support": "The skeletal system makes blood cells. Most blood cells are produced inside certain types of bones." + }, + { + "question": "When a stream or river slows down, it starts dropping its what?", + "distractor3": "pollutants", + "distractor1": "fragments", + "distractor2": "organisms", + "correct_answer": "sediments", + "support": "When a stream or river slows down, it starts dropping its sediments. Larger sediments are dropped in steep areas, but smaller sediments can still be carried. Smaller sediments are dropped as the slope becomes less steep." + }, + { + "question": "What process, which is in many ways the opposite of photosynthesis, shows the interdependence of producers and consumers?", + "distractor3": "osmosis", + "distractor1": "primarily respiration", + "distractor2": "decomposition", + "correct_answer": "cellular respiration", + "support": "Cellular respiration, in many ways the opposite of photosynthesis, shows the interdependence of producers and consumers. Combined, the two equations demonstrate how energy flows and the carbon and oxygen cycle between organisms and environment." + }, + { + "question": "Which membranous organelles in a cell sequence enzyme and electron molecules for efficient cellular respiration?", + "distractor3": "bacterial", + "distractor1": "glucose", + "distractor2": "protons", + "correct_answer": "mitochondria", + "support": "Mitochondria, shown here as the green ovals in this animal cell, are membranous organelles which sequence enzyme and electron carrier molecules to make cellular respiration highly efficient. Mitochondria have both an inner and outer membrane, with a matrix inside the inner membrane. The inner membrane has many internal folds, increasing the surface area for proteins and molecules involved in cellular respiration." + }, + { + "question": "In a plant, the flower contains what?", + "distractor3": "bud and stem", + "distractor1": "bees and blossoms", + "distractor2": "seed and leaves", + "correct_answer": "pollen and eggs", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What forms when one substances dissolves in another?", + "distractor3": "complex", + "distractor1": "a transition", + "distractor2": "concentrate", + "correct_answer": "a solution", + "support": "A solution forms when one substance dissolves in another. The substance that dissolves is called the solute. The substance that dissolves it is called the solvent." + }, + { + "question": "What are thought to have evolved at least 200 million years ago from gymnosperms like gnetae?", + "distractor3": "deciduous trees", + "distractor1": "yeasts", + "distractor2": "cone-bearing plants", + "correct_answer": "flowering plants", + "support": "Flowering plants are thought to have evolved at least 200 million years ago from gymnosperms like Gnetae. The earliest known fossils of flowering plants are about 125 million years old. The fossil flowers have male and female reproductive organs but no petals or sepals." + }, + { + "question": "The chemical and/or physical agents that cause mutations are called what?", + "distractor3": "genes", + "distractor1": "dioxins", + "distractor2": "organelles", + "correct_answer": "mutagens", + "support": "mutation. The chemical and/or physical agents that cause mutations are called mutagens. Diseases that occur due to mutations in critical DNA sequences are referred to as genetic diseases. Viruses are infectious agents composed of a tightly packed central core of nucleic acids enclosed by a protective shell of proteins. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but not both. Some RNA viruses, calledretroviruses, synthesize DNA in the host cell from their RNA genome. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)." + }, + { + "question": "What is the force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching?", + "distractor3": "gravity", + "distractor1": "tension", + "distractor2": "vibration", + "correct_answer": "friction", + "support": "Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching. Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth. Friction is greater when objects have rougher surfaces or are heavier so they press together with greater force." + }, + { + "question": "Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are all types of what?", + "distractor3": "Connective", + "distractor1": "Nervous", + "distractor2": "Epithelial", + "correct_answer": "muscle", + "support": "There are three different types of muscle tissue in the human body: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle tissues. All three types consist mainly of muscle fibers, but the fibers have different arrangements. You can see how each type of muscle tissue looks in Figure below ." + }, + { + "question": "The speed of a wave through connected harmonic oscillators depends on the distance between them, the spring constant, and the what?", + "distractor3": "temperature", + "distractor1": "density", + "distractor2": "concentrations", + "correct_answer": "mass", + "support": "Most wave media act like a series of connected oscillators. For instance, a rope can be thought of as a large number of masses (molecules) connected by springs (intermolecular forces). The speed of a wave through connected harmonic oscillators depends on the distance between them, the spring constant, and the mass. In this way, we can model wave media using the principles of simple harmonic motion." + }, + { + "question": "Traits may also be controlled by multiple alleles or multiple what?", + "distractor3": "eggs", + "distractor1": "chromosomes", + "distractor2": "lesions", + "correct_answer": "genes", + "support": "Inheritance is more complex for traits in which there is codominance or incomplete dominance. Traits may also be controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes. Many traits are influenced by the environment as well." + }, + { + "question": "How many atoms does water contain?", + "distractor3": "9", + "distractor1": "4", + "distractor2": "6", + "correct_answer": "3", + "support": "Water, like carbon, has a special role in living things. It is needed by all known forms of life. Water is a simple molecule, containing just three atoms. Nonetheless, water\u2019s structure gives it unique properties that help explain why it is vital to all living organisms." + }, + { + "question": "What is the only light that people can see?", + "distractor3": "UV light", + "distractor1": "spectrum light", + "distractor2": "infrared light", + "correct_answer": "visible light", + "support": "Visible light consists of a very narrow range of wavelengths that falls between infrared light and ultraviolet light. It is the only light that people can see. Different wavelengths of visible light appear as different colors." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the system that consists of a hierarchy of taxa, from the kingdom to the species?", + "distractor3": "zoology", + "distractor1": "Bohr's law", + "distractor2": "Mendelian system", + "correct_answer": "linnaean system", + "support": "The Linnaean system is based on similarities in obvious physical traits. It consists of a hierarchy of taxa, from the kingdom to the species." + }, + { + "question": "If the dna from all 46 chromosomes in a human cell nucleus was laid out end to end, it would measure approximately how long?", + "distractor3": "one meter", + "distractor1": "three meters", + "distractor2": "four meters", + "correct_answer": "two meters", + "support": "Eukaryotic Chromosomal Structure and Compaction If the DNA from all 46 chromosomes in a human cell nucleus was laid out end to end, it would measure approximately two meters; however, its diameter would be only 2 nm. Considering that the size of a typical human cell is about 10 \u00b5m (100,000 cells lined up to equal one meter), DNA must be tightly packaged to fit in the cell\u2019s nucleus. At the same time, it must also be readily accessible for the genes to be expressed. During some stages of the cell cycle, the long strands of DNA are condensed into compact chromosomes. There are a number of ways that chromosomes are compacted. In the first level of compaction, short stretches of the DNA double helix wrap around a core of eight histone proteins at regular intervals along the entire length of the chromosome (Figure 10.4). The DNA-histone complex is called chromatin. The beadlike, histone DNA complex is called a nucleosome, and DNA connecting the nucleosomes is called linker DNA. A DNA molecule in this form is about seven times shorter than the double helix without the histones, and the beads are about 10 nm in diameter, in contrast with the 2-nm diameter of a DNA double helix. The next level of compaction occurs as the nucleosomes and the linker DNA between them are coiled into a 30-nm chromatin fiber. This coiling further shortens the chromosome so that it is now about 50 times shorter than the extended form. In the third level of packing, a variety of fibrous proteins is used to pack the chromatin. These fibrous proteins also ensure that each chromosome in a non-dividing cell occupies a particular area of the nucleus that does not overlap with that of any other chromosome (see the top image in Figure 10.3)." + }, + { + "question": "What is a mixture of a solute in a solvent called?", + "distractor3": "transition", + "distractor1": "link", + "distractor2": "structure", + "correct_answer": "solution", + "support": "Imagine you have a cup that has 100ml water, and you add 15g of table sugar to the water. The sugar dissolves and the mixture that is now in the cup is made up of a solute (the sugar) that is dissolved in the solvent (the water). The mixture of a solute in a solvent is called a solution ." + }, + { + "question": "Silver is an example of a mineral containing only one kind of what?", + "distractor3": "chemical", + "distractor1": "matter", + "distractor2": "mass", + "correct_answer": "element", + "support": "All minerals have a definite chemical makeup. A few minerals are made of only one kind of element. Silver is a mineral made only of silver atoms. Diamond and graphite are both made only of the element carbon." + }, + { + "question": "What particles ancient greeks propose that matter consists of ?", + "distractor3": "ether", + "distractor1": "ions", + "distractor2": "molecules", + "correct_answer": "atoms", + "support": "Summary 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory The ancient Greeks proposed that matter consists of extremely small particles called atoms. Dalton postulated that each element has a characteristic type of atom that differs in properties from atoms of all other elements, and that atoms of different elements can combine in fixed, small, whole-number ratios to form compounds. Samples of a particular compound all have the same elemental proportions by mass. When two elements form different compounds, a given mass of one element will combine with masses of the other element in a small, whole-number ratio. During any chemical change, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory Although no one has actually seen the inside of an atom, experiments have demonstrated much about atomic structure. Thomson\u2019s cathode ray tube showed that atoms contain small, negatively charged particles called electrons. Millikan discovered that there is a fundamental electric charge\u2014the charge of an electron. Rutherford\u2019s gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus; the positively charged particles within the nucleus are called protons. Chadwick discovered that the nucleus also contains neutral particles called neutrons. Soddy demonstrated that atoms of the same element can differ in mass; these are called isotopes. 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism An atom consists of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons; its diameter is about 100,000 times smaller than that of the atom. The mass of one atom is usually expressed in atomic mass units (amu), which is referred to as the atomic mass. An amu is defined as exactly 1 of the mass of 12 a carbon-12 atom and is equal to 1.6605 \u00d7 10\u221224 g. Protons are relatively heavy particles with a charge of 1+ and a mass of 1.0073 amu. Neutrons are relatively heavy particles with no charge and a mass of 1.0087 amu. Electrons are light particles with a charge of 1\u2212 and a mass of 0.00055 amu. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) and is the property that defines an atom\u2019s elemental identity. The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is called the mass number." + }, + { + "question": "Repolarization occurs when the membrane potential begins to move back toward its resting what?", + "distractor3": "tension", + "distractor1": "charge", + "distractor2": "resistance", + "correct_answer": "voltage", + "support": "As the membrane potential reaches +30 mV, other voltage-gated channels are opening in the membrane. These channels are specific for the potassium ion. A concentration gradient acts on K+, as well. As K+ starts to leave the cell, taking a positive charge with it, the membrane potential begins to move back toward its resting voltage. This is called repolarization, meaning that the membrane voltage moves back toward the -70 mV value of the resting membrane potential. Repolarization returns the membrane potential to the -70 mV value that indicates the resting potential, but it actually overshoots that value. Potassium ions reach equilibrium when the membrane voltage is below -70 mV, so a period of hyperpolarization occurs while the K+ channels are open. Those K+ channels are slightly delayed in closing, accounting for this short overshoot. What has been described here is the action potential, which is presented as a graph of voltage over time in Figure 12.23. It is the electrical signal that nervous tissue generates for communication. The change in the membrane voltage from -70 mV at rest to +30 mV at the end of depolarization is a 100-mV change. That can also be written as a 0.1-V change. To put that value in perspective, think about a battery. An AA battery that you might find in a television remote has a voltage of 1.5 V, or a 9-V battery (the rectangular battery with two posts on one end) is, obviously, 9 V. The change seen in the action potential is one or two orders of magnitude less than the charge in these batteries. In fact, the membrane potential can be described as a battery. A charge is stored across the membrane that can be released under the correct conditions. A battery in your remote has stored a charge that is \u201creleased\u201d when you push a button." + }, + { + "question": "Mollusks have a true coelom and a complete what?", + "distractor3": "tissues system", + "distractor1": "skeletal system", + "distractor2": "nerve system", + "correct_answer": "digestive system", + "support": "Mollusks have a true coelom and complete digestive system. They also have circulatory and excretory systems. They have a heart that pumps blood, and organs that filter out wastes from the blood." + }, + { + "question": "Which organelles, made of protein and ribosomal rna, build cellular proteins in the cytoplasm?", + "distractor3": "chromosomes", + "distractor1": "chloroplasts", + "distractor2": "dna", + "correct_answer": "ribosomes", + "support": "The nucleus of many cells also contains an organelle called a nucleolus , shown in Figure below . The nucleolus is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. Ribosomes are organelles made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and they build cellular proteins in the cytoplasm. The function of the rRNA is to provide a way of decoding the genetic messages within another type of RNA, called mRNA for messenger RNA, into amino acids. After being made in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they direct protein synthesis." + }, + { + "question": "What type of matter makes up most of the universe?", + "distractor3": "gas", + "distractor1": "carbon", + "distractor2": "liquid", + "correct_answer": "plasma", + "support": "Can you guess what this picture shows? The purple and blue \"flames\" are matter in a particular state. You\u2019re probably familiar with the states of matter most common on Earth \u2014 solids, liquids, and gases. But these \"flames\" are a state of matter called plasma. This plasma ball was made by humans. Plasma also occurs in nature. In fact, plasma makes up most of the matter in the universe." + }, + { + "question": "Most mammals are viviparous, which refers to what reproductive result?", + "distractor3": "laying eggs", + "distractor1": "identical twins", + "distractor2": "spawning", + "correct_answer": "live birth", + "support": "Most mammals are viviparous. Their young are born live. They are born either as relatively large, well-developed fetuses or as tiny, immature embryos. Mammals that are viviparous are called therian mammals . Only a few mammals lay eggs instead of giving birth to an infant or embryo." + }, + { + "question": "Proteins are polymers of what kind of acids?", + "distractor3": "acetic", + "distractor1": "lipids", + "distractor2": "lactic", + "correct_answer": "amino", + "support": "Proteins are polymers of amino acids, which act as the monomers." + }, + { + "question": "What is the official name for the study of life?", + "distractor3": "botany", + "distractor1": "chemistry", + "distractor2": "geology", + "correct_answer": "biology", + "support": "The study of biology is the study of life. Concept Biology Advanced is the CK-12 Foundation's most extensive material describing the study of life. Concept Biology Advanced presents biology as a set of 18 concepts, with each concept centered around a specific category, such as cell biology or plants. Each concept is comprised of a series of lessons, with each lesson focusing on one specific topic. The complete Concept Biology Advanced is comprised of over 550 lessons. This material has been developed to complement the most advanced secondary-level biology course." + }, + { + "question": "What does an invertebrate, like a snail, not have?", + "distractor3": "a heart", + "distractor1": "reproductive organs", + "distractor2": "eyes", + "correct_answer": "backbone", + "support": "Snails are an example of invertebrates, animals without a backbone." + }, + { + "question": "What is the dinosaur genus that's closest to modern birds?", + "distractor3": "Rapter", + "distractor1": "sauropods", + "distractor2": "diplodocus", + "correct_answer": "deinonychus", + "support": "Deinonychus is the genus name of an extinct dinosaur that is considered to be one of the closest non-bird relatives of modern birds. It lived about 110 million years ago in what is now North America. Deinonychus was a predatory carnivore with many bird-like features. For example, it had feathers and wings. It also had strong legs with clawed feet, similar to modern raptors. Its respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems were similar to those of birds as well. The location of fossilized eggs near Deinonychus fossils suggests that it may have brooded its eggs. This would mean that it was endothermic. (Can you explain why?) On the other hand, Deinonychus retained a number of reptile-like traits, such as jaws with teeth and hands with claws at the tips of its wings." + }, + { + "question": "In what type of organisms are daughter cells individuals?", + "distractor3": "hematopoietic organisms", + "distractor1": "multicellular organisms", + "distractor2": "macroscopic organisms", + "correct_answer": "unicellular organisms", + "support": "6.4 | Prokaryotic Cell Division By the end of this section, you will be able to: \u2022 Describe the process of binary fission in prokaryotes \u2022 Explain how FtsZ and tubulin proteins are examples of homology Prokaryotes such as bacteria propagate by binary fission. For unicellular organisms, cell division is the only method to produce new individuals. In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the outcome of cell reproduction is a pair of daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. In unicellular organisms, daughter cells are individuals. To achieve the outcome of identical daughter cells, some steps are essential. The genomic DNA must be replicated and then allocated into the daughter cells; the cytoplasmic contents must also be divided to give both new cells the machinery to sustain life. In bacterial cells, the genome consists of a single, circular DNA chromosome; therefore, the process of cell division is simplified. Mitosis is unnecessary because there is no nucleus or multiple chromosomes. This type of cell division is called binary fission." + }, + { + "question": "What group was long considered part of the plant kingdom because of obvious similarities; both are immobile, have cell walls, and grow in soil?", + "distractor3": "bacteria", + "distractor1": "mosses", + "distractor2": "coral", + "correct_answer": "fungi", + "support": "For a long time, scientists considered fungi to be members of the plant kingdom because they have obvious similarities with plants. Both fungi and plants are immobile, have cell walls, and grow in soil. Some fungi, such as lichens, even look like plants (see Figure below )." + }, + { + "question": "What type of waves transmit the energy of an earthquake?", + "distractor3": "volcanic waves", + "distractor1": "tectonic waves", + "distractor2": "sonic waves", + "correct_answer": "seismic waves", + "support": "An earthquake is sudden ground movement. This movement is caused by the sudden release of the energy stored in rocks. An earthquake happens when so much stress builds up in the rocks that the rocks break. An earthquake\u2019s energy is transmitted by seismic waves. Each year, there are more than 150,000 earthquakes strong enough to be felt by people. An amazing 900,000 are recorded by seismometers." + }, + { + "question": "In our bodies, the chest cavity is a clear example of a system at what?", + "distractor3": "default", + "distractor1": "rest", + "distractor2": "scale", + "correct_answer": "resonance", + "support": "It is interesting that the widths of the resonance curves shown in Figure 16.27 depend on damping: the less the damping, the narrower the resonance. The message is that if you want a driven oscillator to resonate at a very specific frequency, you need as little damping as possible. Little damping is the case for piano strings and many other musical instruments. Conversely, if you want small-amplitude oscillations, such as in a car\u2019s suspension system, then you want heavy damping. Heavy damping reduces the amplitude, but the tradeoff is that the system responds at more frequencies. These features of driven harmonic oscillators apply to a huge variety of systems. When you tune a radio, for example, you are adjusting its resonant frequency so that it only oscillates to the desired station\u2019s broadcast (driving) frequency. The more selective the radio is in discriminating between stations, the smaller its damping. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used medical diagnostic tool in which atomic nuclei (mostly hydrogen nuclei) are made to resonate by incoming radio waves (on the order of 100 MHz). A child on a swing is driven by a parent at the swing\u2019s natural frequency to achieve maximum amplitude. In all of these cases, the efficiency of energy transfer from the driving force into the oscillator is best at resonance. Speed bumps and gravel roads prove that even a car\u2019s suspension system is not immune to resonance. In spite of finely engineered shock absorbers, which ordinarily convert mechanical energy to thermal energy almost as fast as it comes in, speed bumps still cause a large-amplitude oscillation. On gravel roads that are corrugated, you may have noticed that if you travel at the \u201cwrong\u201d speed, the bumps are very noticeable whereas at other speeds you may hardly feel the bumps at all. Figure 16.28 shows a photograph of a famous example (the Tacoma Narrows Bridge) of the destructive effects of a driven harmonic oscillation. The Millennium Bridge in London was closed for a short period of time for the same reason while inspections were carried out. In our bodies, the chest cavity is a clear example of a system at resonance. The diaphragm and chest wall drive the oscillations of the chest cavity which result in the lungs inflating and deflating. The system is critically damped and the muscular diaphragm oscillates at the resonant value for the system, making it highly efficient." + }, + { + "question": "How do prokaryotic cells divide?", + "distractor3": "multiple fission", + "distractor1": "Fusion", + "distractor2": "function fission", + "correct_answer": "binary fission", + "support": "Prokaryotic cells grow to a certain size. Then they divide by binary fission. This is a type of asexual reproduction. It produces genetically identical offspring. Genetic transfer increases genetic variation in prokaryotes." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for a series of biochemical reactions by which an organism converts a given reactant to a specific end product?", + "distractor3": "hydrogen pathway", + "distractor1": "internal pathway", + "distractor2": "direct pathway", + "correct_answer": "metabolic pathway", + "support": "A metabolic pathway is a series of biochemical reactions by which an organism converts a given reactant to a specific end product. As you will learn in Section 20.5 \"Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism\" through Section 20.7 \"Stage II of Protein Catabolism\", there are specific metabolic pathways\u2014which are different for carbohydrates, triglycerides, and proteins\u2014that break down the products of stage I of catabolism (monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids) to produce a common end product, acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in stage II of catabolism. Acetyl-CoA is shown in Figure 20.10 \"The Structure of Acetyl-Coenzyme A (AcetylCoA)\". The acetyl unit, derived (as we will see) from the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, is attached to coenzyme A, making the acetyl unit more reactive. Acetyl-CoA is used in a myriad of biochemical pathways. For example, it may be used as the starting material for the biosynthesis of lipids (such as triglycerides, phospholipids, or cholesterol and other steroids). Most importantly for energy generation, it may enter the citric acid cycle and be oxidized to produce energy, if energy is needed and oxygen is available. The various fates or uses of acetyl-CoA are summarized in Figure 20.11 \"Cell Chemistry\". Figure 20.10 The Structure of Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA)." + }, + { + "question": "Exemplified by sea stars and sand dollars, echinoderms have a calcareous structure developed by pigment cells and made of ossicles, which is called what?", + "distractor3": "thorax", + "distractor1": "hydrostatic skeleton", + "distractor2": "exoskeleton", + "correct_answer": "endoskeleton", + "support": "Phylum Echinodermata Echinodermata are so named owing to their spiny skin (from the Greek \u201cechinos\u201d meaning \u201cspiny\u201d and \u201cdermos\u201d meaning \u201cskin\u201d), and this phylum is a collection of about 7,000 described living species. Echinodermata are exclusively marine organisms. Sea stars (Figure 28.44), sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, and brittle stars are all examples of echinoderms. To date, no freshwater or terrestrial echinoderms are known. Morphology and Anatomy Adult echinoderms exhibit pentaradial symmetry and have a calcareous endoskeleton made of ossicles, although the early larval stages of all echinoderms have bilateral symmetry. The endoskeleton is developed by epidermal cells and may possess pigment cells, giving vivid colors to these animals, as well as cells laden with toxins. Gonads are present in each arm. In echinoderms like sea stars, every arm bears two rows of tube feet on the oral side. These tube feet help in attachment to the substratum. These animals possess a true coelom that is modified into a unique circulatory system called a water vascular system. An interesting feature of these animals is their power to regenerate, even when over 75 percent of their body mass is lost." + }, + { + "question": "What phase does the nuclear envelope begin to break down?", + "distractor3": "interphase", + "distractor1": "nitrogenase i", + "distractor2": "pasipha\u00eb i", + "correct_answer": "prophase i", + "support": "Prophase I: The nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the chromosomes condense. Centrioles start moving to opposite poles of the cell, and a spindle begins to form. Importantly, homologous chromosomes pair up, which is unique to prophase I. In prophase of mitosis and meiosis II, homologous chromosomes do not form pairs in this way. During prophase I, crossing-over occurs (see below)." + }, + { + "question": "What are formed when cells from the male and female parts of the plant combine?", + "distractor3": "atoms.", + "distractor1": "varieties", + "distractor2": "trees", + "correct_answer": "seeds", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is another name for anther pollen sacs?", + "distractor3": "Gametangia", + "distractor1": "ganglia", + "distractor2": "Megasporangia", + "correct_answer": "microsporangia", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is released to lubricate the vagina to facilitate intercourse?", + "distractor3": "semen", + "distractor1": "urine", + "distractor2": "blood", + "correct_answer": "vaginal secretions", + "support": "The vagina is a muscular tube that serves several purposes. It allows menstrual flow to leave the body. It is the receptacle for the penis during intercourse and the vessel for the delivery of offspring. It is lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells to protect the underlying tissue. Sexual Response during Intercourse The sexual response in humans is both psychological and physiological. Both sexes experience sexual arousal through psychological and physical stimulation. There are four phases of the sexual response. During phase one, called excitement, vasodilation leads to vasocongestion in erectile tissues in both men and women. The nipples, clitoris, labia, and penis engorge with blood and become enlarged. Vaginal secretions are released to lubricate the vagina to facilitate intercourse. During the second phase, called the plateau, stimulation continues, the outer third of the vaginal wall enlarges with blood, and breathing and heart rate increase. During phase three, or orgasm, rhythmic, involuntary contractions of muscles occur in both sexes. In the male, the reproductive accessory glands and tubules constrict placing semen in the urethra, then the urethra contracts expelling the semen through the penis. In women, the uterus and vaginal muscles contract in waves that may last slightly less than a second each. During phase four, or resolution, the processes described in the first three phases reverse themselves and return to their normal state. Men experience a refractory period in which they cannot maintain an erection or ejaculate for a period of time ranging from minutes to hours." + }, + { + "question": "Cnidarians are an example of organisms that possess a simple type of what system, used for sensing touch?", + "distractor3": "bacterial system", + "distractor1": "circulatory system", + "distractor2": "lymphatic system", + "correct_answer": "nervous system", + "support": "Cnidarians have a simple nervous system. It consists of a net of nerves that can sense touch. You can see a sketch of the nerve net in a hydra in Figure below . Some cnidarians also have other sensory structures. For example, jellyfish have light-sensing structures and gravity-sensing structures." + }, + { + "question": "What can we learn about a wave by finding the product of the wavelength and frequency?", + "distractor3": "type", + "distractor1": "decibels", + "distractor2": "volume", + "correct_answer": "speed", + "support": "The speed of a wave is a product of its wavelength and frequency. Because all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through space, a wave with a shorter wavelength must have a higher frequency, and vice versa. This relationship is represented by the equation:." + }, + { + "question": "Where are liverworts most often found?", + "distractor3": "in deserts", + "distractor1": "in the ocean", + "distractor2": "on mountains", + "correct_answer": "along stream beds", + "support": "Liverworts have two distinct appearances: they can either be leafy like mosses or flattened and ribbon-like. Liverworts get their name from the type with the flattened bodies, which can resemble a liver ( Figure below ). Liverworts can often be found along stream beds." + }, + { + "question": "What does a continuous string of earthquakes indicate about a volcano?", + "distractor3": "it is heating up", + "distractor1": "extinction is close", + "distractor2": "it is cooling down", + "correct_answer": "eruption is close", + "support": "Earthquakes may take place every day near a volcano. But before an eruption, the number and size of earthquakes increases. This is the result of magma pushing upward into the magma chamber. This motion causes stresses on neighboring rock to build up. Eventually the ground shakes. A continuous string of earthquakes may indicate that a volcano is about to erupt. Scientists use seismographs to record the length and strength of each earthquake." + }, + { + "question": "What term is used to describe the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur?", + "distractor3": "evolution", + "distractor1": "biosphere", + "distractor2": "habitat", + "correct_answer": "biodiversity", + "support": "Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur. Scientists have identified about 1.9 million species alive today. They are divided into the six kingdoms of life shown in Figure below . Scientists are still discovering new species. Thus, they do not know for sure how many species really exist today. Most estimates range from 5 to 30 million species." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of a disorder is tay-sachs disease?", + "distractor3": "accumulated disease", + "distractor1": "vitamin difficiency", + "distractor2": "a type of cancer", + "correct_answer": "inherited disorder", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "A rock that contains important minerals is called what, a term associated with mining?", + "distractor3": "gem", + "distractor1": "jewel", + "distractor2": "coal", + "correct_answer": "ore", + "support": "An ore is a rock that contains important minerals." + }, + { + "question": "Besides the size of their crystals, how are igneous rocks grouped?", + "distractor3": "by color", + "distractor1": "by shapes", + "distractor2": "impurities they contain", + "correct_answer": "minerals they contain", + "support": "Igneous rocks are grouped by the size of their crystals and the minerals they contain. The minerals in igneous rocks are grouped into families. Some contain mostly lighter colored minerals, some have a combination of light and dark minerals, and some have mostly darker minerals. The combination of minerals is determined by the composition of the magma. Magmas that produce lighter colored minerals are higher in silica. These create rocks such as granite and rhyolite. Darker colored minerals are found in rocks such as gabbro and basalt." + }, + { + "question": "Convection is the heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a what?", + "distractor3": "tissue", + "distractor1": "gravity", + "distractor2": "gases", + "correct_answer": "fluid", + "support": "14.4 Heat Transfer Methods Equally as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which this occurs. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. Heat transfer may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice chest. We can control rates of heat transfer by choosing materials (such as thick wool clothing for the winter), controlling air movement (such as the use of weather stripping around doors), or by choice of color (such as a white roof to reflect summer sunlight). So many processes involve heat transfer, so that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet every process involving heat transfer takes place by only three methods: 1. Conduction is heat transfer through stationary matter by physical contact. (The matter is stationary on a macroscopic scale\u2014we know there is thermal motion of the atoms and molecules at any temperature above absolute zero. ) Heat transferred between the electric burner of a stove and the bottom of a pan is transferred by conduction. Convection is the heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a fluid. This type of transfer takes place in a forced-air furnace and in weather systems, for example. Heat transfer by radiation occurs when microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, or another form of electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed. An obvious example is the warming of the Earth by the Sun. A less obvious example is thermal radiation from the human body." + }, + { + "question": "Hypersection by an endocrine gland is often caused by what?", + "distractor3": "viruses", + "distractor1": "calcium", + "distractor2": "inflammation", + "correct_answer": "tumor", + "support": "Hypersecretion by an endocrine gland is often caused by a tumor. For example, a tumor of the pituitary gland can cause hypersecretion of growth hormone. If this occurs in childhood, it results in very long arms and legs and abnormally tall stature by adulthood. The condition is commonly known as gigantism (see Figure below ). See Giants - Part 1 - Pituitary Gigantism and Acromegaly at http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=Ebhf1qKVA9A for information about pituitary giants." + }, + { + "question": "What gland secretes growth hormones?", + "distractor3": "thyroid", + "distractor1": "pineal", + "distractor2": "adrenal", + "correct_answer": "pituitary", + "support": "Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth in several ways. It triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates, resulting in the increasing length of long bones. GH also increases calcium retention, which enhances mineralization, and stimulates osteoblastic activity, which improves bone density. GH is not alone in stimulating bone growth and maintaining osseous tissue. Thyroxine, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix. During puberty, the sex hormones (estrogen in girls, testosterone in boys) also come into play. They too promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix, and in addition, are responsible for the growth spurt that often occurs during adolescence. They also promote the conversion of the epiphyseal plate to the epiphyseal line (i. , cartilage to its bony remnant), thus bringing an end to the longitudinal growth of bones. Additionally, calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract." + }, + { + "question": "We must remember that the formal charge calculated for an atom is not the actual charge of the atom in the molecule. formal charge is only a useful bookkeeping procedure; it does not indicate the presence of these?", + "distractor3": "electron bonds", + "distractor1": "isotopes", + "distractor2": "negative charges", + "correct_answer": "actual charges", + "support": "Calculating Formal Charge The formal charge of an atom in a molecule is the hypothetical charge the atom would have if we could redistribute the electrons in the bonds evenly between the atoms. Another way of saying this is that formal charge results when we take the number of valence electrons of a neutral atom, subtract the nonbonding electrons, and then subtract the number of bonds connected to that atom in the Lewis structure. Thus, we calculate formal charge as follows: formal charge = # valence shell electrons (free atom) \u2212 # lone pair electrons \u2212 1 # bonding electrons 2 We can double-check formal charge calculations by determining the sum of the formal charges for the whole structure. The sum of the formal charges of all atoms in a molecule must be zero; the sum of the formal charges in an ion should equal the charge of the ion. We must remember that the formal charge calculated for an atom is not the actual charge of the atom in the molecule. Formal charge is only a useful bookkeeping procedure; it does not indicate the presence of actual charges." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of rock layer makes up the bottom of an aquifer?", + "distractor3": "crystalline", + "distractor1": "invisible", + "distractor2": "porous", + "correct_answer": "impermeable", + "support": "A rock layer must be porous and permeable to be a good aquifer. An impermeable layer makes up the bottom of an aquifer." + }, + { + "question": "The amniotic egg is a shared ancestral character for which clade?", + "distractor3": "avian", + "distractor1": "trichina", + "distractor2": "xerophyte", + "correct_answer": "amniota", + "support": "What is the largest clade in this diagram? Shared Characteristics Organisms evolve from common ancestors and then diversify. Scientists use the phrase \u201cdescent with modification\u201d because even though related organisms have many of the same characteristics and genetic codes, changes occur. This pattern repeats over and over as one goes through the phylogenetic tree of life: 1. A change in the genetic makeup of an organism leads to a new trait which becomes prevalent in the group. Many organisms descend from this point and have this trait. New variations continue to arise: some are adaptive and persist, leading to new traits. With new traits, a new branch point is determined (go back to step 1 and repeat). If a characteristic is found in the ancestor of a group, it is considered a shared ancestral character because all of the organisms in the taxon or clade have that trait. The vertebrate in Figure 20.10 is a shared ancestral character. Now consider the amniotic egg characteristic in the same figure. Only some of the organisms in Figure 20.10 have this trait, and to those that do, it is called a shared derived character because this trait derived at some point but does not include all of the ancestors in the tree. The tricky aspect to shared ancestral and shared derived characters is the fact that these terms are relative. The same trait can be considered one or the other depending on the particular diagram being used. Returning to Figure 20.10, note that the amniotic egg is a shared ancestral character for the Amniota clade, while having hair is a shared derived character for some organisms in this group. These terms help scientists distinguish between clades in the building of phylogenetic trees." + }, + { + "question": "Lyme disease is caused by what kind of organim?", + "distractor3": "algae", + "distractor1": "Virus", + "distractor2": "bacterium", + "correct_answer": "bacteria", + "support": "Humans have literally walked into some new bacterial diseases. When people come into contact with wild populations, they may become part of natural cycles of disease transmission. Consider Lyme disease. It\u2019s caused by bacteria that normally infect small, wild mammals, such as mice. A tick bites a mouse and picks up the bacteria. The tick may then bite a human who invades the natural habitat. Through the bite, the bacteria are transmitted to the human host." + }, + { + "question": "What is the side to side movement of the mandible called?", + "distractor3": "shifting", + "distractor1": "twitching", + "distractor2": "cycling", + "correct_answer": "excursion", + "support": "Excursion Excursion is the side to side movement of the mandible. Lateral excursion moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side. Medial excursion returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline." + }, + { + "question": "A moraine is sediment deposited by what?", + "distractor3": "wind", + "distractor1": "human-caused scarring", + "distractor2": "river erosion", + "correct_answer": "glacier", + "support": "A moraine is sediment deposited by a glacier. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. An end moraine is a low ridge of sediments deposited at the end of the glacier. It marks the greatest distance the glacier advanced." + }, + { + "question": "The development of the respiratory system in the fetus begins at about?", + "distractor3": "4 days", + "distractor1": "2 weeks", + "distractor2": "4 months", + "correct_answer": "4 weeks", + "support": "22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System The development of the respiratory system in the fetus begins at about 4 weeks and continues into childhood. Ectodermal tissue in the anterior portion of the head region invaginates posteriorly, forming olfactory pits, which ultimately fuse with endodermal tissue of the early pharynx. At about this same time, an protrusion of endodermal tissue extends anteriorly from the foregut, producing a lung bud, which continues to elongate until it forms the laryngotracheal bud. The proximal portion of this structure will mature into the trachea, whereas the bulbous end will branch to form two bronchial buds. These buds then branch repeatedly, so that at about week 16, all major airway structures are present. Development progresses after week 16 as respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts form, and extensive vascularization occurs. Alveolar type I cells also begin to take shape. Type II pulmonary cells develop and begin to produce small amounts of surfactant. As the fetus grows, the respiratory system continues to expand as more alveoli develop and more surfactant is produced. Beginning at about week 36 and lasting into childhood, alveolar precursors mature to become fully functional alveoli. At birth, compression of the thoracic cavity forces much of the fluid in the lungs to be expelled. The first inhalation inflates the lungs. Fetal breathing movements begin around week 20 or 21, and occur when contractions of the respiratory muscles cause the fetus." + }, + { + "question": "What are plants that grow on other plants called?", + "distractor3": "bryophytes", + "distractor1": "fungi", + "distractor2": "parasites", + "correct_answer": "epiphytes", + "support": "Plants called epiphytes grow on other plants. They obtain moisture from the air instead of the soil. Most epiphytes are ferns or orchids that live in rainforests. Host trees provide support for the plants. They allow epiphytes to get air and sunlight high above the forest floor. This lets the plants get out of the shadows on the forest floor so they can get enough light for photosynthesis. Being elevated may also reduce the risk of being eaten by herbivores. In addition, it may increase the chances of pollination by wind." + }, + { + "question": "An object attached to a spring sliding on a frictionless surface is an uncomplicated type of what device?", + "distractor3": "atomic watch", + "distractor1": "wheel and axle", + "distractor2": "pendulum", + "correct_answer": "simple harmonic oscillator", + "support": "Figure 16.9 An object attached to a spring sliding on a frictionless surface is an uncomplicated simple harmonic oscillator. When displaced from equilibrium, the object performs simple harmonic motion that has an amplitude X and a period T . The object\u2019s maximum speed occurs as it passes through equilibrium. The stiffer the spring is, the smaller the period." + }, + { + "question": "What controls all five senses?", + "distractor3": "endocrine system", + "distractor1": "circulatory system", + "distractor2": "skin cells", + "correct_answer": "nervous system", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Where in the target cells are intracellular receptor proteins found?", + "distractor3": "ribosomes or nucleus", + "distractor1": "mucus or nucleus", + "distractor2": "membrane or mitochondria", + "correct_answer": "cytoplasm or nucleus", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The components of a mixture keep their own identity when they combine, so they retain what type of properties, such as boiling point and ability to dissolve?", + "distractor3": "thermal", + "distractor1": "thermal", + "distractor2": "internal", + "correct_answer": "physical", + "support": "The components of a mixture keep their own identity when they combine, so they retain their physical properties. Examples of physical properties include boiling point, ability to dissolve, and particle size. When components of mixtures vary in physical properties such as these, processes such as boiling, dissolving, or filtering can be used to separate them." + }, + { + "question": "A thermite reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous, and because it is associated with a significant release of heat, it is regarded as what?", + "distractor3": "endothermic", + "distractor1": "biochemical", + "distractor2": "endotropic", + "correct_answer": "exothermic", + "support": "Thermodynamic spontaneity. The highly exothermic and dramatic thermite reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous. Reactants of aluminum and a metal oxide, usually iron, which are stable at room temperature, are ignited either in the presence of heat or by the reaction of potassium permanganate and glycerin. The resulting products are aluminum oxide, free and molten elemental metal, and a great deal of heat, which makes this an excellent method for on-site welding. Because this reaction has its own oxygen supply, it can be used for underwater welding as well." + }, + { + "question": "What do nectar-feeding bats do to flowers?", + "distractor3": "consume", + "distractor1": "defecate", + "distractor2": "illuminate", + "correct_answer": "pollinate", + "support": "Mammals also interact with other species in many symbiotic relationships. For example, bats have established mutually beneficial relationships with plants. Nectar-feeding bats receive a tasty treat from each flower, and, in return, they pollinate the flowers. That means they transfer pollen from one flower to another, allowing the plant to reproduce. Non-flying mammalian pollinators include marsupials, primates, and rodents. In most cases, these animals visit flowers to eat their nectar, and end up with pollen stuck to their bodies. When the animal visits another flower to eat the nectar, the pollen is transferred to that flower." + }, + { + "question": "Ecological succession refers to the change in the numbers and types of species that live in what groups?", + "distractor3": "biomes", + "distractor1": "movements", + "distractor2": "colonies", + "correct_answer": "communities", + "support": "Communities are not usually static. The numbers and types of species that live in them generally change over time. This is called ecological succession . Important cases of succession are primary and secondary succession." + }, + { + "question": "What broad group of organisms is characterized by sensory organs, the ability to move, internal digestion and sexual reproduction?", + "distractor3": "fungi", + "distractor1": "protists", + "distractor2": "plants", + "correct_answer": "animals", + "support": "Animals are multicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls. All animals are heterotrophs. They have sensory organs, the ability to move, and internal digestion. They also have sexual reproduction." + }, + { + "question": "Foodborne illness, food allergies, or a food intolerance cause symptoms in what system?", + "distractor3": "skeletal", + "distractor1": "respiratory", + "distractor2": "circulatory", + "correct_answer": "digestive", + "support": "Most of the time, you probably aren\u2019t aware of your digestive system. It works well without causing any problems. But most people have problems with their digestive system at least once in a while. Did you ever eat something that didn\u2019t \u201cagree\u201d with you? Maybe you had a stomachache or felt sick to your stomach? Maybe you had diarrhea? These could be symptoms of foodborne illness, food allergies, or a food intolerance." + }, + { + "question": "The number of what subatomic particles determines an element\u2019s atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another?", + "distractor3": "electrons", + "distractor1": "neutrons", + "distractor2": "quarks", + "correct_answer": "protons", + "support": "Atomic Number and Mass Atoms of each element contain a characteristic number of protons and electrons. The number of protons determines an element\u2019s atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another. The number of neutrons is variable, resulting in isotopes, which are different forms of the same atom that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess. Together, the number of protons and the number of neutrons determine an element\u2019s mass number, as illustrated in Figure 2.3. Note that the small contribution of mass from electrons is disregarded in calculating the mass number. This approximation of mass can be used to easily calculate how many neutrons an element has by simply subtracting the number of protons from the mass number. Since an element\u2019s isotopes will have slightly different mass numbers, scientists also determine the atomic mass, which is the calculated mean of the mass number for its naturally occurring isotopes. Often, the resulting number contains a fraction. For example, the atomic mass of chlorine (Cl) is 35.45 because chlorine is composed of several isotopes, some (the majority) with atomic mass 35 (17 protons and 18 neutrons) and some with atomic mass 37 (17 protons and 20 neutrons)." + }, + { + "question": "What regulates the time of flowering in many species?", + "distractor3": "pollenation", + "distractor1": "wind patterns", + "distractor2": "spirogyra", + "correct_answer": "photoperiodism", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is the most common cause of down syndrome?", + "distractor3": "chromosome 21", + "distractor1": "trisomy 22", + "distractor2": "gametes 21", + "correct_answer": "trisomy 21", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What occurs not only as organisms grow, but as they reproduce.", + "distractor3": "flight division", + "distractor1": "proteins division", + "distractor2": "experimental division", + "correct_answer": "cell division", + "support": "Cell division occurs not only as organisms grow. It also occurs when they reproduce." + }, + { + "question": "What useful tool helps scientists work with, understand and make predictions about extremely complex systems?", + "distractor3": "speculation", + "distractor1": "guesses", + "distractor2": "assumptions", + "correct_answer": "models", + "support": "Scientific models are useful tools for scientists. Most of Earth's systems are extremely complex. Models allow scientists to work with systems that are nearly impossible to study as a whole. Models help scientists to understand these systems. They can analyze and make predictions about them using the models. There are different types of models." + }, + { + "question": "A dilute solution is one that has a relatively small amount of what?", + "distractor3": "pH level", + "distractor1": "density", + "distractor2": "saturated fat", + "correct_answer": "dissolved solute", + "support": "There are cultures that have no numbers above three. Anything greater than that is simply referred to as \u201cmuch\u201d or \u201cmany\u201d. We recognize how limited this form of calculation is, but we do some of the same thing. There are several ways to express the amount of solute in a solution in a quantitative manner. The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a relatively large amount of dissolved solute. A dilute solution is one that has a relatively small amount of dissolved solute. However, those terms are vague and we need to be able to express concentration with numbers." + }, + { + "question": "Each bond includes a sharing of electrons between atoms. two electrons are shared in a single bond; four electrons are shared in a double bond; and six electrons are shared in this?", + "distractor3": "magnetic bond", + "distractor1": "ionic bond", + "distractor2": "quadruple bond", + "correct_answer": "triple bond", + "support": "Each bond includes a sharing of electrons between atoms. Two electrons are shared in a single bond; four electrons are shared in a double bond; and six electrons are shared in a triple bond." + }, + { + "question": "What is the process of breaking an individual into parts followed by regeneration called?", + "distractor3": "destruction", + "distractor1": "minimization", + "distractor2": "erosion", + "correct_answer": "fragmentation", + "support": "View this video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/budding_hydra2) to see a hydra budding. Fragmentation Fragmentation is the breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration. If the animal is capable of fragmentation, and the parts are big enough, a separate individual will regrow from each part. Fragmentation may occur through accidental damage, damage from predators, or as a natural form of reproduction. Reproduction through." + }, + { + "question": "The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from which organs?", + "distractor3": "liver", + "distractor1": "pancreas", + "distractor2": "brain", + "correct_answer": "lungs", + "support": "The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs." + }, + { + "question": "If the water vapor condenses in liquid droplets as clouds form, what is released in the atmosphere?", + "distractor3": "electricity", + "distractor1": "oxygen", + "distractor2": "hydrogen", + "correct_answer": "heat", + "support": "Another important example of the combination of phase change and convection occurs when water evaporates from the oceans. Heat is removed from the ocean when water evaporates. If the water vapor condenses in liquid droplets as clouds form, heat is released in the atmosphere. Thus, there is an overall transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere. This process is the driving power behind thunderheads, those great cumulus clouds that rise as much as 20.0 km into the stratosphere. Water vapor carried in by convection condenses, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. This energy causes the air to expand and rise, where it is colder. More condensation occurs in these colder regions, which in turn drives the cloud even higher. Such a mechanism is called positive feedback, since the process reinforces and accelerates itself. These systems sometimes produce violent storms, with lightning and hail, and constitute the mechanism driving hurricanes." + }, + { + "question": "An increase in the number of gas molecules in the same volume container causes what to increase?", + "distractor3": "power", + "distractor1": "friction", + "distractor2": "energy", + "correct_answer": "pressure", + "support": "An increase in the number of gas molecules in the same volume container increases pressure." + }, + { + "question": "What do induction cooktops have under their surface?", + "distractor3": "screws", + "distractor1": "Chambers", + "distractor2": "clumps", + "correct_answer": "electromagnets", + "support": "Induction cooktops have electromagnets under their surface. The magnetic field is varied rapidly producing eddy currents in the base of the pot, causing the pot and its contents to increase in temperature. Induction cooktops have high efficiencies and good response times but the base of the pot needs to be ferromagnetic, iron or steel for induction to work." + }, + { + "question": "How many types of molecular orbitals can form from the overlap of two atomic s orbitals on adjacent atoms?", + "distractor3": "ten", + "distractor1": "three", + "distractor2": "six", + "correct_answer": "two", + "support": "There are two types of molecular orbitals that can form from the overlap of two atomic s orbitals on adjacent atoms. The two types are illustrated in Figure 8.29. The in-phase combination produces a lower energy \u03c3s molecular orbital (read as \"sigma-s\") in which most of the electron density is directly between the nuclei. The out-of-phase addition (which can also be thought of as subtracting the wave functions) produces a higher energy molecular orbital (read as \"sigma-s-star\") molecular orbital in which there is a node between the nuclei. The asterisk signifies that the orbital is an antibonding orbital. Electrons in a \u03c3s orbital are attracted by both nuclei at the same time and are more stable (of lower energy) than they would be in the isolated atoms. Adding electrons to these orbitals creates a force that holds the two nuclei together, so we call these orbitals bonding orbitals. Electrons in the \u03c3*s orbitals are located well away from the region between the two nuclei. The attractive force between the nuclei and these electrons pulls the two nuclei apart. Hence, these orbitals are called antibonding orbitals. Electrons fill the lower-energy bonding orbital before the higher-energy antibonding orbital, just as they fill lower-energy atomic orbitals before they fill higher-energy atomic orbitals." + }, + { + "question": "Salicylic acid is used in the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid, or more commonly called?", + "distractor3": "Tylenol", + "distractor1": "smelling salts", + "distractor2": "antacid", + "correct_answer": "aspirin", + "support": "Salicylic acid is used in the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin. One gram dissolves in 460 mL of water to create a saturated solution with a pH of 2.40." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function, and describes how cells are organized?", + "distractor3": "kidney", + "distractor1": "muscle", + "distractor2": "heart", + "correct_answer": "tissue", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What kind of weather do psychrophiles need to grow and reproduce?", + "distractor3": "water temperatures", + "distractor1": "mixed temperatures", + "distractor2": "Hot temperatures", + "correct_answer": "cold temperatures", + "support": "Psychrophiles grow and reproduce in cold temperatures. The optimal growth temperature of some psychrophiles is 15\u00b0C or lower; they cannot grow in temperatures above 20\u00b0C. The environments that psychrophiles inhabit are found all over Earth. Psychrophiles live in such places as permafrost soils, deep-ocean waters, Arctic and Antarctic glaciers and snowfields." + }, + { + "question": "What creates new seafloor in the rift valleys?", + "distractor3": "continental drift", + "distractor1": "sedimentation", + "distractor2": "crust spreading", + "correct_answer": "seafloor spreading", + "support": "Volcanoes erupt at mid-ocean ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Seafloor spreading creates new seafloor in the rift valleys. This type of volcanism makes all of the ocean floor! Where a hotspot is located along the ridge, such as at Iceland, volcanoes grow high enough to create islands ( Figure below )." + }, + { + "question": "The building blocks of proteins are called what?", + "distractor3": "protein acids", + "distractor1": "boric acids", + "distractor2": "mutation acids", + "correct_answer": "amino acids", + "support": "2.3 Biological Molecules Living things are carbon-based because carbon plays such a prominent role in the chemistry of living things. The four covalent bonding positions of the carbon atom can give rise to a wide diversity of compounds with many functions, accounting for the importance of carbon in living things. Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are a vital energy source for the cell, provide structural support to many organisms, and can be found on the surface of the cell as receptors or for cell recognition. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, depending on the number of monomers in the molecule. Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats and oils are a stored form of energy and can include triglycerides. Fats and oils are usually made up of fatty acids and glycerol. Proteins are a class of macromolecules that can perform a diverse range of functions for the cell. They help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers or as hormones. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Proteins are organized at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Protein shape and function are intricately linked; any change in shape caused by changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure may lead to protein denaturation and a loss of function." + }, + { + "question": "Type 1 diabetes and gigantism are examples of what type of disorder?", + "distractor3": "inborn errors of metabolism", + "distractor1": "cardiac diseases", + "distractor2": "respiratory diseases", + "correct_answer": "endocrine diseases", + "support": "Endocrine system diseases are fairly common. An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough hormone by an endocrine hormone. Examples of endocrine diseases are gigantism and Type 1 diabetes." + }, + { + "question": "In photosynthesis, what process involving carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through small, regulated openings called stomata?", + "distractor3": "transpiration", + "distractor1": "osmosis", + "distractor2": "fertilization", + "correct_answer": "gas exchange", + "support": "Although the equation looks simple, the many steps that take place during photosynthesis are actually quite complex. Before learning the details of how photoautotrophs turn sunlight into food, it is important to become familiar with the structures involved. In plants, photosynthesis generally takes place in leaves, which consist of several layers of cells. The process of photosynthesis occurs in a middle layer called the mesophyll. The gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through small, regulated openings called stomata (singular: stoma), which also play roles in the regulation of gas exchange and water balance. The stomata are typically located on the underside of the leaf, which helps to minimize water loss. Each stoma is flanked by guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata by swelling or shrinking in response to osmotic changes. In all autotrophic eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside an organelle called a chloroplast. For plants, chloroplastcontaining cells exist in the mesophyll. Chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope (composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane). Within the chloroplast are stacked, disc-shaped structures called thylakoids. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane is chlorophyll, a pigment (molecule that absorbs light) responsible for the initial interaction between light and plant material, and numerous proteins that make up the electron transport chain. The thylakoid membrane encloses an internal space called the thylakoid lumen. As shown in Figure 8.6, a stack of thylakoids is called a granum, and the liquid-filled space surrounding the granum is called stroma or \u201cbed\u201d (not to be confused with stoma or \u201cmouth,\u201d an opening on the leaf epidermis)." + }, + { + "question": "Which molecules are made of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms?", + "distractor3": "particles", + "distractor1": "fats", + "distractor2": "proteins", + "correct_answer": "hydrocarbons", + "support": "Hydrocarbons are molecules made of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms." + }, + { + "question": "Atoms of different elements have different numbers of what?", + "distractor3": "nucleus", + "distractor1": "electrons", + "distractor2": "neutrons", + "correct_answer": "protons", + "support": "All protons are identical. For example, hydrogen protons are exactly the same as protons of helium and all other elements, or pure substances. However, atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. In fact, atoms of any given element have a unique number of protons that is different from the numbers of protons of all other elements. For example, a hydrogen atom has just one proton, whereas a helium atom has two protons. The number of protons in an atom determines the electrical charge of the nucleus. The nucleus also contains neutrons, but they are neutral in charge. The one proton in a hydrogen nucleus, for example, gives it a charge of +1, and the two protons in a helium nucleus give it a charge of +2. To learn more about the relationship between protons and elements, go to this URL:." + }, + { + "question": "The lancelet lacks what feature that distinguishes vertebrates?", + "distractor3": "mouth", + "distractor1": "feet", + "distractor2": "skin", + "correct_answer": "backbone", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is a reptiles skin covered in to protect them from drying out?", + "distractor3": "dye", + "distractor1": "bacteria", + "distractor2": "oil", + "correct_answer": "scales", + "support": "The cell cycle is a repeating series of events that cells go through. It includes growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division. In eukaryotic cells, there are two growth phases, and cell division includes mitosis." + }, + { + "question": "In sexual reproduction, the fusion of haploid gametes forms a diploid cell called what?", + "distractor3": "gamete", + "distractor1": "gonad", + "distractor2": "fetus", + "correct_answer": "zygote", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Gabbro is a dark dense rock that can be found in what?", + "distractor3": "soil", + "distractor1": "surface crust", + "distractor2": "mantle", + "correct_answer": "oceanic crust", + "support": "Mark A. Wilson (Department of Geology, The College of Wooster). Gabbro is a dark dense rock that can be found in oceanic crust . Public Domain." + }, + { + "question": "What provides clear evidence of evolution?", + "distractor3": "mutations", + "distractor1": "biologists", + "distractor2": "extinction", + "correct_answer": "fossils", + "support": "Fossils are a window into the past. They provide clear evidence that evolution has occurred. Scientists who find and study fossils are called paleontologists . How do they use fossils to understand the past? Consider the example of the horse, shown in the Figure below . The fossil record shows how the horse evolved." + }, + { + "question": "About half of what type of radiation is absorbed in the first 15 meters of water?", + "distractor3": "natural", + "distractor1": "surface", + "distractor2": "polar", + "correct_answer": "solar", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What begins with a diploid cell and ends with four haploid cells?", + "distractor3": "urinalysis", + "distractor1": "electrolysis", + "distractor2": "mitosis", + "correct_answer": "meiosis", + "support": "Fertilization joins haploid gametes into a diploid zygote. How do gametes end up with half the amount, a haploid amount, of DNA? The mechanism that produces haploid cells is meiosis. Meiosis is a type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes. Meiosis is specific to gamete producing cells in the gonads. Meiosis begins with a diploid cell and ends with four haploid cells. These cells eventually differentiate into mature sperm or egg cells. During meiosis the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate and segregate randomly to produce gametes with one chromosome from each pair. Only germ cells like spermatocytes and oocytes, can undergo meiosis." + }, + { + "question": "Two smaller isotopes, more neutrons, and heat energy are the products of what type of reaction?", + "distractor3": "fusion", + "distractor1": "Reaction", + "distractor2": "diffusion", + "correct_answer": "fission", + "support": "Nuclear fission reactions involve collision of a slow neuron with an element, usually uranium. The products of a fission reaction are two smaller isotopes, more neutrons, and heat energy." + }, + { + "question": "What percentage of the field is tilled in traditional plowing?", + "distractor3": "75%", + "distractor1": "50 %", + "distractor2": "60 %", + "correct_answer": "100%", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes are called what?", + "distractor3": "chromosome-linked traits", + "distractor1": "male-related traits", + "distractor2": "gender-linked traits", + "correct_answer": "sex-linked traits", + "support": "Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits . One gene on the Y chromosome determines male sex. There are very few other genes on the Y chromosome, which is the smallest human chromosome. There are hundreds of genes on the much larger X chromosome. None is related to sex. Traits controlled by genes on the X chromosome are called X-linked traits." + }, + { + "question": "What structures are at the end of the long air passages in the lungs?", + "distractor3": "Larynx", + "distractor1": "Oral Cavity", + "distractor2": "chloride", + "correct_answer": "alveoli", + "support": "During respiration, oxygen gets pulled into the lungs and enters the blood by passing across the thin alveoli membranes and into the capillaries. The alveoli are at the end of the long air passages." + }, + { + "question": "What is a disease caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox?", + "distractor3": "hepatitis", + "distractor1": "gout", + "distractor2": "diabetes", + "correct_answer": "shingles", + "support": "Shingles. Shingles is a disease caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox." + }, + { + "question": "In a solution what is the substance a solute dissolves in is called?", + "distractor3": "atoms", + "distractor1": "particles", + "distractor2": "gas", + "correct_answer": "solvent", + "support": "A solution forms when one substance dissolves in another. The substance that dissolves is called the solute . The substance it dissolves in is called the solvent . For example, ocean water is a solution in which the solute is salt and the solvent is water. In this example, a solid (salt) is dissolved in a liquid (water). However, matter in any state can be the solute or solvent in a solution. Solutions may be gases, liquids, or solids. In Table below and the video at the URL below, you can learn about solutions involving other states of matter." + }, + { + "question": "What is it called when sound is reflected off an object?", + "distractor3": "reverberation", + "distractor1": "signal", + "distractor2": "amplification", + "correct_answer": "echo", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Acidic hydrogen atoms are those which will be transferred to what?", + "distractor3": "another atom", + "distractor1": "water", + "distractor2": "a cup", + "correct_answer": "a base", + "support": "Acids can further be categorized based on how many acidic hydrogen atoms they contain. Acidic hydrogen atoms are those which will be transferred to a base. A monoprotic acid has only one acidic hydrogen that would be transferred to a strong base, whereas a polyprotic acid has two or more. Common monoprotic acids include HCl, HBr, and HNO 3 . A common diprotic acid is sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), and phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) provides an example of a triprotic acid. In each case, all hydrogens are available to participate in acid-base reactions. However, that is not the case for all acidic molecules. For example, in acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), only the hydrogen bonded to the oxygen atom is acidic. The other three hydrogens are covalently bonded to carbon and cannot be removed by any of the bases that we will consider in this chapter." + }, + { + "question": "In an ecosystem, what do you call organisms like lions that capture and kill other animals for food?", + "distractor3": "leaders", + "distractor1": "hunters", + "distractor2": "alphas", + "correct_answer": "predators", + "support": "Consumers get their food in different ways Figure below . Grazers feed on living organisms without killing them. A rabbit nibbles on leaves and a mosquito sucks a drop of blood. Predators , like lions, capture and kill animals for food. The animals they eat are called prey . Even some plants are consumers. Pitcher plants trap insects in their sticky fluid in their \u201cpitchers. \u201d The insects are their prey. Scavengers eat animals that are already dead. This hyena is eating the remains of a lion\u2019s prey. Decomposers break down dead organisms and the wastes of living things. This dung beetle is rolling a ball of dung (animal waste) back to its nest. The beetle will use the dung to feed its young. The mushrooms pictured are growing on a dead log. They will slowly break it down. This releases its nutrients to the soil." + }, + { + "question": "What type of diseases occur when the immune system attacks normal body cells?", + "distractor3": "inflammatory", + "distractor1": "gastrointestinal", + "distractor2": "liver", + "correct_answer": "autoimmune", + "support": "Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks normal body cells." + }, + { + "question": "Most modern seed plants are angiosperms, which produce seeds in the ovaries of what basic structure?", + "distractor3": "leaves", + "distractor1": "stems", + "distractor2": "cells", + "correct_answer": "flowers", + "support": "Most modern seed plants are angiosperms that produce seeds in the ovaries of flowers. Ovaries may develop into fruits. Flowers attract pollinators, and fruits are eaten by animals, which help disperse the seeds." + }, + { + "question": "What is produced by the end of meiosis?", + "distractor3": "three haploid cells", + "distractor1": "sixteen haploid cells", + "distractor2": "eight haploid cells", + "correct_answer": "four haploid cells", + "support": "At the end of meiosis, four haploid cells have been produced, but the cells are not yet gametes. The cells need to develop before they become mature gametes capable of fertilization. The development of haploid cells into gametes is called gametogenesis ." + }, + { + "question": "In the u. s. , the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or what else?", + "distractor3": "wind power", + "distractor1": "hydroelectic", + "distractor2": "solar", + "correct_answer": "fossil fuels", + "support": "In the U. S. , the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution that harms the health of living things. The air pollution also causes acid rain and contributes to global warming. In addition, fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, so if we keep using them, they will eventually run out. The main advantage of nuclear energy is that it doesn\u2019t release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with the burning of fossil fuels. On the other other hand, radioactive elements are nonrenewable like fossil fuels and could eventually be used up." + }, + { + "question": "Farming practices leave some soil exposed and vulnerable to what natural process?", + "distractor3": "sediment", + "distractor1": "migration", + "distractor2": "rust", + "correct_answer": "erosion", + "support": "Farming leaves some soil exposed to erosion." + }, + { + "question": "Matter is made up of a mixture of things called what?", + "distractor3": "structures", + "distractor1": "segments", + "distractor2": "compounds", + "correct_answer": "elements", + "support": "Matter is made up of a mixture of things called elements. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. There are more than 100 known elements, and 92 occur naturally around us. The others have been made only in the laboratory." + }, + { + "question": "Water seeps into the ground through permeable material and stops when it reaches what?", + "distractor3": "Coral", + "distractor1": "Bed Rock", + "distractor2": "Lava", + "correct_answer": "impermeable rock", + "support": "Water seeps into the ground through permeable material and stops when it reaches an impermeable rock. Predict the purpose of the well in the diagram." + }, + { + "question": "Vertebrate animals have two major body cavities, the dorsal and what is the other?", + "distractor3": "functional cavity", + "distractor1": "anterior cavity", + "distractor2": "proximal cavity", + "correct_answer": "spinal cavity", + "support": "Figure 33.6 Vertebrate animals have two major body cavities. The dorsal cavity, indicated in green, contains the cranial and the spinal cavity. The ventral cavity, indicated in yellow, contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The thoracic cavity is separated into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity by an imaginary line parallel to the pelvis bones. (credit: modification of work by NCI)." + }, + { + "question": "There are 20 different common amino acids needed to make what organic compound?", + "distractor3": "cells", + "distractor1": "lipids", + "distractor2": "nutron", + "correct_answer": "proteins", + "support": "Proteins are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, in some cases, sulfur. These compounds may many essential functions within the cell (see below). Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids . There are 20 different common amino acids needed to make proteins. All amino acids have the same basic structure, which is shown in Figure below . Only the side chain (labeled R in the figure) differs from one amino acid to another. These side chains can vary in size from just one hydrogen atom in glycine to a large heterocyclic group in tryptophan. The variable side chain gives each amino acid unique properties. The side chains can also characterize the amino acid as (1) nonpolar or hydrophobic, (2) neutral (uncharged) but polar, (3) acidic, with a net negative charge, and (4) basic, with a net positive charge at neutral pH." + }, + { + "question": "Sponges exemplify what type of arrangement, where different cells are specialized for different functions, but each cell works alone?", + "distractor3": "organ-level organization", + "distractor1": "independent organization", + "distractor2": "commensalism", + "correct_answer": "cell-level organization", + "support": "Sponges have cell-level organization, in which different cells are specialized for different functions, but each cell works alone. For example, some cells digest food, while other cells let water pass through the sponge." + }, + { + "question": "What type of chemical reactions release energy?", + "distractor3": "biochemical reactions", + "distractor1": "sulfuric reactions", + "distractor2": "endothermic reactions", + "correct_answer": "exothermic reactions", + "support": "Some chemical reactions are exothermic, which means they release energy. Other chemical reactions are endothermic, which means they consume energy." + }, + { + "question": "Some types of minerals form balls called what?", + "distractor3": "fistulas", + "distractor1": "cancers", + "distractor2": "microbes", + "correct_answer": "nodules", + "support": "Some types of minerals form balls called nodules. Nodules may be tiny or as big as basketballs. They contain manganese, iron, copper, and other useful minerals. As many as 500 billion tons of nodules lie on the ocean floor! However, mining them would be very costly and could be harmful to the ocean environment." + }, + { + "question": "According to the special theory of relativity, no physical object can equal or exceed the speed of what?", + "distractor3": "weight", + "distractor1": "air", + "distractor2": "energy", + "correct_answer": "light", + "support": "A result of the special theory of relativity is that no physical object can equal or exceed the speed of light. From the equation for relativistic mass, it can be seen that as the object is accelerated faster and faster, its mass becomes greater and greater. The greater mass would require an even greater force to accelerate it. If the velocity of the mass ever reached the speed of light, the denominator of the equation would become zero and the mass would become infinite. The energy required to accelerate an infinite mass would also be infinite. The fact that light itself travels at the speed , implies that light has a zero rest mass. Of course, light is never at rest." + }, + { + "question": "What is another word for cellular drinking?", + "distractor3": "altostratus", + "distractor1": "hypothalamus", + "distractor2": "cellular hydration", + "correct_answer": "pinocytosis", + "support": "Pinocytosis , or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell, as shown in Figure below . When the channel is closed, the liquid is encircled within a pinocytic vesicle." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call water that flows out of the ground where an aquifer meets the surface?", + "distractor3": "stream", + "distractor1": "oasis", + "distractor2": "waterfall", + "correct_answer": "spring", + "support": "Water that flows out of the ground where an aquifer meets the surface is called a spring. Spring water may contain dissolved minerals. It may also be heated by magma in the crust. Heated groundwater that erupts from the ground under pressure is called a geyser." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call the basic units of the structure and function of living things?", + "distractor3": "proteins", + "distractor1": "molecules", + "distractor2": "enzymes", + "correct_answer": "cells", + "support": "If you look at living matter with a microscope\u2014even a simple light microscope\u2014you will see that it consists of cells. Cells are the basic units of the structure and function of living things. They are the smallest units that can carry out the processes of life. All organisms are made up of one or more cells, and all cells have many of the same structures and carry out the same basic life processes. Knowing the structures of cells and the processes they carry out is necessary to understanding life itself." + }, + { + "question": "What is the conversion of a solid to a gas called?", + "distractor3": "education", + "distractor1": "speciation", + "distractor2": "amplification", + "correct_answer": "sublimation", + "support": "(a) Sublimation is the conversion of a solid (relatively high density) to a gas (much lesser density). This process yields a much greater dispersal of matter, since the molecules will occupy a much greater volume after the solid-to-gas transition. (b) Condensation is the conversion of a gas (relatively low density) to a liquid (much greater density). This process yields a much lesser dispersal of matter, since the molecules will occupy a much lesser volume after the solid-to-gas transition. (c) The process in question is dilution. The food dye molecules initially occupy a much smaller volume (the drop of dye solution) than they occupy once the process is complete (in the full glass of water). The process therefore entails a greater dispersal of matter. The process may also yield a more uniform dispersal of matter, since the initial state of the system involves two regions of different dye concentrations (high in the drop, zero in the water), and the final state of the system contains a single dye concentration throughout." + }, + { + "question": "Which form of dialysis has a patient\u2019s blood pass through a length of tubing that travels through an artificial kidney machine?", + "distractor3": "arterial dialysis", + "distractor1": "peritoneal dialysis", + "distractor2": "limbic dialysis", + "correct_answer": "hemodialysis", + "support": "In one form of dialysis, called hemodialysis, a patient\u2019s blood is passed though a length of tubing that travels through an artificial kidney machine (also called adialysis machine). A section of tubing composed of a semipermeable membrane is immersed in a solution of sterile water, glucose, amino acids, and certain electrolytes. The osmotic pressure of the blood forces waste molecules and excess water through the membrane into the sterile solution. Red and white blood cells are too large to pass through the membrane, so they remain in the blood. After being cleansed in this way, the blood is returned to the body. Dialysis is a continuous process, as the osmosis of waste materials and excess water takes time. Typically, 5\u201310 lb of waste-containing fluid is removed in each dialysis session, which can last 2\u20138 hours and must be performed several times a week. Although some patients have been on dialysis for 30 or more years, dialysis is always a temporary solution because waste materials are constantly building up in the bloodstream. A more permanent solution is a kidney transplant. Cell walls are semipermeable membranes, so the osmotic pressures of the body\u2019s fluids have important biological consequences. If solutions of different osmolarity exist on either side of the cells, solvent (water) may pass into or out of the cells, sometimes with disastrous results. Consider what happens if red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, meaning a solution of lower osmolarity than the liquid inside the cells. The cells swell up as water enters them, disrupting cellular activity and eventually causing the cells to burst. This process is called hemolysis. If red blood cells are placed in ahypertonic solution, meaning one having a higher osmolarity than exists inside the cells, water leaves the cells to dilute the external solution, and the red blood cells shrivel and die. This process is called crenation. Only if red blood cells are placed inisotonic solutions that have the same osmolarity as exists inside the cells are they unaffected by negative effects of osmotic pressure. Glucose solutions of about 0.31 M, or sodium chloride solutions of about 0.16 M, are isotonic with blood plasma." + }, + { + "question": "What are the only type of elements capable of changing into different elements?", + "distractor3": "adjacent elements", + "distractor1": "noble gases", + "distractor2": "metalloids", + "correct_answer": "radioactive elements", + "support": "Some elements naturally change into different elements. To understand how this happens, first recall what an element is. An element is a unique substance, with a unique number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms. No two elements have the same number of protons. For example, carbon atoms always have six protons. If an atom has a different number of protons, it isn\u2019t carbon. For an element to change into a different element, then, it must change the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms. This happens only in radioactive elements." + }, + { + "question": "What does the inside of all cells also contain?", + "distractor3": "chromosomes", + "distractor1": "chloroplasm", + "distractor2": "protein", + "correct_answer": "cytosol", + "support": "The inside of all cells also contain a jelly-like substance called cytosol . Cytosol is composed of water and other molecules, including enzymes , which are proteins that speed up the cell\u2019s chemical reactions. Everything in the cell sits in the cytosol, like fruit in a jello mold. The term cytoplasm refers to the cytosol and all of the organelles, the specialized compartments of the cell. The cytoplasm does not include the nucleus. As a prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus, the DNA is in the cytoplasm." + }, + { + "question": "What anatomical structures insulate, protect and provide sensory input?", + "distractor3": "salivary glands", + "distractor1": "teeth", + "distractor2": "fingernails", + "correct_answer": "hair", + "support": "Hair helps to insulate and protect the body. Head hair is especially important in preventing heat loss from the body. Eyelashes and eyebrows protect the eyes from water, dirt, and other irritants. Hairs in the nose trap dust particles and microorganisms in the air and prevent them from reaching the lungs. Hair also provides sensory input when objects brush against it or it sways in moving air." + }, + { + "question": "Known for its beautiful rings, what is the second largest planet in the solar system?", + "distractor3": "Venus", + "distractor1": "Mars", + "distractor2": "jupiter", + "correct_answer": "saturn", + "support": "Saturn, shown in Figure below , is famous for its beautiful rings. Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system. Saturn\u2019s mass is about 95 times Earth's mass. The gas giant is 755 times Earth\u2019s volume. Despite its large size, Saturn is the least dense planet in our solar system. Saturn is actually less dense than water. This means that if there were a bathtub big enough, Saturn would float! In Roman mythology, Saturn was the father of Jupiter. Saturn orbits the Sun once about every 30 Earth years." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of waves are used in radar guns?", + "distractor3": "radio waves", + "distractor1": "x-rays", + "distractor2": "WIFI", + "correct_answer": "microwaves", + "support": "Electromagnetic waves carry energy through matter or space as vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves have a wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. The complete range is called the electromagnetic spectrum. The Figure below shows all the waves of the spectrum. The waves used in radar guns are microwaves." + }, + { + "question": "On what lobe of the liver is the gallbladder near?", + "distractor3": "internal lobe", + "distractor1": "left lobe", + "distractor2": "central lobe", + "correct_answer": "right lobe", + "support": "The Gallbladder The gallbladder is 8\u201310 cm (~3\u20134 in) long and is nested in a shallow area on the posterior aspect of the right lobe of the liver. This muscular sac stores, concentrates, and, when stimulated, propels the bile into the duodenum via the common bile duct. It is divided into three regions. The fundus is the widest portion and tapers medially into the body, which in turn narrows to become the neck. The neck angles slightly superiorly as it approaches the hepatic duct. The cystic duct is 1\u20132 cm (less than 1 in) long and turns inferiorly as it bridges the neck and hepatic duct. The simple columnar epithelium of the gallbladder mucosa is organized in rugae, similar to those of the stomach. There is no submucosa in the gallbladder wall. The wall\u2019s middle, muscular coat is made of smooth muscle fibers. When these fibers contract, the gallbladder\u2019s contents are ejected through the cystic duct and into the bile duct (Figure 23.27). Visceral peritoneum reflected from the liver capsule holds the gallbladder against the liver and forms the outer coat of the gallbladder. The gallbladder's mucosa absorbs water and ions from bile, concentrating it by up to 10-fold." + }, + { + "question": "What process is used for cell growth, repair of cuts and replacement of worn out cells?", + "distractor3": "pollination", + "distractor1": "reproduction", + "distractor2": "binary fission", + "correct_answer": "cell division", + "support": "Yes, just like this car, cells cannot last forever. Cells do eventually wear out. At that point, they need to be replaced. This is one reason that your cells divide. New cells that result after cells divide are also used for growth and to repair cuts." + }, + { + "question": "What do astronomers term the stretching of space that causes the distance between galaxies to increase?", + "distractor3": "contracting universe", + "distractor1": "maintaining universe", + "distractor2": "draining universe", + "correct_answer": "expanding universe", + "support": "An inflating balloon is not exactly like the expanding Universe. The surface of a balloon has only two dimensions, while space has three dimensions. But it is true that space itself is stretching out between galaxies like the rubber stretches when a balloon is inflated. This stretching of space, which causes the distance between galaxies to increase, is what astronomers mean by the expansion of the Universe." + }, + { + "question": "What are the two types of digestive systems invertebrates may have?", + "distractor3": "gastric and monogastric", + "distractor1": "complete and simple", + "distractor2": "complete and fluid", + "correct_answer": "complete and incomplete", + "support": "Invertebrates have one of two types of digestive system. They are called incomplete and complete digestive systems. Both are shown in Figure below . An incomplete digestive system consists of a digestive cavity with one opening. The single opening serves as both mouth and anus. A complete digestive system consists of a digestive tract with two openings. One opening is the mouth. The other is the anus." + }, + { + "question": "What does the gradient of bicoid protein determine?", + "distractor3": "vertical-horizontal plane", + "distractor1": "shallow - posterior axis", + "distractor2": "east-west axis", + "correct_answer": "anterior-posterior axis", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What term is used to describe a cancer that has spread?", + "distractor3": "ostracized", + "distractor1": "destabilized", + "distractor2": "galvanized", + "correct_answer": "metastasized", + "support": "Isotopes can be very useful in scans to locate cancer cells. This patient has multiple tumors that have spread (metastasized) from the main tumor. A radioisotope has been attached to antibodies that bind to specific cancer cells. The very dark spots in the armpits, neck, and groin represent areas where tumor cells exist." + }, + { + "question": "What is the most abundant of all vertebrate classes, and the most recent to evolve?", + "distractor3": "mammals", + "distractor1": "bony fishes", + "distractor2": "reptiles", + "correct_answer": "birds", + "support": "Of all vertebrate classes, birds are the most numerous, even though they evolved most recently. Why have birds been so successful? The answer is flight. Being able to fly opened up a whole new world to birds: the world of the air above the land and water." + }, + { + "question": "How many calories of energy does one gram of protein provide?", + "distractor3": "5", + "distractor1": "2", + "distractor2": "1", + "correct_answer": "4", + "support": "If you eat more protein than you need for these functions, the extra protein is used for energy. One gram of protein provides 4 Calories of energy, the same as carbohydrates. A 13-year-old needs to eat about 34 grams of protein a day. Figure below shows good food sources of protein." + }, + { + "question": "What is the cure of cancer known as?", + "distractor3": "regeneration", + "distractor1": "metabolism", + "distractor2": "rejuvenation", + "correct_answer": "remission", + "support": "If leukemia is treated early, it usually can be cured. In fact, many cancers can be cured, which is known as remission, if treated early. Treatment of cancer often involves removing a tumor with surgery. This may be followed by other types of treatments. These treatments may include drugs (known as chemotherapy) and radiation therapy, which kill cancer cells." + }, + { + "question": "What is the outer layer of the exoskeleton called?", + "distractor3": "epithelium", + "distractor1": "bristle", + "distractor2": "epidermis", + "correct_answer": "cuticle", + "support": "Segmented bodies with an exoskeleton . The outer layer of the exoskeleton is called the cuticle . It is made up of two layers. The outer layer, or exocuticle , is thin, waxy, and water-resistant. The inner layer is much thicker. The exocuticle is extremely thin in many soft-bodied insects, such as caterpillars." + }, + { + "question": "In what stage of their life cycle do insects begin developing their wings?", + "distractor3": "pupal", + "distractor1": "crystalline", + "distractor2": "larva", + "correct_answer": "pupa", + "support": "During pupa stage, wing development begins, after which the adult emerges." + }, + { + "question": "The speed of sound depends on what?", + "distractor3": "temperature", + "distractor1": "light", + "distractor2": "volume", + "correct_answer": "medium", + "support": "The speed of sound depends on the medium. Medium (20\u00b0C) Speed of Sound Waves (m/s)." + }, + { + "question": "Why is the life cycle of plants so complex?", + "distractor3": "asexual reproduction", + "distractor1": "metamorphosis", + "distractor2": "pollination process", + "correct_answer": "alternation of generation", + "support": "The life cycle of all plants is complex because it is characterized by alternation of generations. Plants alternate between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations, and between sexual and asexual reproduction. The ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually gives plants the flexibility to adapt to changing environments. Their complex life cycle allows for great variation." + }, + { + "question": "While elements are represented by chemical symbols, chemical formulas represent what?", + "distractor3": "solutions", + "distractor1": "extracts", + "distractor2": "pollutants", + "correct_answer": "compounds", + "support": "Elements are represented by chemical symbols. Examples are H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. Compounds are represented by chemical formulas . You\u2019ve already seen the chemical formula for water. It\u2019s H 2 O. The subscript 2 after the H shows that there are two atoms of hydrogen in a molecule of water. The O for oxygen has no subscript. When there is just one atom of an element in a molecule, no subscript is used. Table below shows some other examples of compounds and their chemical formulas." + }, + { + "question": "What is a form of cell division in prokaryotic organisms that produces identical offspring?", + "distractor3": "mitosis", + "distractor1": "nuclear fission", + "distractor2": "germination", + "correct_answer": "binary fission", + "support": "Binary fission is a form of cell division in prokaryotic organisms that produces identical offspring." + }, + { + "question": "What system consists of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients such as glucose?", + "distractor3": "skeletal system", + "distractor1": "cardiovascular system", + "distractor2": "physical system", + "correct_answer": "digestive system", + "support": "The digestive system consists of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients such as glucose. Organs of the digestive system are shown in Figure below . Most of the organs make up the gastrointestinal tract . The rest of the organs are called accessory organs ." + }, + { + "question": "What is the transition from solid to vapor is called?", + "distractor3": "ionization", + "distractor1": "vaporization", + "distractor2": "deposition", + "correct_answer": "sublimation", + "support": "Sublimation is the transition from solid to vapor phase. You may have noticed that snow can disappear into thin air without a trace of liquid water, or the disappearance of ice cubes in a freezer. The reverse is also true: Frost can form on very cold windows without going through the liquid stage. A popular effect is the making of \u201csmoke\u201d from dry ice, which is solid carbon dioxide. Sublimation occurs because the equilibrium vapor pressure of solids is not zero. Certain air fresheners use the sublimation of a solid to inject a perfume into the room. Moth balls are a slightly toxic example of a phenol (an organic compound) that sublimates, while some solids, such as osmium tetroxide, are so toxic that they must be kept in sealed containers to prevent human exposure to their sublimation-produced vapors." + }, + { + "question": "In contrast with cnidarians, nematodes show a tubular morphology and circular cross-section. these animals are pseudocoelomates and show the presence of a complete digestive system with a distinct mouth and this?", + "distractor3": "stomach", + "distractor1": "mucus", + "distractor2": "hairs", + "correct_answer": "anus", + "support": "present in all habitats with a large number of individuals of each species present in each. The free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans has been extensively used as a model system in laboratories all over the world. Morphology In contrast with cnidarians, nematodes show a tubular morphology and circular cross-section. These animals are pseudocoelomates and show the presence of a complete digestive system with a distinct mouth and anus. This is in contrast with the cnidarians, where only one opening is present (an incomplete digestive system). The cuticle of Nematodes is rich in collagen and a carbohydrate-protein polymer called chitin, and forms an external \u201cskeleton\u201d outside the epidermis. The cuticle also lines many of the organs internally, including the pharynx and rectum. The epidermis can be either a single layer of cells or a syncytium, which is a multinucleated cell formed from the fusion of uninucleated cells. The overall morphology of these worms is cylindrical, as seen in Figure 28.31. The head is radially symmetrical. A mouth opening is present at the anterior end with three or six lips as well as teeth in some species in the form of cuticle extensions. Some nematodes may present other external modifications like rings, head shields, or warts. Rings, however, do not reflect true internal body segmentation. The mouth leads to a muscular pharynx and intestine, which leads to a rectum and anal opening at the posterior end. The muscles of nematodes differ from those of most animals: They have a longitudinal layer only, which accounts for the whip-like motion of their movement." + }, + { + "question": "The amount of heat required to raise a single mass unit of a substance by a single temperature unit is known as what?", + "distractor3": "solitary heat", + "distractor1": "temperature variation", + "distractor2": "specific gravity", + "correct_answer": "specific heat", + "support": "When heat flows into an object, its thermal energy increases and so does its temperature. The amount of temperature increase depends on three things: 1) how much heat was added, 2) the size of the object, and 3) the material of which the object is made. When you add the same amount of heat to the same mass of different substances, the amount of temperature increase is different. Each substance has a specific heat, which is the amount of heat necessary to raise one mass unit of that substance by one temperature unit." + }, + { + "question": "What is the most important source of electromagnetic radiation on earth?", + "distractor3": "the oceans", + "distractor1": "the moon", + "distractor2": "volcanos", + "correct_answer": "the sun", + "support": "The most important source of electromagnetic radiation on Earth is the sun. Electromagnetic waves travel from the sun to Earth across space and provide virtually all the energy that supports life on our planet. Many other sources of electromagnetic waves that people use depend on technology. Radio waves, microwaves, and X rays are examples. We use these electromagnetic waves for communications, cooking, medicine, and many other purposes. You\u2019ll learn about all these types of electromagnetic waves in this chapter\u2019s lesson on \"The Electromagnetic Spectrum. \"." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of drugs are formulated to help deal with hiv and herpes as well as influenza and two types of hepatitis?", + "distractor3": "herbal remedies", + "distractor1": "antibacterial drugs", + "distractor2": "steroid drugs", + "correct_answer": "antiviral drugs", + "support": "Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with HIV and herpes viruses. Antivirals are also available for the influenza viruses and the Hepatitis B and C viruses, which can cause liver cancer." + }, + { + "question": "Trees, which can be planted and harvested, are an example of what type of resource?", + "distractor3": "geothermal", + "distractor1": "electric", + "distractor2": "fossil", + "correct_answer": "renewable", + "support": "Trees are renewable resources. Trees can be planted, grown up, and harvested for timber. Forests are a different thing, however. A forest is a mature ecosystem. It has trees of different sizes and ages, many other plants, and lots of animals. A forest is a renewable resource but it takes much more time to grow a forest than to grow a stand of trees." + }, + { + "question": "After a supernova, what part of a star remains?", + "distractor3": "superficial", + "distractor1": "large", + "distractor2": "outer", + "correct_answer": "core", + "support": "After a supernova explosion, the star's core is left over. This material is extremely dense. What happens next depends on the core's mass. The core might be less than about four times the mass of the sun. In this case, the star will become a neutron star. A neutron star ( Figure below ) is made almost entirely of neutrons. A neutron star has more mass than the sun; yet, it is only a few kilometers in diameter." + }, + { + "question": "What is essential for population of all species to expand greatly?", + "distractor3": "liquid resources", + "distractor1": "foliage resources", + "distractor2": "chemical resources", + "correct_answer": "abundant resources", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is usually the most visible part of the flower?", + "distractor3": "roots", + "distractor1": "cells", + "distractor2": "seeds", + "correct_answer": "petals", + "support": "Petals are usually the most visible parts of a flower. They may be large and showy and are often brightly colored. Leaf-like green sepals protect the flower while it is still a bud." + }, + { + "question": "What do ionic bonds form between?", + "distractor3": "metals and organisms", + "distractor1": "metals and carbonates", + "distractor2": "metals and freshwaters", + "correct_answer": "metals and nonmetals", + "support": "Ionic bonds form only between metals and nonmetals. That\u2019s because metals \u201cwant\u201d to give up electrons, and nonmetals \u201cwant\u201d to gain electrons." + }, + { + "question": "The interaction between atomic orbitals is greatest when they have the same what?", + "distractor3": "fuel", + "distractor1": "temperature", + "distractor2": "mass", + "correct_answer": "energy", + "support": "The number of molecular orbitals produced is the same as the number of atomic orbitals used to create them (the law of conservation of orbitals). As the overlap between two atomic orbitals increases, the difference in energy between the resulting bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals increases. When two atomic orbitals combine to form a pair of molecular orbitals, the bonding molecular orbital is stabilized about as much as the antibonding molecular orbital is destabilized. The interaction between atomic orbitals is greatest when they have the same energy." + }, + { + "question": "What occurs when competing species evolve different adaptations?", + "distractor3": "Rate Adaption", + "distractor1": "evolution", + "distractor2": "urbanization", + "correct_answer": "specialization", + "support": "Instead of extinction, interspecific competition may lead to greater specialization. Specialization occurs when competing species evolve different adaptations. For example, they may evolve adaptations that allow them to use different food sources. Figure below describes an example." + }, + { + "question": "Haversian canals contain blood vessels and what else?", + "distractor3": "collagen fibers", + "distractor1": "muscle fibers", + "distractor2": "synovial fluid", + "correct_answer": "nerve fibers", + "support": "Compact bone tissue is made of cylindrical osteons that are aligned such that they travel the length of the bone. Haversian canals contain blood vessels only. Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. Spongy tissue is found on the interior of the bone, and compact bone tissue is found on the exterior. Figure 38.37 Which of the following statements about muscle contraction is true?." + }, + { + "question": "What type of telescopes collect and focus radio waves from distant objects?", + "distractor3": "space telescopes", + "distractor1": "reflecting telescopes", + "distractor2": "refracting telescopes", + "correct_answer": "radio telescopes", + "support": "Radio telescopes collect and focus radio waves from distant objects." + }, + { + "question": "Cells have multiple repair mechanisms to fix mutations in what?", + "distractor3": "RNA", + "distractor1": "amino acid chains", + "distractor2": "organ systems", + "correct_answer": "dna", + "support": "Many other mutations have no effect on the organism because they are repaired before protein synthesis occurs. Cells have multiple repair mechanisms to fix mutations in DNA. One way DNA can be repaired is illustrated in Figure below . If a cell\u2019s DNA is permanently damaged and cannot be repaired, the cell is likely to be prevented from dividing." + }, + { + "question": "What are different versions of a gene known as?", + "distractor3": "genomes", + "distractor1": "modes", + "distractor2": "ion", + "correct_answer": "alleles", + "support": "The gene for a characteristic may have different versions. These different versions of a gene are known as alleles." + }, + { + "question": "All chemical reactions involve both reactants and what else?", + "distractor3": "energy", + "distractor1": "consumers", + "distractor2": "catalysts", + "correct_answer": "products", + "support": "All chemical reactions involve both reactants and products. Reactants are substances that start a chemical reaction, and products are substances that are produced in the reaction." + }, + { + "question": "Potassium hydroxide in soap is an example of what?", + "distractor3": "acid", + "distractor1": "enzyme", + "distractor2": "catalyst", + "correct_answer": "base", + "support": "Bases are used for a variety of purposes. For example, soaps contain bases such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). Other uses of bases can be seen in the Figure below ." + }, + { + "question": "What is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring?", + "distractor3": "photosynthesis", + "distractor1": "differentiation", + "distractor2": "evolution", + "correct_answer": "reproduction", + "support": "Reproduction is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring. It is one of the defining characteristics of living things. There are two basic types of reproduction: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction." + }, + { + "question": "Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction that gets its energy from what?", + "distractor3": "air", + "distractor1": "wind", + "distractor2": "electricity", + "correct_answer": "light", + "support": "One of the most important series of endothermic reactions is photosynthesis. The energy needed for photosynthesis comes from light." + }, + { + "question": "Paramecium possess tiny hair-like cilia that help them do what?", + "distractor3": "breed", + "distractor1": "fight", + "distractor2": "look", + "correct_answer": "move", + "support": "Some protists, like these Paramecium , act much like animals. Notice the tiny hair-like cilia that help them move. The food vacuoles, where they digest their prey, are colored in orange." + }, + { + "question": "What is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the thermal energy to do work?", + "distractor3": "battery", + "distractor1": "vapor engine", + "distractor2": "convection oven", + "correct_answer": "combustion engine", + "support": "A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the thermal energy to do work. Combustion engines may by external or internal combustion engines, depending on where the fuel is burned." + }, + { + "question": "In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, ribosomes are the non-membrane bound organelles where what main product of the cell is made?", + "distractor3": "sugars", + "distractor1": "lipids", + "distractor2": "protons", + "correct_answer": "proteins", + "support": "In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, ribosomes are the non-membrane bound organelles where proteins are made. Ribosomes are like the machines in the factory that produce the factory's main product. Proteins are the main product of the cell." + }, + { + "question": "What is it called when ice changes to liquid water?", + "distractor3": "condensing", + "distractor1": "vaporizing", + "distractor2": "boiling", + "correct_answer": "melting", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Biological features from a common evolutionary origin are known as what?", + "distractor3": "analogous", + "distractor1": "monologous", + "distractor2": "heterologous", + "correct_answer": "homologous", + "support": "Classification of Living Things be that different. Biological features from a common evolutionary origin are known as homologous. \u2022 Development \u2022 Biochemistry: Biochemical analysis of animals similar in appearance have yielded surprising results. For example, although guinea pigs were once considered to be rodents, like mice, biochemistry led them to be in their taxon of their own." + }, + { + "question": "Salts that are neither acidic nor basic do not affect what property of the solution when dissolved in water?", + "distractor3": "density", + "distractor1": "homeostasis", + "distractor2": "saturation", + "correct_answer": "ph", + "support": "The simplest situation is a salt formed by combining a strong acid and a strong base. These salts are neither acidic nor basic, so they do not affect the pH of the solution when dissolved in water. For example, the ionic compound NaNO 3 could be prepared by combining the strong acid HNO 3 and the strong base NaOH. If we were to dissolve NaNO 3 in water, it would dissociate into Na + and NO 3 - ions. Neither ion is a strong enough acid or base to cause any noticeable proton transfers, so the pH of the pure water is not altered." + }, + { + "question": "What protects the pollen of seed plants and spores of seedless plants?", + "distractor3": "chlorophyll", + "distractor1": "cystosol", + "distractor2": "cocklebur", + "correct_answer": "sporopollenin", + "support": "The spores of seedless plants and the pollen of seed plants are surrounded by thick cell walls containing a tough polymer known as sporopollenin. This substance is characterized by long chains of organic molecules related to fatty acids and carotenoids, and gives most pollen its yellow color. Sporopollenin is unusually resistant to chemical and biological degradation. Its toughness explains the existence of well-preserved fossils of pollen. Sporopollenin was once thought to be an innovation of land plants; however, the green algae Coleochaetes is now known to form spores that contain sporopollenin. Protection of the embryo is a major requirement for land plants. The vulnerable embryo must be sheltered from desiccation and other environmental hazards. In both seedless and seed plants, the female gametophyte provides nutrition, and in seed plants, the embryo is also protected as it develops into the new generation of sporophyte." + }, + { + "question": "Cells that have a nucleus and other organelles which are membrane-bound are generally called what kinds of cells?", + "distractor3": "Erythrocyte", + "distractor1": "Monocyte", + "distractor2": "Megakaryocyte", + "correct_answer": "eukaryotic", + "support": "Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. This allows these cells to have complex functions." + }, + { + "question": "What is first stage of cellular respiration?", + "distractor3": "metabolism", + "distractor1": "electrolysis", + "distractor2": "hydrolisis", + "correct_answer": "glycolsis", + "support": "The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis . It does not require oxygen, and it does not take place in the mitochondrion - it takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm." + }, + { + "question": "What are groups of stars called that are smaller than a galaxy?", + "distractor3": "constellations", + "distractor1": "Milky Way", + "distractor2": "nebuli", + "correct_answer": "star clusters", + "support": "Star clusters are groups of stars smaller than a galaxy. There are two main types, open clusters and globular clusters. Open clusters are groups of up to a few thousand stars held together by gravity. The Jewel Box, shown in Figure below , is an open cluster. Open clusters tend to be blue in color, and often contain glowing gas and dust. The stars in an open cluster are young stars that all formed from the same nebula." + }, + { + "question": "Expansion of a gas into a vacuum is irreversible because the external pressure is measurably less than the internal pressure of the gas, and no states of what exist?", + "distractor3": "composition", + "distractor1": "balance", + "distractor2": "liquid", + "correct_answer": "equilibrium", + "support": "can continue indefinitely. In contrast, the expansion of a gas into a vacuum (Pext = 0) is irreversible because the external pressure is measurably less than the internal pressure of the gas. No equilibrium states exist, and the gas expands irreversibly. When gas escapes from a microscopic hole in a balloon into a vacuum, for example, the process is irreversible; the direction of airflow cannot change. Because work done during the expansion of a gas depends on the opposing external pressure (w = Pext\u0394V), work done in a reversible process is always equal to or greater than work done in a corresponding irreversible process: wrev \u2265 wirrev. Whether a process is reversible or irreversible, \u0394E = q + w. Because E is a state function, the magnitude of \u0394E does not depend on reversibility and is independent of the path taken. So Equation 18.14." + }, + { + "question": "One important phenomenon related to the relative strength of cohesive and adhesive forces is capillary action\u2014the tendency of a fluid to be raised or suppressed in a narrow tube, or called this?", + "distractor3": "pressure tube", + "distractor1": "melting tube", + "distractor2": "cohesive tube", + "correct_answer": "capillary tube", + "support": "One important phenomenon related to the relative strength of cohesive and adhesive forces is capillary action\u2014the tendency of a fluid to be raised or suppressed in a narrow tube, or capillary tube. This action causes blood to be drawn into a small-diameter tube when the tube touches a drop. Capillary Action The tendency of a fluid to be raised or suppressed in a narrow tube, or capillary tube, is called capillary action. If a capillary tube is placed vertically into a liquid, as shown in Figure 11.34, capillary action will raise or suppress the liquid inside the tube depending on the combination of substances. The actual effect depends on the relative strength of the cohesive and adhesive forces and, thus, the contact angle \u03b8 given in the table. If \u03b8 is less than 90\u00ba , then the fluid will be raised; if \u03b8 is greater than 90\u00ba , it will be suppressed. Mercury, for example, has a very large surface tension and a large contact angle with glass. When placed in a tube, the surface of a column of mercury curves downward, somewhat like a drop. The curved surface of a fluid in a tube is called a meniscus. The tendency of surface tension is always to reduce the surface area. Surface tension thus flattens the curved liquid surface in a capillary tube. This results in a downward force in mercury and an upward force in water, as seen in Figure 11.34." + }, + { + "question": "What happens to air density and pressure when gas molecules are warm?", + "distractor3": "they are greater", + "distractor1": "they are unchanged", + "distractor2": "they are equal", + "correct_answer": "they are lower", + "support": "When gas molecules are warm, they move vigorously. They take up more space. Air density and air pressure are lower." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of reproduction generates most of the genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible?", + "distractor3": "synthetic reproduction", + "distractor1": "cloning", + "distractor2": "asexual reproduction", + "correct_answer": "sexual reproduction", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Can nematodes be a parasite of plants, animals, or both?", + "distractor3": "plants", + "distractor1": "neither", + "distractor2": "animals", + "correct_answer": "both", + "support": "Nematodes can be parasites of plants and animals." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of weather can you expect if a center of low pressure is moving your way?", + "distractor3": "sunny", + "distractor1": "rain", + "distractor2": "rough", + "correct_answer": "stormy", + "support": "Weather is very difficult to predict. That\u2019s because it\u2019s very complex and many factors are involved. Slight changes in even one factor can cause a big change in the weather. Still, certain \u201crules of thumb\u201d generally apply. These \u201crules\u201d help meteorologists forecast the weather. For example, low pressure is likely to bring stormy weather. So if a center of low pressure is moving your way, you can expect a storm." + }, + { + "question": "What is a thin membrane stretched tight across the end of the ear canal that vibrates when sound waves strike it?", + "distractor3": "auricle", + "distractor1": "earlobe", + "distractor2": "cerebrum", + "correct_answer": "eardrum", + "support": "The eardrum is like the head of a drum. It\u2019s a thin membrane stretched tight across the end of the ear canal. The eardrum vibrates when sound waves strike it, and it sends the vibrations on to the middle ear." + }, + { + "question": "Icy objects that have very elliptical orbits around the sun are called?", + "distractor3": "craters", + "distractor1": "meteors", + "distractor2": "asteroids", + "correct_answer": "comets", + "support": "Comets are icy objects that have very elliptical orbits around the Sun." + }, + { + "question": "What geologic era is also known as the age of mammals?", + "distractor3": "cretaceous period", + "distractor1": "mesozoic era", + "distractor2": "paleozoic era", + "correct_answer": "cenozoic era", + "support": "The Cenozoic Era literally means the era of \u201cmodern life. \u201d It is also called the age of mammals. Mammals took advantage of the extinction of the dinosaurs. They flourished and soon became the dominant animals on Earth. You can learn more about the evolution of mammals during the Cenozoic at the link below. The Cenozoic began 65 million years ago and continues to the present. It may be divided into the two periods described in Figure below . http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=H0uTGkCWXwQ." + }, + { + "question": "Radioactive atoms, nuclear explosions, and stars produce what types of rays.", + "distractor3": "beta", + "distractor1": "plasma", + "distractor2": "neutron", + "correct_answer": "gamma", + "support": "Sources of gamma rays include radioactive atoms, nuclear explosions, and stars. Gamma rays from space are absorbed by Earth\u2019s atmosphere." + }, + { + "question": "The similarities and differences between the genomes confirm patterns of what?", + "distractor3": "variation", + "distractor1": "phylum", + "distractor2": "fossils", + "correct_answer": "evolution", + "support": "The similarities and differences between the genomes confirm patterns of evolution." + }, + { + "question": "What are the two components of all solutions?", + "distractor3": "concentration and solvent", + "distractor1": "sodium and solvent", + "distractor2": "solute and cytosol", + "correct_answer": "solute and solvent", + "support": "All solutions have two parts: the solute and the solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. Particles of solvent pull apart particles of solute, and the solute particles spread throughout the solvent. Salt water, such as the ocean water in the Figure below , is an example of a solution. In a saltwater solution, salt is the solute and water is the solvent." + }, + { + "question": "On how many of the continents do birds live and breed?", + "distractor3": "eight", + "distractor1": "three", + "distractor2": "four", + "correct_answer": "seven", + "support": "Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats on all seven continents. They occupy a wide range of ecological positions. Raptors are carnivores; aquatic birds eat fish or water plants; and perching birds may eat insects, fruit, honey, or nectar. Some birds are pollinators that co-evolved with plants. Human actions have caused the extinction of hundreds of species of birds, and some 1,200 species are threatened with extinction today." + }, + { + "question": "The hydrogen is oxidized because it undergoes a partial loss of what?", + "distractor3": "ions", + "distractor1": "density", + "distractor2": "protons", + "correct_answer": "electrons", + "support": "In the course of this reaction, electrons are shifted away from each hydrogen atom and towards the oxygen atom. The hydrogen is oxidized because it undergoes a partial loss of electrons. Even though the loss is not complete enough to form ions, the hydrogen atoms in water have less electron density near them than they did in the H 2 molecule. The oxygen is reduced because it undergoes a partial gain of electrons. The oxygen atom in water has greater electron density near it than they did in the O 2 molecule." + }, + { + "question": "What is land with permafrost, no trees, and small hardy plants?", + "distractor3": "desert", + "distractor1": "subtropics", + "distractor2": "taiga", + "correct_answer": "tundra", + "support": "Tundra is land with permafrost, no trees, and small hardy plants." + }, + { + "question": "Viruses replicate only in where?", + "distractor3": "weak cells", + "distractor1": "traitor cells", + "distractor2": "compromised cells", + "correct_answer": "host cells", + "support": "19.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells." + }, + { + "question": "Matter undergoing chemical reactions and physical changes can release or absorb heat. a change that releases heat is called what?", + "distractor3": "biochemical process", + "distractor1": "magnetic process", + "distractor2": "oxidized process", + "correct_answer": "exothermic process", + "support": "Matter undergoing chemical reactions and physical changes can release or absorb heat. A change that releases heat is called an exothermic process. For example, the combustion reaction that occurs when using an oxyacetylene torch is an exothermic process\u2014this process also releases energy in the form of light as evidenced by the torch\u2019s flame (Figure 5.7). A reaction or change that absorbs heat is an endothermic process. A cold pack used to treat muscle strains provides an example of an endothermic process. When the substances in the cold pack (water and a salt like ammonium nitrate) are brought together, the resulting process absorbs heat, leading to the sensation of cold." + }, + { + "question": "What hormone secreted by the pineal gland controls sleep-wake cycles and several other processes?", + "distractor3": "estrogen", + "distractor1": "testosterone", + "distractor2": "t3", + "correct_answer": "melatonin", + "support": "The pineal gland is a tiny gland located at the base of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin . This hormone controls sleep-wake cycles and several other processes." + }, + { + "question": "What is defined as the ability to do work?", + "distractor3": "momentum", + "distractor1": "fuel", + "distractor2": "heating", + "correct_answer": "energy", + "support": "Energy is the ability to do work. Fuel stores energy and can be released to do work. Heat is given off when fuel is burned." + }, + { + "question": "What two types of tissue compose most of the non-pregnant and non-lactating female breast?", + "distractor3": "scar and collagenous", + "distractor1": "intestine and collagenous", + "distractor2": "silicone and collagenous", + "correct_answer": "adipose and collagenous", + "support": "Structure of the Lactating Breast Mammary glands are modified sweat glands. The non-pregnant and non-lactating female breast is composed primarily of adipose and collagenous tissue, with mammary glands making up a very minor proportion of breast volume. The mammary gland is composed of milk-transporting lactiferous ducts, which expand and branch extensively during pregnancy in response to estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin. Moreover, in response to progesterone, clusters of breast alveoli bud from the ducts and expand outward toward the chest wall. Breast alveoli are balloon-like structures lined with milk-secreting cuboidal cells, or lactocytes, that are surrounded by a net of contractile myoepithelial cells. Milk is secreted from the lactocytes, fills the alveoli, and is squeezed into the ducts. Clusters of alveoli that drain to a common duct are called lobules; the lactating female has 12\u201320 lobules organized radially around the nipple. Milk drains from lactiferous ducts into lactiferous sinuses that meet at 4 to 18 perforations in the nipple, called nipple pores. The small bumps of the areola (the darkened skin around the nipple) are called Montgomery glands. They secrete oil to cleanse the nipple opening and prevent chapping and cracking of the nipple during breastfeeding." + }, + { + "question": "Control of the body can be somatic or autonomic, offering one way to divide what organ system by function?", + "distractor3": "central system", + "distractor1": "cardiovascular system", + "distractor2": "circulatory system", + "correct_answer": "nervous system", + "support": "Functional Divisions of the Nervous System The nervous system can also be divided on the basis of its functions, but anatomical divisions and functional divisions are different. The CNS and the PNS both contribute to the same functions, but those functions can be attributed to different regions of the brain (such as the cerebral cortex or the hypothalamus) or to different ganglia in the periphery. The problem with trying to fit functional differences into anatomical divisions is that sometimes the same structure can be part of several functions. For example, the optic nerve carries signals from the retina that are either used for the conscious perception of visual stimuli, which takes place in the cerebral cortex, or for the reflexive responses of smooth muscle tissue that are processed through the hypothalamus. There are two ways to consider how the nervous system is divided functionally. First, the basic functions of the nervous system are sensation, integration, and response. Secondly, control of the body can be somatic or autonomic\u2014divisions that are largely defined by the structures that are involved in the response. There is also a region of the peripheral nervous system that is called the enteric nervous system that is responsible for a specific set of the functions within the realm of autonomic control related to gastrointestinal functions." + }, + { + "question": "What is the female reproductive structure of a flower?", + "distractor3": "the flower", + "distractor1": "the stamen", + "distractor2": "the seed", + "correct_answer": "the pistil", + "support": "The pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower. It consists of a stigma, style , and ovary . The stigma is raised and sticky to help it catch pollen. The style supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary, which contains the egg. Petals attract pollinators to the flower. Petals are often brightly colored so pollinators will notice them." + }, + { + "question": "Cysteine is a type of what fundamental building block of protein?", + "distractor3": "salts acid", + "distractor1": "atoms acid", + "distractor2": "proteins acid", + "correct_answer": "amino acid", + "support": "Food and Drink App: Amino Acids\u2014Essential and Otherwise The text mentioned cysteine, an amino acid. Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, a major biological component. Proteins are a necessary part of the diet; meat, eggs, and certain vegetables such as beans and soy are good sources of protein and amino acids. All life on Earth\u2014from the lowliest single-celled organism to humans to blue whales\u2014relies on proteins for life, so all life on Earth is dependent on amino acids. The human body contains 20 different amino acids (curiously, other organisms may have a different number of amino acids). However, not all of them must be obtained from the diet. The body can synthesize 12 amino acids. The other 8 mustbe obtained from the diet. These 8 amino acids are called the essential amino acids. Daily requirements range from 4 mg per kilogram of body weight for tryptophan to 40 mg per kilogram of body weight for leucine. Infants and children need a greater mass per kg of body weight to support their growing bodies; also, the number of amino acids that are considered essential for infants and children is greater than for adults due to the greater protein synthesis associated with growth. Because of the existence of essential amino acids, a diet that is properly balanced in protein is necessary. Rice and beans, a very popular food dish Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books." + }, + { + "question": "The leaves of what plant genus are the source of the compound ephedrine, which is used in medicine as a potent decongestant and is similar to amphetamines?", + "distractor3": "additive", + "distractor1": "Stimulant", + "distractor2": "dietary", + "correct_answer": "ephedra", + "support": "years. The genus Ephedra is represented in North America in dry areas of the southwestern United States and Mexico (Figure 14.23). Ephedra\u2019s small, scale-like leaves are the source of the compound ephedrine, which is used in medicine as a potent decongestant. Because ephedrine is similar to amphetamines, both in chemical structure and neurological effects, its use is restricted to prescription drugs. Like angiosperms, but unlike other gymnosperms, all gnetophytes possess vessel elements in their xylem." + }, + { + "question": "The simplest organic compounds are known as what?", + "distractor3": "nucleotides", + "distractor1": "amino acids", + "distractor2": "carbohydrates", + "correct_answer": "hydrocarbons", + "support": "Opening Essay Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, but they have interesting physiological effects. These effects depend on the size of the hydrocarbon molecules and where on or in the body they are applied. Alkanes of low molar mass\u2014those with from 1 to approximately 10 or so carbon atoms\u2014are gases or light liquids that act as anesthetics. Inhaling (\u201csniffing\u201d) these hydrocarbons in gasoline or aerosol propellants for their intoxicating effect is a major health problem that can lead to liver, kidney, or brain damage or to immediate death by asphyxiation by excluding oxygen. Swallowed, liquid alkanes do little harm while in the stomach. In the lungs, however, they cause \u201cchemical\u201d pneumonia by dissolving fatlike molecules from cell membranes in the tiny air sacs (alveoli). The lungs become unable to expel fluids, just as in pneumonia caused by bacteria or viruses. People who swallow gasoline or other liquid alkane mixtures should not be made to vomit, as this would increase the chance of getting alkanes into the lungs. (There is no home-treatment antidote for gasoline poisoning; call a poison control center. ) Liquid alkanes with approximately 5\u201316 carbon atoms per molecule wash away natural skin oils and cause drying and chapping of the skin, while heavier liquid alkanes (those with approximately 17 or more carbon atoms per molecule) act as emollients (skin softeners). Such alkane mixtures as mineral oil and petroleum jelly can be applied as a protective film. Water and aqueous solutions such as urine will not dissolve such a film, which explains why petroleum jelly protects a baby\u2019s tender skin from diaper rash." + }, + { + "question": "Who developed a classification system that divided living things into several groups that we still use today, including mammals, insects, and reptiles?", + "distractor3": "harrold", + "distractor1": "jung", + "distractor2": "darwin", + "correct_answer": "aristotle", + "support": "People have been concerned with classifying organisms for thousands of years. Over 2,000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle developed a classification system that divided living things into several groups that we still use today, including mammals, insects, and reptiles." + }, + { + "question": "All biochemical molecules have oxygen, carbon, and what other element?", + "distractor3": "calcium", + "distractor1": "helium", + "distractor2": "nitrogen", + "correct_answer": "hydrogen", + "support": "All biochemical molecules contain hydrogen and oxygen as well as carbon. They may also contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and/or sulfur. Almost all biochemical compounds are polymers. Polymers are large molecules that consist of many smaller, repeating molecules, called monomers. Glucose is a monomer of biochemical compounds called starches. In starches and all other biochemical polymers, monomers are joined together by covalent bonds, in which atoms share pairs of valence electrons." + }, + { + "question": "What is a structure that is composed of one or more types of tissues?", + "distractor3": "node", + "distractor1": "system", + "distractor2": "muscle", + "correct_answer": "organ", + "support": "Organ : Structure composed of one or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to perfume a specific function. Human organs include the brain, stomach, kidney, and liver. Plant organs include roots, stems, and leaves." + }, + { + "question": "If the buoyant force is greater than the force of gravity acting on a ship, what will happen to the ship?", + "distractor3": "it will explode", + "distractor1": "it will sink", + "distractor2": "it will bobble", + "correct_answer": "it will float", + "support": "Now look at the ship\u2019s hull in the Figure above . Its shape causes the ship to displace much more water than the ball. In fact, the weight of the displaced water is greater than the weight of the ship. As a result, the buoyant force is greater than the force of gravity acting on the ship, so the ship floats." + }, + { + "question": "What are different types of tissues organized into functional units called?", + "distractor3": "veins", + "distractor1": "tendons", + "distractor2": "arteries", + "correct_answer": "organs", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Practitioners of what thought all matter was composed of different proportions of four basic elements, and that if you changed the proportions of these elements, you could change the substance itself?", + "distractor3": "phrenology", + "distractor1": "chemistry", + "distractor2": "biology", + "correct_answer": "alchemy", + "support": "Alchemy was a somewhat mystical and secretive approach to learning how to manipulate matter. Practitioners, called alchemists, thought that all matter was composed of different proportions of the four basic elements\u2014fire, water, earth, and air\u2014and believed that if you changed the relative proportions of these elements in a substance, you could change the substance. The long-standing attempts to \u201ctransmute\u201d common metals into gold represented one goal of alchemy. Alchemy\u2019s other major goal was to synthesize the philosopher\u2019s stone, a material that could impart long life\u2014even immortality. Alchemists used symbols to represent substances, some of which are shown in the accompanying figure. This was not done to better communicate ideas, as chemists do today, but to maintain the secrecy of alchemical knowledge, keeping others from sharing in it." + }, + { + "question": "What are atoms of the same element that differ in their numbers of neutrons called?", + "distractor3": "opposites", + "distractor1": "reactions", + "distractor2": "organisms", + "correct_answer": "isotopes", + "support": "The first plants were probably similar to the stoneworts in Figure below . Stoneworts are green algae. Like stoneworts, the first plants were aquatic. They may have had stalks but not stems. They also may have had hair-like structures called rhizoids but not roots. The first plants probably had male and female reproductive organs and needed water to reproduce. In stoneworts, sperm need at least a thin film of moisture to swim to eggs." + }, + { + "question": "What is added to a measured portion of a more concentrated stock solution to achieve a particular concentration?", + "distractor3": "pigment", + "distractor1": "water", + "distractor2": "yeast", + "correct_answer": "solvent", + "support": "Dilution is also a common means of preparing solutions of a desired concentration. By adding solvent to a measured portion of a more concentrated stock solution, we can achieve a particular concentration. For example, commercial pesticides are typically sold as solutions in which the active ingredients are far more concentrated than is appropriate for their application. Before they can be used on crops, the pesticides must be diluted. This is also a very common practice for the preparation of a number of common laboratory reagents (Figure 3.17)." + }, + { + "question": "What do humans and bats have physically in common?", + "distractor3": "body oder", + "distractor1": "wing size", + "distractor2": "gland hair", + "correct_answer": "body hair", + "support": "Both humans and bats have body hair, and both humans and bats can nurse their young. These are both characteristics of mammals, the class that both bats and humans belong to." + }, + { + "question": "Because optics fibers are thin, entering light may strike the inside surface at greater than the critical angle, requiring attention to what?", + "distractor3": "wavelength", + "distractor1": "reflective point", + "distractor2": "electromagnetic index", + "correct_answer": "refractive index", + "support": "Fiber Optics: Endoscopes to Telephones Fiber optics is one application of total internal reflection that is in wide use. In communications, it is used to transmit telephone, internet, and cable TV signals. Fiber optics employs the transmission of light down fibers of plastic or glass. Because the fibers are thin, light entering one is likely to strike the inside surface at an angle greater than the critical angle and, thus, be totally reflected (See Figure 25.14. ) The index of refraction outside the fiber must be smaller than inside, a condition that is easily satisfied by coating the outside of the fiber with a material having an appropriate refractive index. In fact, most fibers have a varying refractive index to allow more light to be guided along the fiber through total internal refraction. Rays are reflected around corners as shown, making the fibers into tiny light pipes." + }, + { + "question": "What is a vector quantity with the same direction as the force called?", + "distractor3": "simple", + "distractor1": "accelerated", + "distractor2": "inverted", + "correct_answer": "impulse", + "support": "Impulse is a vector quantity that has the same direction as the force." + }, + { + "question": "Club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns are examples of what type of plants?", + "distractor3": "angiosperms", + "distractor1": "cycads", + "distractor2": "gymnosperms", + "correct_answer": "seedless vascular plants", + "support": "Seedless Vascular Plants By the Late Devonian period (385 million years ago), plants had evolved vascular tissue, well-defined leaves, and root systems. With these advantages, plants increased in height and size. During the Carboniferous period (359\u2013299 million years ago), swamp forests of club mosses and horsetails, with some specimens reaching more than 30 meters tall, covered most of the land. These forests gave rise to the extensive coal deposits that gave the Carboniferous its name. In seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte became the dominant phase of the lifecycle. Water is still required for fertilization of seedless vascular plants, and most favor a moist environment. Modern-day seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns. Club Mosses The club mosses, or Lycophyta, are the earliest group of seedless vascular plants. They dominated the landscape of the Carboniferous period, growing into tall trees and forming large swamp forests. Today\u2019s club mosses are diminutive, evergreen plants consisting of a stem (which may be branched) and small leaves called microphylls (Figure 14.13). The division Lycophyta consists of close to 1,000 species, including quillworts (Isoetales), club mosses (Lycopodiales), and spike mosses (Selaginellales): none of which is a true moss." + }, + { + "question": "What do seeds have that spores do not?", + "distractor3": "chlorophyll", + "distractor1": "DNA", + "distractor2": "pollenators", + "correct_answer": "a supply of stored food", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "A vector is an organism that carries what disease-causing microorganisms from one person or animal to another?", + "distractor3": "genome", + "distractor1": "microbe", + "distractor2": "microbe", + "correct_answer": "pathogen", + "support": "Still other pathogens are spread by vectors . A vector is an organism that carries pathogens from one person or animal to another. Most vectors are insects, such as ticks and mosquitoes. These insects tend to transfer protozoan or viral parasites. When an insect bites an infected person or animal, it picks up the pathogen. Then the pathogen travels to the next person or animal it bites. Ticks carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. Mosquitoes ( Figure below ) carry West Nile virus. Both pathogens cause fever, headache, and tiredness. If the diseases are not treated, more serious symptoms may develop. Other diseases spread by mosquitoes include Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever." + }, + { + "question": "When explosion of gases creates pressure resulting in motion of a rocket, the force pushing the rocket is called what?", + "distractor3": "temperature", + "distractor1": "friction", + "distractor2": "stasis", + "correct_answer": "thrust", + "support": "For a long time, many people believed that a rocket wouldn\u2019t work in space. There would be nothing for the rocket to push against. But they do work! Fuel is ignited in a chamber. The gases in the chamber explode. The explosion creates pressure that forces the gases out of one side of the rocket. The rocket moves in the opposite direction ( Figure below ). The force pushing the rocket is called thrust ." + }, + { + "question": "What once most common bird in north america became extinct in the 1800s?", + "distractor3": "the rock penguin", + "distractor1": "the dodo", + "distractor2": "the homing piegon", + "correct_answer": "the passenger piegon", + "support": "Hundreds of species of birds have gone extinct as a result of human actions. A well-known example is the passenger pigeon. It was once the most common bird in North America, but overhunting and habitat destruction led to its extinction in the 1800s. Habitat destruction and use of the pesticide DDT explain the recent extinction of the dusky seaside sparrow. This native Florida bird was declared extinct in 1990." + }, + { + "question": "What is the process called where nitrogen is repeatedly recycled through the biosphere?", + "distractor3": "nitrogen path", + "distractor1": "ammonia cycle", + "distractor2": "water cycle", + "correct_answer": "nitrogen cycle", + "support": "Like water and carbon, nitrogen is also repeatedly recycled through the biosphere. This process is called the nitrogen cycle . Nitrogen is one of the most common elements in living organisms. It is important for creating both proteins and nucleic acids, like DNA. The air that we breathe is mostly nitrogen gas (N 2 ), but, unfortunately, animals and plants cannot use the nitrogen when it is a gas. In fact, plants often die from a lack of nitrogen even through they are surrounded by plenty of nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) has two nitrogen atoms connected by a very strong triple bond. Most plants and animals cannot use the nitrogen in nitrogen gas because they cannot break that triple bond." + }, + { + "question": "What does pepsin help break down into amino acids?", + "distractor3": "fats", + "distractor1": "glucose", + "distractor2": "carbohydrates", + "correct_answer": "proteins", + "support": "Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids." + }, + { + "question": "What are the most successful phylum of plants?", + "distractor3": "ferns", + "distractor1": "spores", + "distractor2": "gymnosperms", + "correct_answer": "angiosperms", + "support": "Angiosperms , in the phylum Anthophyta , are the most successful phylum of plants. This category also contains the largest number of individual plants ( Figure below ). Angiosperms evolved the structure of the flower, so they are also called the flowering plants. Angiosperms live in a variety of different environments. A water lily, an oak tree, and a barrel cactus, although different, are all angiosperms." + }, + { + "question": "The muscular layer is much thicker in which ventricle of the heart?", + "distractor3": "right", + "distractor1": "middle", + "distractor2": "upper", + "correct_answer": "left", + "support": "Left Ventricle Recall that, although both sides of the heart will pump the same amount of blood, the muscular layer is much thicker in the left ventricle compared to the right (see Figure 19.8). Like the right ventricle, the left also has trabeculae carneae, but there is no moderator band. The mitral valve is connected to papillary muscles via chordae tendineae. There are two papillary muscles on the left\u2014the anterior and posterior\u2014as opposed to three on the right. The left ventricle is the major pumping chamber for the systemic circuit; it ejects blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve." + }, + { + "question": "In many places, small hills rise above the ocean floor. these hills are undersea volcanoes, called what?", + "distractor3": "ridges", + "distractor1": "reefs", + "distractor2": "corals", + "correct_answer": "seamounts", + "support": "The ocean floor is not totally flat. In many places, small hills rise above the ocean floor. These hills are undersea volcanoes, called seamounts ( Figure above ). Some rise more than 1000 m above the seafloor." + }, + { + "question": "Ants, termites, bees, and wasps live in what type of social structure that may include millions of individual insects?", + "distractor3": "community", + "distractor1": "family", + "distractor2": "habitat", + "correct_answer": "colony", + "support": "Many species of insects have evolved complex social behaviors. They live together in large, organized colonies (see Figure below ). This is true of ants, termites, bees, and wasps. Colonies may include millions of individual insects. Colony members divide up the labor of the colony. Different insects are specialized for different jobs. Some reproduce, while others care for the young. Still others get food or defend the nest." + }, + { + "question": "Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s approach uses three quantum numbers (n, l, and ml) to specify any of what type of function, associated with a particular energy?", + "distractor3": "rush function", + "distractor1": "shift function", + "distractor2": "green function", + "correct_answer": "wave function", + "support": "Each wave function is associated with a particular energy. As in Bohr\u2019s model, the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; it can have only certain allowed values. The major difference between Bohr\u2019s model and Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s approach is that Bohr had to impose the idea of quantization arbitrarily, whereas in Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s approach, quantization is a natural consequence of describing an electron as a standing wave. Quantum Numbers Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s approach uses three quantum numbers (n, l, and ml) to specify any wave function. The quantum numbers provide information about the spatial distribution of an electron. Although n can be any positive integer, only certain values of l and ml are allowed for a given value of n. The Principal Quantum Number The principal quantum number (n) tells the average relative distance of an electron from the nucleus:." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the ability of an atom to emit, or give off, charged particles and energy from its nucleus?", + "distractor3": "conductivity", + "distractor1": "magnetism", + "distractor2": "electrical attraction", + "correct_answer": "radioactivity", + "support": "Radioactivity is the ability of an atom to emit, or give off, charged particles and energy from its nucleus. The charged particles and energy are called by the general term radiation . Only unstable nuclei emit radiation. They are unstable because they have too much energy, too many protons, or an unstable ratio of protons to neutrons. For example, all elements with more than 83 protons\u2014such as uranium, radium, and polonium\u2014have unstable nuclei. They are called radioactive elements. The nuclei of these elements must lose protons to become more stable. When they do, they become different elements." + }, + { + "question": "What type of fluid cushions the fetus and helps protect it from injury?", + "distractor3": "aqueous", + "distractor1": "plasmid", + "distractor2": "epithelial", + "correct_answer": "amniotic", + "support": "Another structure that supports the fetus is the amniotic sac. This is a membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus. It contains amniotic fluid, which consists of water and dissolved substances. The fluid allows the fetus to move freely until it grows to fill most of the available space. The fluid also cushions the fetus and helps protect it from injury." + }, + { + "question": "How can you prevent diseases such as whooping cough and flu?", + "distractor3": "vacuuming", + "distractor1": "nutrition", + "distractor2": "exercise", + "correct_answer": "preventive vaccinations", + "support": "Getting the recommended vaccinations can help prevent diseases, such as whooping cough and flu. In fact, a yearly flu vaccine is recommended for everyone who is at least 6 months of age. The flu vaccine is especially important for people who are at high risk of developing serious complications (like pneumonia) if they get sick with the flu. People who have certain medical conditions including asthma, diabetes, and chronic lung disease, pregnant women, and people younger than 5 years (and especially those younger than 2), and people 65 years and older should also make sure they get the yearly flu vaccine." + }, + { + "question": "Why do snakes have venomous bites?", + "distractor3": "to scare humans", + "distractor1": "to clean themselves", + "distractor2": "to kill rival snakes", + "correct_answer": "to kill prey", + "support": "Some snakes have a venomous bite, which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by strangling them, and still others swallow their prey whole and alive. After eating, snakes enter a resting stage, while the process of digestion takes place. The process is highly efficient, with the snake\u2019s digestive enzymes dissolving and absorbing everything but the prey\u2019s hair and claws!." + }, + { + "question": "Chelicerae in spiders are often modified into fangs that perform what function?", + "distractor3": "tearing flesh", + "distractor1": "courtship display", + "distractor2": "chewing", + "correct_answer": "inject venom", + "support": "Chelicerae are mostly used for feeding, but in spiders, these are often modified into fangs that inject venom into their prey before feeding (Figure 28.43). Members of this subphylum have an open circulatory system with a heart that pumps blood into the hemocoel. Aquatic species have gills, whereas terrestrial species have either trachea or book lungs for gaseous exchange." + }, + { + "question": "What results from uncontrolled cell division?", + "distractor3": "diabetes", + "distractor1": "high blood pressure", + "distractor2": "obesity", + "correct_answer": "cancers", + "support": "Many cancers result from uncontrolled cell division, when the regulation of the cycle is lost ( Figure below ). Recall that the cell cycle is the normal life of a cell. During this cycle, the cell performs its necessary functions, replicates its DNA and organelles, and divides through mitosis and cytokinesis, such that two genetically identical cells result. The cycle is highly regulated so that no phase proceeds before it is ready to do so." + }, + { + "question": "Where do angiosperms form seeds?", + "distractor3": "cones", + "distractor1": "stamen", + "distractor2": "testes", + "correct_answer": "ovaries", + "support": "Angiosperms, or flowering seed plants, form seeds in ovaries. As the seeds develop, the ovaries may develop into fruits. Flowers attract pollinators, and fruits encourage animals to disperse the seeds." + }, + { + "question": "What term is used to describe the development of new technology?", + "distractor3": "industrial design", + "distractor1": "mechanical engineering", + "distractor2": "technological expansion", + "correct_answer": "technological design", + "support": "Technological design is the development of new technology. The design process is based on evidence and logic." + }, + { + "question": "All of the populations that live in the same area make up what type of group, which includes populations of different organisms?", + "distractor3": "hive", + "distractor1": "environment", + "distractor2": "colony", + "correct_answer": "community", + "support": "All of the populations that live in the same area make up a community . The community that includes the goldfish population also includes the populations of other fish, coral, and other organisms." + }, + { + "question": "What model describing atomic structure is often referred to as a planetary model?", + "distractor3": "Pascal model", + "distractor1": "Newton's model", + "distractor2": "kinetic model", + "correct_answer": "bohr model", + "support": "According to the Bohr model, often referred to as a planetary model , the electrons encircle the nucleus of the atom in specific allowable paths called orbits. When the electron is in one of these orbits, its energy is fixed. The ground state of the hydrogen atom, where its energy is lowest, is when the electron is in the orbit that is closest to the nucleus. The orbits that are further from the nucleus are all of successively greater energy. The electron is not allowed to occupy any of the spaces in between the orbits. An everyday analogy to the Bohr model is the rungs of a ladder. As you move up or down a ladder, you can only occupy specific rungs and cannot be in the spaces in between rungs. Moving up the ladder increases your potential energy, while moving down the ladder decreases your energy." + }, + { + "question": "The medium moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave in what type of wave?", + "distractor3": "latitudinal wave", + "distractor1": "variable wave", + "distractor2": "kinetic wave", + "correct_answer": "longitudinal wave", + "support": "In a longitudinal wave, the medium moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave." + }, + { + "question": "A ramp is a type of simple machine called what?", + "distractor3": "rough plane", + "distractor1": "extension plane", + "distractor2": "allow plane", + "correct_answer": "inclined plane", + "support": "Look at the ramp in the Figure below . A ramp is a type of simple machine called an inclined plane. It can be used to raise an object off the ground. The input distance is the length of the sloped surface of the ramp. This is the distance over which the input force is applied. The output distance is the height of the ramp, or the vertical distance the object is raised. For this ramp, the input distance is 6 m and the output distance is 2 meters. Therefore, the ideal mechanical advantage of this ramp is:." + }, + { + "question": "Where do plants take in air?", + "distractor3": "their roots", + "distractor1": "their flowers", + "distractor2": "their stems", + "correct_answer": "their leaves", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Under the right conditions, what energy source can be used to eject electrons from a solid material?", + "distractor3": "gravity", + "distractor1": "force", + "distractor2": "weight", + "correct_answer": "light", + "support": "Under the right conditions, light can be used to eject electrons from a solid material." + }, + { + "question": "The type of bond that forms between molecules is called what?", + "distractor3": "helium bond", + "distractor1": "fission bond", + "distractor2": "covalent bond", + "correct_answer": "hydrogen bond", + "support": "Opposites attract when it comes to charged molecules. In the case of water, the positive (hydrogen) end of one water molecule is attracted to the negative (oxygen) end of a nearby water molecule. Because of this attraction, weak bonds form between adjacent water molecules, as shown in Figure below . The type of bond that forms between molecules is called a hydrogen bond . Bonds between molecules are not as strong as bonds within molecules, but in water they are strong enough to hold together nearby molecules." + }, + { + "question": "Radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents are examples of what?", + "distractor3": "pathogens", + "distractor1": "inhibitors", + "distractor2": "catalysts", + "correct_answer": "mutagens", + "support": "Examples of Mutagens. Types of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. Do you know of other examples of each type of mutagen shown here?." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name for a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to place genetic material into cells?", + "distractor3": "a dna vector", + "distractor1": "a embryonic vector", + "distractor2": "an rna vector", + "correct_answer": "a viral vector", + "support": "Geneticists often use viruses as vectors to introduce genes into cells that they are studying. A viral vector is a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to place genetic material into cells. To be a useful viral vector, the virus is modified so that it will not cause disease, and it will infect only certain types of cells. Phages are often used as vectors to genetically modify bacteria." + }, + { + "question": "What is the study of how forces affect the motion of objects?", + "distractor3": "kinematics", + "distractor1": "behaviors", + "distractor2": "acceleration", + "correct_answer": "dynamics", + "support": "Section Summary 4.1 Development of Force Concept \u2022 Dynamics is the study of how forces affect the motion of objects. \u2022 Force is a push or pull that can be defined in terms of various standards, and it is a vector having both magnitude and direction. \u2022 External forces are any outside forces that act on a body. A free-body diagram is a drawing of all external forces acting on a body." + }, + { + "question": "Compounds containing which element are the basis of all known life?", + "distractor3": "hydrogen", + "distractor1": "oxygen", + "distractor2": "helium", + "correct_answer": "carbon", + "support": "Carbon has the ability to form very long chains of interconnecting C-C bonds. This property allows carbon to form the backbone of organic compounds , carbon-containing compounds, which are the basis of all known organic life. Nearly 10 million carbon-containing organic compounds are known. Types of carbon compounds in organisms include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The elements found in each type are listed in the table below. Elements other than carbon and hydrogen usually occur within organic compounds in smaller groups of elements called functional groups . When organic compounds react with other compounds, generally just the functional groups are involved. Therefore, functional groups generally determine the nature and functions of organic compounds." + }, + { + "question": "What type of rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or pressure?", + "distractor3": "sediments", + "distractor1": "Molten", + "distractor2": "igneous", + "correct_answer": "metamorphic", + "support": "3. Metamorphic rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or pressure. The minerals in the rock change but do not melt ( Figure below ). The rock experiences these changes within the Earth." + }, + { + "question": "What does jupiter reflect a lot of due to its size?", + "distractor3": "moisture", + "distractor1": "carbon", + "distractor2": "molecules", + "correct_answer": "sunlight", + "support": "Jupiter is truly a giant! The planet has 318 times the mass of Earth, and over 1,300 times Earth\u2019s volume. So Jupiter is much less dense than Earth. Because Jupiter is so large, it reflects a lot of sunlight. When it is visible, it is the brightest object in the night sky besides the Moon and Venus. Jupiter is quite far from Earth. The planet is more than five times as far from Earth as the Sun. It takes Jupiter about 12 Earth years to orbit once around the Sun." + }, + { + "question": "Invertebrates (and higher animals) can also be placed in one of two groups based on how they develop as what?", + "distractor3": "cells", + "distractor1": "chromosomes", + "distractor2": "hormones", + "correct_answer": "embryos", + "support": "Eight invertebrate phyla contain most invertebrate species. Invertebrates (and higher animals) can also be placed in one of two groups based on how they develop as embryos." + }, + { + "question": "Which chemist developed a process to remove carbon and dust particles in smoke?", + "distractor3": "harold black", + "distractor1": "james carpenter", + "distractor2": "roger granger", + "correct_answer": "frederick cottrell", + "support": "The carbon and dust particles in smoke are often colloidally dispersed and electrically charged. Frederick Cottrell, an American chemist, developed a process to remove these particles." + }, + { + "question": "What are gases called that absorb heat in the atmosphere?", + "distractor3": "carbonate gases", + "distractor1": "microwave gases", + "distractor2": "ozone gases", + "correct_answer": "greenhouse gases", + "support": "Gases that absorb heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases . They include carbon dioxide and water vapor. Human actions have increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere ( Figure below ). The added gases have caused a greater greenhouse effect. How do you think this affects Earth\u2019s temperature?." + }, + { + "question": "What are the specialized cells that sponges have?", + "distractor3": "blood cells", + "distractor1": "tune cells", + "distractor2": "magnet cells", + "correct_answer": "collar cells", + "support": "Sponges have specialized cells called collar cells. Describe how collar cells are specialized for the functions they serve." + }, + { + "question": "What shape are the muscles that control the anus?", + "distractor3": "triangular", + "distractor1": "elliptical", + "distractor2": "irregular", + "correct_answer": "circular", + "support": "Circular muscles control the anus. They relax to let the feces pass out of the body through the anus. After feces pass out of the body, they are called stool. Releasing the stool from the body is referred to as a bowel movement." + }, + { + "question": "What are the small molecules or proteins produced by bacteria that regulate gene expression?", + "distractor3": "sporozoans", + "distractor1": "fluxes", + "distractor2": "protazoas", + "correct_answer": "autoinducers", + "support": "Figure 9.17 Autoinducers are small molecules or proteins produced by bacteria that regulate gene expression." + }, + { + "question": "Channel proteins form what in the membrane?", + "distractor3": "atoms", + "distractor1": "walls", + "distractor2": "fibers", + "correct_answer": "pores", + "support": "Channel proteins form pores, or tiny holes, in the membrane. This allows water molecules and small ions to pass through the membrane without coming into contact with the hydrophobic tails of the lipid molecules in the interior of the membrane." + }, + { + "question": "The sun gives off energy in tiny packets called what?", + "distractor3": "atoms", + "distractor1": "ions", + "distractor2": "electrons", + "correct_answer": "photons", + "support": "The Sun gives off energy in tiny packets called photons . Photons travel in waves. These waves make up electromagnetic radiation . The image below models a wave of light ( Figure below ). Notice the wavelength in the figure. Waves with shorter wavelengths have more energy." + }, + { + "question": "What is a rock that contains important minerals called?", + "distractor3": "copper", + "distractor1": "carbonic", + "distractor2": "steel", + "correct_answer": "ore", + "support": "A rock that contains important minerals is called an ore . The concentration of valuable minerals in an ore may be high or low." + }, + { + "question": "A high metabolic rate and hair are ways mammals generate and conserve what?", + "distractor3": "water", + "distractor1": "resources", + "distractor2": "energy", + "correct_answer": "heat", + "support": "Mammals have several ways of generating and conserving heat, such as a high metabolic rate and hair to trap heat. They also have several ways to stay cool, including sweating or panting. Mammals may be herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. They have four types of teeth, so they can eat a wide range of foods. Traits of the heart and lungs keep the cells of mammals well supplied with oxygen and nutrients." + }, + { + "question": "What is made of molecules of many different gases, and is something we usually can\u2019t see, taste, or smell; we can only feel it when it moves?", + "distractor3": "sound", + "distractor1": "water", + "distractor2": "light", + "correct_answer": "air", + "support": "Air is easy to forget about. We usually can\u2019t see it, taste it, or smell it. We can only feel it when it moves. But air is actually made of molecules of many different gases. It also contains tiny particles of solid matter." + }, + { + "question": "What navigation technology works on the same principle as echolocation?", + "distractor3": "topography", + "distractor1": "radar", + "distractor2": "GPS", + "correct_answer": "sonar", + "support": "Sonar works on the same principle as echolocation." + }, + { + "question": "A reaction producing heat is what type of reaction?", + "distractor3": "physical", + "distractor1": "chemistry", + "distractor2": "carbon", + "correct_answer": "chemical", + "support": "In the last lesson, we began investigating how a chemical equation can represent a given chemical reaction. In this lesson, we are going to study the ways in which chemical reactions are classified. There are literally thousands of chemical reactions that take place every day in our lives. Some reactions take place in the atmosphere, such as the combustion of fossil fuels. Others occur in solution, like the reactions responsible for photosynthesis or the reactions that break down our food to give us energy. Chemical reactions can take place in a variety of environments. Reactions happen on the sea floor, in our cells, and in the upper atmosphere. As we look at chemical reactions, we notice some commonalities and trends. When we studied the elements, we saw characteristics that allowed us to categorize them by family. There are also various ways to categorize chemical reactions. Some reactions produce heat, while others consume it. Some reactions are spontaneous, while others are not. Some reactions happen in nanoseconds, while others happen over longer spans of time. Some produce electricity, some emit light, and some release gaseous products. The products of chemical reactions tell us a lot about the chemistry of the process. In the above video, we see mercury(II) oxide decomposing into elemental mercury and oxygen gas. Decomposition was one of the first reaction types to be identified by chemists. Decomposition is one type of reaction you'll learn about in this lesson." + }, + { + "question": "What evolutionary process has adapted protonephridia to different tasks in different environments?", + "distractor3": "natural change", + "distractor1": "natural reproduction", + "distractor2": "natural variety", + "correct_answer": "natural selection", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Some bacteria cannot be cultured because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot be grown outside what?", + "distractor3": "brain cell", + "distractor1": "sponsor cell", + "distractor2": "anchor cell", + "correct_answer": "host cell", + "support": "Some prokaryotes, however, cannot grow in a laboratory setting. In fact, over 99 percent of bacteria and archaea are unculturable. For the most part, this is due to a lack of knowledge as to what to feed these organisms and how to grow them; they have special requirements for growth that remain unknown to scientists, such as needing specific micronutrients, pH, temperature, pressure, co-factors, or co-metabolites. Some bacteria cannot be cultured because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot be grown outside a host cell. In other cases, culturable organisms become unculturable under stressful conditions, even though the same organism could be cultured previously. Those organisms that cannot be cultured but are not dead are in a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. The VBNC state occurs when prokaryotes respond to environmental stressors by entering a dormant state that allows their survival. The criteria for entering into the VBNC state are not completely understood. In a process called resuscitation, the prokaryote can go back to \u201cnormal\u201d life when environmental conditions improve. Is the VBNC state an unusual way of living for prokaryotes? In fact, most of the prokaryotes living in the soil or in oceanic waters are non-culturable. It has been said that only a small fraction, perhaps one percent, of prokaryotes can be cultured under laboratory conditions. If these organisms are non-culturable, then how is it known whether they are present and alive? Microbiologists use molecular techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to amplify selected portions of DNA of prokaryotes, demonstrating their existence. Recall that PCR can make billions of copies of a DNA segment in a process called amplification." + }, + { + "question": "What are living things that produce food for themselves and other organisms called?", + "distractor3": "refiners", + "distractor1": "growers", + "distractor2": "harvesters", + "correct_answer": "producers", + "support": "Producers are living things that produce food for themselves and other organisms. They use energy and simple inorganic molecules to make organic compounds. Producers are vital to all ecosystems because all organisms need organic compounds for energy." + }, + { + "question": "What is the second largest class of elements?", + "distractor3": "metalloids", + "distractor1": "carbonates", + "distractor2": "silicates", + "correct_answer": "nonmetals", + "support": "Nonmetals are elements that do not conduct electricity. They are the second largest class of elements. Find the nonmetals in Figure above . They are all the elements on the right side of the table that are color-coded green. Examples of nonmetals include helium (He), carbon (C), and oxygen (O)." + }, + { + "question": "The process in which a gas changes to a liquid is called what?", + "distractor3": "vaporing", + "distractor1": "diffusion", + "distractor2": "fermentation", + "correct_answer": "condensation", + "support": "The process in which a gas changes to a liquid is called condensation . Other examples of condensation are shown in Figure below . A gas condenses when it is cooled below its boiling point. At what temperature does water vapor condense?." + }, + { + "question": "What are solids with high melting and boiling points?", + "distractor3": "metal alloys", + "distractor1": "magnetic compounds", + "distractor2": "superheated compounds", + "correct_answer": "ionic compounds", + "support": "Ionic compounds are solids with high melting and boiling points. They are good conductors of electricity but only when dissolved in water. Their crystals are rigid and brittle." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of cells are polyribosomes found in?", + "distractor3": "yeast and prokaryotic", + "distractor1": "chloroplasts and nuclei", + "distractor2": "Prokaryotic and eukaryotic", + "correct_answer": "bacterial and eukaryotic", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Which gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?", + "distractor3": "pituitary", + "distractor1": "stomach", + "distractor2": "adrenal", + "correct_answer": "thyroid", + "support": "The thyroid gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland." + }, + { + "question": "What term means the set of processes by which metals are extracted from their ores and converted to more useful forms?", + "distractor3": "ceramics", + "distractor1": "metamorphisis", + "distractor2": "introversion", + "correct_answer": "metallurgy", + "support": "Very few of the transition metals are found in nature as free metals. Consequently, almost all metallic elements must be isolated from metal oxide or metal sulfide ores. Metallurgy is the set of processes by which metals are extracted from their ores and converted to more useful forms. Metallurgy consists of three general steps: (1) mining the ore, (2) separating and concentrating the metal or the metal-containing compound, and (3) reducing the ore to the metal. Additional processes are sometimes required to improve the mechanical properties of the metal or increase its purity. Many ores contain relatively low concentrations of the desired metal; for example, copper ores that contain even 1% Cu by mass are considered commercially useful. After an ore has been mined, the first step in processing is usually to crush it because the rate of chemical reactions increases dramatically with increased surface area. Next, one of three general strategies is used to separate and concentrate the compound(s) of interest: settling and flotation, which are based on differences in density between the desired compound and impurities; pyrometallurgy, which uses chemical reduction at high temperatures; and hydrometallurgy, which employs chemical or electrochemical reduction of an aqueous solution of the metal. Other methods that take advantage of unusual physical or chemical properties of a particular compound may also be used. For example, crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) are tiny but rather powerful magnets; in fact, magnetite (also known as lodestone) was used to make the first compasses in China during the first century BC. If a crushed ore that contains magnetite is passed through a powerful magnet, the Fe3O4 particles are attracted to the poles of the magnet, allowing them to be easily separated from other minerals." + }, + { + "question": "What blood-carrying structures contain one-way valves that contribute to the return of blood to the heart?", + "distractor3": "brains", + "distractor1": "glands", + "distractor2": "clots", + "correct_answer": "veins", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What type of components of the biosphere do chemical elements and water pass through during ecosystem recycle?", + "distractor3": "water and air", + "distractor1": "photic and aphotic", + "distractor2": "tropic and subtropic", + "correct_answer": "biotic and abiotic", + "support": "The chemical elements and water that are needed by organisms continuously recycle in ecosystems. They pass through biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere. That\u2019s why their cycles are called biogeochemical cycles . For example, a chemical might move from organisms ( bio ) to the atmosphere or ocean ( geo ) and back to organisms again. Elements or water may be held for various periods of time in different parts of a cycle." + }, + { + "question": "The relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid is called what?", + "distractor3": "protein", + "distractor1": "rna", + "distractor2": "dna", + "correct_answer": "genetic code", + "support": "The Genetic Code To summarize what we know to this point, the cellular process of transcription generates messenger RNA (mRNA), a mobile molecular copy of one or more genes with an alphabet of A, C, G, and uracil (U). Translation of the mRNA template converts nucleotide-based genetic information into a protein product. Protein sequences consist of 20 commonly occurring amino acids; therefore, it can be said that the protein alphabet consists of 20 letters. Each amino acid is defined by a threenucleotide sequence called the triplet codon. The relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid is called the genetic code. Given the different numbers of \u201cletters\u201d in the mRNA and protein \u201calphabets,\u201d combinations of nucleotides corresponded to single amino acids. Using a three-nucleotide code means that there are a total of 64 (4 \u00d7 4 \u00d7 4) possible combinations; therefore, a given amino acid is encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet (Figure 9.20)." + }, + { + "question": "Traditionally, what preventative measure used weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate the immune system?", + "distractor3": "pathogen", + "distractor1": "infection", + "distractor2": "assimilation", + "correct_answer": "vaccine", + "support": "Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones Traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate the immune system. Modern techniques use specific genes of microorganisms cloned into vectors and mass-produced in bacteria to make large quantities of specific substances to stimulate the immune system. The substance is then used as a vaccine. In some cases, such as the H1N1 flu vaccine, genes cloned from the virus have been used to combat the constantly changing strains of this virus. Antibiotics kill bacteria and are naturally produced by microorganisms such as fungi; penicillin is perhaps the most wellknown example. Antibiotics are produced on a large scale by cultivating and manipulating fungal cells. The fungal cells have typically been genetically modified to improve the yields of the antibiotic compound. Recombinant DNA technology was used to produce large-scale quantities of the human hormone insulin in E. coli as early as 1978. Previously, it was only possible to treat diabetes with pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions in many humans because of differences in the insulin molecule. In addition, human growth hormone (HGH) is used to treat growth disorders." + }, + { + "question": "What is the measurement of something along it's greatest dimension called?", + "distractor3": "height", + "distractor1": "stretch", + "distractor2": "stretch", + "correct_answer": "length", + "support": "Length is the measurement of the extent of something along its greatest dimension." + }, + { + "question": "What form the skeletons of most organic molecules?", + "distractor3": "peptide groups", + "distractor1": "hydrocarbons", + "distractor2": "amino acid chains", + "correct_answer": "carbon chains", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What term describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell?", + "distractor3": "endocytosis", + "distractor1": "biosynthesis", + "distractor2": "plasmosis", + "correct_answer": "exocytosis", + "support": "Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell, as shown in Figure below . Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such as a protein, or when the cell is getting rid of a waste product or a toxin. Newly made membrane proteins and membrane lipids are moved on top the plasma membrane by exocytosis. For a detailed animation of cellular secretion, see http://vcell. ndsu. edu/animations/constitutivesecretion/first. htm ." + }, + { + "question": "A sealed, vacuum-insulated reaction flask approximates what condition, in which neither matter nor heat can be exchanged between system and surroundings?", + "distractor3": "sure system", + "distractor1": "shared system", + "distractor2": "changing system", + "correct_answer": "isolated system", + "support": "Depending on the specific setup, a few different types of systems can be described. In an open system , both matter and heat can be freely exchanged between the reaction container (the system) and the surroundings. An example would be an open beaker, where any gaseous materials or vaporized molecules are free to leave the system and float off into the atmosphere. In a closed system , matter cannot enter or leave, but heat can flow between the system and surroundings. A stoppered reaction flask would be an example of a closed system. Finally, a situation in which neither matter nor heat can be exchanged between system and surroundings is referred to as an isolated system . Although truly isolated systems are not really possible, a sealed, vacuum-insulated reaction flask would come very close." + }, + { + "question": "A metarteriole is a type of vessel that has structural characteristics of both an arteriole and this?", + "distractor3": "layer", + "distractor1": "tendon", + "distractor2": "electron", + "correct_answer": "capillary", + "support": "Metarterioles and Capillary Beds A metarteriole is a type of vessel that has structural characteristics of both an arteriole and a capillary. Slightly larger than the typical capillary, the smooth muscle of the tunica media of the metarteriole is not continuous but forms rings of smooth muscle (sphincters) prior to the entrance to the capillaries. Each metarteriole arises from a terminal arteriole and branches to supply blood to a capillary bed that may consist of 10\u2013100 capillaries. The precapillary sphincters, circular smooth muscle cells that surround the capillary at its origin with the metarteriole, tightly regulate the flow of blood from a metarteriole to the capillaries it supplies. Their function is critical: If all of the capillary beds in the body were to open simultaneously, they would collectively hold every drop of blood in the body and there would be none in the arteries, arterioles, venules, veins, or the heart itself. Normally, the precapillary sphincters are closed. When the surrounding tissues need oxygen and have excess waste products, the precapillary sphincters open, allowing blood to flow through and exchange to occur before closing once more (Figure 20.6). If all of the precapillary sphincters in a capillary bed are closed, blood will flow from the metarteriole directly into a thoroughfare channel and then into the venous circulation, bypassing the capillary bed entirely. This creates what is known as a vascular shunt. In addition, an arteriovenous anastomosis may bypass the capillary bed and lead directly to the venous system. Although you might expect blood flow through a capillary bed to be smooth, in reality, it moves with an irregular, pulsating flow. This pattern is called vasomotion and is regulated by chemical signals that are triggered in response to changes in." + }, + { + "question": "What sort of walls are helpful for keeping a slope stable?", + "distractor3": "managing walls", + "distractor1": "relocating walls", + "distractor2": "diverting walls", + "correct_answer": "retaining walls", + "support": "Help to keep a slope stable by building retaining walls. Installing good drainage in a hillside may keep the soil from getting saturated." + }, + { + "question": "What is the most direct way of recovering a metal from its ores?", + "distractor3": "osmosis", + "distractor1": "drilling", + "distractor2": "molecules", + "correct_answer": "electrolysis", + "support": "Electrolysis is the most direct way of recovering a metal from its ores. However, the Na (aq)/Na(s), 2+." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term used to describe the minerals and vitamins that are not needed for providing the body with energy but are still essential for good health?", + "distractor3": "non-energetic nutrients", + "distractor1": "salts", + "distractor2": "pigments", + "correct_answer": "micronutrients", + "support": "Micronutrients are nutrients the body needs in relatively small amounts. They include minerals and vitamins. These nutrients don\u2019t provide the body with energy, but they are still essential for good health." + }, + { + "question": "What type of map reveals the shape of a landscape?", + "distractor3": "geographic", + "distractor1": "meteorological", + "distractor2": "geologic", + "correct_answer": "topographic", + "support": "Topographic maps reveal the shape of a landscape. Elevations indicate height above sea level." + }, + { + "question": "Does atmospheric pressure increase or decrease as the altitude increases?", + "distractor3": "depends on other factors", + "distractor1": "increase", + "distractor2": "stays the same", + "correct_answer": "decreases", + "support": "Atmospheric pressure decreases as the altitude increases." + }, + { + "question": "What term always refers to acceleration in the direction opposite to the direction of the velocity and always reduces speed, unlike negative acceleration?", + "distractor3": "calibration", + "distractor1": "progression", + "distractor2": "extraction", + "correct_answer": "deceleration", + "support": "Misconception Alert: Deceleration vs. Negative Acceleration Deceleration always refers to acceleration in the direction opposite to the direction of the velocity. Deceleration always reduces speed. Negative acceleration, however, is acceleration in the negative direction in the chosen coordinate system. Negative acceleration may or may not be deceleration, and deceleration may or may not be considered negative acceleration. For example, consider Figure 2.14." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call a quantity of motion that has both size as well as direction?", + "distractor3": "speed", + "distractor1": "wave", + "distractor2": "vibration", + "correct_answer": "vector", + "support": "Direction is just as important as distance in describing motion. A vector is a quantity that has both size and direction. It can be used to represent the distance and direction of motion." + }, + { + "question": "What process done by bacteria makes them important producers in aquatic ecosystems?", + "distractor3": "reproduction", + "distractor1": "maturation", + "distractor2": "infection", + "correct_answer": "photosynthesis", + "support": "type of bacteria that carry out photosynthesis and are important producers in aquatic ecosystems." + }, + { + "question": "Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are types of what kind of macromolecule?", + "distractor3": "nutrients", + "distractor1": "glucose", + "distractor2": "protein", + "correct_answer": "carbohydrate", + "support": "3.2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are a vital energy source for the cell and provide structural support to plant cells, fungi, and all of the arthropods that include lobsters, crabs, shrimp, insects, and spiders. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of monomers in the molecule. Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds that are formed as a result of dehydration reactions, forming disaccharides and polysaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule for each bond formed. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are common monosaccharides, whereas common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Starch and glycogen, examples of polysaccharides, are the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively. The long polysaccharide chains may be branched or unbranched. Cellulose is an example of an unbranched polysaccharide, whereas amylopectin, a constituent of starch, is a highly branched molecule. Storage of glucose, in the form of polymers like starch of glycogen, makes it slightly less accessible for metabolism; however, this prevents it from leaking out of the cell or creating a high osmotic pressure that could cause excessive water uptake by the cell." + }, + { + "question": "What action do particles of the same charge do to each other?", + "distractor3": "pull", + "distractor1": "propagate", + "distractor2": "destroy", + "correct_answer": "repel", + "support": "Matter and Antimatter The positron was only the first example of antimatter. Every particle in nature has an antimatter counterpart, although some particles, like the photon, are their own antiparticles. Antimatter has charge opposite to that of matter (for example, the positron is positive while the electron is negative) but is nearly identical otherwise, having the same mass, intrinsic spin, half-life, and so on. When a particle and its antimatter counterpart interact, they annihilate one another, usually totally converting their masses to pure energy in the form of photons as seen in Figure 33.13. Neutral particles, such as neutrons, have neutral antimatter counterparts, which also annihilate when they interact. Certain neutral particles are their own antiparticle and live 0 \u22128 correspondingly short lives. For example, the neutral pion \u03c0 is its own antiparticle and has a half-life about 10 shorter than + \u2212 \u03c0 and \u03c0 , which are each other\u2019s antiparticles. Without exception, nature is symmetric\u2014all particles have antimatter counterparts. For example, antiprotons and antineutrons were first created in accelerator experiments in 1956 and the antiproton is negative. Antihydrogen atoms, consisting of an antiproton and antielectron, were observed in 1995 at CERN, too. It is possible to contain large-scale antimatter particles such as antiprotons by using electromagnetic traps that confine the particles within a magnetic field so that they don't annihilate with other particles. However, particles of the same charge repel each other, so the more particles that are contained in a trap, the more energy is needed to power the magnetic field that contains them. It is not currently possible to store a significant quantity of antiprotons. At any rate, we now see that negative charge is associated with both low-mass (electrons) and high-mass particles (antiprotons) and the apparent asymmetry is not there. But this knowledge does raise another question\u2014why is there such a predominance of matter and so little antimatter? Possible explanations emerge later in this and the next chapter." + }, + { + "question": "A cold front is formed when a cold air mass runs into what?", + "distractor3": "dry air mass", + "distractor1": "hurricane", + "distractor2": "cool air mass", + "correct_answer": "warm air mass", + "support": "A cold front forms when a cold air mass runs into a warm air mass ( Figure below ). The cold air mass moves faster than the warm air mass. So the cold air mass lifts the warm air mass out of its way. As the warm air rises, its water vapor condenses. Clouds form, and precipitation falls. If the warm air is very humid, precipitation can be heavy. Temperature and pressure differences between the two air masses cause winds. Winds may be very strong along a cold front." + }, + { + "question": "What is the the process by which remains or traces of living things become fossils called?", + "distractor3": "fasciculation", + "distractor1": "extirpation", + "distractor2": "gentrification", + "correct_answer": "fossilization", + "support": "The process by which remains or traces of living things become fossils is called fossilization ( Figure below ). Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rocks." + }, + { + "question": "Light is a form of what kind of energy?", + "distractor3": "gravitational energy", + "distractor1": "magnetic energy", + "distractor2": "static energy", + "correct_answer": "electromagnetic energy", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "When compared to anaerobic respiration, what does aerobic respiration release more of?", + "distractor3": "pressure", + "distractor1": "heat", + "distractor2": "carbon dioxide", + "correct_answer": "energy", + "support": "A major advantage of aerobic respiration is the amount of energy it releases. Without oxygen, organisms can just split glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This releases only enough energy to make two ATP molecules. With oxygen, organisms can break down glucose all the way to carbon dioxide. This releases enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules. Thus, aerobic respiration releases much more energy than anaerobic respiration." + }, + { + "question": "As the telencephalon enlarges and grows into the cranial cavity, it is limited by the space within what bone structure?", + "distractor3": "chest", + "distractor1": "skeleton", + "distractor2": "spine", + "correct_answer": "skull", + "support": "As the telencephalon enlarges and grows into the cranial cavity, it is limited by the space within the skull. The telencephalon is the most anterior region of what was the neural tube, but cannot grow past the limit of the frontal bone of the skull. Because the cerebrum fits into this space, it takes on a C-shaped formation, through the frontal, parietal, occipital, and finally temporal regions. The space within the telencephalon is stretched into this same C-shape. The two ventricles are in the left and right sides, and were at one time referred to as the first and second ventricles. The interventricular foramina connect the frontal region of the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. The third ventricle is the space bounded by the medial walls of the hypothalamus and thalamus. The two thalami touch in the center in most brains as the massa intermedia, which is surrounded by the third ventricle. The cerebral aqueduct opens just inferior to the epithalamus and passes through the midbrain. The tectum and tegmentum of the midbrain are the roof and floor of the cerebral aqueduct, respectively. The aqueduct opens up into the fourth ventricle. The floor of the fourth ventricle is the dorsal surface of the pons and upper medulla (that gray matter making a continuation of the tegmentum of the midbrain). The fourth ventricle then narrows into the central canal of the spinal cord. The ventricular system opens up to the subarachnoid space from the fourth ventricle. The single median aperture and the pair of lateral apertures connect to the subarachnoid space so that CSF can flow through the ventricles and around the outside of the CNS. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles by a type of specialized membrane called a choroid plexus. Ependymal cells (one of the types of glial cells described in the introduction to the nervous system) surround blood capillaries and filter the blood to make CSF. The fluid is a clear solution with a limited amount of the constituents of blood. It is essentially water, small molecules, and electrolytes. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are dissolved into the CSF, as they are in blood, and can diffuse between the fluid and the nervous tissue." + }, + { + "question": "What is a relationship where one species benefits and the other is unaffected?", + "distractor3": "parasitism", + "distractor1": "pollenation", + "distractor2": "mutualism", + "correct_answer": "commensalism", + "support": "Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not affected." + }, + { + "question": "Quarks are very tiny particles of matter that make up what?", + "distractor3": "atoms and neutrons", + "distractor1": "electrons and neutrons", + "distractor2": "protons and electrons", + "correct_answer": "protons and neutrons", + "support": "Quarks are even tinier particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons. Scientists have identified six different types of quarks." + }, + { + "question": "What term is used to describe is the spontaneous emission of particles and radiation from atomic nuclei?", + "distractor3": "microscopic", + "distractor1": "intensity", + "distractor2": "vibration", + "correct_answer": "radioactivity", + "support": "Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles and radiation from atomic nuclei." + }, + { + "question": "The right and left hip bones, with the addition of the sacrum and coccyx form what section of the skeleton?", + "distractor3": "uterus", + "distractor1": "necklash", + "distractor2": "tail bone", + "correct_answer": "pelvis", + "support": "Figure 8.12 Pelvis The pelvic girdle is formed by a single hip bone. The hip bone attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton through its articulation with the sacrum. The right and left hip bones, plus the sacrum and the coccyx, together form the pelvis." + }, + { + "question": "What do metals start out as?", + "distractor3": "nickel", + "distractor1": "Metal molecules", + "distractor2": "aluminum", + "correct_answer": "ore", + "support": "Minerals have to be removed from the ground and made into the products. All the metals we use start out as an ore. Mining the ore is just the first step. Next, the ore must be separated from the rest of the rock that is mined. Then, the minerals need to be separated out of the ore." + }, + { + "question": "What is the si unit for weight?", + "distractor3": "pounds (lbs)", + "distractor1": "kilograms (kg)", + "distractor2": "meters (m)", + "correct_answer": "newton (n)", + "support": "Weight measures the force of gravity pulling on an object. Because weight measures force, the SI unit for weight is the newton (N) . On Earth, a mass of 1 kilogram has a weight of about 10 newtons because of the pull of Earth\u2019s gravity On the moon, which has less gravity, the same mass would weigh less. Weight is measured with a scale, like the spring scale in Figure below . The scale measures the force with which gravity pulls an object downward." + }, + { + "question": "The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for what function?", + "distractor3": "protection from cold", + "distractor1": "asexual reproduction", + "distractor2": "nutrient production", + "correct_answer": "sexual reproduction", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Recent evidence indicates some of what type of cells remain within the heart, continuing to divide and potentially replace dead cells?", + "distractor3": "dendritic cells", + "distractor1": "osteoclast cells", + "distractor2": "human cells", + "correct_answer": "stem cells", + "support": "Repair and Replacement Damaged cardiac muscle cells have extremely limited abilities to repair themselves or to replace dead cells via mitosis. Recent evidence indicates that at least some stem cells remain within the heart that continue to divide and at least potentially replace these dead cells. However, newly formed or repaired cells are rarely as functional as the original cells, and cardiac function is reduced. In the event of a heart attack or MI, dead cells are often replaced by patches of scar tissue. Autopsies performed on individuals who had successfully received heart transplants show some proliferation of original cells. If researchers can unlock the mechanism that generates new cells and restore full mitotic capabilities to heart muscle, the prognosis for heart attack survivors will be greatly enhanced. To date, myocardial cells produced within the patient (in situ) by cardiac stem cells seem to be nonfunctional, although those grown in Petri dishes (in vitro) do beat. Perhaps soon this mystery will be solved, and new advances in treatment will be commonplace." + }, + { + "question": "About what percentage of the earth's water is fresh water?", + "distractor3": "thirty percent", + "distractor1": "two percent", + "distractor2": "nine percent", + "correct_answer": "three percent", + "support": "Of all the water on Earth, about two percent is stored underground in spaces between rocks. A fraction of a percent exists in the air as water vapor, clouds, or precipitation. Another fraction of a percent occurs in the bodies of plants and animals. So where is most of Earth\u2019s water? It\u2019s on the surface of the planet. In fact, water covers about 70 percent of Earth\u2019s surface. Of water on Earth\u2019s surface, 97 percent is salt water, mainly in the ocean. Only 3 percent is fresh water . Most of the fresh water is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining fresh water occurs in rivers, lakes, and other fresh water features." + }, + { + "question": "While numerous elements can undergo fission, only a few can be used as fuels in what nuclear devices?", + "distractor3": "accelerators", + "distractor1": "colliders", + "distractor2": "laser beams", + "correct_answer": "reactors", + "support": "Numerous elements can undergo fission, but only a few can be used as fuels in a reactor. What aspect of nuclear fission allows a nuclear chain reaction to occur?." + }, + { + "question": "What is an estimation of all of the organic matter available as food, and involves measuring biomass in terrestrial environments?", + "distractor3": "trophic level total", + "distractor1": "food chain", + "distractor2": "decomposition energy", + "correct_answer": "net primary productivity", + "support": "Abiotic Factors Influencing Plant Growth Temperature and moisture are important influences on plant production (primary productivity) and the amount of organic matter available as food (net primary productivity). Net primary productivity is an estimation of all of the organic matter available as food; it is calculated as the total amount of carbon fixed per year minus the amount that is oxidized during cellular respiration. In terrestrial environments, net primary productivity is estimated by measuring the aboveground biomass per unit area, which is the total mass of living plants, excluding roots. This means that a large percentage of plant biomass which exists underground is not included in this measurement. Net primary productivity is an important variable when considering differences in biomes. Very productive biomes have a high level of aboveground biomass. Annual biomass production is directly related to the abiotic components of the environment. Environments with the greatest amount of biomass have conditions in which photosynthesis, plant growth, and the resulting net primary productivity are optimized. The climate of these areas is warm and wet. Photosynthesis can proceed at a high rate, enzymes can work most efficiently, and stomata can remain open without the risk of excessive transpiration; together, these factors lead to the maximal amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) moving into the plant, resulting in high biomass production. The aboveground biomass produces several important resources for other living things, including habitat and food. Conversely, dry and cold environments have lower photosynthetic rates and therefore less biomass. The animal communities living there will also be affected by the decrease in available food." + }, + { + "question": "Twenty-four hours before fertilization, the egg has finished meiosis and becomes a mature what?", + "distractor3": "zygote", + "distractor1": "spermatozoa", + "distractor2": "fetus", + "correct_answer": "oocyte", + "support": "Human Gestation Twenty-four hours before fertilization, the egg has finished meiosis and becomes a mature oocyte. When fertilized (at conception) the egg becomes known as a zygote. The zygote travels through the oviduct to the uterus (Figure 43.18). The developing embryo must implant into the wall of the uterus within seven days, or it will deteriorate and die. The outer layers of the zygote (blastocyst) grow into the endometrium by digesting the endometrial cells, and wound healing of the endometrium closes up the blastocyst into the tissue. Another layer of the blastocyst, the chorion, begins releasing a hormone called human beta chorionic gonadotropin (\u03b2-HCG) which makes its way to the corpus luteum and keeps that structure active. This ensures adequate levels of progesterone that will maintain the endometrium of the uterus for the support of the developing embryo. Pregnancy tests determine the level of \u03b2-HCG in urine or serum. If the hormone is present, the test is positive." + }, + { + "question": "Oxygen is combined with what to form water?", + "distractor3": "carbon", + "distractor1": "glucose", + "distractor2": "helium", + "correct_answer": "hydrogen", + "support": "Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and most other organisms for cellular respiration. We breathe in that oxygen, which is carried through our blood to all our cells. In our cells, oxygen allows cellular respiration to proceed. Cellular respiration works best in the presence of oxygen. Without oxygen, much less ATP would be produced." + }, + { + "question": "Does lava flow quickly or slowly when thick?", + "distractor3": "steadily", + "distractor1": "quickly", + "distractor2": "rapidly", + "correct_answer": "slowly", + "support": "When lava is thick, it flows slowly. If thick lava makes it to the surface, it cannot flow far from the vent. It often stays right in the middle of a crater at the top of a volcano. Here the lava creates a large, round lava dome ( Figure below )." + }, + { + "question": "The evaporative loss of the most energetic water molecules does what to a surface?", + "distractor3": "charges it", + "distractor1": "heats it", + "distractor2": "vents it", + "correct_answer": "cools it", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Habitat loss caused by human actions is a prime culprit in what phenomenon, which appears to be occurring for a sixth time?", + "distractor3": "Big Bang", + "distractor1": "spontaneous mutation", + "distractor2": "mass migrations", + "correct_answer": "mass extinction", + "support": "Evidence shows that a sixth mass extinction is occurring. The single biggest cause is habitat loss caused by human actions. There are many steps you can take to help protect biodiversity. For example, you can use less energy." + }, + { + "question": "What patterns in trees can be used to determine its age?", + "distractor3": "veins", + "distractor1": "bark ridges", + "distractor2": "colors", + "correct_answer": "rings", + "support": "The distinctive patterns of tree rings, ice cores, and varves go back thousands of years. They can be used to determine the time they were made." + }, + { + "question": "All of the petals together are called what?", + "distractor3": "stalk", + "distractor1": "stamen", + "distractor2": "anthers", + "correct_answer": "corolla", + "support": "All of the petals ( Figure below ) together are called the corolla . They are bright and colorful to attract a particular pollinator , an animal that carries pollen from one flower to another. Examples of pollinators include birds and insects." + }, + { + "question": "Any nucleus that is unstable and decays spontaneously is said to be what?", + "distractor3": "magnetic", + "distractor1": "neutral", + "distractor2": "dull", + "correct_answer": "radioactive", + "support": "-16O817O17oxygen -17O818O18oxygen -18 Because the number of neutrons is equal to A \u2212 Z, we see that the first isotope of oxygen has 8 neutrons, the second isotope 9 neutrons, and the third isotope 10 neutrons. Isotopes of all naturally occurring elements on Earth are present in nearly fixed proportions, with each proportion constituting an isotope\u2019s natural abundance. For example, in a typical terrestrial sample of oxygen, 99.76% of the O atoms is oxygen-16, 0.20% is oxygen-18, and 0.04% is oxygen-17. Any nucleus that is unstable and decays spontaneously is said to be radioactive, emitting subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation. The emissions are collectively called radioactivity and can be measured. Isotopes that emit radiation are called radioisotopes. As you learned in Chapter 14 \"Chemical Kinetics\", the rate at which radioactive decay occurs is characteristic of the isotope and is generally reported as a half-life (t1/2), the amount of time required for half of the initial number of nuclei present to decay in a first-order reaction. (For more information on half-life, seeChapter 14 \"Chemical Kinetics\", Section 14.5 \"Half-Lives and Radioactive Decay Kinetics\". ) An isotope\u2019s half-life can range from fractions of a second to billions of years and, among other applications, can be used to measure the age of ancient objects. Example 1 and its corresponding exercise review the calculations involving radioactive decay rates and half-lives." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for viscous magmas that are high in silica and tend to stay below the surface or erupt explosively?", + "distractor3": "combustible magmas", + "distractor1": "sedimentary magmas", + "distractor2": "compacted magmas", + "correct_answer": "felsic magmas", + "support": "The chemistry of a magma determines the type of igneous rock it forms. The chemistry also determines how the magma moves. The higher the amount of silica in the magma, the higher the viscosity. Viscosity is a liquid's resistance to flow. Viscous magmas tend to stay below the surface or erupt explosively. These are felsic magmas, which are high in silica. When magma is fluid and runny, it is not viscous. This magma often reaches the surface by flowing out in rivers of lava. These are low-silica mafic magmas." + }, + { + "question": "How many meters deep does the photic zone extend?", + "distractor3": "900", + "distractor1": "400", + "distractor2": "100", + "correct_answer": "200", + "support": "The photic zone extends to a maximum depth of 200 meters (656 feet) below the surface of the water. This is where enough sunlight penetrates for photosynthesis to occur. Algae and other photosynthetic organisms can make food and support food webs." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the process in which the nuclei of uranium atoms are split?", + "distractor3": "nuclear fusion", + "distractor1": "critical fission", + "distractor2": "atomic fusion", + "correct_answer": "nuclear fission", + "support": "Like fossil fuels, the radioactive element uranium can be used to generate electrical energy in power plants. In a nuclear power plant, the nuclei of uranium atoms are split in the process of nuclear fission. This process releases a tremendous amount of energy from just a small amount of uranium. The total supply of uranium in the world is quite limited, however, and cannot be replaced once it is used up. This makes nuclear energy a nonrenewable resource. Although using nuclear energy does not release carbon dioxide or cause air pollution, it does produce dangerous radioactive wastes. Accidents at nuclear power plants also have the potential to release large amounts of radioactive material into the environment. Figure below describes the nuclear disaster caused by a Japanese tsunami in 2011. You can learn more about the disaster and its aftermath at the URLs below." + }, + { + "question": "What type of bonds are formed between atoms sharing electrons?", + "distractor3": "ionic", + "distractor1": "neutron bonds", + "distractor2": "hydroxyl", + "correct_answer": "covalent", + "support": "Covalent bonds are formed between atoms sharing electrons." + }, + { + "question": "An individual virus is called what?", + "distractor3": "a pathogen", + "distractor1": "a toxin", + "distractor2": "a polymer", + "correct_answer": "a virion", + "support": "An individual virus is called a virion. It is a tiny particle much smaller than a prokaryotic cell. Because viruses do not consist of cells, they also lack cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and other cell organelles. Without these structures, they are unable to make proteins or even reproduce on their own. Instead, they must depend on a host cell to synthesize their proteins and to make copies of themselves. Viruses infect and live inside the cells of living organisms. When viruses infect the cells of their host, they may cause disease. For example, viruses cause AIDS, influenza (flu), chicken pox, and the common cold." + }, + { + "question": "What type of particle collides with an atom of u-235 during the basic nuclear fission process?", + "distractor3": "a proton", + "distractor1": "an electron", + "distractor2": "a nuclei", + "correct_answer": "a neutron", + "support": "The example above illustrates the basic nuclear fission process. A neutron (generally produced by some controlled process, not usually a natural event) collides with an atom of U-235. Momentarily, a U-236 atom forms which then splits into two smaller atoms (Kr-93 and Ba-141) in the diagram. This process results in the release of three new neutrons, which can then initiate fission reactions with more atoms. We will see later how this propagation of neutrons can be employed in a reactor for the generation of electricity." + }, + { + "question": "What color is phosphate mineral turquoise?", + "distractor3": "purple", + "distractor1": "white", + "distractor2": "green", + "correct_answer": "blue", + "support": "Turquoise is a phosphate mineral with a beautiful blue color. The stone is not as rare as some minerals and is commonly used for jewelry." + }, + { + "question": "Groups of three bases form codons, and each codon stands for one what?", + "distractor3": "sulferic acid", + "distractor1": "compound acid", + "distractor2": "minimal acid", + "correct_answer": "amino acid", + "support": "The genetic code consists of the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA. Groups of three bases form codons, and each codon stands for one amino acid (or start or stop). The codons are read in sequence following the start codon until a stop codon is reached. The genetic code is universal, unambiguous, and redundant." + }, + { + "question": "Bees, wasps, ants, butterflies, moths, flies and beetles belong to what animal phylum?", + "distractor3": "cephalopods", + "distractor1": "insects", + "distractor2": "crustaceans", + "correct_answer": "arthropods", + "support": "Many arthropods have extremely important roles in ecosystems. Arthropods are of ecological importance because of their sheer numbers and extreme diversity. As mentioned above, bees, wasps, ants, butterflies, moths, flies and beetles are invaluable agents of pollination. Pollens and grains became accidentally attached to their chests and legs and are transferred to other agricultural crops as these animals move about, either by walking or flying. Most plants actually produce scents to send signals to insects that food (in the form of nectar) is available." + }, + { + "question": "How many ways are there for a species to go extinct?", + "distractor3": "Ten", + "distractor1": "four", + "distractor2": "eight", + "correct_answer": "two", + "support": "Most of the species that have lived have also gone extinct. There are two ways to go extinct. The most obvious way is to die out completely. The other way a species goes extinct is if it evolves into a different species. Extinction is a normal part of Earth's history. Most of the organisms that have lived have gone extinct." + }, + { + "question": "Often generated by molecular cloning, transgenic organisms possess what from a different species?", + "distractor3": "RNA", + "distractor1": "memories", + "distractor2": "organs", + "correct_answer": "dna", + "support": "10.2 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture Genetic testing is performed to identify disease-causing genes, and can be used to benefit affected individuals and their relatives who have not developed disease symptoms yet. Gene therapy\u2014by which functioning genes are incorporated into the genomes of individuals with a non-functioning mutant gene\u2014has the potential to cure heritable diseases. Transgenic organisms possess DNA from a different species, usually generated by molecular cloning techniques. Vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones are examples of products obtained by recombinant DNA technology. Transgenic animals have been created for experimental purposes and some are used to produce some human proteins. Genes are inserted into plants, using plasmids in the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which infects plants. Transgenic plants have been created to improve the characteristics of crop plants\u2014for example, by giving them insect resistance by inserting a gene for a bacterial toxin." + }, + { + "question": "The skin disease impetigo is caused by spread of what type of microorganism?", + "distractor3": "algae", + "distractor1": "viruses", + "distractor2": "tumors", + "correct_answer": "bacteria", + "support": "Bacteria that cause the skin disease impetigo, which causes blisters, can spread when people share towels or clothes. The bacteria can also spread through direct skin contact in sports like wrestling." + }, + { + "question": "Plants go through seasonal changes after detecting differences in what?", + "distractor3": "week length", + "distractor1": "temperature", + "distractor2": "weather", + "correct_answer": "day length", + "support": "Plants go through seasonal changes after detecting differences in day length." + }, + { + "question": "What cycle is part of cellular respiration and makes atp and naph?", + "distractor3": "carbon cycle", + "distractor1": "vireos", + "distractor2": "water cycle", + "correct_answer": "krebs", + "support": "The Calvin cycle is part of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH. The Krebs cycle is part of cellular respiration. This cycle makes ATP and NAPH." + }, + { + "question": "What type of mechanical weathering occurs when one rock bumps against another rock?", + "distractor3": "disintegration", + "distractor1": "absorption", + "distractor2": "refraction", + "correct_answer": "abrasion", + "support": "Abrasion is another type of mechanical weathering. With abrasion, one rock bumps against another rock. Gravity causes abrasion as a rock tumbles down a slope. Moving water causes abrasion; it moves rocks so that they bump against one another ( Figure below ). Strong winds cause abrasion by blasting sand against rock surfaces. Finally, the ice in glaciers cause abrasion. Pieces of rock embedded in ice at the bottom of a glacier scrape against the rock below. If you have ever collected beach glass or pebbles from a stream, you have witnessed the work of abrasion." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of hormones serve many functions in addition to promoting gamete production?", + "distractor3": "Utility hormones", + "distractor1": "Multifaceted hormones", + "distractor2": "reflection hormones", + "correct_answer": "sex hormones", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female, thus, they are regarded as having what relationship?", + "distractor3": "mutual", + "distractor1": "opposite", + "distractor2": "symbiotic", + "correct_answer": "homologous", + "support": "produce a penis in males produce a clitoris in females. The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female; that is, they are homologous structures. Male Reproductive Anatomy In the male reproductive system, the scrotum houses the testicles or testes (singular: testis), including providing passage for blood vessels, nerves, and muscles related to testicular function. The testes are a pair of male reproductive organs that produce sperm and some reproductive hormones. Each testis is approximately 2.5 by 3.8 cm (1.5 by 1 in) in size and divided into wedge-shaped lobules by connective tissue called septa. Coiled in each wedge are seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. Sperm are immobile at body temperature; therefore, the scrotum and penis are external to the body, as illustrated in Figure 43.8 so that a proper temperature is maintained for motility. In land mammals, the pair of testes must be suspended outside the body at about 2\u00b0 C lower than body temperature to produce viable sperm. Infertility can occur in land mammals when the testes do not descend through the abdominal cavity during fetal development." + }, + { + "question": "How frequently do high tides occur?", + "distractor3": "Every 48 hours", + "distractor1": "Every 96 hours", + "distractor2": "Every 24 hours", + "correct_answer": "every 12 hours", + "support": "9. If the tidal cycle was actually 12 hours then high tides would occur at the same time every day. In reality, high tides occur about every 12 hours and 25 minutes. Can you think of why this would be the case?." + }, + { + "question": "What phase does the cell make final preparations to divide?", + "distractor3": "dioxide phase 2", + "distractor1": "growth phase 1", + "distractor2": "carbonate phase 2", + "correct_answer": "growth phase 2", + "support": "Growth Phase 2 (G2): during this phase, the cell makes final preparations to divide. For example, it makes additional proteins and organelles. This phase is sometimes referred to as Gap 2." + }, + { + "question": "How do multicellular organisms grow in size?", + "distractor3": "increase size and number of genes", + "distractor1": "reduce size and number of cells", + "distractor2": "increase number of limbs", + "correct_answer": "increase size and number of cells", + "support": "Like plants, all living things have the capacity for growth. The ducklings in Figure below have a lot of growing to do to catch up in size to their mother. Multicellular organisms like ducks grow by increasing the size and number of their cells. Single-celled organisms just grow in size." + }, + { + "question": "What symbol is used to indicate directionality in chemical reactions?", + "distractor3": "line", + "distractor1": "triangle", + "distractor2": "circle", + "correct_answer": "arrow", + "support": "The arrow (\u2192) shows the direction in which the reaction occurs. In many reactions, the reaction also occurs in the opposite direction. This is represented with another arrow pointing in the opposite direction (\u2190)." + }, + { + "question": "Who wrote the book on the origin of species?", + "distractor3": "cannon", + "distractor1": "Scopes", + "distractor2": "Sagan", + "correct_answer": "darwin", + "support": "In his book On the Origin of Species , Darwin included evidence to show that evolution had taken place. He also made logical arguments to support his theory that evolution occurs by natural selection. Since Darwin\u2019s time, much more evidence has been gathered. The evidence includes a huge number of fossils. It also includes more detailed knowledge of living things, right down to their DNA." + }, + { + "question": "What is considered a good source of calcium?", + "distractor3": "corn", + "distractor1": "wheat", + "distractor2": "egg", + "correct_answer": "milk", + "support": "Milk is naturally a good source of calcium. Vitamin D is also often added to milk. Both these nutrients help build strong bones." + }, + { + "question": "Exons are cut out before what leaves the nucleus?", + "distractor3": "rna", + "distractor1": "gene", + "distractor2": "dna", + "correct_answer": "mrna", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What nervous system is divided into two parts, the sensory division and the motor division?", + "distractor3": "central", + "distractor1": "physiological", + "distractor2": "developmental", + "correct_answer": "peripheral", + "support": "The peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts, the sensory division and the motor division. How these divisions of the peripheral nervous system are related to the rest of the nervous system is shown below ( Figure below ). Refer to the figure as you read more about the peripheral nervous system in the text that follows." + }, + { + "question": "What crucial role does beneficial fungi play?", + "distractor3": "killing bacteria", + "distractor1": "cleaning the soil", + "distractor2": "cleaning water", + "correct_answer": "balance of ecosystems", + "support": "Beneficial Fungi Fungi play a crucial role in the balance of ecosystems. They colonize most habitats on Earth, preferring dark, moist conditions. They can thrive in seemingly hostile environments, such as the tundra, thanks to a most successful symbiosis with photosynthetic organisms, like lichens. Fungi are not obvious in the way that large animals or tall trees are. Yet, like bacteria, they are major decomposers of nature. With their versatile metabolism, fungi break down organic matter that is insoluble and would not be recycled otherwise. Importance to Ecosystems Food webs would be incomplete without organisms that decompose organic matter and fungi are key participants in this process. Decomposition allows for cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus back into the environment so they are available to living things, rather than being trapped in dead organisms. Fungi are particularly important because they have evolved enzymes to break down cellulose and lignin, components of plant cell walls that few other organisms are able to digest, releasing their carbon content. Fungi are also involved in ecologically important coevolved symbioses, both mutually beneficial and pathogenic with organisms from the other kingdoms. Mycorrhiza, a term combining the Greek roots myco meaning fungus and rhizo." + }, + { + "question": "When mendel crossed purple flowered-plants and white flowered-plants, all the offspring had what color flowers?", + "distractor3": "yellow", + "distractor1": "blue", + "distractor2": "red", + "correct_answer": "purple", + "support": "Do you remember what happened when Mendel crossed purple flowered-plants and white flowered-plants? All the offspring had purple flowers. There was no blending of traits in any of Mendel's experiments. Mendel had to come up with a theory of inheritance to explain his results. He developed a theory called the law of segregation ." + }, + { + "question": "When statoliths settle to the low point in the chamber, they stimulate what in that location?", + "distractor3": "nociceptors", + "distractor1": "dendrites", + "distractor2": "axons", + "correct_answer": "mechanoreceptors", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The goal of this is the understand how and why things happen?", + "distractor3": "theory", + "distractor1": "experience", + "distractor2": "inquiry", + "correct_answer": "science", + "support": "The goal of science is to understand how and why things happen." + }, + { + "question": "What are the most diverse organisms on earth, which are often classified by shape or how they react to gram stain?", + "distractor3": "algae", + "distractor1": "cultures", + "distractor2": "pathogens", + "correct_answer": "bacteria", + "support": "Bacteria are the most diverse organisms on Earth. They are often classified by shape or how they react to Gram stain." + }, + { + "question": "Breathing involves differences in what, measured in torr, between the inside of the lungs and the air outside?", + "distractor3": "resistance", + "distractor1": "temperature", + "distractor2": "gravity", + "correct_answer": "pressure", + "support": "Breathing involves pressure differences between the inside of the lungs and the air outside. The pressure differences are only a few torr. A normal breath is about 0.50 L. If room temperature is about 22\u00b0C, then the air has a temperature of about 295 K. With normal pressure being 1.0 atm, how many moles of air do we take in for every breath? The ideal gas law gives us an answer:." + }, + { + "question": "Gymnamoebas constitute a large and varied group of what?", + "distractor3": "sporozoans", + "distractor1": "newborns", + "distractor2": "cells", + "correct_answer": "amoebozoans", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Lymph vessels make up a circulatory system that is similar to the blood vessels of what system?", + "distractor3": "gastrointestinal", + "distractor1": "nervous", + "distractor2": "cardiac", + "correct_answer": "cardiovascular", + "support": "Lymph vessels make up a circulatory system that is similar to the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. However, lymph vessels circulate lymph instead of blood, and the heart does not pump lymph through the vessels." + }, + { + "question": "In weather terms, what do you call the boundary between two air masses?", + "distractor3": "cover", + "distractor1": "cloud", + "distractor2": "mass", + "correct_answer": "front", + "support": "When cold air masses move south from the poles, they run into warm air masses moving north from the tropics. The boundary between two air masses is called a front . Air masses usually don\u2019t mix at a front. The differences in temperature and pressure cause clouds and precipitation. Types of fronts include cold, warm, occluded, and stationary fronts." + }, + { + "question": "What process takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata?", + "distractor3": "propagation", + "distractor1": "evaporation", + "distractor2": "expiration", + "correct_answer": "transpiration", + "support": "Transpiration takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata." + }, + { + "question": "Most hydrogen atoms have how many protons?", + "distractor3": "four", + "distractor1": "two", + "distractor2": "three", + "correct_answer": "one", + "support": "Hydrogen is a good example of isotopes because it has the simplest atoms. Three isotopes of hydrogen are modeled in Figure below . Most hydrogen atoms have just one proton and one electron and lack a neutron. They are just called hydrogen. Some hydrogen atoms have one neutron. These atoms are the isotope named deuterium. Other hydrogen atoms have two neutrons. These atoms are the isotope named tritium." + }, + { + "question": "How many viruses that can cause cancer in humans have been identified by scientists?", + "distractor3": "1", + "distractor1": "4", + "distractor2": "3", + "correct_answer": "6", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is utilized to analyze simple mendelian inheritance?", + "distractor3": "trait", + "distractor1": "origins", + "distractor2": "dna", + "correct_answer": "pedigree", + "support": "Inheritance in humans is not as straight-forward as that in the pea plant. Though some traits are inherited in simple Mendelian fashion, many are not. To analyze simple Mendelian inheritance a pedigree is often utilized. This is especially helpful in tracking the inheritance of a specific trait, characteristic or disorder (or allele) through a family." + }, + { + "question": "What is the only animal phyla that does not consist exclusively of invertebrates?", + "distractor3": "eukaryotes", + "distractor1": "arthropods", + "distractor2": "bacteria", + "correct_answer": "chordates", + "support": "Except for the chordates, all animal phyla consist only of invertebrates." + }, + { + "question": "Soap acts as what kind of agent between grease and water?", + "distractor3": "sterilizing", + "distractor1": "lubricating", + "distractor2": "codifying", + "correct_answer": "emulsifying", + "support": "Butter and mayonnaise are examples of a class of colloids called emulsions . An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid. A stable emulsion requires an emulsifying agent to be present. Mayonnaise is made in part of oil and vinegar. Since oil is nonpolar and vinegar is an aqueous solution and polar, the two do not mix and would quickly separate into layers. However, the addition of egg yolk causes the mixture to become stable and not separate. Egg yolk is capable of interacting with both the polar vinegar and the nonpolar oil. The egg yolk is called the emulsifying agent. Soap acts as an emulsifying agent between grease and water. Grease cannot be simply rinsed off your hands or another surface because it is insoluble. However, the soap stabilizes a grease-water mixture because one end of a soap molecule is polar and the other end is nonpolar. This allows the grease to be removed from your hands or your clothing by washing with soapy water." + }, + { + "question": "The nucleus from a differentiated frog cell can direct development of what?", + "distractor3": "ovary", + "distractor1": "embryo", + "distractor2": "fetus", + "correct_answer": "tadpole", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What can slow down the increase of viruses in the blood?", + "distractor3": "androgens", + "distractor1": "platelets", + "distractor2": "infections", + "correct_answer": "medications", + "support": "Medications can slow down the increase of viruses in the blood. But the medications cannot remove the viruses from the body. At present, there is no cure for HIV infection. A vaccine against HIV could stop this disease, and such a vaccine is in development, though it could take many years before it can be given to prevent this virus." + }, + { + "question": "In a few species, chloroplast genes are inherited only from what?", + "distractor3": "eggs", + "distractor1": "mothers", + "distractor2": "siblings", + "correct_answer": "sperm", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Ions flow through atp synthase from the thylakoid space into the stroma in a process called known as what?", + "distractor3": "fertilization", + "distractor1": "oxidation", + "distractor2": "respiration", + "correct_answer": "chemiosmosis", + "support": "5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis In the first part of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reaction, pigment molecules absorb energy from sunlight. The most common and abundant pigment is chlorophyll a. A photon strikes photosystem II to initiate photosynthesis. Energy travels through the electron transport chain, which pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space. This forms an electrochemical gradient. The ions flow through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space into the stroma in a process called chemiosmosis to form molecules of ATP, which are used for the formation of sugar molecules in the second stage of photosynthesis. Photosystem I absorbs a second photon, which results in the formation of an NADPH molecule, another energy carrier for the Calvin cycle reactions." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plants?", + "distractor3": "notochord", + "distractor1": "chloroplasts", + "distractor2": "sphenopalatine", + "correct_answer": "plasmodesmata", + "support": "Plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma ) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells. These junctions enable two cells to transport materials and communication between them. Plasmodesmata are similar to gap junctions of animal cells. Like gap junctions, plasmodesmata enable direct intercellular transport of substances between cells. However, unlike other junctions, plasmodesmata do not seem to be protein based. Rather, they are made from membrane and cell wall material. Plasmodesmata move various types of molecules, including transport proteins (including transcription factors), short interfering RNA, messenger RNA and viral genomes from cell to cell. A typical plant cell may have between 1,000 and 100,000 plasmodesmata connecting it with adjacent cells." + }, + { + "question": "Like the platypus, the echnida is a what?", + "distractor3": "dugongs", + "distractor1": "prosauropod", + "distractor2": "Gives Live birth", + "correct_answer": "monotreme", + "support": "Echidna. Like the platypus, the echnida is a monotreme. The only living monotreme species inhabit Australia and New Guinea." + }, + { + "question": "The cell membrane consists of two layers of what?", + "distractor3": "filaments", + "distractor1": "chlorophyll", + "distractor2": "epidermis", + "correct_answer": "phospholipids", + "support": "The cell membrane consists of two layers of phospholipids. Transport proteins are embedded in the layers. The movement of substances across the cell membrane may be by passive or active transport." + }, + { + "question": "What is an adaptation?", + "distractor3": "inherited gene", + "distractor1": "harmful mutation", + "distractor2": "unfavorable trait", + "correct_answer": "favorable trait", + "support": "Adaptations are favorable traits that organisms inherit. Adaptations develop from variations within a population and help organisms to survive in their given environment." + }, + { + "question": "Where fossils of the genus eomaia found?", + "distractor3": "India", + "distractor1": "Japan", + "distractor2": "Egypt", + "correct_answer": "china", + "support": "The earliest placental mammals may have evolved about 110 million years ago. The ancestor of placental mammals may be the extinct genus Eomaia . Fossils of Eomaia have been found in what is now China. It was only about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long. It was a tree climber and probably ate insects and worms. Eomaia had several traits of placental mammals. Figure below shows an Eomaia fossil." + }, + { + "question": "By exploding what the space probes get separated from their launchers?", + "distractor3": "walls", + "distractor1": "frames", + "distractor2": "doors", + "correct_answer": "bolts", + "support": "Space probes may be separated from their launchers by exploding bolts. (They bolt away from one another. ) Suppose a 4800-kg satellite uses this method to separate from the 1500-kg remains of its launcher, and that 5000 J of kinetic energy is supplied to the two parts. What are their subsequent velocities using the frame of reference in which they were at rest before separation?." + }, + { + "question": "What is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure?", + "distractor3": "thermal energy", + "distractor1": "kinetic energy", + "distractor2": "mechanical energy", + "correct_answer": "potential energy", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the relatively stable state inside the body of an animal?", + "distractor3": "consciousness", + "distractor1": "metabolism", + "distractor2": "dormancy", + "correct_answer": "homeostasis", + "support": "16.1 | Homeostasis and Osmoregulation By the end of this section, you will be able to: \u2022 Explain the concept of homeostasis \u2022 Describe thermoregulation of endothermic and ectothermic animals \u2022 Explain how the kidneys serve as the main osmoregulatory organs in the human body Homeostasis refers to the relatively stable state inside the body of an animal. Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes in order to maintain this steady state. Examples of internal conditions maintained homeostatically are the level of blood glucose, body temperature, blood calcium level. These conditions remain stable because of physiologic processes that result in negative feedback relationships. If the blood glucose or calcium rises, this sends a signal to organs responsible for lowering blood glucose or calcium. The signals that restore the normal levels are examples of negative feedback. When homeostatic mechanisms fail, the results can be unfavorable for the animal. Homeostatic mechanisms keep the body in dynamic equilibrium by constantly adjusting to the changes that the body\u2019s systems encounter. Even an animal that is apparently inactive is maintaining this homeostatic equilibrium. Two examples of factors that are regulated homeostatically are temperature and water content. The processes that maintain homeostasis of these two factors are called thermoregulation and osmoregulation." + }, + { + "question": "What is the middle layer of connective tissue called?", + "distractor3": "pollenation", + "distractor1": "tendon", + "distractor2": "xerophyte", + "correct_answer": "perimysium", + "support": "Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into individual bundles, each called a fascicle, by a middle layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. This fascicular organization is common in muscles of the limbs; it allows the nervous system to trigger a specific movement of a muscle by activating a subset of muscle fibers within a bundle, or fascicle of the muscle. Inside each fascicle, each muscle fiber is encased in a thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers called the endomysium. The endomysium contains the extracellular fluid and nutrients to support the muscle fiber. These nutrients are supplied via blood to the muscle tissue. In skeletal muscles that work with tendons to pull on bones, the collagen in the three tissue layers (the mysia) intertwines with the collagen of a tendon. At the other end of the tendon, it fuses with the periosteum coating the bone. The tension created by contraction of the muscle fibers is then transferred though the mysia, to the tendon, and then to the periosteum to pull on the bone for movement of the skeleton. In other places, the mysia may fuse with a broad, tendon-like sheet called an aponeurosis, or to fascia, the connective tissue between skin and bones. The broad sheet of connective tissue in the lower back that the latissimus dorsi muscles (the \u201clats\u201d) fuse into is an example of an aponeurosis. Every skeletal muscle is also richly supplied by blood vessels for nourishment, oxygen delivery, and waste removal. In addition, every muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle is supplied by the axon branch of a somatic motor neuron, which signals the fiber to contract. Unlike cardiac and smooth muscle, the only way to functionally contract a skeletal muscle is through signaling from the nervous system." + }, + { + "question": "Unlike prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are what?", + "distractor3": "expanding", + "distractor1": "multiple", + "distractor2": "simple", + "correct_answer": "linear", + "support": "Telomere replication Unlike prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are linear. As you\u2019ve learned, the enzyme DNA pol can add nucleotides only in the 5' to 3' direction. In the leading strand, synthesis continues until the end of the chromosome is reached. On the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short stretches, each of which is initiated by a separate primer. When the replication fork reaches the end of the linear chromosome, there is no place for a primer to be made for the DNA fragment to be copied at the end of the chromosome. These ends thus remain unpaired, and over time these ends may get progressively shorter as cells continue to divide. The ends of the linear chromosomes are known as telomeres, which have repetitive sequences that code for no particular gene. In a way, these telomeres protect the genes from getting deleted as cells continue to divide. In humans, a six base pair sequence, TTAGGG, is repeated 100 to 1000 times. The discovery of the enzyme telomerase (Figure 14.16) helped in the understanding of how chromosome ends are maintained. The telomerase enzyme contains a catalytic part and a built-in RNA template. It attaches to the end of the chromosome, and complementary bases to the RNA template are added on the 3' end of the DNA strand. Once the 3' end of the lagging strand template is sufficiently elongated, DNA polymerase can add the nucleotides complementary to the ends of the chromosomes. Thus, the ends of the chromosomes are replicated." + }, + { + "question": "Reversible reactions are indicated by what kinds of arrows?", + "distractor3": "equilibrium arrows", + "distractor1": "double-headed", + "distractor2": "resonance arrows", + "correct_answer": "opposite-headed", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Downhill skiiers gain little advantage from a running start because the initial kinetic energy is small compared with the gain in what other energy form?", + "distractor3": "thermal energy", + "distractor1": "gravitational kinetic energy", + "distractor2": "chemical energy", + "correct_answer": "gravitational potential energy", + "support": "In a downhill ski race, surprisingly, little advantage is gained by getting a running start. (This is because the initial kinetic energy is small compared with the gain in gravitational potential energy on even small hills. ) To demonstrate this, find the final speed and the time taken for a skier who skies 70.0 m along a 30\u00ba slope neglecting friction: (a) Starting from rest. (b) Starting with an initial speed of 2.50 m/s. (c) Does the answer surprise you? Discuss why it is still advantageous to get a running start in very competitive events." + }, + { + "question": "Population size is the number of what in a population?", + "distractor3": "proteins", + "distractor1": "humans", + "distractor2": "subdivisions", + "correct_answer": "individuals", + "support": "Population size is the number of individuals in a population." + }, + { + "question": "What is the cause of common mold allergies?", + "distractor3": "viruses", + "distractor1": "immobile mold spores", + "distractor2": "bacteria", + "correct_answer": "airborne mold spores", + "support": "Mold allergies are very common. They are caused by airborne mold spores. When the spores enter the respiratory tract, the immune system responds to them as though they were harmful microbes. Symptoms may include sneezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. The symptoms are likely to be more severe in people with asthma or other respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure to mold spores may also weaken the immune system." + }, + { + "question": "Which sphincter is located at the stomach end of the esophagus and opens to allow the bolus to enter the stomach?", + "distractor3": "urethral sphincter", + "distractor1": "pupillary sphincter", + "distractor2": "pyloric sphincter", + "correct_answer": "gastro-esophageal sphincter", + "support": "A ring-like muscle called a sphincter forms valves in the digestive system. The gastro-esophageal sphincter is located at the stomach end of the esophagus. In response to swallowing and the pressure exerted by the bolus of food, this sphincter opens, and the bolus enters the stomach. When there is no swallowing action, this sphincter is shut and prevents the contents of the stomach from traveling up the esophagus. Many animals have a true sphincter; however, in humans, there is no true." + }, + { + "question": "What adaptation helps prey hide and predators sneak up on prey?", + "distractor3": "variation", + "distractor1": "scent", + "distractor2": "claws", + "correct_answer": "camouflage", + "support": "Both predators and prey have adaptations to predation that evolve through natural selection. Predator adaptations help them capture prey. Prey adaptations help them avoid predators. A common adaptation in both predator and prey is camouflage . Several examples are shown in Figure below . Camouflage in prey helps them hide from predators. Camouflage in predators helps them sneak up on prey." + }, + { + "question": "Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near what?", + "distractor3": "muscle", + "distractor1": "brain stem", + "distractor2": "lung", + "correct_answer": "joint", + "support": "Bursitis Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near a joint. This will cause pain, swelling, or tenderness of the bursa and surrounding area, and may also result in joint stiffness. Bursitis is most commonly associated with the bursae found at or near the shoulder, hip, knee, or elbow joints. At the shoulder, subacromial bursitis may occur in the bursa that separates the acromion of the scapula from the tendon of a shoulder muscle as it passes deep to the acromion. In the hip region, trochanteric bursitis can occur in the bursa that overlies the greater trochanter of the femur, just below the lateral side of the hip. Ischial bursitis occurs in the bursa that separates the skin from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis, the bony structure that is weight bearing when sitting. At the knee, inflammation and swelling of the bursa located between the skin and patella bone is prepatellar bursitis (\u201chousemaid\u2019s knee\u201d), a condition more commonly seen today in roofers or floor and carpet installers who do not use knee pads. At the elbow, olecranon bursitis is inflammation of the bursa between the skin and olecranon process of the ulna. The olecranon forms the bony tip of the elbow, and bursitis here is also known as \u201cstudent\u2019s elbow. \u201d Bursitis can be either acute (lasting only a few days) or chronic. It can arise from muscle overuse, trauma, excessive or prolonged pressure on the skin, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or infection of the joint. Repeated acute episodes of bursitis can result in a chronic condition. Treatments for the disorder include antibiotics if the bursitis is caused by an infection, or anti-inflammatory agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids if the bursitis is due to trauma or overuse. Chronic bursitis may require that fluid be drained, but additional surgery is usually not required." + }, + { + "question": "What is one thing that cell membranes are permeable to?", + "distractor3": "metals", + "distractor1": "nutrients", + "distractor2": "gas", + "correct_answer": "specific ions", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What kind of a process is corrosion?", + "distractor3": "electromagnetic", + "distractor1": "electrolysis", + "distractor2": "oxidation", + "correct_answer": "galvanic", + "support": "Note the Pattern Corrosion is a galvanic process. Under ambient conditions, the oxidation of most metals is thermodynamically spontaneous, with the notable exception of gold and platinum. Hence it is actually somewhat surprising that any metals are useful at all in Earth\u2019s moist, oxygen-rich atmosphere. Some metals, however, are resistant to corrosion for kinetic reasons. For example, aluminum in soft-drink cans and airplanes is protected by a thin coating of metal oxide that forms on the surface of the metal and acts as an impenetrable barrier that prevents further destruction. Aluminum cans also have a thin plastic layer to prevent reaction of the oxide with acid in the soft drink. Chromium, magnesium, and nickel also form protective oxide films. Stainless steels are remarkably resistant to corrosion because they usually contain a significant proportion of chromium, nickel, or both. In contrast to these metals, when iron corrodes, it forms a red-brown hydrated metal oxide (Fe2O3\u00b7xH2O), commonly known as rust, that does not provide a tight protective film (Figure 19.17 \"Rust, the Result of Corrosion of." + }, + { + "question": "What is equal to the angular acceleration multiplied by the radius of the rotating object?", + "distractor3": "momentum", + "distractor1": "equilibrium", + "distractor2": "peak velocity", + "correct_answer": "linear acceleration", + "support": "linear acceleration a is equal to the angular acceleration multiplied by the radius of the rotating object." + }, + { + "question": "What is the membrane lining the back of the eye called?", + "distractor3": "aperture", + "distractor1": "lens", + "distractor2": "cornea", + "correct_answer": "retina", + "support": "The retina is a membrane lining the back of the eye. The retina has nerve cells called rods and cones that change images to electrical signals. Rods are good at sensing dim light but can\u2019t distinguish different colors of light. Cones can sense colors but not in dim light. There are three different types of cones. Each type senses one of the three primary colors of light." + }, + { + "question": "What group of animals has adapted to live in both water and on land?", + "distractor3": "omnivores", + "distractor1": "herbivores", + "distractor2": "reptiles", + "correct_answer": "amphibians", + "support": "What group of animals begins its life in the water, but then spends most of its life on land? Amphibians! Amphibians are a group of vertebrates that has adapted to live in both water and on land. Amphibian larvae are born and live in water, and they breathe using gills. The adults live on land for part of the time and breathe both through their skin and with their lungs as their lungs are not sufficient to provide the necessary amount of oxygen." + }, + { + "question": "Animals breath in air in order to obtain what element?", + "distractor3": "carbon", + "distractor1": "water", + "distractor2": "nitrogen", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Where are pressure receptors mainly found?", + "distractor3": "the muscles", + "distractor1": "the nerves", + "distractor2": "the tissue", + "correct_answer": "the skin", + "support": "Touch is the ability to sense pressure. Pressure receptors are found mainly in the skin. They are especially concentrated on the tongue, lips, face, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. Some touch receptors sense differences in temperature or pain. How do pain receptors help maintain homeostasis? (Hint: What might happen if we couldn\u2019t feel pain?)." + }, + { + "question": "Monomers of condensation polymers must contain how many functional groups so that each monomer can link up with two other monomers?", + "distractor3": "one", + "distractor1": "three", + "distractor2": "four", + "correct_answer": "two", + "support": "A condensation polymer is a polymer formed by condensation reactions. Monomers of condensation polymers must contain two functional groups so that each monomer can link up with two other monomers. One type of condensation polymer is called a polyamide. An amide is characterized by the functional group shown below wherein the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to the nitrogen of an amine." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the skull that covers the brain and protects it?", + "distractor3": "mandible", + "distractor1": "cerebrum", + "distractor2": "Nasal bone", + "correct_answer": "the cranium", + "support": "a cranium, or bony skull, that encloses and protects the brain;." + }, + { + "question": "Silk and cotton are examples of what kind of fiber?", + "distractor3": "simple", + "distractor1": "pure", + "distractor2": "artificial", + "correct_answer": "natural", + "support": "The fibers that compose the materials for our clothes are either natural or human-made. Silk and cotton would be examples of natural fibers. Silk is produced by the silkworm and cotton is grown as a plant. Human-made fabrics include nylon, orlon, and a number of other polymers. These materials are made from hydrocarbons found in petroleum products. Synthetic polymers are also used in shoes, raingear, and camping items. The synthetic fabrics tend to be lighter than the natural ones and can be treated to make them more water-resistant and durable." + }, + { + "question": "Reacting with metal is one thing that distinguishes acids from what?", + "distractor3": "protiens", + "distractor1": "metals", + "distractor2": "minerals", + "correct_answer": "bases", + "support": "A: A property that is shared by bases and acids is the ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Some ways bases and acids are different is that acids taste sour whereas bases taste bitter. Also, acids but not bases react with metals. For other differences between bases and acids, as well as why they differ in these ways, read the short article at this URL: http://www. chem4kids. com/files/react_acidbase. html." + }, + { + "question": "What happens to light when it passed from air to water?", + "distractor3": "it speeds up", + "distractor1": "it contracts", + "distractor2": "it brightens", + "correct_answer": "it bends", + "support": "Refraction is another way that waves interact with matter. Refraction occurs when waves bend as they enter a new medium at an angle. You can see an example of refraction in the Figure below . Light bends when it passes from air to water or from water to air. The bending of the light traveling from the fish to the man\u2019s eyes causes the fish to appear to be in a different place from where it actually is." + }, + { + "question": "The basic voltaic cell variations are the dry cell and the what?", + "distractor3": "lead electricity battery", + "distractor1": "lead flood battery", + "distractor2": "positive terminal", + "correct_answer": "lead storage battery", + "support": "Two variations on the basic voltaic cell are the dry cell and the lead storage battery." + }, + { + "question": "In a solution, what is the substance present in the lesser amount called?", + "distractor3": "fluids", + "distractor1": "molecules", + "distractor2": "compound", + "correct_answer": "solute", + "support": "Most chemical reactions are carried out in solutions, which are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. In a solution, a solute (the substance present in the lesser amount) is dispersed in a solvent (the substance present in the greater amount). Aqueous solutions contain water as the solvent, whereas nonaqueous solutions have solvents other than water. Polar substances, such as water, contain asymmetric arrangements of polar bonds, in which electrons are shared unequally between bonded atoms. Polar substances and ionic compounds tend to be most soluble in water because they interact favorably with its structure. In aqueous solution, dissolved ions becomehydrated; that is, a shell of water molecules surrounds them. Substances that dissolve in water can be categorized according to whether the resulting aqueous solutions conduct electricity. Strong electrolytes dissociate completely into ions to produce solutions that conduct electricity well. Weak electrolytes produce a relatively small number of ions, resulting in solutions that conduct electricity poorly. Nonelectrolytes dissolve as uncharged molecules and have no effect on the electrical conductivity of water." + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between oils and fats at room temperature?", + "distractor3": "liquid and gas states", + "distractor1": "solid and gas states", + "distractor2": "saturated and unsaturated", + "correct_answer": "liquid and solid states", + "support": "A lipid is a member of a class of water-insoluble compounds that includes oils, fats, and waxes. Oils and fats are based on the same general structure, but fats are solids at room temperature, while oils are liquids. Butter is an example of a fat and is derived from animals. Some oils include olive oil and canola oil, which are obtained from plants. Lipids are an essential part of a healthy diet, though excess dietary fat can be harmful. Lipids store energy in the body and are also needed to keep cell membranes healthy." + }, + { + "question": "A cochlear implant aims to restore loss of what sense?", + "distractor3": "taste", + "distractor1": "vision", + "distractor2": "touch", + "correct_answer": "hearing", + "support": "consists of a microphone that picks up sound. A speech processor selects sounds in the range of human speech, and a transmitter converts these sounds to electrical impulses, which are then sent to the auditory nerve. Which of the following types of hearing loss would not be restored by a cochlear implant? a. Hearing loss resulting from absence or loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti. Hearing loss resulting from an abnormal auditory nerve. Hearing loss resulting from fracture of the cochlea." + }, + { + "question": "In which constellation is the helix nebula located?", + "distractor3": "gemini", + "distractor1": "prometheus", + "distractor2": "zodiac", + "correct_answer": "aquarius", + "support": "The Helix nebula, located about 700 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius, belongs to a class of objects called planetary nebulae . Planetary nebulae are the remains of stars that once looked a lot like our sun. When sun-like stars die, they puff out their outer gaseous layers. These layers are heated by the hot core of the dead star, called a white dwarf, and shine with infrared and visible colors. Scientists can study the birth and death of stars by analyzing the types of light that are emitted from nebulae." + }, + { + "question": "The chains in cellulose stack in parallel rows held together by hydrogen bonds between which groups?", + "distractor3": "soda groups", + "distractor1": "disc groups", + "distractor2": "carbon groups", + "correct_answer": "hydroxl groups", + "support": "that produce a coiled structure. The glucose units in cellulose, in contrast, are linked to give long, unbranched chains. The chains in cellulose stack in parallel rows held together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups. This arrangement produces a rigid structure that is insoluble in water. Figure 24.22 The Polysaccharides Starch and Cellulose." + }, + { + "question": "The small, rocky bodies that orbit the sun are called what?", + "distractor3": "fossils", + "distractor1": "comets", + "distractor2": "meteorites", + "correct_answer": "asteroids", + "support": "Asteroids are small rocky bodies that orbit the Sun." + }, + { + "question": "Water is used by the plant to move materials up from the roots to make what?", + "distractor3": "fruit", + "distractor1": "light", + "distractor2": "chlorophyll", + "correct_answer": "food", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Magnets have a \"north\" and a \"south\" what?", + "distractor3": "temperature", + "distractor1": "arch", + "distractor2": "grid", + "correct_answer": "pole", + "support": "Figure 22.3 Magnets come in various shapes, sizes, and strengths. All have both a north pole and a south pole. There is never an isolated pole (a monopole)." + }, + { + "question": "Exemplified by organisms that grow in geysers, hyperthermophiles \"love\" what?", + "distractor3": "rainfall", + "distractor1": "humidity", + "distractor2": "cold", + "correct_answer": "heat", + "support": "Hyperthermophiles are organisms that \"love\" heat. Some archaeans can survive at very high temperatures. For example, they can grow in hot springs and geysers. One archaean species can even reproduce at 122 \u00b0C (252 \u00b0F). This is higher than the boiling point of water. It is the highest recorded temperature for any organism." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the multi-phase process in which the nucleus of the cell divides?", + "distractor3": "epistasis", + "distractor1": "cytokinesis", + "distractor2": "mutation", + "correct_answer": "mitosis", + "support": "The first step is mitosis , a multi-phase process in which the nucleus of the cell divides. During mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down and later reforms. The chromosomes are also sorted and separated to ensure that each daughter cell receives a diploid number (2 sets) of chromosomes. In humans, that number of chromosomes is 46 (23 pairs). Mitosis is described in greater detail in a subsequent concept." + }, + { + "question": "Fungi often make specialized reproductive structures, such as what?", + "distractor3": "herbs", + "distractor1": "pieces", + "distractor2": "Fungus", + "correct_answer": "mushrooms", + "support": "Fungi often make specialized reproductive structures, such as a mushroom." + }, + { + "question": "Which is a more reliable trait or measure to identify minerals?", + "distractor3": "weight", + "distractor1": "color", + "distractor2": "shape", + "correct_answer": "streak", + "support": "Streak is more reliable than color to identify minerals. The color of a mineral may vary. Streak does not vary. Also, different minerals may be the same color, but they may have a different color streak. For example, samples of hematite and galena can both be dark gray. They can be told apart because hematite has a red streak and galena has a gray streak." + }, + { + "question": "Inside female cones, female spores develop into female what?", + "distractor3": "tubules", + "distractor1": "gymnosperms", + "distractor2": "filaments", + "correct_answer": "gametophytes", + "support": "Cones form on a mature sporophyte plant. Inside male cones, male spores develop into male gametophytes. Each male gametophyte consists of several cells enclosed within a grain of pollen . Inside female cones, female spores develop into female gametophytes. Each female gametophyte produces an egg inside an ovule." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the molecule which has one carbon and four hydrogen atoms?", + "distractor3": "carbon monoxide", + "distractor1": "carbohydrate", + "distractor2": "sulfur", + "correct_answer": "methane", + "support": "Hydrocarbons are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. This molecule with one carbon and four hydrogen atoms is methane." + }, + { + "question": "On a global scale, plants and other photosynthetic organisms have generated all of what element in the air?", + "distractor3": "methane", + "distractor1": "nitrogen", + "distractor2": "carbon dioxide", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What living creatures comprise the \"rainforests of the oceans\"?", + "distractor3": "algae", + "distractor1": "kelp", + "distractor2": "krill", + "correct_answer": "coral reefs", + "support": "Corals and other animals create limestone rock reefs near the shore. Coral reefs are the \u201crainforests of the oceans. \u201d They have a tremendous amount of species diversity ( Figure below )." + }, + { + "question": "What type of reactions absorb heat from their surroundings?", + "distractor3": "exothermic", + "distractor1": "geothermic", + "distractor2": "hypothermic", + "correct_answer": "endothermic", + "support": "Endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings." + }, + { + "question": "Two significant parts of the heat include the atrium and its counterpart, which is what?", + "distractor3": "valve", + "distractor1": "cells", + "distractor2": "skeletal", + "correct_answer": "ventricle", + "support": "through the branching bronchi, reaching the respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles open up into the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Because there are so many alveoli and alveolar sacs in the lung, the surface area for gas exchange is very large. The mammalian circulatory system is a closed system with double circulation passing through the lungs and the body. It consists of a network of vessels containing blood that circulates because of pressure differences generated by the heart. The heart contains two pumps that move blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations. There is one atrium and one ventricle on the right side and one atrium and one ventricle on the left side. The pumping of the heart is a function of cardiomyocytes, distinctive muscle cells that are striated like skeletal muscle but pump rhythmically and involuntarily like smooth muscle. The signal for contraction begins in the wall of the right atrium. The electrochemical signal causes the two atria to contract in unison; then the signal causes the ventricles to contract. The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of blood vessels; arteries take blood away from the heart, and veins bring blood back to the heart." + }, + { + "question": "Bigger ocean waves and waves that carry more sediment cause a greater extent of what?", + "distractor3": "sand dunes", + "distractor1": "drowning", + "distractor2": "silt", + "correct_answer": "erosion", + "support": "Runoff, streams, and rivers carry sediment to the oceans. The sediment in ocean water acts like sandpaper. Over time, they erode the shore. The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause." + }, + { + "question": "Which science is an extension of genetics, evolution, anatomy, physiology, and other biological disciplines?", + "distractor3": "chronology", + "distractor1": "microbiology", + "distractor2": "neurobiology", + "correct_answer": "ethology", + "support": "45.7 | Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior By the end of this section, you will be able to: \u2022 Compare innate and learned behavior \u2022 Discuss how movement and migration behaviors are a result of natural selection \u2022 Discuss the different ways members of a population communicate with each other \u2022 Give examples of how species use energy for mating displays and other courtship behaviors \u2022 Differentiate between various mating systems \u2022 Describe different ways that species learn Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus. Behavioral biology is the study of the biological and evolutionary bases for such changes. The idea that behaviors evolved as a result of the pressures of natural selection is not new. Animal behavior has been studied for decades, by biologists in the science of ethology, by psychologists in the science of comparative psychology, and by scientists of many disciplines in the study of neurobiology. Although there is overlap between these disciplines, scientists in these behavioral fields take different approaches. Comparative psychology is an extension of work done in human and behavioral psychology. Ethology is an extension of genetics, evolution, anatomy, physiology, and other biological disciplines. Still, one cannot study behavioral biology without touching on both comparative psychology and ethology. One goal of behavioral biology is to dissect out the innate behaviors, which have a strong genetic component and are largely independent of environmental influences, from the learned behaviors, which result from environmental conditioning. Innate behavior, or instinct, is important because there is no risk of an incorrect behavior being learned. They are \u201chard wired\u201d into the system. On the other hand, learned behaviors, although riskier, are flexible, dynamic, and can be altered according to changes in the environment." + }, + { + "question": "What are catalysts in living things called?", + "distractor3": "carbohydrates", + "distractor1": "proteins", + "distractor2": "carbohydrates", + "correct_answer": "enzymes", + "support": "Chemical reactions constantly occur inside living things. Many of these reactions require catalysts so they will occur quickly enough to support life. Catalysts in living things are called enzymes. Enzymes may be extremely effective. A reaction that takes a split second to occur with an enzyme might take many years without it!." + }, + { + "question": "What is part of a large fungus that lives underground?", + "distractor3": "bark", + "distractor1": "bamboo", + "distractor2": "mold", + "correct_answer": "mushroom", + "support": "Mushrooms aren't around just so you can put them on your pizza. The mushroom is part of a large fungus that lives underground. The mushroom develops above the ground when the fungus is ready to reproduce." + }, + { + "question": "When sediments settle out of water, what do they form?", + "distractor3": "magnetic layers", + "distractor1": "separated layers", + "distractor2": "erosion", + "correct_answer": "horizontal layers", + "support": "When sediments settle out of water, they form horizontal layers. A layer of sediment is deposited. Then the next layer is deposited on top of that layer. So each layer in a sedimentary rock is younger than the layer under it ( Figure below )." + }, + { + "question": "In the inner ear, the vibrations are changed to electrical signals by hair cells lining what?", + "distractor3": "ear lobe", + "distractor1": "ear canal", + "distractor2": "hammer", + "correct_answer": "the cochlea", + "support": "In the inner ear, the vibrations are changed to electrical signals by hair cells lining the cochlea. The electrical signals then travel to the brain." + }, + { + "question": "What causes cells to divide if cytokinins are added to it?", + "distractor3": "hyptoxin", + "distractor1": "osmosis", + "distractor2": "apoptosis", + "correct_answer": "auxin", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Angiosperm seed develops inside of what?", + "distractor3": "the pancreas", + "distractor1": "fallopian tubes", + "distractor2": "a kidney", + "correct_answer": "an ovary", + "support": "In gymnosperms, a seed develops on the scale of a cone. Only an angiosperm seed develops inside an ovary." + }, + { + "question": "The efficiency of a machine is a measure of how well it reduces what force?", + "distractor3": "sound", + "distractor1": "tension", + "distractor2": "vibration", + "correct_answer": "friction", + "support": "The efficiency of a machine is a measure of how well it reduces friction. It is calculated as the percent of input work that becomes output work." + }, + { + "question": "Algae produce food using what process?", + "distractor3": "spermatogenesis", + "distractor1": "glycolysis", + "distractor2": "cellular respiration", + "correct_answer": "photosynthesis", + "support": "The green scum in this canal consists of billions of single-celled green algae. Algae are plant-like microorganisms that produce food by photosynthesis." + }, + { + "question": "What happens to energy when work is done by a system?", + "distractor3": "multiplied", + "distractor1": "stored", + "distractor2": "added", + "correct_answer": "removed", + "support": "Work done on a system puts energy into it. Work done by a system removes energy from it. Give an example for each statement. When solving for speed in Example 7.4, we kept only the positive root. Why?." + }, + { + "question": "What term is used to describe organic compounds such as sugars and starches?", + "distractor3": "vegetables", + "distractor1": "fats", + "distractor2": "proteins", + "correct_answer": "carbohydrates", + "support": "Carbohydrates are organic compounds such as sugars and starches. They provide energy and form structures such as cell walls." + }, + { + "question": "What indicates horizontal distance and are also found on the map legend?", + "distractor3": "variations", + "distractor1": "spikes", + "distractor2": "edges", + "correct_answer": "scales", + "support": "Scales indicate horizontal distance and are also found on the map legend." + }, + { + "question": "What is the blood in the body pumped with?", + "distractor3": "lung", + "distractor1": "systolic pressure", + "distractor2": "respiratory", + "correct_answer": "heart", + "support": "A main body cavity with an expanded circulatory system. Blood is pumped by a heart located near the back." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of diffusion do small hydrophobic molecules squeeze through lipid molecules?", + "distractor3": "complex", + "distractor1": "difficult", + "distractor2": "slippery", + "correct_answer": "simple", + "support": "Problems can occur with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other parts of the blood. Many blood disorders are genetic, meaning they are inherited from a parent. Some blood diseases are caused by not getting enough of a certain nutrient, while others are cancers of the blood." + }, + { + "question": "The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called?", + "distractor3": "consumer levels", + "distractor1": "secondary levels", + "distractor2": "producer levels", + "correct_answer": "trophic levels", + "support": "The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels . The different trophic levels are defined in the Table below . Examples are also given in the table. All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels. Generally, there are a maximum of four trophic levels." + }, + { + "question": "Parasites infect the host's what?", + "distractor3": "white blood cells", + "distractor1": "platelets", + "distractor2": "plasma", + "correct_answer": "red blood cells", + "support": "Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria . The parasites are spread by a mosquito vector. Parasites enter a host\u2019s blood through the bite of an infected mosquito. The parasites infect the host\u2019s red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, joint pain, anemia, and fatigue." + }, + { + "question": "Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as which other waves?", + "distractor3": "electromagnetic", + "distractor1": "aural", + "distractor2": "irregular", + "correct_answer": "transverse", + "support": "Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as transverse waves. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends longitudinal waves through underground rocks in all directions from the disturbance. Earthquake waves that travel this way are called primary, or P, waves. They are illustrated in Figure below ." + }, + { + "question": "How does the water cycle end?", + "distractor3": "cloud precipitation", + "distractor1": "ocean evaporation", + "distractor2": "freezing glaciers", + "correct_answer": "it repeats itself", + "support": "Two common home heating systems are hot-water and warm-air heating systems. They burn fuel for thermal energy and transfer the energy to water or air. The heated water or air circulates throughout the house, transferring thermal energy to the air in each room." + }, + { + "question": "Light travels more quickly in air than what?", + "distractor3": "metal", + "distractor1": "earth", + "distractor2": "glass", + "correct_answer": "water", + "support": "When light is refracted, it changes direction as it passes into a new medium and changes speed. The straw in the Figure below looks bent where light travels from water to air. Light travels more quickly in air than in water and changes direction. For a detailed explanation of how this happens, watch the animation at this URL:." + }, + { + "question": "What are chromosomes made of?", + "distractor3": "muscle tissue", + "distractor1": "amino acids", + "distractor2": "sperm and proteins", + "correct_answer": "dna and proteins", + "support": "Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are the form of the genetic material of a cell during cell division. It is this coiled structure that ensures proper segregation of the chromosomes during cell division. During other phases of the cell cycle, DNA is not coiled into chromosomes. Instead, it exists as a grainy material called chromatin ." + }, + { + "question": "What is the general name for a group of atoms derived from an alkane?", + "distractor3": "acid group", + "distractor1": "anode group", + "distractor2": "oxidation group", + "correct_answer": "alkyl group", + "support": "The general name for a group of atoms derived from an alkane is an alkyl group. The name of an alkyl group is derived from the name of the alkane by adding the suffix -yl. Thus the \u2013 CH3 fragment is a methyl group, the \u2013CH2CH3 fragment is an ethyl group, and so forth, where the dash represents a single bond to some other atom or group. Similarly, groups of atoms derived from aromatic hydrocarbons are aryl groups, which sometimes have unexpected names. For example, the \u2013C6H5 fragment is derived from benzene, but it is called a phenyl group. In general formulas and structures, alkyl and aryl groups are often abbreviated as R." + }, + { + "question": "What are most cells surrounded by?", + "distractor3": "air", + "distractor1": "fat", + "distractor2": "lipids", + "correct_answer": "water", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for materials that have both a defined shape and a defined volume?", + "distractor3": "gases", + "distractor1": "liquids", + "distractor2": "matter", + "correct_answer": "solids", + "support": "Solids are materials that have both a defined shape and a defined volume. They do not take on the shape of their container, as liquids and gases do. Solids can be either amorphous or crystalline. Amorphous solids (such as glass) do not have a well organized three-dimensional arrangement of molecules or atoms, so they lack a high level of order. On the other hand, crystalline solids display a highly ordered and predictable three-dimensional structure. In this section we will discuss the different types of crystalline solids." + }, + { + "question": "Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause what?", + "distractor3": "Mutations", + "distractor1": "Infections", + "distractor2": "DNA", + "correct_answer": "cancer", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is the radioactive process used in nuclear power plants and one type of nuclear bomb?", + "distractor3": "decay", + "distractor1": "fusion", + "distractor2": "radiation", + "correct_answer": "fission", + "support": "Note Fission is the radioactive process used in nuclear power plants and one type of nuclear bomb." + }, + { + "question": "Where does a crossover occur on a chromosome?", + "distractor3": "at the same location", + "distractor1": "at no locations", + "distractor2": "at one-two locations", + "correct_answer": "at different locations", + "support": "Figure 17.11 Crossover may occur at different locations on the chromosome. Recombination between genes A and B is more frequent than recombination between genes B and C because genes A and B are farther apart; a crossover is therefore more likely to occur between them." + }, + { + "question": "What are the biggest groups of stars called?", + "distractor3": "orbits", + "distractor1": "cells", + "distractor2": "novas", + "correct_answer": "galaxies", + "support": "The biggest groups of stars are called galaxies. A few million to many billions of stars may make up a galaxy. With the unaided eye, every star you can see is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. All the other galaxies are extremely far away. The closest spiral galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, shown in Figure below , is 2,500,000 light years away and contains one trillion stars!." + }, + { + "question": "What is defined as the act of contaminating the environment with waste?", + "distractor3": "global warming", + "distractor1": "purifying", + "distractor2": "climate change", + "correct_answer": "pollution", + "support": "Left: Ciar; Right: Jeff Keacher. Bread left out grows mold, bread in refrigerator stays fresh . Left: Public Domain; Right: CC BY 2.0." + }, + { + "question": "What type of energy is produced when two objects move together?", + "distractor3": "fluid", + "distractor1": "internal", + "distractor2": "kinetic", + "correct_answer": "mechanical", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is the mechanism by which favorable traits become more common in organisms over the course of generations?", + "distractor3": "birth", + "distractor1": "evolution", + "distractor2": "environmental selection", + "correct_answer": "natural selection", + "support": "Natural selection can change a species or even make a new species. Natural processes favor some traits over others in a population. This causes those traits to be more common in subsequent generations." + }, + { + "question": "Evaporation of moisture is greatest where it is?", + "distractor3": "rainy and hot", + "distractor1": "cool and snowy", + "distractor2": "sunny and populated", + "correct_answer": "hot and sunny", + "support": "Evaporation of moisture is greatest where it is hot and sunny. Therefore, cold climates with low precipitation may not be as dry as warm climates with the same amount of precipitation." + }, + { + "question": "What are the structural and functional units of the kidneys?", + "distractor3": "dendrites", + "distractor1": "interneurons", + "distractor2": "fat cells", + "correct_answer": "nephrons", + "support": "The actual removal of wastes from the blood occurs in tiny units inside the kidneys called nephrons. Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidneys. A single kidney may have more than a million nephrons! This is further discussed in the Urinary System concept." + }, + { + "question": "What does the ovule mature into after double fertilization?", + "distractor3": "a sister chromatid", + "distractor1": "a spore", + "distractor2": "a twin", + "correct_answer": "a seed", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The gap between two dna fragments is sealed by what?", + "distractor3": "enzymes", + "distractor1": "reductase", + "distractor2": "rna ligase", + "correct_answer": "by dna ligase", + "support": "DNA polymerase starts adding nucleotides to the 3'-OH end of the primer. Elongation of both the lagging and the leading strand continues. RNA primers are removed by exonuclease activity. Gaps are filled by DNA pol by adding dNTPs. The gap between the two DNA fragments is sealed by DNA ligase, which helps in the formation of phosphodiester bonds. Table 14.1 summarizes the enzymes involved in prokaryotic DNA replication and the functions of each." + }, + { + "question": "\"incident\" and \"reflected\" are two types of what?", + "distractor3": "collisions", + "distractor1": "cells", + "distractor2": "mirrors", + "correct_answer": "rays", + "support": "In the Figure below , you can see how both types of reflection occur. Waves of light are represented by arrows called rays. Rays that strike the surface are referred to as incident rays, and rays that reflect off the surface are known as reflected rays. In regular reflection, all the rays are reflected in the same direction. This explains why regular reflection forms a clear image. In diffuse reflection, the rays are reflected in many different directions. This is why diffuse reflection forms, at best, a blurry image. You can see animations of both types of reflection at this URL: http://toolboxes. flexiblelearning. net. au/demosites/series5/508/Laboratory/StudyNotes/snReflectionMirrors. htm." + }, + { + "question": "Where does most of the earth's energy come from?", + "distractor3": "heat", + "distractor1": "cover", + "distractor2": "fire", + "correct_answer": "sun", + "support": "Almost all energy on Earth comes from the Sun. The Sun\u2019s energy heats the planet and the air around it. Sunlight also powers photosynthesis and life on Earth." + }, + { + "question": "What do we call a carbohydrate formed by two monosaccharides bonding together?", + "distractor3": "calcite", + "distractor1": "Nitrate", + "distractor2": "olivine", + "correct_answer": "disaccharide", + "support": "If two monosaccharides bond together, they form a carbohydrate called a disaccharide . Two monosaccharides will bond together through a dehydration reaction, in which a water molecule is lost. A dehydration reaction is a condensation reaction , a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form one single molecule, losing a small molecule in the process. In the dehydration reaction, this small molecule is water. The bond between two monosaccharides is known as a glycosidic bond ." + }, + { + "question": "What determines how long a planet's orbit is around the sun?", + "distractor3": "direction", + "distractor1": "size", + "distractor2": "age", + "correct_answer": "distance", + "support": "The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, so they take shorter times to make one orbit. Mercury takes only about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun. All of the other planets take longer amounts of time. The exact amount depends on the planet's distance from the Sun. Saturn takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun." + }, + { + "question": "Anaerobic cellular respiration does not require the presence of what (by the very fact it is anaerobic, specifically)?", + "distractor3": "nitrogen", + "distractor1": "carbon", + "distractor2": "helium", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule, O2. If aerobic respiration occurs, then ATP will be produced using the energy of high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. If aerobic respiration does not occur, NADH must be reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse as an electron carrier for the glycolytic pathway to continue. How is this done? Some living systems use an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor. Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH are collectively referred to as fermentation. In contrast, some living systems use an inorganic molecule as a final electron acceptor. Both methods are called anaerobic cellular respiration in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen." + }, + { + "question": "The three-dimensional spaces with specific shapes that are components of electrons shells are known as what?", + "distractor3": "ventricals", + "distractor1": "arrays", + "distractor2": "isotopes", + "correct_answer": "orbitals", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "In relation to electrical current, what property will a narrow wire have more of than a wide wire?", + "distractor3": "current", + "distractor1": "voltage", + "distractor2": "wattage", + "correct_answer": "resistance", + "support": "A wide wire has less resistance than a narrow wire of the same material. Electricity flowing through a wire is like water flowing through a hose. More water can flow through a wide hose than a narrow hose. In a similar way, more current can flow through a wide wire than a narrow wire." + }, + { + "question": "Oil and water do not mix, instead forming two distinct layers called what?", + "distractor3": "surfaces", + "distractor1": "changes", + "distractor2": "stages", + "correct_answer": "phases", + "support": "Oil and water do not mix, instead forming two distinct layers called phases. The oil phase is less dense than the water phase and so the oil floats on top of the water." + }, + { + "question": "Oranges and lemons are examples of fruits that contain what acid?", + "distractor3": "beryllium acid", + "distractor1": "nitric acid", + "distractor2": "urea acid", + "correct_answer": "citric acid", + "support": "Many carboxylic acids occur naturally in plants and animals. Citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain citric acid." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for buildup of cell debris and cholesterol inside the arteries?", + "distractor3": "sclerosis", + "distractor1": "fibrosis", + "distractor2": "phimosis", + "correct_answer": "atherosclerosis", + "support": "Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside arteries (see Figure below ). Plaque consists of cell debris, cholesterol, and other substances. Factors that contribute to plaque buildup include a high-fat diet and smoking. As plaque builds up, it narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. You can watch an animation about atherosclerosis at these links: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=fLonh7ZesKs and http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=qRK7-DCDKEA ." + }, + { + "question": "In the body, in which organ does chemical digestion mainly take place?", + "distractor3": "large intestine", + "distractor1": "liver", + "distractor2": "kidneys", + "correct_answer": "small intestine", + "support": "Chemical digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine." + }, + { + "question": "Excessive exposure to what is the main cause of skin cancer?", + "distractor3": "incandescent light", + "distractor1": "LED light", + "distractor2": "fluorescent light", + "correct_answer": "uv light", + "support": "Skin cancer is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light. People with lighter skin are at greater risk of developing skin cancer because they have less melanin to block harmful UV radiation. The best way to prevent skin cancer is to avoid UV exposure by using sunscreen and wearing protective clothing." + }, + { + "question": "Mitosis actually occurs in how many phases?", + "distractor3": "two", + "distractor1": "Seven", + "distractor2": "six", + "correct_answer": "four", + "support": "Mitosis actually occurs in four phases. The phases are called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. They are shown in Figure below and described in greater detail in the following sections." + }, + { + "question": "Where are b cells produced in the body?", + "distractor3": "lungs", + "distractor1": "keratinocytes", + "distractor2": "tumors", + "correct_answer": "lymphocytes", + "support": "There are two main types of lymphocytes, called B cells and T cells. Both types of lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow. They are named for the sites where they grow and mature. The B in B cells stands for bone marrow, where B cells mature. The T in T cells stands for thymus gland, where T cells mature. Both B cells and T cells must be \u201cswitched on\u201d in order to fight a specific pathogen. Once this happens, they produce an \u201carmy\u201d of cells that are ready to fight that particular pathogen." + }, + { + "question": "Three body segments, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages are features of what invertebrate group, which includes spider and insects?", + "distractor3": "crustacean", + "distractor1": "annelid", + "distractor2": "sauropod", + "correct_answer": "arthropod", + "support": "Arthropods are invertebrates in the Phylum Arthropoda. They include insects, spiders, centipedes, and lobsters. Traits of arthropods include three body segments, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. The arthropod life cycle may include larva and pupa stages and the process of metamorphosis." + }, + { + "question": "What type of mirror is shaped like the outside of a bowl?", + "distractor3": "vertex", + "distractor1": "slope", + "distractor2": "concave", + "correct_answer": "convex", + "support": "The other type of curved mirror, a convex mirror, is shaped like the outside of a bowl. Because of its shape, it can gather and reflect light from a wide area. As you can see in the Figure below , a convex mirror forms only virtual images that are right-side up and smaller than the actual object. You can see how a convex mirror forms an image in the animation at this URL: http://physics. slss. ie/resources/convex%20mirror. swf." + }, + { + "question": "When do gases and liquids become solids?", + "distractor3": "at high temperatures", + "distractor1": "at relative temperatures", + "distractor2": "at hot temperatures", + "correct_answer": "at low temperatures", + "support": "We tend to think of solids as those materials that are solid at room temperature. However, all materials have melting points of some sort. Gases become solids at extremely low temperatures, and liquids will also become solid if the temperature is low enough. The Table below gives the melting points of some common materials." + }, + { + "question": "The full range of wavelengths and frequencies of electromagnetic radiation make up the ____________", + "distractor3": "anomalous spectrum", + "distractor1": "electronic spectrum", + "distractor2": "mechanical spectrum", + "correct_answer": "electromagnetic spectrum", + "support": "The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of wavelengths and frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Wavelength, frequency, and energy change continuously across the electromagnetic spectrum." + }, + { + "question": "What divide on their own by a process that resembles binary fission in prokaryotes?", + "distractor3": "bacteria", + "distractor1": "protazoa", + "distractor2": "proteins", + "correct_answer": "mitochondria", + "support": "Mitochondria divide on their own by a process that resembles binary fission in prokaryotes. Mitochondria have their own circular DNA chromosome that carries genes similar to those expressed by bacteria. Mitochondria also have special ribosomes and transfer RNAs that resemble these components in prokaryotes. These features all support that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are one type of plastid, a group of related organelles in plant cells that are involved in the storage of starches, fats, proteins, and pigments. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll and play a role in photosynthesis. Genetic and morphological studies suggest that plastids evolved from the endosymbiosis of an ancestral cell that engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. Plastids are similar in size and shape to cyanobacteria and are enveloped by two or more membranes, corresponding to the inner and outer membranes of cyanobacteria. Like mitochondria, plastids also contain circular genomes and divide by a process reminiscent of prokaryotic cell division. The chloroplasts of red and green algae." + }, + { + "question": "What are tiny hairs that line the bronchi called?", + "distractor3": "flagella", + "distractor1": "antennae", + "distractor2": "alveoli", + "correct_answer": "cilia", + "support": "In the chest, the trachea divides as it enters the lungs to form the right and left bronchi. The bronchi contain cartilage, which prevents them from collapsing. Mucus in the bronchi traps any remaining particles in air. Tiny hairs called cilia line the bronchi and sweep the particles and mucus toward the throat so they can be expelled from the body." + }, + { + "question": "What cycle occurs in women of reproductive age, as a long as a sperm does not enter an egg?", + "distractor3": "menopausal cycle", + "distractor1": "extraction cycle", + "distractor2": "tissue cycle", + "correct_answer": "menstrual cycle", + "support": "If a sperm does not enter an egg, the lining of the uterus breaks down. Blood and other tissues from the lining break off from the uterus. They pass through the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation . Menstruation is also called a menstrual period. It lasts about 4 days, on average. When the menstrual period ends, the cycle repeats. Some women feel discomfort during this process." + }, + { + "question": "Corrosion is usually defined as the degradation of metals due to what?", + "distractor3": "oscillatory process", + "distractor1": "crystalline process", + "distractor2": "nuclear process", + "correct_answer": "electrochemical process", + "support": "Corrosion is usually defined as the degradation of metals due to an electrochemical process. The formation of rust on iron, tarnish on silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are all examples of corrosion. The total cost of corrosion in the United States is significant, with estimates in excess of half a trillion dollars a year." + }, + { + "question": "What type of organism generally lives in or on its host?", + "distractor3": "insect", + "distractor1": "predator", + "distractor2": "bacteria", + "correct_answer": "parasite", + "support": "A parasite generally lives in or on its host. An example of a parasite that lives in its host is the hookworm. Figure below shows two hookworms living inside a human host\u2019s intestines. The hookworms obtain nutrients and shelter from their host, which is harmed by the loss of nutrients and blood." + }, + { + "question": "What causes the alpine tundra to be so cold?", + "distractor3": "low air density", + "distractor1": "moderate altitude", + "distractor2": "low altitude", + "correct_answer": "high altitude above sea level", + "support": "Alpine tundra climates occur at high altitudes at any latitude. They are also called highland climates. These regions are very cold because they are so far above sea level. The alpine tundra climate is very similar to the polar tundra climate." + }, + { + "question": "Like the frame of a house, what gives the cell an internal structure?", + "distractor3": "endoskeleton", + "distractor1": "cytoplasm", + "distractor2": "cellulose", + "correct_answer": "cytoskeleton", + "support": "Cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton gives the cell an internal structure, like the frame of a house. In this photograph, filaments and tubules of the cytoskeleton are green and red, respectively. The blue dots are cell nuclei." + }, + { + "question": "A species that benefits and harms the host organism is called a what?", + "distractor3": "host", + "distractor1": "viruses", + "distractor2": "predators", + "correct_answer": "parasite", + "support": "species that benefits and harms a host in a parasitic relationship." + }, + { + "question": "When liquid water changes to water vapor it is called?", + "distractor3": "evaporation", + "distractor1": "absorption", + "distractor2": "transpiration", + "correct_answer": "evaporation", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Chewing insects mechanically damage plants and lessen the surface area of leaves for what?", + "distractor3": "nutrients", + "distractor1": "vegetation", + "distractor2": "tissues", + "correct_answer": "photosynthesis", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Reptiles are described by what term that means their internal temperature depends on the temperature of their environment?", + "distractor3": "actinomorphic", + "distractor1": "zygomorphic", + "distractor2": "endothermic", + "correct_answer": "ectothermic", + "support": "Reptiles are tetrapods (four-legged) and ectothermic , meaning their internal temperature depends on the temperature of their environment. This is why you may see reptiles sunbathing as they use the energy from the sun to warm their bodies. Usually the sense organs of reptiles, like ears, are well developed, though snakes do not have external ears. All reptiles have advanced eyesight. Reptiles also have a sense of smell. Crocodilians, turtles, and tortoises smell like most other land vertebrates. But, some lizards, and all snakes, smell with their tongues, which is flicked out of the mouth to pick up scent molecules from the air." + }, + { + "question": "What lines the passages of the nose and senses chemicals in the air?", + "distractor3": "optic receptors", + "distractor1": "matter receptors", + "distractor2": "consumption receptors", + "correct_answer": "odor receptors", + "support": "Odor receptors line the passages of the nose (see Figure below ). They sense chemicals in the air. In fact, odor receptors can sense hundreds of different chemicals. Did you ever notice that food seems to have less taste when you have a stuffy nose? This occurs because the sense of smell contributes to the sense of taste, and a stuffy nose interferes with the ability to smell." + }, + { + "question": "Telomerase is typically active in germ cells and adult what?", + "distractor3": "sex cells", + "distractor1": "human growth hormone", + "distractor2": "chromosomes", + "correct_answer": "stem cells", + "support": "Telomerase is typically active in germ cells and adult stem cells. It is not active in adult somatic cells. For her discovery of telomerase and its action, Elizabeth Blackburn (Figure 14.16) received the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 2009." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call materials able to conduct electricity with 100% efficiency, meaning that no energy is lost during the electrical transmission?", + "distractor3": "super-insulators", + "distractor1": "poor conductors", + "distractor2": "electromagnets", + "correct_answer": "superconductors", + "support": "Many chemists are currently working in the field of superconductivity. Superconductors are materials that are able to conduct electricity with 100% efficiency, meaning that no energy is lost during the electrical transmission, as happens with conventional conducting materials like copper cable. The challenge is to design materials that can act as superconductors at normal temperatures, as opposed to only being able to superconduct at very low temperatures." + }, + { + "question": "What does scientific notation use to write very large or very small numbers?", + "distractor3": "coefficients", + "distractor1": "whole numbers", + "distractor2": "zeros", + "correct_answer": "exponents", + "support": "Scientific notation is a way of writing very large or very small numbers that uses exponents. Numbers are written in this format:." + }, + { + "question": "Speed, loudness, and pitch are properties of what?", + "distractor3": "light", + "distractor1": "metal", + "distractor2": "colour", + "correct_answer": "sound", + "support": "Properties of sound include speed, loudness, and pitch. The speed of sound varies in different media. The loudness of sound depends on the intensity of sound waves. The pitch of sound depends on the frequency of sound waves." + }, + { + "question": "Radioactive nuclei and particles are represented by which symbols?", + "distractor3": "compound", + "distractor1": "energy", + "distractor2": "greek", + "correct_answer": "nuclear", + "support": "Radioactive nuclei and particles are represented by nuclear symbols that indicate their numbers of protons and neutrons. For example, an alpha particle (helium nucleus) is represented by the symbol , where He is the chemical symbol for helium, the subscript 2 is the number of protons, and the superscript 4 is the mass number (2 protons + 2 neutrons)." + }, + { + "question": "Properties of matter can be considered physical or?", + "distractor3": "liquid", + "distractor1": "gas", + "distractor2": "mineral", + "correct_answer": "chemical", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What are alveoli?", + "distractor3": "cilia in the throat", + "distractor1": "tiny air natalensis in the lungs", + "distractor2": "sacs in the diaphragm", + "correct_answer": "tiny air sacs in the lungs", + "support": "Mammalian lungs have millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli . They provide a very large surface area for gas exchange." + }, + { + "question": "Railroad tracks and roadways can buckle on hot days if they lack sufficient what?", + "distractor3": "attraction joints", + "distractor1": "cartilaginous joints", + "distractor2": "contraction joints", + "correct_answer": "expansion joints", + "support": "Forces and pressures created by thermal stress are typically as great as that in the example above. Railroad tracks and roadways can buckle on hot days if they lack sufficient expansion joints. (See Figure 13.14. ) Power lines sag more in the summer than in the winter, and will snap in cold weather if there is insufficient slack. Cracks open and close in plaster walls as a house warms and cools. Glass cooking pans will crack if cooled rapidly or unevenly, because of differential contraction and the." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the complex mixture that consists of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals?", + "distractor3": "sperm", + "distractor1": "plasma", + "distractor2": "blood", + "correct_answer": "milk", + "support": "Milk is a complex mixture of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals. While the minerals and carbohydrates are water-soluble, the fats and some of the proteins do not dissolve but are held in suspension." + }, + { + "question": "What disease is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms regulating the cell cycle?", + "distractor3": "diabetes", + "distractor1": "gout", + "distractor2": "dementia", + "correct_answer": "cancer", + "support": "6.3 Cancer and the Cell Cycle Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms regulating the cell cycle. The loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. Faulty instructions lead to a protein that does not function as it should. Any disruption of the monitoring system can allow other mistakes to be passed on to the daughter cells. Each successive cell division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage. Eventually, all checkpoints become nonfunctional, and rapidly reproducing cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in tumorous growth." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for an exact genetic copy?", + "distractor3": "genetic repeat", + "distractor1": "genetic recreation", + "distractor2": "duplication", + "correct_answer": "clone", + "support": "Recombinant DNA technology is used in gene cloning. A clone is an exact genetic copy. Genes are cloned for many reasons, including use in medicine and in agriculture." + }, + { + "question": "Where do recent rocks point towards on earth?", + "distractor3": "south magnetic pole", + "distractor1": "space", + "distractor2": "equator", + "correct_answer": "north magnetic pole", + "support": "Rocks on different continents that are the same age point to different locations. Only recent rocks point to the current north magnetic pole." + }, + { + "question": "What type of cell function relies on microfilaments, which are the actin components of the cytoskeleton?", + "distractor3": "nephrons", + "distractor1": "neurons", + "distractor2": "skin cells", + "correct_answer": "muscle", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The two simplest models of population growth use what to describe the rate of change in the size of a population over time?", + "distractor3": "wave function", + "distractor1": "predestination equations", + "distractor2": "analogous equations", + "correct_answer": "deterministic equations", + "support": "Population Growth The two simplest models of population growth use deterministic equations (equations that do not account for random events) to describe the rate of change in the size of a population over time. The first of these models, exponential growth, describes theoretical populations that increase in numbers without any limits to their growth. The second model, logistic growth, introduces limits to reproductive growth that become more intense as the population size increases. Neither model adequately describes natural populations, but they provide points of comparison. Exponential Growth Charles Darwin, in developing his theory of natural selection, was influenced by the English clergyman Thomas Malthus. Malthus published his book in 1798 stating that populations with abundant natural resources grow very rapidly; however, they limit further growth by depleting their resources. The early pattern of accelerating population size is called exponential growth. The best example of exponential growth in organisms is seen in bacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotes that reproduce largely by binary fission. This division takes about an hour for many bacterial species. If 1000 bacteria are placed in a large flask with an abundant supply of nutrients (so the nutrients will not become quickly depleted), the number of bacteria will have doubled from 1000 to 2000 after just an hour. In another hour, each of the 2000 bacteria will divide, producing 4000 bacteria. After the third hour, there should be 8000 bacteria in the flask. The important concept of exponential growth is that the growth rate\u2014the number of organisms added in each reproductive generation\u2014is itself increasing; that is, the." + }, + { + "question": "What is the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves?", + "distractor3": "inflammation", + "distractor1": "combustion", + "distractor2": "decomposition", + "correct_answer": "dissociation", + "support": "Dissociation is the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves." + }, + { + "question": "What do charged particles in motion generate?", + "distractor3": "gravitational fields", + "distractor1": "fission", + "distractor2": "electricity", + "correct_answer": "magnetic fields", + "support": "Paints can be both toxic and flammable. Paints may spill on the ground or be thrown improperly in the trash." + }, + { + "question": "What bonding is formed in polar amino acid side chains?", + "distractor3": "helium bonding", + "distractor1": "calcium bonding", + "distractor2": "carbon bonding", + "correct_answer": "hydrogen bonding", + "support": "Hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding forms between a highly electronegative oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom attached to another oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom, such as those found in polar amino acid side chains. Hydrogen bonding (as well as ionic attractions) is extremely important in both the intra- and intermolecular interactions of proteins (part (b) of http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch18_s04_s01_f05). Disulfide linkages. Two cysteine amino acid units may be brought close together as the protein molecule folds. Subsequent oxidation and linkage of the sulfur atoms in the highly reactive sulfhydryl (SH) groups leads to the formation of cystine (part (c) ofhttp://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch18_s04_s01_f05). Intrachain disulfide linkages are found in many proteins, including insulin (yellow bars in http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch18_s04_s01_f01) and have a strong stabilizing effect on the tertiary structure." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name for the energy waves that radiate out from the center of an earthquake?", + "distractor3": "particle waves", + "distractor1": "deep waves", + "distractor2": "volcanic waves", + "correct_answer": "seismic waves", + "support": "Geologists study earthquake waves to \u201csee\u201d Earth's interior. Waves of energy radiate out from an earthquake\u2019s focus. These waves are called seismic waves ( Figure below ). Seismic waves go different speeds through different materials. They change speed when they go from one type of material to another. This causes them to bend. Some seismic waves do not travel through liquids or gases. They just stop. Scientists use information from seismic waves to understand what makes up the Earth\u2019s interior." + }, + { + "question": "During a human pregnancy, which trimester exhibits the greatest growth of the fetus and culminates in labor and delivery?", + "distractor3": "second trimester", + "distractor1": "fourth trimester", + "distractor2": "first trimester", + "correct_answer": "third trimester", + "support": "43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth Human pregnancy begins with fertilization of an egg and proceeds through the three trimesters of gestation. The labor process has three stages (contractions, delivery of the fetus, expulsion of the placenta), each propelled by hormones. The first trimester lays down the basic structures of the body, including the limb buds, heart, eyes, and the liver. The second trimester continues the development of all of the organs and systems. The third trimester exhibits the greatest growth of the fetus and culminates in labor and delivery. Prevention of a pregnancy can be accomplished through a variety of methods including barriers, hormones, or other means. Assisted reproductive technologies may help individuals who have infertility problems." + }, + { + "question": "What do ecologists study at every level?", + "distractor3": "plants", + "distractor1": "taxonomy", + "distractor2": "solar system", + "correct_answer": "ecosystems", + "support": "Ecologists study ecosystems at every level, from the individual organism to the whole ecosystem and biosphere. They can ask different types of questions at each level. Examples of these questions are given in Table below , using the zebra ( Equus zebra ) as an example." + }, + { + "question": "The main shaft of the penis is covered by relatively thick what?", + "distractor3": "collagen", + "distractor1": "bone", + "distractor2": "cellulose", + "correct_answer": "skin", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is the broadest category in the linnaean system?", + "distractor3": "domain", + "distractor1": "phylum", + "distractor2": "class", + "correct_answer": "kingdom", + "support": "The broadest category in the Linnaean system is the kingdom . Figure above shows the Animal Kingdom because Homo sapiens belongs to that kingdom. Other kingdoms include the Plant Kingdom, Fungus Kingdom, and Protist Kingdom." + }, + { + "question": "Reactants may also be present in such low concentrations that it is unlikely they will meet and do what?", + "distractor3": "melt", + "distractor1": "explode", + "distractor2": "depart", + "correct_answer": "collide", + "support": "Most chemical reactions within organisms would be impossible under the normal conditions within cell. For example, the body temperature of most organisms is too low for reactions to occur quickly enough to carry out life processes. Reactants may also be present in such low concentrations that it is unlikely they will meet and collide. Therefore, the rate of most biochemical reactions must be increased by a catalyst. A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up chemical reactions. In organisms, catalysts are called enzymes ." + }, + { + "question": "The three main body segments of an arthropod are head, thorax, and what?", + "distractor3": "gluteus", + "distractor1": "legs", + "distractor2": "tail", + "correct_answer": "abdomen", + "support": "Insects range in length from less than a millimeter to about the length of your arm. They can be found in most habitats, but they are mainly terrestrial. Many can fly, so they are also aerial. Like other arthropods, insects have a head, thorax, and abdomen. They have a wide variety of appendages, including six legs attached to the thorax." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for what the earth rotates on?", + "distractor3": "compass", + "distractor1": "radius", + "distractor2": "tip", + "correct_answer": "axis", + "support": "This Concept deals with some Earth basics. Earth is a planet and has the characteristics of a planet. Like other planets, it is nearly round. This is because it has enough mass for its gravity to pull material into a round shape. Earth's gravity has also pulled in small objects, like asteroids. So the planet's orbit is cleared. Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around its star. As a result of its rotation, Earth has a day-night cycle. The tilt of its axis creates the seasons. Earth has layers from crust to mantle to core. The core is divided into a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. The liquid outer core has convection, which generates the magnetic field. The mantle is solid rock. The crust has two major types: continental and oceanic. The crust and uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is brittle and will break. The asthenosphere can flow." + }, + { + "question": "What is the end product of glycolysis?", + "distractor3": "hydrolysis", + "distractor1": "fructose", + "distractor2": "gluclose", + "correct_answer": "pyruvate", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "A vector is any quantity that has magnitude and what?", + "distractor3": "latitude", + "distractor1": "length", + "distractor2": "longitude", + "correct_answer": "direction", + "support": "A vector is any quantity that has magnitude and direction. A scalar is any quantity that has magnitude but no direction. Displacement and velocity are vectors, whereas distance and speed are scalars. In one-dimensional motion, direction is specified by a plus or minus sign to signify left or right, up or down, and the like." + }, + { + "question": "The softer connective tissue that fills the interior of most bone is referred to as what?", + "distractor3": "attached marrow", + "distractor1": "solid marrow", + "distractor2": "liquid marrow", + "correct_answer": "bone marrow", + "support": "Mineral Storage, Energy Storage, and Hematopoiesis On a metabolic level, bone tissue performs several critical functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium, and phosphorus. These minerals, incorporated into bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream to maintain levels needed to support physiological processes. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling the flow of other ions involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Bone also serves as a site for fat storage and blood cell production. The softer connective tissue that fills the interior of most bone is referred to as bone marrow (Figure 6.5). There are two types of bone marrow: yellow marrow and red marrow. Yellow marrow contains adipose tissue; the triglycerides stored in the adipocytes of the tissue can serve as a source of." + }, + { + "question": "What is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells by humans and other vertebrates?", + "distractor3": "amylopectin", + "distractor1": "glucose", + "distractor2": "protein", + "correct_answer": "glycogen", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What soil is common in deciduous forests?", + "distractor3": "loam", + "distractor1": "sandy soil", + "distractor2": "xerophyte", + "correct_answer": "pedalfer", + "support": "Pedalfer is the soil common in deciduous forests. Pedalfer is dark brown and fertile." + }, + { + "question": "What do voltmeters measure across a resistor?", + "distractor3": "energy loss", + "distractor1": "the vibration drop", + "distractor2": "amplitude", + "correct_answer": "the voltage drop", + "support": "Ammeters and voltmeters are cleverly designed for the way they are used. Ammeters measure the current of a circuit, and voltmeters measure the voltage drop across a resistor. It is important in the design and use of these meters that they don't change the circuit in such a way as to influence the readings. While both types of meters are technically resistors, they are specifically designed to make their readings without changing the circuit itself." + }, + { + "question": "Cardiac muscle is found only in which part of the heart?", + "distractor3": "the bottom", + "distractor1": "the ridges", + "distractor2": "the left side", + "correct_answer": "the walls", + "support": "Cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart. When cardiac muscle contracts, the heart beats and pumps blood. Cardiac muscle contains a great many mitochondria, which produce ATP for energy. This helps the heart resist fatigue. Contractions of cardiac muscle are involuntary, like those of smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, is arranged in bundles, so it appears striated , or striped." + }, + { + "question": "Wearing personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves during an experiment is an example of what?", + "distractor3": "office politics", + "distractor1": "pollution precaution", + "distractor2": "lab organization", + "correct_answer": "safety precaution", + "support": "Safety precautions are in place to help prevent accidents. Always wear personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves when recommended to do so by your teacher." + }, + { + "question": "The concentration of the hydrogen ion in a solution can be calculated when what is known?", + "distractor3": "pressure", + "distractor1": "temperature", + "distractor2": "velocity", + "correct_answer": "ph", + "support": "When the pH of a solution is known, the concentration of the hydrogen ion can be calculated. The inverse of the logarithm (or antilog) is the 10 x key on a calculator." + }, + { + "question": "A fever also causes the immune system to make more of what?", + "distractor3": "urea", + "distractor1": "insulin", + "distractor2": "red blood cells", + "correct_answer": "white blood cells", + "support": "White blood cells also make chemicals that cause a fever. A fever is a higher-than-normal body temperature. Normal human body temperature is 98.6\u00b0F (37\u00b0C). Most bacteria and viruses that infect people reproduce fastest at this temperature. When the temperature is higher, the pathogens cannot reproduce as fast, so the body raises the temperature to kill them. A fever also causes the immune system to make more white blood cells. In these ways, a fever helps the body fight infection." + }, + { + "question": "Vascular plants all have roots, stems, and what?", + "distractor3": "fruits", + "distractor1": "beans", + "distractor2": "flowers", + "correct_answer": "leaves", + "support": "Vascular plants also have roots, stems, and leaves." + }, + { + "question": "In an aqueous solution, what is the solvent?", + "distractor3": "saltwater", + "distractor1": "oil", + "distractor2": "any liquid", + "correct_answer": "water", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What do scientists think to be the oldest eukaryotes?", + "distractor3": "ciliate", + "distractor1": "bivalves", + "distractor2": "arthropods", + "correct_answer": "protists", + "support": "Scientists think that protists are the oldest eukaryotes. If so, they must have evolved from prokaryotes. How did this happen? How did cells without organelles acquire them? What was the origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles?." + }, + { + "question": "Carpal, metacarpal and phalanx bones comprise what part of the body?", + "distractor3": "foot", + "distractor1": "thumb", + "distractor2": "pelvis", + "correct_answer": "hand", + "support": "Figure 8.7 Bones of the Wrist and Hand The eight carpal bones form the base of the hand. These are arranged into proximal and distal rows of four bones each. The metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand. The thumb and fingers consist of the phalanx bones." + }, + { + "question": "How did the first seed plants form seeds?", + "distractor3": "in stems", + "distractor1": "in leaves", + "distractor2": "in folds", + "correct_answer": "in cones", + "support": "The first seed plants formed seeds in cones. Cones are made up of overlapping scales, which are modified leaves (see Figure below ). Male cones contain pollen, and female cones contain eggs. Seeds also develop in female cones. Modern seed plants that produce seeds in cones are called gymnosperms ." + }, + { + "question": "What green cell structures of a leaf are visible under a high power microscope?", + "distractor3": "veins", + "distractor1": "fibroblasts", + "distractor2": "golgi apparatus", + "correct_answer": "chloroplasts", + "support": "High power microscopic photo of the upper part of a Winter Jasmine leaf. Viewed under a microscope many green chloroplasts are visible." + }, + { + "question": "What indicates the speed at which a reaction proceeds?", + "distractor3": "reaction scale", + "distractor1": "the transform rate", + "distractor2": "time zone", + "correct_answer": "the reaction rate", + "support": "The reaction rate indicates how fast the reaction proceeds." + }, + { + "question": "What type of climate does the coast of california have?", + "distractor3": "arctic", + "distractor1": "rainforest", + "distractor2": "tropical", + "correct_answer": "mediterranean", + "support": "Mediterranean climates are found on the western coasts of continents. The latitudes are between 30\u00b0 and 45\u00b0. The coast of California has a Mediterranean climate. Temperatures are mild and rainfall is moderate. Most of the rain falls in the winter, and summers are dry. To make it through the dry summers, short woody plants are common." + }, + { + "question": "Solutions of nonelectrolytes such as ethanol do not contain dissolved ions and cannot conduct what?", + "distractor3": "light", + "distractor1": "sound", + "distractor2": "current", + "correct_answer": "electricity", + "support": "Figure 11.7 Solutions of nonelectrolytes such as ethanol do not contain dissolved ions and cannot conduct electricity. Solutions of electrolytes contain ions that permit the passage of electricity. The conductivity of an electrolyte solution is related to the strength of the electrolyte." + }, + { + "question": "Most diplomonads and parabasalids are found in what kind of environment?", + "distractor3": "skeletal", + "distractor1": "acidic", + "distractor2": "enzymatic", + "correct_answer": "anaerobic", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Oxygen is an element in what form of matter?", + "distractor3": "plasma", + "distractor1": "liquid", + "distractor2": "solid", + "correct_answer": "gas", + "support": "Physical properties include the state of matter and its color and odor. For example, oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas. Chlorine is a greenish gas with a strong, sharp odor. Other physical properties include hardness, freezing and boiling points, the ability to dissolve in other substances, and the ability to conduct heat or electricity. These properties are demonstrated in Figure below . Can you think of other physical properties?." + }, + { + "question": "What do experts estimate is the cause for the extinction of hundreds of species every year?", + "distractor3": "intraspecies competition", + "distractor1": "migration", + "distractor2": "predation", + "correct_answer": "human activities", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What branch of science is concerned with matter and the changes that it can undergo?", + "distractor3": "biology", + "distractor1": "geology", + "distractor2": "physiology", + "correct_answer": "chemistry", + "support": "Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter can undergo." + }, + { + "question": "No charge is actually created or destroyed when charges are separated as we have been discussing. rather, existing charges are moved about. in fact, in all situations the total amount of charge is always this?", + "distractor3": "less", + "distractor1": "more", + "distractor2": "smaller", + "correct_answer": "constant", + "support": "No charge is actually created or destroyed when charges are separated as we have been discussing. Rather, existing charges are moved about. In fact, in all situations the total amount of charge is always constant. This universally obeyed law of nature is called the law of conservation of charge. Law of Conservation of Charge Total charge is constant in any process." + }, + { + "question": "What type of molecules help the plasma membrane keep its shape?", + "distractor3": "metabolic", + "distractor1": "proteins", + "distractor2": "magnesium", + "correct_answer": "cholesterol", + "support": "The plasma membrane contains molecules other than phospholipids, primarily other lipids and proteins. The green molecules in Figure below , for example, are the lipid cholesterol. Molecules of cholesterol help the plasma membrane keep its shape. Many of the proteins in the plasma membrane assist other substances in crossing the membrane." + }, + { + "question": "Unlike matter, which is continuously recycled through ecosystems, what must constantly be added to an ecosystem for use by organisms?", + "distractor3": "carbon", + "distractor1": "hydrogen", + "distractor2": "fuel", + "correct_answer": "energy", + "support": "Energy must constantly be added to an ecosystem for use by organisms. Matter, on the other hand, is continuously recycled through ecosystems." + }, + { + "question": "What form of matter has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape?", + "distractor3": "solid", + "distractor1": "mixture", + "distractor2": "gas", + "correct_answer": "liquid", + "support": "Ocean water is an example of a liquid. A liquid is matter that has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. Instead, a liquid takes the shape of its container. If the volume of a liquid is less than the volume of its container, the top surface will be exposed to the air, like the oil in the bottles in Figure below ." + }, + { + "question": "Why is closed reduction simpler than open reduction in bone repair?", + "distractor3": "no treatment needed", + "distractor1": "no medicine needed", + "distractor2": "no pain pills needed", + "correct_answer": "no surgery needed", + "support": "6.5 | Fractures: Bone Repair By the end of this section, you will be able to: \u2022 Differentiate among the different types of fractures \u2022 Describe the steps involved in bone repair A fracture is a broken bone. It will heal whether or not a physician resets it in its anatomical position. If the bone is not reset correctly, the healing process will keep the bone in its deformed position. When a broken bone is manipulated and set into its natural position without surgery, the procedure is called a closed reduction. Open reduction requires surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone. While some fractures can be minor, others are quite severe and result in grave complications. For example, a fractured diaphysis of the femur has the potential to release fat globules into the bloodstream. These can become lodged in the capillary beds of the lungs, leading to respiratory distress and if not treated quickly, death." + }, + { + "question": "What do methanogens act as in sewage treatment plants?", + "distractor3": "killers", + "distractor1": "creators", + "distractor2": "fertilizers", + "correct_answer": "as decomposers", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "When resources are limited, populations exhibit what type of growth?", + "distractor3": "lasting growth", + "distractor1": "efficient growth", + "distractor2": "component growth", + "correct_answer": "logistic growth", + "support": "Figure 45.9 When resources are unlimited, populations exhibit exponential growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. When resources are limited, populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, and it levels off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve." + }, + { + "question": "What protects the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system?", + "distractor3": "Flexing", + "distractor1": "neutrophils", + "distractor2": "dermis", + "correct_answer": "meninges", + "support": "35.3 The Central Nervous System The vertebrate central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal cord, which are covered and protected by three meninges. The brain contains structurally and functionally defined regions. In mammals, these include the cortex (which can be broken down into four primary functional lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal), basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebellum, and brainstem\u2014although structures in some of these designations overlap. While functions may be primarily localized to one structure in the brain, most complex functions, like language and sleep, involve neurons in multiple brain regions. The spinal cord is the information superhighway that connects the brain with the rest of the body through its connections with peripheral nerves. It transmits sensory and motor input and also controls motor reflexes." + }, + { + "question": "Heating ice to its melting point (0\u00b0c) gives its molecules enough energy to do what?", + "distractor3": "freeze", + "distractor1": "settle", + "distractor2": "evaporate", + "correct_answer": "move", + "support": "Adding energy to matter gives its atoms or molecules the ability to resist some of the forces holding them together. For example, heating ice to its melting point (0\u00b0C) gives its molecules enough energy to move. The ice melts and becomes liquid water. Similarly, heating liquid water to its boiling point (100\u00b0C) gives its molecules enough energy to pull apart from one another so they no longer have contact. The liquid water vaporizes and becomes water vapor." + }, + { + "question": "What occur in arteries that can cause heart attacks and strokes?", + "distractor3": "lesions", + "distractor1": "toxins", + "distractor2": "tumors", + "correct_answer": "clots", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The added nutrients from fertilizer often cause excessive growth of what organism?", + "distractor3": "crustaceans", + "distractor1": "mushrooms", + "distractor2": "sediments", + "correct_answer": "algae", + "support": "Water pollution comes from many sources. One of the biggest sources is runoff. Runoff picks up chemicals such as fertilizer from agricultural fields, lawns, and golf courses. It carries the chemicals to bodies of water. The added nutrients from fertilizer often cause excessive growth of algae, creating algal blooms (see Figure below ). The algae use up oxygen in the water so that other aquatic organisms cannot survive. This has occurred over large areas of the ocean, creating dead zones , where low oxygen levels have killed all ocean life. A very large dead zone exists in the Gulf of Mexico. Measures that can help prevent these problems include cutting down on fertilizer use. Preserving wetlands also helps because wetlands filter runoff water." + }, + { + "question": "An increase in what levels results in sound waves that are louder and of greater intensity?", + "distractor3": "heat levels", + "distractor1": "radiation levels", + "distractor2": "height levels", + "correct_answer": "decibel levels", + "support": "As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity and sounds are louder. For every 10-decibel increase in the intensity of sound, loudness is 10 times greater." + }, + { + "question": "What is it called when two plates slide past each other in opposite directions?", + "distractor3": "tectonic movement", + "distractor1": "plate divergence", + "distractor2": "transformation", + "correct_answer": "transform plate boundary", + "support": "Two plates may slide past each other in opposite directions. This is called a transform plate boundary . The plates meet at a transform fault . As you might imagine, plates do not slide past each other easily. These plate boundaries experience massive earthquakes. The world\u2019s best known transform fault is the San Andreas Fault in California ( Figure below ). At this fault, the Pacific and North American plates grind past each other. Transform plate boundaries are common as offsets along mid-ocean ridges. They are very small compared to transform faults on land." + }, + { + "question": "What force occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth?", + "distractor3": "tension", + "distractor1": "vibration", + "distractor2": "gravity", + "correct_answer": "friction", + "support": "Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth." + }, + { + "question": "What structure collect fluid that leaks out from blood capillaries?", + "distractor3": "alveoli", + "distractor1": "pulmonary capillaries", + "distractor2": "varicose veins", + "correct_answer": "lymph capillaries", + "support": "Lymph capillaries collect fluid that leaks out from blood capillaries." + }, + { + "question": "What is the eighth planet from our sun?", + "distractor3": "uranus", + "distractor1": "earth", + "distractor2": "mars", + "correct_answer": "neptune", + "support": "Neptune is shown in Figure below . It is the eighth planet from the Sun. Neptune is so far away you need a telescope to see it from Earth. Neptune is the most distant planet in our solar system. It is nearly 4.5 billion kilometers (2.8 billion miles) from the Sun. One orbit around the Sun takes Neptune 165 Earth years." + }, + { + "question": "Where is dna located in prokaryotic cells?", + "distractor3": "mitochondria", + "distractor1": "ribosomes", + "distractor2": "cytoskeleton", + "correct_answer": "cytoplasm", + "support": "Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is in the cytoplasm rather than enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic cells are found in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, like the one shown in Figure below . Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes . They were the first type of organisms to evolve and are still the most common organisms today." + }, + { + "question": "Water is considered a what since it is a polar molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, so ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it?", + "distractor3": "osmotic", + "distractor1": "solute", + "distractor2": "pigment", + "correct_answer": "solvent", + "support": "Water\u2019s Solvent Properties Since water is a polar molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it. Therefore, water is referred to as a solvent, a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds. The charges associated with these molecules will form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the particle with water molecules. This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell, as illustrated in Figure 2.15 and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water. When ionic compounds are added to water, the individual ions react with the polar regions of the water molecules and their ionic bonds are disrupted in the process of dissociation. Dissociation occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl\u2013 ions, and spheres of hydration form around the ions, illustrated in Figure 2.15. The positively charged sodium ion is surrounded by the partially negative charge of the water molecule\u2019s oxygen. The negatively charged chloride ion is surrounded by the partially positive charge of the hydrogen on the water molecule." + }, + { + "question": "The pressure inside a container is dependent on the amount of what inside the container?", + "distractor3": "liquids", + "distractor1": "air", + "distractor2": "emissions", + "correct_answer": "gas", + "support": "The pressure inside a container is dependent on the amount of gas inside the container. If the basketball does not bounce high enough, the official could remedy the situation by using a hand pump and adding more air to the ball. Conversely, if it bounces too high, he could let some air out of the ball." + }, + { + "question": "What are plant structures that contain male and/or female reproductive organs?", + "distractor3": "leaves", + "distractor1": "roots", + "distractor2": "stems", + "correct_answer": "flowers", + "support": "Some seed plants evolved another major adaptation. This was the formation of seeds in flowers. Flowers are plant structures that contain male and/or female reproductive organs." + }, + { + "question": "Each species has a particular way of making a living which is called its what?", + "distractor3": "life-cycle", + "distractor1": "habit", + "distractor2": "system", + "correct_answer": "niche", + "support": "Each species has a particular way of making a living. This is called its niche . You can see the niche of a lion in Figure below . A lion makes its living by hunting and eating other animals. Each species also has a certain place where it is best suited to live. This is called its habitat . The lion\u2019s habitat is a grassland. Why is a lion better off in a grassland than in a forest?." + }, + { + "question": "Both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction continue to occur, so chemical equilibrium is said to be what, rather than static?", + "distractor3": "stable", + "distractor1": "abrasive", + "distractor2": "fluid", + "correct_answer": "dynamic", + "support": "One thing to note about equilibrium is that the reactions do not stop; both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction continue to occur. They both occur at the same rate, so any overall change by one reaction is cancelled by the reverse reaction. We say that chemical equilibrium is dynamic, rather than static. Also, because both reactions are occurring simultaneously, the equilibrium can be written backward. For example, representing an equilibrium as." + }, + { + "question": "What is the watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains protective white blood cells but does not contain erythrocytes?", + "distractor3": "secretion", + "distractor1": "stomach", + "distractor2": "basil", + "correct_answer": "lymph", + "support": "The Lymphatic System Lymph is the watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains protective white blood cells but does not contain erythrocytes. Lymph moves about the body through the lymphatic system, which is made up of vessels, lymph ducts, lymph glands, and organs, such as tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen. Although the immune system is characterized by circulating cells throughout the body, the regulation, maturation, and intercommunication of immune factors occur at specific sites. The blood circulates immune cells, proteins, and other factors through the body. Approximately 0.1 percent of all cells in the blood are leukocytes, which include monocytes (the precursor of macrophages) and lymphocytes. Most cells in the blood are red blood cells. Cells of the immune system can travel between the distinct lymphatic and blood circulatory systems, which are separated by interstitial space, by a process called extravasation (passing through to surrounding tissue). Recall that cells of the immune system originate from stem cells in the bone marrow. B cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow, whereas progenitor cells migrate from the bone marrow and develop and mature into na\u00efve T cells in the organ called the thymus. On maturation, T and B lymphocytes circulate to various destinations. Lymph nodes scattered throughout the body house large populations of T and B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages (Figure 17.19). Lymph gathers antigens as it drains from tissues. These antigens then are filtered through lymph nodes before the lymph is returned to circulation. APCs in the lymph nodes capture and process antigens and inform nearby lymphocytes about potential pathogens." + }, + { + "question": "How many openings do adult tunicates have that siphon water in and out of the body?", + "distractor3": "one", + "distractor1": "three", + "distractor2": "four", + "correct_answer": "two", + "support": "Adult tunicates are barrel-shaped. They have two openings that siphon water into and out of the body. The flow of water provides food for filter feeding. Tunicates reproduce sexually. Each individual produces both male and female gametes. However, they avoid self-fertilization. Tunicates can also reproduce asexually by budding." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the combined forces acting on an object?", + "distractor3": "critical force", + "distractor1": "total impact", + "distractor2": "blunt force", + "correct_answer": "net force", + "support": "The combined forces acting on an object are called the net force. When forces act in opposite directions, they are subtracted to yield the net force. When they act in the same direction, they are added to yield the net force." + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the first stage of photosynthesis?", + "distractor3": "contamination", + "distractor1": "consumption", + "distractor2": "absorption", + "correct_answer": "light reactions", + "support": "The first stage of photosynthesis is called the light reactions. During this stage, light is absorbed and transformed to chemical energy in the bonds of NADPH and ATP. You can follow the process in the Figure below as you read about it below." + }, + { + "question": "What are endothermic tetrapod vertebrates most commonly called?", + "distractor3": "mammals", + "distractor1": "insects", + "distractor2": "reptiles", + "correct_answer": "birds", + "support": "Birds are endothermic tetrapod vertebrates. They are bipedal, which means they walk on two legs. Birds also lay amniotic eggs, and the eggs have hard, calcium carbonate shells. Although birds are the most recent class of vertebrates to evolve, they are now the most numerous vertebrates on Earth. Why have birds been so successful? What traits allowed them to increase and diversify so rapidly?." + }, + { + "question": "What is the space between a neuron and the next cell?", + "distractor3": "cell divide", + "distractor1": "neurotransmitter passage", + "distractor2": "dendritic gap", + "correct_answer": "the synapse", + "support": "It literally jumps by way of a chemical transmitter. Notice the two cells are not connected, but separated by a small gap. The synapse. The space between a neuron and the next cell." + }, + { + "question": "Free fatty acids are carboxylic acids that contain long chains of what?", + "distractor3": "particles", + "distractor1": "vapors", + "distractor2": "lipds", + "correct_answer": "hydrocarbons", + "support": "In the Figure below , we see the structures of some common classes of lipids. Free fatty acids are carboxylic acids that contain long hydrocarbon chains. Saturated fatty acids are alkanes with a single carboxylic acid, whereas unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more C-C double bonds. Fatty acids often form esters with one of the alcohol functional groups on glycerol , a three carbon chain in which each carbon is bonded to one OH group. Triglycerides are common structures, in which all three of these OH groups are esterified with a fatty acid. The three fatty acids in a triglyceride may be the same or different. Another common structure is a phospholipid, in which two of the alcohols in glycerol form esters with fatty acids, and the third is connected to a very polar phosphorus-containing group." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call nutrients that your body needs in fairly large amounts?", + "distractor3": "antioxidants", + "distractor1": "B-complex", + "distractor2": "super foods", + "correct_answer": "macronutrients", + "support": "Macronutrients are nutrients the body needs in relatively large amounts. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water." + }, + { + "question": "What is the most important function of enzymes in animals?", + "distractor3": "excrete waste", + "distractor1": "carry oxygen", + "distractor2": "transport messages", + "correct_answer": "help digest food", + "support": "In animals, an important function of enzymes is to help digest food. Digestive enzymes speed up reactions that break down large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules the body can use. Without digestive enzymes, animals would not be able to break down food molecules quickly enough to provide the energy and nutrients they need to survive." + }, + { + "question": "After coming apart from the crystal, the individual ions are then surrounded by solvent particles in a process called what?", + "distractor3": "hydrolysis", + "distractor1": "osmosis", + "distractor2": "ionization", + "correct_answer": "solvation", + "support": "After coming apart from the crystal, the individual ions are then surrounded by solvent particles in a process called solvation . Note that the individual Na + ions are surrounded by water molecules with the oxygen atom oriented near the positive ion. Likewise, the chloride ions are surrounded by water molecules with the opposite orientation. Hydration is the process of solute particles being surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner. Hydration helps to stabilize aqueous solutions by preventing the positive and negative ions from coming back together and forming a precipitate." + }, + { + "question": "A battery is a multiple connection of what kind of cells?", + "distractor3": "localweather cells", + "distractor1": "cabri cells", + "distractor2": "organic cells", + "correct_answer": "voltaic cells", + "support": "Multiple Voltage Sources There are two voltage sources when a battery charger is used. Voltage sources connected in series are relatively simple. When voltage sources are in series, their internal resistances add and their emfs add algebraically. (See Figure 21.15. ) Series connections of voltage sources are common\u2014for example, in flashlights, toys, and other appliances. Usually, the cells are in series in order to produce a larger total emf. But if the cells oppose one another, such as when one is put into an appliance backward, the total emf is less, since it is the algebraic sum of the individual emfs. A battery is a multiple connection of voltaic cells, as shown in Figure 21.16. The disadvantage of series connections of cells is that their internal resistances add. One of the authors once owned a 1957 MGA that had two 6-V batteries in series, rather than a single 12-V battery. This arrangement produced a large internal resistance that caused him many problems in starting the engine." + }, + { + "question": "What is needed for a person to be affected by an autosomal dominant disorder?", + "distractor3": "one isolated allele", + "distractor1": "extra alleles", + "distractor2": "one less chromosome", + "correct_answer": "one mutated allele", + "support": "Autosomal Dominant Only one mutated allele is needed for a person to be affected by an autosomal dominant disorder . Each affected person usually has one affected parent. There is a 50% chance that a child will inherit the mutated gene. Huntingtons disease, Achondroplasia, Neurofibromatosis 1, Marfan Syndrome, Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer." + }, + { + "question": "The rocks athe mid-ocean ridge are nearly free of what?", + "distractor3": "metals", + "distractor1": "minerals", + "distractor2": "scratches", + "correct_answer": "sediment", + "support": "Scientists discovered another way to tell the approximate age of seafloor rocks. The rocks at the mid-ocean ridge crest are nearly sediment free. The crust is also very thin there. With distance from the ridge crest, the sediments and crust get thicker. This also supports the idea that the youngest rocks are on the ridge axis, and that the rocks get older with distance away from the ridge ( Figure below ). This is because the crust is new at the ridge, and so it is thin and has no sediment. The crust gets older away from the ridge crest. It has cooled and has more sediment." + }, + { + "question": "What do we call a simple machine that consists of a rope and grooved wheel?", + "distractor3": "pedal", + "distractor1": "axle", + "distractor2": "lever", + "correct_answer": "pulley", + "support": "A pulley is a simple machine that consists of a rope and grooved wheel. Single pulleys may be fixed or moveable. Single and moveable pulleys may be combined in a compound pulley. The ideal mechanical advantage of a pulley or compound pulley is always equal to or greater than 1. Fixed pulleys and some compound pulleys also change the direction of the input force." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call health-promoting molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules?", + "distractor3": "hormones", + "distractor1": "neurotransmitters", + "distractor2": "nutrients", + "correct_answer": "antioxidants", + "support": "Antioxidants are important for the health of a cell. An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent, producing free radicals in the process. These free radicals initiate a chain reaction in the cell that can cause cell damage, or can lead to cell death. Antioxidants prevent these chain reactions from even initiating." + }, + { + "question": "In a correctly balanced equation, all coefficients must be what kind of numbers?", + "distractor3": "fractional", + "distractor1": "prime", + "distractor2": "negative", + "correct_answer": "whole", + "support": "In a correctly balanced equation, all coefficients must be whole numbers. However, the use of fractions can be helpful as a way of finding the correct coefficients. If all atoms in an equation are balanced but some have fractional coefficients, multiply all coefficients in the entire equation (including those not explicitly written!) by the lowest common denominator to get the final balanced equation." + }, + { + "question": "Highly reactive nonmetals, which only accept electrons and do not give them up, make poor what?", + "distractor3": "electromagnets", + "distractor1": "alloys", + "distractor2": "insulators", + "correct_answer": "electricity conductors", + "support": "Some nonmetals, such as bromine, have an outer energy level that is almost full. They \"want\" to gain electrons so they will have a full outer energy level. As a result, these nonmetals are very reactive. Because they only accept electrons and do not give them up, they do not conduct electricity." + }, + { + "question": "What is the passing of traits from parents to offspring called?", + "distractor3": "mutation", + "distractor1": "variability", + "distractor2": "cell division", + "correct_answer": "heredity", + "support": "As scientists learned more about heredity - the passing of traits from parents to offspring - over the next few decades, they were able to describe Mendel\u2019s ideas about inheritance in terms of genes. In this way, the field of genetics was born. At the link that follows, you can watch an animation of Mendel explaining his laws of inheritance in genetic terms. http://www. dnalc. org/view/16182-Animation-4-Some-genes-are-dominant-. html." + }, + { + "question": "What is the most important source of electromagnetic waves on earth?", + "distractor3": "the moon", + "distractor1": "clouds", + "distractor2": "the ocean", + "correct_answer": "the sun", + "support": "The most important source of electromagnetic waves on Earth is the sun. Many other sources of electromagnetic waves depend on technology." + }, + { + "question": "Which part of the atmosphere do greenhouse gasses trap heat in?", + "distractor3": "stratosphere", + "distractor1": "thermosphere", + "distractor2": "lithosphere", + "correct_answer": "troposphere", + "support": "Greenhouse gases trap heat in the troposphere. Some greenhouse gases can trap more heat than others." + }, + { + "question": "How are the fetuses of eutherian mammals connected to their mothers during gestation?", + "distractor3": "Movement Placenta", + "distractor1": "visual placenta", + "distractor2": "altered placenta", + "correct_answer": "complex placenta", + "support": "Eutherians are the most widespread of the mammals, occurring throughout the world. There are 18 to 20 orders of placental mammals. Some examples are Insectivora, the insect eaters; Edentata, the toothless anteaters; Rodentia, the rodents; Cetacea, the aquatic mammals including whales; Carnivora, carnivorous mammals including dogs, cats, and bears; and Primates, which includes humans. Eutherian mammals are sometimes called placental mammals because all species possess a complex placenta that connects a fetus to the mother, allowing for gas, fluid, and nutrient exchange. While other mammals possess a less complex placenta or briefly have a placenta, all eutherians possess a complex placenta during gestation." + }, + { + "question": "Vivipary refers to the development and nourishment of a what?", + "distractor3": "nucleus", + "distractor1": "seed", + "distractor2": "egg", + "correct_answer": "embryo", + "support": "Vivipary refers to the development and nourishment of an embryo within the mother\u2019s body. Birth may be followed by a period of parental care of the offspring. This reproductive strategy occurs in almost all mammals." + }, + { + "question": "What are the flattened, disk-shaped cells in blood that carry oxygen?", + "distractor3": "white blood cells", + "distractor1": "plasma", + "distractor2": "platlets", + "correct_answer": "red blood cells", + "support": "Red blood cells (RBCs) are flattened, disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen. They are the most common blood cell in the blood. There are about 4 to 6 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood. Each RBC has about 200 million molecules of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin also gives the red blood cells their red color." + }, + { + "question": "What is matter in the universe that does not emit light called?", + "distractor3": "black matter", + "distractor1": "cold matter", + "distractor2": "hidden matter", + "correct_answer": "dark matter", + "support": "matter in the universe that does not emit light." + }, + { + "question": "Without particles, water vapor could not do what?", + "distractor3": "evaporate", + "distractor1": "dissipate", + "distractor2": "dilute", + "correct_answer": "condense", + "support": "Air includes many tiny particles. The particulates may consist of dust, soil, salt, smoke, or ash. Some particulates pollute the air and may make it unhealthy to breathe. But having particles in the air is very important. Tiny particles are needed for water vapor to condense on. Without particles, water vapor could not condense. Then clouds could not form, and Earth would have no rain." + }, + { + "question": "Sounds are produced when muscles in what organ are tensed, stretching the cords so they vibrate?", + "distractor3": "diaphragm", + "distractor1": "throat", + "distractor2": "thorax", + "correct_answer": "larnyx", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is most energy that is lost to the environment lost as?", + "distractor3": "precipitation", + "distractor1": "gravity", + "distractor2": "vapor", + "correct_answer": "heat", + "support": "Most energy is lost to the environment as heat." + }, + { + "question": "What is the resultant waste product of photosynthesis?", + "distractor3": "sulfur", + "distractor1": "carbon", + "distractor2": "argon", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "What is produced by the plant cell during photosynthesis? The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. This means they are produced at the end of photosynthesis. Glucose , the food of plants, can be used to store energy in the form of large carbohydrate molecules. Glucose is a simple sugar molecule which can be combined with other glucose molecules to form large carbohydrates, such as starch. Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. It is released into the atmosphere through the stomata. As you know, animals need oxygen to live. Without photosynthetic organisms like plants, there would not be enough oxygen in the atmosphere for animals to survive." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for a measure of both speed and direction?", + "distractor3": "intensity", + "distractor1": "acceleration", + "distractor2": "momentum", + "correct_answer": "velocity", + "support": "Velocity is a measure of both speed and direction. It is a vector that can be represented by an arrow. Velocity changes with a change in speed, a change in direction, or both." + }, + { + "question": "What is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel?", + "distractor3": "a creek", + "distractor1": "a river", + "distractor2": "an eddy", + "correct_answer": "a stream", + "support": "A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river ." + }, + { + "question": "What form of reproduction creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent?", + "distractor3": "sexual", + "distractor1": "microscopic", + "distractor2": "primitive", + "correct_answer": "asexual", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Asteroids, comets, and planets move around the sun in curved paths called what?", + "distractor3": "ellipticals", + "distractor1": "satellites", + "distractor2": "curves", + "correct_answer": "orbits", + "support": "Earth and many other bodies\u2014including asteroids, comets, and the other planets\u2014move around the sun in curved paths called orbits. Generally, the orbits are elliptical, or oval, in shape. You can see the shape of Earth\u2019s orbit in the Figure below . Because of the sun\u2019s relatively strong gravity, Earth and the other bodies constantly fall toward the sun, but they stay far enough away from the sun because of their forward velocity to fall around the sun instead of into it. As a result, they keep orbiting the sun and never crash to its surface. The motion of Earth and the other bodies around the sun is called orbital motion . Orbital motion occurs whenever an object is moving forward and at the same time is pulled by gravity toward another object. You can explore orbital motion and gravity in depth with the animation at this URL:." + }, + { + "question": "The primary motor cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?", + "distractor3": "Occipital", + "distractor1": "Parietal", + "distractor2": "Temporal lobe", + "correct_answer": "frontal", + "support": "Primary Motor Cortex The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. A neurosurgeon, Walter Penfield, described much of the basic understanding of the primary motor cortex by electrically stimulating the surface of the cerebrum. Penfield would probe the surface of the cortex while the patient was only under local anesthesia so that he could observe responses to the stimulation. This led to the belief that the precentral gyrus directly stimulated muscle movement. We now know that the primary motor cortex receives input from several areas that aid in planning movement, and its principle output stimulates spinal cord neurons to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction. The primary motor cortex is arranged in a similar fashion to the primary somatosensory cortex, in that it has a topographical map of the body, creating a motor homunculus (see Figure 14.23). The neurons responsible for musculature in the feet and lower legs are in the medial wall of the precentral gyrus, with the thighs, trunk, and shoulder at the crest of the longitudinal fissure. The hand and face are in the lateral face of the gyrus. Also, the relative space allotted for the different regions is exaggerated in muscles that have greater enervation. The greatest amount of cortical space is given to muscles that perform fine, agile movements, such as the muscles of the fingers and the lower face. The \u201cpower muscles\u201d that perform coarser movements, such as the buttock and back muscles, occupy much less space on the motor cortex." + }, + { + "question": "The beginning of what season experiences the shortest period of daylight hours?", + "distractor3": "autumn", + "distractor1": "spring", + "distractor2": "summer", + "correct_answer": "winter", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The sex of developing crocodilians is determined by what during incubation?", + "distractor3": "the location of the eggs", + "distractor1": "the color of the eggs", + "distractor2": "the size of the eggs", + "correct_answer": "the temperature of the eggs", + "support": "The sex of developing crocodilians is determined by the temperature of the eggs during incubation." + }, + { + "question": "What are the two main types of star clusters?", + "distractor3": "open and elliptical", + "distractor1": "open and supergiant", + "distractor2": "closed and spherical", + "correct_answer": "open and globular", + "support": "The two main types of star clusters are open clusters and globular clusters." + }, + { + "question": "Many species of flowering plants have coevolved with specific what?", + "distractor3": "spores", + "distractor1": "predators", + "distractor2": "climates", + "correct_answer": "pollinators", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Do most waves strike the shore head on or at an angle?", + "distractor3": "at a distance", + "distractor1": "side on", + "distractor2": "head on", + "correct_answer": "at an angle", + "support": "Most waves strike the shore at an angle. This creates longshore currents, which are described in the concept \"Surface Ocean Currents. \"." + }, + { + "question": "What ingredient has been used in brewing, winemaking and baking for thousands of years?", + "distractor3": "oils", + "distractor1": "flour", + "distractor2": "fruit", + "correct_answer": "yeast", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg. the fibula is the slender bone of the lateral side of the leg and does not do what?", + "distractor3": "drive weight", + "distractor1": "resist weight", + "distractor2": "support weight", + "correct_answer": "bear weight", + "support": "Figure 8.18 Tibia and Fibula The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg. The fibula is the slender bone of the lateral side of the leg and does not bear weight." + }, + { + "question": "What are reptiles unable to absorb through their skin because of scales?", + "distractor3": "carbon", + "distractor1": "food", + "distractor2": "water", + "correct_answer": "oxygen", + "support": "The scales of reptiles prevent them from absorbing oxygen through their skin, as amphibians can. Instead, reptiles breathe air only through their lungs. However, their lungs are more efficient than the lungs of amphibians, with more surface area for gas exchange. This is another important reptile adaptation for life on land." + }, + { + "question": "All types of cells are enclosed by what?", + "distractor3": "stoma", + "distractor1": "substrate", + "distractor2": "cell wall", + "correct_answer": "membrane", + "support": "Regardless of the type of organism, all living cells share certain basic structures. For example, all cells are enclosed by a membrane. The cell membrane separates the cell from its environment. It also controls what enters or leaves the cell." + }, + { + "question": "What causes symptoms associated with sickle-cell disease?", + "distractor3": "transgene effects", + "distractor1": "genetic drift", + "distractor2": "spontaneous mutation", + "correct_answer": "pleiotropic effects", + "support": "Metalloids are the smallest class of elements, containing just six members: boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te). Metalloids have some properties of metals (elements that can conduct electricity) and some properties of nonmetals (elements that cannot conduct electricity). For example, most metalloids can conduct electricity, but not as well as metals. Metalloids also tend to be shiny like metals, but brittle like nonmetals. Chemically, metalloids may behave like metals or nonmetals, depending on their number of valence electrons. You can learn more about specific metalloids by clicking on the element symbols in the periodic table at this URL: http://www. chemicool. com/ ." + }, + { + "question": "Candida and trichophyton are examples of disease-causing types of what organisms, which become parasitic?", + "distractor3": "viruses", + "distractor1": "yeast", + "distractor2": "bacteria", + "correct_answer": "fungi", + "support": "Some fungi cause disease when they become human parasites. Two examples are fungi in the genera Candida and Trichophyton." + }, + { + "question": "What type of cells detect stimuli?", + "distractor3": "muscle cells", + "distractor1": "expressive nerve cells", + "distractor2": "grid nerve cells", + "correct_answer": "sensory nerve cells", + "support": "Animals can detect environmental stimuli, such as light, sound, and touch. Stimuli are detected by sensory nerve cells. The information is transmitted and processed by the nervous system. The nervous system, in turn, may direct the body to respond." + }, + { + "question": "What 3 things do animals need to live and survive?", + "distractor3": "water, food, and an ecosystem", + "distractor1": "air, water, and socialization", + "distractor2": "sex, water, and sleep", + "correct_answer": "air, water, and food", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The cultivated forms of wheat, cotton, and tobacco plants are all what?", + "distractor3": "bales", + "distractor1": "pores", + "distractor2": "sporozoans", + "correct_answer": "allopolyploids", + "support": "The cultivated forms of wheat, cotton, and tobacco plants are all allopolyploids. Although polyploidy occurs occasionally in animals, it takes place most commonly in plants. (Animals with any of the types of chromosomal aberrations described here are unlikely to survive and produce normal offspring. ) Scientists have discovered more than half of all plant species studied relate back to a species evolved through polyploidy. With such a high rate of polyploidy in plants, some scientists hypothesize that this mechanism takes place more as an adaptation than as an error." + }, + { + "question": "A hydrogen atom with one neutron is called what?", + "distractor3": "ionic", + "distractor1": "covalent", + "distractor2": "magnesium", + "correct_answer": "deuterium", + "support": "Hydrogen is an example of an element that has isotopes. Three isotopes of hydrogen are modeled in the Figure below . Most hydrogen atoms have just one proton and one electron and lack a neutron. These atoms are just called hydrogen. Some hydrogen atoms have one neutron as well. These atoms are the isotope named deuterium. Other hydrogen atoms have two neutrons. These atoms are the isotope named tritium. For animated versions of these hydrogen isotopes, go to this URL: http://www. s-cool. co. uk/a-level/physics/atomic-structure/revise-it/isotopes ." + }, + { + "question": "What compounds form crystals instead of molecules?", + "distractor3": "magnetic compounds", + "distractor1": "metallic compounds", + "distractor2": "soluble compounds", + "correct_answer": "ionic compounds", + "support": "Ionic compounds form crystals instead of molecules. Ionic bonds are strong and the crystals are rigid. As a result, ionic compounds are brittle solids with high melting and boiling points. In the liquid state or dissolved in water, ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity." + }, + { + "question": "What is the process by which plants make the simple sugar glucose from carbon dioxide and water is called?", + "distractor3": "osmosis", + "distractor1": "glycolysis", + "distractor2": "metamorphosis", + "correct_answer": "photosynthesis", + "support": "One of the most important series of endothermic reactions is photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plants make the simple sugar glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O). They also release oxygen (O 2 ) in the process. The reactions of photosynthesis are summed up by this chemical equation:." + }, + { + "question": "The three units of kpa, atm or mmhg commonly measure what?", + "distractor3": "energy", + "distractor1": "resistance", + "distractor2": "weight", + "correct_answer": "pressure", + "support": "Bone: Christopher Auyeung; Tonsils: User:Klem/Wikimedia Commons; Spleen: Henry Gray; Thymus: User:LearnAnatomy/Wikipedia. Each lymph organ has a different job in the immune system . Bone: CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0; Tonsils and Thymus: CC-BY 3.0; Spleen: Public Domain." + }, + { + "question": "The behavior of ideal gases is explained by what theory of gases?", + "distractor3": "kinetic theory", + "distractor1": "molecular theory", + "distractor2": "Charles's Law", + "correct_answer": "kinetic molecular theory", + "support": "Summary The behavior of ideal gases is explained by the kinetic molecular theory of gases. Molecular motion, which leads to collisions between molecules and the container walls, explains pressure, and the large intermolecular distances in gases explain their high compressibility. Although all gases have the same average kinetic energy at a given temperature, they do not all possess the same root mean square (rms) speed (vrms). The actual values of speed and kinetic energy are not the same for all particles of a gas but are given by a Boltzmann distribution, in which some molecules have higher or lower speeds (and kinetic energies) than average. Diffusion is the gradual mixing of gases to form a sample of uniform composition even in the absence of mechanical agitation. In contrast,effusion is the escape of a gas from a container through a tiny opening into an evacuated space. The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass (Graham\u2019s law), a relationship that closely approximates the rate of diffusion. As a result, light gases tend to diffuse and effuse much more rapidly than heavier gases. The mean free path of a molecule is the average distance it travels between collisions." + }, + { + "question": "Besides ingesting and photosynthesis how can protists get their food?", + "distractor3": "osmosis", + "distractor1": "digestion", + "distractor2": "accumulation", + "correct_answer": "absorption", + "support": "Protists get food through ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis." + }, + { + "question": "The male gametophyte releases what, which swim - propelled by their flagella - to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg?", + "distractor3": "dna", + "distractor1": "cytoplasm", + "distractor2": "tadpoles", + "correct_answer": "sperm", + "support": "the pterophytes, from which modern ferns are derived. The life cycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations. The completion of the life cycle requires water, as the male gametes must swim to the female gametes. The male gametophyte releases sperm, which must swim\u2014propelled by their flagella\u2014to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote matures and grows into a sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia, or \"spore vessels,\u201d in which mother cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores. The release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes." + }, + { + "question": "What causes the wheels of the car to turn?", + "distractor3": "Gear Shift", + "distractor1": "Wheel Line", + "distractor2": "once driveshaft", + "correct_answer": "turning driveshaft", + "support": "In a car, the moving piston rotates a crankshaft, which turns a driveshaft. The turning driveshaft causes the wheels of the car to turn." + }, + { + "question": "While the goal of science is to increase knowledge, the goal of what is to use knowledge for practical purposes?", + "distractor3": "industry", + "distractor1": "advancement", + "distractor2": "invention", + "correct_answer": "technology", + "support": "Technology is sometimes referred to as applied science, but it has a different goal than science. The goal of science is to increase knowledge. The goal of technology is to use knowledge for practical purposes." + }, + { + "question": "What are the two terms that designate how well aqueous solutions conduct electricity?", + "distractor3": "hot and nonpolar", + "distractor1": "secular and nonpolar", + "distractor2": "filter and nonpolar", + "correct_answer": "polar and nonpolar", + "support": "Aqueous solutions can be classified as polar or nonpolar depending on how well they conduct electricity." + }, + { + "question": "The concept that atoms tend to have eight electrons in their valence electron shell is called what?", + "distractor3": "coupling rule", + "distractor1": "string rule", + "distractor2": "diagonal rule", + "correct_answer": "octet rule", + "support": "The octet rule is the concept that atoms tend to have eight electrons in their valence electron shell." + }, + { + "question": "What separates one river system's basin from another river system's basin?", + "distractor3": "a sink", + "distractor1": "a bend", + "distractor2": "a divert", + "correct_answer": "a divide", + "support": "stresses that push toward each other, which causes a decrease in the space a rock takes up." + }, + { + "question": "What system possesses a memory component that allows for an efficient and dramatic response upon reinvasion of the same pathogen?", + "distractor3": "suggestive immune system", + "distractor1": "incorporate immune system", + "distractor2": "societal immune system", + "correct_answer": "adaptive immune system", + "support": "Immunological Memory The adaptive immune system possesses a memory component that allows for an efficient and dramatic response upon reinvasion of the same pathogen. Memory is handled by the adaptive immune system with little reliance on cues from the innate response. During the adaptive immune response to a pathogen that has not been encountered before, called a primary response, plasma cells secreting antibodies and differentiated T cells increase, then plateau over time. As B and T cells mature into effector cells, a subset of the na\u00efve populations differentiates into B and T memory cells with the same antigen specificities, as illustrated in Figure 42.16. A memory cell is an antigen-specific B or T lymphocyte that does not differentiate into effector cells during the primary immune response, but that can immediately become effector cells upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. During the primary immune response, memory cells do not respond to antigens and do not contribute to host defenses. As the infection is cleared and pathogenic stimuli subside, the effectors are no longer needed, and they undergo apoptosis. In contrast, the memory cells persist in the circulation." + }, + { + "question": "Honeybees doing the waggle dance or spiders spinning a web are examples of what type of behavior?", + "distractor3": "learned", + "distractor1": "intuitive", + "distractor2": "genuine", + "correct_answer": "innate", + "support": "Examples of innate behavior include honeybees doing the waggle dance or spiders spinning a web." + }, + { + "question": "What glands remove water, salts and other wastes from skin?", + "distractor3": "water glands", + "distractor1": "sex glands", + "distractor2": "push glands", + "correct_answer": "sweat glands", + "support": "Skin Sweat glands remove water, salts, and other wastes. Integumentary system." + }, + { + "question": "A series of arches that support the gills of aquatic amphibians and fish are known as what?", + "distractor3": "scythian arches", + "distractor1": "cochlear arches", + "distractor2": "aquatic arches", + "correct_answer": "branchial arches", + "support": "The branchial arches , a series of arches that support the gills of aquatic amphibians and fishes. They lie close to the body's surface." + }, + { + "question": "What term, calculated by multiplying heart contractions by stroke volume, means the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute?", + "distractor3": "blood output", + "distractor1": "liver output", + "distractor2": "respiratory output", + "correct_answer": "cardiac output", + "support": "Blood Pressure Regulation Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying the number of heart contractions that occur per minute (heart rate) times the stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped into the aorta per contraction of the left ventricle). Therefore, cardiac output can be increased by increasing heart rate, as when exercising. However, cardiac output can also be increased by increasing stroke volume, such as if the heart contracts with greater strength. Stroke volume can also be increased by speeding blood circulation through the body so that more blood enters the heart between contractions. During heavy exertion, the blood vessels relax and increase in diameter, offsetting the increased heart rate and ensuring adequate oxygenated blood gets to the muscles. Stress triggers a decrease in the diameter of the blood vessels, consequently increasing blood pressure. These changes can also be caused by nerve signals or hormones, and even standing up or lying down can have a great effect on blood pressure." + }, + { + "question": "Birds are thought to have evolved from a group of bipedal dinosaurs called what?", + "distractor3": "staurikosaurus", + "distractor1": "pteradactyls", + "distractor2": "sporozoans", + "correct_answer": "therapods", + "support": "Birds are thought to have evolved from a group of bipedal dinosaurs called theropods . The ancestor of birds was probably similar to the theropod called Deinonychus, which is represented by the sketch in Figure below . Fossils of Deinonychus were first identified in the 1960s. This was an extremely important discovery. It finally convinced most scientists that birds had descended from dinosaurs, which had been debated for almost a century." + }, + { + "question": "What is the third class of elements after metals and nonmetals?", + "distractor3": "noble gases", + "distractor1": "halogens", + "distractor2": "synthetics", + "correct_answer": "metalloids", + "support": "Elements in different groups are lumped together in one of three classes, depending on their properties. The classes are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Knowing the class of an element lets you predict many of its properties. The video at the URL below is a good introduction to the classes." + }, + { + "question": "Proteins are categorized according to shape and what property, which correlates with it?", + "distractor3": "salinity", + "distractor1": "viscosity", + "distractor2": "size", + "correct_answer": "solubility", + "support": "Each of the thousands of naturally occurring proteins has its own characteristic amino acid composition and sequence that result in a unique three-dimensional shape. Since the 1950s, scientists have determined the amino acid sequences and three-dimensional conformation of numerous proteins and thus obtained important clues on how each protein performs its specific function in the body. Proteins are compounds of high molar mass consisting largely or entirely of chains of amino acids. Because of their great complexity, protein molecules cannot be classified on the basis of specific structural similarities, as carbohydrates and lipids are categorized. The two major structural classifications of proteins are based on far more general qualities: whether the protein is (1) fiberlike and insoluble or (2) globular and soluble. Some proteins, such as those that compose hair, skin, muscles, and connective tissue, are fiberlike. These fibrous proteins are insoluble in water and usually serve structural, connective, and protective functions. Examples of fibrous proteins are keratins, collagens, myosins, and elastins. Hair and the outer layer of skin are composed of keratin. Connective tissues contain collagen. Myosins are muscle proteins and are capable of contraction and extension. Elastins are found in ligaments and the elastic tissue of artery walls. Globular proteins, the other major class, are soluble in aqueous media. In these proteins, the chains are folded so that the molecule as a whole is roughly spherical. Familiar examples include egg albumin from egg whites and serum albumin in blood. Serum albumin plays a major role in transporting fatty acids and maintaining a proper balance of osmotic pressures in the body. Hemoglobin and myoglobin, which are important for binding oxygen, are also globular proteins." + }, + { + "question": "Melting ice is drastically impacting the number of what at glacier national park?", + "distractor3": "icebergs", + "distractor1": "gaisers", + "distractor2": "trees", + "correct_answer": "active glaciers", + "support": "In Glacier National Park ( Figure below ), many glaciers have become ice sheets. In 1850, the park had 150 glaciers. There are only about 25 today. The reason that there is so much melting is that summer temperatures have risen. Scientists estimate that the park will have no active glaciers as early as 2020." + }, + { + "question": "What element is present in all organic molecules?", + "distractor3": "hydrogen", + "distractor1": "oxygen", + "distractor2": "sodium", + "correct_answer": "carbon", + "support": "The Carbon Cycle Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in living organisms. Carbon is present in all organic molecules, and its role in the structure of macromolecules is of primary importance to living organisms. Carbon compounds contain energy, and many of these compounds from plants and algae have remained stored as fossilized carbon, which humans use as fuel. Since the 1800s, the use of fossil fuels has accelerated. As global demand for Earth\u2019s limited fossil fuel supplies has risen since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased as the fuels are burned. This increase in carbon dioxide has been associated with climate change and is a major environmental concern worldwide." + }, + { + "question": "A sample of matter that has the same physical and chemical properties throughout itself is known as what?", + "distractor3": "molecule", + "distractor1": "antimatter", + "distractor2": "essence", + "correct_answer": "substance", + "support": "A sample of matter that has the same physical and chemical properties throughout is called a substance. Sometimes the phrase pure substance is used, but the word pure isn\u2019t needed. The definition of the term substance is an example of how chemistry has a specific definition for a word that is used in everyday language with a different, vaguer definition. Here, we will use the term substance with its strict chemical definition. Chemistry recognizes two different types of substances: elements and compounds. An element is the simplest type of chemical substance; it cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances by ordinary chemical means. There are about 115 elements known to science, of which 80 are stable. (The other elements are radioactive, a condition we will consider in Chapter 15 \"Nuclear Chemistry\". ) Each element has its own unique set of physical and chemical properties. Examples of elements include iron, carbon, and gold." + }, + { + "question": "Hepatitis b is inflammation of which organ?", + "distractor3": "the brain", + "distractor1": "the colon", + "distractor2": "the kidney", + "correct_answer": "the liver", + "support": "Hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus. In many people, the immune system quickly eliminates the virus from the body. However, in a small percentage of people, the virus remains in the body and continues to cause illness. It may eventually damage the liver and increase the risk of liver cancer, which is usually fatal." + }, + { + "question": "If a substance has a ph value greater than 7, what does it indicate?", + "distractor3": "volatile", + "distractor1": "acidic", + "distractor2": "neutral", + "correct_answer": "base", + "support": "The strength of bases is measured on the pH scale. A pH value greater than 7 indicates a base, and the higher the number is, the stronger the base." + }, + { + "question": "The percent yield is determined by calculating the ratio of actual yield by what?", + "distractor3": "actual loss", + "distractor1": "past balance", + "distractor2": "predicted return", + "correct_answer": "theoretical yield", + "support": "The percent yield is determined by calculating the ratio of actual yield/theoretical yield." + }, + { + "question": "What are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries?", + "distractor3": "dunes", + "distractor1": "mezas", + "distractor2": "megaliths", + "correct_answer": "volcanoes", + "support": "Volcanoes are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries. They can be found in the middle of plates at hot spots." + }, + { + "question": "What part of the neuron is a large structure with a central nucleus?", + "distractor3": "Environmental", + "distractor1": "proteins body", + "distractor2": "Eye body", + "correct_answer": "cell body", + "support": "33.19. The large structure with a central nucleus is the cell body of the neuron. Projections from the cell body are either dendrites specialized in receiving input or a single axon specialized in transmitting impulses. Some glial cells are also shown. Astrocytes regulate the chemical environment of the nerve cell, and oligodendrocytes insulate the axon so the electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently. Other glial cells that are not shown support the nutritional and waste requirements of the neuron. Some of the glial cells are phagocytic and remove debris or damaged cells from the tissue. A nerve consists of neurons and glial cells." + }, + { + "question": "Hydrogen-based fuel cells were and are used to provide what for manned space vehicles?", + "distractor3": "gravity", + "distractor1": "light", + "distractor2": "magnetism", + "correct_answer": "electricity", + "support": "Hydrogen-based fuel cells were and are used to provide electricity for manned space vehicles, partly because their only chemical product is water, which could be used for drinking. However, there has been a recent resurgence in interest in fuel cells because of their potential use in electric cars. Most electric cars run on conventional batteries, which can be very heavy and expensive to replace. It is thought that fuel cells, rather than conventional batteries, might be better sources of electricity for automobiles. Several current barriers to fuel cell use in electric cars include capacity, cost, and overall energy efficiency. The 2008 Honda FCX, the first production model of a vehicle powered with a fuel cell, can hold 4.1 kg (just under 9 lb) of highly pressured H2 gas and has a range of 450 km (280 mi). It costs about $120,000\u2013$140,000 to build, making the vehicle beyond the ability of most people to own. Finally, it always requires more energy to produce elemental hydrogen as a fuel than can be extracted from hydrogen as a fuel. As such, hydrogen is described as an energy carrier (like electricity) rather than an energy source (like oil and gas). This distinction points out a fundamental argument against fuel cells as a \u201cbetter\u201d power source." + }, + { + "question": "What are plants that are adapted to very dry environments called?", + "distractor3": "sporozoans", + "distractor1": "succulents", + "distractor2": "pores", + "correct_answer": "xerophytes", + "support": "Plants that live in extremely dry environments have the opposite problem: how to get and keep water. Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes . Their adaptations may help them increase water intake, decrease water loss, or store water when it's available." + }, + { + "question": "What neurons carry nerve impulses from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system?", + "distractor3": "axons", + "distractor1": "vascular", + "distractor2": "autonomic", + "correct_answer": "sensory", + "support": "Sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system." + }, + { + "question": "Associated with hair follicles, what type of oil gland is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair?", + "distractor3": "gametes gland", + "distractor1": "sweat gland", + "distractor2": "melanin gland", + "correct_answer": "sebaceous gland", + "support": "Sebaceous Glands A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland that is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable. The fatty acids of sebum also have antibacterial properties, and prevent water loss from the skin in low-humidity environments. The secretion of sebum is stimulated by hormones, many of which do not become active until puberty. Thus, sebaceous glands are relatively inactive during childhood." + }, + { + "question": "The five human senses are taste, touch, vision, hearing and one more. what is it?", + "distractor3": "fear", + "distractor1": "perception", + "distractor2": "audio", + "correct_answer": "smell", + "support": "Vision is just one of several human senses. Other human senses include hearing, touch, taste, and smell. Imagine shopping at the fruit market in Figure below . It would stimulate all of these senses. You would hear the noisy bustle of the market. You could feel the smooth skin of the fruit. If you tried a sample, you could smell the fruity aroma and taste its sweet flavor." + }, + { + "question": "How many bones does an adult skeleton have?", + "distractor3": "192", + "distractor1": "208", + "distractor2": "196", + "correct_answer": "206", + "support": "Bones are the main organs of the skeletal system. In adults, the skeleton consists of a whopping 206 bones, many of them in the hands and feet. You can see many of the bones of the human skeleton in Figure below . The skeletal system also includes cartilage and ligaments." + }, + { + "question": "Temperature and precipitation determine the types of what that can grow in an area, in turn affecting the animals that live there?", + "distractor3": "birds", + "distractor1": "roots", + "distractor2": "building", + "correct_answer": "plants", + "support": "Temperature and precipitation determine what types of plants can grow in an area. Animals and other living things depend on plants. So each climate is associated with certain types of living things. A major type of climate and its living things make up a biome . As you read about the major climate types below, find them on the map above ( Figure above )." + }, + { + "question": "What is the transfer of heat by physical contact?", + "distractor3": "diffusion", + "distractor1": "oxidation", + "distractor2": "inhibition", + "correct_answer": "conduction", + "support": "Heat can be transferred in three ways, through conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is the transfer of heat by physical contact. Heat flows form the hotter object to the cooler object. Convection is heat transfer by an intermediate substance (for example air or water). Your oven (often properly called the \u2018convection oven\u2019) works by heating up the air and then the air heats up your food. Radiation is the release of heat (and thus the lowering of its internal energy) by releasing electromagnetic waves. The hotter the object the higher the frequency of the light emitted. When you look at a fire the blue flames our hotter than the red flames because blue has a higher frequency than red." + }, + { + "question": "What analytical technique, using stained gel, can separate dna fragments or rna molecules and proteins?", + "distractor3": "static electrophoresis", + "distractor1": "microwave electrophoresis", + "distractor2": "surface electrophoresis", + "correct_answer": "gel electrophoresis", + "support": "Gel electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA fragments by size and charge. Notice in Figure below that the \"gels\" are rectangular in shape. The gels are made of a gelatin-like material of either agarose or polyacrylamide. An electric field, with a positive charge applied at one end of the gel, and a negative charge at the other end, forces the fragments to migrate through the gel. DNA molecules migrate from negative to positive charges due to the net negative charge of the phosphate groups in the DNA backbone. Longer molecules migrate more slowly through the gel matrix. After the separation is completed, DNA fragments of different lengths can be visualized using a fluorescent dye specific for DNA, such as ethidium bromide. The resulting stained gel shows bands correspond to DNA molecules of different lengths, which also correspond to different molecular weights. Band size is usually determined by comparison to DNA ladders containing DNA fragments of known length. Gel electrophoresis can also be used to separate RNA molecules and proteins." + }, + { + "question": "Questioning claims based on their scientific verifiability rather than accepting claims based on faith or anecdotes is called what?", + "distractor3": "scientific fact", + "distractor1": "scientific extreme", + "distractor2": "scientific mimicry", + "correct_answer": "scientific skepticism", + "support": "Scientific skepticism questions claims based on their scientific verifiability rather than accepting claims based on faith or anecdotes. Scientific skepticism uses critical thinking to analyze such claims and opposes claims which lack scientific evidence." + }, + { + "question": "Animals with better fitness have a better chance of passing their genes onto the next generation, this process is known as?", + "distractor3": "fitness selection", + "distractor1": "survival selection", + "distractor2": "natural evolution", + "correct_answer": "natural selection", + "support": "Like the animals pictured above, all animals have behaviors that help them achieve these basic ends. Behaviors that help animals reproduce or survive increase their fitness. Animals with greater fitness have a better chance of passing their genes to the next generation. If genes control behaviors that increase fitness, the behaviors become more common in the species. In other words, they evolve by natural selection." + }, + { + "question": "What acids are the structural components of many lipids and may be saturated or unsaturated?", + "distractor3": "carbonic acids", + "distractor1": "fundamental acids", + "distractor2": "ionic acids", + "correct_answer": "fatty acids", + "support": "Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that are the structural components of many lipids. They may be saturated or unsaturated." + }, + { + "question": "Earth's axis is an imaginary line passing through which poles?", + "distractor3": "East and North", + "distractor1": "west and south", + "distractor2": "southwest and south", + "correct_answer": "north and south", + "support": "Earth's axis is an imaginary line passing through the North and South Poles. Earth's rotation is its spins on its axis. Rotation is what a top does around its spindle. As Earth spins on its axis, it also orbits around the Sun. This is called Earth's revolution . These motions lead to the cycles we see. Day and night, seasons, and the tides are caused by Earth's motions." + }, + { + "question": "What system does addictive drugs affect?", + "distractor3": "checks and balances", + "distractor1": "digestive system", + "distractor2": "honor system", + "correct_answer": "reward system", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What happens when ionic compounds are dissolved in water?", + "distractor3": "deflect electricity", + "distractor1": "magnetize electricity", + "distractor2": "repel electricity", + "correct_answer": "conduct electricity", + "support": "Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water." + }, + { + "question": "What is the process in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body?", + "distractor3": "mutation", + "distractor1": "speciation", + "distractor2": "transcription", + "correct_answer": "differentiation", + "support": "Development, growth and reproduction Development is all of the changes the body goes through in life. Development includes the process of differentiation, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body. Development also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which involve cell differentiation. Growth is the increase in body size. Humans, like all multicellular organisms, grow by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells. Reproduction is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms. In humans, reproduction is carried out by the male and female reproductive systems. Because death will come to all complex organisms, without reproduction, the line of organisms would end." + }, + { + "question": "Toxins and poisons are ______ enzyme inhibitos", + "distractor3": "observable", + "distractor1": "reversible", + "distractor2": "cancerous", + "correct_answer": "irreversible", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "How many types of basic sensory receptors are there?", + "distractor3": "four", + "distractor1": "five", + "distractor2": "six", + "correct_answer": "five", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What bond is the force of attraction that holds together two atoms that share a pair of valence electrons?", + "distractor3": "metallic", + "distractor1": "polar", + "distractor2": "hydrogen", + "correct_answer": "covalent", + "support": "A covalent bond is the force of attraction that holds together two atoms that share a pair of valence electrons. Covalent bonds form only between atoms of nonmetals." + }, + { + "question": "Above the meristem, the rest of the root is covered with a single layer of what type of cells, which may have root hairs?", + "distractor3": "vegetative", + "distractor1": "dermal", + "distractor2": "single celled", + "correct_answer": "epidermal", + "support": "Above the meristem, the rest of the root is covered with a single layer of epidermal cells. These cells may have root hairs that increase the surface area for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil. Beneath the epidermis is ground tissue, which may be filled with stored starch. Bundles of vascular tissues form the center of the root. Waxy layers waterproof the vascular tissues so they don\u2019t leak, making them more efficient at carrying fluids. Secondary meristem is located within and around the vascular tissues. This is where growth in thickness occurs." + }, + { + "question": "What were the first plants to evolve?", + "distractor3": "trees", + "distractor1": "fungi", + "distractor2": "photoreactive plants", + "correct_answer": "nonvascular plants", + "support": "Nonvascular plants were the first plants to evolve and do not have vascular tissue." + }, + { + "question": "What term describes the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves?", + "distractor3": "variation", + "distractor1": "frequency", + "distractor2": "threshold", + "correct_answer": "wavelength", + "support": "Another important measure of wave size is wavelength. Wavelength is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves (see Figure above ). Wavelength can be measured as the distance between two adjacent crests of a transverse wave or two adjacent compressions of a longitudinal wave. It is usually measured in meters. Wavelength is related to the energy of a wave. Short-wavelength waves have more energy than long-wavelength waves of the same amplitude. You can see examples of waves with shorter and longer wavelengths in Figure below ." + }, + { + "question": "What break down dead organisms and other organic waste and release inorganic molecules back to the environment called?", + "distractor3": "carnivores", + "distractor1": "detritivores", + "distractor2": "nematodes", + "correct_answer": "decomposers", + "support": "Decomposers break down dead organisms and other organic wastes and release inorganic molecules back to the environment." + }, + { + "question": "The variety of cell shapes seen in prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the functions that each what has?", + "distractor3": "organ", + "distractor1": "proteins", + "distractor2": "life", + "correct_answer": "cell", + "support": "The variety of cell shapes seen in prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the functions that each cell has, confirming the structure-function relationship seen throughout biology. Each cell type has evolved a shape that is best related to its function. For example, the neuron in Figure below has long, thin extensions ( axons and dendritres ) that reach out to other nerve cells. The extensions help the neuron pass chemical and electrical messages quickly through the body. The shape of the red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) enable these cells to easily move through capillaries . The spikes on the pollen grain help it stick to a pollinating insect or animal so that it can be transferred to and pollinate another flower. The long whip-like flagella (tails) of the algae Chlamydomonas help it swim in water." + }, + { + "question": "What is the science of classifying living things called?", + "distractor3": "botany", + "distractor1": "methodology", + "distractor2": "terminology", + "correct_answer": "taxonomy", + "support": "Like you, scientists also group together similar organisms. The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy. Scientists classify living things in order to organize and make sense of the incredible diversity of life. Modern scientists base their classifications mainly on molecular similarities. They group together organisms that have similar proteins and DNA. Molecular similarities show that organisms are related. In other words, they are descendants of a common ancestor in the past." + }, + { + "question": "Illustrating how form follows function, long, slender protein strands that make up what tissue are essential for contracting and relaxing?", + "distractor3": "ligaments", + "distractor1": "tendons", + "distractor2": "veins", + "correct_answer": "muscle", + "support": "Although some polypeptides exist as linear chains, most are twisted or folded into more complex secondary structures that form when bonding occurs between amino acids with different properties at different regions of the polypeptide. The most common secondary structure is a spiral called an alpha-helix. If you were to take a length of string and simply twist it into a spiral, it would not hold the shape. Similarly, a strand of amino acids could not maintain a stable spiral shape without the help of hydrogen bonds, which create bridges between different regions of the same strand (see Figure 2.26b). Less commonly, a polypeptide chain can form a beta-pleated sheet, in which hydrogen bonds form bridges between different regions of a single polypeptide that has folded back upon itself, or between two or more adjacent polypeptide chains. The secondary structure of proteins further folds into a compact three-dimensional shape, referred to as the protein\u2019s tertiary structure (see Figure 2.26c). In this configuration, amino acids that had been very distant in the primary chain can be brought quite close via hydrogen bonds or, in proteins containing cysteine, via disulfide bonds. A disulfide bond is a covalent bond between sulfur atoms in a polypeptide. Often, two or more separate polypeptides bond to form an even larger protein with a quaternary structure (see Figure 2.26d). The polypeptide subunits forming a quaternary structure can be identical or different. For instance, hemoglobin, the protein found in red blood cells is composed of four tertiary polypeptides, two of which are called alpha chains and two of which are called beta chains. When they are exposed to extreme heat, acids, bases, and certain other substances, proteins will denature. Denaturation is a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means. Denatured proteins lose their functional shape and are no longer able to carry out their jobs. An everyday example of protein denaturation is the curdling of milk when acidic lemon juice is added. The contribution of the shape of a protein to its function can hardly be exaggerated. For example, the long, slender shape of protein strands that make up muscle tissue is essential to their ability to contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen). As another example, bones contain long threads of a protein called collagen that acts as scaffolding upon which bone minerals are deposited. These elongated proteins, called fibrous proteins, are strong and durable and typically hydrophobic." + }, + { + "question": "What makes marginal lands unsuitable for farming?", + "distractor3": "disease", + "distractor1": "flood", + "distractor2": "pestilence", + "correct_answer": "drought", + "support": "Many lands are marginal for farming. When rainfall is normal or high, the lands can produce. When rainfall is low, no crops grow. Drought makes marginal lands unsuitable for farming. Drought can also make good lands more difficult to farm. These changes will increase as temperatures warm." + }, + { + "question": "What happens to water when it freezes?", + "distractor3": "changes volume", + "distractor1": "changes to gas", + "distractor2": "it shrinks", + "correct_answer": "it expands", + "support": "In its pure liquid form, water is a poor conductor of electricity. Unlike most substances, water is more dense in its liquid state than its solid state. As a result, water expands when it freezes, and ice floats on water." + }, + { + "question": "The three parts of the human small intestine is the duodenum, jejunum, and what?", + "distractor3": "cecum", + "distractor1": "appendix", + "distractor2": "colon", + "correct_answer": "ileum", + "support": "Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false? a. Absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food. The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels. The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen. The human small intestine is over 6m long and is divided into three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The \u201cC-shaped,\u201d fixed part of the small intestine is called the duodenum and is shown in Figure 34.11. The duodenum is separated from the stomach by the pyloric sphincter which opens to allow chyme to move from the stomach to the duodenum. In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juices in an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidity of chyme and acts as a buffer. Pancreatic juices also contain several digestive enzymes. Digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, as well as from gland cells of the intestinal wall itself, enter the duodenum. Bile is produced in the liver and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. Bile contains bile salts which emulsify lipids while the pancreas produces enzymes that catabolize starches, disaccharides, proteins, and fats. These digestive juices break down the food particles in the chyme into glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids. Some chemical digestion of food takes place in the duodenum. Absorption of fatty acids also takes place in the duodenum. The second part of the small intestine is called the jejunum, shown in Figure 34.11. Here, hydrolysis of nutrients is continued while most of the carbohydrates and amino acids are absorbed through the intestinal lining. The bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on any object placed in it?", + "distractor3": "resonance", + "distractor1": "viscosity", + "distractor2": "density", + "correct_answer": "buoyancy", + "support": "Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on any object placed in it. The upward force is called buoyant force. An object\u2019s weight and the buoyant force acting on it determine whether the object sinks or floats. Less dense objects and fluids float in fluids with greater density." + }, + { + "question": "A fuel cell is a galvanic cell that requires a constant external supply of what?", + "distractor3": "complexes", + "distractor1": "generators", + "distractor2": "electricity", + "correct_answer": "reactants", + "support": "Fuel Cells A fuel cell is a galvanic cell that requires a constant external supply of reactants because the products of the reaction are continuously removed. Unlike a battery, it does not store chemical or electrical energy; a fuel cell allows electrical energy to be extracted directly from a chemical reaction. In principle, this should be a more efficient process than, for example, burning the fuel to drive an internal combustion engine that turns a generator, which is typically less than 40% efficient, and in fact, the efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40% and 60%. Unfortunately, significant cost and reliability problems have hindered the wide-scale adoption of fuel cells. In practice, their use has been restricted to applications in which mass may be a significant cost factor, such as US manned space vehicles. These space vehicles use a hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell that requires a continuous input of H2(g) and O2(g), as illustrated in Figure 19.16 \"A Hydrogen Fuel Cell Produces Electrical Energy Directly from a Chemical Reaction\". The electrode reactions are as follows: Equation 19.93." + }, + { + "question": "Lichens are not a single organism, but rather an example of a what?", + "distractor3": "symbiosis", + "distractor1": "fusion", + "distractor2": "homogeneous mixture", + "correct_answer": "mutualism", + "support": "Lichens are not a single organism, but rather an example of a mutualism, in which a fungus (usually a member of the Ascomycota or Basidiomycota phyla) lives in close contact with a photosynthetic organism (a eukaryotic alga or a prokaryotic cyanobacterium) (Figure 24.23). Generally, neither the fungus nor the photosynthetic organism can survive alone outside of the symbiotic relationship. The body of a lichen, referred to as a thallus, is formed of hyphae wrapped around the photosynthetic partner. The photosynthetic organism provides carbon and energy in the form of carbohydrates. Some cyanobacteria fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, contributing nitrogenous compounds to the association. In return, the fungus supplies minerals and protection from dryness and excessive light by encasing the algae in its mycelium. The fungus also attaches the symbiotic organism to the substrate." + }, + { + "question": "What theory states that there is no interaction between individual gas particles?", + "distractor3": "Avoidance theory", + "distractor1": "viscosity theory", + "distractor2": "vortex theory", + "correct_answer": "kinetic theory", + "support": "The kinetic theory also states that there is no interaction between individual gas particles. Although we know that there are, in fact, intermolecular interactions in real gases, the kinetic theory assumes that gas particles are so far apart that the individual particles don\u2019t \u201cfeel\u201d each other. Thus, we can treat gas particles as tiny bits of matter whose identity isn\u2019t important to certain physical properties." + }, + { + "question": "Which is one of the most frequently studied cartilaginous fish?", + "distractor3": "manatees", + "distractor1": "whales", + "distractor2": "dolphins", + "correct_answer": "sharks", + "support": "Sharks are some of the most frequently studied cartilaginous fish. Sharks are distinguished by such features as:." + }, + { + "question": "A vapor light produces visible light by what process?", + "distractor3": "Solar Energy", + "distractor1": "solutes", + "distractor2": "luminescent", + "correct_answer": "electroluminescence", + "support": "A vapor light produces visible light by electroluminescence. The bulb contains a small amount of solid sodium or mercury as well as a mixture of neon and argon gases. When an electric current passes through the gases, it causes the solid sodium or mercury to change to a gas and emit visible light. Sodium vapor lights, like these streetlights, produce yellowish light. Mercury vapor lights produce bluish light. Vapor lights are very bright and energy efficient. The bulbs are also long lasting." + }, + { + "question": "What substance, which forms igneous rock, flows out in rivers of lava when it reaches the surface?", + "distractor3": "fertilizer", + "distractor1": "granite", + "distractor2": "soil", + "correct_answer": "magma", + "support": "The chemistry of a magma determines the type of igneous rock it forms. The chemistry also determines how the magma moves. Thicker magmas tend to stay below the surface or erupt explosively. When magma is fluid and runny, it often reaches the surface by flowing out in rivers of lava." + }, + { + "question": "What do mammals have under the skin to help insulate the body?", + "distractor3": "cartilage", + "distractor1": "bone", + "distractor2": "nerve cells", + "correct_answer": "a layer of fat", + "support": "Conserving heat is also important, especially in small mammals. A small body has a relatively large surface area compared to its overall size. Because heat is lost from the surface of the body, small mammals lose a greater proportion of their body heat than large mammals. Mammals conserve body heat with their hair or fur. It traps a layer of warm air next to the skin. Most mammals can make their hair stand up from the skin, so it becomes an even better insulator (see Figure below ). Mammals also have a layer of fat under the skin to help insulate the body. This fatty layer is not found in other vertebrates." + }, + { + "question": "Certain air pollutants form which liquid when dissolved in water droplets in the air?", + "distractor3": "citrus", + "distractor1": "water", + "distractor2": "base", + "correct_answer": "acid", + "support": "Acidity is an important factor for living things. For example, many plants grow best in soil that has a pH between 6 and 7. Fish may also need a pH between 6 and 7. Certain air pollutants form acids when dissolved in water droplets in the air. This results in acid fog and acid rain, which may have a pH of 4 or even lower. The pH chart in the Figure above and the Figure below reveal some of the adverse effects of acid fog and rain. Acid rain not only kills trees. It also lowers the pH of surface waters such as ponds and lakes. As a result, the water may become too acidic for fish and other water organisms to survive." + }, + { + "question": "What element is the most abundant in the universe?", + "distractor3": "helium", + "distractor1": "oxygen", + "distractor2": "carbon", + "correct_answer": "hydrogen", + "support": "Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. The sun and other stars are composed largely of hydrogen. Astronomers estimate that 90% of the atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen is a component of more compounds than any other element. Water is the most abundant compound of hydrogen found on earth. Hydrogen is an important part of petroleum, many minerals, cellulose and starch, sugar, fats, oils, alcohols, acids, and thousands of other substances. At ordinary temperatures, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonpoisonous gas consisting of the diatomic molecule H2. Hydrogen is composed of three isotopes, and unlike other elements, these isotopes have different names and chemical symbols: protium, 1H, deuterium, 2H (or \u201cD\u201d), and tritium 3H (or \u201cT\u201d). In a naturally occurring sample of hydrogen, there is one atom of deuterium for every 7000 H atoms and one atom of radioactive tritium for every 1018 H atoms. The chemical properties of the different isotopes are very similar because they have identical electron structures, but they differ in some physical properties because of their differing atomic masses. Elemental deuterium and tritium have lower vapor pressure than ordinary hydrogen. Consequently, when liquid hydrogen evaporates, the heavier isotopes are concentrated in the last portions to evaporate. Electrolysis of heavy water, D2O, yields deuterium. Most tritium originates from nuclear reactions." + }, + { + "question": "Atoms of a given _______ are identical in size, mass, and other properties.", + "distractor3": "function", + "distractor1": "molecule", + "distractor2": "organism", + "correct_answer": "element", + "support": "Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties." + }, + { + "question": "Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone because it is what?", + "distractor3": "fibrous", + "distractor1": "amorphous", + "distractor2": "pliable", + "correct_answer": "porous", + "support": "Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone. This is because spongy bone is porous." + }, + { + "question": "Animals are heterotrophs, which means that they cannot make their own what?", + "distractor3": "habitat", + "distractor1": "fuel", + "distractor2": "energy", + "correct_answer": "food", + "support": "Animals are a kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes. They cannot make their own food. Instead, they get nutrients by eating other living things. Therefore, animals are heterotrophs." + }, + { + "question": "What is the electron domain geometry of ammonia?", + "distractor3": "neurons", + "distractor1": "membranes", + "distractor2": "atoms", + "correct_answer": "tetrahedral", + "support": "Another example of sp 3 hybridization occurs in the ammonia (NH 3 ) molecule. The electron domain geometry of ammonia is also tetrahedral, meaning that there are four groups of electrons around the central nitrogen atom. Unlike methane, however, one of those electron groups is a lone pair. The resulting molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal. Just as in the carbon atom, the hybridization process starts as a promotion of a 2s electron to a 2p orbital, followed by hybridization to form a set of four sp 3 hybrids. In this case, one of the hybrid orbitals already contains a pair of electrons, leaving only three half-filled orbitals available to form covalent bonds with three hydrogen atoms." + }, + { + "question": "In humans, fertilization occurs soon after the oocyte leaves this?", + "distractor3": "testes", + "distractor1": "egg", + "distractor2": "placenta", + "correct_answer": "ovary", + "support": "Figure 43.18 In humans, fertilization occurs soon after the oocyte leaves the ovary. Implantation occurs eight or nine days later. (credit: Ed Uthman)." + }, + { + "question": "Oxygen, carbon dioxide, atp, and nadph are reactants in what process that plants use to produce food?", + "distractor3": "chlorophyll", + "distractor1": "glycolysis", + "distractor2": "absorbtion", + "correct_answer": "photosynthesis", + "support": "In photosynthesis, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are reactants. G3P and water are products. In photosynthesis, chlorophyll, water, and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products. In photosynthesis, water, carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are reactants. RuBP and oxygen are products. In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products." + }, + { + "question": "What is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things?", + "distractor3": "nucleus", + "distractor1": "atom", + "distractor2": "molecule", + "correct_answer": "cell", + "support": "All forms of life are built of at least one cell. A cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things. Living things may appear very different from one another on the outside, but their cells are very similar. Compare the human cells on the left in Figure below and onion cells on the right in Figure below . How are they similar? If you click on the animation titled Inside a Cell at the link below, you can look inside a cell and see its internal structures. http://bio-alive. com/animations/cell-biology. htm." + }, + { + "question": "The earth's gravitational force causes the moon to do what?", + "distractor3": "lose orbit", + "distractor1": "overlap the earth", + "distractor2": "change size", + "correct_answer": "orbit the earth", + "support": "= 2.72\u00d710 \u22123 m/s. 2 The direction of the acceleration is toward the center of the Earth. Discussion The centripetal acceleration of the Moon found in (b) differs by less than 1% from the acceleration due to Earth\u2019s gravity found in (a). This agreement is approximate because the Moon\u2019s orbit is slightly elliptical, and Earth is not stationary (rather the Earth-Moon system rotates about its center of mass, which is located some 1700 km below Earth\u2019s surface). The clear implication is that Earth\u2019s gravitational force causes the Moon to orbit Earth." + }, + { + "question": "When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, what are the chemicals released by the axon called?", + "distractor3": "receptors", + "distractor1": "neurons", + "distractor2": "electrolytes", + "correct_answer": "neurotransmitters", + "support": "When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases chemicals called neurotransmitters ." + }, + { + "question": "What do ecosystems absorb on the earth?", + "distractor3": "fuel", + "distractor1": "water", + "distractor2": "hydrogen", + "correct_answer": "energy", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Under what type of conditions can populations grow exponentially?", + "distractor3": "lush", + "distractor1": "pleasant", + "distractor2": "useful", + "correct_answer": "ideal", + "support": "Under ideal conditions, populations can grow exponentially. The growth rate increases as the population gets larger. Most populations do not live under ideal conditions and grow logistically instead. Density-dependent factors slow population growth as population size nears the carrying capacity." + }, + { + "question": "Malonate plays what negative role on the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase?", + "distractor3": "receptor", + "distractor1": "catalyst", + "distractor2": "pathway", + "correct_answer": "inhibitor", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "How many mass extinctions have occurred throughout earth's history?", + "distractor3": "three", + "distractor1": "six", + "distractor2": "four", + "correct_answer": "five", + "support": "Extinction is the complete dying out of a species. Once a species goes extinct, it can never return. More than 99 percent of all the species that ever lived on Earth have gone extinct. Five mass extinctions have occurred in Earth\u2019s history. They were caused by major geologic and climatic events. The fifth mass extinction wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago." + }, + { + "question": "What refers to the ability to change or move matter and is required by all life processes and living things?", + "distractor3": "enthalpy", + "distractor1": "fuel", + "distractor2": "gravity", + "correct_answer": "energy", + "support": "Energy is the ability to change or move matter. All life processes require energy, so all living things need energy." + }, + { + "question": "In the grand canyon, the same rock layers are visible on opposite sides of the canyon and were deposited simultaneously, which is an example of what?", + "distractor3": "directly continuity", + "distractor1": "width continuity", + "distractor2": "bilateral continuity", + "correct_answer": "lateral continuity", + "support": "Look at the Grand Canyon in Figure below . It\u2019s a good example of lateral continuity. You can clearly see the same rock layers on opposite sides of the canyon. The matching rock layers were deposited at the same time, so they are the same age." + }, + { + "question": "What do we call the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?", + "distractor3": "electricity", + "distractor1": "weight", + "distractor2": "radio", + "correct_answer": "light", + "support": "Earth is just a tiny speck in the universe. Our planet is surrounded by lots of space. Light travels across empty space. Astronomers can study light from stars to learn about the universe. Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum . Astronomers use the light that comes to us to gather information about the universe." + }, + { + "question": "What type of crust is made of basalt lavas that flow onto the seafloor?", + "distractor3": "warm", + "distractor1": "exotic", + "distractor2": "endotopic", + "correct_answer": "oceanic", + "support": "There are two kinds of crust. Oceanic crust is made of basalt lavas that flow onto the seafloor. It is relatively thin, between 5 to 12 kilometers thick (3 - 8 miles). The rocks of the oceanic crust are denser (3.0 g/cm 3 ) than the rocks that make up the continents. Thick layers of mud cover much of the ocean floor." + }, + { + "question": "Do changes to rocks happen quickly or slowly?", + "distractor3": "slowly then quickly", + "distractor1": "quickly then slowly", + "distractor2": "quickly", + "correct_answer": "slowly", + "support": "All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earth\u2019s surface. Some changes happen above ground. These changes are all part of the rock cycle. The rock cycle describes each of the main types of rocks, how they form and how they change. Figure below shows how the three main rock types are related to each other. The arrows within the circle show how one type of rock may change to rock of another type. For example, igneous rock may break down into small pieces of sediment and become sedimentary rock. Igneous rock may be buried within the Earth and become metamorphic rock. Igneous rock may also change back to molten material and re-cool into a new igneous rock." + }, + { + "question": "What is a large molecule with many repeating units?", + "distractor3": "plasma", + "distractor1": "cells", + "distractor2": "supermolecule", + "correct_answer": "polymer", + "support": "Starches are complex carbohydrates. They are polymers of glucose. A polymer is a large molecule that consists of many smaller, repeating molecules, called monomers. The monomers are joined together by covalent bonds. Starches contain hundreds of glucose monomers. Plants make starches to store extra glucose. Consumers get starches by eating plants. Common sources of starches in the human diet are pictured in the Figure below . Our digestive system breaks down starches to sugar, which our cells use for energy." + }, + { + "question": "What absorbs, scatters, or reflects most incoming solar radiation in the atmosphere?", + "distractor3": "coulds and minerals", + "distractor1": "clouds and sand", + "distractor2": "ice and dust", + "correct_answer": "clouds and dust", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Small nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions called second messengers often play a role in what kind of pathways?", + "distractor3": "inhibiting", + "distractor1": "creating", + "distractor2": "creating", + "correct_answer": "signaling", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "How do many mammals control their body temperature?", + "distractor3": "itching", + "distractor1": "dieting", + "distractor2": "homeostasis", + "correct_answer": "sweating", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "The invention of the wheel is an example of what, which has the goal of solving human problems?", + "distractor3": "evolution", + "distractor1": "industry", + "distractor2": "concept", + "correct_answer": "technology", + "support": "Important new technologies such as the wheel have had a big impact on human society. Major advances in technology have influenced every aspect of life, including transportation, food production, manufacturing, communication, medicine, and the arts. That\u2019s because technology has the goal of solving human problems, so new technologies usually make life better. They may make work easier, for example, or make people healthier. Sometimes, however, new technologies affect people in negative ways. For example, using a new product or process might cause human health problems or pollute the environment." + }, + { + "question": "Prokaryotes can reproduce quickly by what?", + "distractor3": "residual fission", + "distractor1": "multiple fission", + "distractor2": "solar fission", + "correct_answer": "binary fission", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is defined by its sequence of nucleotides?", + "distractor3": "amino acids", + "distractor1": "structural acids", + "distractor2": "proteins acids", + "correct_answer": "nucleic acids", + "support": "Like proteins, nucleic acids have a primary structure that is defined as the sequence of their nucleotides. Unlike proteins, which have 20 different kinds of amino acids, there are only 4 different kinds of nucleotides in nucleic acids. For amino acid sequences in proteins, the convention is to write the amino acids in order starting with the Nterminal amino acid. In writing nucleotide sequences for nucleic acids, the convention is to write the nucleotides (usually using the one-letter abbreviations for the bases, shown in Figure 19.5 \"Structure of a Segment of DNA\") starting with the nucleotide having a free phosphate group, which is known as the 5\u2032 end, and indicate the nucleotides in order. For DNA, a lowercase d is often written in front of the sequence to indicate that the monomers are deoxyribonucleotides. The final nucleotide has a free OH group on the 3\u2032 carbon atom and is called the 3\u2032 end. The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA segment shown in Figure 19.5 \"Structure of a Segment of DNA\" would be written 5\u2032-dGdT-dA-dC-3\u2032, which is often further abbreviated to dGTAC or just GTAC." + }, + { + "question": "What in roundworms is a partial body cavity filled with fluid?", + "distractor3": "spicule", + "distractor1": "abdomen", + "distractor2": "cocklebur", + "correct_answer": "pseudocoelom", + "support": "Ancestors of roundworms also evolved a pseudocoelom. This is a partial body cavity that is filled with fluid. It allows room for internal organs to develop. The fluid also cushions the internal organs. The pressure of the fluid within the cavity provides stiffness. It gives the body internal support, forming a hydrostatic skeleton. It explains why roundworms are round and flatworms are flat. Later, a true coelom evolved. This is a fluid-filled body cavity, completely enclosed by mesoderm. It lies between the digestive cavity and body wall (see Figure below ). Invertebrates with a true coelom include mollusks and annelids." + }, + { + "question": "Which body system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients?", + "distractor3": "hormonal system", + "distractor1": "skeletal system", + "distractor2": "circulation system", + "correct_answer": "digestive system", + "support": "The digestive system is the body system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It also gets rid of solid food waste. The digestive system is mainly one long tube from the mouth to the anus, known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The main organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach and the intestine, and are pictured below ( Figure below ). The intestine is divided into the small and large intestine. The small intestine has three segments. The ileum is the longest segment of the small intestine, which is well over 10 feet long. The large intestine is about 5 feet long." + }, + { + "question": "What disease is unpreventable in the type one form but may be prevented by diet if it is of the second type?", + "distractor3": "Cancer", + "distractor1": "Obesity", + "distractor2": "TB", + "correct_answer": "diabetes", + "support": "Type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases cannot be prevented. But choosing a healthy lifestyle can help prevent type 2 diabetes. Getting plenty of exercise, avoiding high-fat foods, and staying at a healthy weight can reduce the risk of developing this type of diabetes. This is especially important for people who have family members with the disease." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call a chemical process used to treat water by destroying a contaminant?", + "distractor3": "carbon remediation", + "distractor1": "basic remediation", + "distractor2": "toxic remediation", + "correct_answer": "chemical remediation", + "support": "Chemical remediation can also treat water in the aquifer. A chemical is pumped into the aquifer. The chemical destroys the contaminant." + }, + { + "question": "What occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the oceans to become acidic?", + "distractor3": "desalinization", + "distractor1": "ocean vaporization", + "distractor2": "acid rain", + "correct_answer": "ocean acidification", + "support": "Ocean acidification occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the oceans to become acidic. Burning fossil fuels has led to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide is then absorbed by the oceans, which lowers the pH of the water. Ocean acidification can kill corals and shellfish. It may also cause marine organisms to reproduce less, which could harm other organisms in the food chain. As a result, there also may be fewer marine organisms for humans to consume." + }, + { + "question": "What kind of muscle is the heart mainly composed of?", + "distractor3": "nerve muscle", + "distractor1": "respiratory muscle", + "distractor2": "idealized muscle", + "correct_answer": "cardiac muscle", + "support": "To move blood through the heart, the cardiac muscle needs to contract in an organized way. Blood first enters the atria ( Figure below ). When the atria contract, blood is pushed into the ventricles. After the ventricles fill with blood, they contract, and blood is pushed out of the heart. The heart is mainly composed of cardiac muscle. These muscle cells contract in unison, causing the heart itself to contract and generating enough force to push the blood out." + }, + { + "question": "Assume a molecule must cross the plasma membrane into what?", + "distractor3": "atom", + "distractor1": "circle", + "distractor2": "shell", + "correct_answer": "cell", + "support": "5. Assume a molecule must cross the plasma membrane into a cell. The molecule is a very large protein. How will it be transported into the cell? Explain your answer." + }, + { + "question": "What branch of science explains much of what you observe and do in your daily life?", + "distractor3": "astronomy", + "distractor1": "temperature science", + "distractor2": "psychology", + "correct_answer": "physical science", + "support": "Physical science explains much of what you observe and do in your daily life. In fact, you depend on physical science for almost everything that makes modern life possible. You couldn\u2019t drive a car, text message, or send a tweet without decades of advances in chemistry and physics. You wouldn\u2019t even be able to turn on a light. Figure below shows some other examples of common activities that depend on advances in physical science. You\u2019ll learn the \"hows\" and \"whys\" about them as you read the rest of this book." + }, + { + "question": "Most of the energy used by living things comes either directly or indirectly from where?", + "distractor3": "earth", + "distractor1": "water", + "distractor2": "horizon", + "correct_answer": "sun", + "support": "Most of the energy used by living things comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight provides the energy for photosynthesis . This is the process in which plants and certain other organisms (see Figure below ) synthesize glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). The process uses carbon dioxide and water and also produces oxygen. The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis is:." + }, + { + "question": "When present in large volumes, what color hue can water emit?", + "distractor3": "yellow", + "distractor1": "white", + "distractor2": "pink", + "correct_answer": "blue", + "support": "Water is truly an amazing substance. It can exist in all three states under normal pressures and temperatures. At room temperature, it is a tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid, although it exhibits a blue hue when present in large volumes. Approximately 70% of the Earth\u2019s surface is covered in water. For a small molecule, water molecules are highly attracted to one another, due to particularly strong hydrogen bonds. This leads to a number of properties, such as a relatively high surface tension. Unlike most other substances, water expands when it freezes. Water is also able to absorb relatively large amounts of heat with only minimal changes in temperature. This can be seen on a small scale, such as the coolant in your car, or on a larger scale, such as the more moderate climates in coastal areas. The water in the oceans acts as a tremendous heat sink, which influences global weather patterns. The clouds that form above lakes and oceans originate from the evaporation of lake and ocean water. They are byproducts of water\u2019s thermal regulating capacity. Additionally, water is not only found here on Earth; scientists have found evidence of water on a number of extraterrestrial planets. In this lesson, we are going to take a look at this unique and important substance." + }, + { + "question": "What prevents new ovarian follicles from developing and suppresses uterine contractility?", + "distractor3": "estrogen", + "distractor1": "germination", + "distractor2": "glucose", + "correct_answer": "progesterone", + "support": "28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth Hormones (especially estrogens, progesterone, and hCG) secreted by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta are responsible for most of the changes experienced during pregnancy. Estrogen maintains the pregnancy, promotes fetal viability, and stimulates tissue growth in the mother and developing fetus. Progesterone prevents new ovarian follicles from developing and suppresses uterine contractility. Pregnancy weight gain primarily occurs in the breasts and abdominal region. Nausea, heartburn, and frequent urination are common during pregnancy. Maternal blood volume increases by 30 percent during pregnancy and respiratory minute volume increases by 50 percent. The skin may develop stretch marks and melanin production may increase." + }, + { + "question": "What type of bombs put a much larger fraction of their output into thermal energy than do conventional bombs?", + "distractor3": "TNT", + "distractor1": "dense bombs", + "distractor2": "dirty bombs", + "correct_answer": "nuclear", + "support": "The energy yield and the types of energy produced by nuclear bombs can be varied. Energy yields in current arsenals range from about 0.1 kT to 20 MT, although the Soviets once detonated a 67 MT device. Nuclear bombs differ from conventional explosives in more than size. Figure 32.34 shows the approximate fraction of energy output in various forms for conventional explosives and for two types of nuclear bombs. Nuclear bombs put a much larger fraction of their output into thermal energy than do conventional bombs, which tend to concentrate the energy in blast. Another difference is the immediate and residual radiation energy from nuclear weapons. This can be adjusted to put more energy into radiation (the so-called neutron bomb) so that the bomb can be used to irradiate advancing troops without killing friendly troops with blast and heat." + }, + { + "question": "The majority of elements, including iron and copper, are of what type?", + "distractor3": "minerals", + "distractor1": "oils", + "distractor2": "acids", + "correct_answer": "metals", + "support": "There are almost 120 known elements. As you can see from Figure below , the majority of elements are metals. Examples of metals are iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). Metals are shiny and good conductors of electricity and heat. Nonmetal elements are far fewer in number. They include hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). They lack the properties of metals." + }, + { + "question": "What happens to water vapor as it rises?", + "distractor3": "it disperses", + "distractor1": "it warms", + "distractor2": "it vibrates", + "correct_answer": "it cools", + "support": "The image below shows the role of the atmosphere in the water cycle ( Figure below ). Water vapor rises from Earth\u2019s surface into the atmosphere. As it rises, it cools. The water vapor may then condense into water droplets and form clouds. If enough water droplets collect in clouds, they may come together to form droplets. The droplets will fall as rain. This how freshwater gets from the atmosphere back to Earth's surface." + }, + { + "question": "Prophase is preceded by a preprophase stage in what type of cells?", + "distractor3": "egg cells", + "distractor1": "brain cells", + "distractor2": "hair and nail cells", + "correct_answer": "plant cells", + "support": "As plant cells have some structural differences compared to an animal cell, an additional stage prior to prophase is necessary. In plant cells only, prophase is preceded by a preprophase stage. Plant cells have a large central vacuole encompassing the center of the cell. Prior to the division of the nucleus, the nucleus must migrate to the center of the plant cell. To accomplish this, the cell forms a phragmosome , a sheet of cytoplasm that bisects the middle of the cell. The phragmosome suspends the cell nucleus in the center of the cell in preparation for prophase. Additionally, during this phase the plane of cell division is established. The accurate control of division planes, which establishes the placement of the future cell wall, is crucial for the correct structure of plant tissues and organs." + }, + { + "question": "The bilaterians are divided into deuterostomes and what else?", + "distractor3": "gymnosperms", + "distractor1": "protozoa", + "distractor2": "progestins", + "correct_answer": "protostomes", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is it called when birds keep their eggs warm while the embryos inside develop?", + "distractor3": "fertilization", + "distractor1": "insulation", + "distractor2": "spawning", + "correct_answer": "incubation", + "support": "After birds lay their eggs, they generally keep the eggs warm with their body heat while the embryos inside continue to develop. This is called incubation, or brooding . In most species, parents stay together for at least the length of the breeding season. In some species, they stay together for life. By staying together, the males as well as females can incubate the eggs and later care for the hatchlings . Birds are the only nonhuman vertebrates with this level of male parental involvement." + }, + { + "question": "What leaves behind crescent-shaped scars on a hillside and may be caused by a layer of slippery, wet clay underneath the rock and soil on a hillside?", + "distractor3": "shearing", + "distractor1": "creep", + "distractor2": "slide", + "correct_answer": "slump", + "support": "Slump is the sudden movement of large blocks of rock and soil down a slope. You can see how it happens in Figure below . All the material moves together in big chunks. Slump may be caused by a layer of slippery, wet clay underneath the rock and soil on a hillside. Or it may occur when a river undercuts a slope. Slump leaves behind crescent-shaped scars on the hillside." + }, + { + "question": "What is the organ system that brings oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide?", + "distractor3": "kidneys", + "distractor1": "liver", + "distractor2": "brain", + "correct_answer": "lungs", + "support": "organ system that brings oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere." + }, + { + "question": "What is the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia known as?", + "distractor3": "xerophyte", + "distractor1": "plasmology", + "distractor2": "spirogyra", + "correct_answer": "plasmogamy", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "How many chambers are there in a bird's heart?", + "distractor3": "5", + "distractor1": "1", + "distractor2": "3", + "correct_answer": "4", + "support": "Birds have a relatively large, four-chambered heart. The heart beats rapidly to keep oxygenated blood flowing to muscles and other tissues. Hummingbirds have the fastest heart rate at up to 1,200 times per minute. That\u2019s almost 20 times faster than the human resting heart rate!." + }, + { + "question": "The ladybug and the frog both start as eggs and go through what process?", + "distractor3": "proboscis", + "distractor1": "transition", + "distractor2": "parthenogenesis", + "correct_answer": "metamorphosis", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What formula shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule?", + "distractor3": "nucleus formula", + "distractor1": "plasma formula", + "distractor2": "atomic formula", + "correct_answer": "molecular formula", + "support": "We use several kinds of formulas to describe organic compounds. A molecular formula shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula C4H10 tells us there are 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms in a molecule, but it doesn\u2019t distinguish between butane and isobutane. A structural formula shows all the carbon and hydrogen atoms and the bonds attaching them. Thus, structural formulas identify the specific isomers by showing the order of attachment of the various atoms. Unfortunately, structural formulas are difficult to type/write and take up a lot of space. Chemists often use condensed structural formulas to alleviate these problems. The condensed formulas show hydrogen atoms right next to the carbon atoms to which they are attached, as illustrated for butane:." + }, + { + "question": "In multicellular organisms, essential biological functions are carried out by what?", + "distractor3": "molecules", + "distractor1": "atoms", + "distractor2": "cells", + "correct_answer": "organs", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Fahrenheit, celsius, and kelvin are all units which measure what?", + "distractor3": "precipitation", + "distractor1": "brightness", + "distractor2": "radiation", + "correct_answer": "temperature", + "support": "There are three temperature scales that are commonly used. Their units are \u00b0F (degrees Fahrenheit), \u00b0C (degrees Celsius), and K (Kelvin)." + }, + { + "question": "Many plants respond to the days growing shorter in the fall by doing what?", + "distractor3": "growing faster", + "distractor1": "turning to liquid", + "distractor2": "migrating", + "correct_answer": "going dormant", + "support": "Many plants respond to the days growing shorter in the fall by going dormant. They suspend growth and development in order to survive the extreme coldness and dryness of winter. Part of this response causes the leaves of many trees to change color and then fall off (see Figure below ). Dormancy ensures that plants will grow and produce seeds only when conditions are favorable." + }, + { + "question": "What are the smallest particles of matter?", + "distractor3": "electrons", + "distractor1": "ions", + "distractor2": "molecules", + "correct_answer": "atoms", + "support": "All substances are made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller particles. They also cannot be created or destroyed." + }, + { + "question": "How do animals obtain nitrogen?", + "distractor3": "eating plants or bugs", + "distractor1": "eating plants or sediments", + "distractor2": "eating plants other animals", + "correct_answer": "eating plants or organisms", + "support": "Bacteria play important roles in the nitrogen cycle. They change nitrogen gas and products of decomposition into nitrates, which plants can assimilate. Animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants or other organisms. Still other bacteria return nitrogen gas to the atmosphere." + }, + { + "question": "Hydrophilic molecules generally avoid what other kinds of molecules?", + "distractor3": "neutral", + "distractor1": "aqueous", + "distractor2": "lipophilic", + "correct_answer": "hydrophobic", + "support": "Hydrophobic molecules \u201clike\u201d to be near other hydrophobic molecules. They \u201cfear\u201d being near hydrophilic molecules. The opposite is true of hydrophilic molecules. They \u201clike\u201d to be near other hydrophilic molecules. They \u201cfear\u201d being near hydrophobic molecules. These \u201clikes\u201d and \u201cfears\u201d explain why some molecules can pass through the cell membrane while others cannot." + }, + { + "question": "Where do t cells mature?", + "distractor3": "pituitary gland", + "distractor1": "liver", + "distractor2": "bone marrow", + "correct_answer": "thymus gland", + "support": "Both types of lymphocytes are produced in the red bone marrow. They are named for the sites where they grow larger. The \"B\" in B cells stands for \u201cbone. \u201d B cells grow larger in red bone marrow. The \"T\" in T cells stands for \u201cthymus. \u201d T cells mature in the thymus gland." + }, + { + "question": "The name of a simple covalent compound can be determined from its chemical this?", + "distractor3": "map", + "distractor1": "models", + "distractor2": "configuration", + "correct_answer": "formula", + "support": "The name of a simple covalent compound can be determined from its chemical formula." + }, + { + "question": "Asteroids are not geologically active. which is the only way they can change?", + "distractor3": "expansion", + "distractor1": "propulsion", + "distractor2": "combustion", + "correct_answer": "a collision", + "support": "Asteroids are very small, irregularly shaped, rocky bodies. Asteroids orbit the Sun, but they are more like giant rocks than planets. Since they are small, they do not have enough gravity to become round. They are too small to have an atmosphere. With no internal heat, they are not geologically active. An asteroid can only change due to a collision. A collision may cause the asteroid to break up. It may create craters on the asteroid\u2019s surface. An asteroid may strike a planet if it comes near enough to be pulled in by its gravity. Figure below shows a typical asteroid." + }, + { + "question": "What term describes reproducing by external fertilization after the female sheds large numbers of small eggs?", + "distractor3": "homozygous", + "distractor1": "glandular", + "distractor2": "glaucous", + "correct_answer": "oviparous", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Solid carbon dioxide is called what?", + "distractor3": "blue ice", + "distractor1": "carbohydrate", + "distractor2": "liquid nitrogen", + "correct_answer": "dry ice", + "support": "Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice because it does not pass through the liquid phase. Instead, it does directly to the gas phase. (Carbon dioxide can exist as liquid but only under high pressure. ) Dry ice has many practical uses, including the long-term preservation of medical samples." + }, + { + "question": "While ecosystems need a constant input of energy for their organisms, what do ecosystems recycle?", + "distractor3": "food", + "distractor1": "water", + "distractor2": "light", + "correct_answer": "matter", + "support": "Ecosystems need a constant input of energy for their organisms, but matter is recycled through ecosystems." + }, + { + "question": "Most mercury compounds decompose when they are?", + "distractor3": "cooled", + "distractor1": "mixed", + "distractor2": "filled", + "correct_answer": "heated", + "support": "Most mercury compounds decompose when heated. Most mercury compounds contain mercury with a 2+-oxidation state. When there is a large excess of mercury, it is possible to form compounds containing the Hg 2 2+ ion. All mercury compounds are toxic, and it is necessary to exercise great care in their synthesis." + }, + { + "question": "Animal behavior can be said to be controlled by genetics and experiences, also known as nature and what?", + "distractor3": "interaction", + "distractor1": "growth", + "distractor2": "evolution", + "correct_answer": "nurture", + "support": "In reality, most animal behaviors are not controlled by nature or nurture. Instead, they are influenced by both nature and nurture. In dogs, for example, the tendency to behave toward other dogs in a certain way is probably controlled by genes. However, the normal behaviors can\u2019t develop in an environment that lacks other dogs. A puppy raised in isolation from other dogs may never develop the normal behaviors. It may always fear other dogs or act aggressively toward them." + }, + { + "question": "The first two electrons in lithium fill the 1s orbital and have the same sets of four what as the two electrons in helium?", + "distractor3": "kinetic numbers", + "distractor1": "decay numbers", + "distractor2": "gravity numbers", + "correct_answer": "quantum numbers", + "support": "The n = 1 shell is completely filled in a helium atom. The next atom is the alkali metal lithium with an atomic number of 3. The first two electrons in lithium fill the 1s orbital and have the same sets of four quantum numbers as the two electrons in helium. The remaining electron must occupy the orbital of next lowest energy, the 2s orbital (Figure 6.27 or Figure 6.28). Thus, the electron configuration and orbital diagram of lithium are:." + }, + { + "question": "What allows some things to enter the cell while keeping other things out?", + "distractor3": "cell vacuum", + "distractor1": "cell substrate", + "distractor2": "cell center", + "correct_answer": "cell membrane", + "support": "This window screen has a fly on it. In a way, the window screen is like a cell membrane. It lets some things pass through while keeping other things out. Air molecules and raindrops can pass through the screen, but larger objects like the fly cannot. In the first lesson of this chapter, you'll learn about different ways that substances can pass through the cell membrane. You'll find out how the cell membrane lets some substances pass through while keeping other substances out." + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for something changing from water to ice?", + "distractor3": "melting", + "distractor1": "evaporation", + "distractor2": "boiling", + "correct_answer": "freezing", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What is an individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets called?", + "distractor3": "diploid", + "distractor1": "autotrophs", + "distractor2": "autosome", + "correct_answer": "polyploid", + "support": "In an individual carrying an abnormal number of X chromosomes, cellular mechanisms will inactivate all but one X in each of her cells. As a result, X-chromosomal abnormalities are typically associated with mild mental and physical defects, as well as sterility. If the X chromosome is absent altogether, the individual will not develop. Several errors in sex chromosome number have been characterized. Individuals with three X chromosomes, called triplo-X, appear female but express developmental delays and reduced fertility. The XXY chromosome complement, corresponding to one type of Klinefelter syndrome, corresponds to male individuals with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced body hair. The extra X chromosome undergoes inactivation to compensate for the excess genetic dosage. Turner syndrome, characterized as an X0 chromosome complement (i. , only a single sex chromosome), corresponds to a female individual with short stature, webbed skin in the neck region, hearing and cardiac impairments, and sterility. An individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets (two for diploid species) is called polyploid. For instance, fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg with a normal haploid sperm would yield a triploid zygote. Polyploid animals are extremely rare, with only a few examples among the flatworms, crustaceans, amphibians, fish, and lizards. Triploid animals are sterile because meiosis cannot proceed normally with an odd number of chromosome sets. In contrast, polyploidy is very common in the plant kingdom, and polyploid plants tend to be larger and more robust than euploids of their species." + }, + { + "question": "Most of the fresh water on earth is tied up in a solid form. what are they called?", + "distractor3": "oceans", + "distractor1": "sediments", + "distractor2": "lakes", + "correct_answer": "glaciers", + "support": "Most of Earth\u2019s water is salt water in the oceans. As Figure below shows, only 3 percent of Earth\u2019s water is fresh. Freshwater is water that contains little or no dissolved salt. Most freshwater is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. Glaciers cover the peaks of some tall mountains. For example, the Cascades Mountains in North America and the Alps Mountains in Europe are capped with ice. Ice caps cover vast areas of Antarctica and Greenland. Chunks of ice frequently break off ice caps. They form icebergs that float in the oceans." + }, + { + "question": "What takes place where septa is found?", + "distractor3": "forming of muscle tissue", + "distractor1": "forming of stem cells", + "distractor2": "forming of brain cells", + "correct_answer": "forming of reproductive cells", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Hertz proved that what type of waves travel at the speed of light?", + "distractor3": "tsunamis", + "distractor1": "sound", + "distractor2": "seismic", + "correct_answer": "electromagnetic", + "support": "Hertz also studied the reflection, refraction, and interference patterns of the electromagnetic waves he generated, verifying their wave character. He was able to determine wavelength from the interference patterns, and knowing their frequency, he could calculate the propagation speed using the equation \u03c5 = f\u03bb (velocity\u2014or speed\u2014equals frequency times wavelength). Hertz was thus able to prove that electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. The SI unit for frequency, the hertz ( 1 Hz = 1 cycle/sec ), is named in his honor." + }, + { + "question": "Specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine what, which is important in cases of transfusion?", + "distractor3": "blood form", + "distractor1": "blood count", + "distractor2": "blood amount", + "correct_answer": "blood type", + "support": "Specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type. The best-known blood types are ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood types. Blood type is important in cases of blood transfusion. A patient must receive blood of his or her own blood type to avoid clumping of red blood cells." + }, + { + "question": "Where do extrusive igneous rocks cool at?", + "distractor3": "in water", + "distractor1": "underground", + "distractor2": "in volcanoes", + "correct_answer": "surface", + "support": "Extrusive igneous rocks cool at the surface. Volcanoes are one type of feature that forms from extrusive rocks. Several other interesting landforms are also extrusive features. Intrusive igneous rocks cool below the surface. These rocks do not always remain hidden. Rocks that formed in the crust are exposed when the rock and sediment that covers them is eroded away." + }, + { + "question": "What is citrate an ionized form of?", + "distractor3": "hydrochloric acid", + "distractor1": "carbonic acid", + "distractor2": "protein", + "correct_answer": "citric acid", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What functions in removing phosphorylated amino acids from proteins?", + "distractor3": "peptide", + "distractor1": "sucrose", + "distractor2": "carbonate", + "correct_answer": "phosphatase", + "support": "What is the function of a phosphatase? a. A phosphatase removes phosphorylated amino acids from proteins. A phosphatase removes the phosphate group from phosphorylated amino acid residues in a protein. A phosphatase phosphorylates serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. A phosphatase degrades second messengers in the cell. How does NF-\u03baB induce gene expression? a. A small, hydrophobic ligand binds to NF-\u03baB, activating it. Phosphorylation of the inhibitor I\u03ba-B dissociates the complex between it and NF-\u03baB, and allows NF-\u03baB to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription. NF-\u03baB is phosphorylated and is then free to enter the nucleus and bind DNA. NF-\u03baB is a kinase that phosphorylates a transcription factor that binds DNA and promotes protein production. Apoptosis can occur in a cell when the cell is ________________. damaged b. no longer needed c. infected by a virus d. all of the above 14. What is the effect of an inhibitor binding an enzyme? a." + }, + { + "question": "The hypothalamus in vertebrates integrates what two systems?", + "distractor3": "connectors and nervous", + "distractor1": "Pathway and nervous", + "distractor2": "marrow and nervous", + "correct_answer": "endocrine and nervous", + "support": "Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis The hypothalamus in vertebrates integrates the endocrine and nervous systems. The hypothalamus is an endocrine organ located in the diencephalon of the brain. It receives input from the body and other brain areas and initiates endocrine responses to environmental changes. The hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ, synthesizing hormones and transporting them along axons to the posterior pituitary gland. It synthesizes and secretes regulatory hormones that control the endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus contains autonomic centers that control endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla via neuronal control. The pituitary gland, sometimes called the hypophysis or \u201cmaster gland\u201d is located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica, a groove of the sphenoid bone of the skull, illustrated in Figure 37.15. It is attached to the hypothalamus via a stalk called the pituitary stalk (or infundibulum). The anterior portion of the pituitary gland is regulated by releasing or release-inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and the posterior pituitary receives signals via neurosecretory cells to release hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The pituitary has two distinct regions\u2014the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary\u2014which between them secrete nine different peptide or protein hormones. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains axons of the hypothalamic neurons." + }, + { + "question": "What type of biomes have water containing little or no salt?", + "distractor3": "marine biomes", + "distractor1": "coastal biomes", + "distractor2": "aquatic biomes", + "correct_answer": "freshwater biomes", + "support": "Freshwater biomes have water that contains little or no salt. They include standing and running freshwater biomes. Standing freshwater biomes include ponds and lakes. Lakes are generally bigger and deeper than ponds. Some of the water in lakes is in the aphotic zone where there is too little sunlight for photosynthesis. Plankton and plants (such as the duckweed in Figure below ) are the primary producers in standing freshwater biomes." + }, + { + "question": "Electricity consists of a constant stream of what tiny particles?", + "distractor3": "ions", + "distractor1": "atoms", + "distractor2": "quarks", + "correct_answer": "electrons", + "support": "You probably know that the wires strung between these high towers carry electricity. But do you know what electricity is? It actually consists of a constant stream of tiny particles called electrons. Electrons are negatively charged fundamental particles inside atoms. Atoms were discovered around 1800, but almost 100 years went by before electrons were discovered." + }, + { + "question": "What is a solution with a ph lower than 7 called?", + "distractor3": "dioxide", + "distractor1": "basic", + "distractor2": "neutral", + "correct_answer": "acid", + "support": "If a solution has a higher concentration of hydronium ions than pure water, it has a pH lower than 7. A solution with a pH lower than 7 is called an acid . As the hydronium ion concentration increases, the pH value decreases. Therefore, the more acidic a solution is, the lower its pH value is. Did you ever taste vinegar? Like other acids, it tastes sour. Stronger acids can be harmful to organisms. For example, stomach acid would eat through the stomach if it were not lined with a layer of mucus. Strong acids can also damage materials, even hard materials such as glass." + }, + { + "question": "Which division of the peripheral nervous system interprets signals, while the motor division sends signals?", + "distractor3": "automatic", + "distractor1": "kinetic", + "distractor2": "olfactory", + "correct_answer": "sensory", + "support": "Laura Guerin. The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system interprets signals, while the motor division sends signals . CC BY-NC 3.0." + }, + { + "question": "What record provides evidence that new species develop to fill the habitats where old species lived following a mass extinction?", + "distractor3": "climate record", + "distractor1": "fossil fuels", + "distractor2": "erosion record", + "correct_answer": "fossil record", + "support": "After each mass extinction, new species develop to fill the habitats where old species lived. This is well documented in the fossil record." + }, + { + "question": "What is the process of filtering waste from the kidneys?", + "distractor3": "inflammation", + "distractor1": "virus", + "distractor2": "stones", + "correct_answer": "dialysis", + "support": "Kidney dialysis is the process of filtering wastes from the blood using a machine." + }, + { + "question": "The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom is called?", + "distractor3": "fission energy", + "distractor1": "vapor energy", + "distractor2": "potential energy", + "correct_answer": "ionization energy", + "support": "Summary The tendency of an element to lose or gain electrons is one of the most important factors in determining the kind of compounds it forms. Periodic behavior is most evident for ionization energy (I), the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. The energy required to remove successive electrons from an atom increases steadily, with a substantial increase occurring with the removal of an electron from a filled inner shell. Consequently, only valence electrons can be removed in chemical reactions, leaving the filled inner shell intact. Ionization energies explain the common oxidation states observed for the elements. Ionization energies increase diagonally from the lower left of the periodic table to the upper right. Minor deviations from this trend can be explained in terms of particularly stable electronic configurations, called pseudo noble gas configurations, in either the parent atom or the resulting." + }, + { + "question": "The four basic types of tissue are epithelial, muscle, connective, and what?", + "distractor3": "circulatory", + "distractor1": "regulatory", + "distractor2": "digestive", + "correct_answer": "nervous", + "support": "A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism. More complex organisms such as jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones have a tissue level of organization. For example, jellyfish have tissues that have separate protective, digestive, and sensory functions. Though most animals have many different types of cells, they only have four basic types of tissue: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial." + }, + { + "question": "What theory states that all matter consists of constantly moving particles?", + "distractor3": "Big Bang theory", + "distractor1": "inertia theory", + "distractor2": "conservtion of matter", + "correct_answer": "kinetic theory of matter", + "support": "The particles that make up matter are also constantly moving. They have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter . You can learn more about it at the URL below." + }, + { + "question": "Carnivores that eat herbivores are what kind of consumers?", + "distractor3": "quaternary", + "distractor1": "tertiary", + "distractor2": "primary", + "correct_answer": "secondary", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Plant-like protists contains chloroplasts and make food by what process?", + "distractor3": "farming", + "distractor1": "digestion", + "distractor2": "chemical processes", + "correct_answer": "photosynthesis", + "support": "common name of a plant-like protist, which contains chloroplasts and makes food by photosynthesis." + }, + { + "question": "What is written as systolic over diastolic?", + "distractor3": "brain pressure", + "distractor1": "blood position", + "distractor2": "fractional pressure", + "correct_answer": "blood pressure", + "support": "Blood pressure is written as systolic/diastolic. For example, a reading of 120/80 is said as \"one twenty over eighty. \" These measures of blood pressure can change with each heartbeat and over the course of the day. Pressure varies with exercise, emotions, sleep, stress, nutrition, drugs, or disease." + }, + { + "question": "When a species changes in small ways over time, what is it called?", + "distractor3": "small evolution", + "distractor1": "nanoevolution", + "distractor2": "minievolution", + "correct_answer": "microevolution", + "support": "You already know that evolution is the change in species over time. Most evolutionary changes are small and do not lead to the creation of a new species. When populations change in small ways over time, the process is called microevolution . Microevolution results in changes within a species." + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a bird using flashy displays?", + "distractor3": "to signal feeding", + "distractor1": "to protect their territory", + "distractor2": "to dissuade predators", + "correct_answer": "to attract mates", + "support": "Birds often use flashy displays to attract mates." + }, + { + "question": "What do you call the ancient cores of continents, where the earliest continental crust is now found?", + "distractor3": "mantles", + "distractor1": "craters", + "distractor2": "escarpments", + "correct_answer": "cratons", + "support": "The earliest continental crust is now found in the ancient cores of continents, called the cratons . Geologists can learn many things about the Precambrian by studying the rocks of the cratons." + }, + { + "question": "In the case of the moose, predation is an additional factor that regulates what?", + "distractor3": "weight", + "distractor1": "speed", + "distractor2": "color", + "correct_answer": "population", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "Where do short period comets come from?", + "distractor3": "photon belt", + "distractor1": "milky way", + "distractor2": "vesta belt", + "correct_answer": "kuiper belt", + "support": "Short-period comets come from the Kuiper belt, beyond Neptune. Long-period comets come from the very distant Oort cloud." + }, + { + "question": "Only after implantation can an embryo develop into a what?", + "distractor3": "living thing", + "distractor1": "mammal", + "distractor2": "humans", + "correct_answer": "fetus", + "support": "" + }, + { + "question": "What are atoms with unstable nuclei are considered to be?", + "distractor3": "destructive", + "distractor1": "ions", + "distractor2": "unstable", + "correct_answer": "radioactive", + "support": "Atoms with unstable nuclei are radioactive. To become more stable, the nuclei undergo radioactive decay. In radioactive decay, the nuclei emit energy and usually particles of matter as well. There are several types of radioactive decay, including alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Energy is emitted in all three types of decay, but only alpha and beta decay also emit particles." + }, + { + "question": "In what form is atmospheric sulfur found?", + "distractor3": "sulfur monoxide", + "distractor1": "formaldehyde", + "distractor2": "sulfuric acid", + "correct_answer": "sulfur dioxide (so2)", + "support": "On land, sulfur is deposited in four major ways: precipitation, direct fallout from the atmosphere, rock weathering, and geothermal vents (Figure 20.17). Atmospheric sulfur is found in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), and as rain falls through the atmosphere, sulfur is dissolved in the form of weak sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfur can also fall directly from the atmosphere in a process called fallout. Also, as sulfur-containing rocks weather, sulfur is released into the soil. These rocks originate from ocean sediments that are moved to land by the geologic uplifting of ocean sediments. Terrestrial ecosystems can then make use of these soil sulfates (SO42-), which enter the food web by being taken up by plant roots. When these plants decompose and die, sulfur is released back into the atmosphere as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas." + } +]