[
    {
        "text": "Retarded Electromagnetic Interaction and the Origin of Non-linear\n  Phenomena in Optics: The non-linear relation between electric polarization and electric field\nstrength is achieved through introducing the retarded electromagnetic\ninteractions between classical charge particles. The result agrees with the\nphenomenological theory in current non-linear optics, means that the non-linear\nphenomena in optics come from the retarded electromagnetic interaction between\ncharged particles. The result slao shows that that most of non-linear\nphenomenon in optics violate symmetry of time reversal.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Generalized model for anisotropic compact stars: In the present investigation an exact generalized model for anisotropic\ncompact stars of embedding class one is sought for under general relativistic\nbackground. The generic solutions are verified by exploring different physical\naspects, viz. energy conditions, mass-radius relation, stability of the models,\nin connection to their validity. It is observed that the model present here for\ncompact stars is compatible with all these physical tests and thus physically\nacceptable as far as the compact star candidates $RXJ~1856-37$,\n$SAX~J~1808.4-3658~(SS1)$ and $SAX~J~1808.4-3658~(SS2)$ are concerned.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Retrograde doping dependence of charge order in\n  La$_{1.8-x}$Eu$_{0.2}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$: Comparison with La$_{2-z-x}$Nd$_z$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ ($z=0, 0.4$) shows that the\nretrograde doping dependence of charge order in\nLa$_{1.8-x}$Eu$_{0.2}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ must be caused by a mechanism transcending\nthe common charge-order generation in the hole-doped lanthanum cuprates. This\ncould be a bond-stretching phonon with comparable momentum, $q \\sim 0.24$\nr.l.u., as observed in La$_{1.675}$Eu$_{0.2}$Sr$_{0.125}$CuO$_4$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Quantum-Classical Transition and Wave Packet Dispersion: Two recent studies have presented new information relevant to the transition\nfrom quantum behavior to classical behavior, and related this to parameters\ncharacterizing the universe as a whole. The present study based on a separate\napproach has developed similar results that appear to substantiate aspects of\nearlier work and also to introduce further new ideas.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Riemann's hypothesis and some infinite set of microscopic universes of\n  the Einstein's type in the early period of the evolution of the Universe: We obtain in this paper, as a consequence of the Riemann hypothesis, certain\nclass of topological deformations of the graph of the function $|\\zf|$. These\nare used to construct an infinite set of microscopic universes (on the Planck's\nscale) of the Einstein type. Dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the A.S.\nEdington's book \\emph{The mathematical theory of relativity}.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Two Common Misconceptions about the Theory of Special Relativity: Two common misconceptions about the theory of Special Relativity that are\nactively taught in textbooks are discussed. It is shown, first, that the\nLorentz transformations are actually transformations of the coordinates of a\nphoton, not the coordinates of a particle as taught by some authors. Secondly,\na misconception concerning the relativistic Lagrangian is discussed. It is\nshown that the currently accepted formulation of the Lagrangian is missing an\nimportant constant of integration. By incorporating the missing constant of\nintegration, the new Lagrangian directly supports the conclusions reached\npreviously by the author concerning the mass-energy equivalence principle.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electroweak and Majorana Sector Higgs Bosons and Pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone\n  Bosons: We propose a Clifford algebra based model, which treats both gravity and\nYang-Mills interactions as gauge fields. There are two sectors of boson fields\nas electroweak and Majorana bosons. The electroweak boson sector induces\nfermion masses via spontaneous symmetry breaking. It is composed of scalar\nHiggs, pseudoscalar Higgs, and antisymmetric tensor components. The Majorana\nboson sector contributes to flavor mixing and Majorana masses of right-handed\nneutrinos. It is comprised of neutrino Higgs and pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons.\nThe LHC 750 GeV diphoton resonance might possibly be identified as a Majorana\nsector pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson, which results from spontaneous symmetry\nbreaking of a flavor-related global U(1) symmetry involving four-fermion\ncondensation of right-handed leptons and quarks. The diphoton decay is loop\ninduced, since tree-level decay is suppressed by large Majorana mass of the\nright-handed neutrino. There is also a potential dark matter candidate, which\nis the four-lepton condensation of muon, muon-neutrino, tau, and tau-neutrino.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From SU(2) gauge theory to qubits on the fuzzy sphere: We consider a classical pure SU(2) gauge theory, and make an ansatz, which\nseparates the space-temporal degrees of freedom from the internal ones. This\nansatz is gauge-invariant but not Lorentz invariant. In a limit case of the\nansatz, obtained through a contraction map, and corresponding to a vacuum\nsolution, the SU(2) gauge field reduces to an operator, which is the product of\nthe generator of a global U(1) group times a Pauli matrix. We give a\ngeometrical interpretation of the ansatz and of the contraction map in the\nframework of principal fiber bundles. Then, we identify the internal degrees of\nfreedom of the gauge field with the non-commutative coordinates of the fuzzy\nsphere in the fundamental representation and obtain a one qubit state.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Classical and Quantum Kepler's Third Law of N-Body System: Inspired by amazing result obtained by Semay \\cite{semay-1}, this study\nrevisits generalised Kepler's third law of an n-body system from the\nperspective of dimension analysis. To be compatible with Semay's quantum n-body\nresult, this letter reports a conjecture which had not be included in author's\nearly publication \\cite{sun2018} but formulated in the author's research memo.\nThe new conjecture for quantum N-body system is proposed as follows:\n$T_q|E_q|^{3/2}=\\frac{\\pi}{\\sqrt{2}}\nG\\left[\\frac{\\left(\\sum_{i=1}^N\\sum_{j=i+1}^Nm_im_j\\right)^3}{\\sum_{k=1}^N\nm_k}\\right]^{1/2}$. This formulae is, of course, consistent with the Kepler's\nthird law of 2-body system, and exact same as Semay's quantum result for\nidentical bodies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The \"Thermodynamic\" Universe: Much of the twentieth century physics has considered rigid laws-- even\nQuantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics were based on such laws. These laws\noperated in a smooth spacetime manifold. However more recent approaches as in\nQuantum Gravity schemes or Quantum Super String theory deal with a non\ndifferentiable spacetime manifold. With this we have to consider the new\nparadigm of Dark Energy of Zero Point Field. The picture that now emerges is\nthat of a universe that is ``Thermodynamic''. We investigate how this can\nexplain phenomenon like the velocity of light and also provide tests for\nexperimental verification.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Spin Path Integrals and Generations: The spin of a free electron is stable but its position is not. Recent quantum\ninformation research by G. Svetlichny, J. Tolar, and G. Chadzitaskos have shown\nthat the Feynman \\emph{position} path integral can be mathematically defined as\na product of incompatible states; that is, as a product of mutually unbiased\nbases (MUBs). Since the more common use of MUBs is in finite dimensional\nHilbert spaces, this raises the question \"what happens when \\emph{spin} path\nintegrals are computed over products of MUBs?\" Such an assumption makes spin no\nlonger stable. We show that the usual spin-1/2 is obtained in the long-time\nlimit in three orthogonal solutions that we associate with the three elementary\nparticle generations. We give applications to the masses of the elementary\nleptons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Un nouveau regard sur le monde physique: Dans ce colloque je discute la notion d'espace selon Descartes et Leibniz et\nj'y oppose le point de vue de Samuel Clarke et Isaac Newton comme solution pour\ncomprendre la r\\'ealit\\'e du monde physique",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Extended\" Particles, Non Commutative Geometry and Unification: A reconciliation of gravitation and electromagnetism has eluded physics for\nneearly a century. It is argued here that this is because both quantum physics\nand classical physics are set in differentiable space time manifolds with point\nparticles. Once we consider extended particles as in Quantum Superstring\ntheory, and the consequential underlying Non-Commutative geometry, then a\nreconciliation is possible.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On Felix Klein's Geometric Model of Electromagnetism: In 1917 F. Klein proposed his work on projective geometry to A. Einstein for\nfurther developments of general relativity. Klein had a peculiar way to\nconsider the relationship between mathematics and physics, based on his\nErlanger Programm and geometrical modeling of physical phenomena. He was aiming\nat a physical foundation for non Euclidean geometry. However, the letters he\nwrote to Einstein had no sequel.\n  We think that F. Klein's ideas still deserve some attention, as they can be\nuseful for modeling Maxwell's equations with a radically different approach\nthan resorting to field theories. One reason for looking for alternatives is\nthat current field theories use geometry exclusively as a formal technique\nthereby inhibiting human intuition from grasping the physical world.\n  This article collects cues that we deem relevant for a model of\nelectromagnetic received signals. In the first two chapters we highlight a few\nfeatures of classical physics, namely the trajectories of mass points, and the\ndifferences in treating rotations between statics and dynamics. In the third\nchapter, we finally review F. Klein's approach toward geometrical modeling of\nelectromagnetism and special relativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A very simple, robust and fast method for estimating and displaying\n  average time constants of T2 decays from multiecho MRI images using color\n  intensity projections: While the multiexponential nature of T2 decays measured in vivo is well\nknown, characterizing T2 decays by a single time constant is still very useful\nwhen differentiating among structures and pathologies in MRI images. A novel,\nrobust, fast and very simple method is presented for both estimating and\ndisplaying the average time constant for the T2 decay of each pixel from a\nmultiecho MRI sequence. The average time constant is calculated from the\naverage of the values measured from the T2 decay over many echoes. For a\nmonoexponential decay, the normalized decay average varies monotonically with\nthe time constant. Therefore, it is simple to map any normalized decay average\nto an average time constant. This method takes advantage of the robustness of\nthe normalized decay average to both artifacts and multiexponential decays.\nColor intensity projections (CIPs) were used to display 32 echoes acquired at a\n10ms spacing as a single color image. The brightness of each pixel in each\ncolor image was determined by the intensity of the corresponding pixel in the\nearliest image and the hue was determined by the normalized decay average.\nExamples demonstrate the effectiveness of using CIPs to display the results of\na multiecho sequence for a healthy subject and a multiple sclerosis patient.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A note on conformal symmetry: We investigate a conformal-like transformation for which the spacetime\ninterval is invariant.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Testing an Einstein's intuitive objection to quantum mechanics: We propose an experiment that allows one to test the Einstein's intuitive\nobjection to Bohr's quantum mechanics (QM), which was that if QM is correct,\nthen there should be a nonlocality related to the collapse of a single-particle\nmacroscopic wavefunction, which by no means is compatible with special\nrelativity. The idea of the experiment is related to the so-called integer\nquantum Hall (IQH) systems known to have macroscopic quantum orbits often\ncalled extended states. The experiment appeared realizable in a modified IQH\nsystem and we have found that a single-particle nonlocality does exist\nprecisely as it follows from QM. This fact makes one come back to the\nBell-Popper idea to revive the Lorentz-Poincare \"dynamic\" version of relativity\ntogether with the classical concept of space and time. But now, if to add the\nsingle-particle nonlocality to the Bohm-Hiley model of undivided universe, one\ncan solve the most formidable problem - to find a preferred reference frame\nwithout involving the vague notion \"aether\". Moreover, now one can adopt a\ndeeper-than-relativistic concept of what we call \"reality\", which opens the\ndoor to a realistic interpretation of QM and, after all, to the awareness of\nthe worldview of this extremely successful theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Dark Components of the Universe Are Slowly Clarified: The dark sector of the Universe is beginning to be clarified step by step. If\nthe dark energy is vacuum energy, then 123 orders are exactly reduced by\nordinary physical processes. For many years these unexplained orders were\ncalled a crisis in physics. There was indeed a \"crisis\" before the introduction\nof the holographic principle and entropic force in physics. The vacuum energy\nwas spent for the organization of new microstates during the entire life of the\nUniverse, but in the initial period of its evolution the vacuum energy (78\norders) were reduced more effectively by the vacuum condensates produced by\nphase transitions, because the Universe lost the high symmetry during its\nexpansion. Important problems of physics and cosmology can be solved if the\nquarks, leptons, and gauge bosons are composite particles. The dark matter,\npartially or all consisting of familon-type pseudo-Goldstone bosons with a mass\nof 10^{-5} - 10^{-3} eV, can be explained in the composite model. Three\ngenerations of elementary particles are absolutely necessary in this model. In\naddition, this model realizes three relativistic phase transitions in a medium\nof familons at different red shifts, forming a large-scale structure of dark\nmatter that was \"repeated\" by baryons. We predict the detection of dark matter\ndynamics, the detection of familons as dark matter particles, and the\ndevelopment of spectroscopy for dark medium due to the probable presence of\ndark atoms in it. Other viewpoints on the dark components of the Universe are\nalso discussed briefly.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Equilibrium distribution: In the paper discusses the interaction between two charged balls in\nequilibrium state. It is shown that, depending of the sizes, charges and\ndistance, the balls can move in the same or opposite direction. They can\nrepulse and attract. It is proved, that one of the balls may vibrate.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Spheroidal and elliptical galaxy radial velocity dispersion determined\n  from Cosmological General Relativity: Radial velocity dispersion in spheroidal and elliptical galaxies, as a\nfunction of radial distance from the center of the galaxy, has been derived\nfrom Cosmological Special Relativity. For velocity dispersions in the outer\nregions of spherical galaxies, the dynamical mass calculated for a galaxy using\nCarmelian theory may be 10 to 100 times less than that calculated from standard\nNewtonian physics. This means there is no need to include halo dark matter. The\nvelocity dispersion is found to be approximately constant across the galaxy\nafter falling from an initial high value at the center.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Vortex flow in the technology of radiation wave cracking (RWC): This article examines the theory of vortex flows in relation to the processes\noccurring in the radiation-wave cracking of crude oil, when the crude oil is\nsprayed into the gas stream in the form of a mist and then is fed into the\nreactor, where it is treated by the accelerated electrons and the UHF\nradiation. The output of this process are the products with the specified\nparameters (high-octane petroleum products). This process operates at the\nambient pressure and temperature, which makes the process safer for industrial\npurposes. Besides the process itself, the authors described the equipment used\nin this process, as well as the parameters of the optimal process.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Are models of local hidden variables for the singlet polarization state\n  necessarily constrained by the Bell inequality?: The Bell inequality is thought to be a common constraint shared by all models\nof local hidden variables that aim to describe the entangled states of two\nqubits. Since the inequality is violated by the quantum mechanical description\nof these states, it purportedly allows distinguishing in an experimentally\ntestable way the predictions of quantum mechanics from those of models of local\nhidden variables and, ultimately, ruling the latter out. In this paper, we\nshow, however, that the models of local hidden variables constrained by the\nBell inequality all share a subtle, though crucial, feature that is not\nrequired by fundamental physical principles and, hence, it might not be\nfulfilled in the actual experimental setup that tests the inequality. Indeed,\nthe disputed feature neither can be properly implemented within the standard\nframework of quantum mechanics and it is even at odds with the fundamental\nprinciple of relativity. Namely, the proof of the inequality requires the\nexistence of a preferred absolute frame of reference (supposedly provided by\nthe lab) with respect to which the hidden properties of the entangled particles\nand the orientations of each one of the measurement devices that test them can\nbe independently defined through a long sequence of realizations of the\nexperiment. We notice, however, that while the relative orientation between the\ntwo measurement devices is a properly defined physical magnitude in every\nsingle realization of the experiment, their global rigid orientation with\nrespect to a lab frame is a spurious gauge degree of freedom. Following this\nobservation, we were able to explicitly build a model of local hidden variables\nthat does not share the disputed feature and, hence, it is able to reproduce\nthe predictions of quantum mechanics for the entangled states of two qubits.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Physical unambiguity of the definition of the photon position operator\n  and its special eigenstates: The paper provides three definitions of the photon position operator based\non: the Poincare group generator, the transversality condition and the helicity\noperator. In each case, the correctness of the definition and Hermitianness of\nthe operator in the domain of physical states are proven. All considered\ndefinitions lead to the same form of the position operator in the domain of\nphysical states. The components of the photon position operator do not commute,\nbut in analogy to the problem of eigenangular momentum, its eigenstates do\nexist. Three three-dimensional types of eigenstates of the position operator of\na localized photon are given: on a straight line, on a plane close to a circle\nand on a plane close to a point. These states are eigenvalues of two or one\ncomponent of the photon position operator.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A discontinuity of the background explains the Pioneer anomaly: The Pioneer anomaly is explained very simply if we assume that somewhere\nbetween us and the aircraft, the scale factor has undergone a discrete jump\nfrom an expansion a(t) regime to a contraction 1/a(t) regime",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Energy Contents of Some Well-Known Solutions in Teleparallel Gravity: In the context of teleparallel equivalent to General Relativity, we study\nenergy and its relevant quantities for some well-known black hole solutions.\nFor this purpose, we use the Hamiltonian approach which gives reasonable and\ninteresting results. We find that our results of energy exactly coincide with\nseveral prescriptions in General Relativity. This supports the claim that\ndifferent energy-momentum prescriptions can give identical results for a given\nspacetime. We also evaluate energy-momentum flux of these solutions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Formation of the Universe: Conjectures: This article puts forward a model of the formation of the universe, whose\nessential novel ingredient is a pre-Universe reservoir $\\mathrm{R_U}$ with\nneither space nor time dimensions, in interaction with the universe U. U\nresults from a process of apparition of spacetime entities emanating from the\nur-elements in $\\mathrm{R_U}$. The analysis of this apparition relies on a few\nprinciples like the second law and the principle of conservation of energy,\napplied to the thermodynamic system U $\\cup\\ \\mathrm{R_U}$, which is closed.\nThe principle of conservation of energy does not apply to U alone. The second\nlaw must be understood as ruling the transfer of entropy from $\\mathrm{R_U}$ to\nU, which is as small as one bit i.e., $k_B \\ln 2$ per spacetime entity. In this\ncontext, it is shown that the pressure $p$ of the Universe is negative and that\ntime and space are decoupled.\n  We interpret the spacetime entities as elementary black holes (EBHs) at a\nPlanckian scale (their entropy of one bit as resulting from quantum\nentanglement?). These EBHs with a constant entropy $k_B\\ln 2$ own possibly\nvarious angular momenta and electric charges; their statistics obeys a\nBoltzmann distribution, if one considers the rotating and charged EBHs as high\nenergy states of the Schwarzschild EBH. Assuming that the total mass-energy of\nthe EBHs appeared up to the present epoch is the total mass-energy of the\nobservable universe, $\\approx 35.3\\times10^{53}$ kg, we find $T\\approx 4.1\\\nT_P$, a temperature interpreted as the temperature of apparition of the EBHs.\nIncidentally this model gives a possible explanation to non-local interactions,\nthrough the hidden presence of $\\mathrm{R_U}$, in reason of the absence of time\nand space.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Adsorption-desorption noise can be used for improving selectivity: Small chemical sensors are subjected to adsorption-desorption fluctuations\nwhich usually considered as noise contaminating useful signal. Based on\ntemporal properties of this noise, it is shown that it can be made useful if\nproper processed. Namely, the signal, which characterizes the total amount of\nadsorbed analyte, should be subjected to a kind of amplitude discrimination (or\nlevel crossing discrimination) with certain threshold. When the amount is equal\nor above the threshold, the result of discrimination is standard dc signal,\notherwise it is zero. Analytes are applied at low concentration: the mean\nadsorbed amount is below the threshold. The threshold is achieved from time to\ntime thanking to the fluctuations. The signal after discrimination is averaged\nover a time window and used as the output of the whole device. Selectivity of\nthis device is compared with that of its primary adsorbing sites, based on\nexplicit description of the threshold-crossing statistics. It is concluded that\nthe whole sensor may have much better selectivity than do its individual\nadsorbing sites.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Storing unsteady energy, like photovoltaically generated electric\n  energy, as potential energy: A proposal to store unsteady energy in potential energy via lifting masses\nwith a rough quantitative overview. Some applications and methods to harvest\nthe potential energy are also given. A focus is put on photovoltaically\ngenerated energy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dark matter, dark energy and gravitational proprieties of antimatter: We suggest that the eventual gravitational repulsion between matter and\nantimatter may be a key for understanding of the nature of dark matter and dark\nenergy. If there is gravitational repulsion, virtual particle-antiparticle\npairs in the vacuum, may be considered as gravitational dipoles. We use a\nsimple toy model to reveal a first indication that the gravitational\npolarization of such a vacuum, caused by baryonic matter in a Galaxy, may\nproduce the same effect as supposed existence of dark matter. In addition, we\nargue that cancellation of gravitational charges in virtual\nparticle-antiparticle pairs, may be a basis for a solution of the cosmological\nconstant problem and identification of dark energy with vacuum energy. Hence,\nit may be that dark matter and dark energy are not new, unknown forms of\nmatter-energy but an effect of complex interaction between quantum vacuum and\nknown baryonic matter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Preston on E=mc2: Samuel Preston's 1875 postulates concerning the nature ether are reviewed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Misssing experiments in relativity and gravity: The proposal is submitted for the measurement of the relativistic length\ncontraction using the nanoscopic dumbbell moving in LHC or ILC. Some paradoxes\nconcerning the length contraction and simultaneity are discussed. The dynamical\nstates of rods and strings accelerated by the gravitational field and\nnon-gravitational field are discussed. The realizaton of the acceleration of\nthe nanotube charged dumbbell in LHC, ILC and other accelerators is evidently\nthe prestige problem for the experts working in the accelerator physiocs.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Why Small, Cold and Quiet DC-DC Conversion is Impossible: Using the first law of thermodynamics and the Parseval-Plancheral theorem, it\nis shown that every DC-DC converter must trade-off size, heat and conducted\nelectromagnetic noise. It is therefore fundamentally impossible to\nsimultaneously reduce all three of these characteristics to their respective\ntheoretical minimum values. A figure of merit is introduced which holistically\ncaptures the performance of an arbitrary DC-DC converter, this is called the\nconverter's non-ideality and it has a target value of zero. It is derived using\nthe first law of thermodynamics and is shown to be dependent on the efficiency\nand the root-mean-squared total harmonic distortion of the output voltage.\nInterestingly, it is also shown that: boost conversion is impossible without\nenergy storage; ideal rectifiers convert all of the input power spectral\ndensity into DC (and introduces more noise in the process); the input current\nof any DC-DC converter scales with the gain of the device squared. Using an\narbitrary DC-DC converter, the culprit of this inherent trade-off is shown to\nbe the act of switching itself. Switching creates harmonics which need to be\nfiltered or transformed into heat in order to get a pure DC voltage at the\noutput of the converter. Even with ideal sub-systems, whether or not resonant\nconversion is employed, the result stands. The conclusion is that spreading of\nthe switching noise is a primary goal in attempting to reach the impossible.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Derivation of Coulomb's law based on a mechanical model of\n  electromagnetic field and a spherical source and sink model of electric\n  charges: We suppose that vacuum is filled with a kind of continuously distributed\nmatter which may be called the $\\Omega(1)$ substratum, or the electromagnetic\naether. Suppose that the time scale of a macroscopic observer is very large\ncompares to the the Maxwelllian relaxation time of the $\\Omega(1)$ substratum.\nThus, the macroscopic observer concludes that the $\\Omega(1)$ substratum\nbehaves like a Newtonian-fluid. Inspired by H. A. Lorentz, we speculate that\nelectric charges may be extremely small hard spherical sources or spherical\nsinks with finite radii. Based on the spherical source and spherical sink model\nof electric charges, we derive Coulomb's law of interactions between static\nelectric charges in vacuum. Further, we derive a reduced form of the Lorentz's\nforce law for static electric charges in vacuum.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Towards a gauge theory of frames: The equivalence principle postulates a frame. This implies globally special\nand locally general relativity. It is proposed here that spacetime emerges from\nthe gauge potential of translations, whilst the Lorenz symmetry is gauged into\nthe interactions of the particle sector. This is, though more intuitive, the\nopposite to the standard formulation of gravity, and seems to lead to\nconceptual and technical improvements of the theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electromagnetic Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations in scale relativity: We present a new step in the foundation of quantum field theory with the\ntools of scale relativity. Previously, quantum motion equations (Schr\\\"odinger,\nKlein-Gordon, Dirac, Pauli) have been derived as geodesic equations written\nwith a quantum-covariant derivative operator. Then, the nature of gauge\ntransformations, of gauge fields and of conserved charges have been given a\ngeometric meaning in terms of a scale-covariant derivative tool. Finally, the\nelectromagnetic Klein-Gordon equation has been recovered with a covariant\nderivative constructed by combining the quantum-covariant velocity operator and\nthe scale-covariant derivative. We show here that if one tries to derive the\nelectromagnetic Dirac equation from the Klein-Gordon one as for the free\nparticle motion, i.e. as a square root of the time part of the Klein-Gordon\noperator, one obtains an additional term which is the relativistic analog of\nthe spin-magnetic field coupling term of the Pauli equation. However, if one\nfirst applies the quantum covariance, then implements the scale covariance\nthrough the scale-covariant derivative, one obtains the electromagnetic Dirac\nequation in its usual form. This method can also be applied successfully to the\nderivation of the electromagnetic Klein-Gordon equation. This suggests it rests\non more profound roots of the theory, since it encompasses naturally the\nspin-charge coupling.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Vortex Operator and BKT Transition in Abelian Duality: We give a new simple derivation for the sine-Gordon description of\nBerezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless(BKT) phase transition (is driven by vortices).\nOur derivation is simpler than traditional derivations. Besides, our derivation\nis a continuous field theoretic derivation by using path integration, different\nfrom the traditional derivations which are based on lattice theory or based on\nCoulomb gas model. Our new derivation rely on Abelian duality of two\ndimensional quantum field theory. By utilizing this duality in path\nintegration, we find that the vortex configurations are naturally mapped to\nexponential operators in dual description, these operators are the vortex\noperators that can create vortices, the sine-Gordon description then naturally\nfollows. Our method may be useful for the investigation to the BKT physics of\nsuperconductors.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Black Hole Radiation and Volume Statistical Entropy: The simplest possible equation for Hawking radiation, and other black hole\nradiated power is derived in terms of black hole density. Black hole density\nalso leads to the simplest possible model of a gas of elementary constituents\nconfined inside a gravitational bottle of Schwarzchild radius at tremendous\npressure, which yields identically the same functional dependence as the\ntraditional black hole entropy. Variations of Sbh can be obtained which depend\non the occupancy of phase space cells. A relation is derived between the\nconstituent momenta and the black hole radius which is similar to the Compton\nwavelength relation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Planck Scale Phenomena: Though the Planck scale is encountered in Quantum SuperString Theory and\nQuantum Gravity, it is the Compton scale of elementary particles which is\nencountered in the physical world. An explanation for this is given in terms of\nBrownian processes and the duality relation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some Problems with Negative Refraction: J. B. Pendry's \"Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens\" is analyzed.\n  It appears that several statements may be understood in terms of lens design\nbut not in terms of fundamental behavior of light.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Macroscopic Virtual Particles Exist: Virtual particles expected to occur in microscopic processes as they are\nintroduced, for instance by Feynman in the Quantum Electro Dynamics, as photons\nperforming in an anonymous way in the interaction between two electrons. This\nnote describes macroscopic virtual particles as they appear in classical\nevanescent modes and in quantum mechanical tunneling particles. Remarkably,\nthese large virtual particles are present in wave mechanics of elastic,\nelectromagnetic, and Schr\\\"odinger fields.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Time generated by intrinsic observers: We shortly review the construction of knowledge by intrinsic observers.\nIntrinsic observers are embedded in a system and are inseparable parts thereof.\nThe intrinsic viewpoint has to be contrasted with an extrinsic, \"God's eye\"\nviewpoint, from which the system can be observed externally without in any way\nchanging it. This epistemological distinction has concrete, formalizable\nconsequences. One consequence is the emergence of \"complementarity\" for\nintrinsic observers, even if the underlying system is totally deterministic\n(computable). Another consequence is the appearence of time and inertial frames\nfor intrinsic observers. The necessary operational techniques are developed in\nthe context of Cellular Automata. We finish with a somewhat speculative\nquestion. Given space-time frames generated by clocks which use sound waves for\nsynchronization; why could supersonic travel not cause time paradoxes?",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Intensity of the Spontaneous Radiation of Electrons Moving along a\n  Standing Laser Wave: The radiation of harmonics during the interaction of nonrelativistic\nelectrons with a powerful standing laser wave is studied. Expressions for the\nharmonic frequencies and the corresponding intensities of the spontaneous\nradiation are obtained with the aid of the quasiclassical approximation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Cosmology of Fluctuations: We review a cosmology in which particles are fluctuationally created from a\nbackground Zero Point Field. This cosmology is consistent with recent\nobservations of an ever expanding and accelerating universe, as also the\nrecently confirmed evolution of the fine structure constant. All hitherto\nmysterious and accidental, so called Large Number coincidences, infact follow\nfrom the theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Counterintuitive Universe: The major advances in physics have been through counterintuitive\nbreakthroughs-- ideas that seemed to go against prevailing convictions. In the\ntwentieth century the Special and General Theory of Relativity and Quantum\nMechanics have provided very good examples of this process. However, twentieth\ncentury physics has led to an impasse, one of the most important unsolved\nproblems being the unification of gravitation with other interactions. This has\nled to another sacred tenet of physics, viz., spacetime as a smooth manifold,\nbeing questioned in latest approaches, be it Quantum Super Strings or other\nQuantum Gravity and similar theories. In particular spacetime described by an\nunderpinning of Planck scale oscillators is investigated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electron assisted $dd$ reactions in metals: The electron assisted low energy $dd$ reactions in deuterized metals are\ninvestigated. It is shown that if a metal is irradiated with slow, free\ndeuterons then the $e+d+d\\rightarrow e^{\\prime }+p+t$ and $e+d+d\\rightarrow\ne^{\\prime }+n+$ $^{3}He$\\ electron assisted $dd$ processes will have measurable\nprobabilities even in the case of slow deuterons. The cross sections and the\nyields in an irradiated sample are determined. The results are associated with\nthe so called anomalous screening effect. It is concluded that the electron\n$dd$ processes have to be taken into account when evaluating the experimental\ndata of low energy fusion reactions in metals.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Heat transfer in sound propagation and attenuation through gas-liquid\n  polyhedral foams: A cell method is developed, which takes into account the bubble geometry of\npolyhedral foams, and provides for the generalized Rayleigh-Plesset equation\nthat contains the non-local in time term corresponding to heat relaxation. The\nRayleigh-Plesset equation together with the equations of mass and momentum\nbalances for an effective single-phase inviscid fluid yield a model for foam\nacoustics. The present calculations reconcile observed sound velocity and\nattenuation with those predicted using the assumption that thermal dissipation\nis the dominant damping mechanism in a range of foam expansions and sound\nexcitation frequencies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Analise Termodinamica da aceleracao de uma massa: We analyse the acceleration of a mass with a simple structure taking into\naccount Thermodynamics. Two situations are analysed. The first one for the\napplication of a localized force to a point of the mass. The second one for the\napplication of a force to the entire mass. The two situations are not\nequivalent. For the first situation we have an increase of temperature of the\nmass, resulting from an internal damping, during a transient.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A repulsive force in the Einstein theory: The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detection of\ngravitational waves that take away 5 per cent of the total mass of two merging\nblack holes points out on the importance of considering varying gravitational\nmass of a system in the framework of the Einstein general theory of relativity.\nWe calculate the acceleration of a particle in the non-stationary field of a\nquasi-spherical system composed of a large number of objects emitting\ngravitational waves. It is shown that reduction of the gravitational mass of\nthe system due to emitting gravitational waves leads to a repulsive\ngravitational force that diminishes with time but never disappears. This\nrepulsive force may be related to the observed expansion of the Universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electric and magnetic fields as explicitly observer dependent\n  four-dimensional vectors and their Lorentz transformations according to\n  Minkowski-Ivezi\u0107: In this paper a geometric approach to the special relativity (SR) is used\nthat is called the \"invariant special relativity\" (ISR). In the ISR it is\nconsidered that in the four-dimensional (4D) spacetime physical laws are\ngeometric, coordinate-free relationships between the 4D geometric,\ncoordinate-free quantities. It is mathematicaly proved that in the ISR the\nelectric and magnetic fields are properly defined vectors on the 4D spacetime.\nAccording to the first proof the dimension of a vector field is mathematicaly\ndetermined by the dimension of its domain. Since the electric and magnetic\nfields are defined on the 4D spacetime they are properly defined 4D vectors,\nthe 4D geometric quantities (GQs). As shown in an axiomatic geometric\nformulation of electromagnetism with only one axiom, the field equation for the\nbivector field F [33], [T. Ivezi\\'c, Found. Phys. Lett. 18, 401 (2005), arXiv:\nphysics/0412167], the primary quantity for the whole electromagnetism is the\nbivector field F. The electric and magnetic fields 4D vectors E and B are\ndetermined in a mathematically correct way in terms of F and the 4D velocity\nvector v of the observer who measures E and B fields. Furthermore, the proofs\nare presented that under the mathematicaly correct Lorentz transformations,\nwhich are first derived by Minkowski and reinvented and generalized in terms of\n4D GQs, e.g., in [23], [T. Ivezi\\'c, Phys. Scr. 82, 055007 (2010)], the\nelectric field 4D vector transforms as any other 4D vector transforms, i.e.,\nagain to the electric field 4D vector; there is no mixing with the magnetic\nfield 4D vector B, as in the usual transformations (UT) of the 3D fields. This\nformulation with the 4D GQs is in a true agreement with experiments in\nelectromagnetism, e.g., the motional emf.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the nature of quantum gravity: It was recently advanced the argument that Unruh effect emerges from the\nstudy of quantum field theory in quantum space-time. Quantum space-time is\nidentified with the Hilbert space of a new kind of quantum fields, the\naccelerated fields, which are defined in momentum space. In this work, we argue\nthat the interactions between such fields offer a clear distinction between\nflat and curved space-times. Free accelerated fields are associated with flat\nspacetime, while interacting accelerated fields with curved spacetimes. Our\nintuition that quantum gravity arises via field interactions is verified by\ninvoking quantum statistics. Studying the Unruh-like effect of accelerated\nfields, we show that any massive object behaves as a black body at temperature\nwhich is inversely proportional to its mass, radiating space-time quanta. With\na heuristic argument, it is shown that Hawking radiation naturally arises in a\ntheory in which space-time is quantized. Finally, in terms of thermodynamics,\ngravity can be identified with an entropic force guaranteed by the second law\nof thermodynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Does the Quantum Vacuum Fall Near the Earth? The Downward Acceleration\n  of the Quantum Vacuum is Responsible for the Equivalence Principle: The downward acceleration of the virtual electrically charged fermion\nparticles of the quantum vacuum is responsible for the Einstein Weak\nEquivalence Principle and for our perception of 4D space-time curvature near\nthe earth. Since the virtual fermion particles of the quantum vacuum (virtual\nelectrons for example) possess mass, we assume that during their short\nlifetimes the virtual fermions are in a state of downward acceleration (or\nfree-fall) near the earth. Many of the virtual fermions also possess electrical\ncharge, and are thus capable of interacting electrically with a real test mass,\nsince a test mass is composed of real, electrically charged, fermion particles.\nThe electrical interaction between the downward accelerated virtual fermions\nwith nearby light or matter is responsible for the equivalence of inertial and\ngravitational mass, and also responsible for our perception of 4D space-time\ncurvature near the earth. In pure accelerated frames the apparent acceleration\nof the virtual particles of the quantum vacuum is caused by the actual\naccelerated motion of a test mass. An opposition to acceleration is felt by the\nmass that is proportional to the magnitude of the mass, according to F=MA. This\nprocess is responsible for inertia, and the exact reverse process is\nresponsible for the magnitude of the gravitational mass. This is why inertial\nand gravitational mass are equal.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Space-Like Motions of Quantum Zero Mass Neutrinos: Recent experimental reports of super-luminal velocity neutrinos moving\nbetween Geneva and Gran Sasso in no way contradict the special relativity\nconsiderations of conventional quantum field theory. A neutrino exchanged\nbetween Geneva and Gran Sasso is both virtual and space-like. The Lorentz\ninvariant space-like distance $L$ and the Lorentz invariant space-like four\nmomentum transfered $\\varpi $ between Geneva and Gran Sasso can be extracted\nfrom experimental data as will be shown in this work.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fractional Order Heat Equation in Higher Space-Time Dimensions: In this paper, we study fractional order heat equation in higher space-time\ndimensions and offer specific role of heat flows in various fractional\ndimensions. We offer fractional solutions of the heat equations thus obtained,\nand examine the associated implications in various limiting cases. We\nanticipate perspective applications of fractional heat flow solutions in\nphysical systems.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the problem of a physical \"theory of everything\": No quantitative theory describing all physical phenomena can be made if any\narbitrary standard spacetime structure is assumed. This statement is a\nconsequence of transforming the Peano arithmetic axioms into sentences with a\nphysical content.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Octonions in Particle Physics through Structures of Generalised Proper\n  Time: In considering the nature of the basic mathematical structures appropriate\nfor describing the fundamental elements of particle physics a significant role\nfor the octonions, as an extension from the complex numbers and uniquely the\nlargest division algebra, has occasionally been proposed. Rather than being\nbased initially upon the more abstract grounds of mathematical aesthetics, here\nwe describe a unified theory motivated conceptually through an elementary\ngeneralisation of the expression for a local proper time interval, beyond that\nof 4-dimensional spacetime and also beyond that of the local structure of\nmodels with extra spatial dimensions, for which the explicit mathematical\ndevelopment naturally incorporates the octonion algebra as an essential\nfeature. Properties of matter are identified directly through the symmetry\nbreaking structure entailed in the necessary extraction of the external\n4-dimensional spacetime background and are shown to reproduce a series of\ncharacteristic structures of the Standard Model of particle physics. While\nalready employing octonion-based constructions of the exceptional Lie groups E6\nand E7 the uncovering of the full Standard Model, as well as new physics\nbeyond, is predicted to involve an E8-related structure for which the octonion\nalgebra is again anticipated to be of fundamental importance.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Synchronization of symbols as the construction of times and places: We demonstrate an unsuspected freedom in physics, by showing an essential\nunpredictability in the relation between the behavior of clocks on the\nworkbench and explanations of that behavior written in symbols on the\nblackboard. In theory, time and space are defined by clocks synchronized as\nspecified by relations among clock readings at the transmission and reception\nof light signals; however spacetime curvature implies obstacles to this\nsynchronization. Recognizing the need to handle bits and other symbols in both\ntheory and experiment, we offer a novel theory of symbol handling, centered on\na kind of \"logical synchronization,\" distinct from the synchronization defined\nby Einstein in special relativity.\n  We present three things: (1) We show a need in physics, stemming from general\nrelativity, for physicists to make choices about what clocks to synchronize\nwith what other clocks. (2) To exploit the capacity to make choices of\nsynchronization, we provide a theory in which to express timing relations\nbetween transmitted symbols and the clock readings of the agent that receives\nthem, without relying on any global concept of \"time\". Dispensing with a global\ntime variable is a marked departure from current practice. (3) The recognition\nof unpredictability calls for more attention to behavior on the workbench of\nexperiment relative to what can be predicted on the blackboard. As a prime\nexample, we report on the \"horse race\" situation of an agent measuring the\norder of arrival of two symbols, to show how order determinations depart from\nany possible assignment of values of a time variable.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Matter and Light in Flatland: Using a non-material current through three new dimensions. It was possible to\nbuild a particle-space model (a higher dimensional object intersecting a lower\ndimensional world). The new dimensions solve the old problem of equal sign\nwalls huge electric repulsion force in the electric sphere model, since these\ncurved dimensions confine these walls, preventing them from coming apart. The\nflat-fermion, which is a toroid, is resistant to be moved, intersects the space\n(flatland) in two places at the same time (non-local) while moving, leaving a\nsinusoidal electric field that uses the two dimensions of flatland and adopt a\ntoroidal intersection at rest, avoiding the information about its momentum. It\nalso has an anapole moment, which time consuming intersection in flatland\nproduces the flat-fermion magnetic dipole moment. The flat-fermion has an\nenantiomer and both undergo a separation under an external magnetic field. On\nthe other hand, flat-photon, is also a toroid, is not resistant to be moved,\nalso intersects flatland in two places at the same time, but its sinusoidal\nelectric field uses one dimension less from the two available. Therefore, in\norder to have mass the object should touch all the dimensions of flatland. Pure\nquantum phenomena such as Self-Interference, the number of turns before being\nidentical and the uncertainty principle, as well as, fermion geometric\nproperties and its magnetic dipole moment are explained and derived.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Geometric quantization rules in QCPB theory: Using the quantum covariant Poisson bracket (QCPB) theory, we can accomplish\nmuch more compatible explanations of the quantum mechanics supported by the\nG-dynamics. We further study the generalized quantum harmonic oscillator\nequipped with the G-dynamics of type I, such as geometric creation and\nannihilation operators, and the geometric number operator as an extension of\nthe number operator is well given for the deep discussions, the geometric\nHamiltonian operator is expressed as another form. Especially, the geometric\nquantization rules based on the QCPB theory is then calculated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Low-energy quantum gravity: new challenges for an experiment and\n  observation: Some new challenges for an experiment and observation, which are consequences\nof the model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author, are considered here.\nIn particular, the property of asymptotic freedom of this model leads to the\nunexpected consequence: if a black hole arises due to a collapse of a matter\nwith some characteristic mass of particles, its full mass should be restricted\nfrom the bottom. For usual baryonic matter, this limit of mass is of the order\n$10^{7}M_{\\odot}$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cosmic Dynamics in $F(R,\u03c6)$ Gravity: In this paper we consider FRW cosmology in $F(R,\\phi)$ gravity. It is shown\nthat in particular cases the bouncing behavior may appears in the model whereas\nthe equation of state (EoS) parameter may crosses the phantom divider. For the\ndynamical universe, quantitatively we also find parameters in the model which\nsatisfies two independent tests:the model independent Cosmological Redshift\nDrift (CRD) test and the type Ia supernova luminosity distances.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Magnetic monopoles in noncommutative quantum mechanics: We discuss certain generalization of the Hilbert space of states in\nnoncommutaive quantum mechanics that, as we show, introduces magnetic monopoles\ninto the theory. Such generalization arises very naturally in the considered\nmodel, but can be easily reproduced in ordinary quantum mechanics as well. This\napproach offers a different viewpoint on the Dirac quantization condition and\nother important relations for magnetic monopoles. We focus mostly on the\nkinematic structure of the theory, but investigate also a dynamical problem\n(with the Coulomb potential).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Frequency depending permittivity of the Coulomb system with\n  Bose-Einstein condensate: The second-order singularity is found in the low-frequency region of the\npermittivity of a homogeneous and isotropic system of charged particles\nconsisting of electrons and boson nuclei. This singularity is caused by the\nexistence of a Bose-Einstein condensate for nuclei. The result obtained leads\nto the existence of the \"nuclei superconductivity\", which can be experimentally\nverified in superfluid He II. The results of the proposed an experiment can be\nconsidered as a direct proof of the existence of a Bose-Einstein condensate in\nsuperfluid He II.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "U(1) symmetry breaking under canonical transformation in real scalar\n  field theory: In this article, I have considered a real scalar field theory and able to\nshow that under Bogoliubov transformation in infinite volume limit or\nthermodynamic limit the transformed Hamiltonian no longer invariant under U(1)\naction defined appropriately as it was before doing transformation. We also\nhave checked this fact by looking at the correlation functions under the action\nof U(1) group. We suitably defined field operators that are associated with\nparticle production phenomena then we can also show that correlation functions\nof such field operators also don't follow U(1) invariance, shown in this\narticle. This is a consequence of non-invariance of transformed Hamiltonian\nunder U(1) action. Since, we know Bogoliubov transformation in curved spacetime\nis equivalent to doing a coordinate transformation, therefore this result\ndirectly shows the phenomena of particle production under the affect of gravity\nsince changing coordinate is equivalent to turn on gravity according to\nEinstein's equivalence principle in GR. I also show that particle production\ndoes not take place out of vacuum state but it can happen out of other\nmany-particle states and vacuum state is not an eigenvector of Hamltonian\noperator in transformed Fock space and vacuum state does not remain vacuum\nstate under time evolution.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Scaled Universe: It is shown that the mysterious quantum prescription of microphysics has\nanalogues at the scale of stars, galaxies and superclusters, the common feature\nin all these cases being Brownian type fractality. These considerations are\nshown to lead to pleasingly meaningful results in agreement with observed data.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Constraining the Existence of Magnetic Monopoles by Dirac-Dual Electric\n  Charge Renormalization Effect Under the Planck Scale Limit: It was suggested by dimensional analysis that there exists a limit called the\nPlanck energy scale coming close to which the gravitational effects of physical\nprocesses would inflate and struggle for equal rights so as to spoil the\nvalidity of pure non-gravitational physical theories that governed well below\nthe Planck energy. Near the Planck scale, the Planck charges, Planck currents,\nor Planck parameters can be defined and assigned to physical quantities such as\nthe single particle electric charge and magnetic charge as the ceiling value\nobeyed by the low energy ordinary physics. The Dirac electric-magnetic charge\nquantization relation as one form of electric-magnetic duality dictates that,\nthe present low value electric charge corresponds to a huge magnetic charge\nvalue already passed the Planck limit so as to render theories of magnetic\nmonopoles into the strong coupling regime, and vice versa, that small and\ntractable magnetic charge values correspond to huge electric charge values. It\nsuggests that for theoretic models in which the renormalization group equation\nprovides rapid growth for the running electric coupling constant, it is easier\nfor the dual magnetic monopoles to emerge at lower energy scales. Allowing\ncharges to vary with the Dirac electric-magnetic charge quantization relation\nwhile keeping values under the Planck limit informs that the magnetic charge\nvalue drops below the Planck ceiling value into the manageable region when the\nelectric coupling constant grows to one fourth at a model dependent energy\nscale, and continues dropping towards half the value of the Planck magnetic\ncharge as the electric coupling constant continues growing at the model\ndependent rate towards one near Planck energy scale.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Space(-Time) Emergence as Symmetry Breaking Effect: The microscopic origin of space(-time) geometry is explained on the basis of\nan emergence process associated with the condensation of infinite number of\nmicroscopic quanta responsible for symmetry breakdown, which implements the\nbasic essence of \"Quantum-Classical Correpondense\" and of the forcing method in\nphysical and mathematical contexts, respectively. From this viewpoint, the\nspace(-time) dependence of physical quantities arises from the \"logical\nextension\" OjiOza to change \"constant objects\" into \"variable objects\" by\ntagging the order parameters associated with the condensation onto \"constant\nobjects\"; the logical direction here from a value y to a domain variable x (to\nmaterialize the basic mechanism behind the Gel'fand isomorphism) is just\nopposite to that common in the usual definition of a function f:x->f(x) from\nits domain variable x to a value y=f(x).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Types of Paradox in Physics: Paradoxes are a relatively frequent occurrence in physics. The nature of\ntheir genesis is diverse and they are found in all branches of physics. There\nare a number of general and special classifications of paradoxes, but there are\nno classifications of paradoxes in physics. Nowadays, physics is a fundamental\nand rather formalized science, the paradoxes of which imply falsity and\nimprecision. One of the basic methods of addressing a problem is to present\nclassifications that facilitate its formulation and study. This work groups\ntogether the paradoxes in physics according to certain common characteristics,\nwhich should assist in explaining the causes for paradox formation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Entropy, Gravity and the Mass-Boom: Verlinde presents the gravitational force as due to gradients of entropy, an\nemergent force, with far reaching consequences. Using the Hawking-Bekenstein\nentropy formulation, we arrive at the conclusion that the Mass-Boom effect,\npresented elsewhere, forces the entropy of the universe to increase. Then the\nMass-Boom is directly related to the existence of gravity. The principle of\nMach implies that the Mass-Boom is responsible for the expansion of the\nuniverse. Thus, the Mass-Boom effect is a necessary condition for: 1) the\nincrease of entropy with time, 2) the existence of gravity, and 3) for the\nexpansion of the universe. The universe seems to initially appear and grow out\nof polarization: positive mass-boom (energy) versus negative gravitational\npotential energy boom, adding both always to zero. Polarization is then the\ncause of creation and evolution of the universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Search of wormholes in different dimensional non-commutative inspired\n  space-time with lorentzian distribution: In this paper we are searching whether the wormhole solutions exists in\ndifferent dimensional non- commutative inspired spacetimes. It is well known\nthat the noncommutativity of the space is an outcome of string theory and it\nreplaced the usual point like object by a smeared object. Here we have chosen\nLorentzian distribution as the density function in the noncommutative inspired\nspace- time. We have observed that the wormhole solutions exist only in four\nand five dimension, however, higher than fine dimension no wormhole exists. For\nfive dimensional spacetime, we get a wormhole for a restricted region. In usual\nfour dimensional spacetime, we get a stable wormhole which is asymptotically\nflat.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Computing in Non Euclidean Geometry: The recent debate on hyper-computation has raised new questions both on the\ncomputational abilities of quantum systems and the Church-Turing Thesis role in\nPhysics. We propose here the idea of geometry of effective physical process as\nthe essentially physical notion of computation. In Quantum mechanics we cannot\nuse the traditional Euclidean geometry but we introduce more sophisticate non\nEuclidean geometry which include a new kind of information diffuse in the\nentire universe and that we can represent as Fisher information or active\ninformation. We remark that from the Fisher information we can obtain the Bohm\nand Hiley quantum potential and the classical Schrodinger equation. We can see\nthe quantum phenomena do not affect a limited region of the space but is\nreflected in a change of the geometry of all the universe. In conclusion any\nlocal physical change or physical process is reflected in all the universe by\nthe change of its geometry, This is the deepest meaning of the entanglement in\nQuantum mechanics and quantum computing. We stress the connection between\nmetric and information as measure of change. Because computation is not\nrestricted to calculus but is the environment changing via physical processes,\nsuper-Turing potentialities derive from an incomputable information source\nembedded into the geometry of the universe in accordance with Bell's\nconstraints. In the general relativity we define the geometry of the space\ntime. In our approach quantum phenomena define the geometry of the parameters\nof the probability distribution that include also the space time parameters. To\nstudy this new approach to the computation we use the new theory of Morphogenic\nsystems.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On nonlinear equations connected with six-dimensional Plebanski space: An examples of Monge-Ampere equations connected with six-dimensional\ngeneralization of the Plebanski four-dimensional space are considered. Their\nparticular solutions are constructed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Intrinsic Symmetry of Spacetime: In modern physics, a profound thought is \"symmetry inducing interaction\". In\nthis paper, following this though, we pointed out that a symmetry of the\nquantum state of the vacuum (the so-called \"intrinsic symmetry\") rather than\nthe usual symmetry of the Lagrangian or the action that plays the key role to\nconstruct a correct theory for quantum gravity. Based on a hypotheses about the\nintrinsic symmetry of the spacetime, we developed the theory for quantum\ngravity and found that the gravitational interaction naturally emerges.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Exploring the Sharma-Mittal HDE models with different diagnostic tools: In this paper, we have examined the Sharma-Mittal holographic dark energy\nmodel (SMHDE) in the framework of an isotropic and spatially homogeneous flat\nFriedmann-Robertson-Walker(FRW) Universe by considering different values of\nparameter $\\delta$ and $R$, where the infrared cut-off is taken care by the\nHubble horizon. We examined the SMHDE model through the analysis of Statefinder\nhierarchy and the growth rate of perturbation. The evolutionary trajectories of\nthe statefinder hierarchy $S_3^1$, $S_3^2$ $S_4^1$, $S_4^2$ versus redshift z,\nshow satisfactory behavior throughout the Universe evaluation. One promising\ntool for investigating the dark energy models is the composite null\ndiagnostic(CND) $\\{ S_3^1 - \\epsilon\\}$, where the evolutionary trajectories of\nthe $S_3^1 - \\epsilon$ pair present different property and the departure from\n$\\Lambda$CDM could be well evaluated. Additionally, we investigated the\ndynamical analysis of the model by $\\omega_{D}-\\omega^{'}_{D}$ pair analysis.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Periodic relativity: the theory of gravity in flat space time: In periodic relativity (PR), the curved space time of general relativity are\neliminated by making use of a flat metric without weak field approximation. PR\nsatisfies Einstein's field equations. Theory allows every two body system to\ndeviate differently from the flat Minkowski metric. PR differs from general\nrelativity (GR) in predictions of the proper time intervals of distant objects.\nPR proposes a definite connection between the proper time interval of an object\nand Doppler frequency shift of its constituent particles as the object makes a\nrelative motion with respect to the rest frame of the coordinate time. This is\nbecause fundamentally time is periodic in nature. Coordinate and proper time in\nGR are linear time. Periodic time of PR is the key parameter in development of\nquantum gravity theory in which the universe begins with a quantum fluctuation\nin the fundamental substance of the universe which is infinite, motionless and\nindivisible. PR is based on the dynamic weak equivalence principle which\nequates the gravitational mass with the relativistic mass. PR provides accurate\nsolutions for the rotation curves of galaxies and the energy levels of the\nHydrogen spectra including Lamb shift using common formalism. Flat space time\nwith Lorentz invariant acceleration presented here makes it possible to unite\nPR with quantum mechanics. PR satisfies Einstein's field equations with respect\nto the three major GR tests within the solar system and with respect to the\nderivation of Friedmann equation in cosmology. PR predicts limiting radius of\nthe event horizon of M87 black hole to be 3R_g and the range of prograde and\nretrograde spin a_* between \\pm0.385 and \\pm0.73. Theory shows that the\nelectromagnetic wave is held together by gravitational forces.\nGravitational-wave strain amplitude is derived using quantum mechanical\nformalism. Mechanism explains GRB associated with GW150914.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Experimental Evidences Supporting the Extension of the Equivalence\n  Principle to Electromagnetic Fields: The principle of equivalence postulating that an acceleration is\nindistinguishable from gravity by any experiment, is valid within families of\nparticles having the same passive gravitational to inertial mass ratio\n$m_p/m_i$. Presently experimental observations indicate that we live in a\nuniverse with one single family for which $m_p/m_i=1$, but if we consider the\nimaginary case of a universe with several particle families having different\n$m_p/m_i$, the principle of equivalence would still apply to each one of them.\nOn the basis of this generalized formulation of the equivalence principle,\nwhich becomes relative to sets of particles, and that we designate as the\n\\textit{single-particle equivalence principle}, one demonstrates that inertial\nframes can also be implemented for sets of electrically charged particles, with\nthe same charge-to-mass ratio $q/m_i$, accelerating in homogeneous electric and\n/ or magnetic fields (by analogy with the case of particles in free fall in a\nhomogeneous gravitational field). Experimental evidences in support of the\nproposed extension of the principle of equivalence to electric fields are\npresented. These consist in the Witteborn-Fairbank experiment which revealed\nthat electrons do not fall in the Earth gravitational field, and the well know\nfact that electric charges do not radiate either when in free fall in a\nhomogeneous gravitational field, or when being accelerated by a homogeneous\nelectric field. The London moment in rotating superconductors is also\nsupporting the proposed extension of the equivalence principle. Prospects for\nthe future exploration of the consequences of the proposed theoretical scheme\nto unify electromagnetism with gravitation in the paradigm of curved\nspace-time, are also briefly suggested.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A New Rotating Metric that Generalizes the Yilmaz Exponential Metric: Using a technique due to Dadhich, we derive an ellipsoidally symmetric\nrotating metric which reduces to the Yilmaz exponential metric when the\nrotation parameter is set to zero. Like the Kerr metric, this new metric has\nonly two free parameters, mass and angular momentum.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fundamental and effective SU(2) Yang-Mills vertices: Calorons and plane waves within and in between them {\\sl collectively} give\nrise to a thermal ground state. The latter provides a homgeneous energy density\nand a negative pressure, and it induces quasiparticle masses to part of the\npropagating spectrum of deconfining SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics (dynamical\ngauge-symmetry breaking). In the present talk we discuss the role of a {\\sl\nsingle} caloron in inducing effective local vertices, characterized by powers\nof $\\hbar$, mediating the interaction of plane waves which propagate over large\ndistances. The constraints on momentum transfers through effective 4-vertices\nare revisited.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum influence of topological defects on a relativistic scalar\n  particle with Cornell-type potential in cosmic string space-time with a\n  spacelike dislocation: We study the relativistic quantum of scalar particles in the cosmic string\nspace-time with a screw dislocation (torsion) subject to a uniform magnetic\nfield including the magnetic quantum flux in the presence of potential. We\nsolve the Klein-Gordon equation with a Cornell-type scalar potential in the\nconsidered framework and obtain the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions and\nanalyze a relativistic analogue of the Aharonov-Bohm effect for bound states",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Tsallis Agegraphic Dark Energy Model: Using the nonextensive Tsallis entropy and the holographic hypothesis, we\npropose a new dark energy (DE) model with time scale as infrared (IR) cutoff.\nConsidering the age of the Universe as well as the conformal time as IR\ncutoffs, we investigate the cosmological consequences of the proposed DE models\nand study the evolution of the Universe filled by a pressureless matter and the\nobtained DE candidates. We find that although these models can describe the\nlate time acceleration and the density, deceleration and the equation of state\nparameters show satisfactory behavior by themselves, however, these models are\nclassically unstable unless the interaction between the two dark sectors of the\nUniverse is taken into account. In addition, the results of the existence of a\nmutual interaction between the cosmos sectors are also addressed. We find out\nthat the interacting models are stable at the classical level which is in\ncontrast to the original interacting agegraphic dark energy models which are\nclassically unstable [1].",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Erlangen's Program for Space-Time through Space-Time Geometric Algebra\n  Induced by the R Vector Characteristic of the Ring of Hybrid Numbers Z: This essay summarizes the efforts required to build a program of a unified,\nlow-dimension topology that allows characterizing all these flat space-times.\nSince spatiotemporal manifolds are topological spaces equipped with metrics,\ntheir properties are characterized by Clifford algebras in hypercomplex rings\nassociative with unity, so that Galileo's transformations are induced by a dual\nnumber; the Lorentz transformations, by a perplexed number and the Euclid\ntransformations, by a complex number. This fact led us to establish an internal\nautomorphism in the ring of hybrid numbers that acts as a map of the manifolds\nand induces the space-time metric based on the quality (characteristic) of the\nassociated hypercomplex unit. From this automorphism, we built hybrid\ntrigonometric functions, which we call Poincar\\'e functions, which allowed us\nto deduce general properties of space-time, hyperbolic, parabolic and\nelliptical geometries and the groups SO (3), SO (4) and SO (1, 3). This\napproach allows us to highlight the global properties of space-time, suggests\nmethods for geodynamic models and allows us to interpret anti-matter as matter\nin a Euclidean space-time where the nature of time is imaginary.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "$\u039b$CDM $\\cup$ MOND: It has been demonstrated that the difference between the Renormalised Brane\nWorld (RBW) model and the Lambda Cold Dark Matter ($\\Lambda$CDM) model occurs\nonly at sufficiently distant times. In this paper, it is shown that for\nspherically symmetric situations an analog deviation between the RBW model and\nNewton's theory occurs at large distances. More precisely, this deviation of\nthe RBW model is nothing other than the explanation of Milgrom's hypothesis and\nfollows from itself. Therefore, the results of this paper explains flat\nrotation curves of galaxies without dark matter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Energy Mediated by Interference of Particles (Parts I-IV): The Way to\n  Unified Classical and Quantum Fields and Interactions: Using the Einstein energy-mass relation and a concept of cross-correlating\nmaterial unit-fields (pp. 1-148), the quantum equation for united gravitation\nand electromagnetism is derived (pp. 148-164). The unified equation yields all\nknown solutions to the Dirac equation, for example, the fine and hyperfine\nstructure of the atom spectrum. Moreover, the model explains physical nature of\nthe spin and anomalous gyromagnetic factor of an electron, as well as the Pauli\nexclusion principle. For weak fields, in the classical limit, the model\nsimplifies to the Lorentz-Maxwell electromagnetism and the so-called\ngravitoelectromagnetic approximation of Einstein's general relativity. In case\nof the strong fields, the unified model yields new predictions compared to the\nEinstein gravity, Lorentz-Maxwell electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. For\ninstance, the cross-correlation of gravitational and electric potentials\npredicts the \"anti-gravity force\". The \"dark matter\" and \"dark energy\" also\nfind natural explanations in the present model. For the unit-fields carrying\nthe gravitational, electric and strong-nuclear \"dressings\", the quantum\nequation and its classical limit for the united gravitational, electromagnetic,\nweak-nuclear and strong-nuclear fields and interactions are derived (pp.\n164-183). The cross-correlation of electric and strong-nuclear potentials of\nthe electric and strong-nuclear \"dressings\" explains the physical nature of\nweak-nuclear force. Whereas, the cross-correlation of gravitational and\nstrong-nuclear potentials predicts the new kind of interactions, namely the\ngravito-nuclearstrong force.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Planck-scale gravity test at PETRA -- Letter of Intent: Quantum or torsion gravity models predict unusual properties of space-time at\nvery short distances. In particular, near the Planck length, around\n$10^{-35}m$, empty space may behave as a crystal, singly or doubly refractive.\nThis hypothesis, however, remains uncheckable for any direct measurement since\nthe smallest distance accessible in experiment is about $10^{-19}m$ at the LHC.\nHere we propose a laboratory test to measure space birefringence or\nrefractivity induced by gravity. A sensitivity $10^{-31}m$ for doubly and\n$10^{-28}m$ for singly refractive vacuum could be reached with PETRA 6 GeV beam\nexploring UV laser Compton scattering.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Generic system of exact flavor-electroweak quantities via new dynamical\n  parameter: Unification-type idea of a basic connection between particle mass and charge\nquantities is in the spirit of string theory. On the level of phenomenology,\nthis idea means raison d'etre for particle flavor since it requires more than\none mass copy i.e. transition from individual particle mass to the concept of\nmass-matrix. In this paper that idea is exemplified by a generic system of\naccurate empirical relations for dimensionless flavor-electroweak quantities\n(fine structure constant, muon-electron and tauon-electron mass ratios and\nquark CKM and neutrino PMNS mixing angles) build in terms of one small\nuniversal e-parameter as mediator of mass-matrix and charge quantities. The\nused in this study empirically suggested math paradigm consists of repeated\nexponentiation of e-powers. Accuracy boost of flavor relations from replacement\nof e-power terms by exponential f-terms is observed. The two widely discussed\nin the literature empirical flavor regularities, quark-lepton complementarity\n(QLC) and Koide charged lepton mass formula, are essential parts of the generic\nsystem. Solar neutrino mixing angle is predicted {\\theta}sol= 34.05o by\nextension of QLC. Charged lepton mass ratios satisfy Koide relation with high\naccuracy ~10-9. The Appendix contains comments on dual objective-anthropic\nnature of physical reality.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Characterisation of Low Frequency Gravitational Waves from Dual RF\n  Coaxial-Cable Detector: Fractal Textured Dynamical 3-Space: Experiments have revealed that the Fresnel drag effect is not present in RF\ncoaxial cables, contrary to a previous report. This enables a very sensitive,\nrobust and compact detector, that is 1st order in v/c and using one clock, to\ndetect the dynamical space passing the earth, revealing the sidereal rotation\nof the earth, together with significant wave/turbulence effects. These are\n\"gravitational waves\", and previously detected by Cahill 2006, using an\nOptical-Fibre - RF Coaxial Cable Detector, and Cahill 2009, using a preliminary\nversion of the Dual RF Coaxial Cable Detector. The gravitational waves have a\n1/f spectrum, implying a fractal textured structure to dynamical 3-space.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Existence of bulk viscous universe in $f(R,T)$ gravity and confrontation\n  with observational data: In this paper we have investigated a bulk viscous universe in $f(R,T)$\ngravity where $R$ and $T$ are the Ricci scalar and trace of energy momentum\ntensor respectively. We have obtained explicit solutions of field equations in\nmodified gravity by considering the power law form of scale factor. The Hubble\nparameter and deceleration parameter are derived in terms of cosmic time and\nredshift both. We have estimated the present values of these parameters with\nobservational Hubble data and SN Ia data sets. At 1$\\sigma$ level, the\nestimated values of $q_{0}$ and $m$ are obtained as $q_{0}=-0.30 \\pm 0.05$ \\& $\nm = 0.70 \\pm 0.02 $ where $q_{0}$ is the present value of deceleration\nparameter and $m$ is the model parameter. The energy conditions and Om(z)\nanalysis for the anisotropic LRS Bianchi type I model are also discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Scientific Eschatology: The future evolution of the universe suggested by the cosmological model\nproposed earlier at this meeting by the authors is explored. The fundamental\nrole played by the positive \"cosmological constant\" is emphasized. Dyson's 1979\npaper entitled \"Time Without End\" is briefly reviewed. His most optimistic\nscenario requires that the universe be geometrically open and that biology is\nstructural in the sense that the current complexity of human society can be\nreproduced by scaling up its (quantum mechanical) structure to arbitrary size.\nIf the recently measured \"cosmological constant\" is indeed a fundamental\nconstant of nature, then Dyson's scenario is, for various reasons, ruled out by\nthe finite (De Sitter) horizon due to exponential expansion of the resulting\nspace. However, the finite temperature of that horizon does open other\ninteresting options. If, as is suggested by the cosmology under consideration,\nthe current exponential expansion of the universe is due to a phase transition\nwhich fixes a physical boundary condition during the early radiation dominated\nera, the behavior of the universe after the relevant scale factor crosses the\nDe Sitter radius opens up still other possibilities. The relevance of Martin\nRees' apocalyptic eschatology recently presented in his book \"Our Final Hour\"\nis mentioned. It is concluded that even for the far future, whether or not\ncultural and scientific descendants of the current epoch will play a role in\nit, an understanding (sadly, currently lacking) of community and political\nevolution and control is essential for a preliminary treatment of what could be\neven vaguely called scientific eschatology.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Canonical Reduction of Tensors and the Physical Properties of Condensed\n  Matter: Application to Optics: A general framework for the description of the physical properties of matter\nby a canonical reduction procedure of tensors is presented; besides geometrical\nsymmetries, this paper emphasizes the role of intrinsic symmetries which are\ndue either to the indiscernability of some of the physical quantities involved\nor to thermodynamical arguments. The intrinsic symmetries are expressed through\nthe behaviour of the tensors describing the investigated property under the\neffect of some index permutation. The scheme of reduction of any tensor into\nparts that are irreducible not only with respect to rotations and inversion but\nalso with respect to index permutations is shown and examples are given in the\narea of light-matter interaction.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Plane and parabolic solar panels: We present a plane and parabolic collector that absorbs radiant energy and\ntransforms it in heat. Therefore we have a panel to heat water. We study how to\nincrement this capture of solar beams onto the panel in order to increase its\nefficiency in heating water.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum of area from gravitation on complex octonions: Using spin 1/2 particle elastic scattering on a fixed target, in a 1/|x|\npotential on Euclidean metric, a minimum scattering cross section appears from\nthe spin contribution. Interpreted as semi-classical limit of an earlier\nproposed operator formulation of four dimensional Euclidean quantum gravity,\nusing non-associative complex octonion algebra, this is understood as an area\nquantum for the observation: Existence of finite (quantized) charges yields a\nminimum area element of interaction. This suggests that models built on the\nfundamental assumption of a quantized area element (namely as in Loop Quantum\nGravity) may in principle approximate General Relativity in the non-quantum\nlimit.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Natural Occurrence of Fractional Derivatives in Physics: Power laws in time and frequency appear in fields such as linear\nviscoelasticity and acoustics, viscous boundary layer problems, and\ndielectrics. This is consistent with fractional derivatives in the fundamental\ndescriptions, since power laws in time and frequency are related by the Fourier\ntransform, and also associated with fractional derivatives. Examples here\ninclude power-law frequency dependent attenuation in ultrasound, elastography\nand sediment acoustics. In viscous boundary problems there is a viscodynamic\noperator in the Biot poroviscoelastic theory which may be formulated with a\nfractional derivative. Power law and stretched exponential temporal responses\nof non-ideal capacitors can also be shown to relate to the Cole-Cole power-law\ndielectric model.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comments on S Kauffman's paper arxiv:0907.2492: Deficiencies in Kauffman's proposal regarding a new way for building\nscientific theories are pointed out. A suggestion to overcome them, and in\nfact, independently construct mathematical theories which are beyond the reach\nof Goedel's incompleteness theorem is presented. This suggestion is based on\nbringing together recent developments in literature regarding inconsistent\nmathematics and self-referential mathematics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Simple Derivation of Schwarzschild, Lense-Thirring, Reissner-Nordstrom,\n  Kerr and Kerr-Newman Metrics: An effort has been made, in order to derive without \"hard\" mathematics, the\nforms of Schwarzschild, Lense-Thirring, Reissner-Nordstrom, Kerr and\nKerr-Newman metrics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum flights: The principles of quantum motors based on Casimir platforms (thin-film\nnanostructures are at issue) are discussed in plain language. The generation of\nquantum propulsion is caused by the noncompensated integral action of virtual\nphoton momenta upon a configuration unit cell in the platform. The cells in a\nCasimir platform should be situated in a certain order with optimal geometric\nparameters. The evaluation of the quantum propulsion shows that, for example,\nten square meters of ideal Casimir platforms (it is a complex single-layer\nstructure) could make Cheops pyramid move!",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Conjecture about a \"vision\" model for blind men: In this work we present a \"vision\" model for blind people, preferentially for\nthose ones of birth origin. The model should be implemented using the available\ncomputational resources at the moment. The model uses a simulation of an\noptical image by an appropriate sonorous \"image\" according to certain rules.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Universal relaxation times for electron and nucleon gases: In this paper we calculate the universal relaxation times for electron and\nnucleon fermionic gases. We argue that the universal relaxation time tau(i) is\nequal tau(i)=h/m square v(i) where v(i)=alpha(i)c and alpha(1)=0.15 for nucleon\ngas and alpha(2)=1/137 for electron gas, c=light velocity. With the universal\nrelaxation time we formulate the thermal Proca equation for fermionic gases.\n  Key words: universal relaxation time, thermal universal Proca equation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Dirac Equation in the Model With a Maximal Mass: In paper within the model with a maximal mass M and with use of anti de\nSitter space is considered the Dirac equation properties for a fermion of mass\nm on the mass surface. The paper shows that free Hamiltonian and Hamiltonian\nwith interaction are pseudo-Hermitian. If we accept the appropriate rules of\nuse of pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians, we can construct the consistent quantum\ntheory with final results obtained using the ordinary Dirac equation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Revisiting Apophis 2029 approach to Earth (staying on shoulders of NASA\n  experts) or Can we be sure in almost ricocheting fly-by of Apophis on 13 of\n  April 2029 near the Earth?: The main idea of this challenging research is to revisit the solar-centric\ndynamics of Earth around the Sun in analysis of its position on 13 April 2029\nclose to asteroid Apophis which is supposed to be moving in fly-by near the\nEarth on its orbit. As of now, we can be sure that trajectory of Apophis is\nwell-known with respect to the center of Sun. Also, NASA experts calculated\nthat relative distance between center of Earth and Apophis should be less than\n38 thousands of kilometers during closest Apophis approach to the Earth. But\nthe reasonable question is: will the center of Earth be at the predicted\nposition at the beginning of April 2029? The matter is that NASA solving\nprocedure disregards influence of Milankovich cycles to the orbit of Earth but\nalternative concept suggests another solution (with additional quasi-periodic\ndeviation from their solution, proportional to square of eccentricity of Earth\norbit around the Sun equals to ~ 0.017). So, possible perturbation of Earth\norbit is likely to be proportional to (0.017)$^2$ ~ 0.03% from 1 a.e. or ~ 43\n200 km which could be compared with gap between Earth and Apophis during\nclosest Apophis approach to Earth in April 2029.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Anti-Evaporation of Bardeen de-Sitter Black Holes: In this paper, we discuss the possibility of the anti-evaporation of\ndegenerate Bardeen de-Sitter black hole. We solve the perturbation equations\naround the Nariai space-time. The solution of one of the perturbations related\nto the horizon size demonstrates that horizon of such black hole is constant.\nThe other perturbation is also found to be stable. We further study\nthermodynamical properties of such black holes. We observe double phase\ntransition at the Nariai limit.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Densities of Electron's Continuum in Gravitational and Electromagnetic\n  Fields: Relativistic dynamics of distributed mass and charge densities of the\nextended classical particle is discussed for arbitrary gravitational and\nelectromagnetic fields. Vector geodesic relations for material space densities\nare consequences of tensor gravitational equations for continuous sources and\ntheir fields. Classical four-flows of elementary material space depend on local\nfour-potentials for charged densities, like in quantum theory. Six\nelectromagnetic intensities can describe satisfactorily only the simplest,\npotential kind of continuous matter motion.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Solution of Maxwell's Equations: The Maxwell's equations are solved when it has an inhomogeneous terms as a\nsource. The solution is very general in a sense that it handles arbitrary\ncurrent source and anisotropic media. The calculation is carried out in the\nk-domain after Fourier transform, and its results are confirmed with the\npropagators of the new coupling-free wave equations derived from the Maxwell\nequations for anisotropic environments.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Rapid mass oscillations for gravitational wave emission: superconducting\n  junctions: We revisit the superconducting junction dynamics as a quantum two-level\nsystem in order to provide evidence that the oscillating current density in the\njunction is related to an oscillating charge and mass density in addition to an\noscillating velocity. As a result, the superconducting junction emerges as a\nsolid state device capable of producing rapid charge and mass oscillations\ninaccessible in other contexts. Rapid mass oscillations are required for\ngravitational wave emission when small masses are involved in the emission\nprocess. As a result, a superconducting junction device can produce\ngravitational waves provided the mass oscillation has a non-zero quadrupole\nmoment component. The smallness of $G c^{-5}$ can be fully compensated by the\nlargeness of $e^4 \\hbar^{-6}$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An Infinite Fractal Cosmos: The paradigmatic transition from a small finite universe to an infinite\nunbounded fractal cosmos is briefly put into historical context and discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Forbidden zones for circular regular orbits of the Moons in Solar\n  system, R3BP: Previously, we have considered the equations of motion of the three-body\nproblem in a Lagrange form (which means a consideration of relative motions of\n3-bodies in regard to each other). Analyzing such a system of equations, we\nconsidered the case of small-body motion of negligible mass around the 2-nd of\ntwo giant-bodies (which are rotating around their common centre of masses on\nKepler trajectories), the mass of which is assumed to be less than the mass of\ncentral body. In the current development, we have derived a key parameter that\ndetermines the character of quasi-circular motion of the small 3-rd body\nrelative to the 2-nd body (Planet). Namely, by making several approximations in\nthe equations of motion of the three-body problem, such the system could be\nreduced to the key governing Riccati-type ordinary differential equations.\nUnder assumptions of R3BP (restricted three-body problem), we additionally note\nthat Riccati-type ODEs above should have the invariant form if the key\ngoverning (dimensionless) parameter remains in the range 0.001-0.01. Such an\namazing fact let us evaluate the forbidden zones for Moons orbits in the inner\nSolar system or the zones of the meanings of distances (between Moon-Planet)\nfor which the motion of small body could be predicted to be unstable according\nto basic features of the solutions of Riccati-type.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The vacuum state of quantum gravity contains large virtual masses: In the functional integral approach to quantum gravity, the quantum\nconfigurations are usually treated to order hbar through a stationary phase\napproximation around the saddle point of the action where spacetime is flat. We\nshow that from this point a \"level line\" in functional space departs, which\ncomprises a family of static non-flat metrics with zero scalar curvature,\ndepending on a continuous mass parameter. Furthermore, each of these metrics\ncan be perturbed by an arbitrary function in such a way to still satisfy the\ncondition Int(gR)d4x=0. We thus find a set of zero-modes of the gravitational\naction which has non-vanishing measure in the functional space. These metrics\nwill contribute to the functional integral as vacuum fluctuations, on the same\nfooting as those near the saddle point.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "How and Why Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass are Equal and Identical: Present physics theory deems that the inertial mass characteristic of matter\nis the result of the interaction of that matter with a newly defined additional\nfield called the Higgs Field after its principle researcher. Stated briefly,\nthe Higgs field mechanism endows \"gauge bosons\" in a \"gauge theory\" with mass,\nthrough absorption of \"Nambu-Goldstone bosons\" arising in spontaneous \"symmetry\nbreaking\".\n  Present physics theory deems that the gravitational mass characteristic of\nmatter is the result of that matter \"curving\" or \"warping\" space and time\naccording to the matter's presence through a mechanism not yet discovered nor\ndefined.\n  Present physics recognizes that inertial mass and gravitational mass are\nequal as an empirical fact based on highly precise experiments. But, for\nexample, the Earth in its orbit around the Sun experiences attraction toward\nthe Sun involving its gravitational mass, mg, and simultaneously experiences\nthat attraction balanced by Earth's orbital centripetal force involving its\ninertial mass, mi.\n  G M mg / r^2 = mi v^2 / r\n  That the matter of planet Earth is being endowed \"gauge theory bosons with\nmass through absorption of Nambu-Goldstone bosons symmetry breaking in a Higgs\nField\" while simultaneously \"warping or curving its region of space\" is beyond\nthe unreasonable and is simply inconceivable.\n  The resolution of this issue and phenomenon is presented in the following.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On low-energy nuclear reactions: Based on our recent theoretical findings (Phys. Rev. C 99, 054620 (2019)) it\nis shown that proton and deuteron capture reactions of extremely low energy may\nhave accountable rate in the case of all elements of the periodic table.\nCertain numerical results of rates of nuclear reactions of two final fragments\nof extremely low energy are also given. New way of thinking about low-energy\nnuclear reactions (LENR) phenomena is suggested. Possible explanations for the\ncontradictory observations announced between 1905-1927 and possible reasons for\nnegative results of 'cold fusion' experiments published recently by the\nGoogle-organized scientific group\n(https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1256-6) are given.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Generalized solutions of the Dirac equation, W bosons, and beta decay: We study the 7x7 Hagen-Hurley equations describing spin 1 particles. We split\nthese equations, in the interacting case, into two Dirac equations with\nnon-standard solutions. It is argued that these solutions describe decay of a\nvirtual W boson in beta decay.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A beacon of new physics: The Pioneer anomaly modelled as a path based\n  speed loss driven by the externalisation of aggregate non-inertial QM energy: This treatise outlines how a non-systematic based Pioneer anomaly, with its\nimplied violation (re: 'low' mass bodies only) of both general relativity's\nweak equivalence principle and the Newtonian inverse-square law, can be\nsuccessfully modelled. These theoretical hurdles and various awkward\nobservational constraints, such as the low value of Pioneer 11's anomaly\npre-Saturn encounter, have (to date) not been convincingly modelled.\nNotwithstanding the recent trend to embrace a non-constant Sun/Earth-directed\nheat based explanation of this anomalous deceleration, the actual: nature,\ndirection, and temporal and spatial variation of the Pioneer anomaly remain an\nopen arena of research. Working backwards from the observational evidence, and\nrethinking: time, mass, quantum entanglement and non-locality, we hypothesise a\nmechanism involving a quantum mechanical energy source and a new type of\n'gravitational' field; neither of which lie within general relativity's domain\nof formulation/application. By way of a systemic conservation of energy\nprinciple, an internally inexpressible (aggregate) non-inertial energy\ndiscrepancy/uncertainty -- involving a myriad of quantum (lunar/third-body\nresiding) atomic and molecular systems moving in analog curved spacetime -- is\n(non-locally) re-expressed externally as a (rotating) non-Euclidean spatial\ngeometry perturbation. At a moving body each \"rotating space-warp\" induces\nsinusoidal proper acceleration and speed perturbations, as well as a path-based\nconstant (per cycle) rate of speed shortfall relative to predictions that omit\nthe additional effect. 'Solutions' of the new model may extend to: the Earth\nflyby anomaly, solar system related large-scale anomalies in the CMB radiation\ndata, the nature of dark energy, and how a theory of everything unification\nagenda is inadvertently impeding a deeper understanding of physical reality and\nquantum entanglement.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Equivalence of Descriptions of Gravity In Both Curved and Flat\n  Space-time: It is proved in the manuscript that as long as the proper coordinate\ntransformation is introduced,, the equations of geodetic lines described in\ncurved space-time can be transformed into the dynamic equations in flat\nspace-time, that is to say, the Einstein theory of gravitation and other\ntheories based on the curved space-time can be identically transformed into\nflat space-time to describe. As an example, the Schwarzschild solution of the\nspherical symmetry gravitational field is transformed into flat space-time to\nstudy. The results show that there exists no any singularity in the all\nprocesses and the whole space-time including at the point r=0. So it seems more\nrational to discuss the problems of gravitation in flat space-time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Geometric algebra, qubits, geometric evolution, and all that: The earlier approach is used for description of qubits and geometric phase\nparameters, the things critical in the area of topological quantum computing.\nThe used tool, Geometric (Clifford) Algebra is the most convenient formalism\nfor that case. Generalization of formal complex plane to an an arbitrary plane\nin three dimensions and of usual Hopf fibration to the map generated by an\narbitrary unit value element of even sub-algebra of the three-dimensional\nGeometric Algebra are resulting in more profound description of qubits compared\nto quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Volume and Boundary Face Area of a Regular Tetrahedron in a Constant\n  Curvature Space: An example of the volume and boundary face area of a curved polyhedron for\nthe case of regular spherical and hyperbolic tetrahedron is discussed. An exact\nformula is explicitly derived as a function of the scalar curvature and the\nedge length. This work can be used in loop quantum gravity and Regge calculus\nin the context of a non-vanishing cosmological constant.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An investigation of Lorentz transformation: A new method of derivation of Lorentz Transformation (LT) is given based on\nboth axioms of special relativity (SR) and physical intuitions. The essence of\nthe transformation is established and the crucial role played by the\npresumptions is presented for clarification. I consider the most general form\nof transformations between two sets of events in two inertial reference frames\nand use the most basic properties expected from such a transformation together\nwith the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light to derive LT. The\nmethod is very simple, succinct and useful for students trying a better\nunderstanding of the subject.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quarkonium and hydrogen spectra with spin dependent relativistic wave\n  equation: A non-linear non-perturbative relativistic atomic theory introduces spin in\nthe dynamics of particle motion. The resulting energy levels of Hydrogen atom\nare exactly same as the Dirac theory. The theory accounts for the energy due to\nspin-orbit interaction and for the additional potential energy due to spin and\nspin-orbit coupling. Spin angular momentum operator is integrated into the\nequation of motion. This requires modification to classical Laplacian operator.\nConsequently the Dirac matrices and the k operator of Dirac's theory are\ndispensed with. The theory points out that the curvature of the orbit draws on\ncertain amount of kinetic and potential energies affecting the momentum of\nelectron and the spin-orbit interaction energy constitutes a part of this\nenergy. The theory is developed for spin 1/2 bound state single electron in\nCoulomb potential and then further extended to quarkonium physics by\nintroducing the linear confining potential. The unique feature of this\nquarkonium model is that the radial distance can be exactly determined and does\nnot have a statistical interpretation. The established radial distance is then\nused to determine the wave function. The observed energy levels are used as the\ninput parameters and the radial distance and the string tension are predicted.\nThis ensures 100% conformance to all observed energy levels for the heavy\nquarkonium.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stationary current of a viscous compressed liquid in a cylindrical pipe: An attempt of solving the equations of the movement of a newton's liquid in\nthe cylindrical co-ordinates.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Topological origin of vector boson masses in Electroweak Model: The topological mechanism for generation of vector boson masses in the\nElectroweak Model is discussed. Vector boson masses are automatically generated\nby transformation of the free Lagrangian from the noncompact $R_4$ matter\nfields space to the compact sphere $ S_3$. This model describes all\nexperimentally observed fields and does not include the (up to now unobserved)\nscalar Higgs field. $W$- and $Z$-boson masses are expressed through the\nparameter $R$ by the same formulas as in the standard case. The free parameter\n$R$ of the model is now interpreted as the curvature radius of the spherical\nmatter fields space. The development of this topological idea in different\naspects, such as transformation to radial coordinates or nonlinearly realized\ngauge group or nonlinear partial-trace sigma-model, is briefly reviewed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Generalized Yang-Mills Theory under Rotor Mechanism: This paper follows the previous work on generalized abelian gauge field\ntheory of higher-order derivatives under rotor model and extends the study to\nthe most generalized non-abelian case. We find that the rotor mechanism from\nthe abelian case applies nicely to the non-abelian case under the Lorentz gauge\ncondition. Under the rotor mechanism, the gauge field transforms as $T_{\\mu}^a\n\\rightarrow \\Box^n T_{\\mu}^a$. When the order of field derivative is $n=0$,\nthis restores back to the original Yang-Mills action. Our work gives an\nextensive generalization of the Yang-Mills theory with higher-order field\nderivatives. We also compute the equation of motion and Noether's current of\nthe generalized non-abelian gauge field theory. Finally, we study the dynamic\ninstability issue of the theory by the Ostrogradsky construction and the\nanalysis of the 00-component of the energy-momentum tensor.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Quantum Cosmology: No Dark Matter, Dark Energy nor Accelerating\n  Universe: We show that modelling the universe as a pre-geometric system with emergent\nquantum modes, and then constructing the classical limit, we obtain a new\naccount of space and gravity that goes beyond Newtonian gravity even in the\nnon-relativistic limit. This account does not require dark matter to explain\nthe spiral galaxy rotation curves, and explains as well the observed\nsystematics of black hole masses in spherical star systems, the bore hole $g$\nanomalies, gravitational lensing and so on. As well the dynamics has a Hubble\nexpanding universe solution that gives an excellent parameter-free account of\nthe supernovae and gamma-ray-burst red-shift data, without dark energy or dark\nmatter. The Friedmann-Lema\\^{i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric is derived\nfrom this dynamics, but is shown not satisfy the General Relativity based\nFriedmann equations. It is noted that General Relativity dynamics only permits\nan expanding flat 3-space solution if the energy density in the pressure-less\ndust approximation is non-zero. As a consequence dark energy and dark matter\nare required in this cosmological model, and as well the prediction of a future\nexponential accelerating Hubble expansion. The FLRW $\\Lambda$CDM model\ndata-based parameter values, $\\Omega_\\Lambda=0.73$, $\\Omega_{DM}=0.27$, are\nderived within the quantum cosmology model, but are shown to be merely\nartifacts of using the Friedmann equations in fitting the red-shift data.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Zero-point term and quantum effects in the Johnson noise of resistors: A\n  critical appraisal: There is a longstanding debate about the zero-point term in the Johnson noise\nvoltage of a resistor. This term originates from a quantum-theoretical\ntreatment of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem (FDT). Is the zero-point term\nreally there, or is it only an experimental artefact, due to the uncertainty\nprinciple, for phase-sensitive amplifiers? Could it be removed by\nrenormalization of theories? We discuss some historical measurement schemes\nthat do not lead to the effect predicted by the FDT, and we analyse new\nfeatures that emerge when the consequences of the zero-point term are measured\nvia the mean energy and force in a capacitor shunting the resistor. If these\nmeasurements verify the existence of a zero-point term in the noise, then two\ntypes of perpetual motion machines can be constructed. Further investigation\nwith the same approach shows that, in the quantum limit, the Johnson-Nyquist\nformula is also invalid under general conditions even though it is valid for a\nresistor-antenna system. Therefore we conclude that and a satisfactory quantum\ntheory of the Johnson noise, the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem, must, as a\nminimum, include also the measurement system used to evaluate the observed\nquantities. Issues concerning the zero-point term may also have implications\nfor phenomena in advanced nanotechnology.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Effect of a relativistic correction to the Coulomb potential on the\n  energy levels of hydrogen atom: Based on classical electrodynamics, it is argued that the Coulomb potential\n(which is strictly valid for two point charges at rest), commonly used in the\nstudy of energy levels of hydrogen atom is not the correct one, because the\nelectron in the hydrogen atom moves with relativistic speeds with respect to\nthe nucleus. Retardation effect has to be considered in accordance with\nLi\\'{e}nard-Wiechert (or retarded) potential of a moving charge or the\nrelativistic electrodynamics. However, such a consideration introduces a\ncorrection to the Coulomb potential, whose quantum mechanical expectation value\nis estimated at $E_{ret} = - \\frac{mc^2\\alpha ^4}{2n^3(l+1/2)}$, which is of\nthe same order as the fine structure of hydrogen atom and hence added to the\nstandard energy eigenvalue values of H-atom. This correction lifts the\n$l$-degeneracy in the spectra of H-atom and hence modifies the standard result.\nThe result disturbs the existing agreement between the theory and experiments\non H-atom and hence requires further theoretical and experimental\nre-examination. The implications of this result for the Kepler-problem in\ngeneral is also discussed in the context of Heaviside's gravity, which seems to\noffer an alternative explanation for the non-Newtonian perihelion advance of\nMercury without invoking the space-time curvature formalism of Einstein's\ngeneral theory of relativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Michelson-Morley experiment in an accelerated reference frame: We analyze the Michelson-Morley experiment in a reference frame moving with\nconstant proper acceleration. Interestingly, we find an expected fringe shift\nwhich depends not only on the interferometer's rate of acceleration, but also\non its speed relative to a preferred absolute reference frame. While it has\nbeen repeatedly shown that no experiment performed in an inertial reference\nframe can detect that frame's absolute speed, the analysis in this paper\nsuggests that by considering experiments in accelerated reference frames it may\nbe possible to measure absolute speed after all.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Charged Perfect Fluid Distribution for Cosmological Universe Interacting\n  With Massive Scalar Field in Brans-Dicke Theory: Considering a spherically-symmetric non-static cosmological flat model of\nRobertson-Walker universe we have investigated the problem of perfect fluid\ndistribution interacting with the gravitational field in presence of massive\nscalar field and electromagnetic field in B-D theory. Exact solutions have been\nobtained by using a general approach of solving the partial differential\nequations and it has been observed that the electromagnetic field cannot\nsurvive for the cosmological flat model due to the influence caused by the\npresence of massive scalar field.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Macroquantum effects in condensed matter: Quantum relativistic probability description of continuous world is\nre-examined. The new conception of physical world is offered. It is based on\ndeterministic description of elementary particles, on conception The standard\nprobability quantum relativistic picture of world is reviewed. The new picture\nof world is proposed. It is based on deterministic approach to elementary\nparticles, discrete model of space determined by segmentation of particles and\ntheir fields and also by introduction of 9 Lorentz groups of transformations\nbetween systems of reference. It is supposed that elementary particles are\nsegmented in space and change their form dependent on phase and structural\nstate of substance. This approach allow to use linear differential second order\nequations to describe interactions. Maxwell equations are the partial case of\nthem. This approach allow to eliminate basic paradoxes of quantum field theory\nand quantum mechanics and gives a new interpretation of well known experiments.\nTo confirm the theory proposed basic parameters of macroquantum effects in\ncondensed medium including cosmic objects are calculated. Particularly,\nparameters of high temperature superconductors being stable till temperature\n93,5 Centdegree are calculated. It is supposed that electrons in atomic\nhydrogen at 6000 Centdegree at the Sun can occur in superconducting state.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Yang-Mills Interactions and Gravity in Terms of Clifford Algebra: A model of Yang-Mills interactions and gravity in terms of the Clifford\nalgebra Cl(0,6) is presented. The gravity and Yang-Mills actions are formulated\nas different order terms in a generalized action. The feebleness of gravity as\nwell as the smallness of the cosmological constant and theta terms are\ndiscussed at the classical level. The invariance groups, including the de\nSitter and the Pati-Salam SU(4) subgroups, consist of gauge transformations\nfrom either side of an algebraic spinor. Upon symmetry breaking via the Higgs\nfields, the remaining symmetries are the Lorentz SO(1,3), color SU(3),\nelectromagnetic U(1)_EM, and an additional U(1). The first generation leptons\nand quarks are identified with even and odd parts of spinor idempotent\nprojections. There are still several shortcomings with the current model.\nFurther research is needed to fully recover the standard model results.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Toward construction of a consistent field theory with Poincare\n  covariance in terms of step-function-type basis functions showing\n  confinement/deconfinement, mass-gap and Regge trajectory for non-pure/pure\n  non-Abelian gauge fields: This article is a review by the authors concerning the construction of a\nPoincar${\\rm \\acute{e}}$ covariant (owing to spacetime continuum)\nfield-theoretic formalism in terms of step-function-type basis functions\nwithout ultraviolet divergences. This formalism analytically derives\nconfinement/deconfinement, mass-gap and Regge trajectory for non-Abelian gauge\nfields, and gives solutions for self-interacting scalar fields. Fields\npropagate in spacetime continuum and fields with finite degrees of freedom\ntoward continuum limit have no ultraviolet divergence. Basis functions defined\nin a parameter spacetime are mapped to real spacetime. The authors derive a new\nsolution comprised of classical fields as a vacuum and quantum fluctuations,\nleading to the linear potential between the particle and antiparticle from the\nWilson loop. The Polyakov line gives finite binding energies and reveals the\ndeconfining property at high temperatures. The quantum action yields positive\nmass from the classical fields and quantum fluctuations produces the Coulomb\npotential. Pure Yang-Mills fields show the same mass-gap owing to the\nparticle-antiparticle pair creation. The Dirac equation under linear potential\nis analytically solved in this formalism, reproducing the principal properties\nof Regge trajectories at a quantum level. Further outlook mentions a\npossibility of the difference between conventional continuum and present wave\nfunctions responsible for the cosmological constant.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Ising Model and Z_2 Electrodynamics: The correlation functions and spontaneous magnetization are calculated for\nthe three-dimensional Ising model and for the three-dimensional Z_2\nelectrodynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Equations for generalized n-point information with extreme and not\n  extreme approximations in the free Fock space: The general n-point information (n-pi) are introduced and equations for them\nare considered. The role of right and left invertible interaction operators\noccurring in these equations together with their interpretation is discussed.\nSome comments on approximations to the proposed equations are given. The\nimportance of positivity conditions and a possible interpretation of n-pi in\nthe case of their non-compliance, for essentially non-linear interactions\n(ENI), are proposed. A language of creation, annihilation and projection\noperators which can be applied in classical as well as in quantum case is used.\nThe role of the complex numbers and functions in physics is also a little\nelucidated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Theory of Fractal Time: Field Equations (the Theory of Almost\n  Inertial Systems and Modified Lorentz Transformations): Field equations in four order derivatives with respect to time and space\ncoordinates based on modified classic relativistic energy of the fractal theory\nof time and space are received. It is shown appearing of new spin\ncharacteristics and new fields with imaginary energies .",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Mechanics: reality or an illusion of the detector? Paper I:\n  Interference with non-interacting photons and a special type of detector: We present a statistical model of non-interacting individual classical\nparticles that may lead to a microscopic implementation of quantum mechanics.\nThe model requires the action of a special type of detector that detects and\nrecords individual particles. According to our model, microscopic particles are\nclassical entities that follow classical trajectories without nonlocal\ninteractions between them. As long as they remain undetected, particles carry\nthe information of a phase equal to an action integral along their trajectory.\nAt the point of their detection, our special type of detector collects the\nphases from all particles reaching it, adds them up over time as complex\nnumbers, and divides them by the square root of their number. The detector\nrecords a detection each time the square of the magnitude of the ensuing vector\ncrosses an integer value. We test our model with numerical simulations of a\ndouble-slit experiment, and obtain an interference pattern analogous to the one\nobserved in an actual physical experiment.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A new perspective on MOND: A novel interpretation of MOND is presented. For galactic data, in addition\nto Newtonian acceleration, there is an attractive acceleration peaking at\nMilgrom's parameter a_0. The peak lies within experimental error where a_0 =\ncH_0/2\\pi; H_0 is the present-time value of the Hubble constant and c the\nvelocity of light. The physical interpretation of this relation and its\nconnection to Dark Energy are discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Is there a physical continuum?: We are used to the fact that most if not all physical theories are based on\nthe set of real numbers (or another associative division algebra). These all\nhave a cardinality larger than that of the natural numbers, i.e. form a\ncontinuum. It is often asked, whether there really is a continuum in the\nphysical world, or whether a future physical theory could work with just\ncountable infinities. The latter could for example be compatible with a\nquantized space-time. In this paper we formulate a simple model of the brain\nand show that within the presented natural assumptions, the continuum has to\nexist for at least some physical quantities.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Black Holes in Elliptical and Spiral Galaxies and in Globular Clusters: Supermassive black holes have been discovered at the centers of galaxies, and\nalso in globular clusters. The data shows correlations between the black hole\nmass and the elliptical galaxy mass or globular cluster mass. It is shown that\nthis correlation is accurately predicted by a theory of gravity which includes\nthe new dynamics of self-interacting space. In spiral galaxies this dynamics is\nshown to explain the so-called `dark matter' rotation-curve anomaly, and also\nexplains the earth based bore-hole g anomaly data. Together these effects imply\nthat the strength of the self-interaction dynamics is determined by the fine\nstructure constant. This has major implications for fundamental physics and\ncosmology.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An Underpinning for Space Time: We argue, that from a background pre space-time Zero Point Field, physical\nspace-time emerges on averaging over unphysical Compton scales.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On SU(2) anomaly and Majorana fermions: In this paper a loophole in the SU(2) gauge anomaly is presented. It is shown\nthat using several topological tools a theory can be designed that implements\nthe quantization of a single Weyl doublet anomaly free while keeping the\nnon-abelian character of the particle in the theory. This opens the perspective\nfor non-Abelian statistics of deconfined particle like objects in 3+1\ndimensions and for applications in Quantum Computing. Moreover, if this\nloophole cannot be closed, old arguments related to anomaly cancelations must\nbe reviewed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Are the electron spin and magnetic moment parallel or antiparallel\n  vectors?: A direct measurement of the relative orientation between the spin and\nmagnetic moment of the electron seems to be never performed. The kinematical\ntheory of elementary particles developed by the author and the analysis of the\nexpectation value of Dirac's magnetic moment operator show that, contrary to\nthe usual assumption, spin and magnetic moment of electrons and positrons might\nhave the same relative orientation. Two plausible experiments for their\nrelative orientation measurement are proposed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "New Tsallis Holographic Dark Energy: Tsallis entropy is a generalization of the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy in\nstatistical theory which uses a parameter $\\delta$ to measure the deviation\nfrom the standard scenario quantitatively. Using concepts of Tsallis entropy\nand future event horizon, we construct a new Tsallis holographic dark energy\nmodel. The parameters $c$ and $\\delta$ will be used to characterize various\naspects of the model. Analytical expressions for various cosmological\nparameters such as the differential equation describing the evolution of the\neffective dark energy density parameter, the equation of state parameter and\nthe deceleration parameter are obtained. The equation of state parameter for\nthe current model exhibits the pure quintessence behaviour for $c>1$, quintom\nbehaviour for $c<1$ whereas the $\\Lambda$CDM model is recovered for $c=1$. To\nanalyze the thermal history of the universe, we obtained the expression for the\ndeceleration parameter and found that for $z \\approx 0.6$, the phase transits\nfrom deceleration to acceleration.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Rationalization of EPR Coincidence Experiments: Coincidence experiments on EPR pairs show strong violations of Bell's\nInequalities at certain filter settings which is widely believed to mean that\nlocal hidden variable models cannot explain these results. In this paper it is\nshown that the 'non-separable' singlet density matrix can be represented as a\nsum of separable density matrices which are products of individual\nnon-hermitian spin operator states. This decomposition is consistent with the\nintuitive notion that after separation from the singlet the two physical\nsystems should be described by a product state. In spite of the\nnon-hermiticity, the values of the relevant spin observables are real. A new\nlocal hidden variable model inspired by this decomposition is discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the electric and magnetic properties of conductors: Application of the generalized continuity equation reveals that the drift\ncurrent in conductors is equivalent to a negative diffusion current. A\nphenomenological model of conductivity is developed using the generalized\ncontinuity equations. Consequently, a limiting conductivity is obtained that\namounts to $1.09\\times \\,10^9\\,\\Omega^{-1}m^{-1}$. A magnetomotive force\n(current) is hypothesized to exist, which is exhibited when a voltage changes\nwith time. Magnetic charges and currents are found to be related to\ndisplacement current.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Free Energy and Internal Combustion Engine Cycles: The performance of one type (Carnot) of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)\ncycle is analyzed within the framework of thermodynamic free energies. ICE\nperformance is different from that of an External Combustion Engine (ECE) which\nis dictated by Carnot's rule.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Archimedean Proof of the Physical Impossibility of Earth Mantle\n  Convection: Eight decades ago, Arthur Holmes introducted the idea of mantle convection as\na mechanism for continental drift. Five decades ago, continental drift was\nmodified to become plate tectonics theory, which included mantle convection as\nan absolutely critical component. Using the submarine design and operation\nconcept of \"neutral buoyancy\", which follows from Archimedes' discoveries, the\nconcept of mantle convection is proven to be incorrect, concomitantly refuting\nplate tectonics, refuting all mantle convection models, and refuting all models\nthat depend upon mantle convection.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some properties of dark matter field in the complex octonion space: The paper aims to consider the electromagnetic adjoint-field in the complex\noctonion space as the dark matter field, describing some properties of dark\nmatter, especially the origin, particle category, existence region, and force\nand so forth. Since J. C. Maxwell applied the algebra of quaternions to depict\nthe electromagnetic theory, some scholars adopt the complex quaternion and\noctonion to study the physics property of electromagnetic and gravitational\nfields. In the paper, by means of the octonion operator, it is found that the\ngravitational field accompanies with one adjoint-field, which property is\npartly similar to that of electromagnetic field. And the electromagnetic field\naccompanies with another adjoint-field, which feature is partly similar to that\nof gravitational field. As a result the electromagnetic adjoint-field is able\nto be chosen as one candidate of the dark matter field. According to the\nelectromagnetic adjoint-field, it is able to predict a few properties of dark\nmatter, for instance, the particle category, interaction intensity, interaction\ndistance, and existence region and so forth. The study reveals that the dark\nmatter particle and gravitational resource both will be influenced by the\ngravitational strength and force. The dark matter field is capable of making a\ncontribution to physics quantities of gravitational field, including the\nangular momentum, torque, energy, and force and so on. Further there may be\ncomparatively more chances to discover the dark matter in some regions with the\nultrastrong field strength, surrounding the neutral star, white dwarf, galactic\nnucleus, black hole, and astrophysical jet and so on.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Evaluation of an Impulse Gravity Generator Based Beamed Propulsion\n  Concept: This paper analyzes the suitability of a beamed propulsion concept having\nproperties consistent with the impulse gravity generator described by\nPodkletnov et al. [physics/0108005]. The use of this propulsion concept for\norbital maneuver, Earth-to-orbit, interplanetary, and interstellar applications\nbased on presently available experimental results and theory is considered, and\nareas for future research needed to better characterize this phenomenon are\ndiscussed. A beam of radiation or particles with the properties described for\nthe impulse gravity generator would appear to be an excellent candidate for use\nin beamed spacecraft propulsion. Besides the usual benefits of beamed\npropulsion, it would not need sails or other special spacecraft components to\nfunction, could safely provide high accelerations to delicate components, and\nmight operate at higher efficiencies than other beamed propulsion concepts.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Continuous Measure of Symmetry as a Dynamic Variable: a New Glance on\n  the Three-Body Problem: The time evolution of the continuous measure symmetry for the system built of\nthe three bodies interacting via the potential U(r)~1/r is reported.\nGravitational and electrostatic interactions between the point bodies were\naddressed. In the case of the pure gravitational interaction the\nthree-body-system deviated from its initial symmetrical location, described by\nthe Lagrange equilateral triangle, comes to collapse, accompanied by the growth\nof the continuous measure of symmetry. When three point bodies interact via the\nCoulomb repulsive interaction, the time evolution of CMS is quite different.\nCMS calculated for all of studied initial configurations of the point charges\nand all of their charge-to-mass ratios always comes with time to its asymptotic\nvalue, evidencing the stabilization of the shape of the triangle, constituted\nby the interacting bodies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Hamilton approach for the metric GR: Basic principles of the Hamilton approach developed for the metric General\nRelativity (Einstein`s GR) are discussed. In particular, we derive the\nHamiltonian of the metric GR in the explicit form. This Hamiltonian is a\nquadratic function of the momenta $\\pi^{mn}$ conjugate to the spatial\ncomponents $g_{mn}$ of the metric tensor $g_{\\alpha\\beta}$. The Hamilton\napproach is used to analyze some problems of metric GR, including the internal\nstructure of propagating gravitational waves and quantization of the metric GR.\nWe also derive the Schr\\\"{o}dinger equation for the free Gravitational field\nand show that actual gravitational field cannot propagate as pure harmonic\noscillations, or harmonic gravitational waves. A number of inequalities useful\nin applications to the metric GR are derived.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dark Matter, Antimatter and Time-Symmetry: If space, time and mass-energy expand outward from the Big Bang along the\ntime axis equally in the (+) and (-) directions, then time is symmetric by\nWeyl's definition. In the Feynman-Stueckelberg Interpretation, antimatter is\nidentical to matter but moves backward in time. This paper argues this\ninterpretation is physically real, leading to the universe containing dark\nmatter with mass accumulations similar to ordinary matte. As time expands, in\nboth directions away from the origin, quantum uncertainty allows a brief,\ndecreasing leakage of mass between (+) and (-) universes. Matter leaking from\n(-) to (+) time moves forward in time, producing preponderance of matter in (+)\ntime. Antimatter leakage from (+) time to (-) time in the same way produces\nantimatter preponderance in the (-) time universe. The remaining opposite\npartner particles left by the leakage, (antimatter and matter respectively)\nproceeding outward in antitime and time respectively, after many annihilations\nalso increase the two preponderances in the two universes. The anti-universe\nshould be observable by gravitational lensing, predicting \"MACHOS\" of\napproximately stellar mass, and multiple micro-lensing of quasars.\nNon-existence of primordial antimatter of Z>1, and a large variation in the\nquantities of dark matter associated with different individual galaxies are\npredicted. A symmetry is provided for Nodland and Ralston's observed maximum\naxis of rotation of polarization of galactic synchrotron radiation. A new\nsolution of the horizon problem at times close to the origin is indicated.\nCollapse of the wave function and time's arrow are explained and non-locality\nand instantaneity of quantum interaction required. Extension of the hypothesis\nto six dimensions gives an 83.3% dark matter share of the universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Changes in the fine structure of stochastic distributions as a\n  consequence of space-time fluctuations: Earlier we showed that the fine structure of the spectrum of amplitude\nvariations in the results of measurements of the processes of different nature\n(in other words, the fine structure of the dispersion of results or the pattern\nof the corresponding histograms) is subject to macroscopic fluctuations,\nchanging regularly with time. These changes indicate that the dispersion of\nresults that remains after all artifacts are excluded inevitably accompanies\nany measurements and reflects very basic features of our world. In our\nresearch, we have come to the conclusion that this dispersion of results is the\neffect of space-time fluctuations, which, in their turn, are caused by the\nmovement of the measured object in an anisotropic gravitational field. Among\nother things, this conclusion means that the examination of the detailed\npattern of distributions obtained from the results of measurement of the\ndynamics of processes of different nature discovers laws, which cannot be\nrevealed with traditional methods for the analysis of time series. These\nassertions are based on the results of long-term experimental investigations\nconducted for many decades. The major part of these results, starting with\n1958, is published in Russian. The goal of this paper is to give a brief review\nof those results and provide corresponding references. The most general\nconclusion of our research is the evidence that the fine structure of\nstochastic distributions is not accidental. In other words, noncasual is the\npattern of histograms plotted from a rather small number of the results of\nmeasurement of the dynamics of processes of different nature, from the\nbiochemical reactions and noise in the gravitational antenna to the\nalpha-decay.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Estimation of the information contained in the visible matter of the\n  universe: The information capacity of the universe has been a topic of great debate\nsince 1970s, and continues to stimulate multiple branches of physics research.\nHere we used Shannon's information theory to estimate the amount of encoded\ninformation in all the visible matter in the universe. We achieved this by\nderiving a detailed formula estimating the total number of particles in the\nobservable universe, known as the Eddington number, and by estimating the\namount of information stored by each particle about itself. We determined that\neach particle in the observable universe contains 1.509 bits of information and\nthere are 6 * 10 to power 80 bits of information stored in all the matter\nparticles of the observable universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Testing the $f(R)$-theory of gravity: A procedure of testing the $f(R)$-theory of gravity is discussed. The latter\nis an extension of the general theory of relativity (GR). In order this\nextended theory (in some variant) to be really confirmed as a more precise\ntheory it must be tested. To do that we first have to solve an equation\ngeneralizing Einstein's equation in the GR. However, solving this generalized\nEinstein's equation is often very hard, even it is impossible in general to\nfind an exact solution. It is why the perturbation method for solving this\nequation is used. In a recent work \\cite{Ky:2018fer} a perturbation method was\napplied to the $f(R)$-theory of gravity in a central gravitational field which\nis a good approximation in many circumstances. There, perturbative solutions\nwere found for a general form and some special forms of $f(R)$. These solutions\nmay allow us to test an $f(R)$-theory of gravity by calculating some quantities\nwhich can be verified later by the experiment (observation). In\n\\cite{Ky:2018fer} an illustration was made on the case $f(R)=R+\\lambda R^2$.\nFor this case, in the present article, the orbital precession of S2 orbiting\naround Sgr A* is calculated in a higher-order of approximation. The\n$f(R)$-theory of gravity should be also tested for other variants of $f(R)$ not\nconsidered yet in \\cite{Ky:2018fer}. Here, several representative variants are\nconsidered and in each case the orbital precession is calculated for the\nSun--Mercury- and the Sgr A*--S2 gravitational systems so that it can be\ncompared with the value observed by a (future) experiment. Following the same\nmethod of \\cite{Ky:2018fer} a light bending angle for an $f(R)$ model in a\ncentral gravitational field can be also calculated and it could be a useful\nexercise.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dynamics of the self-interacting chameleon cosmology: In this article we study the properties of the flat FRW chameleon cosmology\nin which the cosmic expansion of the Universe is affected by the chameleon\nfield and dark energy. In particular, we perform a detailed examination of the\nmodel in the light of numerical analysis. The results illustrate that the\ninteracting chameleon filed plays an important role in late time universe\nacceleration and phantom crossing.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comment on 'Accelerated observers emerging from a Bose-Einstein\n  condensate through analogue gravity': Few comments upon Gonzalez-Fernandez and Camacho paper (arXiv: 1904.02299)\nare pointed out. We bring evidences that the analogue gravity recipe does not\nwork for a BEC in an anisotropic harmonic-oscillator trap. The analogy with an\naccelerated observer does not seem to be realistic. Some loopholes related to\nthe physical units are emphasized.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Symmetry and the arrow of time in theoretical black hole astrophysics: While the basic laws of physics seem time-reversal invariant, our\nunderstanding of the apparent irreversibility of the macroscopic world is well\ngrounded in the notion of entropy. Because astrophysics deals with the largest\nstructures in the Universe, one expects evidence there for the most pronounced\nentropic arrow of time. However, in recent theoretical astrophysics work it\nappears possible to identify constructs with time-reversal symmetry, which is\npuzzling in the large-scale realm especially because it involves the engines of\npowerful outflows in active galactic nuclei which deal with macroscopic\nconstituents such as accretion disks, magnetic fields, and black holes.\nNonetheless, the underlying theoretical structure from which this accreting\nblack hole framework emerges displays a time-symmetric harmonic behavior, a\nfeature reminiscent of basic and simple laws of physics. While we may expect\nsuch behavior for classical black holes due to their simplicity, manifestations\nof such symmetry on the scale of galaxies, instead, surprise. In fact, we\nidentify a parallel between the astrophysical tug-of-war between accretion\ndisks and jets in this model and the time symmetry-breaking of a simple\noverdamped harmonic oscillator. The validity of these theoretical ideas in\ncombination with this unexpected parallel suggests that black holes are more\ninfluential in astrophysics than currently recognized and that black hole\nastrophysics is a more fundamental discipline.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The physical principles underpinning self-organization in plants: Based on laboratory based growth of plant-like structures from inorganic\nmaterials, we present new theory for the emergence of plant structure at a\nrange of scales dictated by levels of ionization (charge density), which can be\ntraced directly back to proteins transcribed from genetic code and their\ninteraction with external sources of charge (such as CO2) in real plants.\nBeyond a critical percolation threshold, individual charge induced quantum\npoten- tials (driven by dissipative systems) merge to form a complex,\ninterconnected geometric web, creating macroscopic quantum potentials, which\nlead to the emergence of macroscopic quantum processes. The assembly of\nmolecules into larger, ordered structures operates within these charge-induced\ncoherent bosonic fields, acting as a structuring force in competition with\nexterior potentials. Within these processes many of the phenomena associated\nwith standard quantum theory are recovered, including quantization,\nnon-dissipation, self-organization, confinement, structuration conditioned by\nthe environment, environmental fluctuations leading to macroscopic quantum\ndecoherence and evolutionary time described by a time dependent\nSchrodinger-like equation, which describes models of bifurcation and\nduplication. The work provides a strong case for the existence of\nquintessence-like behaviour, with macroscopic quantum potentials and associated\nforces having their equivalence in standard quantum mechanics and gravitational\nforces in general relativity. The theory offers new insight into evolutionary\nprocesses in structural biology, with selection at any point in time, being\nmade from a wide range of spontaneously emerging potential structures\n(dependent on conditions), which offer advantage for a specific organism. This\nis valid for both the emergence of structures from a prebiotic medium and the\nwide range of different plant structures we see today.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Does Physics Need 'Dark Matter'?: To fully understand the present position concerning so-called dark matter, it\nis necessary to examine the historical background since, only by following this\napproach, do all the pieces of the puzzle fall into place. Here an attempt is\nmade to do this briefly and it is found that an interesting and important\nquestion is raised. This question relates to the position of electromagnetism\nin astronomical considerations since history indicates that, in the years\nfollowing the beginning of the 20th century, interest in electromagnetic\neffects appeared to wane. Hence, following an examination of the history and\nthe presently accepted position where reliance for solutions seems confined to\nexamining gravitational effects, attention is turned to hypotheses based on\nplasma physics to see if a more feasible solution to the problem of the missing\nmass can be furnished utilising its fundamental ideas. While the purpose here\nis to concentrate on dark matter and the supposed need for its introduction\ninto physics, this consideration of electromagnetic effects combined with the\nrealisation that most matter in the Universe is in the form of plasma also\nindicates alternative routes to seeking solutions for other puzzling\nastronomical phenomena.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Model of Electrons, Photons and the Ether: This is an attempt to construct a classical microscopic model of the electron\nwhich underlies quantum mechanics. An electron is modeled, not as a point\nparticle, but as the end of an electromagnetic string, a line of flux. These\nlines stretch across cosmic distances, but are almost unobservable because they\ncondense into pairs--which form the ether. Photons are modeled to propagate on\nthese line pairs, which act effectively as wave guides. These line pairs are\nalso responsible for the force of gravity--which is electromagnetic in\ncharacter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Nonlinearly charged dyonic black holes: In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamics of dyonic black holes in the\npresence of Born-Infeld electromagnetic field. We show that electric-magnetic\nduality reported for dyonic solutions with Maxwell field is omitted in case of\nBorn-Infeld generalization. We also confirm that generalization to nonlinear\nfield provides the possibility of canceling the effects of cosmological\nconstant. This is done for nonlinearity parameter with $10^{-33}\\mbox{ eV}^{2}$\norder of magnitude which is high nonlinearity regime. In addition, we show that\nfor small electric/magnetic charge and high nonlinearity regime, black holes\nwould develop critical behavior and several phases. In contrast, for highly\ncharged case and Maxwell limits (small nonlinearity), black holes have one\nthermal stable phase. We also find that the pressure of the cold black holes is\nbounded by some constraints on its volume while hot black holes' pressure has\nphysical behavior for any volume. In addition, we report on possibility of\nexistences of triple point and reentrant of phase transition in thermodynamics\nof these black holes. Finally, We show that if electric and magnetic charges\nare identical, the behavior of our solutions would be Maxwell like (independent\nof nonlinear parameter and field). In other words, nonlinearity of\nelectromagnetic field becomes evident only when these black holes are charged\nmagnetically and electrically different.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Phantom of Higgs Boson Versus Hierarchy of Stationary States of\n  Superhigh Energies: As is known, the Standard Model mainly ideologically and qualitatively focuss\nthe experimenters in their search of new mass states (of EP- elementary\nparticles). The exact quantitative prognosis of their properties, especially of\nmasses, lays outside opportunities of the usual theory. Model of Stationary\nstates of EP within the framework of the Wave Universe Concept [Chechelnitsky,\n1980-2001] points on existence of Hierarchy of physically distinguished -\nstationary (elite, dominant) states described by the mass formulas, in\nparticular, in a range 10-210 Gev/c^2.\n  The states close to:\n  ..., 101.5; 107.3; 112.76-113; 139.5-143; 147.6; 202 Gev/c^2 should be\nobserved.\n  Apparently, the experiment already confirms this prognosis in a range up to\n100 Gev/c^2. You see preferable states, observable already now in experiment,\nit - not rejected by the usual theory as the candidates in constituents of\nStandard model (for example, not holding Higgs bosons), but quite real displays\nof stationary (first of all, -dominant) mass states. Last data of L3 (CERN)\nCollaboration really specify displays of new mass states and close to 103.7;\n108.9; 114.5 Gev/c^2.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A robust and reliable method for detecting signals of interest in\n  multiexponential decays: The concept of rejecting the null hypothesis for definitively detecting a\nsignal was extended to relaxation spectrum space for multiexponential\nreconstruction. The novel test was applied to the problem of detecting the\nmyelin signal, which is believed to have a time constant below 40ms, in T2\ndecays from MRI's of the human brain. It was demonstrated that the test allowed\nthe detection of a signal in a relaxation spectrum using only the information\nin the data, thus avoiding any potentially unreliable prior information. The\ntest was implemented both explicitly and implicitly for simulated T2\nmeasurements. For the explicit implementation, the null hypothesis was that a\nrelaxation spectrum existed that had no signal below 40ms and that was\nconsistent with the T2 decay. The confidence level by which the null hypothesis\ncould be rejected gave the confidence level that there was signal below the\n40ms time constant. The explicit implementation assessed the test's performance\nwith and without prior information where the prior information was the\nnonnegative relaxation spectrum assumption. The test was also implemented\nimplicitly with a data conserving multiexponential reconstruction algorithm\nthat used left invertible matrices and that has been published previously. The\nimplicit and explicit implementations demonstrated similar characteristics in\ndetecting the myelin signal in both the simulated and experimental T2 decays,\nproviding additional evidence to support the close link between the two tests.\n[Full abstract in paper]",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Study of the superconducting to normal transition: A model, based on classical mechanics and thermodynamics and valid for\n\\textit{all} superconductors, is devised to investigate the properties of the\n\\textit{current-driven}, superconducting to normal transition. This process is\nshown to be reversible. An original derivation of the BCS variational procedure\nis given. Two different critical temperatures are introduced. The temperature\ndependence of the critical current is worked out and found to agree with\nobservation. The peculiar transport properties of high-$T_c$ compounds in the\nnormal state and old magnetoelastic data are also interpreted within this\nframework. A novel experiment is proposed to check the relevance of this\nanalysis to high-$T_c$ superconductivity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Noncommutative spacetime effects and gravitation: In recent years Quantum Superstrings and Quantum Gravity approaches have come\nto rely on non differenciable spacetime manifolds. These throw up a\nnoncommutative spacetime geometry and we consider the origin of mass and a\nrelated modification of the Dirac equation in this context. This also throws\nsome light on gravitation itself.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A tossed coin as quantum mechanical object: Comprehensive and physically consistent model of a tossed coin is presented\nin terms of geometric algebra. The model clearly shows that there is nothing\nelementary particle specific in the half-spin quantum mechanical formalism. It\nalso demonstrates what really is behind this formalism, feasibly reveals the\nprobabilistic meaning of wave function and shows that arithmetic of packed\nobjects, namely wave functions and Pauli matrices, reduces the amount of\navailable information.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Statistical analyses of antimatter domains, created by nonhomogeneous\n  baryosynthesis in a baryon asymmetrical Universe: Within the framework of scenarios of nonhomogeneous baryosynthesis, the\nformation of macroscopic antimatter domains is predicted in a matter-antimatter\nasymmetrical Universe. The properties of antimatter within the domains are\noutlined; the matter-antimatter boundary interactions are studied. The\ncorrelation functions for two astrophysical objects are calculated. The\ntheoretical expression in the limiting process of the two-points correlation\nfunction of an astrophysical object and an antibaryon is derived.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The anomalous electron magnetic moment and Lamb shift in the new\n  approach in quantum electrodynamics: In a previous paper by the author a new approach in quantum electrodynamics\nwas proposed in which the electronic and electromagnetic fields are ordinary\nc-numbers in contradistinction to noncommuting q-numbers used in the standard\nformulation of quantum electrodynamics. The factual development of standard\nquantum electrodynamics began when the anomalous correction to the electron\nmagnetic moment and the Lamb shift were calculated and the calculations were\nconfirmed by experiment. It is demonstrated in the present paper how the\nanomalous electron magnetic moment and Lamb shift can be obtained in the new\napproach in quantum electrodynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Probability for matter-Antimatter Segregation Following the\n  Quark-Hadron Transition: Cosmologists such Sakharov, Alfv\\'en, Klein, Weizs\\\"acker, Gamow and Harrison\nall disregarded the distribution of baryons and antibaryons immediately prior\nto freeze-out in trying to elucidate the circumstances that explained hadron\ndistribution in the early universe. They simply accepted a uniform\ndistribution: each baryon paired with an antibaryon. Their acceptance of this\nassumption resulted in theoretical difficulties that could not be overcome.\nThis essay discards this assumption of homogeneity or uniformity. Although this\nessay does deal with early-universe matters, it is not meant to indicate any\ninvolvement in energy distribution functions nor in any symmetry-asymmetry\ncontroversies. Cluster formation is strictly geometric. This essay has value as\nfar as problems early cosmologists faced but also should complete the historic\nrecord.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Influence of the Heisenberg Principle on the Ideal Bose Gas: The ideal Bose gas has two major shortcomings: at zero temperature, all the\nparticles 'condense' at zero energy or momentum, thus violating the Heisenberg\nprinciple; the second is that the pressure below the critical point is\nindependent of density resulting in zero incompressibility (or infinite\nisothermal compressibility) which is unphysical. We propose a modification of\nthe ideal Bose gas to take into account the Heisenberg principle. This\nmodification results in a finite (in)compressibility at all temperatures and\ndensities. The main properties of the ideal Bose gas are preserved, i.e. the\nrelation between the critical temperature and density, but the specific heat\nhas a maximum at the critical temperature instead of a discontinuity. Of course\ninteractions are crucial for both cases in order to describe actual physical\nsystems.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Supplement to the theory of electron neutron scattering: The electron neutron scattering process determines the electrical and thermal\nconductivity of neutron stars plasma. As we approach the resonance section of\nthe growth is much higher than the growth predicted by the perturbation theory.\nThe stated mathematical formalism is borrowed from the theory of light which is\nscattered on the excited system",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "NASA's satellite orbit anomaly problem can be solved precisely in the\n  frame of Einstein's special theory of relativity. Anomaly confirms that\n  gravity fields propagate with velocity of light as Einstein predicted: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory put on You Tube a problem that has been\nbaffling the scientists for sometime. It involves an unexpected force acting on\nthe space probes. The author proves that NASA'S satellite orbit anomaly problem\ncan be solved in the frame of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. The\nanomaly confirms that gravity fields propagate with velocity of light as\nEinstein predicted. The proof is based on the authors discovery of the\nrelativistic version of Newton's gravity field. The author provides formulas\nfor relativistic equation of motion for a spacecraft in the joint gravitational\nfield of the Earth and the Sun in a Lorentzian frame attached to the Earth. The\nformulas are suitable for digital computers and can be easily implemented. He\nalso shows how to find solutions of the relativistic equations of motion for\nthe spacecraft.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The SETI Paradox: Two opposing tendencies paradoxically coexist in terrestrial consciousness --\nthe insistent quest for intelligent signals from other civilizations and the\npersistent aversion to any attempts to transmit such signals from Earth toward\nprobable fellow intelligent beings. If typical for our entire Universe, such\nmanifestations of intelligence would make the search for other civilizations\ntotally meaningless.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Velocity requirements for causality violation: We re-examine the \"Regge-Tolman paradox\" with reference to some recent\nexperimental results. It is straightforward to find a formula for the velocity\nv of the moving system required to produce causality violation. This formula\ntypically yields a velocity very close to the speed of light (for instance, v/c\n> 0.97 for X-shaped microwaves), which raises some doubts about the real\nphysical observability of the violations. We then compute the velocity\nrequirement introducing a delay between the reception of the primary signal and\nthe emission of the secondary. It turns out that in principle for any delay it\nis possible to find moving observers able to produce active causal violation.\nThis is mathematically due to the singularity of the Lorentz transformations\nfor beta to 1. For a realistic delay due to the propagation of a luminal\nprecursor, we find that causality violations in the reported experiments are\nstill more unlikely (v/c > 0.989), and even in the hypothesis that the\nsuperluminal propagation velocity goes to infinity, the velocity requirement is\nbounded by v/c > 0.62. We also prove that if two macroscopic bodies exchange\nenergy and momentum through superluminal signals, then the swap of signal\nsource and target is incompatible with the Lorentz transformations; therefore\nit is not possible to distinguish between source and target, even with\nreference to a definite reference frame.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A condensed matter interpretation of SM fermions and gauge fields: We present the bundle Aff(3) x C x /(R^3), with a geometric Dirac equation on\nit, as a three-dimensional geometric interpretation of the SM fermions. Each C\nx /(R^3) describes an electroweak doublet. The Dirac equation has a\ndoubler-free staggered spatial discretization on the lattice space Aff(3) x C\n(Z^3). This space allows a simple physical interpretation as a phase space of a\nlattice of cells in R^3. We find the SM SU(3)_c x SU(2)_L x U(1)_Y action on\nAff(3) x C x /(R^3) to be a maximal anomaly-free special gauge action\npreserving E(3) symmetry and symplectic structure, which can be constructed\nusing two simple types of gauge-like lattice fields: Wilson gauge fields and\ncorrection terms for lattice deformations. The lattice fermion fields we\npropose to quantize as low energy states of a canonical quantum theory with\nZ_2-degenerated vacuum state. We construct anticommuting fermion operators for\nthe resulting Z_2-valued (spin) field theory. A metric theory of gravity\ncompatible with this model is presented too.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Nonlinear Maxwell Theory---an Outline: The goal of this paper is to sketch a broader outline of the mathematical\nstructures present in the Nonlinear Maxwell Theory in continuation of work\npresented in my previous articles. In particular, I display new types of both\ndynamic and static solutions of the Nonlinear Maxwell Equations (NM). I point\nout how the resulting theory ties to the Quantum Mechanics of Correlated\nElectrons inasmuch as it provides a mesoscopic description of phenomena like\nnonresistive charge transport, static magnetic flux tubes, and charge stripes\nin a way consistent with both the phenomenology and the microscopic principles.\nIn addition, I point at a bunch of geometric structures intrinsic for the\ntheory. On one hand, the presence of these structures indicates that the\nequations at hand can be used as `probing tools' for purely geometric\nexploration of low-dimensional manifolds. On the other hand, global aspects of\nthese structures are in my view prerequisite to incorporating (quantum)\ninformational features of Correlated Electron Systems within the framework of\nthe Nonlinear Maxwell Theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The q-Diode: The present work introduces the new function Rq,Q(z), solution of the\nequation Rq,Q(z) XQ expq(Rq,Q(z)) = z. It is shown this new function can be\nused to construct new disentropy as well it is used to model the q-diode, a\nhypothetical electronic device whose electrical current depends q-exponentially\non the voltage between its terminals.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electrostatic AB-Ramjet Space Propulsion: A new electrostatic ramjet space engine is proposed and analyzed. The upper\natmosphere (85 -1000 km) is extremely dense in ions (millions per cubic cm).\nThe interplanetary medium contains positive protons from the solar wind. A\ncharged ball collects the ions (protons) from the surrounding area and a\nspecial electric engine accelerates the ions to achieve thrust or decelerates\nthe ions to achieve drag. The thrust may have a magnitude of several Newtons.\nIf the ions are decelerated, the engine produces a drag and generates\nelectrical energy. The theory of the new engine is developed. It is shown that\nthe proposed engine driven by a solar battery (or other energy source) can not\nonly support satellites in their orbit for a very long time but can also work\nas a launcher of space apparatus. The latter capability includes launch to high\norbit, to the Moon, to far space, or to the Earth atmosphere (as a return\nthruster for space apparatus or as a killer of space debris). The proposed\nramjet is very useful in interplanetary trips to far planets because it can\nsimultaneously produce thrust or drag and large electric energy using the solar\nwind. Two scenarios, launch into the upper Earth atmosphere and an\ninterplanetary trip, are simulated and the results illustrate the excellent\npossibilities of the new concept.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Topology of the Standard Model, I: Fermions: The Harari-Shupe model for fermions is extended to a topological model which\ncontains an explanation for the observed fact that there are only three\ngenerations of fermions. Topological explanations are given for $\\beta$-decay\nand for proton decay predicted in supersymmetry and string theories. An\nexplanation is given for the observed fact that the three generations of\nfermions have such similar properties. The concept of \"color\" is incorporated\ninto the model in a topologically meaningful way. Conservation laws are defined\nand discussed in the context of the algebraic topology of the model, and preon\nnumber is proved to be linearly determined by charge, weak isospin, and color.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The quantum superposition principle: a reconsideration: The quantum superposition principle is reconsidered based on adiabatic\ntheorem of quantum mechanics, nonadiabatic dressed states and experimental\nevidence. The physical mechanism and physical properties of the quantum\nsuperposition are revealed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Novel Thermal Position Sensor Integrated On A Plastic Substrate: A thermal position sensor was fabricated and evaluated. The device consists\nof an array of temperature sensing elements, fabricated entirely on a plastic\nsubstrate. A novel fabrication technology was implemented which allows direct\nintegration with read out electronics and communication to the macro-world\nwithout the use of wire bonding. The fabricated sensing elements are\ntemperature sensitive Pt resistors with an average TCR of 0.0024/C. The device\nrealizes the detection of the position and the motion of a heating source by\nmonitoring the resistance variation of the thermistor array. The application\nfield of such a cost-effective position sensor is considered quite extensive.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Ruler measurements give space-time-transformation-independent invariant\n  lengths: Two thought experiments are described in which ruler measurements of spatial\nintervals are performed in different reference frames. They demonstrate that\nsuch intervals are frame-independent as well as independent of the nature of\nthe space-time transformation equations. As explained in detail elsewhere, the\n`length contraction' effect of conventional special relativity theory is\ntherefore spurious and unphysical.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An Approach to Relate the Weak and Gravitational Interactions: Stemming from simple postulates of nondecelerative nature of the universe\nexpansion and Vaidya metric application, the paper offers some dependences and\nrelations between the gravity and weak interactions. It presents a mode of\nindependent determination of the mass of vector bosons Z and W, and it derives\nthe time of separation of electromagnetic and weak interactions. Comparisons of\ntheoretically derived and experimentally obtained data indicate the relevancy\nof the used mode and provide a hint for further investigation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Covariant Uniform Acceleration: We show that standard Relativistic Dynamics Equation F=dp/d\\tau is only\npartially covariant. To achieve full Lorentz covariance, we replace the\nfour-force F by a rank 2 antisymmetric tensor acting on the four-velocity. By\ntaking this tensor to be constant, we obtain a covariant definition of\nuniformly accelerated motion. We compute explicit solutions for uniformly\naccelerated motion which are divided into four types: null, linear, rotational,\nand general. For null acceleration, the worldline is cubic in the time. Linear\nacceleration covariantly extends 1D hyperbolic motion, while rotational\nacceleration covariantly extends pure rotational motion.\n  We use Generalized Fermi-Walker transport to construct a uniformly\naccelerated family of inertial frames which are instantaneously comoving to a\nuniformly accelerated observer. We explain the connection between our approach\nand that of Mashhoon. We show that our solutions of uniformly accelerated\nmotion have constant acceleration in the comoving frame. Assuming the Weak\nHypothesis of Locality, we obtain local spacetime transformations from a\nuniformly accelerated frame K' to an inertial frame K. The spacetime\ntransformations between two uniformly accelerated frames with the same\nacceleration are Lorentz. We compute the metric at an arbitrary point of a\nuniformly accelerated frame.\n  We obtain velocity and acceleration transformations from a uniformly\naccelerated system K' to an inertial frame K. We derive the general formula for\nthe time dilation between accelerated clocks. We obtain a formula for the\nangular velocity of a uniformly accelerated object. Every rest point of K' is\nuniformly accelerated, and its acceleration is a function of the observer's\nacceleration and its position. We obtain an interpretation of the\nLorentz-Abraham-Dirac equation as an acceleration transformation from K' to K.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Quantum and thermodynamic properties of dyonic RN-like black holes: The effect of magnetic fields on black hole superradiance is an exciting\ntopic with possible astrophysical applications. A dyonic RN-like black hole is\nnot asymptotically flat. It describes a black hole immersed in an\nasymptotically uniform magnetic field. This paper discusses the superadditive\nstability of binary RN black holes, asymptotically flat, band-like black holes.\nThis article introduces the above condition into dyonic RN-like black holes if\na dyonic RN-like black hole satisfies the requirement of $\\mu=y\\omega$, When\n$\\sqrt{2(B^2+Q^2)}/{r^2_+}< \\omega< q\\varPhi_H$,particularly $\\mu \\ge\n\\sqrt{2}(q\\varPhi_H)$,the dyonic RN-like black hole is superradiantly stable at\nthat time.Scalars can be seen as combinations of positive/negative powers of a\nbase, much like the decimal system. This principle is key in math and\ncomputing, from number systems to Fourier series (linked to $e^{i x}$ ). Dyonic\nRN-like black holes show no phase transition.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Presence of Dark Energy and Dark Matter : Does Cosmic Acceleration\n  signifies a Weak Gravitational collapse?: In this work the collapsing process of a spherically symmetric star, made of\ndust cloud, in the background of dark energy is studied for two different\ngravity theories separately, i.e., DGP Brane gravity and Loop Quantum gravity.\nTwo types of dark energy fluids, namely, Modified Chaplygin gas and Generalised\nCosmic Chaplygin gas are considered for each model. Graphs are drawn to\ncharacterize the nature and the probable outcome of gravitational collapse. A\ncomparative study is done between the collapsing process in the two different\ngravity theories. It is found that in case of dark matter, there is a great\npossibility of collapse and consequent formation of Black hole. In case of dark\nenergy possibility of collapse is far lesser compared to the other cases, due\nto the large negative pressure of dark energy component. There is an increase\nin mass of the cloud in case of dark matter collapse due to matter\naccumulation. The mass decreases considerably in case of dark energy due to\ndark energy accretion on the cloud. In case of collapse with a combination of\ndark energy and dark matter, it is found that in the absence of interaction\nthere is a far better possibility of formation of black hole in DGP brane model\ncompared to Loop quantum cosmology model.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Geometrical Lorentz Violation and Quantum Mechanical Physics: On the basis of the results of some experiments dealing with the violation of\nLocal Lorentz Invariance (LLI) and on the formalism of the Deformed Special\nRelativity (DSR), we examine the connections between the local geometrical\nstructure of space-time and the foundation of Quantum Mechanics. We show that\nQuantum Mechanics, beside being an axiomatic theory, can be considered also a\ndeductive physical theory, deducted from the primary physical principle of\nRelativistic Correlation. This principle is synonym of LLI and of a rigid and\nat minkowskian space-time. The results of the experiments mentioned above show\nthe breakdown of LLI and hence the violation of the principle of Relativistic\nCorrelation. The formalism of DSR allows to highlight the deep meaning of LLI\nbreakdown in terms of the geometrical structure of local space-time which, far\nfrom being rigid and at, is deformed by the energy of the physical phenomena\nthat take place and in this sense it has an active part in the dynamics of the\nwhole physical process. This perspective has a far reaching physical meaning\nthat extends its consequences to the foundations of Quantum Mechanics according\nto the interpretation of Copenhagen. It provides a 'real' explanation and\ndescription of quantum phenomena enriching, by the concept of deformed\nspace-time, the realistic interpretation in terms of pilot wave and hence it\nuncovers the reality hidden below the probabilistic interpretation and\ndualistic nature of quantum objects.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Slowly evolving early universe and a phenomenological model for\n  time-dependent fundamental constants and the leptonic masses: A phenomenological model with an extreme accuracy is proposed for the cosmic\ntime variation of the primordial fundamental constants (e, h, G and c) and the\nleptonic masses. The model is purely exploratory in that at the very early\ntimes the light speed is purposely modeled to be negligibly small, indicating a\nvery slowly expanding universe around t=0. The impact of this idea in cosmology\nand its modeling is overwhelming.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the energy of electric field in hydrogen atom: It is shown that hydrogen atom is a unique object in physics having negative\nenergy of electric field, which is present in the atom. This refers also to\nsome hydrogen-type atoms: hydrogen anti-atom, atom composed of proton and\nantiproton, and positronium.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Recent progress on Maxwell's equations for a mechano-driven medium\n  system for multi-moving-objects/media: Maxwell's equations for a mechano-driven media system (MEs-f-MDMS) have been\ndeveloped for describing the electromagnetism of multi-slow-moving-media that\nmay move with acceleration following complex trajectories.The approach starts\nfrom the integral forms of the four physics laws,and is different from the\nclassical approach of using Lorentz transformation for correlating the\nelectromagnetic phenomena observed in two inertia reference frames that have a\nrelative motion. The governing equations inside the moving object/medium are\nthe MEs-f-MDMS,and those in vacuum are the classical Maxwell's equations;the\nfull solutions of both meet at the medium surface/interface and satisfy the\nboundary conditions. This paper reviews the background, physical principle,and\nmathematical derivations for formulating the MEs-f-MDMS. Strategies are also\npresented for mathematically solving the MEs-f-MDMS. The unique advances made\nby the MEs-f-MDMS have been systematically summarized and their potential\napplications in engineering are elaborated. We found that the Lorentz\ntransformation is perfect for treating the electromagnetic phenomena of moving\npoint charges in vacuum;but for moving objects,the covariance of the Maxwell's\nequations may not hold,and one may have to use MEs-f-MDMS if the moving\nvelocity is low. Finally,recent advances for treating the boundary conditions\nat nano-scale without assuming an abrupt boundary are also reviewed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A proposal of a UCN experiment to check an earthquake waves model: Elastic waves with transverse polarization inside incidence plane can create\nlongitudinal surface wave (LSW) after reflection from a free surface. At a\ncritical incidence angle this LSW accumulates energy density, which can be\norders of magnitude higher than energy density of the incident transverse wave.\nA specially arranged vessel for storage of ultracold neutrons (UCN) can be used\nto verify this effect.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Causality and relativity in quantum physics: It is argued here that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics\nviolates the tenets on which both Galileo's and Einstein's theories of\nrelativity are based. It is postulated that the \"building blocks\" of the\nuniverse are not \"particles\" but are holistic wave-entitities which act and\ninteract with other wave-entities as one would expect from waves. A new\napproach to model the free electron is presented. It is argued from Coulomb's\nlaw that the electromagnetic quantum-field energy is not part of an electric\nfield surrounding the electron, but is localised, so that it is wholly equal to\nthe mass of the electron. It is found that an energy component must also exist\nalong a fourth spatial dimension which could be the origin of the \"dark energy\"\nin the universe and which, in turn, should be responsible for\n\"vacuum-fluctuations\" as governed by Heisenberg's uncertainty relationship for\nenergy and time. The possible consequences of this approach are analysed and\ndiscussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Metric Cartesian mechanics of nonlocal energies with tensor internal\n  tensions modifies Navier-Stokes dynamics: We introduce the gauge-invariant vector dynamics of continuous inertial\ndensities through the metric formalism for extended mechanical charges. Ricci\nscalar density is related to invariant sum of inertial and gravitational mass\ndensities of nonlocal matter-extension. Such a Cartesian continuum of\ngravitating inertial densities is self-governed by internal tensor tensions\ntoward a static equilibrium state with a Euclidean material 3-space under the\nequivalence of inertial and gravitational densities of extended masses.\nExternal forces and local frictions transform the self-dynamics of an\nelementary closed continuum into a forced motion of still adaptive energy\nflows, where high-order space-time derivatives can provide non-Newtonian\nself-accelerations. If such tensor inertial feedback with the inverse constant\nof Cavendish 1/G is justified by measurements for the modified Navier-Stokes\nequation, the Newton empty space model should be replaced by the Cartesian\nmatter-extension for the non-local macroscopic world.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Interpretation of the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics: This study discusses the quantum behavior of a particle, which is controlled\nby fluctuations in the physical space-time (ST) variables, rather than provides\na novel interpretation of quantum theory. The fluctuations, i.e.,\ninhomogeneities in a homogeneous phase ST, are prescribed by their probability.\nThey determine the reciprocal space and correlate with the correlation entropy\ndifferent from zero. Alongside with the minimum entropy, action, and the\npresence of the Winn-Ehrenfest adiabatic invariant (AI), the fluctuations\nrequire the Gilbert information (probabilistic) space linking the physical and\nthe reciprocal ST. Physical quantities in the information space are represented\nby linear Hermitian operators, which is due to the entropy production in the\npresence of an AI. Evolution of a quantum system is described by the wave\nfunctions having the meaning of information concerning all virtually possible\nstates of a quantum particle. The wave functions are the solutions to the\nSchrodinger equation and represent a navigation 'roadmap' for the particle to\nfollow. A quantum system is in fact a classical Hamiltonian system in the space\nof coefficients of the wave function decomposition with respect to the operator\neigenfunctions. It is the linearity and the Hermitian nature of the operators\nwhich determine the trajectory and the superposition principle in case of the\nwave behavior of fluctuations. The uncertainty principle, reflects correlation\nof the fluctuations and, hence, their nonlocality. This study discusses the\nwave function phase, the Berry phase and its relationship to quantization,\ndiscriminability of states and macroscopic quantum effects caused by\nlocalization of the particle, followed by a possible entropy change during its\ntransition into a new thermodynamic state.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "GLLH EM Invisible Cloak With Novel Front Branching And Without Exceed\n  Light Speed Violation: In this paper, we propose new Global and Local (GL) electromagnetic (EM)\ncloaks with distinctive class material a_{\\alpha \\beta}\\log ^\\alpha (b_{\\alpha\n\\beta}/h) h^\\beta (GLLH Cloak) without exceed light speed violation. The\nrefractive index of the GLLH cloak material, $n(r)$, is large than one or equal\nto one. Our GLLH cloak is created by GL EM modeling and GL EM cloak inversion\nwith searching class \\it a_{\\alpha \\beta}\\log ^\\alpha (b_{\\alpha \\beta}/h)\nh^\\beta. The GLLH cloaks in this paper have finite speed and have no exceed\nlight speed? physical violations and have more advantages. The GLLH EM cloaks\ncan be practicable by using normal materials and are available for all broad\nfrequency band. The GL EM cloak inversion and electromagnetic integral equation\nfor cloak are presented in this paper. The novel EM wave propagation and front\nbranching in the GLLH cloak by GL EM modeling are presented in this paper. The\nEM wave front propagation in GLLH cloak is behind of the front in free space.\nAt time steps $118 dt$, in the GLLH cloak, the wave front is curved as a\ncrescent like and propagates slower than the light in free space. At the time\nstep $119dt$, the EM wave inside of the GLLH cloak propagates slower than light\nspeed, moreover, its two crescent front peaks intersect at a front branching\npoint. At the front branching point, the front is split to two fronts. The\nnovel front branching and crescent like wave propagation are displayed in the\nfollowing figure 1, figure 2 and figures 5 -20 in this paper. All copyright and\npatent of the GLLH EM cloaks and GL modeling and inversion methods are reserved\nby authors in GL Geophysical Laboratory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A family of well behaved charge analogues of Durgapal's perfect fluid\n  exact solution in general relativity: This paper presents a new family of interior solutions of Einstein-Maxwell\nfield equations in general relativity for a static spherically symmetric\ndistribution of a charged perfect fluid with a particular form of charge\ndistribution. This solution gives us wide range of parameter, K, for which the\nsolution is well behaved hence, suitable for modeling of superdense star. For\nthis solution the gravitational mass of a star is maximized with all degree of\nsuitability by assuming the surface density equal to normal nuclear density,\n2.5E17 kg/m3. By this model we obtain the mass of the Crab pulsar, MCrab 1.3679\nsolar mass and radius 13.21 km, constraining the moment of inertia > 1.61E38 kg\nm2 for the conservative estimate of Crab nebula of 2 solar mass . And MCrab =\n1.9645 solar mass with radius 14.38 km constraining the moment of inertia >\n3.04E38 kg m2 for the newest estimate of Crab nebula mass, 4.6 solar mass.\nThese results are quite well in agreement with the possible values of mass and\nradius of Crab pulsar. Besides this, our model yields moments of inertia for\nPSR J0737-3039A and PSR J0737-3039B, I_A = 1.4285E38 kg m2 and I_B=1.3647E38 kg\nm2 respectively. It has been observed that under well behaved conditions this\nclass of solutions gives us the overall maximum gravitational mass of super\ndense object, Mmax, 4.7487 solar mass with radius R(Mmax) = 15.24 km, surface\nredshift 0.9878, charge 7.91E20 C, and central density 4.31 times nuclear\ndensity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Measure of Complexity in Self-Gravitating Systems using Structure\n  Scalars: The aim of this paper is to present the definition of complexity for static\nself-gravitating anisotropic matter proposed in $f(G,T)$ theory, where $G$ is\nthe Gauss-Bonnet term and $T$ is the trace of energy momentum tensor. We\nevaluate field equations, Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation, mass functions\nand structure scalars. Among the calculated modified scalar variables that are\nobtained from the orthogonal splitting of Riemann tensor, a single scalar\nfunction has been identified as the complexity factor. After exploring the\ncorresponding Tolmann mass function, it is seen that the complexity factor\nalong with the $f(G,T)$ terms have greatly influenced its formulation and its\nrole in the subsequent radial phases of the spherical system. We have also used\ncouple of ansatz in order to discuss possible solutions of equations of motion\nin the study of the structure of compact object.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Why do elementary particles have such strange mass ratios? -- The role\n  of quantum gravity at low energies: When gravity is quantum, the point structure of space-time should be replaced\nby a non-commutative geometry. This is true even for quantum gravity in the\ninfrared. Using the octonions as space-time coordinates, we construct a\npre-spacetime, pre-quantum Lagrangian dynamics. We show that the symmetries of\nthis non-commutative space unify the standard model of particle physics with\n$SU(2)_R$ chiral gravity. The algebra of the octonionic space yields spinor\nstates which can be identified with three generations of quarks and leptons.\nThe geometry of the space implies quantisation of electric charge, and leads to\na theoretical derivation of the mysterious mass ratios of quarks and the\ncharged leptons. Quantum gravity is quantisation not only of the gravitational\nfield, but also of the point structure of space-time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Interpreting Negative Probabilities in the Context of Double-Slit\n  Interferometry: Negative probabilities emerged at intermediate steps in various attempts to\npredict the distributions of quantum interference. There is no consensus on\ntheir meaning yet. It has been suggested (Khrennikov, 1998) that negative\nprobabilities require the existence of unsuspected correlations between\ndetection events.We evaluate this claim in light of several representative\nexperiments. In our assessment, some of its implications are in good agreement\nwith the data.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Observed Cosmological Redshifts Support Contracting Accelerating\n  Universe: The main argument that Universe is currently expanding is observed redshift\nincrease by distance. However, this conclusion may not be correct, because\ncosmological redshift depends only on the scaling factors, the change in the\nsize of the universe during the time of light propagation and is not related to\nthe speed of observer or speed of the object emitting the light. An observer in\nexpanding universe will measure the same redshift as observer in contracting\nuniverse with the same scaling. This was not taken into account in analysing\nthe SN Ia data related to the universe acceleration. Possibility that universe\nmay contract, but that the observed light is cosmologically redshifted allows\nfor completely different set of cosmological parameters $\\Omega_M,\n\\Omega_{\\Lambda}$, including the solution $\\Omega_M=1, \\Omega_{\\Lambda}=0$. The\ncontracting and in the same time accelerating universe explains observed\ndeceleration and acceleration in SN Ia data, but also gives significantly\nlarger value for the age of the universe, $t_0 = 24$ Gyr. This allows to\nreconsider classical cosmological models with $\\Lambda =0$. The contracting\nstage also may explain the observed association of high redshifted quasars to\nlow redshifted galaxies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantization of Keplerian systems: A mathematical model is given for the occurrence of preferred orbits and\norbital velocities in a Keplerian system. The result can be extended into\nenergies and other properties of physical systems. The values given by the\nmodel fit closely with observations if the Planck scale is chosen as origin and\nthe process considered as volumetric doubling in 3- and 4-dimensions. Examples\nof possible period tripling are also given. Comparison is made with the\nproperties of the basic elementary particles, the Solar system and other\nphysical phenomena.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dark energy as the source of the time dependend Einstein cosmological\n  constant: In this paper we calculate the Einstein cosmological constant.Following our\nresults presented in monograph: From quark to bulk matter, we obtain the new\nformula for the time dependent cosmological constant, lambda. Following the\ngeneral formula for time dependent lambda, we can describe the history of the\ncosmological constant",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Non-Gaussian thermostatistical considerations upon the Saha equation: The Saha equation provides the relation between two consecutive ionization\nstate populations, like the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution of the\natoms in a gas ensemble. Saha equation can also consider the partitions\nfunctions for both states and its main application is in stellar astrophysics\npopulation statistics. This paper presents two non-Gaussian thermostatistical\ngeneralizations for the Saha equation: the first one towards the Tsallis\nnonextensive $q$-entropy and the other one is based upon Kaniadakis\n$\\kappa$-statistics. Both thermostatistical formalisms are very successful when\nused in several complex astrophysical statistical systems and we have\ndemonstrated here that they work also in Saha's ionization distribution. We\nhave obtained new chemical $q$-potentials and their respective graphical\nregions with a well defined boundary that separated the two symmetric intervals\nfor the $q$-potentials. The asymptotic behavior of the $q$-potential was also\ndiscussed. Besides the proton-electron, we have also investigated the complex\natoms and pair production ionization reactions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Model of Trace Gas Flux in Boundary Layer: Mathematical model of the turbulent flux in the three-layer boundary system\nis presented. Turbulence is described as a presence of the nonzero vorticity.\nGeneralized advection-diffusion-reaction equation is derived for arbitrary\nnumber components in the flux. The fluxes in the layers are objects for\nmatching requirements on the boundaries between the layers.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Lattice QCD Can Study Parton Distribution Function Inside Hadron: Recently we have reported that the lattice QCD can not study the physical\nhadron formation from the unphysical quarks and gluons because it operates the\nunphysical QCD Hamiltonian of all the partons inside the hadron on the physical\nenergy eigenstate of the hadron to obtain the physical energy eigenvalue of the\nhadron. However, since the parton distribution function (PDF) inside the hadron\nis unphysical (although it is well defined in QCD), we find in this paper that\nthe unphysical energy of all the partons inside the hadron (instead of the\nphysical energy of the hadron) can be used to study the PDF using the lattice\nQCD. Hence we find that the lattice QCD can study the parton distribution\nfunction inside the hadron from the first principle.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Emergence of Cognition and Computation: A Physicalistic Perspective: A physicalistic argument can support the idea that cognition is an emergent\nproperty driven by dissipation. This argument suggests that cognition arises\nnot from any fiat desire to understand the world, but rather because a certain\ntype of cognition promotes dissipation, which is advantageous for agents\nseeking to increase the dissipation of resources, especially energy, in their\nfavor. In other words, cognitive agents are better equipped to acquire physical\nresources and means, giving them an advantage in survival and reproduction.\nSimilarly, the efficient use of computation can also serve as a means of\ndissipating energy for the computing agent. Efficiency, in this context, is not\ndetermined by moral or ethical principles, but rather by the ability to\neffectively aggregate resources. When used efficiently, computation becomes a\npowerful tool for dissipating energy and enhancing the survival and\nreproduction of the agent utilizing it.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comment on \"Limit on the Electron Electric Dipole Moment in\n  Gadolinium-Iron Garnet\" [arXiv:physics/0509106]: In the paper being commented on it is proposed a new method for the detection\nof the electron EDM using the solid GdIG. There, it is argued that a sample\nelectric polarization appears when the sample is magnetized; the common belief\nis that the electron EDM must be collinear with its magnetic moment. All this\nis objected and it is suggested that the polarization of the sample can be\nexplained by the direct, Lorentz covariant, interaction between B^{a} and an\nEDM d^{a}.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Thought of Wrapping Space Shuttle External Tank with Ceramic Fiber\n  Fishnet Stockings: The new camera system of the shuttle Discovery on STS-114 that blasted off at\n10:39am, Tuesday, July 26, 2005, after 906 days of grounding since the Columbia\naccident, has produced high resolution data of foam sheddings. The 0.9 lbs\npiece from the Protuberance Air Load (PAL) ramp on the LH2 tank is believed to\nbe comparable in its potential adversities to the $\\sim 1.67$ lbs BX-250 foam\nfrom the $-Y$ bipod ramp that demised shuttle Columbia in 2003. The two known\nincidences indicate that protuberant foams, possibly in conjunction with the\nliquid hydrogen temperature, offer lame targets of the aerodynamic forces.\nSeven other relatively large divots in the STS-114 external tank foam\ninsulation have been reported, and foam shedding remains to be a challenge to\nbe resolved before the next space shuttle launch. The relatively large divots\nfrom the newly streamlined foam around the -Y bipod area suggests a potential\nnecessity for a new line of resolution.\n  We suggest an option to wrap the insulated external fuel tank with a grid of\nhigh temperature resistant ceramic fibers ({\\it ceramic fiber fishnet\nstockings}). Assuming fiducial acreage of $20000 ft^2 $, one inch square cell\nsingle fiber grid will weigh only $60g$ with fiber cost \\$66. Even with\n1500-fiber-equivalent strength, one inch square cell grid will add only $200\nlbs$ and \"miniscule\" \\$100,000.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Evidence for a photon mass: The author's work over the past years has indicated that the photon has a\nsmall mass $\\sim 10^{-33}eV$. Recent observations from three different\nviewpoints -- the time lag in cosmic gamma rays with different frequencies, the\nobservation of the spectra of blazars and an analysis of the CMB power\nsupression from the WMAP data -- all vindicate this conclusion and remarkably,\nthe same value.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Emergence of the world with Lie-N-algebra and M-dimensions from nothing: In this paper, we propose a new model in Lie-N-algebra that removes big bang\nsingularity and produces the world with all it's objects and dimensions from\nnothing. We name this theory as G-theory. In this model, first, two types of\nenergies with opposite signs are produced from nothing such as the sum over\nthem be zero. They create two types of branes with opposite quantum numbers\nwhich interact with each other by exchanging bosonic tensor fields like\ngraviton and compact. By compacting branes, fermionic tensor fields are emerged\nwhich some of them play the role of the gravitinos. Also, some dimensions take\nextra (i) factors, their properties become different and they behave like time\ndimensions. Gravitons and gravitinos create two types of wormholes which lead\nto the oscillation of branes between expansion and contracting branches. These\nwormholes produce a repulsive gravity in compacted branes and cause that their\nparticles get away from each other and expansion branch begin. Also, they\ncreate an attractive gravity in opening branes and lead to closing their\nparticles and starting the contraction epoch. Our universe is born on one of\nthese branes and oscillates between contraction and expansion branch.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Consideration on the relationship of theoretical ultraviolet cut-off\n  energy with experimental data: We formulated a field theory in space-time elements, which are obtained by\ndividing the space-time continuum into arbitrary-shaped space-time elements,\nsuch as hyper-octahedra (orthoplexes), which are aligned locally periodically,\nwithout long-range order. Each field is expressed in terms of scalar expansion\nfunctions with rotationally covariant coefficients. The cosmological constant\nwas related to the cut-off energy of the quadratic Higgs self-energy. From the\nliterature, examinations find an experimental break in the cosmic ray energy\nspectrum called 'knee' at about 3 [PeV], which agrees with this theoretical\nultraviolet cut-off energy. Moreover, the expansion functions are updated to\nplane waves using the Lorentz/Poincar\\'e covariant/invariant inner product of\nvectors with each four-momentum within the cut-off energy. Due to the\nlong-range disordered alignment of space-time elements, this study newly\nintroduces an effective field, which is not in the standard model and lies\nwithin the Planck energy. Particles are then rarely excited to the energy\nregion between the cut-off energy and the Planck energy via extremely weak\ninteraction solely with the effective field. The theoretical ultraviolet\ncut-off energy is consistent with the experimental phenomena such as the\nstability of our Universe, inflation in the early Universe and no detection of\nneutrinos above PeV-order energy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Lorentz Transformations: This paper describes a particularly didactic and transparent derivation of\nbasic properties of the Lorentz group. The generators for rotations and boosts\nalong an arbitrary direction, as well as their commutation relations, are\nwritten as functions of the unit vectors that define the axis of rotation or\nthe direction of the boost (an approach that can be compared with the one that\nin electrodynamics, works with the electric and magnetic fields instead of the\nMaxwell stress tensor). For finite values of the angle of rotation or the\nboost's velocity, collectively denoted by V, the existence of an exponential\nexpansion for the coordinate transformation's matrix, M (in terms of GV where G\nis the generator) requires that the matrix's derivative with respect to V, be\nequal to GM. This condition can only be satisfied if the transformation is\nadditive as it is indeed the case for rotations, but not for velocities. If it\nis assumed, however, that for boosts such an expansion exists, with V = V(v), v\nbeing the velocity, and if the above condition is imposed on the boost's matrix\nthen its expression in terms of hyperbolic cosh(V) and sinh(V} is recovered,\nand the expression for V(= arc tanh(v)) is determined. A general Lorentz\ntransformation can be written as an exponential containing the sum of a\nrotation and a boost, which to first order is equal to the product of a boost\nwith a rotation. The calculations of the second and third order terms show that\nthe equations for the generators used in this paper, allow to reliably infer\nthe expressions for the higher order generators, without having recourse to the\ncommutation relations. The transformationmatrices for Weyl spinors are derived\nfor finite values of the rotation and velocity, and field representations,\nleading to the expression for the angular momentum operator, are studied.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dark Spring - a Simple Interpretation of the Susskind-\n  Horowitz-Polchinsky Correspondence between Schwarzschild Black Hole and\n  Strings: In this work we suggest a simplified interpretation of\nSusskind-Horowitz-Polchinski correspondence between Schwarzschild black hole\nand strings. Firstly, similarly to naive, classical mechanical Laplace\ndetermination of the Schwarzschild radius, we suggest a simple, classical\nmechanical equation. It determines amplitude of such sufficiently strong\nclassical elastic force that forbids escape of a Planck mass particle moving by\nspeed of light from end of corresponding classical elastic spring, simply\ncalled dark spring. Also, by use of a formal identity between given elastic\nforce and Schwarzschild gravitational \"force\", we introduce phenomenologically\na simple quantization rule. It states that circumference (corresponding to\nelastic force amplitude equivalent formally to Schwarzschild radius) holds\nnatural number of corresponding reduced Compton's wave length. (It is deeply\nanalogous to Bohr's quantization postulate in Bohr's atomic theory interpreted\nby de Broglie relation.) Then, very simply (by simple algebraic equations only)\nand surprisingly, we obtain such dark spring characteristics corresponding to\nbasic thermodynamical characteristics (Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and Hawking\ntemperature) for corresponding Schwarzschild black hole. Finally, simple\ncomparison between obtained dark spring characteristics and\nSusskind-Horowitz-Polchinski correspondence, a simple correspondence between\nstrings and dark spring, i.e. classical linear harmonic oscillator follows.\nSquare root of the elasticity coefficient of the dark spring corresponds to\nquotient of one string coupling g and Newtonian gravitational constant, or,\nclassical elasticity coefficient of the dark spring corresponds to reciprocal\n(inverse) value of the square root of a string state excitation level N.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Air Observe System: This manuscript contains a description and basic principles for observing\ninaccessible areas using low cost, easily deployed equipment. The basic premise\nis to suspend a tiny video camera at an altitude of 10 - 200 meters over the\narea to be surveyed. The TV camera supports at altitude by wind or balloon. The\ntechnical challenges regard the means by which the camera is suspended. Such a\nsystem may be used by military or police forces or by civil authorities for\nrescue missions or assessment of natural disasters. The method may be further\ndeveloped for military applications by integrating the surveillance task with\ndeployment of munitions.\n  Key words: air observer, air suspended system, low altitude video observer.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermal noise driven computing: The possibility of a new type of computing, where thermal noise is the\ninformation carrier and the clock in a computer, is studied. The information\nchannel capacity and the lower limit of energy requirement/dissipation are\nstudied in a simple digital system with zero threshold voltage, for the case of\nerror probability close to 0.5, when the thermal noise is equal to or greater\nthan the digital signal. In a simple hypothetical realization of a thermal\nnoise driven gate, the lower limit of energy needed to generate the digital\nsignal is 1.1*kT/bit. The arrangement has potentially improved energy\nefficiency and it is free of leakage current, crosstalk and ground plane\nelectromagnetic interference problems. Disadvantage is the large number of\nredundancy elements needed for low-error operation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Are Advanced Potentials Anomalous?: Advanced electromagnetic potentials are indigenous to the classical Maxwell\ntheory. Generally however they are deemed undesirable and are forcibly\nexcluded, destroying the theory's inherent time-symmetry. We investigate the\nreason for this, pointing out that it is not necessary and in some cases is\ncounter-productive. We then focus on the direct-action theory in which the\nadvanced and retarded contributions are present symmetrically, with no\nopportunity to supplement the particular integral solution of the wave equation\nwith an arbitrary complementary function. One then requires a plausible\nexplanation for the observed broken symmetry that, commonly, is understood\ncannot be met by the Wheeler-Feynman mechanism because the necessary boundary\ncondition cannot be satisfied in acceptable cosmologies. We take this\nopportunity to argue that the boundary condition is already met by all\nexpanding cosmologies simply as a result of cosmological red-shift. A\nconsequence is that the cosmological and thermodynamic arrows of time can be\nequated, the direct action version of EM is preferred, and that advanced\npotentials are ubiquitous.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A New Look at the Position Operator in Quantum Theory: The postulate that coordinate and momentum representations are related to\neach other by the Fourier transform has been accepted from the beginning of\nquantum theory by analogy with classical electrodynamics. As a consequence, an\ninevitable effect in standard theory is the wave packet spreading (WPS) of the\nphoton coordinate wave function in directions perpendicular to the photon\nmomentum. This leads to several paradoxes. The most striking of them is that\ncoordinate wave functions of photons emitted by stars have cosmic sizes and\nstrong arguments indicate that this contradicts observational data. We argue\nthat the above postulate is based neither on strong theoretical arguments nor\non experimental data and propose a new consistent definition of the position\noperator. Then WPS in directions perpendicular to the particle momentum is\nabsent and the paradoxes are resolved. Different components of the new position\noperator do not commute with each other and, as a consequence, there is no wave\nfunction in coordinate representation. Implications of the results for\nentanglement, quantum locality and the problem of time in quantum theory are\ndiscussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From black hole to white hole via the intermediate static state: We discuss the macroscopic quantum tunneling from the black hole to the white\nhole of the same mass. Previous calculations in Ref.[1] demonstrated that the\nprobability of the tunneling is $p \\propto \\exp(-2S_\\text{BH})$, where\n$S_\\text{BH}$ is the entropy of the Schwarzschild black hole. This in\nparticular suggests that the entropy of the white hole is with minus sign the\nentropy of the black hole, $S_\\text{WH}(M)=- S_\\text{BH}(M)= - A/(4G)$. Here we\nuse a different way of calculations. We consider three different types of the\nhole objects: black hole, white hole and the fully static intermediate state.\nThe probability of tunneling transitions between these three states is found\nusing singularities in the coordinate transformations between these objects.\nThe black and white holes are described by the Painleve-Gullstrand coordinates\nwith opposite shift vectors, while the intermediate state is described by the\nstatic Schwarzschild coordinates. The singularities in the coordinate\ntransformations lead to the imaginary part in the action, which determines the\ntunneling exponent. For the white hole the negative entropy is obtained, while\nthe intermediate state -- the fully static hole -- has zero entropy. This\nprocedure is extended to the Reissner-Nordstr\\\"om black hole and to its white\nand static partners, and also to the entropy and temperature of the de Sitter\nUniverse.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Phenomenal Universe: A wave model for the interconversion of photon particle behavior and wave\nphenomena is examined in relation to the adiabatic spatial expansion of the\nUniverse. An historical perspective of the mathematics of physical science over\nthe 20th century between what are termed phenomenal and noumenal are contrasted\nbased on quotations from leading scholars. The question is posed whether the\ngeneration of space is an energetic sink and should be included in the\nconservation of energy as posited by the First Law of Thermodynamics. Various\naspects of space expansion and electromagnetic radiation are examined as well\nas a mechanism based on imaginary conmponents to real space dimensions and the\nconsequent creation of the time dimension.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Smart-phone Sensor of Pendulum Motion: Described is an experiment where the embedded accelerometer of a smart-phone\nwas used to study the free decay of a `simple' pendulum to which the phone was\nattached.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Manifestly Covariant Lagrangians, Classical Particles with Spin, and the\n  Origins of Gauge Invariance: In this paper, we review a general technique for converting the standard\nLagrangian description of a classical system into a formulation that puts time\non an equal footing with the system's degrees of freedom. We show how the\nresulting framework anticipates key features of special relativity, including\nthe signature of the Minkowski metric tensor and the special role played by\ntheories that are invariant under a generalized notion of Lorentz\ntransformations. We then use this technique to revisit a classification of\nclassical particle-types that mirrors Wigner's classification of quantum\nparticle-types in terms of irreducible representations of the Poincar\\'e group,\nincluding the cases of massive particles, massless particles, and tachyons.\nAlong the way, we see gauge invariance naturally emerge in the context of\nclassical massless particles with nonzero spin, as well as study the massless\nlimit of a massive particle and derive a classical-particle version of the\nHiggs mechanism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Phase transitions in layered crystals: It is demonstrated by analyzing real examples that phase transitions in\nlayered crystals occur like all other solid-state phase transitions by\nnucleation and crystal growth, but have a specific morphology. There the\nnucleation is epitaxial, resulting in the rigorous orientation relationship\nbetween the polymorphs, such that the direction of molecular layers are\npreserved. The detailed molecular mechanism of these phase transitions and\nformation of the laminar domain structures are described and related to the\nnature of ferroelectrics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Magnetic Current Density in the Maxwell Equations Based on the\n  Noether Theorem: Despite the search for supersymmetry based on abelian and non-abelian\nYang-Mills gauge field theory, the Maxwell equations, as the earliest gauge\nfield theory, are non-symmetric because of the undefined term of magnetic\ncurrent density. This article reports on the theoretical quantization of this\nterm based on spontaneous symmetry breaking in the spatial geometry of a gauge\ngroup (G-group) of quantum charged (QC) particles. A locally supersymmetric\nbackground-independent spatial geometry of the G-group is developed based on\nthe commutative string field interaction (SFI) between infinite number of QC\nparticles and the grand monopole and the noncommutative SFI of each pair of\nadjacent QC particles in the G-group. Two adjoint and disjoint currents are\nassociated with the commutative and noncommutative SFIs, respectively, based on\nthe spin of a QC particle. The adjoint and disjoint currents are associated\nwith a zero resistivity between a QC particle and the grand monopole and an\ninfinite resistivity between each pair of adjacent QC particles correlated to\ntheir microscopic commutative and noncommutative SFIs in the G-group,\nrespectively. This article demonstrates that the two corresponding\nresistivities are finite (greater than zero and less than infinity) for the\nmacroscopic commutative and noncommutative SFIs of the G-group. Therefore, the\nadjoint and disjoint currents are related to the classical macroscopic currents\nknown as electric and magnetic currents, respectively. Because the microscopic\nadjoint current associated with the commutative SFI has already been related to\nthe macroscopic electric current density in the Maxwell equations, it is\nproposed that the microscopic disjoint current associated with the\nnoncommutative SFI is related to the undefined magnetic current density in\nthese equations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A New Perspective on Quantum Field Theory Revealing Possible Existence\n  of Another Kind of Fermions Forming Dark Matter: Quantum fields are considered as generators of infinite-dimensional Clifford\nalgebra $Cl(\\infty)$, which can be either orthogonal (in case of fermions) or\nsymplectic (in case of bosons). A generic quantum state can be expressed as a\nsuperposition of the basis elements of $Cl(\\infty)$, the superposition\ncoefficients being multiparticle complex-valued wave functions. The basis\nelements, that are products of the generators of $Cl(\\infty)$ in the Witt\nbasis, act as creation and annihilation operators. They create positive and\nnegative energy states that include the bare and the Dirac vacuum as special\ncases. It is shown that the nonvanishing electric charge arises from an extra\ndimension or from doubling the number of creation and annihilation operators,\nwhich brings an extra imaginary unit ${\\bar i}$ into the description. A further\nextension is to consider the ${\\bar i}$ as one of the quaternionic imaginary\nunits and consider a generic state as having values in the quaternionic algebra\nor, equivalently, in the complexified 2-dimensional Clifford algebra,\n$Cl(2)\\otimes C$.contains two distinct fundamental representations of $SU(2)$,\none associated with the weak isospin oublet $(\\nu_e,e^-)$, and the other one\nwith the doublet of new leptons, denoted $(\\epsilon^+,\\nu_\\epsilon)$, that\ntogether with the new quarks $(u',d')$ can be identified with dark matter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Ontological Determinism, non-locality, quantum equilibrium and\n  post-quantum mechanics: In this paper, we extend our previous discussion on ontological determinism,\nnon-locality and quantum mechanics to that of the Sarfatti post-quantum\nmechanics perspective. We examine the nature of quantum equilibrium and\nnon-equilibrium and uncertainty following the Sarfatti description of this\ntheoretical development, which serves to extend the statistical linear unitary\nquantum mechanics for closed systems to a locally-retrocausal, non-statistical,\nnon-linear, non-unitary theory for open systems. We discuss how the Bohmian\nquantum potential has a dependence upon the position of its Bell beable and how\nComplexity mathematics describes the self-organizing feedback between the\nquantum potential and its beable allowing nonlocal communication.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Note on the Kaluza-Klein Theory: We show that the Kaluza-Klein theory contains a fundamental problem: The\nfour-dimensional metric tensor and the electromagnetic potential vector assumed\nin the Kaluza-Klein theory belong to four-dimensional vector spaces that are\nnot integrable in general, resulting that the four-dimensional physical\nvariables and the corresponding field equations derived from the\nfive-dimensional Einstein field equation (i.e., the four-dimensional Einstein\nfield equation and the Maxwell equations) are not defined on a four-dimensional\nsubmanifold. That is, the four-dimensional spacetime assumed in the\nKaluza-Klein theory does not exist. No satisfactory solutions are found within\nthe Kaluza-Klein formalism. Perhaps the best approach to fix the problem is\ngiving up the Kaluza-Klein theory and looking for a new unified scheme for\ngravitational and electromagnetic interactions in the framework of a spacetime\nwith extra dimensions, as having already been explored in some literature.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "To the identification of universal criterion of the charged particles\n  system stability: We consider the problem important for the condensed matter physics,\nsuperconductivity physics, and electrodynamics of continuous media - the\nproblem of the matter dielectric permittivity possible values spectrum\ndefinition. Two ways of the dielectric permittivity values spectrum\nidentification are analyzed. The proposed technique allows the author to\ncomplete the universal criterion of stability identified by D. A. Kirzhnits for\na system of charged particles by the criterion of stability for a\nsuperconducting system of charged particles.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Third order variational equation for the free relativistic top: I proffer a development of some third order equation of motion for the free\nrelativistic top from the simultaneously imposed assumptions of variationality\nand Lorentz symmetry.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mass generation via gravitational confinement of fast neutrinos: We analyze the dependence on neutrino energy of the gravitational attraction\nbetween ultrarelativistic neutrinos using Special Relativity and the\nequivalence principle of inertial and gravitational mass. It is found that when\naccounting for the special relativistic increase in particle mass with particle\nspeed, then this gravitational force reaches the value of the Strong Force at a\nneutrino energy of 313 MeV, corresponding to the effective mass of a quark.\nThis force can sustain the rotational motion of self-gravitating neutrino\ntriads or electron/positron-neutrino pairs, and thus lead to the self driven\ngeneration of mass, i.e. of hadrons and bosons, the masses of which can be\ncomputed with an astonishing precision of 1\\% without any adjustable\nparameters.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "What is a photon?: We discuss the absorber theory of radiation as put forward by Wheeler and\nFeynman. We show that it gives a better understanding of the photon compared to\nthe usual quantum electrodynamics (QED) picture.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Hierarchic Theory of Complex Systems (biosystems, colloids):\n  self-organization & osmos: 1. Protein domain mesoscopic organization 2. Quantum background of lipid\ndomain organization in biomembranes 3. Hierarchic approach to theory of\nsolutions and colloid systems 4. Distant solvent-mediated interaction between\nmacromolecules 5. Spatial self-organization in the water-macromolecular systems\n6. Properties of [bisolvent - polymer system] 7. Osmosis and solvent activity.\nTraditional and mesoscopic approach",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Interpretation of the slight periodic displacement in the\n  Michelson-Morley experiments: The slight periodic displacements in the Michelson-Morley interference\nexperiments do not show ether-drift; however, they do show the effects of the\ntheory of general relativity that is, the effects of acceleration and\ndeceleration to the interference condition of the Michelson-Morley interference\nexperiments. Therefore, these slight periodic variations are very significant\nand important for strengthening the theory of special and general relativity.\nThe slight periodic displacements are discussed from the viewpoint of the\ntheories of general relativity and interference.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Inertia as Emerging of a Hamiltonian Constraint System: The issue of inertia as opposition to acceleration of a massive point\nparticle in Minkowski space-time is investigated in the context of a\nHamiltonian constraint system. It is shown that the inertia as a\nlocally-originating force in Minkowski space-time may emerge due to a global\nconstraint.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Emergence of Spacetime: Starting from a background Zero Point Field (or Dark Energy) we show how an\narray of oscillators at the Planck scale leads to the formation of elementary\nparticles and spacetime and also to a cosmology consistent with latest\nobservations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum mechanics in curved space-time II: This paper is a sequence of the work presented in [1], where, the principles\nof the general relativity have been used to formulate quantum wave equations\ntaking into account the effect of the electromagnetic and strong interactions\nin the space-time metric of quantum systems. Now, the role of the\nenergy-momentum tensor in this theory is studied, and it is consistent with the\nformulation of the general quantum mechanics shown in [1]. With this procedure,\na dynamical cut-off is generated and the constant $A$ of the field equation is\ncalculated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Statefinder and Om Diagnostics for Interacting New Holographic Dark\n  Energy Model and Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics: In this work, we have considered that the flat FRW universe is filled with\nthe mixture of dark matter and the new holographic dark energy. If there is an\ninteraction, we have investigated the natures of deceleration parameter,\nstatefinder and $Om$ diagnostics. We have examined the validity of the first\nand generalized second laws of thermodynamics under these interactions on the\nevent as well as apparent horizon. It has been observed that the first law is\nviolated on the event horizon. However, the generalized second law is valid\nthroughout the evolution of the universe enveloped by the apparent horizon.\nWhen the event horizon is considered as the enveloping horizon, the generalized\nsecond law is found to break down excepting at late stage of the universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fundamental issues of quantum theory: Since the quantum field theory treats a system of particles, there must be a\ndistribution which is associated with the system of particles. It means that a\nmeaningful quantity is adjoined in the system of particles. It seems that these\nconcepts, constraints and distribution are ignored in the conventional\napproach. Further more, there are two versions of quantization relations, one\nis prior to the field equation and the other is posterior to the field\nequation. And it is very difficult to find the posterior one. If the posterior\none is found, of course, these two versions of quantization must be the same\none. Actually, it implies that there is recursive problem. In this paper, we\nwill discuss these serious problems.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Natural Encoding of Information through Interacting Impulses: How to artificially encode observer in universal information coding structure\nlike DNA ? It requires naturally creating information Bits and natural encoding\ntriplet code enables recognizing other encoded information. These Bits become\nstandard units of different information languages in modern communications.\nFundamental interactions build structure of Universe. Numerous multilevel\ninter-species interactions selforganize biosystems. Human interactions unify\nthese and many others. Physical reality is only interactions identified or not\nyet. Each interaction is elementary yes-no action of impulse which models a\nnatural Bit. Natural interactive process, transferring Bits, models information\nprocess.\n  Information is universal physical substance a phenomenon of interaction which\nnot only originates information but transfers it sequentially. Mutually\ninteracting processes enable creating new elements like chemical chain\nreactions. The elements enclosing components of reaction memorize the\ninteractive yes-no result similar to encoding. Energy quantity and quality of\nspecific interaction determine sequence of transferring information, its\nencoding, and limit the code length. The introduced formalism of natural\nemergence information and its encoding also shows advantage over non-natural\nencoding. The impulse sequential natural encoding merges memory with the time\nof memorizing information and compensates the cost by running time intervals of\nencoding. Information process binds the encoding impulse reversible\nmicroprocesses in multiple impulses macroprocess of information irreversible\ndynamics establishing interactive integrated information dynamics. The encoding\nprocess integrates geometrical triplet coding structure rotating double helix\nof sequencing cells Bits, which commands cognition, intelligence including\nconscience.\n  The results validate computer simulation, and experiments.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the theory of flat spacetime: Special relativity turns out to be more than coordinate transformations in\nwhich the constancy of the speed of light plays the central role between two\ninertial reference frames. Special relativity, in essence, is a theory of\nfour-dimensional flat spacetime. Euclidian space spans three of the spacetime's\ndimensions and time spans the fourth. Properties of light may not be needed to\ndescribe spacetime, which exists independently of light. The article shows that\na theory of spacetime can be constructed from a geometric viewpoint in which\nthe speed of light does not play any role. Moreover postulating\nfour-dimensional geometry significantly simplifies the concept of special\nrelativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "More on Superconductors via Gauge/Gravity Duality with Nonlinear Maxwell\n  Field: We have developed the recent investigations on the second-order phase\ntransition in the holographic superconductor using the probe limit for a\nnonlinear Maxwell field strength coupled to a massless scalar field. By\nanalytic methods, based on the variational Sturm- Liouville minimization\ntechnique, we study the effects of the space-time dimension and the\nnon-linearity parameter on the critical temperature and the scalar condensation\nof the dual operators on the boundary. Further, as a motivated result, we\nanalytically deduce the DC conductivity in the low and zero temperatures\nregime. Especially in the zero temperature limit and in two dimensional toy\nmodel, we thoroughly compute the conductivity analytically. Our work clarifies\nmore features of the holographic superconductors both in different space\ndimensions and on the effect of the non-linearity in Maxwell's strength field.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Possible features of galactic halo with electric field and observational\n  constraints: Observed rotational curves of neutral hydrogen clouds strongly support the\nfact that galactic halo contains huge amount of nonluminous matter, the so\ncalled gravitational dark matter. The nature of dark matter is a point of\ndebate among the researchers. Recent observations reported the presence of ions\nof O, S, C, Si etc in the galactic halo and intergalactic medium. This supports\nthe possibility of existence of electric field in the galactic halo region. We\ntherefore propose a model of galactic halo considering this electric field\narising due to charged particles as one of the inputs for the background\nspacetime metric. Considering dark matter as an anisotropic fluid we obtain the\nexpressions for energy density and pressure of dark matter there and\nconsequently the equation of state of dark matter. Various other aspects of the\nsolutions are also analyzed along with a critical comparison with and\nconstraints of different observational evidences.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Role of Chameleon Field in presence of Variable Modified Chaplygin gas\n  in Brans-Dicke Theory: In this work, we have considered FRW model of the universe for Brans-Dicke\n(BD) theory with BD scalar field as a Chameleon field. First we have\ntransformed the field equations and conservation equation from Jordan's frame\nto Einstein's frame. We have shown in presence of variable modified Chaplygin\ngas, the potential function $V$ and another analytic function $f$ always\nincrease with respect to BD-Chameleon scalar field $\\phi$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Peculiar Fields in Maxwell's Equations: A theoretical analysis of the excitation of an infinitely long solenoid by\noscillating current has revealed the existence of specific potentials in the\nspace outside the solenoid, which can affect electron diffraction in an\nexperiment similar to the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Thus, these time-dependent\npotentials are physical fields possessing a number of specific features, which\nset them off from the fields known heretofore.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some Applications of Isotope - Based technologies: Human Health and\n  Quantum Information: Technology is the sum of the information, knowledge and agency. This takes\nenergy and information as fundamental concepts. In this paper I'll try to\ndescribe very briefly in popular form of some applications of radioactive and\nstable isotopes in medicine and quantum information, respectively.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantization of Generalized Abelian Gauge Field Theory under Rotor Model: This paper is a follow-up work of the previous study of the generalized\nabelian gauge field theory under rotor model of order $n$ of higher order\nderivatives. We will study the quantization of this theory using path integral\napproach and find out the Feynman propagator (2-point correlation function) of\nthis generalized theory. We also investigate the generalized Proca action under\nrotor model and derive the Feynman propagator for the massive case.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Conceivable new recycling of nuclear waste by nuclear power companies in\n  their plants: We outline the basic principles and the needed experiments for a conceivable\nnew recycling of nuclear waste by the power plants themselves to avoid its\ntransportation and storage to a (yet unknown) dumping area. Details are\nprovided in an adjoining paper and in patents pending.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A note on the possibility of incomplete theory: In the paper it is demonstrated that Bells theorem is an unprovable theorem.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Locally Rotationally Symmetric Bianchi Type $I$ Cosmology in $f(R,T)$\n  Gravity: This manuscript is devoted to investigate Bianchi Type $I$ universe in the\ncontext of $f(R,T)$ gravity. For this purpose, we explore the exact solutions\nof locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type $I$ spacetime. The modified\nfield equations are solved by assuming expansion scalar $\\theta$ proportional\nto shear scalar $\\sigma$ which gives $A=B^n$, where $A,\\,B$ are the metric\ncoefficients and $n$ is an arbitrary constant. In particular, three solutions\nhave been found and physical quantities are calculated in each case.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Mechanics of Insitu Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles with in\n  Anionic Microgels: In this work, we discuss the quantum mechanics of many-body systems i.e.\nhybrid microgel consisting of negatively charged anionic microgels possessing\nthick sheath of water molecules solvating its protruding anionic moieties and\nnanoparticle captivated with in it. Thermodynamic feasibility of synthesis of\nparticular nanoparticle with in the microgel is dependent upon the magnitude of\ninteraction between nanoparticle, water molecules and microgel relative to sum\nof magnitude of self-interaction between counterions and interaction between\ncounterions and microgel. Nanoparticles synthesized with in the microgels have\nthick electronic cloud that oscillates under the influence of net interaction\npotential of charged anionic moieties and solvent water molecules. Hamiltonian\ndescribing energy of oscillating electronic cloud wrapped around nanoparticle\nis mathematically derived to be equal to product of integral of electron\ndensity and its position vector overall space multiplied with net electric\nforce acting on the oscillating electronic cloud of nanoparticle.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "K-Theory and Gauge Solitons: The spectrum of D-brane charges in the Type IIB string theory compactified on\n$AdS_{p+2}\\times S^{8-p}$ is computed using the K-theory approach. The result\ndiffers from the corresponding result presented in the digest of Olsen and\nSzabo.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "What fuel for a rocket?: Elementary concepts from general physics and thermodynamics have been used to\nanalyze rocket propulsion. Making some reasonable assumptions, an expression\nfor the exit velocity of the gases is found. From that expression one can\nconclude what are the desired properties for a rocket fuel.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "MOND is unnecessary: Dark matter seems to account for flat velocity curves in spiral galaxies,\nwith further evidence for dark matter from observations of the colliding\n\"bullet cluster\" galaxies 1E0657-56. However, the baryonic Tully-Fisher\nrelation and the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation have been cited\n(arXiv:1112.3960) as \"challenges for the LambdaCDM model.\" MOND (MOdified\nNewtonian Dynamics), a modified law of gravity,is invoked in arXiv:1112.3960 to\naccount for those relations.\n  This note shows that the HLSS model in arXiv:1301.0304, employing the\nholographic principle within the standard LambdaCDM paradigm, readily accounts\nfor the MOND acceleration, the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, and the mass\ndiscrepancy-acceleration relation. After first posting this note, I learned\nthat Man Ho Chan (arXiv:1310.6801) previously reached the same conclusion using\na dark matter based analysis independent of the holographic approach used in\nthis paper. These results indicate that the MOND hypothesis is unnecessary.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The structure of the Sun and the planets of the solar system from the\n  viewpoint of mechanics of the inertless mass II: The second part of the monograph contains the investigation of the structure\nof the Sun and planets of the solar system. This monograph is addressed to\nspecialists in the field of theoretical and practical hydrodynamics and\nadjacent sciences. It will be useful for astronomers, meteorologists and\ngeologists.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relating the curvature of De Sitter Universe to Open Quantum Lamb Shift\n  Spectroscopy: In this paper, we explore the connection between the curvature of the\nbackground De Sitter space-time with the spectroscopic study of entanglement of\ntwo atoms. Our set up is in the context of an Open Quantum System (OQS), where\nthe two atoms, each having two energy levels and represented by Pauli spin\ntensor operators projected along any arbitrary direction. The system mimics the\nrole of a pair of freely falling Unruh De-Witt detectors, which are allowed to\nnon-adiabatically interact with a conformally coupled massless probe scalar\nfield which has the role of background thermal bath. The effective dynamics of\nthis combined system takes into account of the non-adiabatic interaction, which\nis commonly known as the Resonant Casimir Polder Interaction (RCPI) with the\nthermal bath. Our analysis reveals that the RCPI of two stable entangled atoms\nin the quantum vacuum states in OQS depends on the de Sitter space-time\ncurvature relevant to the temperature of the thermal bath felt by the static\nobserver. We also find that, in OQS, RCPI produces a new significant\ncontribution appearing in the effective Hamiltonian of the total system and\nthermal bath under consideration. We find that the Lamb Shift is characterized\nby a decreasing inverse square power-law behavior, $L^{-2}$, when inter atomic\nEuclidean distance, $L$, is much larger than a characteristic length scale,\n$k$, which is the inverse surface gravity of the background De Sitter space. If\nthe background space-time would have been Minkowskian this shift decreases as,\n$L^{-1}$, and is independent of temperature. Thus, we establish a connection\nbetween the curvature of the De Sitter space-time with the Lamb Shift\nspectroscopy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An interdisciplinary approach to certain fundamental issues in the\n  fields of physics and biology: towards a Unified Theory: Recent experiments appear to have revealed the possibility of quantum\nentanglement between spatially separated human subjects. In addition, a similar\ncondition might exist between basins containing human neurons adhering to\nprinted circuit boards. In both instances, preliminary data indicates what\nappear to be non-local correlations between brain electrical activities in the\ncase of the human subjects, and also non-local correlations between neuronal\nbasin electrical activities, implying entanglement at the macroscopic level. If\nthe ongoing extended research and the analysis of same continues to support\nthis hypothesis, it may then make it possible to simultaneously address some of\nthe fundamental problems facing us in both physics and biology through the\nadoption of an interdisciplinary empirical approach based on Bell's\nexperimental philosophy, with the goal of unifying these two fields.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gravitational interactions between fast neutrinos and the formation of\n  bound rotational states: The gravitational forces exerted between fast neutrinos at short distances\nare examined using Newton's gravitational law, special relativity, and the\nequivalence principle. It is found that the magnitude of these forces is not\nnegligible and can lead to the formation of bound rotational states with radii\nin the fm range.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Philosophy on time in the natural sciences and the humanities from\n  analytical positions: This article aims at applying the approaches peculiar to analytic philosophy\nto the question about representation of the concept of time as a symbol which\ncan reflect the bases of the modern natural sciences, social sciences and\nhumanities. The main methods, which the author of this article uses, are\nspeculative analysis and modeling. The symbolic meaning of the concept of time\ndemonstrates preconditions for the organization of the bases of the natural\nsciences, and social and humanitarian knowledge as well. Judgments for the\nmeaning of time reveal the essence of the problem in two aspects of discussion\non the dissociation of the foundations in the modern philosophy of physics and\nthe philosophical analysis of the humanities as well. 1) The formation of the\nimage of human nature in contemporary philosophy reveals the special role of\nthe concept of time in epistemology and philosophy of science. 2) This research\nreveals the perspective of understanding natural and cultural processes, which\nis based on the unification of branches of science. As a result, the research\nshows the basics of communication of the natural sciences with the social\nscience, and humanitarian knowledge as well. This way, the problem of whether\ntime is a natural process or it is only a human invention can be solved. In\ngeneral, time is not exhausted by the meaning of either of the understandings,\nand acts as one of the artificial measures people apply. In the same way, the\nsolution of another problem is reached: the modern discrepancy between separate\nbases of science decreases considerably, if not disappears completely.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the dimension of angles and their units: We examine implications of angles having their own dimension, in the same\nsense as do lengths, masses, {\\it etc.} The conventional practice in scientific\napplications involving trigonometric or exponential functions of angles is to\nassume that the argument is the numerical part of the angle when expressed in\nunits of radians. It is also assumed that the functions are the corresponding\nradian-based versions. These (usually unstated) assumptions generally allow one\nto treat angles as if they had no dimension and no units, an approach that\nsometimes leads to serious difficulties. Here we consider arbitrary units for\nangles and the corresponding generalizations of the trigonometric and\nexponential functions. Such generalizations make the functions complete, that\nis, independent of any particular choice of unit for angles. They also provide\na consistent framework for including angle units in computer algebra programs.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The anisotropic distribution of the interacting electrons: The distribution function for a system of interacting electrons in metals is\nmultivalent in a certain region of wave vectors. One solution among many is\nisotropic. For other solutions the distribution of electrons over the wave\nvectors is anisotropic. In the simplest case, the anisotropy arises as a result\nof the repulsion between electrons in states with the wave vectors $\\bf k$ and\n$-\\hh\\bf k$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Belief revision in quantum decision theory: gambler's and hot hand\n  fallacies: In the present article we introduce a quantum mechanism which is able to\ndescribe the creation of correlations in the evaluation of random independent\nevents: such correlations, known as positive and negative recency, correspond\nrespectively to the hot hand's and to the gambler's fallacies. Thus we propose\na description of these effects in terms of qubits, which may become entangled,\nforming a system which can not be described completely only in terms of its\nconstituents. We show that such formalism is able to describe and interpret the\nexperimental results, thus providing a general and unifying framework for the\ncognitive heuristics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Physical Interpretation of the 26 Dimensions of Bosonic String Theory: The 26 dimensions of Closed Unoriented Bosonic String Theory are interpreted\nas the 26 dimensions of the traceless Jordan algebra J3(O)o of 3x3 Octonionic\nmatrices, with each of the 3 Octonionic dimenisons of J3(O)o having the\nfollowing physical interpretation: 4-dimensional physical spacetime plus\n4-dimensional internal symmetry space; 8 first-generation fermion particles; 8\nfirst-generation fermion anti-particles. This interpretation is consistent with\ninterpreting the strings as World Lines of the Worlds of Many-Worlds Quantum\nTheory and the 26 dimensions as the degrees of freedom of the Worlds of the\nMany-Worlds.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A physical framework for the Earth System, the Anthropocene Equation and\n  the Great Acceleration: It is proposed, based on the Landau-Ginzburg Theory of phase transitions,\nthat the transition of the Earth System from the stable conditions of the\nHolocene to the human driven condition of the Anthropocene is, actually, a\nphase transition, a qualitative change away from its Holocene equilibrium\nstate. Based on this physical framework, one obtains the Anthropocene equation,\nthe so-called Great Acceleration and shows that (i) the Earth System\ntemperature on the new equilibrium state diverges from the average temperature\nof the Holocene as the cubic root of the human intervention, described by a\nparameter, $H$; (ii) the human induced departure from the Holocene can be as\ndrastic as the ones due to natural, astronomical and geophysical causes; (iii)\nthe susceptibility of the Earth System to human effects is much more relevant\nnear the phase transition. The procedure to obtain numerical predictions from\ndata is also exemplified through one of the existing proposals to account for\nhuman impact on the Earth's Holocene equilibrium.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relative-Velocity-Dependent Weber-type Models in Electromagnetism: This article reconsiders the relative-velocity-dependent approach to modeling\nelectromagnetism that was proposed initially by Weber before data from\ncathode-ray-tube (CRT) experiments was available. It is shown that identifying\nthe nonlinear, relative-velocity terms using CRT data results in a model, which\nnot only captures standard relativistic effects in optics, high-energy\nparticles, and gravitation, but also explains apparent discrepancies between\npredicted and measured energy (i) in high-energy-particle absorption\nexperiments and (ii) in the classical beta-ray spectrum of radium-E.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stochasticity, topology, and spin: Complex Schroedinger equation is transformed to spinor or coupled scalar\nfield equations replacing the imaginary unit $i$ by a matrix $\\begin{bmatrix} 0\n& 1 \\\\-1 & 0 \\end{bmatrix}$. New perspecive on stochasic approach is developed\nwith spin as topological invariant and mass having stochastic origin in this\nSpinor Random Field formalism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Isotropic stars in higher-order torsion scalar theories: Two tetrad spaces reproducing spherically symmetric spacetime are applied to\nthe equations of motion of higher-order torsion theories. Assuming the\nexistence of conformal Killing vector, two isotropic solutions are derived. We\nshow that the first solution is not stable while the second one confirms a\nstable behavior. We also discuss the construction of the stellar model and show\nthat one of our solution capable of such construction while the other cannot.\nFinally, we discuss the generalized Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff and show that\none of our models has a tendency to equilibrium.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Ultra High Energy Particles: We revisit considerations of temporal order in relativistic effects, taking\ninto account Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. We then use a formulation of\nrelativistic Quantum Mechanical equations given by Feshbach and Villars to\nexhibit novel particle antiparticle effects.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The weak isospin and the gravity: The Clifford pentad of 4X4 complex matrices defines the currents of the\nparticles. The weak isospin transformation scatters the particle on two\ncomponents into the 2-dimensional space of the antidiagonal Clifford matrices.\nThe physics particles move in the 3-dimensional space of the diagonal Clifford\nmatrices. Such sectioning of the 5-dimensional space on two subspace\n(2-dimensional and 3-dimensional) defines the Newtonian gravity principle.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Features of Vacuum Flux Impact: An Interpretation of Quantum\n  Phenomena: Special relativity combined with the stochastic vacuum flux impact model lead\nto an explicit interpretation of many of the phenomena of elementary quantum\nmechanics. We examine characteristics of a repetitively impacted submicroscopic\nparticle in conjunction with examination of the ways in which effects\nassociated with the particle's behavior appear in moving frames of reference.\nAs seen from relatively moving frames of reference, the time and location of\nimpacts and recoils automatically exhibit wave behavior. This model leads to\nfree particle waves with frequencies proportional to the energy and wavelengths\ninversely proportional to the momentum. As seen from relatively moving frames\nof reference, impacts and their associated recoils can appear to an observer to\ntake place simultaneously at multiple locations in space. For superposed free\nparticle waves corresponding to bidirectional motion, an amplitude that varies\nsinusoidally with distance results. A governing equation identical in form to\nthe Schroedinger equation is developed that describes the behavior of the\nimpacts and their associated recoils. This approach permits many features of\nquantum mechanics to be examined within an intuitively visualizable framework.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Linear algebra of reduced units and discussion of temperature parameter: A formal linear vector field representation for scientific equations is\ndeveloped to rationalize the intuitive methods that are constantly employed. It\nis shown that unlike mechanical units that appear in the basis of the space,\nthe reduced temperature and Boltzmann parameter cannot be described by the\nbasis set individually and can only be described as a product. Further, the\ndefinition and determination of temperature is dependent on theory and not on\nstandard mechanical units. It is shown that there is no reason to reduce the\nnumber of degrees of freedom in temperature determination via equipartition\nsince stochastic variables are involved, and this observation is significant in\nthat the temperature variable reported in simulation studies would have a\ndiscrepancy to the extent of using the decreased number of freedom, which is\nmost cases is not large nor significant. The standard assignments used in\nreduced units do not lead to errors because operationally the resulting reduced\ntemperature parameter represents the reduced product of the temperature and\nBoltzmann parameters. The non-independence of these quantities explains why\nentropy and other associated functions cannot be calculated directly, but are\nalways scaled in dimensionless increments of the Boltzmann parameter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Evidence of Low Dimensional Chaos in Glow Curves of Thermoluminescence: Electron trapping following exposition to ionising radiations and consequent\nelectron release during variation of temperature in solids represent processes\nhappening at the quantum microphysical level. The interesting feature of the\nthermally stimulated process, that in fact deserves further investigation, is\nthat the dynamic of electrons release during, variation of the temperature,\nhere examined through the so called thermoluminescent Glow Curve, evidences\nchaotic and fractal regimes. Phase space reconstruction, Correlation Dimension,\nlargest Lyapunov exponent, Recurrence Quantification Analysis(RQA) and fractal\ndimension analysis, developed by calculation of Hurst exponent, are performed\non three samples. The results unequivocally fix that Glow Curves respond to a\nchaotic regime. RQA supports such results revealing the inner structure of Glow\nCurve signals in relation to their properties of recurrence, determinism and\nintermittency signed from laminarity as well as chaos-chaos and chaos order\ntransitions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gravitational Lagrangians, Mach's principle, and the equivalence\n  principle in an expanding universe: The gravitational Lagrangian based on special relativity and the assumption\nof a fourth rank tensor interaction, derived by Kennedy (1972), is used to\ncheck Mach's principle in a homogeneous isotropic expanding universe. The\nLagrangian is found to be consistent with Mach's principle when the density is\nthe critical density and inertial mass is suitably renormalized. The Kennedy\napproach only gives the Lagrangian to first order in the gravitational coupling\nconstant. By invoking the equivalence principle higher order corrections are\nfound which renormalize the gravitational masses to the same values as the\ninertial masses. It is not the same as the correction derived from general\nrelativity by Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann, but otherwise the Lagrangians agree.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum mechanical observer and superstring/M theory: Terms are suggested for inclusion in a Lagrangian density as seen by an\nobserver O2, to represent the dynamics of a quantum mechanical observer O1 that\nis an initial stage in an observation process. This paper extends an earlier\npaper which suggested that the centre-of-mass kinetic energy of O1 could\ncorrespond to, and possibly underlie, the Lagrangian density for bosonic string\ntheory, where the worldsheet coordinates are the coordinates which O1 can\nobserve. The present paper considers a fermion internal to O1, in addition to\nO1's centre of mass. It is suggested that quantum mechanical uncertainties in\nthe transformation between O1's and O2's reference systems might require O2 to\nuse $d$ spinor fields for this fermion, where $d$ is the number of spacetime\ndimensions. If this is the case, and if the symmetry/observability arguments in\narXiv:hep-th/0601104 apply, the resulting Lagrangian density for the dynamics\nof O1 might resemble, or even underlie, superstring/M theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum mechanism of extremely high energy processes at neutron star\n  collapse and of quasar luminosity: Using the braid group topological approach to quantum statistics we\ndemonstrate that for strong gravitational field occurring in neutron star\nmerger with mass exceeding the Tolman, Oppenheimer and Volkoff limit the\nquantum statistics of particles beneath the photon sphere decays, which results\nin an instant relief of quantum degeneracy pressure in the star. This causes a\nrapid shrink of the matter to a black hole with quite different quantum\ncollective character of particles. The scheme of neutron Fermi sphere collapse\nis proposed as the possible isotropic source of short giant gamma-ray bursts.\nThe similar quantum mechanism of collapse of Fermi spheres of electrons and\nprotons in plasma of accretion disc in vicinity of the Schwarzschild horizon of\ngalactic black hole is able to elucidate the giant luminosity of remote\nquasars. The efficiency of the mass to energy conversion via collapse of the\nFermi sphere is ca. 30%, not reachable for any other known physical process\nexcept of the matter-antimatter annihilation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Time and Entropy in the Foundations of Mechanics: This contribution analyses the classical laws of motion by means of an\napproach relating time and entropy. We argue that adopting the notion of change\nof states as opposed to the usual derivation of Newton's laws in terms of\nfields a broader picture is obtained, suggesting that diverse branches of\nphysics- classical, quantum, relativistic and statistical mechanics - turn out\nto be related by a common foundation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Entanglement, space-time and the Mayer-Vietoris theorem: Entanglement appears to be a fundamental building block of quantum gravity\nleading to new principles underlying the nature of quantum space-time. One such\nprinciple is the ER-EPR duality. While supported by our present intuition, a\nproof is far from obvious. In this article I present a first step towards such\na proof, originating in what is known to algebraic topologists as the\nMayer-Vietoris theorem. The main result of this work is the re-interpretation\nof the various morphisms arising when the Mayer-Vietoris theorem is used to\nassemble a torus-like topology from more basic subspaces on the torus in terms\nof quantum information theory resulting in a quantum entangler gate (Hadamard\nand c-NOT).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The reaction-free trajectories of a classical point charge: It is well-known that a classical point charge in 1+1 D hyperbolic motion in\nspace and time is reaction-free. But this is a special case of a larger set of\nreaction-free trajectories that in general are curved paths through space, i.e.\nin 2+1 D. This note catalogs the full family of reaction-free trajectories,\ngiving a geometrical interpretation by which means the curved path possibility\nis easily related to the better known case of hyperbolic motion in 1+1 D.\nMotivated by the geometry, it is shown how the catalog of motions can be\nnaturally extended to include the possibility of lossless reaction-free closed\nspatial orbits that turn out to be classical pair creation and destruction\nevents. The extended theory can accommodate a vacuum plenum of classical\ncurrent that could be regarded as a classical version of the Fermionic ZPF of\nQFT, reminiscent of the relationship between the Electromagnetic ZPF and the\nclassical imitation that characterizes `Stochastic Electrodynamics'.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Interpretation of cosmological expansion effects on the\n  quantum-classical transition: Recently, what appears to be a fundamental limit associated with the size of\nan object that separates the quantum behavior characterizing small objects from\nthe classical behavior characterizing large objects has been derived from the\nHubble velocity spread in an extended object. This threshold is now examined\nfurther and interpreted in terms of diffusion processes in stochastic quantum\nmechanics. This limiting size that separates quantum behavior from classical\nbehavior is shown to correspond approximately to the diffusion distance of the\nobject over the Hubble time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On a microscopic representation of spacetime: We start from a noncompact Lie algebra isomorphic to the Dirac algebra and\nrelate this Lie algebra in a brief review to low energy hadron physics\ndescribed by the compact group SU(4). This step permits an overall physical\nidentification of the operator actions. Then we discuss the geometrical origin\nof this noncompact Lie algebra and 'reduce' the geometry in order to introduce\nin each of these steps coordinate definitions which can be related to an\nalgebraic representation in terms of the spontaneous symmetry breakdown along\nthe Lie algebra chain su*(4) $\\longrightarrow$ usp(4) $\\longrightarrow$\nsu(2)$\\times$u(1). Standard techniques of Lie algebra decomposition(s) as well\nas the (physical) operator identification give rise to interesting physical\naspects and lead to a rank-1 Riemannian space which provides an analytic\nrepresentation and leads to a 5-dimensional hyperbolic space $H_{5}$ with\nSO(5,1) isometries. The action of the (compact) symplectic group decomposes\nthis (globally) hyperbolic space into $H_{2}\\oplus H_{3}$ with SO(2,1) and\nSO(3,1) isometries, respectively, which we relate to electromagnetic\n(dynamically broken SU(2) isospin) and Lorentz transformations. Last not least,\nwe attribute this symmetry pattern to the algebraic representation of a\nprojective geometry over the division algebra $H$ and subsequent coordinate\nrestrictions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Intersubjectivity of outcomes of quantum measurements: Every measurement determines a single value as its outcome, and yet quantum\nmechanics predicts it only probabilistically. The Kochen-Specker theorem and\nBell's inequality, enforced by the recent loophole-free experimental tests,\nreject a realist view that any observable has its own value at any time\nconsistent with the statistical predictions of quantum mechanics, and favor a\nskeptical view that measuring an observable does not mean ascertaining the\nvalue that it has, but producing the outcome, having only a personal meaning.\nHowever, precise analysis supporting this view is unknown. Here, we show that a\nquantum mechanical analysis turns down this view. Suppose that two observers\nsimultaneously measure the same observable. We ask whether they always obtain\nthe same outcomes, or their probability distributions are the same but the\noutcomes are uncorrelated. Contrary to the widespread view in favor of the\nsecond, we shall show that quantum mechanics predicts that only the first case\noccurs. This suggests the existence of a correlation between the measurement\noutcome and the pre-existing value of the measured observable as a common cause\nfor the coincidence of the outcomes. In fact, we shall show that any\nmeasurement establishes a time-like entanglement between the observable to be\nmeasured and the meter after the measurement, which causes the space-like\nentanglement between the meters of different observers. We also argue that our\nconclusion cannot be extended to measurements of so-called \"generalized\"\nobservables, suggesting a demand for more careful analysis on the notion of\nobservables in foundations of quantum mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From Phase Space to Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Exploring Liouville's\n  Theorem and its Implications: The Liouville theorem is a fundamental concept in understanding the\nproperties of systems that adhere to Hamilton's equations. However, the\ntraditional notion of the theorem may not always apply. Specifically, when the\nentropy gradient in phase space fails to reach equilibrium, the phase-space\ndensity may not have a zero time derivative, i.e., $\\frac{d\\rho}{dt}$ may not\nbe zero. This leads to the concept of the set of attainable states of a system\nforming a compressible \"fluid\" in phase space. This observation provides\nadditional insights into Hamiltonian dynamics and suggests further examination\nin the fields of statistical physics and fluid dynamics. In fact, this finding\nsheds light on the limitations of the Liouville theorem and has practical\napplications in fields such as beam stacking, stochastic cooling, and Rabi\noscillations, among others.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the problem of Zitterbewegung of the Dirac electron: Reformulation of Dirac equation in terms of real quadratic division algebra\nof quaternions is given. Similar equations with different mass term are\nidentified as suitable for description of free propagating quark motion. The\ncomplete orthonormal set of the positive-energy plane wave solutions is\npresented. Therefore, Zitterbewegung phenomenon is absent in this formulation.\nThe probability current is proportional to the momentum, as in standard\nSchrodinger wave mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Non-Lorentz Invariance of M.W. Evans O(3)-Symmetry Law: Correcting a former proof of M.W. Evans it is shown that his O(3) hypothesis\nis not Lorentz invariant and hence no law of Physics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The day of reckoning: The value of the integration constant in the\n  vacuum Schwarzschild solution: The stongest theoretical support for Schwarzschild Black Holes (SBHs) is the\nexistence of vacuum Schwarzschild/Hilbert solution. The integration constant\nalpha_0 in this solution is interpreted as the mass of the BH. But by equating\nthe 4-volumes (an INVARIANT) associated with the Schwarzschild and the\nEddington-Finkelstein metrics, we directly obtain here the stunning result that\nSBHs have the unique mass, M_0 = 0! Thus the Event Horizon of a SBH (R_g = 2M_0\n=0) gets merged with the central singularity at R=0 and, after 90 years, the\nmysterious EH indeed gets erased from the non-singular R >0 region of a\ncompletely empty (R_0=0) spherical POINT MASS spacetime in accordance with the\nintuition of the founders of GR. Consequently the entropy of SBHs have the\nunique value of zero, which instantly removes the quantum\nmechanical``information paradox'' and the apparent conflict between GR and QM,\nthe two pillars of modern physics. This direct result firmly establishes the\nexciting fact, as far as isolated bodies are concerned, GR is a singularity\nfree theory even at the classical level! The Black Hole Candidates with mass M\n>0 are thus NOT BHs and instead could be HOT compact objects whose possibility\nhas so far been overlooked in favour of COLD Neutron Stars or BHs. With alpha_0\n=0, the BH paradigm collapses instantly because it was built with the\nASSUMPTION alpha_0 >0. This result is dedicated to the occurrence of 100 years\nof Relativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On a fatal error in tachyonic physics: A fatal error in the famous paper on tachyons by Gerald Feinberg is pointed\nout. The correct expressions for energy and momentum of tachyons are derived.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The cosmological constant, dark matter, supersymmetry, and other\n  unsolved problems from a fresh perspective: Quantum theory, general relativity, the standard model of particle physics,\nand the $\\Lambda$CDM model of cosmology have all been spectacularly successful\nwithin their respective regimes of applicability, but each of these\ndescriptions also has clear limitations. Here we propose a fundamental theory\nwhich (like string theory) is based on higher dimensions (with an internal\nspace), a form of supersymmetry, important topological structures, and the\nimplication of a multiverse. Our universe is the product of two vortex-like (or\ninstanton-like) field configurations -- one in 4-dimensional external\nspacetime, with the big bang at its origin, and the other in a 10-dimensional\ninternal space, which automatically yields an $SO(10)$ grand-unified gauge\ntheory. Lorentz invariance requires a breaking of the initial primitive\nsupersymmetry, as the initial (unphysical) bosonic fields are modified and\ncombined to from physical fields. There is then a new interpretation of all\nscalar boson sectors -- including but extending the Higgs and sfermion sectors.\nThis last feature predicts a novel dark matter WIMP with no (nongravitational)\ninteractions except second-order gauge couplings to $W$ and $Z$ bosons.\nCalculations and estimates of the relevant cross-sections for this particle\ndemonstrate that (1)~it may be detectable within the next few years in Xe-based\ndirect-detection experiments, (2)~it may be observable within about 15 years at\nthe high-luminosity LHC, and (3)~it may already have been detected in the gamma\nrays observed by Fermi-LAT and antiprotons observed by AMS-02. The\nreinterpretation of scalar boson fields also implies a new phenomenology for\nsfermions, with reduced cross-sections. There is then a unified picture which\nmay explain why dark matter WIMPs and electroweak-scale sparticles have not yet\nbeen detected.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Uniformly moving clocks in special relativity: Time dilatation, but no\n  relativity of simultaneity or length contraction: Time-like and space-like invariant space-time intervals are used to analyse\nmeasurements of spatial and temporal distances defined by two\nspatially-separated clocks. The time dilatation effect is confirmed, but not\n`relativity of simultaneity' or `relativistic length contraction'. How these\nlatter, spurious, effects arise from misuse of the Lorentz transformation is\nalso explained.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamic Origin of Life: Understanding the thermodynamic function of life may shed light on its\norigin. Life, as are all irreversible processes, is contingent on entropy\nproduction. Entropy production is a measure of the rate of the tendency of\nNature to explore available microstates. The most important irreversible\nprocess generating entropy in the biosphere, and thus facilitating this\nexploration, is the absorption and transformation of sunlight into heat. Here\nwe hypothesize that life began, and persists today, as a catalyst for the\nabsorption and dissipation of sunlight at the surface of shallow seas. The\nresulting heat is then efficiently harvested by other irreversible processes\nsuch as the water cycle, hurricanes, and ocean and wind currents. RNA and DNA\nare the most efficient of all known molecules for absorbing the intense\nultraviolet light that could have penetrated the dense early atmosphere, and\nare remarkably rapid in transforming this light into heat in the presence of\nliquid water. From this perspective, the origin and evolution of life,\ninseparable from water and the water cycle, can be understood as resulting from\nthe natural thermodynamic imperative of increasing the entropy production of\nthe Earth in its interaction with its solar environment. A mechanism is\nproposed for the reproduction of RNA and DNA without the need for enzymes,\npromoted instead through UV light dissipation and the ambient conditions of\nprebiotic Earth.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "New Interpretation for the Observed Cosmological Redshifts and its\n  Implications: The cosmological redshifts z in the frequencies of spectral lines from\ndistant galaxies as compared with their values observed in terrestrial\nlaboratories, which are due to the scale factor a(t), frequently are interpret\nas a special-relativistic Doppler shift alone. We will demonstrate that this\ninterpretation is not correct and that the contribution of the gravitational\nredshift is always present and significant. We will show that the gravitational\nredshift is actually about the same magnitude as the cosmological redshift, but\nthat only for cosmological models without the dark energy component\ncosmological and gravitational redshift can be considered to be the same.\nSignificant contribution of the gravitational redshift due to the gravitational\nfield of the Universe, which is ignored in interpretation of the observational\ndata, could have significant impact on cosmological theories. We will first\ncalculate contributions of gravitational redshift to CMB and time dilation of\nType Ia supernovae, and use it to explain the excess redshifts of quasars and\nactive galaxies, and redshifts of companion galaxies of stars. We will show its\npossible implications on the interpretation of mass density of matter and mass\nas function of cosmological time. Finally we will demonstrate that taking into\naccount gravitational redshift allows to interpret luminosity distance and\nsurface brightness of distant galaxies to be consistent with the static\nuniverse cosmological models.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Shear and Vorticity in a Combined Einstein-Cartan-Brans-Dicke\n  Inflationary Lambda-Universe: A combined BCDE (Brans-Dicke and Einstein-Cartan) theory with lambda-term is\ndeveloped through Raychaudhuri's equation, for inflationary scenario. It\ninvolves a variable cosmological constant, which decreases with time, jointly\nwith energy density, cosmic pressure, shear, vorticity, and Hubble's parameter,\nwhile the scale factor, total spin and scalar field increase exponentially. The\npost-inflationary fluid resembles a perfect one, though total spin grows, but\nthe angular speed does not (Berman, 2007d). Keywords: Cosmology; Einstein;\nBrans-Dicke; Cosmological term; Shear; Spin; Vorticity; Inflation;\nEinstein-Cartan; Torsion. PACS: 04.20.-q ; 98.80.-k ; 98.80.Bp ; 98.80.Jk",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Boson/Fermion Janus Particles: Thermodynamically, bosons and fermions differ by their statistics only. A\ngeneral entropy functional is proposed by superposition of entropic terms,\ntypical for different quantum gases. The statistical properties of the\ncorresponding Janus particles are derived by variation of the weight of the\nboson/fermion fraction. It is shown that di-bosons and anti-fermions separate\nin gas and liquid phases, while three-phase equilibrium appears for\npoly-boson/fermion Janus particles.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Scent Dynamics (QSD): A new composite model of physical\n  particles: The paper introduces an alternative rishon model for a composite structure of\nquarks and leptons. The model builds matter from six basic blocks (and their\nantiparticles). For this reason it introduces new properties of rishons, called\n\"scents\", that can take two values, called masculine and feminine scents, which\ncan appear in three colours both. The Quantum Scent Dynamics (QSD) model\ncalculates new electric charges for the rishons. Then it discusses the\nconstruction of the known families of particles from scents, as well as the\nconstraints and advantages of the proposed hypothetic model.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Classical and Quantum-Mechanical Axioms with the Higher Time Derivative\n  Formalism: A Newtonian mechanics model is essentially the model of a point body in an\ninertial reference frame. How to describe extended bodies in non-inertial\n(vibrational) reference frames with the random initial conditions? One of the\nmost general description (known as the higher derivatives formalism) consists\nin taking into account the infinite number of the higher order temporal\nderivatives of the coordinates in the Lagrange function. Such formalism\ndescribes physical objects in the infinite dimensional space does not\ncontradict quantum mechanics and infinite dimensional Hilbert space.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Modeling the Propagation, Breaking and Drift of Ocean Surface Wave: A new model other than the classical ones given by Airy, Stokes and Gerstner\nfor the ocean surface wave is constructed. It leads to new understandings for\nthe wave mechanisms: (1) A wave with bigger amplitude or smaller steepness\ntravels faster; (2) The wave breaks when the front angle is bigger than 46.3\ndegree; (3) The magnitude of the wave drift should be smaller than that of the\nknown Stokes drift.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Existence of Negative Gravity Material Identification of Dark Energy\n  Dark Matter Isothermal Gravitational Equilibrium and Galactic Rotation Theory: A solution to Einstein's field equations via the Friedman equations is shown\nto produce a cosmological model that is in exact agreement with the\nmeasurements made by the dark energy astronomers. All the essential physical\nparameters are obtained as epoch dependent functions all in closed form. The\nequations of state are obtained for total density, non-dark energy density and\ndark energy density. An interpretation of the structure involving a dark energy\nmass distribution that is twice the usual value is shown to clarify greatly the\nphysical significance of the mathematics. It is asserted that the astronomer's\nmeasurements together with the mathematical model proves that the universe is\npermeated uniformly with a positive mass density that caries a negative\ngravitational constant, -G, characteristic. This mass component is identified\nwith the dark energy content of the universe that has been postulated to\nexplain the observed acceleration. Another result implied by the model is that\nthere is twice the amount of dark energy that is usually considered to be\npresent. This last point is analysed in more detail in appendix 1 using\nEinstein's field equations. Five additional appendices, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in\nwhich isothermal gravitational dark matter equilibrium and the galactic\nrotations curve flatness problem are examined in detail. Appendix 5 is\nconcerned with mass clumping and expressing gravitational isothermal\nequilibrium constraints using a cosmological Schr\\\"odinger equation to\ndemonstrate the existence of a new quantum force involved with galactic\nstability. Appendix 6 is concerned with gravitational quantization. Each\nappendix has its own abstract.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Particle Enigma: The idea that particles are the basic constituents of all matter dates back\nto ancient times and formed the basis of physical thought well into modern\ntimes. The debate about whether light was a wave or a stream of particles also\nlasted until relatively recently. It was the advent of de Broglie's work and\nits implications that revolutionized the concept of an elementary particle --\nbut unfortunately did not banish the idea of a point particle despite its\ndifficulties in both classical and quantum physics. Some of these problems are\ndiscussed in this essay, which covers chiral oscillations, Penrose's \"zigzag\"\npicture of particles satisfying the Dirac equation, and some ideas derived from\nstring theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The virial theorem and the dark matter problem in hybrid metric-Palatini\n  gravity: Hybrid metric-Palatini gravity is a recently proposed theory, consisting of\nthe superposition of the metric Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian with an $f(\\cal R)$\nterm constructed \\`{a} la Palatini. The theory predicts the existence of a\nlong-range scalar field, which passes the Solar System observational\nconstraints, even if the scalar field is very light, and modifies the\ncosmological and galactic dynamics. Thus, the theory opens new possibilities to\napproach, in the same theoretical framework, the problems of both dark energy\nand dark matter. In this work, we consider the generalized virial theorem in\nthe scalar-tensor representation of the hybrid metric-Palatini gravity. More\nspecifically, taking into account the relativistic collisionless Boltzmann\nequation, we show that the supplementary geometric terms in the gravitational\nfield equations provide an effective contribution to the gravitational\npotential energy. We show that the total virial mass is proportional to the\neffective mass associated with the new terms generated by the effective scalar\nfield, and the baryonic mass. This shows that the geometric origin in the\ngeneralized virial theorem may account for the well-known virial theorem mass\ndiscrepancy in clusters of galaxies. In addition to this, we also consider\nastrophysical applications of the model and show that the model predicts that\nthe mass associated to the scalar field and its effects extend beyond the\nvirial radius of the clusters of galaxies. In the context of the galaxy cluster\nvelocity dispersion profiles predicted by the hybrid metric-Palatini model, the\ngeneralized virial theorem can be an efficient tool in observationally testing\nthe viability of this class of generalized gravity models.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Matter with an effective EoS interacting with a tachynic field in an\n  accelerating Universe: We consider a fluid described by a parameterized EoS of the general form\n$P=(\\gamma-1)\\rho+p_{0}+\\omega_{H}H+\\omega_{H2}H^{2}+\\omega_{dH}\\dot{H}$\n\\cite{Ren}, where $p_{0}$, $\\omega_{H}$, $\\omega_{H2}$ and $\\omega_{dH}$ are\nfree parameters of the model, interacting with a Tachyonic field with a\nrelativistic Lagrangian\n$L_{TF}=-V(\\phi)\\sqrt{1-\\partial_{i}\\phi\\partial^{i}\\phi}$. The acceleration of\nthe Universe described by a scale factor $a(t)=t^{n}, (n>1)$. Under\nconsideration of different forms of interaction the field $\\phi$ and the\npotential $V(\\phi)$ are recovered and graphical analysis performed. For\nillustration purposes we fixed values of parameters of the models to provide $V\n\\rightarrow 0$ for later stages of evolution, when $t \\rightarrow \\infty$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Brain oRules: Quantum mechanics traditionally places the observer outside of the system\nbeing studied and employs the Born interpretation. In this and related papers\nthe observer is placed inside the system. To accomplish this, special rules are\nrequired to engage and interpret the Schrodinger solutions in individual\nmeasurements. The rules in this paper (called the oRules) do not include the\nBorn rule that connects probability with square modulus. It is required that\nthe rules allow conscious observers to exist inside the system without\nempirical ambiguity, reflecting our own unambiguous experience in the universe.\nThis requirement is satisfied by the oRules. These rules are restricted to\nobserver measurements, so state reduction can only occur when an observer is\npresent. Keywords: brain states, decoherence, epistemological model,\nontological model, stochastic choice, state reduction, von Neumann, wave\ncollapse.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A unified field theory from a complexified quaternion-octonion Dirac\n  equation: It is set manifest an underlying algebraic structure of Dirac equation and\nsolutions, in terms of Cl2 Clifford algebra projectors and ladder operators.\nFrom it, a scheme is proposed for constructing unified field theories by\nenlarging the pointed algebra. A toy unified matter field model is formulated,\nmodifying Dirac equation with complex quaternions and octonions. The result\ndescribes a set of fermion fields with reminiscent properties of one standard\nmodel particle generation, exhibiting U(1) electromagnetism, SU(2) flavor and\nSU(3) color like symmetries, remarkably SU(2) induces frame fields, though\nfurther explorations are needed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Lorentz Invariance Violation and Generalized Uncertainty Principle: There are several theoretical indications that the quantum gravity approaches\nmay have predictions for a minimal measurable length, and a maximal observable\nmomentum and throughout a generalization for Heisenberg uncertainty principle.\nThe generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) is based on a momentum-dependent\nmodification in the standard dispersion relation which is conjectured to\nviolate the principle of Lorentz invariance. From the resulting Hamiltonian,\nthe velocity and time of flight of relativistic distant particles at Planck\nenergy can be derived. A first comparison is made with recent observations for\nHubble parameter in redshift-dependence in early-type galaxies. We find that\nLIV has two types of contributions to the time of flight delay $\\Delta t$\ncomparable with that observations. Although the wrong OPERA measurement on\nfaster-than-light muon neutrino anomaly, $\\Delta t$, and the relative change in\nthe speed of muon neutrino $\\Delta v$ in dependence on redshift $z$ turn to be\nwrong, we utilize its main features to estimate $\\Delta v$. Accordingly, the\nresults could not be interpreted as LIV. A third comparison is made with the\nultra high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR). It is found that an essential ingredient\nof the approach combining string theory, loop quantum gravity, black hole\nphysics and doubly spacial relativity and the one assuming a perturbative\ndeparture from exact Lorentz invariance. Fixing the sensitivity factor and its\nenergy dependence are essential inputs for a reliable confronting of our\ncalculations to UHECR. The sensitivity factor is related to the special time of\nflight delay and the time structure of the signal. Furthermore, the upper and\nlower bounds to the parameter, $\\alpha$ that characterizes the generalized\nuncertainly principle, have to be fixed in related physical systems such as the\ngamma rays bursts.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Adversus singularitates: The ontology of space-time singularities: I argue that there are no physical singularities in space-time. Singular\nspace-time models do not belong to the ontology of the world, because of a\nsimple reason: they are concepts, defective solutions of Einstein's field\nequations. I discuss the actual implication of the so-called singularity\ntheorems. In remarking the confusion and fog that emerge from the reification\nof singularities I hope to contribute to a better understanding of the\npossibilities and limits of the theory of General Relativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Self-interacting Electron as the Gauge Field Under the Ultimate\n  Separation of the Absolute Quantum Motions: The problem of the reason of physical motion needs a review in the framework\nof quantum theory. The Aristotle's mistake, Galileo-Newton progress, Einstein\nphysical geometry established the fundamental role of the spacetime geometry in\nthe motion of fields and bodies. Quantum theory poses a new question about the\nmotion of the quantum states and its reason in the quantum state space. The\nstandard approach of quantum theory uses so-called method of the classical\nanalogy where the action functional contains in the additive manner three\nterms: matter (free particles) + free fields + interaction term. Such approach\nleads to the quantum state space as some space of functions defined on the\nspacetime. I think if one try to understand the peculiarity of the\nself-interacting quantum particles together with its \"field shell\" then the\nclassical scheme should be replaced. Then the role of the spacetime should be\nrevised: the space of the unlocated pure quantum degrees of freedom and its\ngeometry will play the fundamental role and the local dynamical spacetime\narises as representation of the internal quantum motions (inverse\nrepresentation).\n  I will discuss in this work a small but important change in the formulation\nof the field equations for the energy-momentum, orbital momentum and kinetic\nmomentum of the self-interacting electron.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Is the use of Christoffel connection in gravity theories conceptually\n  correct?: Christoffel connection did not enter gravity as an axiom of minimal length\nfor the free fall of particles (where anyway length action is not defined for\nmassless particles), nor out of economy, but from the weak equivalence\nprinciple (gravitational force is equivalent to acceleration according to\nEinstein) together with the identification of the local inertial frame with the\nlocal Lorentz one. This identification implies that the orbits of all particles\nare given by the geodesics of the Christoffel connection. Here, we show that in\nthe presence of only massless particles (absence of massive particles) the\nabove identification is inconsistent and does not lead to any connection. The\nproof is based on the existence of projectively equivalent connections and the\nabsence of proper time for null particles. If a connection derived by some\nkinematical principles for the particles is to be applied in the world, it is\nbetter these principles to be valid in all relevant spacetime rather than\ndifferent principles to give different connections in different spacetime\nregions. Therefore, our result stated above may imply a conceptual\ninsufficiency of the use of the Christoffel connection in the early universe\nwhere only massless particles are expected to be present (whenever at least\nsome notions, like orbits, are meaningful), and thus of the total use of this\nconnection. If in the early universe the notion of a massive particle, which\nappears latter in time, cannot be used, in an analogous way in a causally\ndisconnected high-energy region (maybe deep interior of astrophysical objects\nor black holes) the same conclusions could be extracted if only massless\nparticles are present.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Barboza-Alcaniz Equation of State Parametrization : Constraining the\n  Parameters in Different Gravity Theories: To justify the twenty years old distant Ia Supernova observations which\nrevealed to us that our universe is experiencing a late time cosmic\nacceleration, propositions of existence of exotic fluids inside our universe\nare made. These fluids are assumed to occupy homogeneously the whole space of\nthe universe and to exert negative pressure from inside such that the late time\naccelerated expansion is caused. Among the different suggested models of such\nexotic matters/ energy popularly coined as dark matter / dark energy, a well\nknown and popular process is \"introduction of redshift parametrization\" of the\nequation of state parameter of these fluids. We, very particularly, take the\nparametrization proposed by Barboza and Alcaniz along with the cosmological\nconstant. We use thirty nine data points for Hubble's parameter calculated for\ndifferent redshifts and try to constrain the dark energy equation of state\nparameters for Barboza Alcaniz modelling. We then constrain the dark energy\nparametrization parameters in the background of Einstein's general relativity,\nloop quantum gravity and Horava Lifshitz gravity one after another. We find the\n1$\\sigma$, 2$\\sigma$ and 3$\\sigma$ confidence contours for all these cases and\ncompare them with each other. We try to speculate which gravity is constraining\nthe parameters most and which one is letting the parameters to stay within a\nlarger domain. We tally our results of 557 points Union2 Sample and again\ncompare them for different gravity theories.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From Bosonic Strings to Fermions: Early string theory described Bosonic particles at the real life Compton\nscale. Later developments to include Fermions initiated by Ramond and others\nhave lead through Quantum Super Strings to M-theory operating at the as yet\nexperimentally unattainable Planck scale. We describe an alternative route from\nBosonic Strings to Fermions, by directly invoking a non commutative geometry,\nan approach which is closer to experiment.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Noncommutativity of four-dimensional axisymmetric spacetime in polar\n  coordinate: It is shown that in the noncommutative spacetime defined by the generalized\nMoyal product, consistent noncommutativity can be obtained independent of the\ncoordinate system such as Cartesian or polar one. In addition, based on the\nfact that the generalized Moyal product can be applied to arbitrary spacetime\nwith non-trivial curvature, the effect of noncommutativity in the axisymmetric\nspacetime with central mass is investigated. The results demonstrate how the\nnoncommutativity of spacetime modify the shape of the stationary limit surface\nin the noncommutative Kerr spacetime, which implies that the gravitational\ninteraction seems to be effectively softened.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On Particles and Primes: Primes in the two complete associative normed division algebras C and H have\naffinities with structures seen in the standard model of particle physics. On\nthe integers in the two algebras, there are two equivalence relations: a strong\none, related to a U(1) and SU(3) symmetry allowing to permute and switch signs\nof the coordinates of the integers, as well as a weak relation with origins\nfrom units U(1),SU(2) in the algebra. Weak equivalence classes within the\nstrong equivalence classes of odd primes in C case relate to leptons, the inert\nones being neutrino like, and the split ones resembling electron-positron\npairs. In the H case, for odd primes, the equivalence classes come in groups of\ntwo or three, leading to a caricature of hadrons featuring either mesons built\nby a quark pair or then baryons obtained by quark triplets. We can now list for\nevery rational prime p all these particles and attach fractional charges to its\nconstituents.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "New analysis for the correlation between gravitational waves and\n  neutrino detectors during SN1987A: Two major problems, still associated with the SN1987A, are: a) the signals\nobserved with the gravitational waves detectors, b) the duration of the\ncollapse. Indeed, a) the sensitivity of the gravitational wave detectors seems\nto be small for detecting gravitational waves and, b) while some experimental\ndata indicate a duration of order of hours, most theories assume that the\ncollapse develops in a few seconds. Since recent data of the X-ray NuSTAR\nsatellite show a clear evidence of an asymmetric collapse, we have revisited\nthe experimental data recorded by the underground and gravitational wave\ndetectors running during the SN1987A. New evidence is shown that con rms\nprevious results, namely that the data recorded by the gravitational wave\ndetectors running in Rome and in Maryland are strongly correlated with the data\nof both the Mont Blanc and the Kamiokande detectors, and that the correlation\nextends over a long period of time (one or two hours) centered at the Mont\nBlanc time. This result indicates that also Kamiokande detected neutrinos at\nthe Mont Blanc time, and these interactions were not identi ed because not\ngrouped in a burst.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some remarks on quantum mechanics in a curved spacetime, especially for\n  a Dirac particle: Some precisions are given about the definition of the Hamiltonian operator H\nand its transformation properties, for a linear wave equation in a general\nspacetime. In the presence of time-dependent unitary gauge transformations, H\nas an operator depends on the gauge choice. The other observables of QM and\ntheir rates also become gauge-dependent unless a proper account for the gauge\nchoice is done in their definition. We show the explicit effect of these\nnon-uniqueness issues in the case of the Dirac equation in a general spacetime\nwith the Schwinger gauge. We show also in detail why, the meaning of the energy\nin QM being inherited from classical Hamiltonian mechanics, the energy operator\nand its mean values ought to be well defined in a general spacetime.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electromagnetic Radiations as a Fluid Flow: We combine Maxwell's equations with Eulers's equation, related to a velocity\nfield of an immaterial fluid, where the density of mass is replaced by a charge\ndensity. We come out with a differential system able to describe a relevant\nquantity of electromagnetic phenomena, ranging from classical dipole waves to\nsolitary wave-packets with compact support. The clue is the construction of an\nenergy tensor summing up both the electromagnetic stress and a suitable mass\ntensor. With this right-hand side, explicit solutions of the full Einstein's\nequation are computed for a wide class of wave phenomena. Since our\nelectromagnetic waves may behave and interact exactly as a material fluid, they\ncan create vortex structures. We then explicitly analyze some vortex ring\nconfigurations and examine the possibility to build a model for the electron.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relativistic length expansion in general accelerated system revisited: The aim of the present article is to give an exact and correct representation\nof the essentially important part of modern special relativity theory that\ntouches upon the behavior of the proper length of accelerated moving bodies.In\nparticular we pointed out that standard solution of the Bell's problem\n[3]-[4]revision needed. Classical solution of the relativistic length expansion\nin general accelerated system completely revisited.Instant proper length\nmeasurement between J.S.Bell's rockets also is considered successfully.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Theoretical Errors in Contemporary Physics: Errors pertaining to the following physical theories are discussed: the Dirac\nmagnetic monopole theory; the Klein-Gordon equation; the Yukawa theory of\nnuclear force; the idea of Vector Meson Dominance; the Aharonov-Bohm effects;\nthe idea of diffraction-free electromagnetic beams; Quantum Chromodynamics.\nImplications of the theoretical errors are discussed briefly. In particular,\nrelations between the Dirac monopole theory, the idea of Vector Meson Dominance\nand Quantum Chromodynamics cast doubt on the current interpretation of strong\ninteractions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mathematics as an Exact and Precise Language of Nature: One of the outstanding problems of philosophy of science and mathematics\ntoday is whether there is just \"one\" unique mathematics or the same can be\nbifurcated into \"pure\" and \"applied\" categories. A novel solution for this\nproblem is offered here. This will allow us to appreciate the manner in which\nmathematics acts as an exact and precise language of nature. This has\nsignificant implications for Artificial Intelligence.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Moessbauer effect in homogeneous magnetic field: We derive the probability of the Moessbauer effect realized by the charged\nparticle moving in the homogeneous magnetic field, or, in accelerating field.\nThe submitted approach represents new deal of the Moessbauer physics. Key",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Critical Analysis of Universality and Kirchhoff's Law: A Return to\n  Stewart's Law of Thermal Emission: It has been advanced, on experimental (P.-M. Robitaille, IEEE Trans. Plasma\nSci. 2003, v. 31(6), 1263-1267) and theoretical (P.M. Robitaille, Progr. Phys.\n2006, v.2, 22-23) grounds, that blackbody radiation is not universal and\nremains closely linked to the emission of graphite and soot. In order to\nstrengthen such claims, a conceptual analysis of the proofs for universality is\npresented. This treatment reveals that Gustav Robert Kirchhoff has not properly\nconsidered the combined effects of absorption, reflection, and the directional\nnature of emission in real materials. In one instance, this leads to an\nunintended movement away from thermal equilibrium within cavities. Using\nequilibrium arguments, it is demonstrated that the radiation within perfectly\nreflecting or arbitrary cavities does not necessarily correspond to that\nemitted by a blackbody.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Geological flows: In this paper geology and planetology are considered using new conceptual\nbasis of high-speed flow dynamics. Recent photo technics allow to see all\ndetails of a flow, 'cause the flow is static during very short time interval.\nOn the other hand, maps and images of many planets are accessible. Identity of\ngeological flows and high-speed gas dynamics is demonstrated. There is another\ntime scale, and no more. All results, as far as the concept, are new and belong\nto the author. No formulae, pictures only.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Field Theory with Fourth-order Differential Equations: We introduce a new class of higgs type complex-valued scalar fields $U$ with\nFeynman propagator $\\sim 1/p^4$ and consider the matching to the traditional\nfields with propagator $\\sim 1/p^2$ in the viewpoint of effective potentials at\ntree level. With some particular postulations on the convergence and the\ncausality, there are a wealth of potential forms generated by the fields $U$,\nsuch as the linear, logarithmic, and Coulomb potentials, which might serve as\nsources of effects such as the confinement, dark energy, dark matter,\nelectromagnetism and gravitation. Moreover, in some limit cases, we get some\ndeductions, such as: a nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation, a linear QED, a mass\nspectrum with generation structure and a seesaw mechanism on gauge symmetry and\nflavor symmetry; and, the propagator $\\sim 1/p^4$ would provide a possible way\nto construct a renormalizable gravitation theory and to solve the\nnon-perturbative problems.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Interiors of SdS and RNdS Spacetime with Pressure and Cosmological\n  Constant: We extend in this article the charged fluid with pressure derived by Bijalwan\n(2011a, 2011b) in presence of a cosmological constant.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Dark Energy Paradigm: Though the concept of a dark energy driven accelerating universe was\nintroduced by the author in 1997, to date dark energy itself, as described\nbelow has remained a paradigm. A model for the cosmological constant is\nsuggested.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mechanism of the Dark Matter and Condensed Bubble Objects Formation in\n  the Model of Extended Space: Within the framework of Extended Space Model (ESM) the processes connected to\nbirth of photons in a gravitational field are studied. These photons have a\nnonzero mass. It can be both positive, and negative, and photon's energy and\nstrength of the gravitational field determine its absolute value. It is shown\nthat in ESM model formation of bubble gravitational structures is possible. In\nthe frame of ESM one can obtain the follow physical picture. Bubble\ngravitational objects have a halo formed by dark matter generated by photons\nwith a positive mass. The photons with a negative mass are throw away in free\ndeep space and create there antigravitating vacuum with negative pressure. The\ncomparison ESM bubble structures with similar objects of a type \"gravastar\",\nexisting in a General Theory of Relativity (GR) is made.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fourier Transform, Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory on the\n  Manifold of General Relativity: A proof is given for the Fourier transform for functions in a quantum\nmechanical Hilbert space on a non-compact manifold in general relativity. In\nthe (configuration space) Newton-Wigner representation we discuss the spectral\ndecomposition of the canonical operators and give a proof of the\nParseval-Plancherel relation and the Born rule for linear superposition. We\nthen discuss the representations of pure quantum states and their dual vectors,\nand construct the Fock space and the associated quantum field theory for\nBose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Gravity: Gravitons should have momentum just as photons do; and since graviton\nmomentum would cause compression rather than elongation of spacetime outside of\nmatter; it does not appear that gravitons are compatible with Swartzchild's\nspacetime curvature. Also, since energy is proportional to mass, and mass is\nproportional to gravity; the energy of matter is proportional to gravity. The\nenergy of matter could thus contract space within matter; and because of the\ninter-connectedness of space, cause the elongation of space outside of matter.\nAnd this would be compatible with Swartzchild spacetime curvature. Since\ngravity could be initiated within matter by the energy of mass, transmitted to\nspace outside of matter by the inter-connectedness of space; and also\ntransmitted through space by the same inter-connectedness of space; and since\nspatial and relativistic gravities can apparently be produced without the aid\nof gravitons; massive gravity could also be produced without gravitons as well.\n  Gravity divided by an infinite number of segments would result in zero\nexpression of gravity, because it could not curve spacetime. So spatial\nsegments must have a minimum size, which is the Planck length; thus resulting\nin quantized space. And since gravity is always expressed over some distance in\nspace, quantum space would therefore always quantize gravity. So the\nnon-mediation of gravity by gravitons does not result in unquantized gravity,\nbecause quantum space can quantize gravity; thus making gravitons unproven and\nunnecessary, and explaining why gravitons have never been found.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "About the Infinite Repetition of Histories in Space: This paper analyzes two different proposals, one by Ellis and Brundrit, based\non classical relativistic cosmology, the other by Garriga and Vilenkin, based\non the DH interpretation of quantum mechanics, both of which conclude that, in\nan infinite universe, planets and living beings must be repeated an infinite\nnumber of times. We point to some possible shortcomings in the arguments of\nthese authors. We conclude that the idea of an infinite repetition of histories\nin space cannot be considered strictly speaking a consequence of current\nphysics and cosmology. Such ideas should be seen rather as examples of\n{\\guillemotleft}ironic science{\\guillemotright} in the terminology of John\nHorgan.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relic photon temperature versus redshift and the cosmic neutrino\n  background: Presuming that CMB photons are described by the deconfining phase of an SU(2)\nYang-Mills theory with the critical temperature for the\ndeconfining-preconfining phase transition matching the present CMB temperature\n$T_0\\sim 2.725\\,$K (SU(2)$_{\\tiny{CMB}}$), we investigate how CMB temperature\n$T$ connects with the cosmological scale factor $a$ in a\nFriedmann-Lema\\^itre-Robertson-Walker Universe. Owing to a violation of\nconformal scaling at late times, the tension between the (instantaneous)\nredshift of reionisation from CMB observation ($z_{\\tiny{re}}\\sim 11$) and\nquasar spectra ($z_{\\tiny{re}}\\sim 6$) is repealed. Also, we find that the\nredshift of CMB decoupling moves from $z_{\\tiny{dec}}\\sim 1100$ to\n$z_{\\tiny{dec}}\\sim 1775$ which questions $\\Lambda$CDM cosmology at high\nredshifts. Adapting this model to the conventional physics of three flavours of\nmassless cosmic neutrinos, we demonstrate inconsistency with the value\nN$_{\\tiny{eff}}\\sim 3.36$ extracted from Planck data. Interactions between\ncosmic neutrinos and the CMB implies a {\\sl common} temperature $T$ of (no\nlonger separately conserved) CMB and neutrino fluids. N$_{\\tiny{eff}}\\sim 3.36$\nthen entails a universal, temperature induced cosmic neutrino mass $m_\\nu=\\xi\nT$ with $\\xi=3.973$. Our above results on $z_{\\tiny{re}}$ and $z_{\\tiny{dec}}$,\nderived from SU(2)$_{\\tiny{CMB}}$ alone, are essentially unaffected when\nincluding such a neutrino sector.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mach's Principle II: The meaning and significance of Mach's Principle and its dependence on ideas\nabout relativistic rotating frame theory and the celestial sphere is explained\nand discussed. Two new relativistic rotation transformations are introduced by\nusing a linear simulation for the rotating disc situation. The accepted formula\nfor centrifugal acceleration in general relativity is then analysed with the\nuse of one of these transformations. It is shown that for this general\nrelativity formula to be valid throughout all space-time there has to be\neverywhere a local standard of absolutely zero rotation. It is then concluded\nthat the field off all possible space-time null geodesics or photon paths unify\nthe absolute local non-rotation standard throughout space-time. Thus it is\nsuggested that Mach's principle holds in the restricted sense that there is a\nuniversal standard of absolute local rotation rate related to the apparent\nrotation of the celestial sphere. However this apparent rotation is actually\nthe earth's rotation relative to a local mapping of null geodesic endpoints\nfrom that time and space distant sphere to the local time in the local\nzero-rotation environment. A connection of local inertia with the celestial\nsphere is not found.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "QJT as a Regularization: Origin of the New Gauge Anomalies: QJT is considered as a regularization of QFT, where the fields are replaced\nby finite $p$-jets. The regularized phase space is infinite-dimensional,\nbecause not all histories are determined by initial conditions. Gauge\nsymmetries are not fully preserved by the regularization, and gauge anomalies\narise. These anomalies are of a new type, not present in QFT. They generically\ndiverge when the regulator is removed, but can be made finite with a particular\nchoice of field content, provided that spacetime has at most four dimensions.\nThe field content appears to include unphysical fields that violate the\nspin-statistics theorem.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On Basics of Cosmology: Some discussion of physical and geometrical interpretation of Einsteins\ntheory of gravitation which is on basic of cosmology.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Possible Alternative Solution to the Solar Neutrino Problem: The results of the Sudbury experiments have seemingly solved the solar\nneutrino problem. However, we must remain open to the possibility that these\nresults may be subjected to new theoretical interpretations in the future.\nShould such a reinterpretation transpire, then we may find that the solar\nneutrino problem has not been solved. Should that be the case, this paper will\nconstitute a possible alternative solution to the problem which presents new\ntheoretical physics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamics induced geometry of self-gravitating systems: A new approach based on a statistical operator is presented, which allows to\ntake into account the inhomogeneous particle distribution induced by\ngravitational interaction. This method uses the saddle point procedure to find\nthe dominant contribution to the statistical sum and allows to obtain all\nthermodynamic relations of self-gravitating systems. Based on thermodynamic\nrelations, a description of thermodynamically induced geometry of matter\ndistribution was proposed. Equations corresponding to the extremum of the\nstatistical sum completely reproduce the well-known equations of the general\ntheory of relativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the uniqueness of the Standard Model of particle physics: The running strong coupling $\\alpha(Q)_s$ and the gluon propagator from QCD\nhave been compared to similar quantities in the quanton model, a generalisation\nof QED with massless fermions (quantons) and scalar coupling of boson fields.\nIn the latter model a series of bound states (which can be related to different\nflavours) have been obtained. Assuming a weighting of their momentum\ndistributions with the average momentum $\\tilde Q_i$ of each state, a running\nof the coupling $\\alpha(Q)$ is obtained, which is in quantitative agreement\nwith $\\alpha_s(Q)$ from QCD. Also with a similar weighting the gluon propagator\nfrom lattice QCD simulations is well described. This indicates clearly that QCD\nand thus the Standard Model is not a unique description of fundamental\ninteractions.\n  Different from the Standard Model, the quanton model is simple and yields\nbound states with correct masses. This may indicate that this model yields a\nmore realistic description of fundamental forces.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Reply to comment on `Poynting flux in the neighbourhood of a point\n  charge in arbitrary motion and the radiative power losses': Doubts have been expressed in a comment (Eur. J. Phys., 39, 018001, 2018),\nabout the tenability of the formulation for radiative losses in our recent\npublished work (Eur. J. Phys., 37, 045210, 2016). We provide our reply to the\ncomment. In particular, it is pointed out that one need to clearly distinguish\nbetween the rate of the energy-momentum being carried by the electromagnetic\nradiation to far-off space, and that of the mechanical energy-momentum losses\nbeing incurred by the radiating charge. It is also demonstrated that while the\nPoynting flux is always positive through a spherical surface centred on the\nretarded position of the charge, it could surprisingly be negative through a\nsurface centred on the \"present\" position of the charge. It is further shown\nthat the mysterious Schott term, hitherto thought in literature to arise from\nsome acceleration-dependent energy in fields, is actually nothing but the\ndifference in rate of change of energy in self-fields of the charge between the\nretarded and present times.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Isotropic Metric in the Theory of General Relativity: We explain why the isotropic metric is quite appropriate to put the physical\nmeaning of spacial variables in the theory of general relativity. Using the\nisotropic metric, we conclude that i)g_{00} does not become positive even\ninside the black hole, ii) there exists the center of the Universe if the\ncurvature of the Universe k \\ne 0, iii)the Universe is spacially finite but not\ncolsed for k>0.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Universal Symmetry of Complexity and Its Manifestations at Different\n  Levels of World Dynamics: The unreduced, universally nonperturbative analysis of arbitrary interaction\nprocess, described by a quite general equation, provides the truly complete,\n\"dynamically multivalued\" general solution that leads to dynamically derived,\nuniversal definitions of randomness, probability, chaoticity, complexity,\nfractality, self-organisation, and other properties, extending their axiomatic\nintroduction in the conventional, dynamically single-valued (unitary) theory\n(physics/9806002, physics/0211071). Any real system emergence, structure, and\nbehaviour can be expressed now by the universal law of conservation, or\nsymmetry, of complexity that unifies extended versions of any (correct)\nsymmetry, law, or \"principle\". Both the observed world structure and its\nunreduced dynamics result from that universal, unique symmetry, instead of\nformal imposition of separated, broken and simplified symmetries upon the\nexisting, postulated structures in the unitary world \"model\". Whereas any\nunitary \"symmetry\" is regular and therefore practically always \"spontaneously\nbroken\" (violated) in the real world dynamics, the universal symmetry of\ncomplexity remains always exact, but unites different, irregular, dynamically\nnonlinear, and intrinsically unstable patterns of unreduced world structure. It\nalso provides the rigorous, dynamically derived expression of the ``arrow of\ntime\" (generalised entropy growth law) applicable to any real, necessarily\ncomplex system, from elementary particle to the universe. Particular\napplications of the universal symmetry of complexity, from fundamental physics\nto biology and theory of consciousness, provide old mysteries solutions and new\nresearch perspectives.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The general relativistic theory of quasars: The paper was a preliminary and rejected by the author attempt to describe\ncompact relativistic objects.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Vibration-Induced Conductivity Fluctuation (VICOF) Testing of Soils: In this Letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple method to\nprovide additional in-formation by conductivity measurements of soils. The AC\nelectrical conductance of the soil is measured while it is exposed to a\nperiodic vibration. The vibration-induced density fluctuation implies a\ncorresponding conductivity fluctuation that can be seen as combination\nfrequency components, the sum and the difference of the mean AC frequency and\nthe double of vibration frequency, in the current response. The method is\ndemonstrated by measurements on clayey and sandy soils.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "F(T) gravity and k-essence: Modified teleparallel gravity theory with the torsion scalar have recently\ngained a lot of attention as a possible explanation of dark energy. We perform\na thorough reconstruction analysis on the so-called $F(T)$ models, where $F(T)$\nis some general function of the torsion term, and derive conditions for the\nequivalence between of $F(T)$ models with purely kinetic k-essence. We present\na new class models of $F(T)$-gravity and k-essence. We also proposed some new\nmodels of generalized gases and knot universes as well as some generalizations\nof $F(T)$ gravity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gravitation in 4D Euclidean Space-Time Geometry: The Euclidean interpretation of special relativity which has been suggested\nby the author is a formulation of special relativity in ordinary 4D Euclidean\nspace-time geometry. The natural and geometrically intuitive generalization of\nthis view involves variations of the speed of light (depending on location and\ndirection) and a Euclidean principle of general covariance. In this article, a\ngravitation model by Jan Broekaert, which implements a view of relativity\ntheory in the spirit of Lorentz and Poincare, is reconstructed and shown to\nfulfill the principles of the Euclidean approach after an appropriate\nreinterpretation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Three Views of a Secret in Relativistic Thermodynamics: It has been shown three different views in relativistic thermodynamics can be\nderived from the basic formulation proposed by van Kampen and Israel. The way\nto decompose energy-momentum into the reversible and irreversible parts is not\nuniquely determined, and different choices result in different views. The\neffect of difference in the definition of a finite volume is also considered.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Novel ''Controlled Intermediate Nuclear Fusion'' and its Possible\n  Industrial Realization as Predicted by Hadronic Mechanics and Chemistry: In this note, we propose, apparently for the first time, a new type of\ncontrolled nuclear fusion called \"intermediate\" because occurring at energies\nintermediate between those of the ''cold'' and ''hot'' fusions, and propose a\nspecific industrial realization. For this purpose: 1) We show that known\nlimitations of quantum mechanics, quantum chemistry and special relativity\ncause excessive departures from the conditions occurring for all controlled\nfusions; 2) We outline the covering hadronic mechanics, hadronic chemistry and\nisorelativity specifically conceived, constructed and verified during the past\ntwo decades for new cleans energies and fuels; 3) We identify seven physical\nlaws predicted by the latter disciplines that have to be verified by all\ncontrolled nuclear fusions to occur; 4) We review the industrial research\nconducted to date in the selection of the most promising engineering\nrealization as well as optimization of said seven laws; and 5) We propose with\nconstruction details a specific {\\it hadronic reactor} (patented and\ninternational patents pending), consisting of actual equipment specifically\nintended for the possible industrial production of the clean energy released by\nrepresentative cases of controlled intermediate fusions for independent\nscrutiny by interested colleagues.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Energy Bounds in $f(R,G)$ Gravity with Anisotropic Background: This paper investigates the energy bounds in modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity\nwith anisotropic background. Locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type ${I}$\ncosmological model in $f(R,G)$ gravity is considered to meet this aim.\nPrimarily, a general $f(R,G)$ model is used to develop the field equations. In\nthis aspect, we investigate the viability of modified gravitational theory by\nstudying the energy conditions. We take in account four $f(R,G)$ gravity models\ncommonly discussed in the literature. We formulate the inequalities obtained by\nenergy conditions and investigate the viability of the above mentioned models\nusing the Hubble, deceleration, jerk and snap parameters. Graphical analysis\nshows that for first two $f(R,G)$ gravity models, NEC, WEC and SEC are\nsatisfied under suitable values of anisotropy and model parameters involved.\nMoreover, SEC is violated for the third and fourth models which predicts the\ncosmic expansion.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Theoretical Analysis of Generalized Sagnac Effect in the Standard\n  Synchronization: The Sagnac effect has been shown in inertial frames as well as rotating\nframes. We solve the problem of the generalized Sagnac effect in the standard\nsynchronization of clocks. The speed of a light beam that traverses an optical\nfiber loop is measured with respect to the proper time of the light detector,\nand is shown to be other than the constant c, though it appears to be c if\nmeasured by the time standard-synchronized. The fiber loop, which can have an\narbitrary shape, is described by an infinite number of straight lines such that\nit can be handled by the general framework of Mansouri and Sexl (MS). For a\ncomplete analysis of the Sagnac effect, the motion of the laboratory should be\ntaken into account. The MS framework is introduced to deal with its motion\nrelative to a preferred reference frame. Though the one-way speed of light is\nother than c, its two-way speed is shown to be c with respect to the proper\ntime. The theoretical analysis of the generalized Sagnac effect corresponds to\nthe experimental results, and shows the usefulness of the standard\nsynchronization. The introduction of the standard synchrony can make\nmathematical manipulation easy and can allow us to deal with relative motions\nbetween inertial frames without information on their velocities relative to the\npreferred frame.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From one space dimension to two space dimensions in special relativity: Authors derive the Lorentz-Einstein transformation for the space-time\ncoordinates starting with a one-space dimension approach. They add to the\nresults the invariance of the space coordinates measured perpendicular to the\ndirection of relative motion. Students often ask if the transition does not\naffect the transformation equation for the time coordinate. Our paper shows\nthat the transformation of the time coordinate depends only on the x space\ncoordinate.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantization of a string with attached mass: A simple model of a relativistic open string with a point mass attached at\none end is quantized. The normal modes are derived and used to construct\nexpressions for the operator commutators. Light cone gauge is used to find the\nmass squared operator. The singular part of the operator product expansion is\nderived.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Is a recently proposed experiment to demonstrate quantum behavior for\n  optically levitated nanospheres feasible?: A recently proposed experiment considers the possibility of reaching regimes\nwhere quantum behavior might be observed in nanomechanical systems. This\nproposed experiment is examined here for feasibility on the basis of results of\nearlier studies identifying a boundary separating obligatory classical behavior\nfrom quantum behavior based on effects dependent on large scale properties of\nthe universe. Calculations indicate that cosmologically induced effects leading\nto a quantum to classical transition will not interfere with the proposed\nexperiment at the level at which it is described. Thus, this experiment may be\nexpected to be able to succeed for the case of nanomechanical systems such as\nthe 50 nanometer radius spheres under consideration; however, the success of\nsimilar experiments for larger micro scale systems may be ruled out.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Universality of the de Broglie-Einstein velocity equation: The de Broglie-Einstein velocity equation is derived for a relativistic\nparticle by using the energy and momentum relations in terms of wave and matter\nproperties. It is shown that the velocity equation is independent from the\nrelativistic effects and is valid also for the non-relativistic case. The\nresults of this property is discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Mechanical Indeterminacy and Conservation Laws: Conservation laws are discussed in conjunction with quantum-mechanical\nindeterminacies of the corresponding observables. The considered examples show\nthat the connections between energy and its indeterminacy may be quite\nintricate. The indeterminacies of the parts of a composite system may be\ncorrelated in such a way that the net value of the considered observable is\ndefinite. This may be the case with specific entangled superposition of\neigenstates in a composite system. In some cases the fact of energy\nconservation cannot be convincingly established and generally the concept of\nconserving observable is not universally defined to embrace all possible\nsituations under one rule.\n  Keywords: energy, conservation, indeterminacy, photon",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The effective Dirac algebra by gauge field interaction in relativistic\n  electrodynamics: Conventional relativistic electrodynamics is set on flat Minkowski spacetime,\nwhere all computable quantities are calculated from the flat metric\n$\\eta_{\\mu\\nu}$. We can redefine the metric of spacetime from the Dirac\nalgebra. In this paper, we study how an electrodynamic interaction can alter\nthe normal gamma matrix to an effective one and result in a shift in the metric\nperturbatively. The curvature properties inferred from the curved metric are\nalso investigated. We also study how the spin operator is changed under the\ninteraction that contribute to an effective spin operator and how the spin of\nan electron will be slightly deviated from $1/2$. Then we perform canonical\nquantization of the effective Dirac algebra. Finally we apply our results to\nthe relativistic hydrogen case and demonstrate how such system curves the\nspacetime metric.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can an interacting varying Chaplygin gas and tachyonic matter accelerate\n  Universe?: In this paper a possibility to accelerated the expansion of the large scale\nuniverse due to interacting varying Chaplygin gas of a specific form and a\ntachyonic matter is considered. A specific form of the potential and\nappropriate values of the parameters allow to obtain early tachyonic dark\nmatter with $\\omega_{T} \\approx 0$ in recent Universe as well. On the other\nhand, related to the structure of the field equations describing the dynamics\nof the background we assumed the form of non-gravitational interaction to be\ngiven in advance. A sing changeable interaction between dark energy and dark\nmatter is also included due to a huge interest towards it in recent literature.\nPossible future finite time singularities for cansidered models have been\ndetermined to finalize the paper. The study shows that in case of\nnon-interacting model, the fate of the Universe will be either Type II~(The\nSudden Singularity), or Type IV~(Generalized Sudden Singularity) singularity.\nOn the other hand, the consideration of $Q=3 b H \\rho_{de}$ non-gravitational\ninteraction in addition to Type II and Type IV singularities will induce also\nType V~($\\omega$-singularity) singularity. Whilst in the model with $Q=3 b q H\n\\rho_{de}$ non-gravitational interaction only Type IV singularity will be\nobserved. Moreover, $2$ forms of the scale factor has been considered\nseparately allowing analytically obtain the behavior of the cosmological\nparameters without specifying an explicit form of the potential for tachyonic\nmatter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can negative mass be considered in General Relativity ?: We show, through Newtonian approximation, that shifting to a bimetric model\nof the Universe based on a suitable system of coupled field equations, removes\nthe preposterous runaway effect and gives different interaction laws, between\npositive and negative masses, that bring new insights into the alternative VLS\ninterpretations previously proposed by several authors, and strengthening their\nassumptions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The generalized quantum mechanics of Einstein \u00ab\n  deinterlaced\u00bb photon and Casimir force: $\\qquad$Based on Majorana equations the e.-m. field as initially quantum\nobject having isomorphic representation as quantum field of \\guillemotleft\ndeinterlaced\\guillemotright\\ photon is considered.\n  $\\qquad$The calculation of Casimir force magnitude interpreted as consequence\nof an energy measurement of the generalized quantum field of a \\guillemotleft\ndeinterlaced\\guillemotright\\ photon in the state corresponding to a\n\\guillemotleft Feynman path\\guillemotright\\ element is given. A metallic\nmirrors here plays role of classic apparatus measuring energy of this field.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An Introduction to Influence Theory: Kinematics and Dynamics: Influence theory is a foundational theory of physics that is not based on\ntraditional empirically defined concepts, such as positions in space and time,\nmass, energy, or momentum. Instead, the aim is to derive these concepts, and\ntheir empirically determined relationships, from a more primitive model. It is\npostulated that there exist things, which we call particles, that influence one\nanother in a discrete and directed fashion resulting in a partially ordered set\nof influence events. We consider the problem of consistent quantification of\nthe influence events. Observers are modeled as particle chains (observer\nchains) as if an observer were able to track a particle and quantify the\ninfluence events that the particle experiences. From these quantified influence\nevents, we study consistent quantification of the universe of events based on\nthe observer chains. In this paper, we both review and further develop the\nkinematics and dynamics of particles from the perspective of influence theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The electromagnetic \"memory\" of a dc-conducting resistor: a relativity\n  argument and the electrical circuits: A circuit-field problem is considered. A resistor conducting a constant\ncurrent is argued to be associated with electromagnetic energy accumulated in\nthe surrounded space, though contrary to the case of an inductor or a\ncapacitor, this energy is always associated with both magnetic and electrical\nfields. The circuit-theory point of view saying that a resistor has no\nelectromagnetic memory is accepted, but the necessarily involved (in view of\nthe field argument) capacitance and inductiveness are argued then also not be\nassociated with any memory. The mutually completing circuit and physical\narguments are presented as a dialog between a physicist and an electrical\nengineer. How can you call \"parasitic\" the elements that represent the fields\ndue to which your resistor at all receives the energy?! -- asks the physicist\nfinally.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Collapsing Plane Symmetric Source with Heat Flux and Conformal Flatness: This paper deals with the study of collapsing plane symmetric source in the\npresence of heat flux. For this purpose, we have calculated the Einstein field\nequations as well as Weyl tensor components. The conditions for the conformal\nflatness have been determined. The interior source has been matched smoothly\nwith the exterior geometry in single null coordinate. It has been found the\npressure is balanced with the out going heat flux and the continuity of the\nmasses in two regions has been noted. A simple new model of collapse has been\nproposed which satisfies flatness condition, also we have discussed the\nphysical properties of the model. For our model, we have calculated the\ntemperature profile by using the approximation scheme.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A derivation of the beam equation: The Euler-Bernoulli equation describing the deflection of a beam is a vital\ntool in structural and mechanical engineering. However, its derivation usually\nentails a number of intermediate steps that may confuse engineering or science\nstudents at the beginnig of their undergraduate studies. We explain how this\nequation may be deduced, beginning with an approximate expression for the\nenergy, from which the forces and finally the equation itself may be obtained.\nThe description is begun at the level of small \"particles\", and the continuum\nlevel is taken later on. However, when a computational solution is sought, the\ndescription turns back to the discrete level again. We first consider the\neasier case of a string under tension, and then focus on the beam. Numerical\nsolutions for several loads are obtained.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Synopsis of a Unified Theory for All Forces and Matter: Assuming the Kaluza-Klein gravity interacting with elementary matter fermions\nin a (9+1)-dimensional spacetime ($\\mathcal{M}_{9+1}$), we propose an\ninformation-complete unified theory for all forces and matter. Due to\nentanglement-driven symmetry breaking, the SO(9,1) symmetry of\n$\\mathcal{M}_{9+1}$ is broken to $SO(3,1)\\times SO(6)$, where SO(3,1) [SO(6)]\nis associated with gravity (gauge fields of matter fermions) in\n(3+1)-dimensional spacetime ($\\mathcal{M}_{3+1}$). The informational\ncompleteness demands that matter fermions must appear in three families, each\nhaving 16 independent matter fermions. Meanwhile, the fermion family space is\nequipped with elementary SO(3) gauge fields in $\\mathcal{M}_{9+1}$, giving rise\nto the Higgs mechanism in $\\mathcal{M}_{3+1}$ through the gauge-Higgs\nunification. After quantum compactification of six extra dimensions, a\ntrinity---the quantized gravity, the three-family fermions of total number 48,\nand their SO(6) and SO(3) gauge fields---naturally arises in an effective\ntheory in $\\mathcal{M}_{3+1}$. Possible routes of our theory to the Standard\nModel are briefly discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Breakup of SUSY Quantum Mechanics in the Limit-Circle Region of the\n  Reflective Kratzer Oscillator: The paper studies violation of conventional rules of SUSY quantum mechanics\nfor the centrifugal potential V(r) within the limit-circle (LC) range. A\nspecial attention is given to transformation properties of the Titchmarsh-Weyl\nm-function under Darboux deformations of the reflective Kratzer oscillator:\ncentrifugal Kepler-Coulomb (KC) potential plus a Taylor series in r. Since our\nanalysis is based on Fulton's representation of a regular-at-infinity solution\n[Math. Nachr. 281, 1418 (2008)] as a superposition of two Frobenius solutions\nat the origin, we refer to the appropriate expressions as the\nTitchmarsh-Weyl-Fulton (TWF) functions. Explicit transformation relations are\nderived for partner TWF functions associated with SUSY pairs of centrifugal\npotentials. It is shown that these relations have a completely different form\nfor Darboux transformations (DTs) keeping the potential within the LC range.\n  As an illustration, we use regular nodeless Frobenius solutions to construct\nSUSY partners of the radial r- and c-Gauss-reference (GRef) potentials solvable\nvia hypergeometric and confluent hypergeometric functions, respectively. We\nexplicitly demonstrate existence of non-isospectral partners of both radial\npotentials in the LC region and obtain their discrete energy spectra using the\nderived closed-form expressions for the TWF functions. The general\ntransformation relations for the TWF function have been verified taking\nadvantage of form-invariance of the radial GRef potentials under double-step\nDTs with the so-called 'basic' seed solutions (SSs). Similarly we directly\nratify that TWF functions for three shape-invariant reflective potentials on\nthe half-line -- hyperbolic Poschl-Teller (h-PT), Eckart/Manning-Rosen (E/MR),\nand centrifugal KC potentials - do retain their form under basic DTs.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Osmotic pressure of matter and vacuum energy: The walls of the box which contains matter represent a membrane that allows\nthe relativistic quantum vacuum to pass but not matter. That is why the\npressure of matter in the box may be considered as the analog of the osmotic\npressure. However, we demonstrate that the osmotic pressure of matter is\nmodified due to interaction of matter with vacuum. This interaction induces the\nnonzero negative vacuum pressure inside the box, as a result the measured\nosmotic pressure becomes smaller than the matter pressure. As distinct from the\nCasimir effect, this induced vacuum pressure is the bulk effect and does not\ndepend on the size of the box. This effect dominates in the thermodynamic limit\nof the infinite volume of the box. Analog of this effect has been observed in\nthe dilute solution of 3He in liquid 4He, where the superfluid 4He plays the\nrole of the non-relativistic quantum vacuum, and 3He atoms play the role of\nmatter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Schwarzschild black hole can also produce super-radiation phenomena\n  under f(R) Gravity and the cosmic censorship conjecture may be violated: This article suggests that Bose-Einstein condensation can occur without the\nneed for an energy barrier when the boundary conditions are set as\n$\\frac{T}{T_{c}}=z$ (where z is a positive integer). Under these conditions,\nbosons can condense in the Schwarzschild black hole. The incident waves can\nthen be trapped and condensed within the black hole, generating a potential\nbarrier near the event horizon. This suggests that Schwarzschild black holes\nunder f(R) Gravity can also exhibit superradiance, which raises the possibility\nof violating the cosmic censorship conjecture. It should be noted that the\nnatural unit system is used in this article.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Major transitions in evolution linked to thermal gradients above\n  hydrothermal vents: The emergence of the main divisions of today's life: (1) unicellular\nprokaryotes, (2) unicellular eukaryotes, (3) multicellular eukaryotes, and (4)\nmetazoans, are examples of the--still unexplained--major transitions in\nevolution. Regarding the origin of life, I have proposed that primordial life\nfunctioned as heat engine (thermosynthesis) while thermally cycled in\nconvecting volcanic hot springs. Here I argue for a role of thermal gradients\nabove submarine hydrothermal vents (SHV) in several major transitions. The last\ndecade has witnessed the emergence of phononics, a novel discipline in physics\nbased on controlled heat transport in thermal gradients. It builds thermal\nanalogs to electronic devices: the thermal diode, the thermal transistor, the\nthermal switch, the thermal amplifier, the thermal memory--the thermal computer\nhas been proposed. Encouraged by (1) the many similarities between microtubules\n(MT) and carbon nanotubes, which have a very high thermal conductivity, and (2)\nthe recent discovery of a silk protein which also has a very high thermal\nconductivity, I combine and extend the mentioned ideas, and propose the general\nconjecture that several major transitions of evolution were effected by thermal\nprocesses, with four additional partial conjectures: (1) The first organisms\nused heat engines during thermosynthesis in convection cells; (2) The first\neukaryotic cells used MT during thermosynthesis in the thermal gradient above\nSHV; (3) The first metazoans used transport of water or in water during\nthermosynthesis above SHV under an ice-covered ocean during the Gaskiers\nSnowball Earth; and (4) The first mammalian brain used a thermal machinery\nbased on thermal gradients in or across the cortex. When experimentally proven\nthese conjectures, which are testable by the methods of synthetic biology,\nwould significantly enhance our understanding of life.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stochastic Foundation of Quantum Mechanics and the Origin of Particle\n  Spin: The present contribution is based on the assumption that the probabilistic\ncharacter of quantum mechanics does not originate from uncertainties caused by\nthe process of measurement or observation, but rather reflects the presence of\nobjectively existing vacuum fluctuations whose action on massive particles is\ncalibrated by Planck's constant and effects an additional irregular motion. We\ndescribe a one-particle system by introducing two equally large sub-ensembles\nfor each of which one obtains an equation of motion that has the form of a\nNavier-Stokes- or ''anti''-Navier-Stokes-type equation, respectively. By\naveraging over the total ensemble one obtains a new equation of motion which\ncan be converted into the time-dependent Schroedinger equation. The concept\nallows the inclusion of electromagnetic fields and can be extended to\ninteracting N-particle systems. We analyze the problem of how an experimental\nsetup can consistently be decomposed into the quantum system under study and\nthe residual quantum system ''apparatus''. The irregular extra motion of the\nparticle under study allows a decomposition of the associated ensemble into two\nsub-ensembles the members of which perform, respectively, a right-handed or\nleft-handed irregular circular motion about a given axis which becomes\nphysically relevant in the presence of a magnetic field. We demonstrate that\nthis orientation-decomposed ''Zitterbewegung'' behaves - in accordance with\nSchroedinger's original idea - as a spin-type angular momentum which appears in\naddition to a possible orbital angular moment of the particle. We derive the\nnon-relativistic time-dependent Pauli equation and propose a theory of the\nStern-Gerlach experiment. The Dirac equation can be derived similarly.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Review of Poher experiment on fields produced by electric discharges in\n  a superconductor: High current through cold YBaCuO produced effects on the mounting and on\nremote piezoelectric detectors. The effects were not observed with warm YBaCuO\nor other cold or warm materials. Two hypotheses are evaluated for the direct\nmechanical forces: a hypothetical vacuum field, and a model in which boil off\nof liquid nitrogen acts as a thruster. Data from the remote detector are\ncompared with data from Podkletnov. Properties of a field required to explain\ndata with the remote detectors are described.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Universe opacity and cosmic dynamics: Equations of cosmic dynamics for a model of the opaque Universe are derived\nand tested on supernovae (SNe) Ia observations. The model predicts a cyclic\nexpansion/contraction evolution of the Universe within a limited range of scale\nfactors. The maximum scale factor is controlled by the overcritical density of\nthe Universe, the minimum scale factor depends on global stellar and dust\nmasses in the Universe. During contraction due to gravitational forces, the\nextragalactic background light (EBL) and intergalactic opacity increase with\ntime because of a smaller proper volume of the Universe. The radiation pressure\nproduced by absorption of the EBL by dust steeply rises and counterbalances the\ngravitational forces. The maximum redshift, at which the radiation pressure is\ncapable to stop the contraction and start a new expansion, is between 15 and\n45. The model avoids the Big Bang and concepts of the non-baryonic dark matter\nand dark energy. The model successfully explains the existence of very old\nmature galaxies at high redshifts and observed dimming of the luminosity of SNe\nIa with redshift. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is interpreted as\nthermal radiation of intergalactic dust and its temperature is predicted with\naccuracy higher than 2%. The CMB temperature anisotropies are caused by the EBL\nfluctuations related to large-scale structures in the Universe. A strong\ndecline of the luminosity density at z > 4 is explained by high opacity of the\nUniverse rather than by its darkness due to a missing stellar mass at high\nredshifts.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A New Approach to Special Relativity and The Universe: A new approach to special relativity is presented which introduces coordinate\nsystems with imaginary time axes, observation systems, and coordinate bases.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A generalized family of anisotropic compact object in general relativity: We present model for anisotropic compact star under the general theory of\nrelativity of Einstein. In the study a 4-dimensional spacetime has been\nconsidered which is embedded into the 5-dimensional flat metric so that the\nspherically symmetric metric has class 1 when the condition\n$e^{\\lambda}=\\left(\\,1+C\\,e^{\\nu} \\,{\\nu'}^2\\,\\right)$ is satisfied ($\\lambda$\nand $\\nu$ being the metric potentials along with a constant $C$). A set of\nsolutions for the field equations are found depending on the index $n$ involved\nin the physical parameters. The interior solutions have been matched smoothly\nat the boundary of the spherical distribution to the exterior Schwarzschild\nsolution which necessarily provides values of the unknown constants. We have\nchosen the values of $n$ as $n=2$ and $n$=10 to 20000 for which interesting and\nphysically viable results can be found out. The numerical values of the\nparameters and arbitrary constants for different compact stars are assumed in\nthe graphical plots and tables as follows: (i) LMC X-4 : $a=0.0075$,\n$b=0.000821$ for $n=2$ and $a=0.0075$, $nb=0.00164$ for $n\\ge 10$, (ii) SMC\nX-1: $a=0.00681$, $b=0.00078$ for $n=2$, and $a=0.00681$, $nb=0.00159$ for $n\n\\ge 10$. The investigations on the physical features of the model include\nseveral astrophysical issues, like (i) regularity behavior of stars at the\ncentre, (ii) well behaved condition for velocity of sound, (iii) energy\nconditions, (iv) stabilty of the system via the following three techniques -\nadiabatic index, Herrera cracking concept and TOV equation, (v) total mass,\neffective mass and compactification factor and (vi) surface redshift. Specific\nnumerical values of the compact star candidates LMC X-4 and SMC X-1 are\ncalculated for central and surface densities as well as central pressure to\ncompare the model value with actual observational data.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Evolution in the Multiverse: In the {\\em Many Worlds Interpretation} of quantum mechanics, the range of\npossible worlds (or histories) provides variation, and the Anthropic Principle\nis a selective principle analogous to natural selection. When looked on in this\nway, the ``process'' by which the laws and constants of physics is determined\nnot too different from the process that gave rise to our current biodiversity,\ni.e. Darwinian evolution. This has implications for the fields of SETI and\nArtificial Life, which are based on a philosophy of the inevitability of life.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Absolute Motion and Quantum Gravity: A new information-theoretic modelling of reality has given rise to a\nquantum-foam description of space, relative to which absolute motion is\nmeaningful. In a previous paper (Cahill and Kitto) it was shown that in this\nnew physics Michelson interferometers show absolute motion effects when\noperated in dielectric mode, as indeed such experiments had indicated, and\nanalysis of the experimental data showed that the measured speeds were all\nconsistent with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) dipole-fit speed of\n369km/s. Here the new physics is applied to the Michelson-Morley 1887\ninterferometer rotation curve data to demonstrate that the interferometer data\nis in excellent agreement with the CMB direction (RA, Dec)=(11.20h,-7.22deg) as\nwell. This data also reveals a velocity component caused by the in-flow of the\nquantum foam past the Earth towards the Sun at 40+/-15km/s, while analysis of\nthe Miller interferometer data of 1933 gives 49km/s, compared to the\ntheoretical value of 42km/s. This observed in-flow is a signature of quantum\ngravity effects in the new physics",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Heaviside equation for laser heating of the fullerennes: In his paper the heating of the fullerenes by ultra-short laser pulses is\ninvestigated. The thermal Heaviside equation is formulated and solved for the\nCauchy initial condition The effective thermal relaxation time is calculated..\n  Key words: fullerenes, Heaviside thermal equation, effective thermal\nrelaxation time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Polar coordinates, special relativity and CAS: We investigate the conditions under which computer programs represent\ncorrectly, in polar coordinates, the relativistic transformation equations for\nthe space-time coordinates of the same event.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The electromagnetic field equations for moving media: In this paper a formulation of the field equation for moving media is\ndeveloped by the generalization of an axiomatic geometric formulation of the\nelectromagnetism in vacuum (Ivezi\\'{c} T 2005 Found. Phys. Lett. 18 401. First,\nthe field equations with bivectors F(x) and \\mathcal{M}(x) are presented and\nthen these equations are written with vectors E(x), B(x), P(x) and M(x). The\nlatter ones contain both the velocity vector u of a moving medium and the\nvelocity vector v of the observers who measure E and B fields. They do not\nappear in the entire previous literature. All these equations are written in\nthe standard basis and compared with Maxwell's equations with 3-vectors. In\nthis approach the Amp\\`{e}r-Maxwell law and Gauss's law are inseparably\nconnected in one law and the same happens with Faraday's law and the law that\nexpresses the absence of magnetic charge. It is shown that Maxwell's equations\nwith 3-vectors and our field equations with 4D geometric quantities are not\nequivalent in the 4D spacetime.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Dust Universe Solution to the Dark Energy Problem: Astronomical measurements of the Omegas for mass density, cosmological\nconstant lambda and curvature k are shown to be sufficient to produce a unique\nand detailed cosmological model describing dark energy influences based on the\nFriedman equations. The equation of state Pressure turns out to be identically\nzero at all epochs as a result of the theory. The partial omega, for dark\nenergy, has the exact value, minus unity, as a result of the theory and is in\nexact agreement with the astronomer's measured value. Thus this measurement is\nredundant as it does not contribute to the construction of the theory for this\nmodel. Rather, the value of this omega is predicted from the theory. The model\nhas the characteristic of changing from deceleration to acceleration at exactly\nhalf the epoch time at which the input measurements are taken. This is a\nmysterious feature of the model for which no explanation has so far been found.\nAn attractive feature of the model is that the acceleration change time occurs\nat a red shift of approximately 0.8 as predicted by the dark energy workers.\nUsing a new definition of dark energy density it is shown that the contribution\nof this density to the acceleration process is via a negative value for the\ngravitational constant, -G, exactly on a par with gravitational mass which\noccurs via the usual positive value for G. This paper also contains an appendix\non dark energy dynamics with its own abstract.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gupta-Feynman based Quantum Field Theory of Einstein's Gravity: This paper is an {\\sf application} to Einstein's gravity (EG) of the\nmathematics developed in A. Plastino, M. C. Rocca: J. Phys. Commun. {\\bf 2},\n115029 (2018). We will quantize EG by appeal to the most general quantization\napproach, the Schwinger-Feynman variational principle, which is more\nappropriate and rigorous that the functional integral method, when we are in\nthe presence of derivative couplings \\nd We base our efforts on works by Suraj\nN. Gupta and Richard P. Feynman so as to undertake the construction of a\nQuantum Field Theory (QFT) of Einstein Gravity (EG). We explicitly use the\nEinstein Lagrangian elaborated by Gupta \\cite{g1} but choose a new constraint\nfor the theory that differs from Gupta's one. In this way, we avoid the problem\nof lack of unitarity for the $S$ matrix that afflicts the procedures of Gupta\nand Feynman. Simultaneously, we significantly simplify the handling of\nconstraints. This eliminates the need to appeal to ghosts for guarantying the\nunitarity of the theory. Our ensuing approach is obviously non-renormalizable.\nHowever, this inconvenience can be overcome by appealing tho the mathematical\ntheory developed by Bollini et al. \\cite{tp3,tp18,tp19,tp20,pr} Such\ndevelopments were founded in the works of Alexander Grothendieck \\cite{gro} and\nin the theory of Ultradistributions of Jose Sebastiao e Silva \\cite{tp6} (also\nknown as Ultrahyperfunctions). Based on these works, we have constructed a\nmathematical edifice, in a lapse of about 25 years, that is able to quantize\nnon-renormalizable Field Theories (FT). Here we specialize this mathematical\ntheory to treat the quantum field theory of Einsteins's gravity (EG). Because\nwe are using a Gupta-Feynman inspired EG Lagrangian, we are able to evade the\nintricacies of Yang-Mills theories.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Least-action perihelion precession: The precession of Mercury's perihelion is reinspected by the principle of\nleast action. The anomalous advancement of the apside line that is customarily\naccounted by the theory of general relativity, is ascribed to the gravitational\neffect due to the entire Universe. When the least action is written in the\nSun's frame of reference, the residual rotation is seen to stem from inertia\ndue to all bodies in the Universe. Since mass corresponds to a bound form of\nenergy, gravity, as any other force, can be described as an energy density\ndifference between a system of bodies and its surrounding energy densities that\nare dispersed throughout the Universe. According to the principle of least\naction the Universe is expanding by combustion of mass to radiation in the\nquest of equilibrating the bound forms of energy with \"zero-density\nsurroundings\" in least time. Keywords: cosmological principle; energy density;\nenergy dispersal; evolution; gravity; the principle of least action",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Scale invariant quantum potential leading to globally self-trapped wave\n  function in Madelung fluid: We show in spatially one dimensional Madelung fluid that a simple requirement\non local stability of the maximum of quantum probability density will, if\ncombined with the global scale invariance of quantum potential, lead to a class\nof quantum probability densities globally being self-trapped by their own\nself-generated quantum potentials, possessing only a finite-size spatial\nsupport. It turns out to belong to a class of the most probable wave function\ngiven its energy through the maximum entropy principle. We proceed to show that\nthere is a limiting case in which the quantum probability density becomes the\nstationary-moving soliton-like solution of the Schr\\\"odinger equation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Time as an Illusion: We review the idea, due to Einstein, Eddington, Hoyle and Ballard, that time\nis a subjective label, whose primary purpose is to order events, perhaps in a\nhigher-dimensional universe. In this approach, all moments in time exist\nsimultaneously, but they are ordered to create the illusion of an unfolding\nexperience by some physical mechanism. This, in the language of relativity, may\nbe connected to a hypersurface in a world that extends beyond spacetime. Death\nin such a scenario may be merely a phase change.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Newtonian and Post Newtonian Expansionfree Fluid Evolution in f(R)\n  Gravity: We consider a collapsing sphere and discuss its evolution under the vanishing\nexpansion scalar in the framework of $f(R)$ gravity. The fluid is assumed to be\nlocally anisotropic which evolves adiabatically. To study the dynamics of the\ncollapsing fluid, Newtonian and post Newtonian regimes are taken into account.\nThe field equations are investigated for a well-known $f(R)$ model of the form\n$R+\\delta R^2$ admitting Schwarzschild solution. The perturbation scheme is\nused on the dynamical equations to explore the instability conditions of\nexpansionfree fluid evolution. We conclude that instability conditions depend\nupon pressure anisotropy, energy density and some constraints arising from this\ntheory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Wave-Particle Duality Revitalized: Consequences, Applications and\n  Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: The proposed paper presents the unobserved inadequacies in de Broglie's\nconcepts of wave-particle duality and matter waves in the year 1923. The\ncommonly admitted quantum energy or frequency expression h{\\nu}={\\gamma}mc2 is\nshown to be inappropriate for matter waves and is acceptable only for photons.\nThe superluminal phase velocity expression c2/\\u{psion}, for matter waves, is\ninvestigated in detail and is also reported to be inadequate. The\nrectifications in the inadequate concepts of de Broglie's theory and\nrefinements in the analogy implementation between light waves and matter waves\nare presented, which provides the modified frequency and phase velocity\nexpression for matter waves. Mathematical proofs for the proposed modified\nfrequency and phase velocity expression are also presented. In accordance with\nthe proposed concepts, a wave-particle duality picture is presented which\nelucidates the questions coupled with the wave-particle duality, existing in\nthe literature. Consequently, particle type nature is shown to be a\ncharacteristic of waves only, independent from the presence of matter. The\nmodifications introduced in the frequency expression for matter waves leads to\nvariation in the wave function expression for a freely moving particle and its\nenergy operators, with appropriate justifications. A new relation between the\nKinetic energy and Momentum of the moving body is proposed and is subsequently\napplied to introduce novel General and Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Wave\nEquations. Applications of these equations in bound state quantum mechanical\nsystems provide the information regarding particle's general and relativistic\nbehavior in such systems. Moreover, the proposed wave equations can also be\ntransformed into Schr\\\"odinger's and Dirac's equations. The interrelation of\nSchr\\\"odinger's, Dirac's and proposed equations with the universal wave\nequation is also presented.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The GHSZ argument: a gedankenexperiment requiring more denken: I reassess the gedankenexperiment of Greenberger, Horne, Shimony and\nZeilinger after twenty-five years, finding their influential claim to discovery\nof an inconsistency inherent in high dimensional formulations of local realism\nto arise from a fundamental error of logic. They manage this by presuming\ncontradictory premises: that a specific linear combination of four angles\ninvolved in their proposed parallel experiments on two pairs of electrons\nequals both $\\pi$ and $0$ at the same time. Ignoring this while presuming the\ncontradictory implications of these two conditions, they introduce the\ncontradiction themselves. The notation they use in their \"derivation\" is not\nsufficiently ornate to represent the entanglement in the double electron spin\npair problem they design, confounding their error. The situation they propose\nactually motivates only an understanding of the full array of symmetries\ninvolved in their problem. In tandem with the error now recognized in the\nsupposed defiance of Bell's inequality by quantum probabilities, my\nreassessment of their work should motivate a reevaluation of the current\nconsensus outlook regarding the principle of local realism and the proposition\nof hidden variables.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Neutrinos and the Weak Interactions: We show that neutrinos and electrons share the same theoretical structure,\nand satisfy parallel relations particularly of the Large Number kind. We then\nargue that the neutrino can be described as a ``cold'' electron in a sense that\nis detailed, and thereby the weak interactions are indeed a weak form of\nelectromagnetism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamics of a Dust Universe, Energy density, Temperature, Pressure\n  and Entropy for Cosmic Microwave Background: This paper continues the building of the cosmological theory that was\nintroduced in two earlier papers under the title A Dust Universe Solution to\nthe Dark Energy Problem. The model introduced in this theory has existence\nbefore time zero so that it is not necessary to interpret it as of big-bang\norigin. The location of the Cosmic Microwave Background, within the theoretical\nstructure gives a closing of the fundamentals of the model in terms of the\ndefinitions of Temperature, Entropy and other Thermodynamic aspects. Thus\nopening up a research tool in cosmology in exact agreement with experiment that\ncan compete with the so-called Standard Big Bang Model as a\nmathematical-physical description of our universe based rigorously on\nEinstein's general relativity. It is suggested that the singularity at time\nzero involves a population inversion in the statistical mechanics sense and so\njustifies the use of negative temperature for the CMB at negative times. This\nalso has the satisfactory consequence that the Universe's evolution involves\nentropy steadily increasing over all time from minus infinity through the\nsingularity to plus infinity.An appendix with its own abstract contains an\nalternative simple classical physics derivation of this model and an extended\ndiscussion about how it can be used in the astrophysical context of galactic\nmotions. A cosmological Schroedinger equation of great generality is derived\nwhich unites cosmology and the quantum description of cosmological objects",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Perfect Structure of the Special Relativity, Superluminal,\n  Neutrino-Photon Mass and New Entangled Interaction: First, some superluminal phenomena and experiments are introduced briefly.\nNext, based on the basic principles of the special relativity, the Lorentz\ntransformation (LT) with smaller velocity and the general Lorentz\ntransformation (GLT) with larger velocity should be derived simultaneously by\nthe classification of the timelike and the spacelike intervals. In deriving LT,\nan additional independent hypothesis has been used, thus the values of velocity\nare restricted absolutely, and the spacelike interval is excluded. LT and GLT\nare connected by the de Broglie relation. The fundamental properties of any\nfour-vector and the strange characteristic which these tachyons should possess\nare described. The various superluminal transformations are discussed. Further,\nwe think that LT is unsuitable for photon and neutrino, the photon\ntransformation (PT) is unified for space and time. It may reasonably overcome\nsome existing difficulties, and cannot restrict that the rest mass of photon\nand neutrino must be zero. LT, GLT and PT together form a complete structure of\nthe Lorentz group. Finally, we discuss that new experiments on the quantum\nentangled state shown some characters, for example, coherency, nonlocality,\nquantum teleportation and superluminal. Further, it should be a new fifth\ninteraction, and may probably apply GLT.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Two Approaches to Measurability Concept and Quantum Theory: In the present paper, in terms of the measurability concept introduced in the\nprevious works of the author, a quantum theory is studied. Within the framework\nof this concept, several examples are considered using the Schrodinger picture;\nanalogs of Fourier transformations from the momentum representation to the\ncoordinate one and vice versa are constructed. It is shown how to produce a\nmeasurable analog of the Heisenberg picture. At the end of this paper the\nobtained results are used to substantiate another (more general) definition of\nthe measurability concept that is not based on the Heisenberg Uncertainty\nPrinciple and its generalization, as it has been in the previous works of the\nauthor, and may be equally suitable for both non-relativistic and relativistic\ncases.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Lorentz symmetry violation at Planck scale, cosmology and superluminal\n  particles: Although Lorentz symmetry has been tested at low energy with extremely good\naccuracy, its validity at very high energy is much less well established. If\nLorentz symmetry violation (LSV) is energy-dependent (e.g. $\\propto E^2$), it\ncan be of order 1 at Planck scale and undetectable at GeV scale or below.\nSimilarly, superluminal particles with positive mass and energy (superbradyons)\ncan exist and be the ultimate building blocks of matter. We discuss a few\ncosmological consequences of such a scenario, as well as possible experimental\ntests.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Cosmological Constant Problem and Re-interpretation of Time: We abandon the interpretation that time is a global parameter in quantum\nmechanics, replace it by a quantum dynamical variable playing the role of time.\nThis operational re-interpretation of time provides a solution to the\ncosmological constant problem. The expectation value of the zero-point energy\nunder the new time variable vanishes. The fluctuation of the vacuum energy as\nthe leading contribution to the gravitational effect gives a correct order to\nthe observed \"dark energy\". The \"dark energy\" as a mirage is always seen\ncomparable with the matter energy density by an observer using the internal\nclock time. Conceptual consequences of the re-interpretation of time are also\ndiscussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cubic Single Crystal Representations in Classical and Size-dependent\n  Couple Stress Elasticity: Beginning with Cosserat theory in the early 20th century, there have been\nseveral different formulations for size-dependent elastic response. In this\npaper, we concentrate on the application of classical Cauchy theory and the\nrecent parsimonious consistent couple stress theory to model a homogeneous\nlinear elastic solid, exemplified by a pure single crystal with cubic\nstructure. The focus is on an examination of elastodynamic response based upon\nwave velocities from ultrasonic excitation and phonon dispersion curves, along\nwith adiabatic bulk moduli measurements. In particular, we consider in detail\nelastic parameter estimation within classical elasticity and consistent couple\nstress theory for four different cubic single crystals (NaCl, KCl, Cu, CuZn).\nThe classical theory requires the estimation of three independent material\nparameters, while only one additional parameter relating skew-symmetric mean\ncurvature to skew-symmetric couple-stress is needed for the size-dependent\nconsistent couple stress theory. This additional parameter can be defined for\ncubic crystals in terms of a material length scale, which is found to be on the\norder of tens of microns for the four materials studied here. Furthermore, a\ndetailed statistical investigation provides strong to very strong evidence that\ncouple stress theory is superior to classical Cauchy elasticity for\nrepresenting the wave velocities and adiabatic bulk moduli for all four single\ncrystals.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "QED vacuum loops and Inflation: A QED-based model of a new version of Vacuum Energy has recently been\nsuggested, which leads to a simple, finite, one parameter representation of\nDark Energy. An elementary, obvious, but perhaps radical generalization is then\nable to describe both Dark Energy and Inflation in the same framework of Vacuum\nEnergy. One further, obvious generalization then leads to a relation between\nInflation and the Big Bang, to the automatic inclusion of Dark Matter, and to a\npossible understanding of the birth (and death) of a Universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Is the Universe a White-Hole?: Pathria(1972) has shown, for a pressureless closed Universe, that it is\ninside a black (or white) hole. We show now, that the Universe with a cosmic\npressure obeying Einstein's field equations, can be inside a white-hole. In the\nclosed case, a positive cosmological constant does the job; for the flat and\nopen cases, the condition we find is not verified for the very early Universe,\nbut with the growth of the scale-factor, the condition will be certainly\nfulfilled for a positive cosmological constant, after some time. We associate\nthe absolute temperature of the Universe, with the temperature of the\ncorresponding white-hole.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Shear of the vector potential in electric-dipole radiation: Electric-dipole radiation has the well-known far-field solutions of\ntransverse electric and magnetic (TEM) fields with peak values propagating\nnormal to (and going to zero along) the dipole axis. The calculation of these\nelectromagnetic fields is based on the use of the magnetic vector potential:\nIts time derivative and divergence for the electric field E, and its curl for\nthe magnetic field B. In this paper, we suggest the possibility of additional\nradiation fields, namely, those based on the shear of the vector potential. Our\nresults show that these shear waves have a 1/r dependence on far-field\ndistance, with four radiative components: (1)-(3) an orthogonal triad\nconsisting of two transverse waves and a longitudinal wave propagating along\nthe dipole axis (analogous to an acoustic dipole); and (4) a transverse wave\npropagating into the same solid angle as E and B, parallel to the E-field but\nwith one-half the magnitude of the B-field. If confirmed by experiment,\npossible applications include RF communications, novel biomedical sensors, and\na new tool in the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence (SETI).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Combinatorics, observables, and String Theory: part II: We investigate the string configuration that, in the framework of the\ntheoretical scenario introduced in [1], corresponds to the most entropic\nconfiguration in the phase space of all the configurations of the universe.\nThis describes a universe with four space-time dimensions, and the physical\ncontent is phenomenologically compatible with the experimental observations and\nmeasurements. Everything is determined in terms of the age of the universe,\nwith no room for freely-adjustable parameters. We discuss how one obtains the\nknown spectrum of particles and interactions, with massive neutrinos, no Higgs\nboson, and supersymmetry broken at the Planck scale. Besides the computation of\nmasses and couplings, CKM matrix elements, cosmological constant, expansion\nparameters of the universe etc..., all resulting, within the degree of the\napproximation we used, in agreement with the experimental observations, we also\ndiscuss how this scenario passes the tests provided by cosmology and the\nconstraints imposed by the physics of the primordial universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A new type of misconduct in the field of the Physical Sciences: the case\n  of the pseudonyms used by I. Ciufolini to anonymously criticize other\n  people's works on arXiv: The above article, published online on 28 April 2014 in Wiley Online Library\n(wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been withdrawn with agreement from the journal\nEditor-in-Chief, Blaise Cronin, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The withdrawal has\nbeen agreed for legal reasons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Constraining Parameters of Generalized Cosmic Chaplygin Gas in Loop\n  Quantum Cosmology: We have assumed the FRW universe in loop quantum cosmology (LQC) model filled\nwith the dark matter and the Generalized Cosmic Chaplygin gas (GCCG) type dark\nenergy where dark matter follows the linear equation of state. We present the\nHubble parameter in terms of the observable parameters $\\Omega_{m0}$ and\n$H_{0}$ with the redshift $z$ and the other parameters like $A$, $B$, $w_{m}$,\n$ \\omega$ and $\\alpha$ which coming from our model. From Stern data set (12\npoints)\\& SNe Type Ia 292 data (from \\cite{Riess1,Riess2,Astier}) we have\nobtained the bounds of the arbitrary parameters by minimizing the $\\chi^{2}$\ntest. The best-fit values of the parameters are obtained by 66\\%, 90\\% and 99\\%\nconfidence levels. Next due to joint analysis with Stern+BAO and Stern+BAO+CMB\nobservations, we have also obtained the bounds of the parameters ($A,B$) by\nfixing some other parameters $\\alpha$, $w_{m}$ and $\\omega$. From the best fit\nvalues of the parameters, we have obtained the distance modulus $\\mu(z)$ for\nour theoretical GCCG model in LQC and from Supernovae Type Ia (union2 sample\n552 data from [\\cite{Amanullah}] \\& Riess 292 data from\n[\\cite{Riess1,Riess2,Astier}]), we have concluded that our model is in\nagreement with the Supernovae Type Ia sample data. In addition, we have\ninvestigated in details about the various types of Future Singularities that\nmay be formed in this model and it is notable that our model is completely free\nfrom any types of future singularities.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Is formal QED mathematically consistent?: The formal structure of quantum electrodynamics consists of various elements.\nThese include the Schroedinger equation which evolves the system forward in\ntime, the vacuum state which is assumed to be the state with a free field\nenergy of zero, and the principle of gauge invariance. In this paper we will\nexamine the mathematical consistency of these elements. It will be shown that\nthese elements, which are basic to the formal structure of the theory, are not\nmathematically consistent.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Oscillating Flavors in Massless Neutrinos: By considering Dirac's equation using quaternions ($\\mathbb{H}$) with their\ngreater degree of freedom in imaginaries, it is shown that a model can be\ncreated with oscillations among flavors even if the particles, are massless.\nFurthermore the solutions are spin $\\frac{1}{2}$ and have helicities depending\non whether their energy is positive or negative.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The possibility of constructing a relativistic space of information\n  states based on the theory of complexity and analogies with physical\n  space-time: The possibility of calculation of the conditional and unconditional\ncomplexity of description of information objects in the algorithmic theory of\ninformation is connected with the limitations for the set of the used languages\nof programming (description). The results of calculation of the conditional\ncomplexity allow introducing the fundamental information dimensions and the\npartial ordering in the set of information objects, and the requirement of\nequality of languages allows introducing the vector space. In case of optimum\ncompression, the \"prefix\" contains the regular part of the information about\nthe object, and is analogous to the classical trajectory of a material point in\nthe physical space, and the \"suffix\" contains the random part of the\ninformation, the quantity of which is analogous to the physical time in the\nintrinsic reference system. Analysis of the mechanism of the \"Einstein's clock\"\nallows representing the result of observation of the material point as a word,\nwritten down in a binary alphabet, thus making the aforesaid analogies more\nclear. The kinematics of the information trajectories is described by the\nLorentz's transformations, identically to its physical analog. At the same\ntime, various languages of description are associated with various reference\nsystems in physics. In the present paper, the information analog of the\nprinciple of least action is found and the main problems of information\ndynamics in the constructed space are formulated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "It should be Einstein-Laub Equations inside Matter: In a recent article [1], Mansuripur has claimed that inside the matter,\nconventional Lorentz Force law should be abandoned in favor of a more general\nexpression of the electromagnetic force density such as the one discovered by\nA. Einstein and J.Laub in 1908. The main focus of the claim of Mansuripur is\nbased on special theory of relativity. According to [1], Lorentz force law is\nincompatible with special theory of relativity. In this article, we have\nfocused in favor of Einstein-Laub equations (Force law; associated stress\ntensor, momentum density, Poynting vector etc) from quite different point of\nviews. Especially we have tried to include previously and recently reported\nexperimental observations, Abraham, Minkowski and Nelson controversy, Quantum\nElectrodynamics and most importantly the significance of associated stress\ntensors to judge the problem from a broader and engineering point of view. At\nthe end of the day, considering all the issues, we have found that only\nEinstein-Laub equations can predict the actual total force inside the matter\nand probably consistent with all other laws of Electrodynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The free states-related Fermi pocket of cuprate superconductors: To stress the effect of the pairing position deviating from the Fermi level,\nwe must investigate the pairs in the wave vector space, and then we use the\ndynamic equation to study some correlation functions. This article shows that\nthe Fermi pocket is related to the effect of free electron states on the ARPES\nexperiment. This also leads us to understand why the Fermi arc appears in\nBi2212 while the Fermi pocket appears in Bi2201 with the valence bandwidth and\nthe work function known for them.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Symmetries in Bosonization: Two-dimensional quantum field theories are important in many problems in\nphysics because they contain exact symmetries and are often completely\nintegrable. We demonstrate the power of bosonization in elucidating the\nstructure of a multi-component fermion theory with chiral and internal\nsymmetries. Many remarkable features and quantum symmetries in such a system\nare most readily uncovered in the bosonized form of the original fermion\ntheory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Charged Vector Particles Tunneling From A Pair of Accelerating and\n  Rotating and $5D$ Gauged Super-Gravity Black Holes: The aim of this paper is to study the quantum tunneling process for charged\nvector particles through the horizons of black holes by using Proca equation.\nFor this purpose, we have consider a pair of charged accelerating and rotating\nblack holes with NUT parameter and a black hole in $5D$ gauged supergravity,\nrespectively. Further, we have studied the tunneling probability and\ncorresponding Hawking temperature for both black holes by using WKB\napproximation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electroweak model of lepton mass and mixing hierarchies: Flavor physics, like cosmology, is likely in need of new basic ideas; the\npuzzles of elementary particle mass hierarchies and in particular the e-mu-tau\nand neutrino ones still remain mysteries. In this paper a new idea of dynamical\nconnection between low energy 3-flavor particle mass hierarchies and\nelectroweak charges is studied with restriction to the simplest case of lepton\nflavor phenomenology. The main inference is that it can be only two types of\nlepton 3-flavor particle-copy groups: 1) with large and strongly hierarchical\nmass ratios and 2) with close to 1 mass ratios. From experimental data\ndefinitely follows that the three charged leptons belong to the first type\nwhereas the three neutrinos belong to the second type and so are\nquasi-degenerate. The inferences of QD-neutrinos with realistic small masses\nand oscillation hierarchy parameter and quark-QD-neutrino mixing angle\ncomplementarity follow from the fact of small EW charges and their relation to\nthe concept of benchmark flavor pattern.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermalization of Starlight in the Steady-State Cosmology: We investigate the fate of starlight in the Steady-State Cosmology. We\ndiscover that it is largely unaffected by the presence of ions in intergalactic\nspace as it gets progressively red-shifted from the visible all the way down to\nthe plasma frequency of the intergalactic matter. At that point, after about\n450 Gyr - and contrary to previously published claims - the radiation will be\nthermalized. Under the assumptions adopted by Gold, Bondi, Hoyle, Narlikar,\nBurbidge and others concerning the creation of matter in the Steady-State\nCosmology, and using reasonable estimates for the baryonic mass-density and\nmass-fraction of 4He, the analysis predicts a universal radiation field\nmatching the CMB, i.e. having a black-body spectrum and temperature of about\n2.7 K. The Steady-state Cosmology predicts that this radiation field will\nappear to originate from the intergalactic plasma.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A differential geometric context in which quantization is a necessary\n  condition for gauge invariance: It has recently been argued that quantization can be established within\nclassical theory as a consequence of lost information. In this view, classical\nmechanics is regarded as a union of quantum mechanics and what are called\n'hidden variables'. Hidden variable theories were first considered some years\nago and abandoned because they did not produce new physics. They have now been\nrevived however, because they appear to provide a logically sound means of\nrelating classical and quantum theories. It is argued here that the Heisenberg\nuncertainty relations constitute a necessary condition for gauge invariance in\nthe 5-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory, where the fifth dimension of 5-spacetime\nis hidden as a 5-dimensional theory of general relativity is projected onto\n4-spacetime.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electromagnetic field bumps: Electro-gravitational models of the\n  classical electron and dark energy: Previously we conjectured that extremely high Electromagnetic (EM) fields in\na vacuum generate a gravitational field that causes Maxwell's equations to no\nlonger be linear. This results in a \"4-force\" in the field configuration space,\nalso called \"four-current density\". Based on the 4-current density, we\npostulate that the electric charge is the result of a high EM field.\nConsidering the electrostatic potential with central symmetry and with the\nassumption that it cannot exceed the Planck potential, we show that the\nassociated electric charge is confined inside a sphere with non-zero radius,\ncentered at the origin. We propose to represent this elementary charge e, thus\nreplacing the point electron of the standard model with a \"bump\" of the EM\nfield. According to this model, the gravitational field created by EM is\nrepulsive up to the classical radius of the electron, then attractive beyond.\nThis property provides a model for dark energy, which is believed to cause the\naccelerated expansion of the universe and whose nature is unknown today. We\nthus replace the cosmological constant of the standard model {\\Lambda}CDM by a\n\"field of EM bumps\".",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Light Bosons of Electromagnetic Field and Breakdown of Relativistic\n  Theory: In our analysis, a quantisation scheme for local electromagnetic waves in\nvacuum is introduced by the model of nonideal Bose-gas consisting of\nBose-light-particles (which are no photons) with spin one and a finite mass.\nThis fact destroys the Relativistic Theory of Einstein as well as displays a\nwrong sound of so-called a spontaneous breakdown of symmetry because the light\nboson can be moved by speed of wave in vacuum.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Lorentz violation with an invariant minimum speed as foundation of the\n  tachyonic inflation within a Machian scenario: We show the relationship between the scalar kinematics potential of\nSymmetrical Special Relativity (SSR) and the ultra-referential of vacuum\nconnected to an invariant minimum speed postulated by SSR. The property of the\nconformal metric of SSR is showed, from where we deduce a kind of de Sitter\nmetric. The negative curvature of spacetime is calculated from the conformal\nproperty of the metric. Einstein equation provides an energy-momentum tensor\nwhich is proportional to SSR-metric. We also realize that SSR leads to a\ndeformed kinematics with quantum aspects directly related to the delocalization\nof the particle and thus being connected to the uncertainty principle. We\nfinish this work by identifying the lagrangian of SSR with the so-called\ntachyonic models (slow-roll), where the tachyonic potential is a function\ndepending on the conformal factor, thus allowing the SSR-lagrangian to be able\nto mimic a tachyonic lagrangian related to the so-called Dirac-Born-Infeld\nlagrangian, where the superluminal effects are interpreted as being a large\nstretching of spacetime due to new relativistic effects close to the invariant\nminimum speed as being the foundation of the inflationary vacuum connected to a\nvariable cosmological parameter that recovers the cosmological constant for the\ncurrent universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Emergent gravity from direct-action EM in a toy universe of electrons\n  and positrons: We sketch the derivation of a Newtonian gravity-like force emerging from a\ndirect-action variant of classical electromagnetism. The binding energy is a\nconsequence of maximal phase correlation of the sources mediated by\napproximately monochromatic direct-action fields. The resulting force then has\nthe character of a strong version of the van der Waals force, whose superior\nstrength can be attributed to relatively coherent primary fields (compared with\nthe totally incoherent effects of the ZPF). The model also predicts the\nexistence of a background having some of the character of dark energy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Holographic considerations on non-gaussian statistics and gravothermal\n  catastrophe: In this paper we have derived the equipartition law of energy using Tsallis\nformalism and the Kaniadakis power law statistics in order to obtain a modified\ngravitational constant. We have applied this result in the gravothermal\ncollapse phenomenon. We have discussed the equivalence between Tsallis and the\nKaniadakis statistics in the context of Verlinde entropic formalism. In the\nsame way we have analyzed negative heat capacities in the light of gravothermal\ncatastrophe. The relative deviations of the modified gravitational constants\nare derived.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Hydrogen as a Renewable Energy Carrier for Commercial Aircraft: This report starts with the state of the art of electrolysis and liquefaction\ntechnology, and then presents a techno-economic case study of converting LAX\nairport to hydrogen fuel. The main conclusion is that a path exists to hydrogen\npassenger aircraft having a lower total cost than those powered by jet fuel.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Einstein's theory of wavefronts versus Einstein's relativity of\n  simultaneity: The relativity of simultaneity implies that the image of a Lorentz\ntransformed (LT) spherical (circular) wavefront is not a spherical (circular)\nwavefront (Einstein 1905) but an ellipsoidal (elliptical) wavefront (Moreau,\nAm.J.of Phys).We show firstly that the relativity of simultaneity leads to the\nconsequence that the image of a Lorentz transformed plane wavefront is a\ntangent plane to an ellipsoid and not a tangent plane to a sphere (Einstein\n1905). We deduce then a longitudinal component of the tangent vector to\nPoincare's ellipse which is directly connected to the relativity of\nsimultaneity. We suggest finally that this violation of relativity of\nsimultaneity is related to Einstein's implicit choice of the (non relativistic)\ntransverse gauge in his theory of (rigid) wavefronts.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The physical basis of teleological evolutions: Optimal quantum algorithms have been shown to be quantum superpositions of\ncausal loops in each of which, logically, it is as if the problem solver knew\nin advance one of the possible halves of the information about the solution she\nwill produce and measure in the future and used this knowledge to produce the\nsolution with a correspondingly reduced number of computation steps. This also\nanswers the pre-scientific notion of teleological evolution, that is, an\nevolution toward a goal with an attractor in the goal it will produce in the\nfuture. This notion, formerly applied to the evolutions of the living, was\ndismissed with the advent of modern science for the alleged absence of a\nphysical basis. In this work, we show that the quantum causal loops at the\nphysical basis of the teleological character of quantum algorithms could also\nbe at the physical basis of that of the evolutions of life. A quantum\ncosmological interpretation of the Anthropic Principle yields a formal identity\nbetween a random search for life by a quantum evolution of the universe under\nthe fundamental physical laws and constants and a random search for the\nsolution by quantum search algorithms. According to it, the evolution of the\nuniverse toward life should be endowed with quantum speedup. We show that the\nevolution of a living system, in principle obtainable from that of the universe\nby tracing out all the rest, even if decohered, should have the same quantum\nspeedup of its image in the universe's evolution. It would therefore be\nteleological in character.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (I): Aiming at providing an objective motion picture for the microscopic object\ndescribed by the wave function, new analysis about motion is presented by use\nof the point set theory in mathematics, through which we show that a new kind\nof motion named quantum discontinuous motion is the general motion mode of the\nparticle, while classical continuous motion is just one kind of extremely\npeculiar motion, and the wave function in quantum mechanics proves to be the\nvery mathematical complex describing the particle undergoing the quantum\ndiscontinuous motion. Furthermore, Schroedinger equation of the wave function\nis shown to be the simplest nonrelativistic evolution equation for the particle\nundergoing the new motion, and the consistent axiom system of quantum mechanics\nis also deduced out. At last, we demonstrate that present quantum measurement\ntheories just confirm the existence of the new motion of the microscopic\nparticle described by the wave function, and the weird displays of the wave\nfunction in microscopic world are also physically explained in terms of the new\nmotion.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "New near-analytical path to the threshold size of spherical random\n  lasing via geometric-distribution-probability weighting of the diffusive\n  photon fluence rate: We demonstrate a new near-analytical path to the threshold-size of\nrandom-lasing for the case of a uniform and isotropic-scattering sphere. We\nassess a geometric-distribution-probability (GDP) weighted integration of the\ndiffusion-equation derived time-dependent photon fluence-rate at a spherical\nboundary, in response to uniform, synchronous, and Delta-functional photon\ngenerations within the sphere. The GDP weights the contribution of the modeled\nDelta-functional photon sources to the temporal behavior of the photon fluence\nrate at the spherical boundary-domain based on the line-of-sight distance\nbetween the modeled-photon source and the same field point. The integral\nmanifests a bi-phasic pattern versus time with a global minimum followed by an\nexponential growth. The line-of-sight length that corresponds to the time of\nglobal minimum decreases monotonically as the size of the sphere increases. The\ncondition that this line-of-sight length equaling the radius of the sphere is\nhypothesized to indicate a threshold whereby the medium can sustain the growth\nof the photon fluence-rate at the boundary over time. This threshold\nline-of-sight length is assessed over a gain/scattering ratio of [0.001, 10000]\ncovering the diffusive to quasi-ballistic regimes. The threshold line-of-sight\nlength applied with a simple empirical gain/scattering ratio predicts the\nthreshold size over the diffusive region and outperforms the threshold size\ngiven by the eigen-mode-decomposition in the semi-ballistic region, when\ncompared to the radiative transfer approach. The method sheds new insights to\namplified diffusion process in a scattering medium with gain.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Planar Vacuum Diode With Monoenergetic Electrons: The paper analyses volt-ampere characteristics of a planar vacuum diode with\nmono-energetic electrons, emitted by the cathode (an electron beam). The\nmovement of the electron beam in the volume of the diode is described. An\nanalytic dependence of the volt-ampere characteristics in an unlimited and\nlimited by the field mode of the electron beam is derived.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relativity as a Consequence of Quantum Entanglement: A Quantum Logic\n  Gate Space Model for the Universe: Everything in the Universe is assumed to be compromised of pure reversible\nquantum Toffoli gates, including empty space itself. Empty space can be\nconfigured into photon or matter gates simply by swapping logic input\ninformation with these entities through the phenomenon of quantum mechanical\nentanglement between photons and empty space Toffoli gates. The essential\ndifference between empty space, photons and matter gates are the logic input\nvalues of their respective Toffoli gates. Empty space is characterized by an\ninability for the logic inputs to influence the internal logic state of its\nToffoli gates since the control lines are set to logic 0. Photons and matter\nare characterized by Toffoli gates where the control lines are set to logic 1\nenabling their logic inputs to control their internal logic states allowing for\ntheir interaction according to the laws of physics associated with reality.\nPhotons swapping logic input information with empty space results in the\npropagation of light. Photons facilitating the swapping of information between\nmatter and empty space gates leads to the laws of motion including relativity.\nThis model enables the derivation of many physical laws from purely quantum\nmechanical considerations including the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, the\nLorentz transformations of special relativity, and the relationship between\nrelativistic energy and mass. The model provides a possible explanation for\nmany physical phenomena including dark matter, anti-matter, and an inflationary\nUniverse.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can gravity be repulsive?: General Relativity has had tremendous successes on both theoretical and\nexperimental fronts for over a century by now. However, the theory contents are\nfar from being exhausted. Only very recently, with gravitational wave detection\nfrom colliding black holes, have we started probing gravity behavior in the\nstrongly non-linear regime. Even today, black hole studies keep revealing more\nand more paradoxes and bizarre results. In this paper, inspired by David\nHilbert's startling observation, we show that, contrary to the conventional\nwisdom, a freely falling test particle feels gravitational repulsion by a black\nhole as seen by an asymptotic observer. We dig deeper into this relativistic\ngravity surprising behavior and offer some explanations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electromagnetism, Relativity and The Basic Unit System concept: This is the second of three papers I will present as an application of the\nBasic Unit System concept, a complex mathematical unit presented in The Basic\nUnit System concept and The Principle of Synergy. In this case this Bus concept\nis used as a powerful tool to obtain again the Lorentz Transformation Groups of\nequations, and then to present the emergent proposal that the fundamental is\nthe magnetic field, and not the charge concept. The need to obtain \"waves\nsolution\" is solved concomitant with the Bus concept as we have seen in the\nphysics/9908040 .",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Mathematical Comparison of the Schwarzschild and Kerr Metrics: A few physicists have recently constructed the generating compatibility\nconditions (CC) of the Killing operator for the Minkowski (M) , Schwarzschild\n(S) and Kerr (K) metrics. They discovered second order CC, well known for M,\nbut also third order CC for S and K. In a recent paper, we have studied the\ncases of M and S, without using specific technical tools such as Teukolski\nscalars or Killing-Yano tensors. However, even if S($m$) and K($m,a$) are\ndepending on constant parameters in such a way that S $\\rightarrow $ M when $m\n\\rightarrow 0$ and K $\\rightarrow$ S when $ a \\rightarrow 0$, the CC of S do\nnot provide the CC of M when $m \\rightarrow 0$ while the CC of K do not provide\nthe CC of S when $a\\rightarrow 0$. In this paper, using tricky motivating\nexamples of operators with constant or variable parameters, we explain why the\nCC are depending on the choice of the parameters. In particular, the only\npurely intrinsic objects that can be defined, namely the extension modules, may\nchange drastically. As the algebroid bracket is compatible with the {\\it\nprolongation/projection} (PP) procedure, we provide for the first time all the\nCC for K in an intrinsic way, showing that they only depend on the underlying\nKilling algebras and that the role played by the Spencer operator is crucial.\nWe get K$<$S$<$M with $2 < 4 < 10$ for the Killing algebras and explain why the\nformal search of the CC for M, S or K are strikingly different, even though\neach Spencer sequence is isomorphic to the tensor product of the Poincar\\'{e}\nsequence for the exterior derivative by the corresponding Lie algebra.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Potential formation of three pyrimidine bases in interstellar regions: Work on the chemical evolution of pre-biotic molecules remains incomplete\nsince the major obstacle is the lack of adequate knowledge of rate coefficients\nof various reactions which take place in interstellar conditions. In this work,\nwe study the possibility of forming three pyrimidine bases, namely, cytosine,\nuracil and thymine in interstellar regions. Our study reveals that the\nsynthesis of uracil from cytosine and water is quite impossible under\ninterstellar circumstances. For the synthesis of thymine, reaction between\nuracil and :CH2 is investigated. Since no other relevant pathways for the\nformation of uracil and thymine were available in the literature, we consider a\nlarge gas-grain chemical network to study the chemical evolution of cytosine in\ngas and ice phases. Our modeling result shows that cytosine would be produced\nin cold, dense interstellar conditions. However, presence of cytosine is yet to\nbe established. We propose that a new molecule, namely, C4N3OH5 could be\nobservable in the interstellar region. C4N3OH5 is a precursor (Z isomer of\ncytosine) of cytosine and far more abundant than cytosine. We hope that\nobservation of this precursor molecule would enable us to estimate the\nabundance of cytosine in interstellar regions. We also carry out quantum\nchemical calculations to find out the vibrational as well as rotational\ntransitions of this precursor molecule along with three pyrimidine bases.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Living Cell Cytosol Stability to Segregation and\n  Freezing-Out:Thermodynamic aspect: The cytosol state in living cell is treated as homogeneous phase equilibrium\nwith a special feature: the pressure of one phase is positive and the pressure\nof the other is negative. From this point of view the cytosol is neither\nsolution nor gel (or sol as a whole) regardless its components (water and\ndissolved substances). This is its unique capability for selecting, sorting and\ntransporting reagents to the proper place of the living cell without a\nso-called \"pipeline\". To base this statement the theoretical investigation of\nthe conditions of equilibrium and stability of the medium with alternative-sign\npressure is carried out under using the thermodynamic laws and the Gibbs'\nequilibrium criterium.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Structural color tuning in 1D photonic crystals with electric field and\n  magnetic field: A tuning of the light transmission properties of 1D photonic structures\nemploying an external stimulus is very attracting and opens the way to the\nfabrication of optical switches for colour manipulation in sensing, lighting,\nand display technology. We present the electric field-induced tuning of the\nlight transmission in a photonic crystal device, made by alternating layers of\nsilver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. We show a shift of\naround 10 nm for an applied voltage of 10 V. We ascribe the shift to an\naccumulation of charges at the silver/TiO2 interface due to electric field,\nresulting in an increase of the number of charges contributing to the plasma\nfrequency in silver, giving rise to a blue shift of the silver plasmon band,\nwith concomitant blue shift of the photonic band gap. The employment of a\nrelatively low applied voltage gives the possibility to build a compact and\nlow-cost device. We also propose the fabrication of 1D photonic crystal and\nmicrocavities employing a magneto-optical material as TGG (Tb3Ga5O12). With\nthese structures we can observe a shift of 22 nm with a magnetic field of 5 T,\nat low temperature (8 K). The option to tune the colour of a photonic crystal\nwith magnetic field is interesting because of the possibility to realize\ncontactless optical switches. We also discuss the possibility to achieve the\ntuning of the photonic band gap with UV light in photonic crystals made with\nindium tin oxide (ITO).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Phase tuning in Michelson-Morley experiments performed in vacuum,\n  assuming length contraction: In agreement with Michelson-Morley experiments performed in vacuum, we show\nthat, assuming the existence of a fundamental aether frame and of a length\ncontraction affecting the material bodies in the direction of the Earth\nabsolute velocity, the light signals, travelling along the arms of the\ninterferometer arrive in phase whatever their orientation, a result which\nresponds to an objection opposed to the non-entrained aether theory. This\nresult constitutes a strong argument in support of length contraction and of\nthe existence of a model of aether non-entrained by the motion of celestial\nbodies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relativities and Homogeneous Spaces I -- Finite dimensional relativity\n  representations: Special relativity, the symmetry breakdown in the electroweak standard model,\nand the dichotomy of the spacetime related transformations with the Lorentz\ngroup, on the one side, and the chargelike transformations with the hypercharge\nand isospin group, on the other side, are discussed under the common concept of\n\"relativity\". A relativity is defined by classes $G/H$ of a \"little\" group in a\n\"general\" group of operations.Relativities are representable as linear\ntransformations that are considered for five physically relevant examples.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Cosmological basis for E=mc^2: The Universe has a gravitational horizon with a radius R_h=c/H coincident\nwith that of the Hubble sphere. This surface separates null geodesics\napproaching us from those receding, and as free-falling observers within the\nFriedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker spacetime, we see it retreating at proper\nspeed c, giving rise to the eponymously named cosmological model R_h=ct. As of\ntoday, this cosmology has passed over 25 observational tests, often better than\nLCDM. The gravitational/Hubble radius R_h therefore appears to be highly\nrelevant to cosmological theory, and in this paper we begin to explore its\nimpact on fundamental physics. We calculate the binding energy of a mass m\nwithin the horizon and demonstrate that it is equal to mc^2. This energy is\nstored when the particle is at rest near the observer, transitioning to a\npurely kinetic form equal to the particle's escape energy when it approaches\nR_h. In other words, a particle's gravitational coupling to that portion of the\nUniverse with which it is causally connected appears to be the origin of\nrest-mass energy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "AFT Gravitational Model - Unity of All Elementary Particles in Sp(12,C): A new unifying theory was recently proposed by the author in the publication\n\"Arrangement field theory - beyond strings and loop gravity -\". Such theory\ndescribes all fields (gravitational, gauge and matter fields) as entries in a\nmatricial superfield which transforms in the adjoint representation of\nSp(12,C). In this paper we show how this superfield is built and we introduce a\nnew mechanism of symmetry breaking which doesn't need Higgs bosons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "R\u00e9nyi entropy for particle systems as an instrument to enlarge the\n  Boltzmannian concept of entropy: some holographic perspectives: The R\\'enyi entropy is a mathematical generalization of the concept of\nentropy and it encodes the total information of a system as a funtion of its\norder parameter $\\alpha$. The meaning of the R\\'enyi entropy in physics is not\ncompletely enstablished: here we determined a general and explicit\nrepresentation of the R\\'enyi entropy for whichever fluid of particles and\nspin-statistics, in the mechanical statistics framework. This allowed us to put\nphysical constraints to the R\\'enyi order $\\alpha$, from main thermodynamical\nrelations and entropy bounds of the holographic theories, defining how much we\ncan enlarge the Boltmannian concept of entropy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Quantum Mechanical State of the $\u0394^{++}$ baryon: The $\\Delta^{++}$ and the $\\Omega^-$ baryons have been used as the original\nreason for the construction of the Quantum Chromodynamics theory of Strong\nInteractions. The present analysis relies on the multiconfiguration structure\nof states which are made of several Dirac particles. It is shown that this\nproperty, together with the very strong spin-dependent interactions of quarks\nprovide an acceptable explanation for the states of these baryons and removes\nthe classical reason for the invention of color within Quantum Chromodynamics.\nThis explanation is supported by several examples that show a Quantum\nChromodynamics' inconsistency with experimental results. The same arguments\nprovide an explanation for the problem called the proton spin crisis.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Classical description of pair production: It is shown that the classical description of pair production effect is\npossible, i.e. one can describe pair production without a reference to quantum\nprinciples. Pair production appears at statistical description of stochastic\nrelativistic particles. There is a special force field which is responsible for\npair production. This field is a reasonable consequence of quantum\nstochasticity. Consideration of quantum systems as stochastic systems and\nstatistical description of them generates hydrodynamic interpretation of\nquantum phenomena. In the collision problem the hydrodynamic interpretation\nappears to be alternative to the conventional interpretation, based on quantum\nprinciples and on consideration of the wave function as a principal object of\ndynamics. Hydrodynamic interpretation leads to such a statement of the\ncollision problem, which is alternative to the conventional S-matrix theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Intrinsic Time Quantum Gravity: Correct identification of the true gauge symmetry of General Relativity being\n3d spatial diffeomorphism invariant(3dDI) (not the conventional infinite tensor\nproduct group with principle fibre bundle structure), together with intrinsic\ntime extracted from clean decomposition of the canonical structure yields a\nself-consistent theory of quantum gravity. A new set of fundamental commutation\nrelations is also presented. The basic variables are the eight components of\nthe unimodular part of the spatial dreibein and eight SU(3) generators which\ncorrespond to Klauder's momentric variables that characterize a free theory of\nquantum gravity. The commutation relations are not canonical, but have well\ndefined group theoretical meanings. All fundamental entities are dimensionless;\nand the quantum wave functionals are preferentially in the dreibein\nrepresentation. The successful quantum theory of gravity involves only broad\nspectrum of knowledge and deep insights but no exotic idea.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Collective behaviour of partons could be a source of energetic hadrons: We discuss the idea that collective behaviour of the quarks/partons, which\nhas been intensely discussed for the last 40 years in relativistic\nhadron-nuclear and nuclear-nuclear interactions and confirmed by new data\ncoming from the ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, can lead to energetic\nparticle production. Created from hadronization of the quark/parton (or\nquarks/partons), energetic particles could get the energy of grouped partons\nfrom coherent interactions. Therefore, we think that in the centre of some\nmassive stars, a medium with high density, close to Quantum Chromodynamic one\ncould be a source of the super high-energy cosmic rays.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Experimental search for the permanent electric dipole moment of an Na\n  atom using special capacitor in the shape of Dewar flask: Since the time of Rutherford it was commonly believed that with no electric\nfield, the nucleus of an atom is at the centre of the electron cloud, so that\nall kinds of atoms do not have permanent electric dipole moment (EDM). In the\nfact, the idea is untested hypothesis. Using two special capacitors containing\nSodium vapor we find the electric susceptibility Xe of Na atoms is directly\nproportional to its density N, and inversely to the absolute temperature T, as\npolar molecules. Xe=A+B/T, where A is approximately to zero, B=126.6 (K) and\nN=1.49*1020 m-3. A ground state neutral Na atom has a large permanent EDM: d(\nNa)=1.28*10-8e.cm. The non-zero observation of EDM in any non-degenerate system\nwill be a direct proof of time-reversal violation in nature, and new example of\nCP violation occurred in Na atoms. We work out the most linear Stark shift of\nNa atoms is only 0.0033nm, and so its linear Stark effect has not been observed\ntill now! The experimental Na material with purity 0.9995 is supplied by Strem\nChemicals Co. USA. The previous measurements have given d(K), d(Rb) and d(Cs).\nThese results can be repeated in other laboratories, we welcome anyone who is\ninterested in the experiments to visit and examine them.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Count of Classical Field Theory Graphs: A generating function is derived that counts the number of diagrams in an\narbitrary scalar field theory. The number of graphs containing any number $n_j$\nof $j$-point vertices is given. The count is also used to obtain the number of\nclassical graphs in gauge theory and gravity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Considering Air Density in Wind Power Production: In the wind power production calculations the air density is usually\nconsidered as constant in time. Using the CIPM-2007 equation for the density of\nmoist air as a function of air temperature, air pressure and relative humidity,\nwe show that it is worth taking the variation of the air density into account,\nbecause higher accuracy can be obtained in the calculation of the power\nproduction for little effort.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The conjunction fallacy and interference effects: In the present article we consider the conjunction fallacy, a well known\ncognitive heuristic experimentally tested in cognitive science, which occurs\nfor intuitive judgments in situations of bounded rationality. We show that the\nquantum formalism can be used to describe in a very simple way this fallacy in\nterms of interference effect. We evidence that the quantum formalism leads\nquite naturally to violations of Bayes' rule when considering the estimated\nprobability of the conjunction of two events. By defining the concept of\nmaximal conjunction error, we find a good agreement with experimental results.\nThus we suggest that in cognitive science the formalism of quantum mechanics\ncan be used to describe a \\textit{quantum regime}, the bounded-rationality\nregime, where the cognitive heuristics are valid.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Towards Sustainable Future by Transition to the Next Level Civilisation: Universal and rigorously derived concept of dynamic complexit\n(physics/9806002) shows that any system of interacting components, including\nsociety and civilisation, exists only as a process of highly inhomogeneous,\nqualitative development of its complexity. Modern state of civilisation\ncorresponds to the end of unfolding of a big enough level of complexity. Such\nexhausted, totally \"replete\" structure cannot be sustainable in principle and\nshows instead increased instability, realising its inevitable replacement by a\nnew kind of structure with either low or much higher level of complexity\n(degrading or progressive development branch, respectively). Unrestricted\nsustainability can emerge only after transition to the next, superior level of\ncivilisation complexity, which implies qualitative and unified changes in all\naspects of life, including knowledge, production, social organisation, and\ninfrastructure. These changes are specified by the rigorous analysis of\nunderlying interaction processes. The unitary, effectively one-dimensional and\nrigidly fixed kind of thinking, knowledge, and social structure at the current\nlevel of complexity will be replaced by \"dynamically multivalued\",\nintrinsically creative kind of structure at the forthcoming superior level of\ndevelopment. We propose mathematically rigorous description of unreduced\ncivilisation complexity development, including universal criterion of progress.\nOne obtains thus a working basis for the causally complete, objectively exact\nand reliable development science and futurology.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Is there Lower Limit to Velocity or Velocity Change?: Here we explore the possibility of a lower limit to velocity or velocity\nchange which is 20 orders of magnitude smaller than the speed of light and\nexplore the various observable signatures including those in cosmic rays and\ngamma ray bursts.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Deflection of light by a Coulomb charge in Born-Infeld electrodynamics: We study the propagation of light under a strong electric field in\nBorn-Infeld electrrdynamics. The nonlinear effect can be described by the\neffective indices of refraction. Because the effective indices of refraction\ndepend on the background electric field, the path of light can be bent when the\nbackground field is non-uniform. We compute the bending angle of light by a\nBorn-Infeld-type Coulomb charge in the weak lensing limit using the trajectory\nequation based on geometric optics. We also compute the deflection angle of\nlight by the Einstein-Born-Infeld black hole using the geodesic equation and\nconfirm that the contribution of the electric charge to the total bending angle\nagree.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Laws of thermodynamics and game theory: Using a game theory approach and a new extremal problem, Gibbs formula is\nproved in a most simple and general way for the classical mechanics case. A\ncorresponding conjecture on the asymptotics of the classical entropy is\nformulated. For the ordinary quantum mechanics case, the third law of\nthermodynamics is derived. Some results on the number of ground states and\nresidual entropy are obtained rigorously.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "`Zero-spin-photon hypothesis' finds another important application: Could\n  possibly solve the `infinity-problem' of QED without the need of\n  renormalization: `Zero-spin-photon hypothesis' as proposed in an earlier paper [1] states\nthat: `due to inevitable consequence of the second-law of thermodynamics and\nspin-conservation, the `zero-spin-photon' is generated in pair-production\nprocess (of elementary particles), which decays into neutrino and\nantineutrino'. The zero-spin photon hypothesis explains [1] several riddles of\nphysics and universe. In the present paper, it is shown that `the zero-spin\nphoton hypothesis' when incorporated into the higer-order Feynman diagram (with\na closed-loop) could possibly solve the half-a-century-old and famous\n`infinity-problem' of QED, and thus could avoid the need of the so called\n`re-normalization' procedure.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On de Broglie's quantum particle as the soliton solution of linear\n  Schr\u00f6dinger equation: We develop a class of soliton solution of {\\it linear} Schr\\\"odinger equation\nwithout external potential. The quantum probability density generates its own\nboundary inside which there is internal vibration whose wave number is\ndetermined by the velocity of the particle as firstly conjectured by de\nBroglie. Assuming resonance of the internal vibration will lead to quantization\nof particle's momentum in term of wave number of the envelope quantum\nprobability density. We further show that the linearity of the Schr\\\"odinger\nequation allows us to have non-interacting many solitons solution through\nsuperposition, each describing a particle with equal mass.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Classical Analogue to the Standard Model, Chapters 4-11: Particle\n  generations and masses; curved spacetimes and gravitation; heavy weak bosons: The $\\mathbb{C}^{\\wedge 18}$ analogue model contains counterparts to the\nparticle spectrum and interactions of the Standard Model, and has only three\ntunable parameters. As the structure of this model is highly constrained,\npredictive relationships between constants may be obtained. In Chapters 4-6,\nthe masses of the tau, the $W$ and $Z$ bosons, and a Higgs-like scalar boson\nare calculated as functions of $\\alpha$, $m_e$, and $m_\\mu$. They are shown to\nbe $1.776867413(43)$ GeV/$c^2$, $80.3587(22)$ GeV/$c^2$, $91.1877(35)$\nGeV/$c^2$, and $125.1261(48)$ GeV/$c^2$ respectively, with no free fitting\nparameters. All are within $0.1\\,\\sigma$ of the observed values of\n$1.77686(12)$ GeV/$c^2$, $80.360(16)$ GeV/$c^2$, $91.1876(21)$ GeV/$c^2$, and\n$125.11(11)$ GeV/$c^2$ respectively. In Chapter 7 the final ungauged freedom of\nthe $\\mathbb{C}^{\\wedge 18}$ model is used to eliminate the right-handed weak\ninteraction, while simultaneously introducing space-time curvature and a\ngravitational interaction emulating general relativity. The value of Newton's\nconstant is then calculated from $\\alpha$, $m_e$, and $m_\\mu$, yielding\n$G_N=6.67426(230)\\times 10^{-11}~\\mathrm{m}^3\\mathrm{kg}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-2}$,\nwhich is in agreement with the observed value of $G_N=6.67430(15)\\times\n10^{-11}~\\mathrm{m}^3\\mathrm{kg}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-2}$ with tension less than\n$0.1\\,\\sigma_\\mathrm{exp}$. This persistent consistency with experiment\nsuggests the existence of a unifying relationship between lepton generations,\ngravitation, and the electroweak mass scale. In the Classical Analogue to the\nStandard Model this unification arises from an underlying construction from\ncoloured preons, with the low-energy residuals of the preon binding\ninteractions corresponding to the strong nuclear force.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Spontaneous Formation of Universes from Vacuum via Information-induced\n  Holograms: All spontaneous emergence of quantum particles from false vacuums can occur\nvia usual energy-based Lagrangians; or, as we show, via a variational principle\nof minimum loss of Fisher information. By this principle all material existence\nin the multiverse, including its life forms, are physical manifestations of\nFisher information. The information principle serially formed our universe, and\nall others, in the multiverse. The resulting expansionary (Big bang) eras of\ntime t and/or space-time x_i, i = x,y,z,t (c=1) for the universes are found to\nobey probability densities p(t) and p(x_i) of usual exponential forms. The\nexistence of the multiverse allows preservation of invariant values of the 26\nphysical constants via their relay from one universe to another by successive\nLorentzian wormholes. At each relay the emerging constants are represented by\nthe intensities of an input hologram. The information principle was previously\nused to derive nearly all textbook physics and much cell biology, e.g. the\nHodgkin-Huxley (H-H) equations governing ions emerging into biological cells.\nThe equations we derive governing p(t) and p(x_i) for universes coincide with\nthe H-H equations governing ions entering these biological cells. Thus, the\ninformation concept holds over a vast range of scale sizes.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Asymptotically Non-Singular Extended Non-Dyonic Solutions of 't\n  Hooft-Polyakov Monopole Violates Equations of Motion: We show that based on the general solution, given by Corrigan, Olive, Fairlie\nand Nuyts, in the region outside the monopole's core; the equations of motion\nin the Higgs vacuum (i.e. outside the monopole's core) will not allow\nasymptotically non-singular extended non-trivial non-Dyonic (including, also,\nall static) solutions of the 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole. In other words, unless\nthe monopole's magnetic charge is shielded (by some mechanism), the Dirac\nstring is inevitable asymptotically, in the region outside the monopole's core,\nfor all non-Dyonic solutions that are admissible by the equations of motion.\nThat we show that the non-dyonic solutions (based on Corrigan et al) will\ninclude all \"admissible\" static solutions and their gauge transform might be\ninterpreted as that all admissible dyonic solutions (based on Corrigan et al)\nare composite solutions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Entropy growth in the early universe and confirmation of initial big\n  bang conditions (Why the quark-gluon model is not the best analogy): This paper shows how increased entropy values from an initially low big bang\nlevel can be measured experimentally by counting relic gravitons. Furthermore\nthe physical mechanism of this entropy increase is explained via analogies with\nearly-universe phase transitions. The rapid increase in entropy so alluded to\nwithout near sudden increases up to 10 to the 88 power may be enough to allow\nsuccessful modeling of relic graviton production for entropy in a manner\nsimilar to zero point energy extraction from a vacuum state",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Entropic forces in Brownian motion: The interest in the concept of entropic forces has risen considerably since\nE. Verlinde proposed to interpret the force in Newton s second law and Gravity\nas entropic forces [1]. Brownian motion, the motion of a small particle\n(pollen) driven by random impulses from the surrounding molecules, may be the\nfirst example of a stochastic process in which such forces are expected to\nemerge. In this note it is shown that at least two types of entropic force can\nbe identified in the case of 3D Brownian motion (or random walk). This yields\nsimple derivations of known results of Brownian motion, Hook s law and,\napplying an external (non-radial) force, Curie s law and the Langevin-Debye\nequation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Why two formulas for the electric field intensity and the magnetic\n  induction created by a uniformly moving point charge?: A derivation of the electric field intensity and of the magnetic induction\ngenerated by a uniformly moving point charge is presented. The derivation is in\naccordance with the fact that the electric and magnetic fields of moving charge\nare propagating from the charge with speed $c$ in empty space. The derivation\nis tailored for a special audience who knows the transformation of space, time\nand fields and Coulomb's law in the rest frame of the point charge. It avoids\nthe use of Maxwell's equations and the concept of retarded potential.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "One Approach on Derivation of the Schrodinger Equation of Free Particle: The Schrodinger equation based on the de Broglie wave is the most fundamental\nequation of the quantum mechanics. There can be no doubt about it's prediction\nvalidity. However, the probabilistic interpretation on the quantum mechanics\nhas insoluble semantic interpretations like reduction of wave packet on\nobservations of physical values. Especially, it is not clear that the wave\nfunction which is described by complex function, is whether formality or\nreality to express the state of particle motion. On this paper, we interpret\nthe wave nature of particle as not the inherency of particle itself, but the\nmotional property of particle in fluctuated space-time due to the kinetic\nenergy and momentum the belief that the kinetic energy and momentum fluctuates\nthe microscopic space-time, and the particle move through the fluctuated\nspace-time adversely. Then, through the particle motion in the Euclidean\nspace-time, the particle will be recognized as if it has the wave nature. We\nestimate the governing equation of fluctuations of microscopic space-time based\non the macroscopic law of motion. On this paper, the equivalence between the\ngoverning equation and the Schrodinger equation is indicated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Principle of Synergy and Isomorphic Units, a revised version: A solution to the part and whole problem is presented in this paper by using\na complex mathematical representation that permits to define the Holon concept\nas a unit that remains itself in spite of complex operations such as\nintegration and derivation. This can be done because of the remarkable\nisomorphic property of Euler Relation. We can then define a domain independent\nof the observer and the object where the object is embedded. We will then be\nable to have a Quantum Mechanics solution without the \"observer drawback\", as\nKarl R. Popper tried to find all his life but from the philosophical point of\nview and which was Einstein main concern about QM. A unit that has always\nsimilar or identical structure or form, despite even complex operations such as\nintegration and derivation, is the ideal unit for the new sciences of\ncomplexity or just the systems sciences where structure or form, wholeness,\norganization, and complexity are main requirements. A table for validating the\nresults obtained is presented in case of the pendulum formula.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Global Sea Level Stabilization-Sand Dune Fixation: A Solar-powered\n  Sahara Seawater Textile Pipeline: Could anthropogenic saturation with pumped seawater of the porous ground of\nactive sand dune fields in major deserts (e.g., the westernmost Sahara) cause a\nbeneficial reduction of global sea level? Seawater extraction from the ocean,\nand its deposition on deserted sand dune fields in Mauritania and elsewhere via\na Solar-powered Seawater Textile Pipeline (SSTP) can thwart the postulated\nfuture global sea level. Thus, Macro-engineering offers an additional cure for\nanticipated coastal change, driven by global sea level rise, that could\nsupplement, or substitute for (1) stabilizing the shoreline with costly\ndefensive public works (armoring macroprojects) and (2) permanent retreat from\nthe existing shoreline (real and capital property abandonment). We propose\nMacro-engineering use tactical technologies that sculpt and vegetate barren\nnear-coast sand dune fields with seawater, seawater that would otherwise, as\ncommonly postulated, enlarge Earth seascape area! Our Macro-engineering\nspeculation blends eremology with hydrogeology and some hydromancy. We estimate\nits cost at 1 billion dollars - about 0.01 per sent of the USA 2007 Gross\nDomestic Product.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Investigation of the Influence of a field-free electrostatic Potential\n  on the Electron Mass with Barkhausen-Kurz Oscillation: According to Weber's electrodynamics, Assis showed analytically, that a\nfield-free electrostatic potential delivered by a spherical shell causes a\nforce upon a moving electrical charge in the center of that shell. This force\ncan be interpreted as a result of the change in inertial mass of the charge. In\norder to prove this theory, Mikhailov published two type of experimental\nsetups: One using vacuum cathode tube and another using glow-discharge-lamps to\ngenerate oscillating and accelerating electrons. Whereas the glow-discharge\nexperiment was already evaluated by several groups, here we are focusing on\nreplicating the vacuum tube configuration. Under right circumstances, electrons\ninside a vacuum tube start to oscillate around a grid electrode, which is\ncalled Barkhausen-Kurz oscillations. However, we found that Mikhailov's setup\ndoes not produce these kind of oscillations and therefore the theory that he\napplied in the interpretation of his measurements is not correct. We succeeded\nin generating Barkhausen-Kurz oscillations with a different vacuum tube and\nfound no frequency shifts below an order of magnitude of Assis's prediction by\noperating the tube inside a charged spherical shell that would indicate a\nchange in the electron's mass. However, since both the mass as well as the\ngeometry factor of the electron cloud contribute to the oscillator frequency,\nwe believe that this setup is not suitable to investigate Weber-type\nelectrodynamic effects.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Joint probabilities and quantum cognition: In this paper we discuss the existence of joint probability distributions for\nquantum-like response computations in the brain. We do so by focusing on a\ncontextual neural-oscillator model shown to reproduce the main features of\nbehavioral stimulus-response theory. We then exhibit a simple example of\ncontextual random variables not having a joint probability distribution, and\ndescribe how such variables can be obtained from neural oscillators, but not\nfrom a quantum observable algebra.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "New families of supercompact objects and a gravitational mechanism for\n  the multiperiodicity of Syg X-1: This paper has been withdrawn by the author due to it contains some errors. A\ncorrected treatment is presented in further publications of the author.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Oscillatory Universe, dark energy and general relativity: The concept of oscillatory Universe appears to be realistic and buried in the\ndynamic dark energy equation of state. We explore its evolutionary history\nunder the frame work of general relativity. We observe that oscillations do not\ngo unnoticed with such an equation of state and that their effects persist\nlater on in cosmic evolution. The `classical' general relativity seems to\nretain the past history of oscillatory Universe in the form of increasing scale\nfactor as the classical thermodynamics retains this history in the form of\nincreasing cosmological entropy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Why does the Standard Model fail to explain the elementary particles\n  structure?: It is shown, that our contemporary knowledge of geometry is insufficient,\nbecause we know only axiomatizable geometries. With such a knowledge of\ngeometry one cannot investigate properly physics of microcosm and structure of\nelementary particles. One can obtain only a phenomenological systematics of\nelementary particles, whose construction does not need a discrimination\nmechanism. The discrimination mechanism, responsible for discrete\ncharacteristics of elementary particles, can be created only on the basis of a\ngranular (discrete and continuous simultaneously) space-time geometry.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Ambiguous Red Shifts: A one-parameter conformal invariance of Maxwell's equations allows the\nwavelengths of electromagnetic waves to change as they propagate, and do so\neven in otherwise field-free space. This produces an ambiguity in\ninterpretations of stellar red shifts. Experiments that will determine the\nvalue of the group parameter, and thereby remove the ambiguity, are proposed.\nThey are based on an analysis of the anomalous frequency shifts uncovered in\nthe Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft studies, and physical interpretation of an\nisomorphism discovered by E. L. Hill. If the group parameter is found to be\nnon-zero, Hubble's relations will have to be reinterpreted and space-time\nmetrics will have to be altered. The cosmological consequences of the\ntransformations are even more extensive because, though they change\nfrequencies, they do not alter the energy and momentum conservations laws of\nclassical and quantum-electrodynamical fields established by Cunningham and by\nBialynicki-Birula.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From the Neutrino to the Edge of the Universe: Two recent findings necessitate a closer look at the existing standard models\nof Particle Physics and Cosmology. These are the discovery of Neutrino\noscillation, and hence a non zero mass on the one hand and, on the other,\nobservations of distant supernovae which indicate that contrary to popular\nbelief, the universe would continue to expand for ever, possibly accelerating\nin the process. In this paper it is pointed out that relatively recent studies\nwhich indicate a stochastic, quantum vacuum underpinning and a fractal\nstructure for space time, reconcile both of the recent observations,\nharmoniously.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Bell's Theorem Begs the Question: I demonstrate that Bell's theorem is based on circular reasoning and thus a\nfundamentally flawed argument. It unjustifiably assumes the additivity of\nexpectation values for dispersion-free states of contextual hidden variable\ntheories for non-commuting observables involved in Bell-test experiments, which\nis tautologous to assuming the bounds of $\\pm2$ on the Bell-CHSH sum of\nexpectation values. Its premises thus assume in a different guise the bounds of\n$\\pm2$ it sets out to prove. Once this oversight is ameliorated from Bell's\nargument by identifying the impediment that leads to it and local realism is\nimplemented correctly, the bounds on the Bell-CHSH sum of expectation values\nwork out to be ${\\pm2\\sqrt{2}}$ instead of ${\\pm2}$, thereby mitigating the\nconclusion of Bell's theorem. Consequently, what is ruled out by any of the\nBell-test experiments is not local realism but the linear additivity of\nexpectation values, which does not hold for non-commuting observables in any\nhidden variable theories to begin with.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "New Quantum Structure of the Space-Time: We start from quantum theory (instead of general relativity) to approach\nquantum gravity within a minimal setting and promote the space-time coordinates\nto quantum non-commuting operators. Comparison to the harmonic oscillator\nglobal phase space is enlighting. The phase space instanton (X, P = iT)\ndescribes the hyperbolic quantum space-time structure and generates the quantum\nlight cone. The classical Minkowski space-time null generators X = T dissapear\nat the quantum level replaced by four Planck scale hyperbolae and a new quantum\nPlanck scale vacuum region emerges. We describe the quantum Rindler and quantum\nSchwarzshild-Kruskal space-time structures. The horizons and the r=0\nsingularity are quantum mechanically erased. The four Kruskal regions merge\ninside a single quantum Planck scale \"world\". The quantum space-time structure\nconsists of hyperbolic discrete levels of odd numbers (2n + 1) (in Planck units\n), n = 0, 1, 2.... . The mass levels are the square root of (2n + 1). Large n\nare semiclassical tending towards a classical continuum space-time. Low n are\nquantum, the lowest mode (n = 0) being the Planck scale. Two dual branches are\npresent covering the whole mass spectrum: from the largest astrophysical\nobjects to the quantum elementary particles passing by the Planck mass. Black\nholes belong to both branches. (Abridged)",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mechanical wave momentum from the first principles: For steady-state and some other types of mechanical waves of an arbitrary\nform, intensity and nature, propagating in a free uniform waveguide, we present\nthe following. Relations for the axial momentum as it directly follows from the\nconservation laws. The mass associated with the wave. The connection between\nthe wave energy and momentum. The structure of a binary wave which possesses a\nself-equilibrated momentum, in particular, a transverse-longitudinal wave\nformed upon excitation of flexural waves. Conditions under which longitudinal\nsinusoidal waves can carry momentum and the physical meaning of the so-called\n\"wave momentum\".",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Heisenberg's principle: a cosmological speculation: It is shown how the uncertainty principle can provide a mechanism for the\ngeneration of fluctuations of very diverse scales in the early universe. This\nphenomenon could account for the large-scale structure observed today.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Spherical Shell Cosmological Model and Uniformity of Cosmic Microwave\n  Background Radiation: Considered is spherical shell as a model for visible universe and parameters\nthat such model must have to comply with the observable data. The topology of\nthe model requires that motion of all galaxies and light must be confined\ninside a spherical shell. Consequently the observable universe cannot be\ndefined as a sphere centered on the observer, rather it is an arc length within\nthe volume of the spherical shell. The radius of the shell is 4.46 $\\pm$ 0.06\nGpc, which is for factor $\\pi$ smaller than radius of a corresponding 3-sphere.\nHowever the event horizon, defined as the arc length inside the shell, has the\nsize of 14.0 $\\pm$ 0.2 Gpc, which is in agreement with the observable data. The\nmodel predicts, without inflation theory, the isotropy and uniformity of the\nCMB. It predicts the correct value for the Hubble constant $H_0$ = 67.26 $\\pm$\n0.90 km/s/Mpc, the cosmic expansion rate $H(z)$, and the speed of the event\nhorizon in agreement with observations. The theoretical suport for shell model\ncomes from general relativity, curvature of space by mass, and from holographic\nprinciple. The model explains the reason for the established discrepancy\nbetween the non-covariant version of the holographic principle and the\ncalculated dimensionless entropy $(S/k)$ for the visible universe, which\nexceeds the entropy of a black hole. The model is in accordance with the\ndistribution of radio sources in space, type Ia data, and data from the Hubble\nUltra Deep Field optical and near-infrared survey.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Goldbach conjecture sequences in quantum mechanics: We show that there is a correspondence between Goldbach conjecture sequences\n(GCS) and expectation values of the number operator in Fock states. We\ndemonstrate that depending on the normalization or not of Fock state\nsuperpositions, we have sequences that are equivalent and sequences that are\nnot equivalent to GCS. We propose an algorithm where sequences equivalent to\nGCS can be derived in terms of expectation values with normalized states.\nDefining states whose projections generate GCS, we relate this problem to\neigenstates of quantum harmonic oscillator and discuss Fock states directly\nassociated to GCS, taking into account the hamiltonian spectrum and quantum\nvacuum fluctuations. Finally, we address the problems of degeneracy, maps\nassociating GCS and Goldbach partitions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamics and the Origin of Life: Modern developments in nonequilibrium thermodynamics have significant\nimplications for the origins of life. The reasons for this are closely related\nto a generalized version of the second law of thermodynamics recently found for\nentropy production during irreversible evolution of a given system such as\nself-replicating RNA. This paper is intended to serve as an introduction to\nthese developments.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Pauli matrices and 2D electron gas: In the present paper it will be argued that transport in a 2D electron gas\ncan be implemented as 'local hidden instrument based' variables. With this\nconcept of instrumentalism it is possible to explain the quantum correlation,\nthe particle-wave duality and Wheeler's 'backward causation of a particle'. In\nthe case of quantum correlation the spin measuring variant of the Einstein\nPodolsky and Rosen paradox is studied. In the case of particle-wave duality the\nsystem studied is single photon Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometry with a phase\nshift size $\\delta$. The idea that the instruments more or less neutrally may\nshow us the way to the particle will be replaced by the concept of laboratory\nequipment contributing in an unexpected way to the measurement.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Canonical distribution and incompleteness of quantum mechanics: The paper discusses the physical groundlessness of the models used for the\nderivation of canonical distribution and provides the experimental data\ndemonstrating the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. The possibility of using\nstatistical ensembles is presented as a consequence of the existence of\nprobabilistic processes which are not accounted for by quantum mechanics. The\npaper provides a new analytical derivation of canonical distribution for\nmacrosystems which takes into account subquantum processes. The paper discusses\nthe possibility of the experimental study of a probability which is beyond\nquantum mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Variable Tension, Large Deflection Ideal String Model For Transverse\n  Motions: In this study a new approach to the problem of transverse vibrations of an\nideal string is presented. Unlike previous studies, assumptions such as\nconstant tension, inextensibility, constant crosssectional area, small\ndeformations and slopes are all removed. The main result is that, despite such\nrelaxations in the model, not only does the final equation remain linear, but,\nit is exactly the same equation obtained in classical treatments. First, an\n\"infinitesimals\" based analysis, similar to historical methods, is given.\nHowever, an alternative and much stronger approach, solely based on finite\nquantities, is also presented. Furthermore, it is shown that the same result\ncan also be obtained by Lagrangian mechanics, which indicates the compatibility\nof the original method with those based on energy and variational principles.\nAnother interesting result is the relation between the force distribution and\nstring displacement in static cases, which states that the force distribution\nper length is proportional to the second spatial derivative of the\ndisplacement. Finally, an equation of motion pertaining to variable initial\ndensity and area is presented.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On a Modified Klein Gordon Equation: We consider a modified Klein-Gordon equation that arises at ultra high\nenergies. In a suitable approximation it is shown that for the linear potential\nwhich is of interest in quark interactions, their confinement for example,we\nget solutions that mimic the Harmonic oscillator energy levels, surprisingly.\nAn equation similar to the beam equation is obtained in the process.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Universe with a generalized ghost dark energy and Van der Waals fluid\n  interacting with a fluid: In this paper, we consider an unusual connection between different fluids.\nHaving established a research goal we would like to consider a toy model of the\nUniverse and investigate its behavior, especially for later time evolution for\nwell known facts. The main goal of the article is to consider a toy model of\nthe Universe with generalized ghost dark energy, Van der Waals gas and a\nphenomenologically modified fluid. The origin of the last component can be\nunderstood as a result of interaction between some original fluid and some\nsource of energy or matter in Universe. By unusual connection we mean an\nassumption that generalized ghost dark energy has its contribution to the model\nby an interaction term $Q$ and we suppose an interaction of the form\n$Q=3Hb(\\rho_{\\small{tot}}-\\rho_{GDe})$. Graphical analysis is performed and the\nquestions of validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics and\nstability of the model also approached in this paper.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The unperformed experiment as an act of annihilation: Here, we accept the results of quantum experiments at face value and we make\nno apology for the failure of classical physics. Just as Wheeler has called\nparticle detection an \"act of creation\", we suggest that, in some\ncircumstances, not detecting the particle might be considered an \"act of\nannihilation\". We propose a delayed choice experiment in which we decide to\ninterrupt an experiment after the particle has supposedly passed through the\npreparation apparatus and is on the verge of being detected. Even with the\ndetection device in place, the particle is nowhere to be found.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Einsteins hole dilemma and gauge freedom: The issue of the physical equivalence between the different coordinate system\nin Einstein theory is revised. Gauge fixing influences results of measurements\nand physics are different in two different coordinate system. Spacetime metric\ngenerated by static spherically symmetric distribution of matter can be matched\nwith wide family of vacuum solution and the exterior spacetime geometry could\nnot be deduced directly from the interior perfect fluid solution, without\nreference to a gauge fixing or viceversa. The property of sollutions in general\nrelativity is indeed an observer dependent concept.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Physics of Binary Information: Basic concepts of theoretical particle physics, including quantum mechanics\nand Poincar\\'e invariance, the leptonic mass spectrum and the proton mass, can\nbe derived, without reference to first principles, from intrinsic properties of\nthe simplest elements of information represented by binary data. What we\ncomprehend as physical reality is, therefore, a reflection of mathematically\ndetermined logical structures, built from elements of binary data.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Mechanics and the Principle of Least Radix Economy: A new variational method, the principle of least radix economy, is\nformulated. The mathematical and physical relevance of the radix economy, also\ncalled digit capacity, is established, showing how physical laws can be derived\nfrom this concept in a unified way. The principle reinterprets and generalizes\nthe principle of least action yielding two classes of physical solutions: least\naction paths and quantum wavefunctions. A new physical foundation of the\nHilbert space of quantum mechanics is then accomplished and it is used to\nderive the Schr\\\"odinger and Dirac equations and the breaking of the\ncommutativity of spacetime geometry. The formulation provides an explanation of\nhow determinism and random statistical behavior coexist in spacetime and a\nframework is developed that allows dynamical processes to be formulated in\nterms of chains of digits. These methods lead to a new (pre-geometrical)\nfoundation for Lorentz transformations and special relativity. The\nParker-Rhodes combinatorial hierarchy is encompassed within our approach and\nthis leads to an estimate of the interaction strength of the electromagnetic\nand gravitational forces that agrees with the experimental values to an error\nof less than one thousandth. Finally, it is shown how the principle of\nleast-radix economy naturally gives rise to Boltzmann's principle of classical\nstatistical thermodynamics. A new expression for a general (path-dependent)\nnonequilibrium entropy is proposed satisfying the Second Law of Thermodynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Probing the mathematical nature of the photon field: The mathematical content of the interaction term of quantum electrodynamics\nis examined under the following assumption: It is presumed that the apparent\ndegrees-of-freedom of the photon field reflect the kinematical\ndegrees-of-freedom of the two-particle state space of massive fermions, rather\nthan independent degrees-of-freedom of the photon field. This assumption is\nverified by reproducing the numerical value of the fine-structure constant.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Einstein-Cartan cosmology and the CMB anisotropies: We derive linear scalar perturbation equations for Einstein-Cartan field\nequations of Weyssenhoff fluid, as well as for the corresponding perturbations\nof Bianchi identity and geodesic equations. The equations are given in both\nconformal Newtonian and synchronous gauges. They are suitable for numerical\nimplementation when precise evolution of torsion and its perturbation will be\nextracted from N-body cosmic simulations of the large scale structures in the\nUniverse. A rising number of problems of the concordance cosmological model\nforces us to include the rotational degrees of freedom realized through torsion\nin the Einstein-Cartan gravity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Unobservable Potentials to Explain a Quantum Eraser and a Delayed-Choice\n  Experiment: We present a new explanation for a quantum eraser. Mathematical description\nof the traditional explanation needs quantum-superposition states. However, the\nphenomenon can be explained without quantum-superposition states by introducing\nunobservable potentials which can be identified as an indefinite metric vector.\nIn addition, a delayed choice experiment can also be explained by the\ninterference between the photons and unobservable potentials, which seems like\nan unreal long-range correlation beyond the causality.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Spacetime Quantum Fluctuations, Minimal Length and Einstein Equations: In the process of work it has been found that space-time quantum fluctuations\nare naturally described in terms of the deformation parameter introduced on\ngoing from the well-known quantum mechanics to that at Planck scales and put\nforward in the previous works of the author. As shown, with the use of quite\nnatural assumptions, these fluctuations must be allowed for in Einstein\nEquations to lead to the dependence of the latter on the above-mentioned\nparameter, that is insignificant and may be ignored at low energies but is of\nparticular importance at high energies. Besides, some inferences form the\nobtained results are maid.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Correct Formulation Of Lattice QCD Method To Study Hadron Formation From\n  Quarks and Gluons: The present lattice QCD method can not study the hadron formation from the\nquarks and gluons. This is because it operates the unphysical QCD Hamiltonian\nof all the quarks plus antiquarks plus gluons inside the hadron on the physical\nenergy eigenstate of the hadron to obtain the physical energy eigenvalue of the\nhadron which is not correct because of the non-vanishing boundary surface term\nin the energy conservation equation in QCD due to the confinement of quarks,\nantiquarks and gluons inside the finite size hadron. In this paper we present\nthe correct formulation of the lattice QCD method to study the physical hadron\nformation from the unphysical quarks, antiquarks and gluons inside the hadron\nby using this non-vanishing boundary surface term in the lattice QCD.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gravitational anti-screening as an alternative to the LCDM model: Previously, in Penner (2016), a theory of gravitational anti-screening was\nshown to lead to the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relationship. In addition, it was\nshown to agree with the observed rotation curve of the Galaxy, the observed\nfeatures in the rotational curves of other spiral galaxies, and with\nobservations of the Coma cluster. In this paper, the theory is now shown to be\nconsistent with a geometrically flat universe. Using a model of the\ndistribution of superclusters, the overall density parameter of the universe,\nas determined by the theory, is equal to 1.08 plus/mimus 0.19. In addition, the\nenergy density which falls out from the theory has a negative pressure\nassociated with it. This, along with a model of the evolution of superclusters,\nleads to an acceleration of the universal expansion without the requirement of\ndark energy. The theory of gravitational anti-screening therefore provides an\nalternative to the LCDM model of cosmology.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On some discrete subgroups of the Lorentz group: Some discrete subgroups of the Lorentz group are found using Fedorov's\nparametrization by means of complex vector-parameter. It is shown that the\ndiscrete subgroup of the Lorentz group, which have not fixed points, are\ncontained in boosts along a spatial direction for time-like and space-like\nvectors and are discrete subgroups of the group SO(1,1), whereas discrete\nsubgroups of isotropic vector are subgroups of SO(1,1)\\times E(1,1).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Post-Galilean transformations of space and time derivatives and their\n  consequences: Using post-Galilean space and time derivatives transformations and quantum\nmechanics, we have found a new particle-wave equation besides the Klein-Gordon\nequation describing a spinless scalar particle. This new equation can also be\nobtained from Dirac's equation if $\\beta=\\gamma(1\\pm\\frac{v}{c})$. Biot-Savart\nlaw and additional continuity equations are obtained as a consequence of the\ninvariance of Dirac's equation and Maxwell's equations under these\ntransformations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The New Finite Temperature Schrodinger Equation: Implant the thoughtway of thermostatistics in quantum mechanics, set up the\nnew finite temperature Schr\\\"odinger equation, define the pure-state free\nenergy, and revise the microscopic entropy introduced by Wu, et al.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The general form-invariance principle: We postulate the applicability of the general form-invariance principle in\nspecial relativity. It is shown that this principle holds in classical\nmechanics. Some examples of transformations between the reference frames which\nsatisfy this principle are considered. A new transformation is proposed for a\ntransition from a uniformly rotating reference frame to a reference frame whose\norigin is shifted from the rotation axis. Another possible formulation of this\nprinciple is given for the case of stationary rigid reference frames which\ndiffer from one another only by the position of the origin.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Common physical mechanism for integer and fractional quantum Hall\n  effects: Integer and fractional quantum Hall effects were studied with different\nphysics models and explained by different physical mechanisms. In this paper,\nthe common physical mechanism for integer and fractional quantum Hall effects\nis studied, where a new unified formulation of integer and fractional quantum\nHall effect is presented. Firstly, we introduce a 2-dimensional ideal electron\ngas model in the presence of strong magnetic field with symmetry gauge, and the\ntransverse electric filed $\\varepsilon_2$ is also introduced to balance Lorentz\nforce. Secondly, the Pauli equation is solved where the wave function and\nenergy levels is given explicitly. Thirdly, after the calculation of the\ndegeneracy density for 2-dimensional ideal electron gas system, the Hall\nresistance of the system is obtained, where the quantum Hall number $\\nu$ is\nintroduced. It is found that the new defined $\\nu$, called filling factor in\nthe literature, is related to radial quantum number n and angular quantum\nnumber $|m|$, the different $n$ and $|m|$ correspond to different $\\nu$. This\nprovides unification explaination for integer and fractional quantum Hall\neffects. It is predicated that more new cases exist of fractional quantum Hall\neffects without the concept of fractional charge.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Derivation of Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula from the electromagnetic field\n  modes of a hadron: When an electron probes another elementary particle Q, the wave function of\nthe electron can be separated into two independent parts, the first part\nrepresents the electronic motion, the second part represents the\nelectromagnetic field mode around the particle Q. In analogy with optical modes\n$TEM_{nlm}$ for a laser resonator, when the electromagnetic field around the\nparticle Q forms into a mode, the quantum numbers of the mode satisfy the\nGell-Mann-Nishijima formula, these quantum numbers are recognized as the charge\nnumber, baryon number and strangeness number. The modes are used as a visual\nmodel to understand the abstract baryon number and strangeness number of\nhadrons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Kinematical formalism of elementary spinning particles: The concept of elementary particle rests on the idea that it is a physical\nsystem with no excited states, so that all possible kinematical states of the\nparticle are just kinematical modifications of any one of them. The way of\ndescribing the particle attributes is equivalent to describe the collection of\nconsecutive inertial observers who describe the particle in the same\nkinematical state. The kinematical state space of an elementary particle is a\nhomogeneous space of the kinematical group. By considering the largest\nhomogeneous spaces of both, Galilei and Poincar\\'e groups, it is shown how the\nspin structure is related to the different degrees of freedom. The formalism is\nquantized by means of Feynman's path integral approach and special attention is\npaid to the classical model which satisfies Dirac's equation. Dirac's algebra\nis related to the classical observables, in particular to the orientation\nvariables. Several spin effects are also analyzed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum caused by two\n  point-like bodies: In a recent paper (Hajdukovic 2020a) quantum vacuum was considered as a\nsource of gravity and, the simplest phenomenon, the gravitational polarization\nof the quantum vacuum by an immersed point-like body, was studied. In the\npresent paper, we have derived the effective gravitational charge density of\nthe quantum vacuum, caused by two point-like bodies. Among others, the obtained\nresult proves that quantum vacuum can have regions with a negative effective\ngravitational charge density. Hence, quantum vacuum, the \"ocean\" in which all\nmatter of the Universe is immersed, acts as a complex fluid with a very\nvariable gravitational charge density that might include both positive and\nnegative densities; a crucial prediction that can be tested within the Solar\nSystem. In general case of N>2 point-like bodies, immersed in the quantum\nvacuum, the analytical solutions are not possible, and the use of numerical\nmethods is inevitable. The key point is that an appropriate numerical method,\nfor the calculation of the effective gravitational charge of the quantum vacuum\ninduced by N immersed bodies, might be crucial in description of galaxies,\nwithout the involvement of dark matter or a modification of gravity. The\ndevelopment of such a valuable numerical method, is not possible, without a\nprevious (and in this study achieved) understanding of the impact of a two-body\nsystem.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Pioneer maser signal anomaly: Possible confirmation of spontaneous\n  photon blueshifting: The novel physics methodology of subquantum kinetics predicted in 1980 that\nphotons should blueshift their frequency at a rate that varies directly with\nnegative gravitational potential, the rate of blueshifting for photons\ntraveling between Earth and Jupiter having been estimated to average\napproximately (1.3 +/- 0.65) X 10^-18 s^-1, or (1.1 +/- 0.6) X 10^-18 s^-1 for\nsignals traveling a roundtrip distance of 65 AU through the outer solar system.\nA proposal was made in 1980 to test this blueshifting effect by transponding a\nmaser signal over a 10 AU round-trip distance between two spacecraft. This\nblueshift prediction has more recently been corroborated by observations of\nmaser signals transponded to the Pioneer 10 spacecraft. These measurements\nindicate a frequency shifting of approximately (2.28 +/- 0.4) X 10^-18 s^-1\nwhich lies within 2 sigma of the subquantum kinetics prediction and which\ncannot be accounted for in terms of known forces acting on the craft. This\nblueshifting phenomenon implies the existence of a new source of energy which\nis able to account for the luminosities of red dwarf and brown dwarf stars and\nplanets, and their observed sharing of a common mass-luminosity relation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "How high the temperature of a liquid be raised without boiling?: How high the temperature of a liquid be raised beyond its boiling point\nwithout vaporizing (known as the limit of superheat) is an interesting subject\nof investigation. A new method of finding the limit of superheat of liquids is\npresented here. The superheated liquids are taken in the form of drops\nsuspended in visco elastic gel. The nucleation is detected acoustically by a\nsensitive piezo-electric transducer, coupled to a multi channel scaler and the\nnucleation is observed as a funtion of time and with increase of temperature.\nThe limit of superheat measured by the present method supersedes all other\nmeasurements and theoretical predictions in reaching closest to the critical\ntemperature and warrants improved theoretical predictions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Neutrino Mass Sum-rule and Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay: Neutrino mass sum-rule is a very important research subject from theoretical\nside because neutrino oscillation experiment only gave us two squared-mass\ndifferences and three mixing angles. We review neutrino mass sum-rule in\nliterature that have been reported by many authors and discuss its\nphenomenological implications especially on neutrino mass and neutrinoless\ndouble beta decay by plotting effective Majorana mass $\\left<m_{ee}\\right>$ as\nfunction of the lightest neutrino mass both for normal and inverted hierarchy\nby using the central values of reported mixing angles and reported squared-mass\ndifferences as input",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cylindrical symmetric solutions of the Einstein equation with the\n  cosmological term: Assuming that universe is the object of point rotation at a frequency, the\nrelationship is established between this frequency and the cosmological\nconstant. Using the transformation for point-like rotating coordinate systems,\nan unusual exact solution of the Einstein equation is found.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cauchy's Logico-Linguistic Slip, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle\n  and a Semantic Dilemma Concerning \"Quantum Gravity\": The importance of language in physics has gained emphasis in recent times, on\nthe one hand through Hilbert's views that concern formalism and intuition\napplied for outer inquiry, and on the other hand through Brouwer's point of\nview that concerns intuition applied for inner inquiry or, as I call,\nself-inquiry. It is to demonstrate the essence of such investigations,\nespecially self-inquiry (inward intuition), I find it compelling to report that\na careful analysis of Cauchy's statements for the definition of derivative, as\napplied in physics, unveils the connection to the Heisenberg uncertainty\nprinciple as a condition for the failure of classical mechanics. Such\nlogico-linguistic, or semantically driven, self-inquiry of physics can provide\nnew insights to physicists in the pursuit of truth and reality, for example, in\nthe context of Schroedinger equation. I point out an explicit dilemma that\nplagues the semantics of physics, as far as general relativity and quantum\nmechanics are concerned, which needs to be taken into account during any\nattempt to pen down a theory of \"quantum gravity\".",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dark energy: the absolute electric potential of the universe: Is there an absolute cosmic electric potential?. The recent discovery of the\naccelerated expansion of the universe could be indicating that this is\ncertainly the case. In this essay we show that the consistency of the covariant\nand gauge invariant theory of electromagnetism is truly questionable when\nconsidered on cosmological scales. Out of the four components of the\nelectromagnetic field, Maxwell's theory only contains two physical degrees of\nfreedom. However, in the presence of gravity, one of the \"unphysical\" states\ncannot be consistently eliminated, thus becoming real. This third polarization\nstate is completely decoupled from charged matter, but can be excited\ngravitationally thus breaking gauge invariance. On large scales the new state\ncan be seen as a homogeneous cosmic electric potential, whose energy density\nbehaves as a cosmological constant.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Milne Quantum-Universe Redshift-Luminosity Correlation: Milne`s classical homogeneous-universe cosmology predicts a product of Hubble\nconstant with luminosity distance that equals z + z2/2, where z is redshift.\nSupernova-data are consistent with this relation, supporting quantum-theoretic\nconsiderations that reveal Milne`s universe as \"non-empty\".",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Vector potentials in gauge theories in flat spacetime: A recent suggestion that vector potentials in electrodynamics (ED) are\nnontensorial objects under 4D frame rotations is found to be both unnecessary\nand confusing. As traditionally used in ED, a vector potential $A$ always\ntransforms homogeneously under 4D rotations in spacetime, but if the gauge is\nchanged by the rotation, one can restore the gauge back to the original gauge\nby adding an inhomogeneous term. It is then \"not a 4-vector\", but two: one for\nrotation and one for translation. For such a gauge, it is much more important\nto preserve {\\it explicit} homogeneous Lorentz covariance by simply skipping\nthe troublesome gauge-restoration step. A gauge-independent separation of $A$\ninto a dynamical term and a non-dynamical term in Abelian gauge theories is\nre-defined more generally as the terms caused by the presence and absence\nrespectively of the 4-current term in the inhomogeneous Maxwell equations for\n$A$. Such a separation {\\it cannot} in general be extended to non-Abelian\ntheories where $A$ satisfies nonlinear differential equations. However, in the\nlinearized iterative solution that is perturbation theory, the usual Abelian\nquantizations in the usual gauges can be used. Some nonlinear complications are\nbriefly reviewed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Wave Functions of Pentadiagonal Matrices in the Weak Coupling Limit: We consider a pentadiagonal matrix which will be described in the text. We\ndemonstrate practical methods for obtaining weak coupling expressions for the\nlowest eigenvector in terms of the parameters in the matrix, v and w. It is\nfound that the expressions simplify if the wave function coefficients are put\nin the denominator.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Classical counterexample to Bell's theorem: We describe a strictly classical dice game, which emulates the main features\nof the EPR experiment, including violation of Bell's inequalities. Therefore,\nthe standard interpretation that Bell's theorem provides necessary conditions\nfor `local realism' is disproved.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Confining Quark Model with General Yang-Mills Symmetry and Inadequate\n  Faddeev-Popov Ghost: A quark model with general Yang-Mills $SU_3$ symmetry leads to fourth-order\nfield equations and linear confining potential. The confining gauge bosons\n(`confions') are treated as off-mass-shell particles and their indefinite\nenergies are unobservable due to confinement. The ultraviolet divergence of the\nmodel appears to be no worse than that of QCD by power counting. Explicit\ncalculations of the confion self-energy show that the usual Faddeev-Popov\nghosts are inadequate to restore gauge symmetry for gauge invariant Lagrangians\nwith higher order derivatives. `Computer experiments' with FeynCalc lead to a\nsimple empirical method to restore the gauge invariance of the second-order\nconfion self-energy with arbitrary gauge parameters. The approximate results of\nthird-order vertex corrections suggest that the confining model could be\nasymptotically free.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Negative Observations in Quantum Mechanics: In quantum mechanics, it is possible to make observations that affect\nphysical entities without there being a physical interaction between the\nobserver and the physical entity measured. Epstein (1945) and Renninger (1960)\ndiscussed this situation, and Renninger called this type of observation a\n\"negative observation.\" Empirical research on electron shelving supports the\npossibility of negative observations (Bergquist, Hulet, Itano, and Wineland,\n1986; Nagourney, Sandberg, and Dehmelt, 1986; Sauter, Neuhauser, Blatt, and\nToschek, 1986). Two scenarios are presented that emphasize the role of human\nobservation in negative observations. The first is modeled after the two hole\ngedankenexperiments of Feynman, Leighton, and Sands (1965) and portrays\nnegative observations in a non-technical manner. The second scenario allows for\nquantifying the affect on physical entities of negative observations in a\nsimple fashion. In addition, various issues related to negative observation are\ndiscussed, including an objection that might be raised. The Schrodinger cat\ngedankenexperiment is discussed briefly as well.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Asymmetric variation of a finite mass harmonic like oscillator: Classical and quantum mechanical analysis have been carried out on harmonic\nlike oscillator with asymmetric position dependent mass. Phase space analysis\nare performed both classically and quantum mechanically for a plausible\nunderstanding of the subject.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "No-localidad, multiuniverso y principio cosmologico en un modelo simple\n  de espacio-tiempo: Here we analyze the physical concepts of non-locality, multi-universe, and\ncosmological principle in the framework of a space-time discrete model\npreviously developed. In previous developments of this model we have elucidated\nas derivative concepts those of time, space-time, reference frame, particle,\ninteraction between systems of particles, field, interaction between fields,\ndetector of particle, and wave function. We start from the primitive concept of\npreparticle and four postulates alluding simple concepts. The fundamental\npostulate says that space-time points can be represented by equivalent classes\nof points of crossing between particles having the same structure. In this way\neach point of space-time is represented by an equivalent class corresponding to\na different structure from the one of any other equivalent class representing a\nspace-time point. We have considered a new way to define system of observation\nand detector of particles, which leads to non- local properties of the\nspace-time model considered. Finally we have speculated about dark matter and\ndark energy in the frame work of our model.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Antipodal identification in the Schwarschild spacetime: Through a M\\\"obius transformation, we study aspects like topology, ligth\ncones, horizons, curvature singularity, lines of constant Schwarzschild\ncoordinates $r$ and $t$, null geodesics, and transformed metric, of the\nspacetime $(SKS/2)^\\prime$ that results from: i) the antipode identification in\nthe Schwarzschild-Kruskal-Szekeres ($SKS$) spacetime, and ii) the suppression\nof the consequent conical singularity. In particular, one obtains a non\nsimply-connected topology: $(SKS/2)^\\prime\\cong \\mathbb{R}^{2*}\\times S^2$ and,\nas expected, bending light cones.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Deformation Retract and Folding of the 5D Schwarzchild Field: In this article we introduce some types of the deformtion retracts of the\n$5D$ Schwarzchild space making use of Lagrangian equations. The retraction of\nthis space into itself and into geodesics has been presented. The relation\nbetween folding and deformation retract of this space has been achieved. A\nrelation for energy conservation similar to the one obtained in four dimensions\nhas been obtained for the five dimensional case.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Geometrical Unification of Gravitation and Electromagnetism: A theory which achieves a complete geometrical unification of gravitation and\nelectromagnetism (GUGE) is presented. This new theory is based on a recent\nproposal of proper time redefinition that leads to the construction of a\nRiemann metric, which naturally unifies gravity and electromagnetism. The\n5--dimensional Riemann metric which arises looks exactly the same as the one\npostulated in the Kaluza-Klein (KK) 5-dimensional theory. Nevertheless, there\nare deep differences between GUGE and KK. The GUGE metric is deduced while the\nKK metric is postulated. In the GUGE field theory there is no need to impose\neither of the so called \"cylinder\" or \"curling of coordinates\" conditions,\nbecause they emerge as direct consequences of the construction of the GUGE\nmetric. The GUGE field equations are fully equivalent to Einstein--Maxwell\nequations, while KK field equations are not. The GUGE 5--dimensional (geodesic)\nequations are equivalent to the 4--dimensional (non--geodesic) equations for a\ncharged particle moving in the presence of gravitational and electromagnetic\nfields, unlike the KK 5--dimensional (geodesic) equations which are not and, in\naddition, yield non--gauge covariant geodesic equations. No extra scalar field\nappears in GUGE. The physical interpretation of the fifth dimension and of the\nrole of the extra field in KK (internal coordinate in GUGE) are totally\ndifferent in both approaches. Finally, GUGE results include electric charge\nconservation, electric charge quantization and electric charge contribution to\nthe energy of charged particles even in the absence of electromagnetic fields,\nwhich implies (the observed fact) that there are no massless electrically\ncharged particles in Nature, unlike the prevailing treatments of KK theories.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "In Outer Space without a Space Suit?: The author proposes and investigates his old idea - a living human in space\nwithout the encumbrance of a complex space suit. Only in this condition can\nbiological humanity seriously attempt to colonize space because all planets of\nSolar system (except the Earth) do not have suitable atmospheres. Aside from\nthe issue of temperature, a suitable partial pressure of oxygen is lacking. In\nthis case the main problem is how to satiate human blood with oxygen and delete\ncarbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide). The proposed system would enable a person\nto function in outer space without a space suit and, for a long time, without\nfood. That is useful also in the Earth for sustaining working men in an\notherwise deadly atmosphere laden with lethal particulates (in case of nuclear,\nchemical or biological war), in underground confined spaces without fresh air,\nunder water or a top high mountains above a height that can sustain\nrespiration.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the hydrino state of the relativistic hydrogen atom: The Klein-Gordon equation of the hydrogen atom has a low-lying eigenstate,\ncalled hydrino state, with square integrable wavefunction. The corresponding\nspinor solution of Dirac's equation is not square integrable. For this reason\nthe hydrino state has been rejected in the early days of quantum mechanics as\nbeing unphysical. Maybe it is time to change opinion.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Roles of Asymptotic Condition and S-Matrix as Micro-Macro Duality in QFT: Various versions of \"independence\" are actively inverstigated in quantum\nprobability. In the context of relativistic QFT, we show here that the physical\norigin of \"independence\" can be sought in the asymptotic condition through\nwhich asymptotic fields and states exhibiting the independence emerge from the\nnon-independent interacting Heisenberg fields in a kind of \"central limit\".\nFrom the algebraic viewpoint, this condition is equivalent to the on-shell\ncondition to pick up free one-particle modes, which also reduces to Einstein's\nfamous formula $E=mc^{2}$. A scenario to reconstruct interacting Heisenberg\nfields as Micro-objects from these \"independent\" =free Macro-objects\nintertwined by an S-matrix as a measurable quantity is formulated according to\nthe Micro-Macro Duality associated with a new notion of a \\textit{cocycle of\nK-T operators}.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An approach to the formalism of the Standard Model of Particle Physics: So far, the Standard Model of particle physics (SM) describes the\nphenomenology observed in high energy physics. In the Large Hadron Collider\n(LHC) is expected to find the Higgs boson, which is an essential part of SM;\nalso expects to see new particles or deviations from the SM, which would be\nevidence of other truly fundamental theory. Consequently, a clear understanding\nof the SM and, in general, quantum field theory is of great importance for\nparticle physics, however, students face a formalism and a set of concepts with\nwhich they are unfamiliar. This paper shows how to make an approach to SM to\nintroduce students to the formalism and some fundamental concepts.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Detectability of Lorentz-violating potentials in a unified model of\n  fermions: The detectability of the fermion-potentials appearing in a unified model of\nfermions is discussed from the viewpoint of an effective field theory. Although\nthe fermion-potentials are effectively represented as terms similar to the\n$a$-coefficients in the theory of standard-model extension, their magnitudes\nare very large and their physical implications are different. A possibility is\nshown that the fermion-potentials are detectable by neither the deviations from\nconventional energy-momentum conservations, the neutrino-oscillations, the\nCPT-violation in neutral meson systems, nor the gravitational effects.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Applying quantum mechanics to macroscopic and mesoscopic systems: There exists a paradigm in which Quantum Mechanics is an exclusively\ndeveloped theory to explain phenomena on a microscopic scale. As the Planck's\nconstant is extremely small, $h\\sim10^{-34}{J.s}$, and as in the relation of de\nBroglie the wavelength is inversely proportional to the momentum; for a\nmesoscopic or macroscopic object the Broglie wavelength is very small, and\nconsequently the undulatory behavior of this object is undetectable. In this\npaper we show that with a particle oscillating around its classical trajectory,\nthe action is an integer multiple of a quantum of action, $S = nh_{o}$. The\nquantum of action, $h_{o}$, which plays a role equivalent to Planck's constant,\nis a free parameter that must be determined and depends on the physical system\nconsidered. For a mesoscopic and macroscopic system: $h_{o}\\gg h$, this allows\nus to describe these systems with the formalism of quantum mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Complex-Dynamical Extension of the Fractal Paradigm and Its Applications\n  in Life Sciences: Complex-dynamical fractal is a hierarchy of permanently, chaotically changing\nversions of system structure, obtained as the unreduced, causally probabilistic\ngeneral solution of arbitrary interaction problem (physics/0305119,\nphysics/9806002). Intrinsic creativity of this extension of usual fractality\ndetermines its exponentially high operation efficiency, which underlies many\nspecific functions of living systems, such as autonomous adaptability,\n\"purposeful\" development, intelligence and consciousness (at higher complexity\nlevels). We outline in more detail genetic applications of complex-dynamic\nfractality, demonstrate the dominating role of genome interactions, and show\nthat further progressive development of genetic research, as well as other\nlife-science applications, should be based on the dynamically fractal structure\nanalysis of interaction processes involved. We finally summarise the obtained\nextension of mathematical concepts and approaches closely related to their\nbiological applications.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Whether quantum mechanics can be almighty even in information science: We discuss that there is a crucial contradiction within quantum mechanics. We\nderive a proposition concerning a quantum expectation value under the\nassumption of the existence of the directions in a spin-1/2 system. The quantum\npredictions within the formalism of von Neumann's projective measurement cannot\ncoexist with the proposition concerning the existence of the directions.\nTherefore, we have to give up either the existence of the directions or the\nformalism of von Neumann's projective measurement. Hence there is a crucial\ncontradiction within the Hilbert space formalism of the quantum theory. This\nimplies that there is no axiomatic system for the quantum theory. This also\nreveals that we need new physical theories in order to explain the handing of\nraw experimental data. We discuss that this crucial contradiction makes the\nquantum-theoretical formulation of Deutsch's algorithm questionable.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Forty-Four Pass Fibre Optic Loop for Improving the Sensitivity of\n  Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors: A forty-four pass fibre optic surface plasmon resonance sensor that enhances\ndetection sensitivity according to the number of passes is demonstrated for the\nfirst time. The technique employs a fibre optic recirculation loop that passes\nthe detection spot forty- four times, thus enhancing sensitivity by a factor of\nforty-four. Presently, the total number of passes is limited by the onset of\nlasing action of the recirculation loop. This technique offers a significant\nsensitivity improvement for various types of plasmon resonance sensors that may\nbe used in chemical and biomolecule detections.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dark Energy Gravitational Wave Observations and Ice Age Periodicity: Dark Energy is the dominant component of the energy density of the Universe.\nHowever, it is also very elusive since its interaction with the rest of the\nUniverse is primarily gravitational.Since Dark Energy is a low energy\nphenomenon from the perspective of particle physics and field theory, a\nfundamental approach based on fields in curved space is sufficient to\nunderstand the current dynamics of Dark Energy. The key issue is to understand\nthe gravitational dynamics of Dark Energy and its observational consequences.\nHowever, finding the observational consequences of Dark Energy dynamics has\nbeen a very challenging task. For something which is the dominant component of\nthe energy density of the Universe, Dark Energy appears to be very distant and\nreclusive. Here we show that the Dark Energy dynamics results in the production\nof gravitational waves which produce the ellipticity variation in the orbit of\nearth that results in the periodicity of the Ice Ages observed and documented\nby geologists and climatologists. Previously, no observational signature of\ngravitational waves produced by Dark Energy dynamics has been reported.\nFurther, no interpretation of the ellipticity variation of the orbit of earth\ndue to gravitational waves or the linking of such gravitational waves to the\nIce Age periodicity has been reported previously. We hope that the current work\nwill lead to some fresh insights and some more interesting work.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Power-Law and Logarithmic Entropy-Corrected Ricci Viscous Dark Energy\n  and Dynamics of Scalar Fields: In this work, I consider the logarithmic-corrected and the power-law\ncorrected versions of the holographic dark energy (HDE) model in the non-flat\nFRW universe filled with a viscous Dark Energy (DE) interacting with Dark\nMatter (DM). We propose to replace the infra-red cut-off with the inverse of\nthe Ricci scalar curvature $R$. I obtain the equation of state (EoS) parameter\n$\\omega_{\\Lambda}$, the deceleration parameter $q$ and the evolution of energy\ndensity parameter $\\Omega_D'$ in the presence of interaction between DE and DM\nfor both corrections. I study the correspondence of the logarithmic entropy\ncorrected Ricci Dark Dnergy (LECRDE) and power-law entropy corrected Ricci Dark\nEnergy (PLECRDE) models with the the Modified Chaplygin Gas (MCG) and some\nscalar fields including tachyon, K-essence, dilaton and quintessence. I also\nmake comparisons with previous results.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Is Hubble's Expansion due to Dark Energy: {\\it The universe is expanding} is known (through Galaxy observations) since\n1929 through Hubble's discovery ($V = H D$). Recently in 1999, it is found\n(through Supernovae observations) that the universe is not simply expanding but\nis accelerating too. We, however, hardly know only $4\\%$ of the universe. The\nWilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite observational data\nsuggest $73\\%$ content of the universe in the form of dark-energy, $23\\%$ in\nthe form of non-baryonic dark-matter and the rest $4\\%$ in the form of the\nusual baryonic matter. The acceleration of the universe is ascribed to this\ndark-energy with bizarre properties (repulsive-gravity). The question is that\nwhether Hubble's expansion is just due to the shock of big-bang & inflation or\nit is due to the repulsive-gravity of dark-energy? Now, it is believed to be\ndue to dark-energy, say, by re-introducing the once-discarded\ncosmological-constant $\\Lambda$. In the present paper, it is shown that `the\nformula for acceleration due to dark-energy' is (almost) exactly of same-form\nas `the acceleration formula from the Hubble's law'. Hence, it is concluded\nthat: yes, `indeed it is the dark-energy responsible for the Hubble's expansion\ntoo, in-addition to the current on-going acceleration of the universe'.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Geometric Structure of Higher-Dimensional Spheres: We explain in some detail the geometric structure of spheres in any\ndimension. Our approach may be helpful for other homogeneous spaces (with other\nsignatures) such as the de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spaces. We apply the\nprocedure to the recently proposed division-algebras/Poincar\\'e-conjecture\ncorrespondence. Moreover, we explore the possibility of a connection between\nN-qubit system and the Hopf maps. We also discuss the possible links of our\nwork with squashed-spheres in supergravity and pseudo-spheres in oriented\nmatroid theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On Possibility of Using High-Tc Ceramic-Superconductor as Junction-less\n  Transistor towards Nano-miniaturization: High-Tc Type-II ceramic-superconductor at temperature T < Tc, under presence\nof magnetic-field B becomes non-superconducting if B exceeds a critical value\nBc2. Thus at T < Tc, by application/absence of critical magnetic- field as a\ncontrolling device, these non-superconducting/superconductor states can be\nachieved for current-flow to two corresponding states of block/pass or off/on\nor 0/1. Thus it appears that there is a possibility of a new breed of\ntransistors purely with high-Tc Type-II ceramic-superconductor; compact and\nwithout junctions & complexities. The proposed\nceramic-superconductor-transistor (CST) seems in-principle to work well for\nswitching purpose, but its use could also be extended for other\nelectronic/computer devices too. The CST, being junction-less thus\ndiffusion-less, could possibly be packed more closely (at nano-level) than the\nsemi-conductor devices which has a limitation due to\ndiffusion-layer-overlapping. A similar superconductor-device named Cryotron was\ninvented at MIT half-a-century ago, but could not survive against\nsemiconductor. CST is a rebirth of cryotron in different disguise & in new\nperspective.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Nonlinear Conformal Electromagnetism and Gravitation: In 1909 the brothers E. and F. Cosserat discovered a new nonlinear group\ntheoretical approach to elasticity (EL), with the only experimental need to\nmeasure the EL constants. In a modern language, their idea has been to use the\nnonlinear Spencer sequence instead of the nonlinear Janet sequence for the Lie\ngroupoid defining the group of rigid motions of space. Following H. Weyl, our\npurpose is to compute for the first time the nonlinear Spencer sequence for the\nLie groupoid defining the conformal group of space-time in order to provide the\nphysical foundations of both electromagnetism (EM) and gravitation, with the\nonly experimental need to measure the EM constant in vacuum and the\ngravitational constant. With a manifold of dimension $n$, the difficulty is to\ndeal with the $n$ nonlinear transformations that have been called \"elations\" by\nE. Cartan in 1922. Using the fact that dimension $n=4$ has very specific\nproperties for the computation of the Spencer cohomology, we prove that there\nis no conceptual difference between the Cosserat EL field or induction\nequations and the Maxwell EM field or induction equations. As a byproduct, the\nwell known field/matter couplings (piezzoelectricity, photoelasticity, ...) can\nbe described abstractly, with the only experimental need to measure the\ncorresponding coupling constants. In the sudy of gravitation, the dimension\n$n=4$ also allows to have a conformal factor defined everywhere but at the\ncentral attractive mass and the inversion law of the subgroupoid made by strict\nsecond order jets transforms attraction into repulsion.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On a New 4-Vector Cosmological Field Theory: The original Dirac Equation is modified in the simplest imaginable and most\ntrivial manner to include a universal 4-Vector Cosmological Field term in the\nspace and time dimensions. This cosmological field leads to a modified Dirac\nEquation capable of explaining why the Universe appears to be made up chiefly\nof matter. It is seen that this 4-Vector Cosmological Field is actually a\nparticle field and this particle field can possibly be identified with the\ndarkmatter and darkenergy field. Further, this 4-Vector Cosmological Field is\nseen to give spacetime the desired quantum mechanical properties of randomness.\nFurthermore, it is seen that in the emergent Universe, the position coordinates\nof a particle in space -- contrary to the widely accepted belief that the\nposition of a particle in space has no physical significance, we see that that\nopposite is true - namely that the position of a particle has physical\nsignificance. We further note that the 4-Vector Cosmological Field modification\nto the Dirac Equation leads us to a vacuum model redolent but different from\nthat of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). This new vacuum model is without virtual\nparticles but darkparticles. We dare to make the suggestion that these\ndarkparticles may possibly explain the current mystery of what really is\ndarkmatter and darkenergy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some Comments on infinities on Quantum field Theory : A functional\n  integral approach: We analyze on the formalism of probability measures -functional integrals on\nfunction spaces , the problem of infinities on Euclidean field theories",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A solution of the spacetime singularity problem in relativistic\n  cosmology by using an additional variable: The spacetime singularity in relativistic cosmology is cancelled by using an\nadditional variable. That is, the singularity-free models for an expanding\nuniverse are obtained from general relativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Yang Mills Theory of Gravity: The canonical formulation of general relativity is based on decomposition\nspace--time manifold $M$ into $ R\\times \\Sigma$, this decomposition has to\npreserve the invariance of general relativity, invariance under general\ncoordinates, and local Lorentz transformations. These symmetries associate with\nconserved currents that are coupled to gravity. In this paper, we try to solve\nthe equations of motion of general relativity in self-dual formalism using only\nthe spin currents(Lorentz currents), in static case, and without needing using\nthe Einstein's equation, that makes the general relativity similar to\nYang-Mills theory of gauge fields. We give an example, matter located at a\npoint, so we have spherical symmetric system. Then we add Yang--Mills\nLagrangian to general relativity Lagrangian. Finally we use the decomposition\nof the space--time manifold $M=R\\times \\Sigma$ to find that $\\Sigma^{0a}_i$ is\na conjugate momentum of $A^{i}_a$ and $\\Sigma^{ab}_i F_{ab}^i$ is energy\ndensity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Understanding the second quantization of fermions in Clifford and in\n  Grassmann space -- New way of second quantization of fermions, Part II: We present in Part II the description of the internal degrees of freedom of\nfermions by the superposition of odd products of the Clifford algebra elements,\neither $\\gamma^a$'s or $\\tilde{\\gamma}^a$'s, which determine with their oddness\nthe anticommuting properties of the creation and annihilation operators of the\nsecond quantized fermion fields in even $d$-dimensional space-time, as we do in\nPart I of this paper by the Grassmann algebra elements $\\theta^a$'s and\n$\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\theta_a}$'s. We discuss: {\\bf i.} The properties of\nthe two kinds of the odd Clifford algebras, forming two independent spaces,\nboth expressible with the Grassmann algebra of $\\theta^{a}$'s and\n$\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\theta_{a}}$'s. {\\bf ii.} The freezing out procedure\nof one of the two kinds of the odd Clifford objects, enabling that the\nremaining Clifford objects determine with their oddness in the tensor products\nof the finite number of the Clifford basis vectors and the infinite number of\nmomentum basis, the creation and annihilation operators carrying the family\nquantum numbers and fulfilling the anticommutation relations of the second\nquantized fermions: on the vacuum state, and on the whole Hilbert space defined\nby the sum of infinite number of \"Slater determinants\" of empty and occupied\nsingle fermion states. {\\bf iii.} The relation between the second quantized\nfermions as postulated by Dirac and the ones following from our Clifford\nalgebra creation and annihilation operators, what offers the explanation for\nthe Dirac postulates.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermal processes generated in quark-gluon plasma by yoctosecond laser\n  pulses: In this paper the thermal processes generated by yoctosecond (10-24 s) laser\npulses in QGP are investigated. Considering that the relaxation time in QGP is\nof the order of 1 ys it is shown that in QGP the yoctosecond laser pulses can\ngenerate the thermal waves with velocity v = c (0.3 fm/ys).\n  Key words: QGP, thermal waves, yoctosecond pulses",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Solution of the relativistic bound state problem for hadrons: A second order extension of the QED Lagrangian (including boson-boson\ncoupling) has been used to describe q\\bar q hadrons. Assuming massless\nelementary fermions (quantons) this results in a finite theory without open\nparameters, which may be regarded as a fundamental description of the strong\ninteraction. Two potentials are deduced, a boson-exchange potential and one,\nwhich can be identified with the known confinement potential in hadrons. This\nformalism has been applied the mesonic systems omega(782), Phi(1020),\nJ/psi(3097) and Upsilon(9460), for which a good description is obtained.\n  The most important results are: 1. The confinement of hadrons is not due to\ncolour, but is a general property of relativistic bound states. 2. Massive\nquarks in the Standard Model (QCD) are understood as effective fermions with a\nmass given by the binding energy in the boson-exchange potential.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can Bohmian particle be a source of \"continuous collapse\" in GRW-type\n  theories: The purpose of this paper is to unite Pilot Wave model with GRW ideas through\na proposal that Bohmian particle serves as a source of continuous collapse. The\ncontinuous trajectory of a particle allows the particle-centered collapse\nmechanism to be continuous as well. This allows us to remove the \"stochastic\"\nelement from typical GRW proposals.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Testing Doppler type shift for an accelerated source and determination\n  of the universal maximal acceleration: An experiment for testing Doppler type shift for an accelerated source and\ndetermination of the universal maximal acceleration is proposed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Semi-classical understanding of flux quantization in superconductors: Like electric charge, magnetic flux is also quantised. Theoretically, one can\nshow that the flux quantum must be h/e, as observed in the quantum Hall effect.\nHowever, in the superconducting systems, the flux quantum is experimentally\nobserved as h/2e. There is no fundamental explanation for the empirical result.\nIn this article, we argue that this phenomenon is fundamentally linked to the\nnonlocality problem of the Aharonov-Bohm effect and present a new\nsemi-classical explanation for the magnetic flux quantum in superconductivity.\nThis work will also show why the flux quantum should be h/e in the case of the\nquantum Hall effect.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From Unexpected Minkowskian Solution of General Relativity with\n  Cosmological Constant to the Accelerating Universe: An unexpected Minkowskian solution of the equation of General Relativity\n(Einstein-1915) is trivial because it simply means that both members of the\nequation are equal to zero. However, if alternatively, one considers the\ncomplete equation with a non-zero (cosmological constant (Einstein-1917), a\nMinkowskian solution is no longer trivial because it amounts to impose a\nconstraint on the right hand side of the equation (i.e. a non-null\nstress-energy tensor). If furthermore one identifies (as usual) this tensor to\nthe one of a perfect fluid, one finds that this fluid has a positive energy\ndensity and a negative pressure. We discover finally an expanding Universal\nMinkowskian fluid (Flat Universe) that has not only dynamical properties\n(acceleration) but also optical properties that are connected with Doppler\nRedshift. Einstein special relativity in 1905 consisted in dissolving a ghost:\nthe old electromagnetic ether; our relativistic approach involves also the\ndissolution of a ghost: the Dark Dnergy. This new cosmological ether becomes a\npure relativistic effect of Minkowskian solution with CC.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Generalized Standard Model with higher-order derivatives under Rotor\n  Mechanism and its Quantization: The Standard Model is the paradigm of particle physics which gives an\naccurate theory for fundamental particle interactions. However, the extension\nof Standard Model with higher-order derivatives is not a well-studied subject.\nThis paper is a follow-up work of the previous study of the generalized Abelian\ngauge field theory and Yang-Mills theory under rotor mechanism of order $n$ of\nhigher order derivatives, and we apply it to the Standard Model of particle\nphysics. Rotor mechanism on scalar field and Dirac field is also studied. We\nwill study the quantization of the rotored Standard Model using path integral\napproach. We also inherit the previous result from the path integral\nquantization of generalized Abelian gauge field and apply it to our non-Abelian\ncase. Then we carry out the generalized BRST quantization and prove the\nexistence of the Slavnov-Taylor Identities of the rotor model. Finally, we\ndiscuss the possibility of rotor model on taming the infinities arise from the\nself-energy correction of the Higgs boson in high spacetime dimension, thus\nthis provides a partial solution and new insights to the Hierarchy problem.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Physics of the Observable. Mechanics: Mechanics can be founded in a principle stating the uncertainty in the\nposition of an observable particle delta-q as a function of its motion relative\nto the observer, expressed in a trajectory representation . From this\nprinciple, p.delta-q=const., being p the q-conjugated momentum, mechanical laws\nare derived and the meaning of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions are\ndiscussed. The connection between the presented principle and Hamilton's Least\nAction Principle is examined.\n  For a particle hidden from direct observation, the position uncertainty is\ndetermined by the enclosing boundaries, and is, thus, disengaged from its\nmomentum. Heat, as a non-mechanical magnitude, stem from this fact, and\nthermodynamical magnitudes have direct expression in the presented formalism.\n  It is finally shown that in terms of Information Theory, mechanical laws have\nsimple interpretation. Kinetic and potential energies are expressions of the\ninformation on momentum and position respectively, and the law of conservation\nof energy expresses the absence of information exchange in mechanical\ninteractions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can a Black Hole Collapse to a Space-time Singularity?: A critique of the singularity theorems of Penrose, Hawking, and Geroch is\ngiven. It is pointed out that a gravitationally collapsing black hole acts as\nan ultrahigh energy particle accelerator that can accelerate particles to\nenergies inconceivable in any terrestrial particle accelerator, and that when\nthe energy $E$ of the particles comprising matter in a black hole is $\\sim\n10^{2} GeV$ or more, or equivalently, the temperature $T$ is $\\sim 10^{15} K$\nor more, the entire matter in the black hole is converted into quark-gluon\nplasma permeated by leptons. As quarks and leptons are fermions, it is\nemphasized that the collapse of a black-hole to a space-time singularity is\ninhibited by Pauli's exclusion principle. It is also suggested that ultimately\na black hole may end up either as a stable quark star, or as a pulsating quark\nstar which may be a source of gravitational radiation, or it may simply explode\nwith a mini bang of a sort.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Models with Late-Time Acceleration: In order to account for the observed cosmic acceleration, a modification of\nthe ansatz for the variation of density in Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW)\nmodels given by Islam is proposed. The modified ansatz leads to an equation of\nstate which corresponds to that of a variable Chaplygin gas, which in the\ncourse of evolution reduces to that of a modified generalized Chaplygin gas\n(MGCG) and a Chaplygin gas (CG), exhibiting late-time acceleration.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The arrangement field of the space-time points: Arrangement field theory is a theory of everything which describes all\nparticles as different manifestations of an unique field, the gauge field\nSp(12,C). All fields (bosons and fermions in three families) fill up the\nadjoint representation of Lie group Sp(12,C), with quarks and leptons which\ntake the role of gauginos. The theory represents a serious improvement of\ncurrent Quantum Field Theory and includes some features of String Theory and\nLoop Gravity. It starts by describing universe as an ensemble of vertices\nconnected by edges, where the existence of an edge is regulated by a quantum\namplitude. This implies that universe is made by elementary blocks (atoms of\nspace-time), whose reciprocal positions are determined by a probabilistic law.\nIn such a way, concepts as \"near\", \"far\" or \"between to\" become limited. After\na huge number of measurements we can find \"far\" a particle which first was\n\"near\", due to displacement of space-time block where the particle has sat.\nThis occurence is highly improbable nowadays, but it has been the normality\njust after Big Bang. At that time the universe was made by mini-blocks which\nhave continuously exchanged their positions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electromagnetic Signals from Bacterial DNA: Chemical reactions can be induced at a distance due to the propagation of\nelectromagnetic signals during intermediate chemical stages. Although it is\nwell known at optical frequencies, e.g. photosynthetic reactions,\nelectromagnetic signals hold true for much lower frequencies. In E. coli\nbacteria such electromagnetic signals can be generated by electric transitions\nbetween energy levels describing electrons moving around DNA loops. The\nelectromagnetic signals between different bacteria within a community is a\n\"wireless\" version of intercellular communication found in bacterial\ncommunities connected by \"nanowires\". The wireless broadcasts can in principle\nbe of both the AM and FM variety due to the magnetic flux periodicity in\nelectron energy spectra in bacterial DNA orbital motions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Noise-based communication and computing: We discuss the speed-error-heat triangle and related problems with rapidly\nincreasing energy dissipation and error rate during miniaturization. These and\nthe independently growing need of unconditional data security have provoked\nnon-conventional approaches in the physics of informatics. Noise-based\ninformatics is a potentially promising possibility which is the way how\nbiological brains process the information. Recently, it has been shown that\nthermal noise and its electronically enhanced versions (Johnson-like noises)\ncan be utilized as information carrier with peculiar properties. Relevant\nexamples are Zero power (stealth) communication, Unconditionally secure\ncommunication with Johnson(-like) noise and Kirchhoff loop and Noise-driven\ncomputing. The zero power communication utilizes the equilibrium background\nnoise in the channel to transfer information. The unconditionally secure\ncommunication is based on the properties of Johnson(-like) noise and those of a\nsimple Kirchhoff's loop. The scheme utilizes on the robustness of classical\ninformation and the second law of thermodynamics. It uncovers active\neavesdropping within a single clock period (no error statistics is required)\nand it is naturally protected against the man-in-the-middle attack. Further\nadvantages of the scheme is that the circuitry can easily be integrated on\ncomputer chips, unconditionally secure computer processors, memories and other\nhardware can be realized.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Frozen time in hyperbolic spacetime motion: According to the Lorentz transformation and clearly seen from the Minkowski\ndiagram, hyperbolic spacetime motion of a test object relative to a stationary\nreference frame can be performed in a specific way such that time becomes\nfrozen in the moving frame of the test object. In that case, time can be\narranged to become frozen even at moderate relativistic velocities, in contrast\nto the minute traditional relativistic time dilation at such velocities. An\nappendix gives a simple illustration in Minkowski form of how time in a frame\nin hyperbolic motion can become frozen to a complete standstill relative to a\nstationary frame. (Published in Phys. Scr. 84 (2011) 035004)\n  In addition to the paper, the arXiv file also contains a discussion of\nFrequently Asked Questions from readers. Further questions not adequately dealt\nwith in the existing FAQ are welcome.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Problem of the Cosmological Constant: ElectroMagnetic Quantum Gravity (EMQG) is applied to the problem of the\nCosmological Constant. EMQG is a quantum gravity theory (ref. 1) in which the\nvirtual particles of the quantum vacuum play a very important role in all\ngravitational interactions, and also in accelerated motion. According to EMQG\ntheory (and quantum field theory in general), empty space is populated by vast\nnumbers of virtual particles, consisting of virtual fermion and virtual\nanti-fermion particles, which posses mass, and also virtual boson particles of\nall the various force particle species. Therefore the problem of the\ncosmological constant is essentially equivalent to a determination of the mass\ncontributed by all the virtual particles of the vacuum to the overall curvature\nand dynamics of the entire universe. Our original analysis was based on the\nassumption of perfect symmetry in the creation and destruction of virtual\nfermion and virtual anti-fermion particle pairs in the quantum vacuum, which is\nin accordance with the existing laws of conservation of both electric charge,\nand also of the new law of conservation of gravitational 'mass charge'. We now\nbelieve that this may not be necessarily true, and that EMQG can allow the\npossibility of a very tiny value for the cosmological constant. Furthermore, it\nturns out that this question can only be resolved when a solution to the\nproblem of baryon asymmetry in the universe is resolved. In other words an\nanswer must be found as to why our universe seems to contain only real matter,\nand very little, if any anti-matter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Experimental confirmation of the gravitation force negative temperature\n  dependence: The experiment with weighing PZT-piezoelectric ceramics, heated up by a\nhigh-frequency signal for the temperature of 1.6 C is briefly described. The\nnegative change of piezoelectric ceramics weight having relative value of is\nconfidently registered. The sign and the order of the value of relative\ntemperature change of piezoelectric ceramics weight correspond to the\nmeasurements of weight of non-magnetic metal bars which were conducted earlier.\nWhat is emphasized as expedient for development of physics of gravitation is\nconducting similar measurements with use of various materials as samples and in\na wide range of temperatures.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On Apparent Superluminal Motion in Astrophysical Jet Models: Astrophysical models developed to explain superluminal motion in beaming\nphenomena are shown to be incomplete and the correct kinematical expression in\nany case to predict projected velocities slower than the speed of light. The\nobserved superluminal motions in the plane of the sky are proposed to be real.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fractal properties in fundamental force coupling constants, in atomic\n  energies, and in elementary particle masses: Using the discrete-scale invariance theory, we show that the coupling\nconstants of fundamental forces, the atomic masses and energies, and the\nelementary particle masses, obey to the fractal properties.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Entropic theory of Gravitation: We construct a manifestly Machian theory of gravitation on the foundation\nthat information in the universe cannot be destroyed (Landauer's principle). If\nno bit of information in the Universe is lost, than the sum of the entropies of\nthe geometric and the matter fields should be conserved. We propose a local\ninvariant expression for the entropy of the geometric field and formulate a\nvariational principle on the entropic functional which produces entropic field\nequations. This information-theoretic approach implies that the geometric field\ndoes not exist in an empty of matter Universe, the material entropy is geometry\ndependent, matter can exchange information (entropy) with the geometric field\nand a quantum condensate can channel energy into the geometric field at a\nparticular coherent state. The entropic field equations feature a non-intuitive\ndirect coupling between the material fields and the geometric field, which acts\nas an entropy reservoir. Cosmological consequences such as the emergence of the\ncosmological constant as well as experimental consequences involving\ngravity-quantum condensate interaction are discussed. The energetic aspect of\nthe theory restores the repertoire of the classical General Relativity up to a\ndifferent coupling constant between the fields.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Background Independent Quantum Mechanics, Classical Geometric Forms and\n  Geometric Quantum Mechanics-II: The geometry of Quantum Mechanics in the context of uncertainty and\ncomplementarity, and probability is explored. We extend the discussion of\ngeometry of uncertainty relations in wider perspective. Also, we discuss the\ngeometry of probability in Quantum Mechanics and its interpretations. We give\nyet another interpretation to the notion of Faraday lines and loops as the\nlocus of probability flow. Also, the possibilities of visualization of spectra\nof area operators by means of classical geometric forms and conventional\nQuantum Mechanics are explored.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Equilibrium Configurations of Cantilever under Terminal Loads: The paper provides an exact analytical solution for equilibrium\nconfigurations of cantilever rod subject to inclined force and torque acting on\nits free end. The solution is given in terms of Jacobi elliptical functions and\nillustrated by several numerical examples and several graphical presentations\nof shapes of deformed cantilever. Possible forms of cantilever underlying\nelastica are discussed in details and various simple formulas are given for\ncalculation of characteristic dimensions of elastica. For the case when\ncantilever is subject only to applied force four load conditions are discussed:\nfollower load problem, load determination problem, conservative load problem\nand rotational load problem. For all the cases the formulas or effective\nprocedure for solution is given.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stochastic Model of Microparticle Scattering on a Crystal: In this paper, based on the analysis of the formula (2.2) for calculating the\nelastic scattering diagrams of microparticles on a multilayer crystal surface,\nderived by the author in the article [3], it is shown that the stochastic\napproach to solving the problem of scattering of elementary particles on\ncrystals can serve as an alternative to the Louis de Broglie hypothesis about\nthe wave properties of material particles. The results of calculations by\nformula (2.2), presented in this pa-per, are in good agreement with the\nexperimentally obtained electron diffraction patterns and X-ray diffraction\npatterns and the Davisson-Germer experiments.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Lorentz invariance, nonzero minimal uncertainty in position, and\n  inhomogeneity of space at the Planck scale: The suspicion that the existence of a minimal uncertainty in position\nmeasurements violates Lorentz invariance seems unfounded. It is shown that the\nexistence of such a nonzero minimal uncertainty in position is not only\nconsistent with Lorentz invariance, but that the latter also fixes the algebra\nbetween position and momentum which gives rise to this minimal uncertainty. We\nalso investigate how this algebra affects the underlying quantum mechanical\nstructure, and why, at the Planck scale, space can no longer be considered\nhomogeneous.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Relativistic Dynamics of Photon Gas Two dynamic equations are\n  established in photon gas, which is just the carrier or medium of\n  electromagnetic waves: The carrier or medium of electromagnetic waves has been vainly searched for\nmany years, and now it has been caught after the establishment of the dynamic\nequations in photon gas. The photon's rest mass has been estimated from the\ncosmic background temperature in space where the photon gas is at an open state\nof thermal equilibrium, and the photon's proper magnetic moment is calculated\nfrom the dynamic equations of photon gas too. As the carrier of electromagnetic\nwaves, the photon gas is a discrete medium at very high frequency, and then the\nBohr's electron is hardly to emit energy in wave form and can be stably\nrounding the nuclei in discrete orbits at lower temperature.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An exactly solvable toy model: In an attempt to regularize a previously known exactly solvable model [Yang\nand Zhang, Eur. J. Phys. \\textbf{40}, 035401 (2019)], we find yet another\nexactly solvable toy model. The interesting point is that while the Hamiltonian\nof the model is parameterized by a function $f(x)$ defined on $[0, \\infty )$,\nits spectrum depends only on the end values of $f$, i.e., $f(0)$ and $f(\\infty\n)$. This model can serve as a good exercise in quantum mechanics at the\nundergraduate level.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetism and Cosmology: It is first argued that radiation by a uniformly accelerated charge in flat\nspace-time indicates the need for a unified geometric theory of gravity and\nelectromagnetism. Such a theory, based on a metric-affine $U_4$ manifold, is\nconstructed with the torsion pseudo-vector $\\Gamma_\\mu$ linking gravity and\nelectromagnetism. This conceptually simple extension results in (i) Einstein's\nequations being modified by a vacuum energy $\\Gamma_\\mu\\Gamma_\\nu$ and a scalar\nfield $\\Gamma = \\Gamma^\\mu\\Gamma_\\mu$ whose zero-mode is a cosmological\nconstant $\\Lambda$ representing `dark energy', (ii) most of the salient\nfeatures of `dark matter'-like phenomena, (iii) a modified electrodynamics\nsatisfying Heaviside duality, (iv) a finite and small Casimir Effect, and at\nthe same time, (v) the empirical Schuster-Blackett-Wilson relation for the\namazingly universal gyromagnetic ratio of slowly rotating, neutral\nastrophysical bodies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Ephemeral properties and the illusion of microscopic particles: Founding our analysis on the Geneva-Brussels approach to quantum mechanics,\nwe use conventional macroscopic objects as guiding examples to clarify the\ncontent of two important results of the beginning of twentieth century:\nEinstein-Podolsky-Rosen's reality criterion and Heisenberg's uncertainty\nprinciple. We then use them in combination to show that our widespread belief\nin the existence of microscopic particles is only the result of a cognitive\nillusion, as microscopic particles are not particles, but are instead the\nephemeral spatial and local manifestations of non-spatial and non-local\nentities.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Lorentz-Einstein length contraction is a real effect: An elementary thought experiment is used to show that once the time\ndilatation effect is established, there is no way to escape a dual length\ncontraction.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Transient Non-linear Thermal FEM Simulation of Smart Power Switches and\n  Verification by Measurements: Thermal FEM (Finite Element Method) simulations can be used to predict the\nthermal behavior of power semiconductors in application. Most power\nsemiconductors are made of silicon. Silicon thermal material properties are\nsignificantly temperature dependent. In this paper, validity of a common\nnon-linear silicon material model is verified by transient non-linear thermal\nFEM simulations of Smart Power Switches and measurements. For verification,\nover-temperature protection behavior of Smart Power Switches is employed. This\nprotection turns off the switch at a pre-defined temperature which is used as a\ntemperature reference in the investigation. Power dissipation generated during\na thermal overload event of two Smart Power devices is measured and used as an\ninput stimulus to transient thermal FEM simulations. The duration time of the\nevent together with the temperature reference is confronted with simulation\nresults and thus the validity of the silicon model is proved. In addition, the\nimpact of non-linear thermal properties of silicon on the thermal impedance of\npower semiconductors is shown.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Ancilla mediated higher entanglement as T-duality, a categorial\n  conjecture: Using a higher categorial interpretation of entanglement involving gauge\ntheories and $\\sigma$-models instead of qubits, one recovers T-duality as a\nform of ancilla aided entanglement generation. This opens the way towards new\ndualities in gauge theories and $\\sigma$-models produced by means of analogies\nwith quantum circuits of various types.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the continuum origin of Heisenberg's indeterminacy relations: If space is indistinguishable from the extension of a physical body, as is\nDescartes's conception, then transformations of space become transformations of\nphysical bodies. Every point of space then has properties of physical bodies in\nsome suitable non-singular sense of average over the space. Every point of\nspace is then thinkable as a non-singular point particle possessing such\n(averaged) physical properties. Then, the location of such a point particle is,\nrelative to another (similar) point particle, {\\em indeterminate} over the\nextension of the physical body. Further, transformations of the space may\n``move'' such a point particle in relation to another such point particle.\nThese notions then provide a non-probabilistic explanation of Heisenberg's\nindeterminacy relations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Time's Arrow from the Multiverse Point of View: In this paper I suggest a possible explanation for the asymmetry of time. In\nthe case that I study, the dynamical laws and the boundary conditions are\nsymmetric, but the behavior of time is not. The underlying mechanism is\nstatistical and closely related to the idea of multiple histories in quantum\nmechanics, but otherwise rather independent of the particular framework.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Rapid Transport of Glassy Supersolid Helium in Wavy-Rough Nanpores: We show that the presumed wavy roughness distributed along the wall of\ndifferent nanopores (radius : a around 3.5 nm for Vycor or a silica glass;\naround 245 nm for porous gold) will induce larger volume flow rates of solid\nhelium (of which there is a minimum) which might explain reported experimental\ndifferences of the supersolid fractions observed so far.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Road to room-temperature superconductivity: A universal model: In a semiclassical view superconductivity is attributed exclusively to the\nadvance of atoms' outer s electrons through the nuclei of neighbor atoms in a\nsolid. The necessary progression of holes in the opposite direction has the\nelectric and magnetic effect as if two electrons were advancing instead of each\nactual one. Superconductivity ceases when the associated lateral oscillation of\nthe outer s electrons extends between neighbor atoms. If such overswing occurs\nalready at T = 0, then the material is a normal conductor. Otherwise, lateral\noverswing can be caused by lattice vibrations at a critical temperature Tc or\nby a critical magnetic field Bc. Lateral electron oscillations are reduced -\nand Tc is increased - when the atoms of the outer s electrons are squeezed, be\nit in the bulk crystal, in a thin film, or under external pressure on the\nsample. The model is applied to alkali metals and alkali-doped fullerenes.\nAluminum serves as an example of a simple metal with superconductivity.\nApplication of the model to transition metals, intertransitional alloys and\ncompounds of transition metals with other elements sheds light on the pattern\nof their critical temperature. More examples of the squeeze effect are provided\nby the superconductivity of PdH, MgB2, borocarbides, ferropnictides, and\norganic charge-transfer salts. The model also provides the superconduction\nmechanism in the oxide superconductors, exemplified by YBa2Cu3O7. Finally the\nmodel suggests which steps to take in order to reach superconductivity at room\ntemperature and above.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Synergetic Application, Equations on Rule of Law and Two-Party Mechanism: Based on the synergetic equations and its application, we propose the\nequations on the rule of law. From these equations we may prove mathematically\nthat a society of the rule of law cannot lack any aspect for three types of the\nlegislation, the administration and the judicature. Otherwise, we propose an\nequation of corruption, and discuss quantitatively some threshold values for a\nsystem into corruption. Moreover, from synergetics we obtain the Lorenz model,\nwhich may be a visualized two-party mechanism as a type of stable structure in\ndemocracy. A developed direction of society should be the combination from\nmacroscopic to microscopic order, from an actual capable handling to an ideal\npursuance.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Inter quark mass split and a proposed possible 5 quark state: The calculation of the meson masses based on the 5D homogeneous space-time\nquantum projection was shown explicitly. There are no adjustable parameters,\nexcept the rest quark mass. The discovered p-p 125 GeV resonance was proposed\nby us as a six quark state. Thus in this article, we like to propose a 5 quarks\nyet unreported baryon based on a uudu*d state, which should have a mass of\napproximately 33.6 GeV.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cosmic acceleration and the change of the Hubble parameter: A new model of accelerating expansion of the universe is presented. A de\nSitter solution in vacuum and a exact solution with the dust mater source are\nobtained. A new explanation of the acceleration of the cosmic expansion is\ngiven. In is proved that the changing of the expansion from decelerating to\naccelerating is an intrinsic property of the universe without need of dark\nenergy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Proposals for Two Satellite-Borne Experiments to Test Relativity of\n  Simultaneity in Special Relativity: An orbiting `photon clock' is proposed to test directly the relativity of\nsimultaneity effect of special relativity. This is done by exchanging microwave\nsignals between two satellites in low Earth orbit carrying clocks that have\npreviously been synchronised in the Earth-centered inertial system. A similar\nexperiment using synchronised signals from two GPS satellites with the receiver\non a single satellite in low Earth orbit, is also proposed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Estimating gravimetric effects for ordinary bodies: The main topic of this article is a discussion about the best way to show\nstudents that the proportionality of mass and weight, strictly true for\npoint-like particles, is an excellent approximation for objects of \"normal\"\nsize. The usual way of addressing this issue, although very simple, is not\nentirely satisfactory. Our approach considers first and second order,\ncoordinate dependent, gravimetric effects, connected to the internal geometry\nof objects; these effects, extremely small, are estimated through examples.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Principles of statistical physics: the energy duality: We argue that statistical mechanics of systems with relaxation implies\nbreaking the energy function of systems into two having different\ntransformation rules. With this duality the energy approach incorporates the\ngeneralized vortex forces. We show general theorems and their implications and\napply the approach to the particle confinement in fields of rotational\nsymmetry. Misconceptions of extensive use of the quasienergy and generalized\nthermodynamic potential theories are exposed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Magnetic monopole as the shadow side of the electric charge: It is shown that a magnetic monopole appears as the tension state of the\nprimary electric charge at its motion through each section of the path equal to\nthe particle's de Broglie wavelength. This conclusion is followed from a\nsubmicroscopic consideration of particles and their motion in the framework of\nthe theory of physical space in the form of a tessellattice developed by Michel\nBounias and the author. The periodical change of the particle's charged state\nto its monopole state can easily be introduced in the conventional Maxwell\nequations and the magnetic monopole automatically shows up in the structure of\nMaxwell's equations. The monopole is also presented in any quark system as a\nquark obeys dynamics that are also characterized by the appropriate de Broglie\nwavelength and hence the electric charge changes periodically to the magnetic\nmonopole. A (anti)neutrino emerges as the typical electron's monopole. When the\ncharged particle becomes the monopole, it also loses its mass (the mass passes\nto the particle's inerton cloud) and thus the neutrino is a massless particle,\nor more correctly massless monopole.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Application of Non-local Quantum Hydrodynamics to the Description of the\n  Charged Density Waves in the Graphen Crystal Lattice: The motion of the charged particles in graphen in the frame of the quantum\nnon-local hydrodynamic description is considered. It is shown as results of the\nmathematical modeling that the mentioned motion is realizing in the soliton\nforms. The dependence of the size and structure of solitons on the different\nphysical parameters is investigated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An Empirical Look at Neutrino Oscillations: The data supporting neutrino oscillations are reexamined empirically,\nignoring the phase space of the usual theory. An absolutely minimum description\ncan be constructed easily without assuming oscillations. An empirical fit to a\nsimplified but representative set of neutrino problem data may require only two\nfree parameters; the usual oscillation theory requires as many as four.\n  Free parameters used were total mass in range of a propagating neutrino,\ndistance travelled, and a detector profile parameter.\n  The usual oscillation theory appears overcomplicated and inefficient. Even if\nfuture data do not demand it be complicated further, it should be abandoned for\nsomething better.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comment on \"Trouble with the Lorentz Law of Force: Incompatibility with\n  Special Relativity and Momentum Conservation\": We present a solution for the apparent paradox regarding an incompatibility\nbetween the Lorentz force law and special relativity presented by Mansuripur\n[Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 193901 (2012)]. A connection between the apparent\nparadox and the Abraham-Minkowski debate about the momentum of electromagnetic\nwaves in material media is also presented.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Are vortices in rotating superfluids breaking the Weak Equivalence\n  Principle?: Due to the breaking of gauge symmetry in rotating superfluid Helium, the\ninertial mass of a vortex diverges with the vortex size. The vortex inertial\nmass is thus much higher than the classical inertial mass of the vortex core.\nAn equal increase of the vortex gravitational mass is questioned. The\npossibility that the vortices in a rotating superfluid could break the weak\nequivalence principle in relation with a variable speed of light in the\nsuperfluid vacuum is debated. Experiments to test this possibility are\ninvestigated on the bases that superfluid Helium vortices would not fall, under\nthe single influence of a uniform gravitational field, at the same rate as the\nrest of the superfluid Helium mass.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The importance of scalar fields as extradimensional metric components in\n  Kaluza-Klein models: Extradimensional models are achieving their highest popularity nowadays,\namong other reasons, because they can plausible explain some standard cosmology\nissues, such as the cosmological constant and hierarchy problems. In\nextradimensional models, we can infer that the four-dimensional matter rises as\na geometric manifestation of the extra coordinate. In this way, although we\nstill cannot see the extra dimension, we can relate it to physical quantities\nthat are able to exert such a mechanism of matter induction in the observable\nuniverse. In this work we propose that scalar fields are those physical\nquantities. The models here presented are purely geometrical in the sense that\nno matter lagrangian is assumed and even the scalar fields are contained in the\nextradimensional metric. The results are capable of describing different\nobservable cosmic features and yield an alternative to ultimately understand\nthe extra dimension and the mechanism in which it is responsible for the\ncreation of matter in the observable universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mensky's path integral and photon mass: It is commonly assumed that zero and non-zero photon mass would lead to\nqualitatively different physics. For example, massless photon has two\npolarization degrees of freedom, while massive photon at least three. This\nfeature seems counter-intuitive. In this paper we will show that if we change\npropagator by setting $i \\epsilon$ (needed to avoid poles) to a finite value,\nand also introduce it in a way that breaks Lawrentz symmetry, then we would\nobtain the continuous transition we desire once the speed of the photons is\n\"large enough\" with respect to \"preferred\" frame. The two transverse\npolarization degrees of freedom will be long lived, while longitudinal will be\nshort lived. Their lifetime will be near-zero if $m \\ll \\sqrt{\\epsilon}$, which\nis where the properties of two circular polarizations arize. The $i \\epsilon$\ncorresponds to the intensity of Mensky's \"continuous measurement\" and the short\nlifetime of the longitudinal photons can be understood as the \"conversion\" of\nquantum degrees of freedom (photons) into \"classical\" ones by the measurement\ndevice (thus getting rid of the former). While the \"classical\" trajectory of\nthe longitudinal photons does arize, it plays no physical role due to quantum\nZeno effect: intuitively, it is similar to an electron being kept at a ground\nstate due to continuous measurement.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Dark Energy Model in Kaluza-Klein Cosmology: We study a dynamic $\\Lambda$ model with varying gravitational constant $G$\nunder the Kaluza-Klein cosmology. Physical features and the limitations of the\npresent model have been explored and discussed. Solutions are found mostly in\naccordance with the observed features of the accelerating universe.\nInterestingly, signature flipping of the deceleration parameter is noticed and\nthe present age of the Universe is also attainable under certain stringent\nconditions. We find that the time variation of gravitational constant is not\npermitted without vintage $\\Lambda$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gamma radioactivity of anomalous wells: Gamma emission of nuclear energy scale ($\\sim 3MeV$), caused by electron\ntransitions in anomalous wells, is predicted to occur in acoustic experiments\nwith solids. The anomalous well for electrons is formed by a local reduction of\nelectromagnetic zero point energy in a vicinity of a nucleus which can be a\nlattice site of a solid [1]. The well width is $\\sim 10^{-11}cm$ and the well\ndepth is $\\sim 3MeV$. An energy spectrum in anomalous wells is continuous and\nnon-decaying. Unusual experimental results, on unexpected emission from lead of\n$\\sim 1keV$ x-rays under acoustic pulses, are likely explained by formation of\nanomalous wells [2]. The experimentally observed $keV$ quanta are naturally\nsupplemented by $MeV$ emission to be revealed. This conclusion is drawn on the\nbasis of an exact solution within a model generic with quantum electrodynamics.\nAn energy of emitted quanta (x-rays and gamma) comes from a reduction of\nelectromagnetic zero point energy (energy from \"nothing\").",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gauge-invariant matter field actions from iterative N\u00f6ther coupling: Generalizing Deser's work on pure $SU(2)$ gauge theory, we consider scalar,\nspinor and vector matter fields transforming under arbitrary representations of\na non-Abelian, compact, semisimple internal Lie group which is a global\nsymmetry of their actions. These matter fields are coupled to Abelian gauge\nfields through the process of iterative N\\\"other coupling. This procedure is\nshown to yield precisely the same locally gauge invariant theory (with the\nnon-Abelian group as the gauge group) as obtained by the usual minimal coupling\nprescription originating from the Gauge Principle. Prospects of this\nnon-geometrical formulation, towards better understanding of physical aspects\nof gauge theories, are briefly discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Origin of Life in the Universe: Terrestrial and extraterrestrial theories of the origin of life are discussed\nin the light of latest observations. The available data suggest a dual mode of\norigin, some of the ingredients, including possibly sugars, were brought to\nearth from outer space, which combined with other ingredients, such as\nproteins, already available on the earth leading to the formation of life.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Berezovsky number: Berezovsky number is defined analogously to Erdos number. Berezovsky network\nis investigated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Signs of Lorentz violation in electrodynamics: variable speed of light\n  and the photon mass: Recent studies of spacetime anisotropy in the context of local Lorentz\ninvariance (LLI) based on classical Michelson-Morley experiments, as well\nKennedy-Thorndyke tests, pointed out the existence of terms first order in v/c\nand of angular signatures independent of v. This contribution replaces the\nLorentz symmetry by a velocity gauge transformation following an argument\ncentred on observability. Results show even and odd order terms and indicate\nthat motion is always underestimated in the spatiotemporal platform. Though LLI\nis not recovered in exact special relativistic terms, the alternative looks\ncompatible with the relational aspects of general relativity (GR) with variable\nspeed of light models as well a nonzero photon mass. This raises the hypothesis\nthat Einstein equivalence principle, and consequently LLI, is a cornerstone of\nGR, but not necessarily a fundamental one of SR",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Calculation of magnetic dipole moment of torus knots: The magnetic moment of a closed loop with a steady current distribution is\nthoroughly described in many classical physics textbooks. Although usually the\nexamples studied assume plane loops for explicit calculations of the magnetic\nmoment, many other loop forms can be calculated. Among them, there are the\ntorus knots. In this work, we explain how to calculate the magnetic moment of\nsuch current arrangement, and how it can be used as an interesting example\nthat, even on three-dimensional loops, the magnetic moment can be taken as a\nsimple product of the current and the vectorial area of the loop.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "D-class of dark energy against $\u039b$CDM in Brans-Dicke cosmology: Three general models of dynamical interacting dark energy (D-class) are\ninvestigated in the context of Brans-Dicke cosmology. All cosmological\nquantities such as equation of state parameters, deceleration parameters,\nHubble function, and the density ratio are calculated as a function of redshift\nparameter. The most important part of this paper is fitting of models to the\nobservational data (SNIa+BAO$_A$+$Omh^{2}$). We obtain a table of best fit\nvalue of parameters and report $\\chi_{tot}^2/dof$ and Akaike Information\nCriterion (AIC) for each model. By these diagnostic tools, we find that some\nmodels have no chance against $\\Lambda$CDM and some (e.g. $\\mathcal{BD-D}C2$\nand $\\mathcal{BD-D}A^*$) render the best fit quality. Specially, the value of\nAIC analysis and figures show that the interacting $\\mathcal{BD-D}C2$ model fit\nperfectly with overall data and reveals a strong evidence in favor of this\nmodel, against $\\Lambda$CDM.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Langmuir-Blodgett Films a unique tool for molecular electronics: Molecular electronics is a new, exciting and interdisciplinary field of\nresearch. The main concern of the subject is to exploit the organic materials\nin electronic and optoelectronic devices. On the other hand Langmuir-Blodgett\n(LB) film deposition technique is one of the best among few methods used to\nmanipulate materials in molecular level. In this article LB film preparation\ntechnique has been discussed briefly with an emphasize of its application\ntowards molecular electronics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can a Nucleus be Larger Than an Atom (QUANTUM Last Supper-Position): In this work we consider an extraordinary quantum mechanical effect when,\nroughly speaking, the nucleus of an atom becomes (linearly) larger than the\nwhole atom. Precisely, we consider Helium ion (in the ground state of the\nelectron) moving translationally with the speed much smaller than speed of the\nelectron rotation. This translation, effectively, changes neither the total\nmomentum, nor the de Broglie wave length of the electron, nor the linear size\nof the atom corresponding to the diameter of the electron orbit. But, this\ntranslation implies a small nucleus momentum and nuclear de Broglie wavelength\nalmost hundred times larger than the electron de Broglie wavelength. In the\nmeasurement of the nucleus wavelength using a diffraction apparatus with a\ncharacteristic length constant proportional to the proposed nucleus wavelength,\naccording to standard quantum mechanical formalism, the nucleus behaves\npractically certainly as a wave. Then the unique, irreducible linear\ncharacteristic size for such a nucleus is de Broglie wavelength. Such a\nmeasurement effectively influences neither the electron dynamics nor linear\nsize of the atom. This implies that, in such measurement, the size of the\nnucleus is in one dimension larger than the whole atom, i.e. electron orbital.\nAll this corresponds metaphorically to the famous Leonardo fresco \"Last Supper\"\nwhere Jesus' words coming from the nucleus, i.e. center of the composition,\ncause an expanding \"superposition\" or dramatic wave-like movement of the\napostles.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stream of dark matter as a possible cause of the opera clocks'\n  synchronization signals delay: A stream of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) gravitationally\nscattered outwards within the Earth yields a delay, \\delta t \\simeq 60 ns, in\ngood agreement with the results of the OPERA experiment. Conversely, the OPERA\nexperiment may be seen as the unveiling of the first hint of a dark matter\nparticle probed with the photons of the GPS communication signals and using the\nneutrino beam of the CNGS as a velocity standard. Our analysis yields the true\nneutrino velocity, V_{\\nu}, less than the speed of light in vacuum, one finds\n(V_{\\nu} - c)/c = - (1.8 \\pm 0.4) x 10^{-9}. A new experimental test still\npredicting \\delta t \\sim 60 ns instead of \\delta t \\sim 600 ns is suggested,\nbased on the use of the long baseline of the order 7 800 km between either the\nFermilab neutrino production site and the OPERA detector or the CERN neutrino\nproduction site and the MINOS detector.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cosmology in a Globally U(1) Symmetric Scalar-Tensor Gravity: A cosmological model is formulated in the context of a scalar-tensor theory\nof gravity in which the entire cosmic background evolution is due to a complex\nscalar field evolving in Minkowski spacetime, such that its (dimensional)\nmodulus is conformally coupled, and the (dimensionless) phase is only minimally\ncoupled to gravitation. The former regulates the dynamics of masses;\ncosmological redshift reflects the growth of particle masses over cosmological\ntime scales, not space expansion. An interplay between the energy density of\nradiation and that of the kinetic energy associated with the phase (which are\nof opposite relative signs) results in a non-singular cosmological model that\nencompasses the observed redshifting phase preceded by a turnaround that\nfollows a blushifting phase. The model is essentially free of any horizon,\nflatness or anisotropy problems. Quantum excitations of the phase during the\nmatter dominated blueshifting era generate a flat spectrum of adiabatic\ngaussian scalar perturbations on cosmological scales. No detectable primordial\ntensor modes are generated in this scenario, and cold dark matter must be\nfermionic. Other consequences are also discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Bifacial Si Heterojunction-Perovskite Organic-Inorganic Tandem to\n  Produce Highly Efficient Solar Cell: As single junction thin-film technologies, both Si heterojunction (HIT) and\nPerovskite based solar cells promise high efficiencies at low cost. One expects\nthat a tandem cell design with these cells connected in series will improve the\nefficiency further. Using a self-consistent numerical modeling of optical and\ntransport characteristics, however, we find that a traditional series connected\ntandem design suffers from low Jsc due to band-gap mismatch and current\nmatching constraints. It requires careful thickness optimization of Perovskite\nto achieve any noticeable efficiency gain. Specifically, a traditional tandem\ncell with state-of-the-art HIT (24%) and Perovskite (20%) sub-cells provides\nonly a modest tandem efficiency of ~25%. Instead, we demonstrate that a\nbifacial HIT/Perovskite tandem design decouples the optoelectronic constraints\nand provides an innovative path for extraordinary efficiencies. In the bifacial\nconfiguration, the same state-of the-art sub-cells achieve a normalized output\nof 33%, exceeding the bifacial HIT performance at practical albedo reflections.\nUnlike the traditional design, this bifacial design is relatively insensitive\nto Perovskite thickness variations, which may translate to simpler manufacture\nand higher yield.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Superconductivity, superfluidity and zero-point oscillations: Currently it is thought that in order to explain the phenomenon of\nsuperconductivity is necessary to understand the mechanism of formation of\nelectron pairs. However, the paired electrons cannot form a superconducting\ncondensate. They perform disorderly zero-point oscillations and there are no\nattractive forces in their ensemble. To create a unified ensemble of particles,\nthe pairs must order their zero-point fluctuations so that an attraction\nbetween the particles appears. For this reason, the ordering of zero-point\noscillations in the electron gas is the cause of superconductivity and the\nparameters characterizing this order determine the properties of\nsuperconductors. The model of condensation of zero-point oscillations creates\nthe possibility to obtain estimates for the critical parameters of elementary\nsuperconductors, which are also in the satisfactory agreement with measured\ndata. On the another hand, the phenomenon of superfluidity in He-4 and He-3 can\nbe similarly explained due to the ordering of zero-point fluctuations. Thus it\nis established that the both related phenomena are based on the same physical\nmechanism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The intermediate fermionic species created by $SO(3)$ rotation in the\n  representation of the Dirac equation: The question of how does the Dirac equation depend on the choice of the\n$\\gamma$ matrices has partially been addressed and explored in the literature.\nIn this paper we focus on this question by considering a general form of\n$\\gamma$ matrices, and call the resulting spin $\\frac{1}{2}$ fermions as\n\\textit{intermediate fermion species} (IFS). By inspecting the properties of\nIFS, we find that all species transform to each other by a $SO(3)$ similarity\ntransformation in the space of parameters, that are the entities of the\n$\\gamma$ matrices. Many properties, like eigenvalue problem and boost are\ntested for IFS. We find also sub-representations that generate Majorana\nfermions, which is isomorphism to $U(1)$ group.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cosmology at the Crossroads of the Natural and Human Sciences: is\n  demarcation possible?: The paper discusses the problem of demarcation between the dimensions of\nnatural and the human sciences in contemporary cosmology. In spite of a common\npresumption that cosmology is a natural science, the specificity of its alleged\nsubject matter, that is the universe as a whole, makes cosmology fundamentally\ndifferent from other natural sciences. The reason is that in cosmology the\nsubject of cosmological research and its \"object\" are in a certain sense\ninseparable. Any study of the universe involves two opposite perspectives which\ncan be described as \"a-cosmic\" and \"cosmic\", egocentric and non-egocentric.\nCosmology involves two languages, namely that of physical causality (pertaining\nto the natural sciences) and that of intentionality (pertaining to the human\nsciences). On the one hand the universe can be seen as a product of discursive\nreason, that is as an abstract \"physical\" entity unfolding in space and time.\nOn the other hand the universe can be experienced through our participation in,\nor communion with the world understood as the natural context of living beings.\nThis dichotomy between reason and experience, abstract construction and\nconcrete participation, originates in the essence of human persons understood\nas unities of the corporeal and spiritual. On account of this dichotomy it is\nhard to set up a strict line of demarcation between the elements of the human\nand the natural sciences in cosmology. This confirms the intuition that any\nrealistic world view is incomplete without a knowledge of what it means to\nexist as a human being. Conversely it is likewise impossible to understand\nhuman existence without considering its natural setting, that is the universe.\nWe conclude that anthropology is incomplete without cosmology and vice versa.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fundamental interactions and quantum behaviour in unified field theory: The concept of unified field theory is discussed. Two nonlinear field models\nwith world volume type action are considered, namely extremal space-time film\nmodel and Born -- Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics. The natural appearance of\ntwo long-range fundamental interactions, electromagnetism and gravitation, in\nthese field models is discussed. The quantum behaviour of the interacting\nsolitons-particles is considered. The concept of quasi-bounding quantization in\nnonlinear field models is introduced.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Nonperturbative quantization: ideas, perspectives, and applications: The procedure of nonperturbative quantization \\`a la Heisenberg is\nconsidered. A few applications, features, perspectives, problems, and so on are\nconsidered. The comparison with turbulence modeling is performed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Three-dimensional transformation for rotating coordinate systems and its\n  applications in physics: Applications of the three-dimensional transformation for rotating coordinate\nsystems to quantum mechanics, general theory relativity and optics are\nconsidered.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Bulk Viscous LRS Biachi-I Universe with variable $G$ and decaying\n  $\u039b$: The present study deals with spatially homogeneous and totally anisotropic\nlocally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type I cosmological model with\nvariable $G$ and $\\Lambda$ in presence of imperfect fluid. To get the\ndeterministic model of Universe, we assume that the expansion $(\\theta)$ in the\nmodel is proportional to shear $(\\sigma)$. This condition leads to $A=\\ell\nB^{n}$, where $A$,\\;$B$ are metric potential. The cosmological constant\n$\\Lambda$ is found to be decreasing function of time and it approaches a small\npositive value at late time which is supported by recent Supernovae Ia (SN Ia)\nobservations. Also it is evident that the distance modulus curve of derived\nmodel matches with observations perfectly.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum probes of timelike naked singularities in $2+1-$ dimensional\n  power - law spacetimes: The formation of naked singularities in $2+1-$ dimensional power - law\nspacetimes in linear Einstein-Maxwell and Einstein-scalar theories sourced by\nazimuthally symmetric electric field and a self-interacting real scalar field\nrespectively, are considered in view of quantum mechanics. Quantum test fields\nobeying the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are used to probe the classical\ntimelike naked singularities developed at $r=0$. We show that when the\nclassically singular spacetimes probed with scalar waves, the considered\nspacetimes remains singular. However, the spinorial wave probe of the\nsingularity in the metric of a self-interacting real scalar field remains\nquantum regular. The notable outcome in this study is that the quantum\nregularity/singularity can not be associated with the energy conditions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Knots and Polytopes: A construction of polytopes is given based on integers. These geometries are\nconstructed through a mapping to pure numbers and have multiple applications,\nincluding statistical mechanics and computer science. The number form is useful\nin topology and has a mapping to one-dimensional knot contours.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Energy-momentum tensor is nonsymmetric for spin-polarized photons: It has been assumed for a century that the energy-momentum tensor of the\nphoton takes a symmetric form, with the renowned Poynting vector assigned as\nthe same density for momentum and energy flow. Here we show that the symmetry\nof the photon energy-momentum tensor can actually be inferred from the known\ndifference between the diffraction patterns of light with spin and orbital\nangular momentum, respectively. The conclusion is that the symmetric expression\nof energy-momentum tensor is denied, and the nonsymmetric canonical expression\nis favored.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Calculating the Finite-Speed-of-Light Effect in Atom Gravimeters with\n  General Relativity: This work mainly presents a relativistic analytical calculating method for\nthe finite speed-of-light effect in atom gravimeters, which can simplify the\nderiva- tion and give a more complete expression for the associated correction.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Exploiting new classes of mass-dimension one fermions: In this paper, we advance in investigating a specific set of eigenvectors of\na linearly-independent square root of the identity matrix to obtain a new class\nof spin-half mass-dimension one fermions. Such eigenvectors, after an\nappropriated dual structure examination, may serve as expansion coefficients of\na local field.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A quantum group for the Einstein's equations: In this paper, we expose the construction of a possible, simple quantum\nmatrix group (according to Woronowicz), related to elementary formal aspects of\nthe Einstein field equations of General Relativity, and its possible\nsymmetries.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A model of quantum-like decision-making with applications to psychology\n  and cognitive science: We consider the following model of decision-making by cognitive systems. We\npresent an algorithm -- quantum-like representation algorithm (QLRA) -- which\nprovides a possibility to represent probabilistic data of any origin by complex\nprobability amplitudes. Our conjecture is that cognitive systems developed the\nability to use QLRA. They operate with complex probability amplitudes, mental\nwave functions. Since the mathematical formalism of QM describes as well (under\nsome generalization) processing of such quantum-like (QL) mental states, the\nconventional quantum decision-making scheme can be used by the brain. We\nconsider a modification of this scheme to describe decision-making in the\npresence of two ``incompatible'' mental variables. Such a QL decision-making\ncan be used in situations like Prisoners Dilemma (PD) as well as others\ncorresponding to so called disjunction effect in psychology and cognitive\nscience.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Vanishing Dimensions in Four Dimensional Cosmology with Nonminimal\n  Derivative Coupling of Scalar Field: We discussed a mechanism that allows the universe to start from lower\ndimension ($d < 4$) in its very early era and evolves to four dimension at the\nend of the process. The mechanism is generated by a nonminimal derivative\ncoupling of scalar field, where derivative terms of the scalar field coupled to\ncurvature tensor. We solve the Einstein equations for a limit of large and\nnearly constant Hubble parameter and analyze the evolution of the Hubble\nparameter in this limit. The lower-dimensionality in early universe has\nadvantages in the context of unification theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fermions as topological objects: A preon-based composite model of the fundamental fermions is discussed, in\nwhich the fermions are bound states of smaller entities -- primitive charges\n(preons). The preon is regarded as a dislocation in a dual 3-dimensional\nmanifold -- a topological object with no properties, save its unit mass and\nunit charge. It is shown that the dualism of this manifold gives rise to a\nhierarchy of complex structures resembling by their properties three families\nof the fundamental fermions. Although just a scheme for building a model of\nelementary particles, this description yields a quantitative explanation of\nmany observable particle properties, including their masses.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Reality of Time: The meaning of instantaneous action at a distance is elucidated. It is shown\nthat the absence of a medium to transmit action (usually referred to as AAD in\nthe literature) and instantaneous action are not identical. Since the term\n\"instantaneous\" is incompatible with relativity and field theory, a critique is\npresented on the concept of time in relativity. It is argued that relativity\ndoes not deal with the nature of time. Physical reality of the absolute time is\nenvisaged, and instantaneous action is proposed to be a natural consequence of\nit. Possibly gravity is such kind of a force, however the electromagnetic\nforce, though envisaged as direct particle interaction (i.e. without\nintermediary fields) can not be instantaneous.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Scattering of scalar waves on a single crystalline plane: Scattering of a scalar particle on a crystalline plane with quadratic cell\nand identical fixed scatterers is solved precisely. Contradiction of the\nstandard scattering theory is pointed out.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An exterior-algebraic derivation of the symmetric stress-energy-momentum\n  tensor in flat space-time: This paper characterizes the symmetric rank-2 stress-energy-momentum tensor\nassociated with fields whose Lagrangian densities are expressed as the dot\nproduct of two multivector fields, e. g., scalar or gauge fields, in flat\nspace-time. The tensor is derived by a direct application of exterior-algebraic\nmethods to deal with the invariance of the action to infinitesimal space-time\ntranslations; this direct derivation avoids the use of the canonical tensor.\nFormulas for the tensor components and for the tensor itself are derived for\ngeneric values of the multivector grade $s$ and of the number of time and space\ndimensions, $k$ and $n$, respectively. A simple, coordinate-free, closed-form\nexpression for the interior derivative (divergence) of the symmetric\nstress-energy-momentum tensor is also obtained: this expression provides a\nnatural generalization of the Lorentz force that appears in the context of the\nelectromagnetic theory. Applications of the formulas derived in this paper to\nthe cases of generalized electromagnetism, Proca action, Yang-Mills fields and\nconformal invariance are briefly discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Critical points with high accuracy and fluctuation origin of 2 and\n  3-dimensional Ising models: We proposed a new universal method for significantly increasing accuracy of\ncritical points of 2 and 3-dimensional Ising models and exploring fluctuation\nmechanism. The method is based on analysis of block fractals and the\nrenormalization group theory. We discussed hierarchies and rescaling rule of\nthe self similar transformations, and define a fractal dimension of an ordered\nblock, which minimum corresponds to a fixed point of the transformations. By\nthe connectivity we divide the blocks into two types: irreducible and\nreducible. We find there are two block spin states: single state and k-fold\nstate, each of which relates to a system or a subsystem described by a block\nspin Gaussian model set up by mathematic map. Using the model we obtain a\nuniversal formula of critical points by the minimal fractal dimensions. We\ncomputed the critical points with high accuracy for three Ising models. It is\nthe first time to find a critical point only requires a fractal edge, which\ncauses fluctuations, and the point acts as a fluctuation attractor. Finally, we\ndiscussed a possibility of different block spins at the critical point.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Stokes - Mueller Polarimetry: The formalism is developed for a tree-dimensional ($3D$) nonlinear\nStokes-Mueller polarimetry. The expressions are derived for the generalized\n$3D$ linear and nonlinear Stokes vectors, and the corresponding nonlinear\nMueller matrix. The coherency-like Hermitian square matrix $X$ of\nsusceptibilities is introduced, which is derived from the nonlinear Mueller\nmatrix. The $X$-matrix is characterized by the index of depolarization. Several\ndecompositions of the $X$-matrix are introduced. The $3D$ nonlinear\nStokes-Mueller polarimetry formalism can be applied for three and higher wave\nmixing processes. The $3D$ polarimetric measurements can be used for structural\ninvestigations of materials, including heterogeneous biological structures. The\n$3D$ polarimetry is applicable for nonlinear microscopy with high numerical\naperture objectives.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dynamics of Neutrino Wave Packet in the Tachyon-like Dirac Equation: In this study the tachyon-like Dirac equation, formulated by Chodos to\ndescribe superluminal neutrino, is solved. The analytical solutions are\nGaussian wave packets obtained using the envelope method. It is shown that the\nsuperluminal neutrino behaves like a pseudo-tachyon, namely a particle with\nsubluminal velocity and pure imaginary mass that fulfils the energy-momentum\nrelation typical of classical tachyons. The obtained results are used to prove\nthat the trembling motion of the particle position around the median, known as\nZitterbewegung, also takes place for the superluminal neutrino, even if the\noscillation velocity is always lower than the speed of light. Finally, the\npseudo-tachyon wave packet is used to calculate the probability of oscillation\nbetween mass states, obtaining a formula analogous to the one obtained for the\nordinary neutrino. This suggest that in the experiments concerning neutrino\noscillation is not possible to distinguish tachyonic neutrinos from ordinary\nones.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Presentism meets black holes: Presentism is, roughly, the metaphysical doctrine that maintains that\nwhatever exists, exists in the present. The compatibility of presentism with\nthe theories of special and general relativity was much debated in recent\nyears. It has been argued that at least some versions of presentism are\nconsistent with time-orientable models of general relativity. In this paper we\nconfront the thesis of presentism with relativistic physics, in the strong\ngravitational limit where black holes are formed. We conclude that the\npresentist position is at odds with the existence of black holes and other\ncompact objects in the universe. A revision of the thesis is necessary, if it\nis intended to be consistent with the current scientific view of the universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Do Cosmic Backgrounds Cyclical Renew by Matter and Quanta Emissions? The\n  Origin of Backgrounds, Space Distributions and Cyclical Earth Phenomena by\n  Two Phase Dynamics: A numerical coincidence Dp of -0.000489 was found between the ratios of\nproton emission at 459-keV and cosmic background at 0.25-keV respect to proton\nand to electron proper energy respectively. Multiplying 459-keV and 0.25-keV by\nDp, two more numerical coincidences were found with 0.1-keV background and\n0.06-eV of neutrino energy, respectively. Global criticality phenomena plus c\nand G discontinued decreasing provoke small cyclical reorganization of\nparticles and quanta originating background emissions every 30-Myr are propose.\nAt the beginning of each cycle, gradually emissions from electrons lasting 0.1\nMyr originate the 0.25-keV background and, a possible 459-keV background from\nproton emissions. At following cycle, the 459-keV quanta makes two emissions of\n0.1-keV originating a diffuse background, and 0.25-keV quanta makes two of\n0.06-eV originating the relic neutrinos. The Dp is a possible physical constant\nthat characterize the threshold, which trigger cyclical phenomena at space and\nEarth every 30-Myr",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Derivation of Klein-Gordon-Fock equation from General relativity in a\n  time-space symmetrical model: Following a bi-cylindrical model of geometrical dynamics, in the present\nstudy we show that Einstein gravitational equation leads to bi-geodesic\ndescription in an extended symmetrical time-space which fit Hubble expansion in\na \"microscopic\" cosmological model. As a duality, the geodesic solution is\nmathematically equivalent to the basic Klein-Gordon-Fock equations of free\nmassive elementary particles, in particular, as the squared Dirac equations of\nleptons and as a sub-solution with pseudo-axion. This result would serve an\nexplicit approach to consistency between quantum mechanics and general\nrelativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamic Limits of Solar Cells with Non-ideal Optical Response: The Shockley-Queisser (S-Q) theory defines the thermodynamic upper limits for\nJsc, Voc, FF, and efficiency of a solar cell. The classical calculation assumes\nan abrupt onset of absorption at the band-edge, perfect absorption for all\nenergies above the bandgap, and absence of non-radiative recombination. These\nassumptions are never satisfied for any practical solar cell. In this paper, we\nexplain how the S-Q limits are redefined in the presence of the non-ideal\noptical effects, and we provide closed-form analytical expressions for the new\nlimits for Jsc, Voc, and FF. Remarkably, these new limits can be achieved to a\nvery high degree, even with significantly imperfect materials.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Active thermal metasurfaces for remote heating/cooling by mimicking\n  negative thermal conductivity: Remote temperature control can be obtained by a long-focus thermal lens that\ncan focus heat fluxes into a spot far away from the back surface of the lens\nand create a virtual thermal source/sink in the background material, around\nwhich the temperature field distribution can be remotely controlled by changing\nthe parameters of the thermal lens. However, due to the lack of negative\nthermal conductivity, the existing thermal lenses have extremely short focal\nlengths and cannot be used to remotely control the temperature field around the\nvirtual thermal source/sink. In this study, we theoretically propose a general\napproach to equivalently realize negative thermal conductivity by elaborately\ndistributed active thermal metasurface (ATMS), then use the proposed ATMS to\nimplement a novel thermal lens with long focal length designed by\ntransformation thermodynamics, and experimentally verify the performance of the\ndesigned long-focus thermal lens with measured focal length f=19.8mm for remote\nheating/cooling. The proposed method expands the scope of the thermal\nconductivity and open up new ways to realize unprecedented thermal effects with\neffective negative thermal conductivity, such as \"thermal surface plasmon\npolaritons\", thermal superlens, thermal tunneling effect, and thermal invisible\ngateway.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Quantum\" key distribution using weak classical light waves: The detection of very weak classical electromagnetic (light) waves by\nclassical macroscopic device is discussed. It is shown that the results of such\ndetection can be interpreted as a manifestation of the quantum properties of\nradiation, although in reality they are related to the peculiarities of the\ninteraction of weak classical electromagnetic waves with discrete atoms. We\nshow that the \"quantum\" key distribution protocol can be realized using very\nweak classical light waves and avalanche detectors, and it possesses all the\nproperties of the quantum cryptographic protocol E91 which based on entangled\nphotons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Momentum Dependent Fundamental Action: The fundamental action is dependent on momentum. Some consequences are\npresented for matter waves and scalar quantum field theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From Unified Field Theory to the Standard Model and Beyond: One hundred years ago this year attempts began to generalise general\nrelativity with the ambition of incorporating electromagnetism alongside\ngravitation in a unified field theory. These developments led to gauge theories\nand models with extra spatial dimensions that have greatly influenced the\nmodern-day pursuit of a unification scheme incorporating the Standard Model of\nparticle physics, again ideally together with gravity. In this paper we\nmotivate a further natural generalisation from extra spatial dimensions at an\nelementary level which is found to much more directly accommodate distinctive\nfeatures of the Standard Model. We also investigate the potential to uncover\nnew physical phenomena, making a case in the neutrino sector for one\nleft-handed neutrino state to be massless, and emphasise the opportunity for a\nclose collaboration between theory and experiment. The new theory possesses a\nvery simple interpretation regarding the underlying source of these empirical\nstructures.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electrostatic Time Dilation and Redshift: We first present the salient features of the gravitational time dilation and\nredshift effects in two ways; by considering the oscillation frequencies/rates\nof clocks at different heights/potentials and by considering the photons\nemitted by these clocks such as atoms/nuclei. We then point out to the\nextension of these gravitational effects to static electricity along with two\nexperiments performed in the '30s with null results of the electrostatic\nredshift. We show that the absence of this redshift is a consequence of the\nconservation of electric charge. We discuss the electrical time dilation and\nredshift effects in detail and argue that the electrostatic time dilation in an\nelectric field must be a fact of Nature. We then present a general relativistic\nscheme that explains this effect. We also introduce an electrical equivalence\nprinciple analogous to the gravitational one and demonstrate how to obtain the\nelectrostatic time dilation by this principle. We emphasize the importance of\nionic atomic clocks to measure this effect whose confirmation would support the\ngeneral relativistic scheme presented. We finally go over an attempt in the\nliterature to explain the impossibility of the experimental observation of the\nelectrostatic redshift due to its smallness by employing the Reissner -\nNordstr\\\"om metric in general relativity. We argue that the $Q^{\\,2}$ - term in\nthis metric is due to the minuscule contribution of the energy of the electric\nfield of the central body to its gravitational field. Thus being gravitational,\nthis metric cannot be used to calculate the amount of the alleged electrostatic\nredshift.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Period measurement by accelerating observers: We consider the problem of the period measurement in the case of the\nfollowing scenarios: stationary source of successive light signals and\naccelerating receiver, stationary receiver and accelerating source of\nsuccessive light signals and stationary machine gun that fires successive\nbullets received by an accelerating receiver. The accelerated motion is the\nhyperbolic one.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Recent claims on trapping antihydrogen are premature, if not false: We prove why claims on trapping antihydrogen are premature, if not false.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Pedagogical Study of the Grand Unification Theorem with Realization of\n  Some Standard Equations: The God Almighty Grand Unification Theory proposed by Oyibo to unify all\nknown forces in nature and other possibly unknown force fields has remained\ncontroversial not just because of its ambitious claims but also because of its\nunconventional mathematical approach. He has adopted the mathematical approach\nfrom his experience at solving the Navier Stokes equations in fluid mechanics\nusing invariance of an arbitrary function under a group of conformal\ntransformations. However, this esoteric approach resulted in a sound\nmathematical formulation for the modelling philosophy of his theorem which is\nthat since the fundamental characteristic of the universe is motion and motion\ncan only be provided by force, then the universe could be viewed as a large\nforce field. He then represented the conservation of this large force field at\na given space time point in the universe by a set of generic equations from\nwhich he obtained his generic solutions whose specific applications depend on\nthe initial/boundary conditions and other physical constraint conditions. An\nimportant achievement of the theorem methodology is that modelling with it is\nreduced to algebraic operations rather than differential equations for the most\nparts in previous methodologies. With this understanding from pedagogically\nstudying the modelling philosophy and mathematics of the theorem, we have been\nable to recover from it simple standard equations such as in the Fermat\nprinciple for geometric optics. This is encouraging and therefore supports the\npossibility to recover more results and also to provide new ones, thereby\nsupporting the theorem as a potential candidate for a grand unification theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Unusual formations of the free electromagnetic field in vacuum: It is shown that there are exact solutions of the free Maxwell equations\n(FME) in vacuum allowing an existence of stable spherical formations of the\nfree magnetic field and ring-like formations of the free electric field. It is\ndetected that a form of these spheres and rings does not change with time in\nvacuum. It is shown that these convergent solutions are the result of an\ninterference of some divergent solutions of FME. One can surmise that these\nelectromagnetic formations correspond to Kapitsa's hypothesis about\ninterference origin and a structure of fireball.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Fundamental Equations of Point, Fluid and Wave Dynamics in the De\n  Sitter-Fantappie-Arcidiacono Projective Relativity Theory: A review is presented of the fundamental equations of point, perfect\nincompressible fluid and wave dynamics in the Fantappie-Arcidiacono theory of\nprojective relativity, also known as De Sitter relativity. Compared to the\noriginal works, some deductions have been simplified and the physical meaning\nof the equations has been analyzed in greater depth.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stochastic differential equations: loss of the Markov property by\n  multiplicative noise: The solutions of SDEs with multiplicative noise are not Markovian. On a\ncoarse-grained time scale they still are, but only in the \"anti-Ito\" case. This\nallows a simple computation of the most likely path. Any density peak moves\nalong such a path, and its shape evolves according to further analytical\nformulas. This even provides some new insights into the asymptotic densities\nfor large times, e.g. the criterion for attaining a quiescent steady state.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Superconductivity and Superfluidity: Currently there is a common belief that the explanation of superconductivity\nphenomenon lies in understanding the mechanism of the formation of electron\npairs. Paired electrons, however, cannot form a superconducting condensate\nspontaneously. These paired electrons perform disorderly zero-point\noscillations and there are no force of attraction in their ensemble. In order\nto create a unified ensemble of particles, the pairs must order their\nzero-point fluctuations so that an attraction between the particles appears. As\na result of this ordering of zero-point oscillations in the electron gas,\nsuperconductivity arises. This model of condensation of zero-point oscillations\ncreates the possibility of being able to obtain estimates for the critical\nparameters of elementary superconductors, which are in satisfactory agreement\nwith the measured data. On the another hand, the phenomenon of superfluidity in\nHe-4 and He-3 can be similarly explained, due to the ordering of zero-point\nfluctuations. It is therefore established that both related phenomena are based\non the same physical mechanism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Complete Quantum Thermodynamics of the Black Body Photon Gas: Kelly and Leff demonstrated and discussed formal and conceptual similarities\nbetween basic thermodynamic formulas for the classical ideal gas and black body\nphoton gas. Leff pointed out that thermodynamic formulas for the photon gas\ncannot be deduced completely by thermodynamic methods since these formulas hold\ntwo characteristic parameters, {\\it r} and {\\it b}, whose accurate values can\nbe obtained exclusively by accurate methods of the quantum statistics (by\nexplicit use of the Planck's or Bose-Einstein distribution). In this work we\nprove that the complete quantum thermodynamics of the black body photon gas can\nbe done by simple, thermodynamic (non-statistical) methods. We prove that both\nmentioned parameters and corresponding variables (photons number and pressure)\ncan be obtained very simply and practically exactly (with relative error about\nfew percent), by non-statistical (without any use of the Planck's or\nBose-Einstein distribution), quantum thermodynamic methods. Corner-stone of\nthese methods represents a quantum thermodynamic stability condition that is,\nin some degree, very similar to quantum stability condition in the Bohr quantum\natomic theory (de Broglie's interpretation of the Bohr quantization postulate).\nFinally, we discuss conceptual similarities between black body photon gas\nentropy and Bekenstein-Hawking black hole entropy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Qualitative remarks on some non-linear aspects of the radio-pulsar\n  magnetosphere: In the class of the submodels SCLF (space-charge limited flow) of the family\nof \"gap-plus-PPF\" models, let us exposes some qualitative remarks on the\npossible turbulent dynamics showed by the zone (II) (see Fig. 1 of the text) of\nthe acceleration zone of the \"direct inner gap\". Furthermore, we will discuss\nsome consequent physical implications (as, for instance, self-focussing\nphenomena, Petviashvili's diamagnetism, and so on) concerning structure and\nphysical phenomenology of the remaining subzones (above the subzone (II)) of\nthe given acceleration zone, in connection with possible models for the\nexternal solid crust of the radio-pulsar.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Standard supersymmetry from a Planck-scale statistical theory: We outline three new ideas in a program to obtain standard physics, including\nstandard supersymmetry, from a Planck-scale statistical theory: (1) The initial\nspin 1/2 bosonic fields are transformed to spin 0 fields together with their\nauxiliary fields. (2) Time is defined by the progression of 3-geometries, just\nas originally proposed by DeWitt. (3) The initial (D-1)-dimensional \"path\nintegral\" is converted from Euclidean to Lorentzian form by transformation of\nthe fields in the integrand.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Validity of Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Logamediate\n  and Intermediate scenarios of the Universe: In this work, we have investigated the validity of the generalized second law\nof thermodynamics in logamediate and intermediate scenarios of the universe\nbounded by the Hubble, apparent, particle and event horizons using and without\nusing first law of thermodynamics. We have observed that the GSL is valid for\nHubble, apparent, particle and event horizons of the universe in the\nlogamediate scenario of the universe using first law and without using first\nlaw. Similarly the GSL is valid for all horizons in the intermediate scenario\nof the universe using first law. Also in the intermediate scenario of the\nuniverse, the GSL is valid for Hubble, apparent and particle horizons but it\nbreaks down whenever we consider the universe enveloped by the event horizon.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electromagnetic and anisotropic extension of a plethora of well-known\n  solutions describing relativistic compact objects: We demonstrate a technique to generate new class of exact solutions to the\nEinstein-Maxwell system describing a static spherically symmetric relativistic\nstar with anisotropic matter distribution. An interesting feature of the new\nclass of solutions is that one can easily switch off the electric and/or\nanisotropic effects in this formulation. Consequently, we show that a plethora\nof well known stellar solutions can be identified as sub-class of our class of\nsolutions. We demonstrate that it is possible to express our class of solutions\nin a simple closed form so as to examine its physical viability for the studies\nof relativistic compact stars",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "\"General theory of a particle mechanics\" arising from a fractal surface: The logical line is traced of formulation of theory of mechanics founded on\nthe basic correlations of mathematics of hypercomplex numbers and associated\ngeometric images. Namely, it is shown that the physical equations of quantum,\nclassical and relativistic mechanics can be regarded as mathematical\nconsequences of a single condition of stability of exceptional algebras of\nreal, complex and quaternion numbers under transformations of primitive\nconstituents of their units and elements. In the course of the study a notion\nof basic fractal surface underlying the physical three-dimensional space is\nintroduces, and an original geometric treatment (admitting visualization) of\nsome formerly considered abstract functions (mechanical action, space-time\ninterval) are suggested.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Phase space volume scaling of generalized entropies and anomalous\n  diffusion scaling governed by corresponding non-linear Fokker-Planck\n  equations: Many physical, biological or social systems are governed by history-dependent\ndynamics or are composed of strongly interacting units, showing an extreme\ndiversity of microscopic behaviour. Macroscopically, however, they can be\nefficiently modeled by generalizing concepts of the theory of Markovian,\nergodic and weakly interacting stochastic processes. In this paper, we model\nstochastic processes by a family of generalized Fokker-Planck equations whose\nstationary solutions are equivalent to the maximum entropy distributions\naccording to generalized entropies. We show that at asymptotically large times\nand volumes, the scaling exponent of the anomalous diffusion process described\nby the generalized Fokker-Planck equation and the phase space volume scaling\nexponent of the generalized entropy bijectively determine each other via a\nsimple algebraic relation. This implies that these basic measures\ncharacterizing the transient and the stationary behaviour of the processes\nprovide the same information regarding the asymptotic regime, and consequently,\nthe classification of the processes given by these two exponents coincide.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Real Units Imaginary in Kaehler's Quantum Mechanics: Inspired by a similar, more general treatment by Kahler, we obtain the spin\noperator by pulling to the Cartesian coordinate system the azimuthal partial\nderivative of differential forms. At this point, no unit imaginary enters the\npicture, regardless of whether those forms are over the real or the complex\nfield. Hence, the operator is to be viewed as a real operator. Also a view of\nLie differentiation as a pullback emerges, thus avoiding conceps such as flows\nof vector fields for its definition. Enter Quantum Mechanics based on the\nKahler calculus. Independently of the unit imaginary in the phase factor, the\nproper values of the spin part of angular momentum emerge as imaginary because\nof the idempotent defining the ideal associated with cylindrical symmetry. Thus\nthe unit imaginary has to be introduced by hand as a factor in the angular\nmomentum operator |and as a result also in its orbital part| for it to have\nreal proper values. This is a concept of real operator opposite to that of the\nprevious paragraph. Kahler stops short of stating the antithesis in this pair\nof concepts, both of them implicit in his work. A solution to this antithesis\nlies in viewing units imaginary in those idempotents as being the real\nquantities of square minus 1 in rotation operators of real tangent Clifford\nalgebra. In so doing, one expands the calculus, and launches in principle a\ngeometrization of quantum mechanics, whether by design or not.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Mathematical Approach to the Sleep-Waking Cycle: Three abilities - the ability to recognize sounds, the ability to visually\nrecognize movement and the ability to keep an upright standing position - can\nfunction only with using precise measurements of the short time intervals.\nOther features that these abilities share are that all three are crucial for\nthe survival and - despite this - they are turned off simultaneously during\nsleep. Instead, presumably, if turning each of them off periodically for a\nresetting is unavoidable, then doing this one at a time would be the\nevolutionary choice, if that were possible. This hints that all three abilities\nshare the same time-interval measuring mechanism and this mechanism is what\ncannot work without a periodical resetting. Another indication that such a\nmechanism is shared across the whole nervous system is the ubiquity of\nPavlovian conditioning. A high level theory is proposed about how such a\nmeasuring mechanism must be implemented, in the simplest way, from the point of\nview of the data management, and how duration can be measured by resonance. If\nthe theory is true it could explain the purpose of the observed changes of the\nfiring frequency of cortical neurons, why periodic sleeping is an unavoidable\nnecessity and what might be the cause of the different stages of sleep and of\nyawning. The theory provides simpler and less speculative explanations of a\nnumber of the experimental results than interpretations by the existing\ntheories (the two-stage model of memory consolidation etc.).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Scattering Relativity in Quantum Mechanics: By adding generalizations involving translations, the machinery of the\nquantum theory of free fields leads to the semiclassical equations of motion\nfor a charged massive particle in electromagnetic and gravitational fields.\nWith the particle field translated along one displacement, particle states are\ntranslated along a possibly different displacement. Arbitrary phase results.\nAnd particle momentum, a spin (1/2,1/2) quantity, is allowed to change when\nfield and states are translated. It is shown that a path of extreme phase obeys\na semiclassical equation for force with derived terms that can describe\nelectromagnetism and gravitation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Moving mountains and white spots of Ceres: Among surprising results of NASA's Dawn spacecraft mission at dwarf planet\nCeres are enigmatic bright spots inside Occator crater and a lone tall pyramid\nmountain. Here we explain the appearance of such spots, weird mountains, and\nconcomitant craters on celestial bodies. The phenomenon is as follows. A\nmountain is ejected rotated out of mechanically stressed crust as a result of\nexplosive conical cleavage all over its buried surface. Then the mountain lands\nupside down i.e. summit up. It may save its integrity or split into parts to\nform mountains of smaller sizes and/or block debris. The process is a volcanic\ncaldera formation regime. We infer that it is the result of crack expansion and\nfracture of planetary crust due to inherent stresses. We scrutinize the\nprocesses' phenomenology on examples of Ceres' relief features. Pile-ups of\nbright substances are also synthesized in the course of the newly described\nphenomenon of explosive ejective orogenesis. Our analyses allow establish a\nviewpoint that is consistent with a broad range of observational data.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "About the Dependence of the Currency Exchange Rate at Time and National\n  Dividend, Investments Size, Difference Between Total Demand and Supply: The time dependence of the currency exchange rate K treated as a function of\nnational dividend, investments and difference between total demand for a goods\nand supply is considered. To do this a proposed earlier general algorithm of\neconomic processes describing on the basis of the equations for K like the\nequations of statistical physics of open systems is used. A number of\ndifferential equations (including nonlinear ones too) determining the time\ndependence of the exchange rate (including oscillations) is obtained.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamics of the inhomogeneous perfect fluid LTB model: Modified\n  Bekenstein-Hawking system: The present work deals with three alternative generalized Bekenstein-Hawking\nformulation of thermodynamical parameters namely entropy and temperature for\nthe universal thermodynamical system bounded by a horizon in the frame work of\ninhomogeneous perfect fluid Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) model of the Universe.\nFor the first choice, the first law of thermodynamics holds only for the\ntrivial de Sitter case of the LTB model while we need restriction on the\nevolution of the horizon radius for the validity of the generalized second law\nof thermodynamics. However, for the other two choices, the first law of\nthermodynamics holds with some specific (integral) form of the parameters\ninvolved but for generalized LTB models.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Remarks on numerical relativity, geodesic motions, binary neutron star\n  evolution: The computations of numerical relativity make use of (3+1)- decompositions of\nEinstein field equations. We examine the conceptual characteristics of this\nmethod; instances of compact-star binaries are considered. The preeminent role\nof the geodesic motions is emphasized.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On The Theory of Time dilation in Chemical Kinetics: The rates of chemical reactions are not absolute but their magnitude depends\nupon the relative speeds of the moving observers. This has been proved by\nunifying theories of chemical kinetics, which are transition state theory,\ncollision theory, RRKM and Marcus theory, with the special theory of\nrelativity. Boltzmann constant and energy spacing between permitted quantum\nlevels of molecules are quantum mechanically proved to be Lorentz variant. The\nrelativistic statistical thermodynamics has been developed to explain\nquasiequilibrium existing between reactants and activated complex. The newly\nformulated Lorentz transformation of the rate constant from Arrhenius Equation,\nof the collision frequency and of the Eyring and Marcus equations renders the\nrate law also Lorentz variant. For a moving observer moving at fractions of the\nspeed of light along the reaction coordinate the transition state possess less\nkinetic energy to sweep translation over it. This results in the slower\ntransformation of reactants into products and in a stretched time frame for the\nchemical reaction. Lorentz transformation of the half-life equation explains\ntime dilation of the half life period of chemical reactions and proves special\ntheory of relativity and presents theory of relativistic chemical kinetics in\naccord with each other. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the present theory,\nthe enzymatic reaction of methylamine dehydrogenase and radioactive\ndisintegration of Astatine are considered as numerical examples.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Electromagnetic Nature of Planck Constant: In this work, it is demonstrated that there is an additional origin of the\nelectric potential energy of an electron orbiting a nuclei that can be,\nalternatively to that associated to the elementary `static' charge of the\nelectron as introduced by Bohr, formulated in terms of an electromotive force\nassociated with the closed motion of the electron around the nuclei. This\npermitted the resolution of the Maxwellian laws of classical electrodynamics\nwithin electric $1/\\tau_C$ and magnetic $1/\\tau_L$ quantum rate settings for\ndescribing the time-dependent oscillatory dynamics of the electron in the\nground state, conducting to a reinterpretation of the meaning of $h$ in quantum\nmechanics. Notably, the quantum electromagnetic rate reinterpretation of the\nground state electrodynamics, as introduced in this work, is not only in\ncompliance with Maxwellian laws, but also conforms with the relativistic\nquantum electrodynamics as proposed by Dirac; hence, it exhibits an inherent\nmassless character of the electron that fulfils both relativistic quantum\ndynamics and Maxwellian laws of classical electrodynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Kinematic Explanation of Massless Particles Only Having Two Helicity\n  States: Why massless particles, for example photons, can only have two helicity\none-particle states is the main subject of this work. As we know, the little\ngroup which describes massive particle one-particle states' transformations\nunder the Lorentz transformation is SO(3), while the little group describing\nmassless states is ISO(2). In this paper, a method which is different from\nInonu-Wigner contraction is used to contract SO(3) group to ISO(2) group. We\nuse this contraction method to prove that the particle can only have two\nhelicity one-particle states from the perspective of kinematics, when the\nparticle mass tends to zero. Our proof is different from the dynamic\nexplanation in the existing theories.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Machian space quanta: A new model for space and matter is obtained by joining every pair of point\ncharges in the observable universe by an ethereal string. Positive\ngravitational potential energy in each string gives an attractive gravitational\nforce due to the action of an energy conservation constraint. Newton's laws of\nmotion are derived and inertia is explained in accordance with Mach's\nprinciple. The Machian string model gives a surprisingly simple way to\nunderstand the expansion history of the Universe. The decelerating expansion in\nthe radiation era and the matter era is explained without using General\nRelativity and the transition from deceleration to acceleration is explained\nwithout the need to introduce a separate 'dark energy' component. The\ninteraction between Machian strings gives a physical model for modified\nNewtonian dynamics (MOND) and is therefore an alternative to 'dark matter'.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "QCD QED Potentials, Quantum Field Theoretical Generalization of Yukawa\n  Potential: Despite the success of quantum field theories, the origin of the mass of\nelementary particles persists. The renormalization program is an essential part\nof the calculation of the scattering amplitudes, where the infinities of the\ncalculated masses of the elementary particles are subtracted for the\nprogressive calculation of the higher-order perturbative terms. The\nmathematical structure of the mass term from quantum field theories expressed\nin the form of infinities suggests that there exists a finite dynamical mass in\nthe limit when the input mass parameter approaches zero. The Lagrangian\nrecovers symmetry at the same time as the input mass becomes zero, whereas the\nself-energy diagrams acquire a finite dynamical mass of the quantum fields in\nthe 4-dimensional space when the dimensional regularization method of\nrenormalization is utilized. The complex forms of the QCD and QED interaction\npotentials are obtained by replacing the fixed mass and coupling constants in\nthe Yukawa potential with the scale-dependent running coupling constant and the\ncorresponding dynamical mass. The derived QCD potential predicts quark\nconfinement and deconfinement, and the QED potential derived by the same method\npredicts the sharply rising delta function potential near the contact distance\nbetween the electron and positron.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Alternative Discrete Energy Solutions to the Free Particle Dirac\n  Equation: The usual method of solving the free particle Dirac equation results in the\nso called continuum energy solutions. Here, we take a different approach and\nfind a set of solutions with quantized energies which are proportional to the\ntotal angular momentum.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Phantom-Like Behavior in Modified Teleparallel Gravity: The recent data from Planck2018 shows that the equation of state parameter of\neffective cosmic fluid today is w0 =-1.03. This indicates that it is possible\nfor the universe to be in a phantom dominated era today. While a phantom field\nis essentially capable to explain this observation, it suffers from some\nserious problems such as instabilities and violation of the null energy\ncondition. So, it would be interesting to realize this effective phantom\nbehavior without adopting a phantom field. In this paper we study possible\nrealization of an effective phantom behavior in modified teleparallel gravity.\nWe show that modified teleparallel gravity is able essentially to realize an\neffective phantom-like behavior in the absence of a phantom field. For this\npurpose, we choose some observationally viable f(T) functions and prove that\nthere are some subspaces of the models parameter space capable of realizing a\nphantom-like behavior without adopting a phantom field.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Prediction of spectral shifts proportional to source distances by\n  time-varying frequency or wavelength selection: Any frequency selective device with an ongoing drift will cause observed\nspectra to be variously and simultaneously scaled in proportion to their source\ndistances. The reason is that detectors after the drifting selection will\nintegrate instantaneous electric or magnetic field values from successive\nsinusoids, and these sinusoids would differ in both frequency and phase. Phase\ndifferences between frequencies are ordinarily irrelevant, and recalibration\nprocedures at most correct for frequency differences. With drifting selection,\nhowever, each integrated field value comes from *the sinusoid of the\ninstantaneously selected frequency at its instantaneous received phase*, hence\nthe waveform constructed by the integration will follow the drifting selection\nwith a phase acceleration given by the drift rate times the slope of the\nreceived phase spectrum. A phase acceleration is literally a frequency shift,\nand the phase spectrum slope of a received waveform is an asymptotic measure of\nthe source distance, as the path delay presents phase offsets proportional to\nfrequency times the distance, and eventually exceeding all initial phase\ndifferences. Tunable optics may soon be fast enough for realizing such shifts\nby Fourier switching, and could lead to pocket X-ray devices; sources\ncontinuously variable from RF to gamma rays; capacity multiplication with\njamming and noise immunity in both fibre and radio channels, passive ranging\nfrom ground to deep space; etc.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comment on Universal Reduced Potential Function for Diatomic Systems: First principles prove why a recent claim by R.H. Xie and P.S. Hsu (Phys.\nRev. Lett. 96, 243201 (2006)) on the scaling power of a covalent Sutherland\nparameter to expose a universal function cannot be validated.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Acoustooptic Diffraction in Borate Crystals: The efficiency of acoustooptic (AO) diffraction in a-BaB2O4 and Li2B4O7\ncrystals is studied experimentally. The crystals are shown to be quite good AO\nmaterials. The efficiency of AO diffraction in a-BaB2O4 reaches h=30% at the\nelectric signal power of P=0.7W for the transverse acoustic wave and 15% at the\npower of P=0.56W for the longitudinal wave. The same parameter for Li2B4O7\nreaches h=21% at P=0,81W for the longitudinal acoustic wave.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Holographic dark energy in Brans-Dicke theory with log correction: In the derivation of holographic dark energy density, the area law of the\nblack hole entropy plays a crucial role. However, the entropy-area relation can\nbe modified from the inclusion of quantum effects, motivated from the loop\nquantum gravity, string theory and black hole physics. In this paper, we study\ncosmological implication of the interacting entropy-corrected holographic dark\nenergy model in the framework of Brans-Dicke cosmology. We obtain the equation\nof state and the deceleration parameters of the entropy-corrected holographic\ndark energy in a non-flat Universe. As system's IR cutoff we choose the radius\nof the event horizon measured on the sphere of the horizon, defined as\n$L=ar(t)$. We find out that when the entropy-corrected holographic dark energy\nis combined with the Brans-Dicke field, the transition from normal state where\n$w_D >-1 $ to the phantom regime where $w_D <-1 $ for the equation of state of\ninteracting dark energy can be more easily achieved for than when resort to the\nEinstein field equations is made.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "About mechanics of the structured particles: The principles of creation of the mechanics of structured particles in the\nframe of the Newton's laws are considered. The explanation how this mechanics\nleads to the account of dissipative forces is offered. Why the motions of the\nsystem determine by two type of symmetry: symmetry of the system and symmetry\nof space and how it leads to two types of energy and forces accordingly are\ndiscussed. How the mechanics of the structured particles leads to\nthermodynamics, statistical physics and kinetics are explained.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Physical Origin of Schr\u00f6dinger Equation: Quantum mechanics is one of the basic theories of modern physics. Here, the\nfamous Schr\\\"odinger equation and the differential operators representing\nmechanical quantities in quantum mechanics are derived, just based on the\nprinciple that the translation invariance (symmetry) of a system in Hamiltonian\nmechanics should be preserved in quantum mechanics. Moreover, according to the\nform of the differential operators, the commutation relation in quantum\nmechanics between the generalized coordinate and the generalized momentum can\nbe directly obtained. We believe that the results in this paper are very useful\nfor understanding the physical origin of quantum mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mathematics as the language of physics: Courses in mathematical methods for physics students are not known for\nincluding too much in the way of mathematical rigour and, in some ways,\nunderstandably so. However, the conditions under which some quite commonly used\nmathematical expressions are valid can be of great importance in some physical\ncircumstances. Here one such expression, which figures frequently in the\nmanipulations leading to the isothermal compressibility appearing in formulae,\nis examined as an illustrative example.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Geometric Solutions to Non-linear Differential Equations: A general formalism to solve nonlinear differential equations is given.\nSolutions are found and reduced to those of second order nonlinear differential\nequations in one variable. The approach is uniformized in the geometry and\nsolves generic nonlinear systems. Further properties characterized by the\ntopology and geometry of the associated manifolds may define global properties\nof the solutions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An SU(3) Unified Model of Electroweak Interaction Using Generalized\n  Yang-Mills Theory: Generalized Yang-Mills theory has a covariant derivative which contains both\nvector and scalar gauge bosons. Based on this theory, we construct an SU(3)\nunified model of weak and electromagnetic interactions. By using the NJL\nmechanism, the symmetry breaking can be realized dynamically. The masses of W,Z\nare obtained and interactions between various particles are the same as that of\nWeinberg-Salam (WS) model. At the same time,the Weinberg angle can be given.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Expanding Universe: Thermodynamical Aspects From Different Models: The pivotal point of the paper is to discuss the behavior of temperature,\npressure, energy density as a function of volume along with determination of\ncaloric EoS from following two model: $w(z)=w_{0}+w_{1}\\ln(1+z)$ & $\nw(z)=-1+\\frac{(1+z)}{3}\\frac{A_{1}+2A_{2}(1+z)}{A_{0}+2A_{1}(1+z)+A_{2}(1+z)^{2}}$.\nThe time scale of instability for this two models is discussed. In the paper we\nthen generalize our result and arrive at general expression for energy density\nirrespective of the model. The thermodynamical stability for both of the model\nand the general case is discussed from this viewpoint. We also arrive at a\ncondition on the limiting behavior of thermodynamic parameter to validate the\nthird law of thermodynamics and interpret the general mathematical expression\nof integration constant $U_{0}$ (what we get while integrating energy\nconservation equation) physically relating it to number of micro states. The\nconstraint on the allowed values of the parameters of the models is discussed\nwhich ascertains stability of universe. The validity of thermodynamical laws\nwithin apparent and event horizon is discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cosmological behaviors of the cubic $f(T)$ gravity in early and late\n  universe: A cubic correction of $f(T)$ gravity, where $T$ is the teleparallel scalar\ntorsion, is considered to describe gravity in spatially flat\nFriedmann-Robertson-Walker model. A scale factor permitting departure from\ninflation era has been derived. The cosmological evolution has been studied and\nit has shown that a phase transition from early era to late one is possible.\nThe maximum temperature by releasing the vacuum latent heat has been shown to\nbe much below the GUT temperature. The energy conditions have been analyzed and\nhas shown that they are satisfied for certain values of the parameters\n$\\varepsilon$ and $\\beta$. The cosmographic parameters are used and has been\nshown that the derived solution satisfies $f(T)$ and its higher derivatives up\nto fourth order.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Equation H=mv^2 and the Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom: The recently introduced reconciliation of the theories of special relativity\nand wave mechanics implies that the mass-energy equivalence principle must be\nexpressed mathematically as H = mv^2, where H is the total energy of a\nparticle, m is its relativistic mass, and v is its velocity; not H = mc^2 as\nwas widely believed. In this paper, the equation H = mv^2 will be used to\ncalculate the energy levels in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. It is\ndemonstrated that the well-known Sommerfeld-Dirac formula is still obtained,\nbut without the constant term m_0 c^2 that was originally present in the\nformula.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Matter Waves and Orbital Quantum Numbers: The atom's orbital electron structure in terms of quantum numbers (principal,\nazimuthal, magnetic and spin) results in space for a maximum of: 2 electrons in\nthe n=1 orbit, 8 electrons in the n=2 orbit, 18 electrons in the n=3 orbit, and\nso on. Those dispositions are correct, but that is not because of quantum\nnumbers nor angular momentum nor a \"Pauli exclusion principle\".\n  Matter waves were discovered in the early 20th century from their wavelength,\nwhich was predicted by DeBroglie to be, Planck's constant divided by the\nparticle's momentum. But, the failure to obtain a reasonable theory for the\nmatter wave frequency resulted in loss of interest. That problem is resolved in\n\"A Reconsideration of Matter Waves\" in which a reinterpretation of Einstein's\nderivation of relativistic kinetic energy [which produced his famous E = mc^2]\nleads to a valid matter wave frequency and a new understanding of particle\nkinetics and the atom's stable orbits.\n  It is analytically shown that the orbital electron arrangement is enforced by\nthe necessity of accommodating the space that each orbiting electron's matter\nwave occupies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cosmology, Holography, the Brain and the Quantum Vacuum: Cosmology, as a science, started at the beginning of the last century with\nthe advent of the Einstein cosmological equations. Based on these equations,\nthe present main stream cosmological model is the well known big-bang, this\nname unwillingly coined by Fred Hoyle many years ago. Relatively recent\nadditions to this model have been inflation, dark matter and dark energy. We\npresent a smoothly behaved new cosmological model that mainly takes into\naccount the dark part of the Universe. We consider it as the background frame,\nthe substrate, of what we see. The inclusion of the holographic principle\nclarifies the entropy problem that we also apply to the human brain. We take it\nas an engineering information center. Finally, the inclusion of the quantum\nvacuum in this scene creates an important challenge, an opportunity for future\nresearch in the knowledge of the Universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Covariant Space Time Line Elements in the Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson\n  Walker Geometry: Most quantum gravity theories quantize space time on the order of Planck\nlength (lp). Some of these theories, such as loop quantum gravity (LQG),\npredict that this discreetness could be manifested through Lorentz invariance\nviolations (LIV) over travelling particles at astronomical length distances.\nHowever, reports on LIV are controversial, and space discreetness could still\nbe compatible with Lorentz invariance. Here, it is tested whether space\nquantization on the order of Planck length could still be compatible with\nLorentz invariance through the application of a covariant geometric uncertainty\nprinciple (GeUP) as a constraint over geodesics in FRW geometries. Space time\nline elements compatible with the uncertainty principle are calculated for a\nhomogeneous, isotropic expanding Universe represented by the Friedmann Lemaitre\nRobertson Walker solution to General Relativity (FLRW or FRW metric). A generic\nexpression for the quadratic proper space time line element is derived,\nproportional to Planck length squared, and dependent on two contributions. The\nfirst is associated to the energy time uncertainty, and the second depends on\nthe Hubble function. The results are in agreement with space-time quantization\non the expected length orders, according to quantum gravity theories, and\nwithin experimental constraints on putative LIV.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Alarming Oxygen Depletion Caused by Hydrogen Combustion and Fuel Cells\n  and their Resolution by Magnegas$^{TM}$: We recall that hydrogen combustion does resolve the environmental problems of\nfossil fuels due to excessive emission of carcinogenic substances and carbon\ndioxide. However, hydrogen combustion implies the permanent removal from our\natmosphere of directly usable oxygen, a serious environmental problem called\noxygen depletion, since the combustion turns oxygen into water whose separation\nto restore the original oxygen is prohibitive due to cost. We then show that a\nconceivable global use of hydrogen in complete replacement of fossil fuels\nwould imply the permanent removal from our atmosphere of 2.8875x10^7 metric\ntons O_2/day. Fuel cells are briefly discussed to point out similarly serious\nenvironmental problems, again, for large uses. We propose the possibility of\nresolving these problems by upgrading hydrogen to the new combustible fuel\ncalled magnegas^TM, whose chemical structure is composed by the new chemical\nspecies of magnecules, whose energy content and other features are beyond the\ndescriptive capacities of quantum chemistry. In fact, magnegas contains up to\n50% hydrogen, while having combustion exhaust with: 1) a positive oxygen\nbalance (releasing more oxygen in the exhaust than that used in the\ncombustion); 2) no appreciable carcinogenic or toxic substances; 3)\nconsiderably reduced carbon dioxide as compared to fossil fuels; 4)\nconsiderably reduced nitrogen oxides; and 5) general reduction of pollutants in\nthe exhaust up to 96% of current EPA standards.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Hawking radiation - quasi-normal modes correspondence and effective\n  states for nonextremal Reissner-Nordstr\u00f6m black holes: It is known that the nonstrictly thermal character of the Hawking radiation\nspectrum harmonizes Hawking radiation with black hole (BH) quasi-normal modes\n(QNM). This paramount issue has been recently analyzed in the framework of both\nSchwarzschild BHs (SBH) and Kerr BHs (KBH). In this assignment, we generalize\nthe analysis to the framework of nonextremal Reissner-Nordstr\\\"{o}m BHs (RNBH).\nSuch a generalization is important because in both SBHs and KBHs an absorbed\n(or emitted) particle has only mass. Instead, in RNBHs the particle has charge\nas well as mass. In doing so, we expose that for the RNBH, QNMs can be\nnaturally interpreted in terms of quantum levels for both particle emission and\nabsorption. Conjointly, we generalize some concepts concerning the RNBH's\n\"effective states\".",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Spinor equation for the $W^{\\pm}$ boson: I introduce spinor equations for the $W^{\\pm}$ fields. The properties of\nthese spinor equations under space-time transformation and under charge\nconjugation are studied. The expressions for electric charge and current and\ndensities of the $W^{\\pm}$ fields are obtained. Covariant quantization\nconditions are established, and the vacuum energy for the $W^{\\pm}$ fields is\nfound to be zero.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Phenomenological Universalities: Coherence, Supersymmetry and Growth: The phenomenological universalities (PU) are extended to include\ntime-depended quantum oscillatory phenomena, coherence and supersymmetry. It\nwill be proved that this approach generates minimum uncertainty coherent states\nof time-dependent oscillators, which in the dissociation (classical) limit\nreduce to the functions describing growth (regression) of the systems evolving\nover time. The results obtained reveal existence of a new class of macroscopic\nquantum (or quasi-quantum) phenomena, which may play a vital role in coherent\nformation of the specific growth patterns in complex systems.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Standard Model of particle physics with Diracian neutrino sector: The minimally extended standard model of particle physics contains three\nright handed or sterile neutrinos, coupled to the active ones by a Dirac mass\nmatrix and mutually by a Majorana mass matrix. In the pseudo-Dirac case, the\nMajorana terms are small and maximal mixing of active and sterile states\noccurs, which is generally excluded for solar neutrinos. In a \"Diracian\" limit,\nthe physical masses become pairwise degenerate and the neutrinos attain a Dirac\nsignature. Members of a pair do not oscillate mutually so that their mixing can\nbe undone, and the standard neutrino model follows as a limit. While two\nMajorana phases become physical Dirac phases and three extra mass parameters\noccur, a better description of data is offered. Oscillation problems are worked\nout in vacuum and in matter. With lepton number -1 assigned to the sterile\nneutrinos, the model still violates lepton number conservation and allows very\nfeeble neutrinoless double beta decay. It supports a sterile neutrino\ninterpretation of Earth-traversing ultra high energy events detected by ANITA.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A brief review on the Problem of Divergence in Krein Space Quantization: In this paper we have a brief review on the problem of divergence in quantum\nfield theory and its elimination using the method of Krein space quantization.\nIn this method, the auxiliary negative frequency states have been utilized, the\nmodes of which do not interact with the physical states and are not affected by\nthe physical boundary conditions. It is remarkable that Krein space\nquantization is similar to Pauli-Villars regularization, so we can call it the\n\"Krein regularization\". Considering the QED in Krein space quantization, it\ncould be shown that the theory is automatically regularized. Calculation of the\nthree primitive divergent integrals, the vacuum polarization, electron self\nenergy and vertex function using Krein space method leads to finite values,\nsince the infrared and ultraviolet divergencies do not appear. For another\nexample, the Casimir stress on a spherical shell in de Sitter spacetime for a\nmassless scalar field could be calculated using Krein space quantization.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On spacetime coordinates in special relativity: Starting with two light clocks to derive time dilation expression, as many\ntextbooks do, and then adding a third one, we work on relativistic spacetime\ncoordinates relations for some simple events as emission, reflection and return\nof light pulses. Besides time dilation, we get, in the following order, Doppler\nk-factor, addition of velocities, length contraction, Lorentz Transformations\nand spacetime interval invariance. We also use Minkowski spacetime diagram to\nshow how to interpret some few events in terms of spacetime coordinates in\nthree different inertial frames.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Exterior Calculus and Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: In 1960-62, E. K\\\"ahler developed what looks as a generalization of the\nexterior calculus, which he based on Clifford rather than exterior algebra. The\nrole of\\ the exterior derivative, $du$, was taken by the more comprehensive\nderivative $\\partial u$ ($\\equiv dx^{\\mu }\\vee d_{\\mu }u$), where `$\\vee $'\nstands for Clifford product. The $d_{\\mu }u$ represents a set of quantities to\nwhich he referred as covariant derivative, and for which he gave a long, ad hoc\nexpression. We provide the geometric foundation for this derivative, based on\nCartan's treatment of the structure of a Riemannian differentiable manifold\nwithout resort to the concept of the so called affine connections. Buried at\nadvanced points in his presentations is the implied statement that $\\partial\nu=du+\\ast ^{-1}d$ $u\\ast $, the sign at the front of the coderivative term is a\nmatter of whether we include the unit imaginary or not in the definition of\nHodge dual, $\\ast $. We extract and put together the pieces of theory that go\ninto his derivation of that statement, which seems to have gone unnoticed in\nspite of its relevance for a quick understanding of what his `K\\\"ahler\ncalculus'. K\\\"ahler produced a most transparent, compelling and clear\nformulation of relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) as a virtual concomitant of\nhis calculus. We shall enumerate several of its notable features, which he\nfailed to emphasize. The exterior calculus in K\\\"ahler format thus reveals\nitself as the computational tool for RQM, making the Dirac calculus unnecessary\nand its difficulties spurious.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Logical Construction of the Ionization Energy Theory and the Origin of\n  Physical Categories: Logical proofs and definitions are developed to establish (i) the\nenergy-level spacings, \\xi for each chemical element (from the periodic table\nof chemical elements) can be converted to the ionization energies, (ii) both\n\\xi and the ionization energies are unique, and (iii) the averaged ionization\nenergies of any quantum matter is proportional to the averaged ionization\nenergies of its constituent chemical elements, if and only if \\xi not = 0 and\n\\xi is not an irrelevant constant. Physical sets are then constructed such that\nthey are members of a specific physical class where each class belongs to a\nspecific physical category, P. However, there is not a single\nstructure-preserving functor from one energy-level spacing physical category,\nP(\\xi) to another P'(\\xi). Therefore, the existence of many P(\\xi) imply the\nexistence of different categories of physical systems and quantum matter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Aberration and radiation pressure in the Klein and Poincare models: Aberration and radiation pressure reflected by a moving mirror are examples\nof the Klein and Poincar\\'e models of hyperbolic geometry, respectively.\nReflection at a moving mirror produces a two-way Dopper shift. Its one-way\ncounterpart, aberration, has nothing to do with the radiation pressure on a\nmoving mirror, but, rather with the pressure on a completely absorbing surface.\nBoth pressures vanish when the angle of parallelism is reached. Two-way,\nsecond-order Doppler shifts can be used to establish experimentally the\nexistence of an angle of parallelism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Introducing $\\texttt{NatPy}$, a simple and convenient Python module for\n  dealing with natural units: In high energy physics, the standard convention for expressing physical\nquantities is natural units. The standard paradigm sets $c = \\hbar = \\epsilon_0\n= 1$ and hence implicitly rescales all physical quantities that depend on unit\nderivatives of these quantities. We introduce $\\texttt{NatPy}$, a simple Python\nmodule that defines user-friendly unit objects that can be used and converted\nwithin any predefined system of natural units. In this note, we will first\nintroduce, then overview, the algebraic methods utilised by the\n$\\texttt{NatPy}$ module.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some Discussion on Thermodynamical Behaviour of Modified Chaplygin Gas: On going good number of research works establish Modified Chaplygin Gas as\none one of the most favoured candidates of Dark Energy. In our present work,\nnew bound on the parameter space of associated model - parameter has been\nworked out with new explanation. Moreover, the explicit relation between the\nmysterious state parameter $w$ and scale factor $a(t)$ has been derived.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantization of ratio gravity in Minkowski spacetime and mass generation\n  mechanism: Recently, the theory of ratio gravity (RG) has introduced a new description\nof spacetime curvature and gravity as well as dark energy. This paper proposes\na quantization approach through a simple model for RG. By solving the ratio\ngravity equations in Minkowski spacetime, we found there are two wave solutions\ncoupled to a symmetry broken scalar field. We postulate the related Lagrangian\nwith massless fermion doublets coupling a scalar field, and perform the related\none-loop calculation. The theory provides the non-zero and positive masses for\nthree generations of three types of massive fermions: apparently as leptons\n(electron, muon, tau), and quarks (up, charm, top, down, strange, bottom). The\npredicted masses of the top and bottom quarks (181 GeV and 3.5 GeV) are close\nto the experimental data. We address the possibility that RG quantization may\noffer mass generation mechanism for fermions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Solvability of Maxwell's Equations: Complementing a study which was published in this journal in 2005, we present\nexplicit calculations of fields predicted by Maxwell's equations both in Lorenz\nand in Coulomb gauge. Analytic expressions are obtainable, when the source of\nthe fields is an oscillating electric dipole. As before it is found that the\nfields calculated by different methods are at variance. In addition, the reason\nfor the discrepancies is revealed: The retarded integrals turn out not to\nsatisfy the inhomogeneous wave equations which they are supposed to solve.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A biotic cosmos demystified?: Oceanic planets formed by type Ia supernovae become spectacularly abundant as\nstars cease to shine. However, the timing may not be altogether inappropriate.\nNeutrino annihilation might thermally regulate iron-cored water-worlds,\nsustaining habitable subglacial oceans. If dark matter and dark energy decay to\nneutrinos, the universe could support life for ~ 10^23 years. Civilisations\nsurmounting the arduous process of hereditary genetics soon discern the biotic\nnature of the cosmos and accept their role within it. An infrastructure guards\nagainst the spread of rogue colonists. Recruited colonists could harness the\navailable energy for the benefit of life with stupendous efficiency, providing\nunmistakeable evidence of cosmological optimisation. The anthropic\ncoincidences, inhospitable aspects of the current universe and Fermi's paradox\nwould all be illuminated. Semiconductors sensitive to a neutrinoelectric effect\noffer a laboratory test of the planetary heating mechanism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On p-adic Stochastic Dynamics, Supersymmetry and the Riemann Conjecture: We construct (assuming the quantum inverse scattering problem has a solution\n) the operator that yields the zeroes of the Riemman zeta function by defining\nexplicitly the supersymmetric quantum mechanical model (SUSY QM) associated\nwith the p-adic stochastic dynamics of a particle undergoing a Brownian random\nwalk . The zig-zagging occurs after collisions with an infinite array of\nscattering centers that fluctuate randomly. Arguments are given to show that\nthis physical system can be modeled as the scattering of the particle about the\ninfinite locations of the prime numbers positions. We are able then to\nreformulate such p-adic stochastic process, that has an underlying hidden\nParisi-Sourlas supersymmetry, as the effective motion of a particle in a\npotential which can be expanded in terms of an infinite collection of p-adic\nharmonic oscillators with fundamental (Wick-rotated imaginary) frequencies\n$\\omega_p = i log~p$ (p is a prime) and whose harmonics are $\\omega_{p, n} = i\nlog ~ p^n$. The p-adic harmonic oscillator potential allow us to determine a\none-to-one correspondence between the amplitudes of oscillations $a_n$ (and\nphases) with the imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta $\\lambda_n$, after\nsolving the inverse scattering problem.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Pioneer anomaly: a drift in the proper time of the spacecraft: A relativistic theory is proposed to explain the anomalous accelerations of\nPioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecrafts. The theory points out at the\nlimitations of the weak field approximation and proposes a drift in the proper\ntime of the spacecraft outside the framework of general relativity. The theory\nyields a very accurate and precise value for the anomalous acceleration. In\nthis theory the proper time of a body is associated with the gravitational\nfrequency shift of the constituent fundamental particles of the body. The\nfrequency shift changes the energy level of the body which gets reflected in\nits relativistic mass and therefore in its motion. This change in energy level\ncauses the time like geodesics to deviate from that of the standard theoretical\nmodels. We introduce proper time in the line element of a metric theory\naccording to a fixed set of rules laid down by general relativity for\nintroducing deviation in the flat Minkowski metric. The frequency shift for\nbodies of different composition traversing different trajectories however, is\nnot the same and this gets reflected in its motion as an unmodeled anomalous\neffect. This association of proper time with the gravitational frequency shift\nof the body requires the flat Minkowski metric to deviate in different ways for\ndifferent two body systems. The solution to Pioneer anomaly given here yields\nanomalous acceleration within the limits of observational accuracy.\nGravitational redshift of light, bending of light and perihelic precession of\nplanets are within the permissible limits. The theory shows that Einstein's\nfield equations do provide some clue to the Pioneer anomaly but the solution is\nnot very accurate. The theory can also explain the rotation curves of the\nspiral galaxies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A hypothesis on neutrino helicity: It is firmly established by experimental results that neutrinos are almost\n100\\% longitudinally polarized and left-handed. It is also confirmed by\nneutrino oscillation experiments that neutrinos have tiny but non-zero masses.\nSince their masses are non-zero the neutrinos cannot be strictly described by\npure helicity states which coincide with the chirality eigenstates. On the\nother hand, it is generally assumed that ultrarelativistic massive fermions can\nbe described well enough by the Weyl equations. This assumption obviously\nexplains why the neutrinos are almost 100\\% longitudinally polarized. We\ndiscuss the validity of this assumption and show that the assumption is\nfallacious for a fermion with a general spin orientation. For instance, a\nfermion with a transverse polarization (relative to its momentum) cannot be\ndescribed by one of the Weyl equations even in the ultrarelativistic limit.\nHence, the fact that neutrinos are almost completely longitudinally polarized\ncannot be explained in the basis of relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum\nfield theory. As a solution to this problem, we propose a new hypothesis\naccording to which neutrinos are strictly described by pure helicity states\nalthough they are not massless.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Critical comments on quantization of the angular momentum: I. Analysis\n  based on the physical requirement on eigenfunctions and on the commutation\n  relations: Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the operator of the square of the angular\nmomentum are studied. It is shown that neither from the requirement for the\neigenfunctions be normalizable nor from the commutation relations it is\npossible to prove that the eigenvalues spectrum is a set of only integer\nnumbers (in units $\\hbar=1$). We present regular, normalizable eigenfunctions\nwith the non-integer eigenvalues thus demonstrating that a non-integer angular\nmomentum is admissible from the theoretical viewpoint.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Central symmetry and antisymmetry of the microwave background\n  inhomogeneities on Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe maps: We performed a visual and numeric analysis of the deviation of the microwave\nbackground temperature on WMAP maps. We proved that the microwave background\ninhomogeneities possess the property of the central symmetry resulting from the\ntwo kinds of central symmetry of the opposite signs. After the computer\nmodeling we have established the relation between the coefficient of the\ncentral symmetry and the values of the symmetrical and antisymmetrical\ncomponents of the deviation of the temperature. The obtained distribution of\nthe symmetry coefficient on the map of the celestial sphere in Mollweide\nprojection testifies on a contribution of both kinds of central symmetry which\nis approximately equal on the average in absolute magnitude but opposite by\nsign and where one kind of the central symmetry prevails on some sections of\nthe celestial sphere and another kind - on the others. The average resulting\nvalue of the symmetry coefficient on the sections with angular measures less\nthan 15-200 varies within the range from -50% to +50% with some prevalence of\nthe antisymmetry - the average coefficient of the central symmetry for the\nwhole celestial sphere is -4 +/- 1%. (antisymmetry 4%). Small scale structure\nof the distribution indicates that it is the result of the combined action of\nthe mechanisms of the central symmetry and central antisymmetry, close to 100%.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Current C, T Transformation Rules of Quantum Field Theory Must be\n  Redefined: In light of the transformation defined in the current quantum field theory,\nelectromagnetic interaction is unchanged under time reversal. However, this\nkind of time reversal only lets in the Hamiltonian of the coordinate space,\nwithout considering that the creation and annihilation processes of particles\nshould also be reversed when the concrete problems are calculated in momentum\nspace. In fact, according to the current transformation of quantum field\ntheory, creation operator of spinor particle is still creation operator and\nannihilation operator is also still annihilation operator. This result does not\nrepresent the real meaning of time reversal. In the interaction process, a\nparticle's creation operator should become the annihilation operator and its\nannihilation operator should become the creation operator after time reversal.\nIt is proved that when the reversion of creation and annihilation processes is\nconsidered in momentum space, under the condition of high energy, a great\nsymmetry violation of time reversal would be caused in some low order processes\nof electromagnetic interaction just as the Compton scattering in which the\npropagation lines of fermions are contained. This result contradicts with the\nexperiments of particle physics and is impossible. Meanwhile, it is proved that\nthe normalization processes of the third order vertex angles of electromagnetic\ninteraction also violate time reversal symmetry, no matter in the coordinate\nspace or in the momentum space. But the symmetry violation is small with a\nmagnitude order about 10(-5). The similar problems exist in the current C\ntransformation of quantum field theory. The C transformation of creation and\nannihilation operator can not be consistent with the C transformation of spinor\nparticle's wave functions in momentum space. We can obtain the correct C\ntransformation of creation and annihilation operator, but can not obtain the\ncorrect C transformation of wave functions in momentum space. Therefore, the\ncurrent rules of C,T transformations in quantum field theory has serious defect\nand should be redefined.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Phenomena in bubbles cluster: Following some previous papers, we continue in this paper to give proof of\nthe analogy between the acoustic world and the electromagnetic world. Hence we\nderive the expressions for: the scattering-scattering force (the\nelectro-acoustic force) between the bubbles found in the inner cluster and the\nbubble found out of the cluster, the scattering-absorption force (the\ngravito-acoustic forces) between the bubbles found in the inner cluster, the\ngravito-acoustic forces between the cluster as a whole and an outer bubble, the\ntemperature corresponding to the translational motion of the bubbles in the\ninner cluster and the average pressure of the acoustic radiation. The results\nof our calculus led us to find out that the absolute value of the average\npressure of the acoustic radiation around a bubble is equal to the density of\nthe energy of the electro-acoustic field, Eq. (10). This is the most important\nresult of this paper. These densities are the densities of the energy\ncorresponding to the oscillation of the bubble (the liquid around the bubble)\nthat are involved in the interaction phenomenon between two oscillating\nbubbles. We have also demonstrated that the gravito-acoustic forces, at\nresonance, between the bubbles inside the cluster, generated by the absorption\nof energy in the bubbles, are proportional to the square of the virtual masses\nof the bubbles, Eqs. (29) and (30).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Photon findings: Two experiments were made using a microwave generator, which sent a narrow\nbeam, through a metallic plate with horizontal movement. At the other end a\nhorn antenna coupled to a field-strength detector. In linear polarization\ndouble cycloids paths were found and in circular polarization spiral paths were\nfound. These experiments suggested that the photon is composed by two particles\nin dynamic equilibrium. The description of this model is given later as well as\nits parameters.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Photographing a time interval: A method of measuring time intervals by a single observer proposed by Crowell\nis extended to the more general case when the events separated by the time\ninterval take place at two points characterized by the same y=y' space\ncoordinates. We show that time dilation and time contraction can take place or\neven an inversion in the time succession can be detected",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamics with 3 Spins: Glauber dynamics, applied to the one-dimensional Ising model, provides a\ntractable model for the study of non-equilibrium, many-body processes driven by\na heat bath",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Minimum Length Universe in a Robertson Walker Geometry: A minimum length universe is enforced via a diffusive Markovian field.\nRequiring the invariance of the proper time functional under spacetime\ntransformations generated by such fields provides us with many new terms added\nto the Christoffel Connection, Equations of Motion, and Friedmann Equation.\nUnder the Robertson-Walker (RW) metric, we obtain species-specific\nenergy-density evolution, now a function of both the parameters defining the\ndiffusive fields as well as the RW scale factor.\n  The math leads us to a relationship between temporal diffusion, universe\nexpansion acceleration, and the speed of universe expansion, along with a\nderivation of the cosmological constant as a function of both minimum length\nand the scalar field expectation value of the Higgs mechanism.\n  The theory gives us a means of relating the Hubble parameter to its diffusive\nML 'equivalent', and a means to express the effective equation of state in\nterms of the deceleration parameter, q. We find that q can take on a range of\nhigher values without invoking the need for a dark matter species, and that the\nuniverse inhabits a vacuum or matter dominated regime as a function of q.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Entanglement in systems of oscillators and quantum computations: It is shown that quantum devices based only on oscillators cannot serve as\nthe universal quantum computer, despite of entanglement in such devices, which\nwe roughly estimate for the ideal case and for the harmful entanglement with\nphotonic modes. We show that quasi-particles are the native shell for the\nentanglement already for ground state, in contast to the free electromagnetic\nfield where vacuum state does not produce entanglement at all.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A new global 1-form in Lyra geometric cosmos model: Dark energy phenomena has inspired lots of investigations on the cosmological\nconstant problems. In order to understand its origin and properties as well as\nits impacts on universe's evolutions, there are many approaches to modify the\nwell-known General Relativity, such as the Weyl-Lyra Geometry. In the well\nstudied cosmology model within Lyra geometry, there is a problem that the first\nlaw of thermodynamics is violated. To unravel this issue, if we use the\neffective density and pressure in the Lyra cosmology model to preserve the\nfirst law of thermodynamics in the cosmos, the former 1-form $(\\beta,0,0,0)$\ncannot give a proper vacuum behavior. In this paper, the auxiliary 1-form is\nmodified to overcome this difficulty. It can be shown that the complex terms in\nthe field equation derived from the regime of Lyra Geometric$\n\\frac{3}{2}{\\phi}^{\\mu}{\\phi}_{\\nu}-\\frac{3}{4}{\\delta}^{\\mu}_{\\nu}{\\phi}^{\\alpha}{\\phi}_{\\alpha}$with\nour new 1-form could behave just as the cosmological constant. This work can be\nregarded as a new exploration on a possible origin of the cosmological constant\nfrom a Lyra cosmology model.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Trajectories of light: The trajectories of light are demostrated with experiments made with a\nmicrowave oscilator coupled to a horn antenna and a movable metalic plate along\nthe radar beam. Two polarizations were made: Linear polarization that produced\ndouble cycloids paths and circular polarization that produced helical paths.\nBoth trajectories filled the empty space around the trajectories. The new\nphoton model which is formed by two particles instead of the traditional one,\nequations and physical behavior is totally filled.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can One-Way Light Speed be Measured? Comment on E. D. Greaves et al.,\n  Am. J. Phys. 77(10), 894-896 (2009): The convention dependence of one-way light speed is explained in a manner\naccessible to those unaccustomed to the concept. That logic is used to\nchallenge the claim by Greaves et al that their experiment detected one-way\nlight speed. The reason for the result obtained is then presented and followed\nby an explanation of why the Romer experiment did not measure a convention\nindependent one-way light speed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The new sight on the Hertz electrodynamics of a moving bodies: A little error was eliminated from Hertz equations. New Hertz equations do\nnot contradict to all electromagnetic experiments. Therefore Hertz\nelectrodynamics is the alternative to Einstein electrodynamics. It means that\nthe question about the absolute or relative character of both space and time\nmust be rediscussed. Lorentz transformations can be used only if our\ntheoretical model of an electromagnetic phenomenon is not complete one .",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Epistemology in Cyclic Time: Consider the scenario, in which human civilization undergoes periodic eras of\nprogression and regression, and consequently, changes in cosmological knowledge\nare cyclic. There exist solutions of general theory of relativity, such as the\nG\\\"{o}del universe, in which the cosmos is rotating. If the real universe is\nindeed rotating, than this would be a reversion to rotating universe models,\nused in ancient cosmological models. We argue that such reversions in physical\nmodels would be inevitable in a space-time in which time is having $S^1$\n(circular) topology.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Everyone can understand quantum mechanics: We show that everyone can understand quantum mechanics, only if he rejects\nthe following prejudice, namely classical continuous motion (CCM) is the only\npossible and objective motion of particles.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Optical Approach to Gravitational Redshift: An optical approach begins by interpreting the gravitational redshift\nresulting to a change in the relative velocity of light due to the medium of\npropagation in the gravitational field. The discussion continues by pointing\nout an agreement in structure between the equation for rays in geometrical\noptics and the geodesic equation of general relativity. From their comparison\nwe learn that the path of rays should be given by the relation\n$ds^2=n^2(r)dr^2+r^2d\\theta^2$, not by $ds^2=dr^2+r^2d\\theta^2$, in a medium\nwith spherical symmetry of refractive index $n(r)$. The development of an\noptical analogy suggests introducing $n^2(r)$ in place of $g_{rr}$ as an\noptical version of the Schwarzschild metric. In form and content, $n^2(r)$ is\ndifferent from $g_{rr}$. The optical point of view replaces the\ngeneral-relativity explanations in terms of time and gravitation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Expansion and hidden dimensions in a new cosmological model: In this paper, we present a new cosmological model using fractal manifold. We\nprove that a space defined by this kind of manifold is an expanding space. This\nmodel provides us with consistent arguments pertaining to the relationship\nbetween variation of geometry and movement of matter. This study leads to the\nexistence of new fundamental principles. A clear picture is then portrayed\nabout the expansion of the universe represented by fractal manifold.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relativistic dynamics without conservation laws: We show that relativistic dynamics can be approached without using\nconservation laws (conservation of momentum, of energy and of the centre of\nmass). Our approach avoids collisions that are not easy to teach without\nmnemonic aids. The derivations are based on the principle of relativity and on\nits direct consequence, the addition law of relativistic velocities.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Classical Analogue to the Standard Model, Chapter 1: Normalisable\n  quasiparticles on a manifold with anticommuting co-ordinates: Quasiparticles and analog models are ubiquitous in the study of physical\nsystems. Little has been written about quasiparticles on manifolds with\nanticommuting co-ordinates, yet they are capable of emulating a surprising\nrange of physical phenomena. This paper introduces a classical model of free\nfields on a manifold with anticommuting co-ordinates, identifies the region of\nsuperspace which the model inhabits, and shows that the model emulates the\nbehaviour of a five-species interacting quantum field theory on\n$\\mathbb{R}^{1,3}$. The Lagrangian of this model arises entirely from the\nanticommutation property of the manifold co-ordinates. This is part one of a\nseries, which continues in arXiv:2108.07719 and arXiv:0805.3819, and concludes\nin arXiv:2008.05893 with a first-principles calculation of the value of the\ngravitational constant in the classical analogue model.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Myth of the Twin Paradox: One of the most discussed peculiarities of Einstein's theory of relativity is\nthe twin paradox, the fact that the time between two events in space-time\nappears to depend on the path between these events. We show that this time\ndiscrepancy results only from faulty assumptions in the transition from one\nreference system to another. The twin paradox does not exist. But the Lorentz\ninvariance of the theory has strong consequences, if we assume that it is valid\nnot only locally, but also on cosmic scale.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Temperature dependent latency of jumper cables: The temperature dependence of the latency of an optical signal transmitted\nover an optical fiber was investigated by means of a correlation OTDR. While\nthe bare fiber showed a linear latency increase over temperature, the jumper\ncable inside a jacket with tight buffer as inner jacket showed an increased\nelongation effect, especially in the range of lower tempera-tures. This could\nbe attributed to the tight buffer. For future latency sensitive applications in\nthe area of 5G networks these effects have to be taken into account.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The \\c{hi}2-test, the Muon AMM and Karl R. Popper: In this very brief note, we only wish to identify a simple but notable\nepistemological basis, concerning the Karl R. Popper philosophy of science\nthought, into the realm of the experimental proves of Fundamental Physics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mass-energy connection without special relativity: In 1905, Einstein carried out his first derivation of the mass-energy\nequivalence by studying in different reference frames the energy balance of a\nbody emitting electromagnetic radiation and assuming special relativity as a\nprerequisite. In this paper, we prove that a general mass-energy relationship\ncan be derived solely from very basic assumptions, which are the same made in\nEinstein's first derivation but completely neglecting special relativity. The\ngeneral mass-energy relationship turns to a mass-energy equivalence when is\napplied to the case of a body emitting energy in the form of electromagnetic\nwaves. Our main result is that if the core logic behind Einstein's approach is\nsound, then the essence of the mass-energy equivalence can be derived without\nspecial relativity. We believe that our heuristic approach, although not\ncapable of giving the exact mathematical formula for the mass-energy\nequivalence, may represent a useful addition to the general discussion on the\nmatter at the graduate level. Our finding suggests that the connection between\nmass and energy is at a deeper level and comes before any full-fledged physical\ntheory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A unified perspective on Poincar\u00e9 and Galilei relativity: I. Special\n  relativity: A semantic adjustment to what physicists mean by the terms `special\nrelativity' and `general relativity' is suggested, which prompts a conceptual\nshift to a more unified perspective on physics governed by the Poincar\\'e group\nand physics governed by the Galilei group. After exploring the limits of a\nunified perspective available in the setting of 4-dimensional spacetime, a\nparticular central extension of the Poincar\\'e group -- analogous to the\nBargmann group that is a central extension of the Galilei group -- is presented\nthat deepens a unified perspective on Poincar\\'e and Galilei physics in a\n5-dimensional spacetime setting. The immediate focus of this paper is classical\nphysics on affine 4-dimensional and 5-dimensional spacetimes (`special\nrelativity' as redefined here), including the electrodynamics that gave rise to\nPoincar\\'e physics in the first place; but the results here may suggest the\nexistence of a `Galilei general relativity' more extensive than generally\nknown, to be pursued in the sequel.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Role of local duality invariance in axion electrodynamics of topological\n  insulators: Advances in material technology and confluence of ideas from particle\nphysics, quantum field theory and condensed matter physics have led to the\ndiscovery of new states of matter as well as new physical phenomena: one of\nthem termed as topological insulator has attracted a great deal of attention\nrecently. Speculations on the possibility of observing the most elusive objects\nlike axions and monopoles in topological insulators have led to studies that\nemphasize the role of symmetry and universality. In this paper we argue that\nelectric-magnetic duality could be of deep significance in this context. We\ndevelop a duality invariant theory of topological insulators and show that\nunder appropriate conditions this theory reduces to the axion electrodynamics\nfor static case, topological quantization is related with the multi-valuedness\nof the duality gauge potential, and modifies Faraday's law for dynamical axion\nthat would change the dispersion relation of axionic polariton. A new effect\ndual to the dynamical axion field effect is predicted and its physical\nconsequences are discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Doppleraj efikoj \u0109e Schwarzschild: Motion of bodies and light rays are studied in the gravitational field of\nSchwarzschild. Several Doppler effects are described.\n  -----\n  Movado de korpoj kaj lumo estas studitaj en gravita kampo de Schwarzschild.\nPluraj Doppleraj efikoj estas priskribitaj.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Analytical Solution of two-body spinless Salpeter Equation for Hellmann\n  Potential: Approximate bound state solutions of the spinless Salpeter equation for the\nHellmann potential are studied for heavy particles. By using functional\nanalysis method, an analytical expression for the energy levels, and the\ncorresponding eigenfunctions of the system are obtained in terms of the\nhypergeometric functions. The analytical results for the Yukawa and Coulomb\npotentials are also studied as special cases.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relativistic Field Theory of Fluids: Classical relativistic field theory is applied to perfect and\nmagneto-hydrodynamic flows. The fields for Hamilton's principle are shown to be\nthe Lagrangian coordinates of the fluid elements, which are potentials for the\nmatter current 4-vector and the electromagnetic field 2-form. The energy\nmomentum tensor and equations of motion are derived from the fields. In this\nway the theory of continua is shown to have the same form as other field\ntheories, such as electromagnetism and general relativity.\n  Waves are treated as an example of the power of field theoretic methods. The\naverage or background flow and the waves are considered as two interacting\ncomponents of the system. The wave-background interaction involves the transfer\nof energy and momentum between the waves and the average flow, but the total\nenergy and momentum are conserved. The average Lagrangian for the total\nwave-background system is found by expanding the Lagrangian about the\nbackground flow and averaging over the phase. The total energy-momentum tensor\nis constructed, and the conservation of energy and momentum are discussed.\nVarying the wave amplitude gives the dispersion and polarization relations for\nthe waves, and varying the phase gives the rays and conservation of wave quanta\n(or wave action). The wave quanta move with the group velocity along the\nbi-characteristic rays.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Deuterium microbomb rocket propulsion: Large scale manned space flight within the solar system is still confronted\nwith the solution of two problems: 1. A propulsion system to transport large\npayloads with short transit times between different planetary orbits. 2. A cost\neffective lifting of large payloads into earth orbit. For the solution of the\nfirst problem a deuterium fusion bomb propulsion system is proposed where a\nthermonuclear detonation wave is ignited in a small cylindrical assembly of\ndeuterium with a gigavolt-multimegampere proton beam, drawn from the\nmagnetically insulated spacecraft acting in the ultrahigh vacuum of space as a\ngigavolt capacitor. For the solution of the second problem, the ignition is\ndone by argon ion lasers driven by high explosives, with the lasers destroyed\nin the fusion explosion and becoming part of the exhaust.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Exact Time-Dependent Solution to the Three-Dimensional Euler- Helmholtz\n  and Riemann-Hopf Equations for Vortex Flow of a Compressible Medium and the\n  Sixth Millennium Prize Problem: For the first time the exact vortex solution of the Cauchy problem in\nunbounded space is obtained for the three-dimensional Euler-Helmholtz (EH)\nequation in the case of a nonzero-divergence velocity field for an ideal\ncompressible medium. The solution obtained describes the inertial vortex motion\nand coincides with the exact solution to the three-dimensional Riemann-Hopf\n(RH) equation which simulates turbulence without pressure [Chefranov, 1991]. A\nnecessary and sufficient condition of the onset of a singularity in the\nevolution of the enstrophy in finite time t=t0 is obtained for this solution\nwhen its continuation is possible in times t>=t0 in the Sobolev space H^0(R^3)\nbut cannot be made in H^1(R^3). A closed description of the evolution of the\nenstrophy and the all other moments of the velocity and vortex fields is given,\ni.e., the main problem of theory of turbulence is solved exactly. The\npossibility of continuation of the obtained smooth solution to the EH an RH\nequations in the Sobolev space H^q(R^3) is also demonstrated for any q>=1 and\nt>=t0 due to introduction of a fairly large homogeneous friction or by\nintroducing an arbitrary small effective volume viscosity. A new analytic\nsolution of the Cauchy problem for the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes (NS)\nequation is obtained. This solution coincides with the above-mentioned smooth\nsolution to the EH and RH equations, which take into account the viscosity\neffect of a compressible medium and also the sufficient condition of positive\ndefiniteness of the growth rate of the entropy in the form of a linear relation\nbetween the pressure and the divergence of the velocity field. This gives the\npositive solution to the generalization of the Millennium Prize Problem on the\ncompressible Navier-Stokes equation where only the modification of viscous\nforce is used (by introduction of homogeneous friction and etc.).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On Majorana's equation: The physical results of quantum field theory are independent of the various\nspecializations of Dirac's gamma-matrices, that are employed in given problems.\nAccordingly, the physical meaning of Majorana's equation is very\ndubious,considering that it is a consequence of ad hoc matrix representations\nof the gamma-operators. Therefore, it seems to us that this equation cannot\ngive the equation of motion of the neutral WIMPs (weakly interacting massive\nparticles), the hypothesized constitutive elements of the Dark Matter.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Twelve pure shear surface waves guided by bimaterial clamped/free\n  boundaries in magneto-electro-elastic materials: It is shown that surface waves with twelve different velocities in the cases\nof different magneto-electrical boundary conditions can be guided by the\ninterface of two magneto-electro-elastic half-spaces. The plane boundary of one\nof the half-spaces is clamped while the plane boundary of the other one is free\nof stresses. The twelve velocities of propagation of these surface waves and\nthe corresponding existence conditions are obtained in explicit forms. It is\nshown that the material coefficients of the half-space which has a clamped\nboundary have only quantitative influence on the surface waves and that the\nexistence and absence of the possibility for the surface waves to be guided by\nthe interface is determined by the material coefficients of the half-space\nwhich has a free boundary. The number of the possible different surface wave\nvelocities decreases from 12 to 2 when the magneto-electro-elastic materials\nare changed to piezoelectric materials.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Suppressed SUSY for the SU(5) Grand Unified Supergravity Theory: This paper starts with the most basic SU(5) Grand Unified Theory, coupled to\nSupergravity. Then it builds a new theory, incorporating the ideas of\nSuppressed SUSY. Suppressed SUSY is an alternative to the spontaneous breaking\nof SUSY. It does not need an invisible sector or explicit soft breaking of\nSUSY. It varies the content of the supermultiplets while keeping the\nrestrictive nature of SUSY. For the simple model and sector constructed here,\nSuppressed SUSY has only three dimensionless parameters, plus the Planck mass.\nAt tree level, this predicts a set of 8 different new masses, along with a\ncosmological constant that is naturally zero. The X and Y vector bosons get\nPlanck scale masses $2 \\sqrt{10} g_5 M_{\\rm P}$. The five scalar multiplets\nthat accompany the Higgs, and the Gravitino, all get colossally huge\n`SuperPlanck' scale masses of order $M_{\\rm SP} \\approx 10^{17} M_{\\rm P}$ from\na see-saw mechanism that arises from the theory. This new mass spectrum, the\nwell-known $SU(5)$ weak angle problem, and the cosmological constant value,\nshould serve as guides for further modifications for the new Action.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Minkowski, Schwarzschild and Kerr Metrics Revisited: In recent papers, a few physicists studying Black Hole perturbation theory in\nGeneral Relativity have tried to construct the initial part of a differential\nsequence based on the Kerr metric, using methods similar to the ones they\nalready used for studying the Schwarzschild geometry. Of course, such a\ndifferential sequence is well known for the Minkowski metric and successively\ncontains the Killing (order 1), the Riemann (order 2) and the Bianchi (order 1\nagain) operators in the linearized framework, as a particular case of the {\\it\nVessiot structure equations}. In all these cases, they discovered that the {\\it\ncompatibility conditions} (CC) for the corresponding Killing operator were\ninvolving {\\it a mixture of both second order and third order CC} and their\nidea has been to exhibit only a {\\it minimal number of generating ones}.\nHowever, even if they exhibited a link between these differential sequences and\nthe number of parameters of the Lie group preserving the background metric,\nthey have been unable to provide an intrinsic explanation of this fact, being\nlimited by the technical use of Weyl spinors, complex Teukolsky scalars or\nKilling-Yano tensors. Using the formal theory of systems of partial\ndifferential equations and Lie pseudogroups, the purpose of this difficult\ncomputational paper is to provide new intrinsic differential and homological\nmethods involving the Spencer operator in order to revisit and solve these\nquestions, not only in the previous cases but also in the specific case of any\nLie group or Lie pseudogroup of transformations. These new tools are now\navailable as computer algebra packages.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mass, zero mass and ... nophysics: In this paper we demonstrate that massless particles cannot be considered as\nlimiting case of massive particles. Instead, the usual symmetry structure based\non semisimple groups like $U(1)$, $SU(2)$ and $SU(3)$ has to be replaced by\nless usual solvable groups like the minimal nonabelian group ${\\rm sol}_2$.\nStarting from the proper orthochronous Lorentz group ${\\rm Lor}_{1,3}$ we\nextend Wigner's little group by an additional generator, obtaining the maximal\nsolvable or Borel subgroup ${\\rm Bor}_{1,3}$ which is equivalent to the\nKronecker sum of two copies of ${\\rm sol}_2$, telling something about the\nhelicity of particle and antiparticle states.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Consideration of Covariant Quantization of Electromagnetic Field: We examine a covariant quantization of electromagnetic fields by using an\noperator derived from a constant scalar that can be called extended Lorentz\ngauge. The quantization can avoid an inconsistency between Lorentz gauge and a\ncommutation relation, which can eliminate the need for introduction of physical\nstate defined by a subsidiary condition and auxiliary field in Lagrangian\ndensity in Lorentz gauge. By using this quantization and indefinite metric\nstraightforwardly, all quantum phenomena can be provided without enigmatic and\nparadoxical \"probability interpretation\".",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Charge without charge in quarks: With appropriate gauge transformations, field can replace electric charge in\nquarks. Classical quarks, in a necessary non-gauge invariant formulation, are\nused for illustration, bringing to the fore the limitations of the usual\nelectric charge densities for single particles in Coulomb equations. The\nresults are encouraging; the solutions for the Coulomb potentials apply\nindividually to each quark in a shell structure. A remarkably simple relation\nemerges between the Coulomb and weak potentials.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Note on $3 + 1$ Dimensionality: Recent work by Castro, Granik and El Naschie has given a rationale for the\nthree dimensionality of our physical space within the framework of cantorian\nfractal space time using similar ideas of quantized fractal space time and\nnoncommutativity. We also deduce the same result. Interestingly this is also\nseen to provide a rationale for an unproven conjecture of Poincare.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum speedup to some types of polynomial equations: In this paper, we consider three types of polynomial equations in quantum\ncomputer: linear divisibility equation, which belongs to a special type of\nbinary-quadratic Diophantine equation; quadratic congruence equation with\nrestriction in the solution and exponential congruence equation in finite\nfield. Quantum algorithms based on Grover's algorithm and Shor's algorithm to\nthese problems are given. As for the exponential congruence equation, which has\nbeen considered by Dam and Shparlinski \\cite{dam} at 2008, a relatively simple\nquantum algorithm is given here. And some other results and generalizations are\ndiscovered.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: Applications for Prediction of Weather and\n  Climate: Turbulence, namely, irregular fluctuations in space and time characterize\nfluid flows in general and atmospheric flows in particular.The irregular,i.e.,\nnonlinear space-time fluctuations on all scales contribute to the unpredictable\nnature of both short-term weather and long-term climate.It is of importance to\nquantify the total pattern of fluctuations for predictability studies. The\npower spectra of temporal fluctuations are broadband and exhibit inverse power\nlaw form with different slopes for different scale ranges. Inverse power-law\nform for power spectra implies scaling (self similarity) for the scale range\nover which the slope is constant. Atmospheric flows therefore exhibit multiple\nscaling or multifractal structure.Standard meteorological theory cannot explain\nsatisfactorily the observed multifractal structure of atmospheric\nflows.Selfsimilar spatial pattern implies long-range spatial correlations.\nAtmospheric flows therefore exhibit long-range spatiotemporal correlations,\nnamely,self-organized criticality,signifying order underlying apparent chaos. A\nrecently developed non-deterministic cell dynamical system model for\natmospheric flows predicts the observed self-organized criticality as intrinsic\nto quantumlike mechanics governing flow dynamics.The model predictions are in\nagreement with continuous periodogram spectral analysis of meteorological data\nsets.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Moving unstable particles and special relativity: In Poincare-Wigner-Dirac theory of relativistic interactions, boosts are\ndynamical. This means that - just like time translations - boost\ntransformations have non-trivial effect on internal variables of interacting\nsystems. This is different from space translations and rotations, whose actions\nare always universal, trivial and interaction-independent. Applying this theory\nto unstable particles viewed from a moving reference frame, we prove that the\ndecay probability cannot be invariant with respect to boosts. Different moving\nobservers may see different internal compositions of the same unstable\nparticle. Unfortunately, this effect is too small to be noticeable in modern\nexperiments.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Proper Mass Variation under Gravitational and Coulomb Force Action in\n  Relativistic Mechanics of Point Particle: The problem studied is formulated in the title: proper mass variation under\ngravitational and Coulomb force action in Relativistic Mechanics of point\nparticle. The novelty is that equations of motion are obtained in the\nrelativistic Lagrangean framework for conservative force fields under\nassumption of field dependent proper mass. The dependence of proper mass on\nfield strength is derived from the equations of particle motion. The result is\nthe elimination of a classical 1/r divergence. It is shown that a photon in a\ngravitational field may be described in terms of a refracting massless medium.\nThis makes the gravity phenomenon compatible with SR Dynamic framework. New\nresults concerning gravitational properties of particle and photon, as well as\nan experimental test of predicted deviation from 1/r^2 classical Coulomb force\nlaw are discussed. The conclusion is made that the approach of field-dependent\nproper mass is perspective for better understanding GR problems and further\nstudies on divergence-free field theory development.\n  Key words: Relativity; gravity; Coulomb; particle; photon; speed of light;\nproper mass variation.\n  PACS: 03.30.+p, 04.20.-g",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Energy-momentum and Ricci tensors in a rotating space: Assuming that the Universe is an object of point rotation at a relic\nfrequency, solutions of the Einstein equation are considered inside matter",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Support that the Special and General Theories of Relativity\n  Provide for Rock's Argument Concerning Induced Self-Motion: Though Einstein and other physicists recognized the importance of an observer\nbeing at rest in an inertial reference frame for the special theory of\nrelativity, the supporting psychological structures were not discussed much by\nphysicists. On the other hand, Rock, a psychologist, wrote of the factors\ninvolved in the perception of motion, including one's own motion. Rock thus\ncame to discuss issues of significance to relativity theory, apparently without\nany significant understanding of how his theory might be related to relativity\ntheory. In this paper, connections between Rock's theory on the perception of\none's own motion, as well as empirical work supporting it, and relativity\ntheory are explored.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Nuclear Field Theory and Chiral Symmetry on a Calabi-Yau Manifold: The purpose of this contribution is to show how a nuclear field theory\nfollows naturally from the structure of four-dimensional Riemannian geometry. A\nYang-Mills field is introduced by constructing fibres that include all possible\nexchanges of spin, parity and charge such that the collective quantum numbers\nremain the same. In this way O(4) internal symmetry transformations are found\nand a connection is obtained by exponentiation of a CP-invariant operator C\nassociated with the ground state. The metric is Calabi-Yau and Einstein. Carbon\n13 is chosen as an example because it is the lightest nucleus to exhibit small\nspin mutations even though there is no deformation parameter in the O(4)\ncommutation relations. Instead a supersymmetric transformation replaces a\nquantum group. Mirror symmetry is also discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A New Case For an Eternally Old Universe: We start with a new version of Newtonian cosmology by incorporating the fact\nthat the galaxies are losing mass due to emission of radiation. This yields\naccelerated recession for the galaxies. We point out that in the presence of\naccelerated expansion, the universe can be infinitely old and suggest that the\nobservable universe is only a speckle of the true universe. We argue that the\nmean density of the universe must be zero and the cosmic fluid comprises\ninfinite number of such speckles separated by infinite distances. The Microwave\nBackground radiation is shown to be just the sum of redshifted thermal\nradiation of Eternally Collapsing Objects (ECO), the so-called Black Hole\nCandidates.The hot photosphere of the ECOs cooks light elements the same way\nthey are supposed to be produced in hot early universe. This universe with\nnested infinities has zero baryon number as it contains equal number of matter\nand antimatter atoms. The predicted microwave luminosity of the galactic centre\nECO (Sgr A) nicely matches with the corresponding WMAP estimate (abridged).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Local Lorentz transformation and exact spherically symmetric vacuum\n  solutions in f(T) gravity theories: Applying a non-diagonal spherically symmetric tetrad field having arbitrary\nfunction, $S(r)$, that is corresponding to local Lorentz transformation, to the\nfield equations of f(T) gravity theories.\n  An analytic vacuum solutions with constants of integration are derived. These\nconstants are studied by calculating the total conserved charge associated to\neach solution. The study has shown that the obtained solutions represent\nSchwarzschild-Ads spacetime.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Modified Holographic energy density driven inflation and some\n  cosmological outcomes: Motivated by the work of Nojiri et al. (2019) [S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov and\nE. N. Saridakis, Holographic inflation, Phys. Lett. B 797 (2019) 134829], the\npresent study reports a model of inflation under the consideration that the\ninflationary regime is originated by a type of holographic energy density. The\ninfrared cutoff has been selected based on the modified holographic model that\nis a particular case of Nojiri-Odintsov holographic dark energy \\cite{odi1}\nthat unifies phantom inflation with the acceleration of the universe on\nlate-time. On getting an analytical solution for Hubble parameter we considered\nthe presence of bulk viscosity and the effective equation of state parameter\nappeared to be consistent with the inflationary scenario with some constraints.\nIt has also been observed that in the inflationary scenario the contribution of\nbulk viscosity is not of much significance and its influence is increasing with\nthe evolution of the universe. Inflationary observables have been computed for\nthe model and the slow-roll parameters have been computed. Finally, it has been\nobserved that the trajectories in $n_s - r$ are compatible with the\nobservational bound found by Planck. It has been concluded that the tensor to\nscalar ratio for this model can explain the primordial fluctuation in the early\nuniverse as well.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Critical Approach to Total and Partial Derivatives: In this brief note we critically examine the process of partial and of total\ndifferentiation, showing some of the problems that arise when we relate both\nconcepts. A way to solve all the problems is proposed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Seeable universe and its accelerated expansion: an observational test: From the equivalence principle, one gets the strength of the gravitational\neffect of a mass $M$ on the metric at position r from it. It is proportional to\nthe dimensionless parameter $\\beta^2 = 2GM/rc^2$, which normally is $<< 1$.\nHere $G$ is the gravitational constant, $M$ the mass of the gravitating body,\n$r$ the position of the metric from the gravitating body and $c$ the speed of\nlight. The seeable universe is the sphere, with center at the observer, having\na size such that it shall contain all light emitted within it. For this to\noccur one can impose that the gravitational effect on the velocity of light at\n$r$ is zero for the radial component, and non zero for the tangential one.\nLight is then trapped. The condition is given by the equality $R_g = 2GM/c^2$,\nwhere $R_g$ represents the radius of the {\\it seeable} universe. It is the\ngravitational radius of the mass $M$. The result has been presented elsewhere\nas the condition for the universe to be treated as a black hole. According to\npresent observations, for the case of our universe taken as flat ($k = 0$), and\nthe equation of state as $p = - \\rho c^2$, we prove here from the Einstein's\ncosmological equations that the universe is expanding in an accelerated way as\n$t^2$, a constant acceleration as has been observed. This implies that the\ngravitational radius of the universe (at the event horizon) expands as $t^2$.\nTaking $c$ as constant, observing the galaxies deep in space this means deep in\ntime as $ct$, linear. Then, far away galaxies from the observer that we see\ntoday will disappear in time as they get out of the distance ct that is $<\nR_g$. The accelerated expanding vacuum will drag them out of sight. This may be\na valid test for the present ideas in cosmology. Previous calculations are here\nhalved by our results.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quaternionic approach to dual Magneto-hydrodynamics of dyonic cold\n  plasma: The dual magneto-hydrodynamics of dyonic plasma describes the study of\nelectrodynamics equations along with the transport equations in the presence of\nelectrons and magnetic monopoles. In this paper, we formulate the quaternionic\ndual fields equations, namely, the hydro-electric and hydro-magnetic fields\nequations which are an analogous to the generalized Lamb vector field and\nvorticity field equations of dyonic cold plasma fluid. Further, we derive the\nquaternionic Dirac-Maxwell equations for dual magneto-hydrodynamics of dyonic\ncold plasma. We also obtain the quaternionic dual continuity equations that\ndescribe the transport of dyonic fluid. Finally, we establish an analogy of\nAlfven wave equation which may generate from the flow of magnetic monopoles in\nthe dyonic field of cold plasma. The present quaternionic formulation for\ndyonic cold plasma is well invariant under the duality, Lorentz and CPT\ntransformations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Theological Argument for an Everett Multiverse: Science looks for the simplest hypotheses to explain observations. Starting\nwith the simple assumption that {\\em the actual world is the best possible\nworld}, I sketch an {\\it Optimal Argument for the Existence of God}, that the\nsufferings in our universe would not be consistent with its being alone the\nbest possible world, but the total world could be the best possible if it\nincludes an omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent God who experiences great\nvalue in creating and knowing a universe with great mathematical elegance, even\nthough such a universe has suffering.\n  God seems loathe to violate elegant laws of physics that He has chosen to use\nin His creation, such as Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism or Einstein's\nequations of general relativity for gravity within their classical domains of\napplicability, even if their violation could greatly reduce human suffering\n(e.g., from falls). If indeed God is similarly loathe to violate quantum\nunitarity (though such violations by judicious collapses of the wavefunction\ncould greatly reduce human suffering by always choosing only favorable\noutcomes), the resulting unitary evolution would lead to an Everett multiverse\nof `many worlds', meaning many different quasiclassical histories beyond the\nquasiclassical history that each of us can observe over his or her lifetime.\nThis is a theological argument for one reason why God might prefer to create a\nmultiverse much broader than what one normally thinks of for a history of the\nuniverse.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stochastic and corpuscular theory of (polarized) light: Both the corpuscular theory of light and the theory of stochastic processes\nare well known in literature. However, they are not systematically used\ntogether for description of optical phenomena. There are optical phenomena,\nsuch as the well known three-polarizers experiment or other phenomena related\nto polarization of light, which have never been quantitatively and\nqualitatively explained using the concept of quantum of light (photon). The\nsituation changed in 2022 when stochastic memoryless and independent (IM)\nprocess formulated within the framework of the theory of stochastic processes\nwas introduced. It is suitable for determination of probability (density)\nfunctions characterizing interaction (transmission or reflection) of individual\nphotons with optical elements on the basis of experimental data. The process\nhas memoryless (Markov) property and it is assumed that the interactions of\nindividual photons with an optical system are independent. Formulae needed for\nanalysis of data in the context of polarization of light are derived. An\nexample analysis of the three-polarizers experiment is performed and numerical\nresult of the probability (density) functions are determined. These original\nresults were missing in literature. The results imply that the possibilities of\nthe corpuscular theory of light to describe optical phenomena can be\nsignificantly extended with the help of stochastic IM process and the theory of\nstochastic processes in general.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comment on \"Entropy production and the arrow of time\": J.M.R. Parrondo at al. in arXiv:0904.1573 continue numerous efforts to unify\nthe concepts of the arrow of time and entropy production with the concept of\ntime invariance in physics. This is a wrong way.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Realization of Einsteins Machian Program: The Einsteins Machian Program is here accomplished.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gauging Geometry: A Didactic Lecture: Local inertial frame invariance is taken as the fundamental principle of\nphysical geometry, where a local inertial frame is represented by a verbein.\nInvariance of the vierbein with respect to local Lorentz transformations then\nexpresses local inertial frame invariance. The dynamics of physical geometry\ndevelops as a gauge theory of the verbein that is closely analogous to the\nYang-Mills field provided the verbein connection and curvature correspond to\nthe geometric potential and field respectively. The resulting theory is shown\nto be equivalent to Einstein's tensor form of relativistic gravitation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Non-relativistic limit of the interaction of massive neutrinos: In this work we consider the electroweak interaction between two massive\nneutrinos in the non-relativistic limit. We find that in this limit the\ninteraction can be null.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantized Black Hole and Heun function: Following the simple proposal by He and Ma for quantization of a black\nhole(BH) by Bohr's idea about the atoms, we discussed the solvability of the\nwave equation for such a BH. We superficial solved the associated Schrodinger\nequation. The eigenfunction problem reduces to HeunB $H$ differential equation\nwhich is a natural generalization of the hypergeometric differential equation.\nIn other words, the spectrum can be determined by solving the Heun's\ndifferential equation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Physics of Mind and Thought: Regular physics is unsatisfactory in that it fails to take into consideration\nphenomena relating to mind and meaning, whereas on the other side of the\ncultural divide such constructs have been studied in detail. This paper\ndiscusses a possible synthesis of the two perspectives. Crucial is the way\nsystems realising mental function can develop step by step on the basis of the\nscaffolding mechanisms of Hoffmeyer, in a way that can be clarified by\nconsideration of the phenomenon of language. Taking into account such\nconstructs, aspects of which are apparent even with simple systems such as\nacoustically excited water (as with cymatics), potentially opens up a window\ninto a world of mentality excluded from conventional physics as a result of the\nprimary focus of the latter on the matter-like aspect of reality.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fundamentals of PV Efficiency Interpreted by a Two-Level Model: Elementary physics of photovoltaic energy conversion in a two-level atomic PV\nis considered. We explain the conditions for which the Carnot efficiency is\nreached and how it can be exceeded! The loss mechanisms - thermalization, angle\nentropy, and below-bandgap transmission - explain the gap between Carnot\nefficiency and the Shockley-Queisser limit. Wide varieties of techniques\ndeveloped to reduce these losses (e.g., solar concentrators, solar-thermal,\ntandem cells, etc.) are reinterpreted by using a two level model. Remarkably,\nthe simple model appears to capture the essence of PV operation and reproduce\nthe key results and important insights that are known to the experts through\ncomplex derivations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Schr\u00f6dinger and Planck oscillators: not quite the same physics: In the statistical mechanics of quantum harmonic oscillators, the zero-point\nenergy can either be included (Schr\\\"odinger oscillators) or omitted (Planck\noscillators). For the usual results, the type of oscillator makes no difference\nbut, looking more closely, it turns out that including or not this energy is\nnot without consequences. The chemical potential {\\mu}s of a Schr\\\"odinger\noscillator set is calculated in the canonical formalism and this shows there is\na temperature T0 for which {\\mu}s=0; below this temperature, {\\mu}s>0. When\nPlanck oscillators are used instead, the chemical potential {\\mu}p is negative\nfor all temperatures. If the problem is approached in phonon terms and the\nsystem is considered to be in contact with a reservoir of particles (conditions\nof the grand canonical ensemble), a sort of critical temperature Tc is found,\nfor which the number of particles in the system diverges. For Schr\\\"odinger\noscillators with {\\mu}s=0, it turns out that Tc=T0, i.e. T0 is a reminder, in\nthe canonical ensemble, of the divergent behavior in the number of particles\nwhen under the conditions of the grand canonical ensemble. Also, a modified\nEinstein solid (MES) model is introduced. In this model the frequency of the\noscillators changes with the volume of the solid, and this change is\ncharacterized by a certain value of the Gr\\\"uneisen parameter. The bulk modulus\nof this solid can be calculated using Planck oscillators, and it becomes\nnegative for certain temperature and volume values, which is physically\nincorrect. When Schr\\\"odinger oscillators are used, the bulk modulus is always\npositive. Therefore, the different behavior of both types of oscillators would\nindicate that only Schr\\\"odinger oscillators lead to correct results.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cosmological Constant in the Thermodynamic Models of Gravity: Within thermodynamic models of gravity, where the universe is considered as a\nfinite ensemble of quantum particles, cosmological constant in the Einstein's\nequations appears as a constant of integration. Then it can be bounded using\nKarolyhazy uncertainty relation applied for horizon distances, as the amount of\ninformation in principle accessible to an external observer.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Classical uncertainty in predicting the future: In this work we scrutinize the deterministic nature of globally hyperbolic\nspace-times from the point of view of an observer. We show that a space-time\npoint $q \\in M$ that lies to the future of an observer at $p \\in M$, receives\nsignals that are invisible (to be made precise) to the observer at $p$. Part of\nthe initial data on a Cauchy surface, required to predict what happens at $q$,\nis also invisible to the observer at $p$. Therefore it is not possible for any\nobserver to predict a future event with certainty. The uncertainty increases as\none attempts to predict further future. An observer at $p$ can access the\nentire data to determine what happens at $q$, if and only if $q \\in J^-(p)$.\nClassical uncertainty in prediction is not an intrinsic feature of the events\nin space-time. It adds up with the usual quantum mechanical uncertainty to\nlimit our ability to predict the future. We also suggest a thought experiment\nto elucidate the subject.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The basic paradoxes of statistical classical physics and the quantum\n  mechanics: Statistical classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are developed and\nwell-known theories that represent a basis for modern physics. The two\ndescribed theories are well known and have been well studied. As these theories\ncontain numerous paradoxes, many scientists doubt their internal consistencies.\nHowever, these paradoxes can be resolved within the framework of the existing\nphysics without the introduction of new laws. To clarify the paper for the\ninexperienced reader, we include certain necessary basic concepts of\nstatistical physics and quantum mechanics in this paper without the use of\nformulas. Exact formulas and explanations are included in the Appendices. The\ntext is supplemented by illustrations to enhance the understanding of the\npaper. The paradoxes underlying thermodynamics and quantum mechanics are also\ndiscussed. The approaches to the solutions of these paradoxes are suggested.\nThe first approach is dependent on the influence of the external observer\n(environment), which disrupts the correlations in the system. The second\napproach is based on the limits of the self-knowledge of the system for the\ncase in which both the external observer and the environment are included in\nthe considered system. The concepts of observable dynamics, ideal dynamics, and\nunpredictable dynamics are introduced. The phenomenon of complex (living)\nsystems is contemplated from the point of view of these dynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Does The Cosmological Constant Problem Exist?: We first give simple arguments in favor of the \"Zero Constants Party\", i.e.\nthat quantum theory should not contain fundamental dimensionful constants at\nall. Then we argue that quantum theory should proceed not from a space-time\nbackground but from a Lie algebra, which is treated as a symmetry algebra. With\nsuch a formulation of symmetry, the fact that $\\Lambda\\neq 0$ means not that\nthe space-time background is curved (since the notion of the space-time\nbackground is not physical) but that the symmetry algebra is the de Sitter\nalgebra rather than the Poincare one. In particular, there is no need to\ninvolve dark energy or other fields for explaining this fact. As a consequence,\ninstead of the cosmological constant problem we have a problem why nowadays\nPoincare symmetry is so good approximate symmetry. This is rather a problem of\ncosmology but not fundamental quantum physics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comparison of Monte-Carlo and Einstein methods in the light-gas\n  interactions: To study the propagation of light in nebulae, many astrophysicists use a\nMonte-Carlo computation which does not take interferences into account.\nReplacing the wrong method by Einstein coefficients theory gives, on an\nexample, a theoretical spectrum much closer to the observed one.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Study on the energy criterion of cuprate superconductivity: In this paper, we use the variation of spontaneous magnetization to describe\nthe influence of electron holes in cuprate superconductors, and use competitive\nenergy relations to explore the superconductivity rule and energy criterion, on\nthis basis, we can deduce a clear physical image of superconducting phase\ndiagram and superconducting mechanism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Retarded Interaction of Radiation Field and Symmetry Violation of Time\n  Reversal in the High order Stimulated Radiation and Absorption Processes of\n  Light: It is proved that when the retarded effect (or multiple moment effect) of\nradiation fields is taken into account, the high order stimulated radiation and\nstimulated absorption probabilities of light are not the same so that time\nreversal symmetry would be violated, though the total Hamiltonian of\nelectromagnetic interaction is still unchanged under time reversal. The reason\nto cause time reversal symmetry violation is that certain filial or partial\ntransitive processes of bounding state atoms are forbidden or can not be\nachieved actually due to the law of energy conservation, the asymmetric actions\nof effective transition operators before and after time reversal, as well as\nthe special states of atoms themselves. These restrictions would cause the\nsymmetry violation of time reversal of other filial or partial transition\nprocesses which can be actualized really. The symmetry violation is also\nrelative to the initial state asymmetries of bounding atoms before and after\ntime reversal. For the electromagnetic interaction between non-bounding state\natoms and radiation field, there is no this kind of symmetry violation of time\nreversal. In this way, the current formula of light stimulated radiation and\nabsorption parameters with time reversal symmetry should be revised. The\ninfluence of time reversal symmetry violation on the foundational theory of\nlaser is also discussed and the phenomena of non-population inversion and\nnon-radiation transition can also be explained well. In this way, a more\nreliable foundation can be established for the theories of laser and nonlinear\noptics in which non-equilibrium processes are involved.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Accelerating observers measure the period of the oscillations taking\n  place in an acoustic wave (non-longitudinal case): We consider a scenario that involves a stationary source of acoustic waves\nlocated at the origin of the K(XOY) inertial reference frame and a receiver\nthat performs the hyperbolic motion at a constant altitude. The observer\nmeasures the proper reception time of successive wave crests. We investigate\nits dependence on the propagation speed of the wave and on the altitude at\nwhich the motion takes place.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Empirical relationship as a stepping-stone to theory: We consider parsimonious construction of empirical equations, to promote\ninterest in them as a stepping-stone model to the physical law. To this end, we\nprovide a variety of historical examples and simulate a parsimonious empirical\ncalculation of Planck law, and of van der Waals equation. Thereby we provide a)\nEmpirical forms of Planck law, and b) Collation of verified symmetries and\ncatastrophes-like properties of empirical P-T surface of real gases. An\nempirical equation of state for a real gas should take account of these\nproperties.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relativistic motions: A physical consequence of a well-known Fermi's theorem: no motion of masses\ncan generate gravitational waves.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Sources of cosmic microwave radiation and dark matter identified:\n  millimeter black holes (m.b.h.): The universe is filled with blackbody millimeter radiation (CMBR),\ntemperature 2.7{\\deg} Kelvin[1]. Big-bang cosmology explains this by the\ninitial thermalization of photons scattered by electrons[2]. This explanation\nrequires ad hoc previous existence of photons and thermal electrons. On the\nother hand most of the mass of the universe is unknown dark matter3. It\nexplains anomalous dynamical properties, like that of stars in galaxies[4,5,6]\n. Alternatively the anomalies have been explained by adjusting and modifying\nwell known laws (\"Modified Newtonian dynamics\"[7]). Here we show that\nmillimeter black holes (m.b.h.) explain both: the background radiation, by its\npartial \"evaporation\", and the dark matter. Black holes emit blackbody\nradiation (Hawking[8] evaporation), and this is what is observed in the CMBR.\nMillimeter size black holes emit blackbody radiation at a temperature of\n2.7{\\deg} Kelvin, and this is the resulting CMBR . Partial evaporation of\n~10^30 m.b.h. gives the observed background field of photons being emitted and\nabsorbed at the same rate by the m.b.h. The number of photons is constant, as\nobserved. Their temperature decreases with time because the mass of the m.b.h.\n(and therefore its size) increases with time (the mass-boom effect[9]). The\ntotal mass of the m.b.h. is the dark matter. Hence dark matter is not so \"dark\"\nafter all. Two important cosmological items are here identified by only one\nsource: millimeter black holes.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Twin Non-paradox: It is shown that the \"twin paradox\" arises from comparing unlike entities,\nnamely perceived intervals with eigenintervals. When this lacuna is closed, it\nis seen that there is no twin paradox and that eigentime can serve as the\nindependent variable for mechanics in Special Relativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Propagators Beyond The Standard Model: In this paper, we explore the field propagator with a structure that is\ngeneral enough to encompass both the case of newly-defined mass-dimension $1$\nfermions and spin-$1/2$ bosons. The method we employ is to define a map between\nspinors of different Lounesto classes, and then write the propagator in terms\nof the corresponding dual structures.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comments on \"Effects of wall roughness on flow in nanochannels\": We make remarks on Sofos {\\it et al.}'s [{\\it Phys. Rev. E} 79, 026305\n(2009)] paper. The focus is about the monotonicity of the slip length of which\nit is different from previous similar numerical simulation. We also offer a\npossible explanation for this.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Why We Already Know that Antihydrogen is Almost Certainly NOT Going to\n  Fall \"Up\": The ALPHA collaboration (of which I am a member) has made great strides\nrecently in trapping antihydrogen and starting down the path of making\nspectroscopic measurements. The primary goal of the experiment is to test CPT\ninvariance but there is also interest in testing another fundamental issue --\nthe gravitational interaction between matter and antimatter (the so-called\nquestion of \"antigravity\"). As well as the other antihydrogen trapping\nexperiments -- ASACUSA and ATRAP -- there is also a new experiment in the\nAntiproton Decelerator hall at CERN called AEGIS which is dedicated to testing\nthe gravitional interaction between antihydrogen and the Earth. It has been\nclaimed in the literature that there \"is no compelling evidence or theoretical\nreason to rule out such a difference (i.e., between $g$ and $\\bar{g}$) at the\n1% level.\" I argue in this short paper that bending of light by the sun\nprovides a more stringent limit than this.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Do Gravitational Fields Have Mass? Or on the Nature of Dark Matter: As has been shown before (a brief comment will be given in the text),\nrelativistic mass and relativistic time dilation of moving bodies are\nequivalent as well as time and mass in the rest frame. This implies that the\ntime dilation due to the gravitational field is combined with inertial and\ngravitational mass as well and permits the computation of the gravitational\naction of the vacuum constituting the gravitational field in any distance from\nthe source of the field. Theoretical predictions are compared with experimental\nresults and it is shown that many known astrophysical and gravitational\nphenomena, especially the so-called dark or missing matter, owe their existence\nto the gravitational effects of the mass of the field-vacuum.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Effects of Higher Order Retarded Gravity: In a recent paper, we have a shown that the flattening of galactic rotation\ncurves can be explained by retardation. However, this will rely on a temporal\nchange of galactic mass. In our previous work, we kept only second order terms\nof the retardation time in our analysis, while higher terms in the Taylor\nexpansion where not considered. Here we consider analysis to all orders and\nshow that a second order analysis will indeed suffice, and higher order terms\ncan be neglected.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Unphysical Gauge Fixing in Higgs Mechanism: The unitary gauge in the Higgs mechanism is to impose the condition of $\\phi\n=\\phi^\\dagger $ on the Higgs fields. However, this is not the gauge fixing but\nsimply a procedure for producing the massive vector boson fields by hand. The\nLagrangian density of the weak interactions should be reconsidered by starting\nfrom the massive vector boson fields which couple to the fermion currents as\nthe initial ingredients.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Sitnikov-type solution for the motion of infinitesimal mass in BiER4BP: In this paper, we present a new ansatz for approximated solving equations of\nmotion of the infinitesimal mass m in case of bi-elliptic restricted problem of\nfour bodies (BiER4BP) (where three primaries M1, M2, M3 are rotating around\ntheir common centre of mass on elliptic orbits with hierarchical configuration\nM3 < M2 << M1). A new type of the solving procedure is implemented here to\nobtain the coordinates of the infinitesimal mass m. Meanwhile, the system of\nequations of motion has been successfully explored with respect to the\nexistence of semi-analytical (approximated) way for presentation of the\nsolution. We obtain as follows: 1) the solution for coordinates {x, y} = {0, 0}\nis approximately satisfied both the first and second equations of motion if we\ntake into consideration assumption {M3, M2} << M1, 2) the expression for\ncoordinate z(f) is given by the equation of 2-nd order, which describes\nSitnikov-type approximated solution. It means that test particle is moving\nalong the z-axis, outward the common barycenter of the system (but\nperpendicular to the plane of the mutual rotation of all the primaries).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gravitational and Cosmological Spectral Shift with Remote Quantum States: A class of coordinate systems is found for Friedmann Cosmologies with local\ngravity such that it is possible to formulate quantum theory over astronomical\nand cosmological distances. When light from distance objects is treated as a\nquantum motion, new predictions are found for cosmological redshift and\nlensing. Good agreement is found between predictions and supernova redshifts\nfor a closed Friedmann Cosmology with no cosmological constant and expanding at\nhalf the rate of the standard model. A previously unmodelled component of\ncosmological redshift accounts for the anomalous Pioneer blueshift, and for the\nflattening of galaxy rotation curves simulating a MONDian law. Distant lenses\nhave a quarter of the mass required by standard general relativity. Missing\nmass can be accounted by a massive neutrino. CDM is not required.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Evolution of the CPT Invariance into a Basic Postulate in Physics: Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen's paper in 1935 is discussed in parallel with an EPR\nexperiment on $K^0\\bar{K}^0$ system in 1998, yielding a strong hint of\ndistinction in both wave-function and operators between particle and\nantiparticle at the level of quantum mechanics (QM). Then it is proposed that\nthe CPT invariance in particle physics leads naturally to a basic postulate\nthat the (newly defined) space-time inversion (${\\bf x}\\to -{\\bf x},t\\to -t$)\nis equivalent to the transformation between particle and its antiparticle. The\nevolution of this postulate from nonrelativistic QM via relativistic QM till\nthe quantum field theory is discussed in some detail. The Klein paradox for\nboth Klein-Gordon equation and Dirac equation is also discussed.\n  Keywords: CPT invariance, Antiparticle, Quantum mechanics, Quantum field\ntheory",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamic geometric analysis of 3D charged black holes under f(R)\n  gravity: This article investigates 3D charged black holes within the scope of f(R)\ngravity, focusing on their thermodynamic attributes. The research primarily\nexamines minor fluctuations around these black holes' equilibrium states and\ndelves into their modified thermodynamic entropy. Utilizing geometric\nthermodynamics (GTD), the study evaluates the curvature scalar's role in\npinpointing phase transition points in these black holes. A key finding is that\nseveral 3D charged black holes under f(R) gravity display thermodynamic\nproperties akin to an ideal gas when their initial curvature scalar remains\nconstant. Conversely, with a non-constant curvature scalar and a cosmological\nconstant term that includes a negative exponent, these black holes exhibit\ncharacteristics similar to a van der Waals gas. The article outlines general\nsolutions for scenarios involving non-negative powers and specific solutions\nfor cases with negative powers. Notably, under certain conditions, a phase\ntransition resembling that of a van der Waals gas is observed, suggesting a\nstrong correlation between the black hole's fate and the cosmological constant,\nextending beyond the parameters proposed by the no-hair theorem.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Franck-Hertz experiment re-considered: The celebrated Franck-Hertz experiment is reinterpreted by analogy with the\nGlimmentladung experiment, formerly performed by Heinrich Hertz.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Reality of Minkowski Space: Should physicists deal with the question of the reality of Minkowski space\n(or any relativistic spacetime)? It is argued that they should since this is a\nquestion about the dimensionality of the world at the macroscopic level and it\nis physics that should answer it.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Coherent and Unified Single Particle Description of the Integer and\n  Fractional Quantum Hall Effects: There are compelling reasons to seek a new coherent description of the\nQuantum Hall Effects (QHE). The theories of the `Integer' (IQHE) and the\n`Fractional' (FQHE) quantum Hall effects are very different at present, despite\ntheir remarkable phenomenological similarity. The fractional effect invokes\nmulti-particle dynamics and collective phenomena in the presence of a dominant\nCoulomb interaction, in a complex hierarchical scheme, whereas the integer\neffect is a simpler single-particle scenario. The experimental situation, in\ncontrast, shows that both the effects appear seamlessly, intermingling, as\neither the magnetic field or the carrier density is varied. I prove that a\ncrucial physics input that is missing in the current theories is the\nrelativistic gravity of the matter-energy in the Universe. The dynamically\ninduced relativistic gravitational potential play a startling role to modify\nthe quantum degeneracy, by coupling to the mass of electrons. The key point is\nthat the quantum degeneracy of Landau levels is modified by the relativistic\ncosmic gravitomagnetic field, thereby making the degeneracy dependent on the\nnumber density of the electrons. I successfully derive the main characteristics\nand the full sequence of both IQHE and FHQE in a seamless unified\nsingle-particle scenario, without any quasiparticles, particle-flux composites,\nor extraneous postulates. Apart from correctly reproducing all the observed\nfilling factors of the QHE for the $\\nu\\geq1/3$, this new unified theory has\nthe natural explanation for the absence of the QHE at even fractions for\n$\\nu<1$. Further, there is a consistent description of the edge state charge\ntransport and thermal transport, in the FQHE states. The gravitational paradigm\nshows clearly the physical reason for the phenomenological success of the\neffective theories with the quasiparticles.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Possible Experimental Evidence for Violation of Standard\n  Electrodynamics, de Broglie Pilot Wave and Spacetime Deformation: We report and discuss the results of double-slit-like experiments in the\ninfrared range, which evidence an anomalous behaviour of photon systems under\nparticular (energy and space) constraints. These outcomes apparently disagree\nboth with standard quantum mechanics (Copenhagen interpretation) and with\nclassical and quantum electrodynamics. Possible interpretations can be given in\nterms of either the existence of de Broglie-Bohm pilot waves associated to\nphotons, and/or the breakdown of local Lorentz invariance (LLI). We put forward\nan intriguing hypothesis about the possible connection between these seemingly\nunrelated points of view by assuming that the pilot wave of a photon is, in the\nframework of LLI breakdown, a local deformation of the flat minkowskian\nspacetime.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comment on \"Roentgen quantum phase shift: a semiclassical local\n  electrodynamical effect?\": In this short note we amplify our comments on the paper PRL 95,010405 (2005).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A New Rb Lamp Exciter Circuit for Rb atomic clocks and Studies on\n  Transition from Ring to Red mode: In this paper we describe the development of novel RF exciter circuit for\nelectrode less Rb lamp. The lamp exciter circuit is a RF oscillator with a a\nnew configuration operating at 60 to 65 MHz frequency with 3 to 4 watt power.\nThe Rb lamp is used in exciting the ground state hyperfine transitions in Rb\natom in a glass cell placed inside a tuned microwave cavity, As the frequency\nof these hyperfine transitions is very stable it is used in the development of\nRb atomic clock by phase locking the oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO)\nto this atomic transition frequency. The details of the Rb lamp exciter are\npresented in the paper.The Lamp is ideally operated in ring mode as in this\nmode the linewidth is narrow and there is no self reversal. However, high\ntemperature and RF excitation power may drive the Rb lamp to red mode which\ngives rise to line broadening and self reversal. It is the experience that mode\nchange from ring to red deteriorates the atomic signal strength and S/N. In\nthis paper the reasons of mode change are also discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Recent CMB observations enable to find the total gravitational energy of\n  a mass: The astronomical observations indicate that the universe expands with\nacceleration and it has a finite event horizon. The recent CMB observations\nconfirm the universe is homogeneous, isotropic and asymptotically flat. The\ntotal gravitational energy of a body having mass m is the gravitational\npotential energy originating from the gravitational interaction of the body\nwith all masses of the universe, within the event horizon. The flat geometry of\nthe universe enables to determine the total gravitational energy of the mass m\nwithin the framework of the Newtonian gravity in Euclidean space. By this\napproach, it has been found the modulus of the total gravitational energy of a\nbody is close to its rest energy E = m*c^2, which is a remarkable result.\nBesides, the smoothed gravitational potential in an arbitrary point of the\nobservable universe appears close to - c^2, where c is the speed of the light.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An Alternative Explanation of Supernova Ia Data: Before 1998 the universe expansion was thought to be slowing down. After 1998\nthe universe expansion is thought to be accelerating up. This change of the\nbelief is motivated by the observed brightness of the high redshift supernova\nIa fainter than expected. In this paper it is argued that this change of the\nbelief is not necessary. There is a more reasonable explanation for the\nobserved brightness of the supernovae Ia fainter than expected. That is: the\nuniverse space filled with the tenuous ionized gas; the Thomson Effect of free\nelectron in the ionized gas caused the observed brightness of the high redshift\nsupernova Ia fainter than expected. The observations of Warm-Hot Intergalactic\nMedium (WHIM) support this explanation. The universe space filled with tenuous\nionized gas explanation will lead to the puzzle of the dark matter and dark\nenergy disappeared simultaneously",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Polar solutions with tensorial connection of the spinor equation: Dirac field equations are studied for spinor fields without any external\ninteraction and when they are considered on a background having a tensorial\nconnection with a specific non-vanishing structure some solution can be found\nin polar form displaying a square-integrable localized behaviour.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Wheeler-Feynman Absorber Theory Viewed by Model of Expansive\n  Nondecelerative Universe: The present contribution documents the harmony of postulates and conclusions\nof Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory and the model of Expansive Nondecelerative\nUniverse. A relationship connecting advanced electromagnetic waves and\ngravitational field quanta is rationalized.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the gravitational fields created by the electromagnetic waves: We show that the Maxwell equations describing an electromagnetic wave are a\nmathematical consequence of the Einstein equations for the same wave. This fact\nis significant for the problem of the Einsteinian metrics corresponding to the\nelectromagnetic waves.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Charged wormholes supported by 2-fluid immiscible matter particles: We provide a 2-fluid immiscible matter source that supplies fuel to construct\nwormhole spacetime. The exact wormhole solutions are found in the model having,\nbesides real matter or ordinary matter, some quintessence matter along with\ncharge distribution. We intend to derive a general metric of a charged wormhole\nunder some density profiles of galaxies that is also consistent with the\nobservational profile of rotation curve of galaxies. We have shown that the\neffective mass remains positive as well as the wormhole physics violate the\nnull energy conditions. Some physical features are briefly discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Addendum to `On the nonreality of the PBR theorem': disproof by generic\n  counterexample: The PBR theorem is widely seen as one of the most important no-go theorems in\nthe foundations of quantum mechanics. Recently, in Found. Phys. 53(3): 64\n(2023), it has been argued that there is no reality to the PBR theorem using a\npair of bolts as a counterexample. In this addendum we expand on the argument:\nwe disprove the PBR theorem by a generic counterexample, and we put the finger\non the precise spot where Pusey, Barrett, and Rudolph have made a tacit\nassumption that is false.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fabrication of Simple Apparatus for Resistivity Measurement in High\n  Temperature Range 300-620 K: A simple and low cost apparatus has been designed and built to measure the\nelectrical resistivity, ($\\rho$), of metal and semiconductors in 300-620 K\ntemperature range. The present design is suitable to do measurement on\nrectangular bar sample by using conventional four-probe dc method. A small\nheater is made on the sample mounting copper block to achieve the desired\ntemperature. Heat loss from sample holder is minimize by using very low thermal\nconductive insulator block. This unique design of heater and minimized heat\nloss from sample platform provide uniform sample temperature and also have very\ngood thermal stability during the measurement. The electrical contacts of\ncurrent leads and potential probes on the sample are done by using very thin\n(42 SWG) copper wires and high temperature silver paste. The use of limited\ncomponents and small heater design make present instrument very simple, light\nweight, easy to sample mount, small in size, and low cost. To calibrate the\ninstrument pure nickel sample was used, and two other materials\nLa$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_{3}$ (LSMO) and LaCoO$_{3}$ (LCO) were also\ncharacterized to demonstrate the accuracy of this set-up. $\\rho$(T) behavior on\nthese samples were found to be in good agreement with the reported data. The\nmetal-insulator transition for LSMO (T$_{MI}$ = $\\sim$358 K) and the\ninsulator-metal transition for LCO (T$_{IM}$ = $\\sim$540 K) were clearly\nobserved and these transitions temperature were also consistent with those\nreported in literature.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Two restrictions in the theories that include $G(t)$ and $c(t)$ varying\n  with time: Much work has been done taking into account the possibility that the\ngravitational {\\it constant} $G$ may vary with cosmological time $t$ (or with\nthe cosmological scale factor $a(t)$). The same may be said about the speed of\nlight $c$. We present here two important remarks on these subject. These\nremarks include $G(t)$ and $c(t)$ varying with time with the restriction $8 \\pi\nG / c^4 = \\hbox{constant}$",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Rethinking the Foundations of the Theory of Special Relativity: Stellar\n  Aberration and the Fizeau Experiment: In a previous paper published in this journal, we described a new\nrelativistic wave equation that accounts for the propagation of light from a\nsource to an observer in two different inertial frames. This equation, which is\nbased on the primacy of the Doppler effect, can account for the relativity of\nsimultaneity and the observation that charged particles cannot exceed the speed\nof light. In contrast to the Special Theory of Relativity, it does so without\nthe necessity of introducing the relativity of space and time. Here we show\nthat the new relativistic wave equation based on the primacy of the Doppler\neffect is quantitatively more accurate than the standard theory based on the\nFresnel drag coefficient or the relativity of space and time in accounting for\nthe results of Fizeau's experiment on the optics of moving media - the very\nexperiment that Einstein considered to be \"a crucial test in favour of the\ntheory of relativity.\" The new relativistic wave equation quantitatively\ndescribes other observations involving the optics of moving bodies, including\nstellar aberration and the null results of the Michelson-Morley experiment. In\nthis paper, we propose an experiment to test the influence of the refractive\nindex on the interference fringe shift generated by moving media. The Special\nTheory of Relativity, which is based on the relativity of space and time, and\nthe new relativistic wave equation, which is based on the primacy of the\nDoppler effect, make different predictions concerning the influence of the\nrefractive index on the optics of moving media.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Action Principle for Hydrodynamics and Thermodynamics including general,\n  rotational flows: The restriction of hydrodynamics to non-viscous, potential (gradient,\nirrotational) flows is a theory both simple and elegant; a favorite topic of\nintroductory textbooks. It is known that this theory can be formulated as an\naction principle and expanded to include thermodynamicics. This paper presents\nan action principle for hydrodynamics that includes general, rotational flows.\n  The new theory is a combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian hydrodynamics,\nwith an extension to thermodynamics that includes all the elements of the\nGibbsean variational principle. In the first place it is an action principle\nfor adiabatic systems, including the usual conservation laws. Viscosity can be\nintroduced in the usual way, by adding a dissipative term to the momentum\nequation. The equation for energy dissipation then follows. It is an ideal\nframework for the description of quasi-static processes, including dissipation.\nIt is a major development of the Navier-Stokes-Fourier approach, the principal\nadvantage being a hamiltonian structure with a natural concept of energy in the\nform of a first integral of the motion, conserved by virtue of the\nEuler-Lagrange equations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Microwave Background, Backgrounds Hierarchy - Polyphony of Universe: We discuss the structure, physical nature, dynamic genesis of clearly\ndetected diffuse backgrounds (radiations) in the Universe. From the point of\nview of Wave Universe concept it is shown, that observed Backgrounds Hierarchy\n(Polyphony of Universe) is close connected and causely determined by the sound\nvelocity Hierarchy of the physical medium, cosmic (polycomponent) plasma. The\nwell-known Microwave Background (Cosmic Background Radiation - CBR) corresponds\nto the F[3] Background, that is characterized by the calculated sound velocity\nC*[3]=11.483 km/s, by the calculated temperature T*[3]=2.9 grad.K and by\nwavelength of the radiation intensity maximum lambda*[3]=1 mm.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Newton's gravitation-force's classical average proof of a Verlinde's\n  conjecture: A surprising, gravity related Verlinde-conjecture, that generated immense\ninterest, asserts that gravity is an emergent entropic force. We provided a\nclassical proof of the assertion in [doi.org/j.physa.2018.03.019]. Here, we\nclassically prove a related, second Verlinde-conjecture. This states that, at\nvery large distances ($r_0$), gravity departs from its classical nature and\nbegins to decay linearly with $r_0$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Unified Theory - Electricity, Magnetism, Gravity and Mechanics: This article shows the relations between the electricity, magnetism, gravity\nand mechanics by presenting an existing hidden structure in the Maxwell\nequations. This hidden structure allows to discover the classical physic from a\nnew point of view leading to the unified theory (UT).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Universal Arrow of Time I: Classical mechanics: Statistical physics cannot explain why a thermodynamic arrow of time exists,\nunless one postulates very special and unnatural initial conditions. Yet, we\nargue that statistical physics can explain why the thermodynamic arrow of time\nis universal, i.e., why the arrow points in the same direction everywhere.\nNamely, if two subsystems have opposite arrow-directions at a particular time,\nthe interaction between them makes the configuration statistically unstable and\ncauses a decay towards a system with a universal direction of the arrow of\ntime. We present general qualitative arguments for that claim and support them\nby a detailed analysis of a toy model based on the baker's map.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Force in a Superconductor: A contradiction of the Little-Parks experiment with the Ohm's law and other\nfundamental laws is explained. This explanation shows that the Little-Parks\noscillations of the loop resistance are an experimental evidence of a direct\n(non-chaotic) Brownian motion. The Langevin force is connected with a change of\nthe momentum circulation of superconducting pairs because of the quantization.\nIts average value can be non-zero because of the quantization. The existence of\na direct Brownian motion contradicts to the principle on which the second law\nof thermodynamic is based. Therefore the Little-Parks experiment is evidence of\na possibility of violation of the second law. In the last years other authors\nhave stated also violation of the second law in different quantum systems:\nA.E.Allahverdyan and Th.M.Nieuwenhuizen, PRL 85, 1799 (2000); cond-mat/0011389;\nV.Capec and J.Bok, Czech.J. of Phys. 49, 1645 (1999); cond-mat/0012056; Physica\nA 290, 379 (2001); P. Weiss, Science News, 158, 234 (2000).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An Underlying Theory for Gravity: A new direction to understand gravity has recently been explored by\nconsidering classical gravity to be a derived interaction from an underlying\ntheory. This underlying theory would involve new degrees of freedom at a deeper\nlevel and it would be structurally different from classical gravitation. It may\nconceivably be a quantum theory or a non-quantum theory. The relation between\nthis underlying theory and Einstein's gravity is similar to the connection\nbetween statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. We discuss the apparent lack\nof evidence of any quantum nature of gravity in this context.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Revisiting the dynamics of finite-sized satellite near the planet in\n  ER3BP: A novel approach for solving equations of motion of finite-sized satellite\nsupposed to be moving in a proximity and around the planet in the elliptic\nrestricted three-body problem, ER3BP is presented in this semi-analytical\ninvestigation. We consider two primaries, M_Sun and m_planet (the last is\nsecondary in that binary system), both are orbiting around their barycenter on\nelliptic orbits. Satellite is considered to be the solid ellipsoid having\nnearly spherical form, with its gravitational potential to be given by a\nformula of MacCullagh type. Our aim is to revisit previously presented in work\n[Ashenberg, 1996] approach and to investigate the updated type of the satellite\ndynamics correlated implicitly to a kind of trapped motion (in the synodic\nco-rotating Cartesian coordinate system) in so way that satellite will always\nto be located near the secondary planet, m_planet, moving on quasi-stable\nelliptic orbit.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Partition function for a mass dimension one fermionic field and the dark\n  matter halo of galaxies: This work study the finite temperature effects of a mass dimension one\nfermionic field, sometimes called Elko field. The equilibrium partition\nfunction was calculated by means of the imaginary time formalism and the result\nobtained was the same for a Dirac fermion field, even though the Elko field\ndoes not satisfy a Dirac like equation. The high and low temperature limits\nwere obtained, and for the last case the degeneracy pressure due to Pauli\nexclusion principle can be responsible for the dark matter halos around\ngalaxies to be greater than or of the same order of the galaxy radius. Also,\nfor a light particle of about $0.1$eV and a density of just 0.1 particle per\ncubic centimeter, the value of the total dark matter mass due to Elko particles\nis of the same order of a typical galaxy. Such a result satisfactorily explains\nthe dark matter as being formed just by Elko fermionic particles and also the\nexistence of galactic halos that go beyond the observable limit.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Interfacing Friedman and string cosmologies: Compactification and symmetry breaking events in theories of heterotic\nsuperstrings implicitly indicate five inflation events. Scales of 10^{9} ly and\nlarger are modeled in terms of these events. The proposed model accounts\nqualitatively for recent observations (of galactic clusters that lie on\n\"thin,.. semi-spherical shells\") and motivates a calculation that accounts\n(approximately) for the observed number of galaxies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Is Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics consistent?: The supposed equivalence of the conventional interpretation of quantum\nmechanics with Bohm's interpretation is generally demonstrated only in the\ncoordinate representation. It is shown, however, that in the momentum\nrepresentation this equivalence is not valid.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "What are the Hidden Quantum Processes Behind Newton's Laws?: We investigate the hidden quantum processes that are responsible for Newton's\nlaws of motion and Newton's universal law of gravity. We apply Electro-Magnetic\nQuantum Gravity or EMQG to investigate Newtonian classical physics. EQMG is a\nquantum gravity theory that is manifestly compatible with Cellular Automata\n(CA) theory, a new paradigm for physical reality. EMQG is also based on a\ntheory of inertia proposed by R. Haisch, A. Rueda, and H. Puthoff, which we\nmodified and called Quantum Inertia (QI). Quantum Inertia theory states that in\nNewton's 2nd law of motion (F=MA), inertia is caused by the strictly local\nelectrical force interactions bewteen matter (ultimately composed of\nelectrically charged quantum particles) and the surrounding electrically\ncharged virtual particles of the quantum vacuum. When an electrically charged\nparticle is accelerated, an electrical force results between the particle and\nthe surrounding electrically charged virtual particles of the quantum vacuum\nappears in a direction to oppose the acceleration. The sum of all the tiny\nelectrical forces originating between each charged particle and the surrounding\nquantum vacuum, is the source of the total inertial force of a mass which\nopposes accelerated motion in Newton's F = MA. Quantum Inertia theory resolves\nthe problems and paradoxes of accelerated motion introduced in Mach's principle\nby suggesting that the state of acceleration of the charged virtual particles\nof the quantum vacuum with respect to a mass, serves the function of Newton's\nabsolute space for accelerated masses only.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Tessellattice of Mother-Space as a Source and Generator of Matter\n  and Physical Laws: The real physical space is derived from a mathematical space constructed as a\ntessellation lattice of primary balls, or superparticles. Mathematical\ncharacteristics, such as distance, surface and volume, generate in the fractal\ntessellation lattice the basic physical notions (mass, particle, the particle's\nde Broglie wavelength and so on) and the corresponding fundamental physical\nlaws. The submicroscopic mechanics developed in the tessellattice easily\nresults in the conventional quantum mechanical formalism at a larger atomic\nscale and Newton's gravitational law at a macroscopic scale.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Universal quantification for deterministic chaos in dynamical systems: A cell dynamical system model for deterministic chaos enables precise\nquantification of the round-off error growth,i.e., deterministic chaos in\ndigital computer realizations of mathematical models of continuum dynamical\nsystems. The model predicts the following: (a) The phase space trajectory\n(strange attractor) when resolved as a function of the computer accuracy has\nintrinsic logarithmic spiral curvature with the quasiperiodic Penrose tiling\npattern for the internal structure. (b) The universal constant for\ndeterministic chaos is identified as the steady-state fractional round-off\nerror k for each computational step and is equal to 1 /sqr(tau) (=0.382) where\ntau is the golden mean. (c) The Feigenbaum's universal constants a and d are\nfunctions of k and, further, the expression 2(a**2) = (pie)*d quantifies the\nsteady-state ordered emergence of the fractal geometry of the strange\nattractor. (d) The power spectra of chaotic dynamical systems follow the\nuniversal and unique inverse power law form of the statistical normal\ndistribution.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some recent results for $SU(3)$ and Octonions within the Geometric\n  Algebra approach to the fundamental forces of nature: Different ways of representing the group $SU(3)$ within a Geometric Algebra\napproach are explored. As part of this we consider characteristic multivectors\nfor $SU(3)$, and how these are linked with decomposition of generators into\ncommuting bivectors. The setting for this work is within a 6d Euclidean\nClifford Algebra. We then go on to consider whether the fundamental forces of\nparticle physics might arise from symmetry considerations in just the 4d\ngeometric algebra of spacetime -- the STA. As part of this, a representation of\n$SU(3)$ is found wholly within the STA, involving preservation of a bivector\nnorm. We also show how Octonions can be fully represented within the Spacetime\nAlgebra, which we believe will be useful in making them understandable and\naccessible to a new community in Physics and Engineering. The two strands of\nthe paper are drawn together in showing how preserving the octonion norm is the\nsame as preserving the timelike part of the Dirac current of a particle. This\nsuggests a new model for the symmetries preserved in particle physics.\nFollowing on from work by G\\\"unaydin and G\\\"ursey on the link between quarks,\nand octonions, and by Furey on chains of octonionic multiplications, we show\nhow both of these fit well within our scheme, and give some wholly STA versions\nof the operations involved, which in the cases considered have easily\nunderstandable equivalents in terms of 4d geometry. Links with larger groups\ncontaining $SU(3)$, such as $G_2$ and $SU(8)$, are also considered.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Negative Matter, Repulsion Force, Dark Matter, Phantom and Theoretical\n  Test ----Their Relations with Inflation Cosmos and Higgs Mechanism: First, dark matter is introduced. Next, the Dirac negative energy state is\nrediscussed. It is a negative matter with some new characteristics, which are\nmainly the gravitation each other, but the repulsion with all positive matter.\nSuch the positive and negative matters are two regions of topological\nseparation in general case, and the negative matter is invisible. It is the\nsimplest candidate of dark matter, and can explain some characteristics of the\ndark matter and dark energy. Recent phantom on dark energy is namely a negative\nmatter. We propose that in quantum fluctuations the positive matter and\nnegative matter are created at the same time, and derive an inflation cosmos,\nwhich is created from nothing. The Higgs mechanism is possibly a product of\npositive and negative matter. Based on a basic axiom and the two foundational\nprinciples of the negative matter, we research its predictions and possible\ntheoretical tests, in particular, the season effect. The negative matter should\nbe a necessary development of Dirac theory. Finally, we propose the three basic\nlaws of the negative matter. The existence of four matters on positive,\nopposite, and negative, negative-opposite particles will form the most perfect\nsymmetrical world.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Hair on Colliding Black Holes: Abstract Black hole collision produce gravitational radiation which is\ngenerally thought in a quantum limit to be gravitons. The stretched horizon of\na black hole contains quantum information, or a form of quantum hair, which in\na coalescence of black holes participates in the generation of gravitons. This\nmay be facilitated with a Bohr-like approach to black hole (BH) quantum physics\nwith quasi-normal mode (QNM) approach to BH quantum mechanics. Quantum gravity\nand quantum hair on event horizons is excited to higher energy in BH\ncoalescence. The near horizon condition for two BHs right before collision is a\ndeformed AdS spacetime. These excited states of BH quantum hair then relax with\nthe production of gravitons. This is then argued to define RT entropy given by\nquantum hair on the horizons. These qubits of information from a BH coalescence\nshould then appear in gravitational wave (GW) data. This is a form of the\nstandard AdS/CFT correspondence and the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A computational proof of locality in entanglement: In this paper the design and proof of concept (POC) coding of a local hidden\nvariables computer model is presented. The program violates the Clauser, Horne,\nShimony and Holt inequality $|$CHSH$|$ $\\leq 2$. In our numerical experiment,\nwe find with our local computer program, CHSH $\\approx 1 + \\sqrt{2}$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Speculations on events in the very early universe beyond the standard\n  model: 0th generation stage immediately following the big bang: We suggest that by virtue of the very early processes immediately following\nthe big bang incipient 1st generation particles are created forming periodic\nstrings to confine the quarks. These strings may be described either by the\nLaplace equation, due to vanishing space charges, or by Poisson-Boltzmann (PB)\nequation, due to finite charges. We also propose that the supersymmetry created\nby the big bang is broken through extended vibronic mixing at the end of the\n0th generation giving rise to the diversity of atoms and molecules at the later\nstages of the evolving universe. We choose quark confinement by electrostatic\nstrings supplied by 2D solutions of the PB equation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gravitational collapses to bodies of a finite volume: We prove with an exact relativistic computation that the spherosymmetric\ngravitational collapses with a time-dependent pressure end in bodies with a\nsmall, but finite volume. Against a diffuse, wrong conviction.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Implications of Einstein-Weyl Causality on Quantum Mechanics: A fundamental physical principle that has consequences for the topology of\nspace-time is the principle of Einstein-Weyl causality. We show here that this\nmay have implications on quantum mechanics, as well. Borchers and Sen have\nrigorously investigated the mathematical implications of Einstein-Weyl\ncausality and shown the denumerable space-time Q^2 would be implied. They then\nimbedded this space in a non-denumerable space but were left with important\nphilosophical paradoxes regarding the nature of the physical real line E, e.g.,\nwhether E = R, the real line of mathematics. Alternatively, their initial\nresult could suggest a constructible foundation. We have pursued such a program\nand find it indeed provides a dense, denumerable space-time and, moreover, an\ninteresting connection with quantum mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A theory of dark energy that matches dark matter: In this paper, a theory of dark energy is proposed that matches dark matter.\nThe relativistic quantum mechanics equations reveal that free particles can\nhave negative energies. We think that the negative energy is the dark energy\nwhich behaviors as dark photons with negative energies. In this work, the\nphoton number states are extended to the cases where the photon number can be\nnegative integers, called negative integer photon states, the physical meaning\nof which are that the photons in such a state are of negative energy, i.e.,\ndark photons. The dark photons constitute dark radiation, also called negative\nradiation. The formulism of the statistical mechanics and thermodynamics of the\ndark radiation is presented. This version of dark energy is of negative\ntemperature and negative pressure, the latter regarded as responsible for the\naccelerate expansion of the universe. It is believed that there is a symmetry\nof energy-dark energy in the universe. In our previous work, the theory of the\nmotion of the matters with negative kinetic energy was presented. In our\nopinion, the negative kinetic energy matter is dark matter. In the present\nwork, we demonstrate that the dark substances absorb and release dark energy.\nIn this view, the dark matter and dark energy match. Therefore, there is a\nsymmetry of matter-energy match and dark matter-dark energy match in the\nuniverse. We present the reasons why the negative kinetic energy systems and\nnegative radiation are dark to us.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On non-linear Schr\u00f6dinger equations for open quantum systems: Recently two generalized nonlinear Schr\\\"{o}dinger equations have been\nproposed by Chavanis [Eur. Phys. J. Plus 132 (2017) 286] by applying Nottale's\ntheory of scale relativity relying on a fractal space-time to describe\ndissipation in quantum systems. Several existing nonlinear equations are then\nderived and discussed in this context leading to a continuity equation with an\nextra source/sink term which violates Ehrenfest theorem. An extension to\ndescribe stochastic dynamics is also carried out by including thermal\nfluctuations or noise of the environment. These two generalized nonlinear\nequations are analyzed within the Bohmian mechanics framework to describe the\ncorresponding dissipative and stochastic dynamics in terms of quantum\ntrajectories. Several applications of this second generalized equation which\ncan be considered as a generalized Kostin equation have been carried out. The\nfirst application consists of the study of the position-momentum uncertainty\nprinciple in a dissiaptive dynamics. After, the so-called Brownian-Bohmian\nmotion is investigated by calculating classical and quantum diffusion\ncoefficients. And as a third example, transmission through a transient (time\ndependent) parabolic repeller is studied where the interesting phenomenon of\nearly arrival is observed even in the stochastic dynamics although the\nmagnitude of early arrival is reduced by friction.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Discrete physical states and correction terms in the Supersymmetric c=1\n  Model of String Theory: In this article, we investigate the supersymmetric c=1 model of superstring\ntheory and demonstrate how the spectrum of states is expanded and new\nsymmetries of the theory are generated by the existence of ghost cohomologies.\nAs a result, we establish significant connections between two-dimensional\nsupergravity and physical theories in higher dimensions. Additionally, we\nprovide a comprehensive guide for constructing BRST-invariant and nontrivial\nvertex operators and carry out explicit computations to determine the\ncorrection terms needed to maintain BRST invariance of the corresponding\ncurrents.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Are Mass and Length Quantized?: We suggest that there are time-varying quanta of mass (gomidia) and of length\n(somia), thus pointing to a quantization of geometry and gravitation. The\npresent numerical value of the gomidium and somium, are, 10 to the power minus\n65 grams, and 10 to the power minus 91 centimeters. Gomidia may be responsible\nfor dark matter in the Universe; Heisenberg's principle, confirms the numerical\nestimates for gomidia and somia, either for the present Universe, or for\nPlanck's time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Inhomogeneities in the Universe with exact solutions of General\n  Relativity: It is commonly stated that we have entered the era of precision cosmology in\nwhich a number of important observations have reached a degree of precision,\nand a level of agreement with theory, that is comparable with many Earth-based\nphysics experiments. One of the consequences is the need to examine at what\npoint our usual, well-worn assumption of homogeneity associated to the use of\nperturbation theory begins to compromise the accuracy of our models. It is now\na widely accepted fact that the effect of the inhomogeneities observed in the\nUniverse cannot be ignored when one wants to construct an accurate cosmological\nmodel. Well-established physics can explain several of the observed phenomena\nwithout introducing highly speculative elements, like dark matter, dark energy,\nexponential expansion at densities never attained in any experiment (i.e.\ninflation), and the like. Two main classes of methods are currently used to\ndeal with these issues. Averaging, sometimes linked to fitting procedures a la\nStoegger and Ellis, provide us with one promising way of solving the problem.\nAnother approach is the use of exact inhomogeneous solutions of General\nRelativity. This will be developed here.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comment on \"A holographic model of dark energy and the thermodynamics of\n  a non-flat accelerated expanding universe\", by M.R. Setare and S. Shafei\n  (JCAP 09 (2006) 011, arXiv:gr-qc/0606103): Authors of ref. [1], M.R. Setare and S. Shafei (JCAP 09 (2006) 011), studied\nthe thermodynamics of a holographic dark energy model in a non-flat universe\nenclosed by the apparent horizon $R_A$ and the event horizon measured from the\nsphere of the horizon named $L$. In section 3 in ref. [1], Authors showed that\nfor $R_A$ the generalized second law of thermodynamics is respected, while for\n$L$ it is satisfied for the special range of the deceleration parameter. Here\nwe present that their calculations for $R_A$ should be revised. Also we show\nthat their conclusion for $L$ is not true and the generalized second law is\nhold for the present time independently of the deceleration parameter. Also if\nwe take into account the contribution of dark matter in the generalized second\nlaw which is absent in ref. [1], then the generalized second law for $L$ is\nviolated for the present time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Influence of rotation speed on natural frequency: A short introduction\n  and presentation of an imaginary 'antigravity' world: We present an instructive way to introduce the subject of resonance using a\ntypical spring-mass system without damping. In contrast to the standard\napproach found in most textbooks, here we propose a way to extend the lectures\nfrom common translational systems to rotating ones. In the latter case,\nparticular attention is paid to the role of the variable centripetal force. The\nstudents will find analytical solutions of the simplest possible ordinary\ndifferential equations of motion and see that the natural frequency strongly\ndepends on the rotation speed, the latter being a simple vector sum. The\nanalysis reveals that always the resultant ground force is harmonic. In order\nto depict the significance in the influence of rotation on natural frequency,\nwe present an imaginary 'antigravity' world in which the aforementioned\ndependency is absent.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Canonical Acoustic Thin-Shell Wormholes: In this paper we model a canonical acoustic thin shell wormhole (CATSW) in\nthe framework of analogue gravity systems. In this model we apply cut and paste\ntechnique to join together two spherically symmetric, analogue canonical\nacoustic solutions, and compute the analogue surface density/surface pressure\nof the fluid using the Darmois- Israel formalism. We study the stability\nanalyses by using a linear barotropic fluid (LBF), chaplygin fluid (CF),\nlogarithmic fluid (LogF), polytropic fluid (PF), and finally Van der Waals\nQuintessence (VDWQ). We show that a kind of analog acoustic fluid with negative\nenergy is required at the throat to keep the wormhole stable. It is argued\nthat, CATSW can be a stabile thin-shell wormhole if we choose a suitable\nparameter values.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dirac equation in the Nonsymmetric Kaluza-Klein Theory: We rederive Dirac equation in the Nonsymmetric Kaluza-Klein Theory gettig an\nelectric dipole moment of fermion and CP violation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Interpretations of Cosmological Spectral Shifts: It is shown that for Robertson-Walker models with flat or closed space\nsections, all of the cosmological spectral shift can be attributed to the\nnon-flat connection (and thus indirectly to space-time curvature). For\nRobertson-Walker models with hyperbolic space sections, it is shown that\ncosmological spectral shifts uniquely split up into \"kinematic\" and\n\"gravitational\" parts provided that distances are small. For large distances no\nsuch unique split-up exists in general. A number of common, but incorrect\nassertions in the literature regarding interpretations of cosmological spectral\nshifts, is pointed out.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Radiation of anomalous energy: In the Coulomb field of nucleus cut off on it size, besides usual atomic\nstates, there are additional ones. These anomalous states are deep (in the\nrange of $10\\,MeV$) in the Dirac sea and can exist solely during a macroscopic\nacceleration of the nucleus exceeding the certain level. This way a low energy\nperturbation, providing the nucleus acceleration, can result in $\\sim 10\\,MeV$\ngamma and neutron radiation due to electron transitions to those anomalous\nlevels. Experimentally observed gamma quanta and neutrons of that energy scale,\nin the electric discharge in air, look as radiation from \"nothing\" if to forget\nabout the transitions to the anomalous states. The perspective of energy\ngeneration, exceeding the input level, is discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some spin textures relevant to magnetic moments in the octonion spaces: The paper aims to apply the octonions to explore the contribution of some\ninfluence factors to magnetic moments, revealing the connection among the\ninfluence factors and spin texture. J. C. Maxwell was the first to introduce\nthe quaternions to describe the electromagnetic theory. The subsequent scholars\nutilize the quaternions and octonions to study the gravitational and\nelectromagnetic theories and so forth. The paper adopts the octonions to\nresearch the gravitational and electromagnetic fields, including the octonion\nangular momentum, torque, and force and so on. When the octonion force is equal\nto zero under some circumstances, it is able to achieve eight equations\nindependent of each other. In particular, one of eight independent equations\nreveals the interrelation between the second-torque and the divergence of\nmagnetic moments. One of its deductions is that the directions, magnitudes and\nfrequencies of some terms are capable of impacting the orientation and vortex\nof magnetic moments, altering the frequency of magnetic vortex clusters. It\nmeans that the spin textures are relevant to some external influence factors.\nSome terms may have an influence on the arrangements of spin textures. The\nstudy will be helpful for understanding the physical properties of magnetic\nskyrmions and merons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A dark energy with higher order derivatives of $H$ in the modified\n  gravity $f(R,T)$: In this paper, we consider a recently proposed model of Dark Energy (DE)\nwhich contains three terms (one proportional to the squared Hubble parameter,\none to the first derivative with respect to the cosmic time of the Hubble\nparameter and one proportional to the second derivative with respect to the\ncosmic time of the Hubble parameter) in the light of the $f\\left(R,T \\right)$\nmodel of modified gravity, considering the particular model $f\\left(R,T \\right)\n= \\mu R + \\nu T$, with $\\mu$ and $\\nu$ two free positive constant parameters.\nHere $R$ and $T$ are the curvature and torsion scalars, respectively. In this\nwork, we have found that the Hubble parameter $H$ exhibits a decaying behavior\nuntil redshifts of the order of $z\\approx-0.5$ (when it starts to increase) and\nthe time derivative of the Hubble parameter goes from negative to positive\nvalues for different redshifts. The equation of state (EoS) parameter of DE and\nthe effective EoS parameter exhibit a transition from $\\omega<-1$ to\n$\\omega>-1$ (then the EoS parameters have a quintom-like behavior). We have\nalso found that the said model can attain the late time accelerated phase of\nthe universe. Using the statefinder parameters $r$ and $s$, we derived that the\nconsidered model can attaining the $\\Lambda$CDM phase of the universe and can\ninterpolate between dust and $\\Lambda$CDM phase of the universe. Finally,\nstudying the squared speed of sound $v_s^2$, we have seen that the model under\nconsideration is classically stable in the earlier stage of the universe, but\nclassically unstable in the current stage.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Hierarchic Theory of Liquids and Solids. Computerized applications\n  for ice, water, and Biosystems: This is a new book of quantum Hierarchic theory of condensed matter, general\nfor liquids and solids, developed by this author during 20 years and its\nnumerous applications. Computer program, based on new theory, was used for\nsimulations of big number of physical properties of water and ice. Condensed\nmatter is considered as a superposition of 3D standing waves (collective\nexcitations) of different nature: thermal de Broglie waves, IR photons and\nthermal phonons. New theories of total internal energy, heat capacity, surface\ntension, vapor pressure, thermal conductivity, viscosity and self-diffusion are\ndescribed. Hierarchic theory of osmotic pressure, based on new state equation,\nnew theories of light refraction, Brillouin light scattering and Mossbauer\neffect are presented also and compared with available experimental data for\nwater and ice. The agreement between theoretical and available experimental\nresults for water and ice is very good. New approach to the turbulence,\nsuperfluidity and superconductivity is developed. A lot of applications of new\ntheory to biophysics, including model of Quantum of Mind are described. New\noptoacoustic device: Comprehensive Analyzer of Matter Properties (CAMP) is\nproposed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The world as a neural network: We discuss a possibility that the entire universe on its most fundamental\nlevel is a neural network. We identify two different types of dynamical degrees\nof freedom: \"trainable\" variables (e.g. bias vector or weight matrix) and\n\"hidden\" variables (e.g. state vector of neurons). We first consider stochastic\nevolution of the trainable variables to argue that near equilibrium their\ndynamics is well approximated by Madelung equations (with free energy\nrepresenting the phase) and further away from the equilibrium by\nHamilton-Jacobi equations (with free energy representing the Hamilton's\nprincipal function). This shows that the trainable variables can indeed exhibit\nclassical and quantum behaviors with the state vector of neurons representing\nthe hidden variables. We then study stochastic evolution of the hidden\nvariables by considering $D$ non-interacting subsystems with average state\nvectors, $\\bar{\\bf x}^{1}$, ..., $\\bar{\\bf x}^{D}$ and an overall average state\nvector $\\bar{\\bf x}^{0}$. In the limit when the weight matrix is a permutation\nmatrix, the dynamics of $\\bar{\\bf x}^{\\mu}$ can be described in terms of\nrelativistic strings in an emergent $D+1$ dimensional Minkowski space-time. If\nthe subsystems are minimally interacting, with interactions described by a\nmetric tensor, then the emergent space-time becomes curved. We argue that the\nentropy production in such a system is a local function of the metric tensor\nwhich should be determined by the symmetries of the Onsager tensor. It turns\nout that a very simple and highly symmetric Onsager tensor leads to the entropy\nproduction described by the Einstein-Hilbert term. This shows that the learning\ndynamics of a neural network can indeed exhibit approximate behaviors described\nby both quantum mechanics and general relativity. We also discuss a possibility\nthat the two descriptions are holographic duals of each other.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "La relativeca tempo - I / The relativistic time - I: The relativistic time is different from the Newtonian one. We revisit some of\nthese differences in Doppler effect, twin paradox, rotation, rigid rod, and\nconstant proper acceleration. ------- La relativeca tempo estas malsama ol la\nNewtona. Ni revidos iujn el tiuj malsamoj en Dopplera efiko, gxemel-paradokso,\nrotacio, rigida stango, kaj konstanta propra akcelo.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Alternative cosmology fits supernovae redshifts with no dark energyy: Supernovae and radio galaxy redshift data are fitted in an alternative\ncosmology. The galaxies are assumed to recede with unchanging velocities in a\nstatic Robertson-Walker metric with a(t) = 1. An exact fit is obtained with no\nadjustable parameters. There is no indication that the recession velocities are\nchanging with time, so no call for \"dark energy\".",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From Dirac theories in curved space-times to a Variation of Dirac's\n  large-number hypothesis: An overview is given of recent developments in the field of Dirac equations\ngeneralized to curved space-times. An illustrative discussion is provided. We\nconclude with a variation of Dirac's large-number hypothesis which relates a\nnumber of physical quantities on cosmological scales.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Generalizations of wave equations to multidimensional variational\n  problems: This is a survey paper based on previous results of the author. In the paper,\nwe define and discuss the generalizations of linear partial differential\nequations to multidimensional variational problems. We consider two examples of\nsuch equations: first, the generalized Schr\\\"odinger equation which is a\nnatural candidate for the mathematical equation of quantum field theory, and\nsecond, the quantum Plato problem which is a natural candidate for a simplest\nmathematical equation of string theory and, more generally, theory of\n$D$-branes. We propose a way to give a mathematical sense to these equations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Neutron Repulsion: Earth is connected gravitationally, magnetically and electrically to its heat\nsource - a neutron star that is obscured from view by waste products in the\nphotosphere. Neutron repulsion is like the hot filament in an incandescent\nlight bulb. Excited neutrons are emitted from the solar core and decay into\nhydrogen that glows in the photosphere like a frosted light bulb. Neutron\nrepulsion was recognized in nuclear rest mass data in 2000 as the overlooked\nsource of energy, the keystone of an arch that locked together these puzzling\nspace-age observations: 1.) Excess 136Xe accompanied primordial helium in the\nstellar debris that formed the solar system (Fig. 1); 2.) The Sun formed on the\nsupernova core (Fig. 2); 3.) Waste products from the core pass through an\niron-rich mantle, selectively carrying lighter elements and lighter isotopes of\neach element into the photosphere (Figs. 3-4); and 4.) Neutron repulsion powers\nthe Sun and sustains life (Figs. 5-7). Together these findings offer a\nframework for understanding how: a.) The Sun generates and releases neutrinos,\nenergy and solar-wind hydrogen and helium; b.) An inhabitable planet formed and\nlife evolved around an ordinary-looking star; c.) Continuous climate change -\ninduced by cyclic changes in gravitational interactions of the Sun's energetic\ncore with planets - has favored survival by adaptation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Physical Origin of Elementary Particle Masses: In contemporary particle physics, the masses of fundamental particles are\nincalculable constants, being supplied by experimental values. Inspired by\nobservation of the empirical particle mass spectrum, and their corresponding\nphysical interaction couplings, we propose that the masses of elementary\nparticles arise solely due to the self-interaction of the fields associated\nwith the charges of a particle. A first application of this idea is seen to\nyield correct order of magnitude predictions for neutrinos, charged leptons and\nquarks. We then discuss more ambitious models, where also different generations\nmay arise from \\textit{e.g.} self-organizing bifurcations due to the underlying\nnon-linear dynamics, with the coupling strength acting as \"non-linearity\"\nparameter. If the model is extended to include gauge bosons, the photon is\nautomatically the only fundamental particle to remain massless as it has no\ncharges. It results that gluons have an effective range $\\sim 1$fm, physically\nexplaining why QCD has finite reach.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Realizacao domestica e escolar de foto e video 3D: English: Industry does not give attention to the small domestic or\nprofessional market of digital technologies for 3D images. What was done on the\nXX century by using photographic film is not know available to the common\npeople, though the facilities are even better. Some technique developed in\nBrasil twenty years ago and the use of conventional domestic photo or video\ncameras allows fot making pictures and films at home by using digital\nconversions for editing, and two-color goggles. The anaglyphic technique, the\nsame NASA employs to show Mars images to the public, is not employed in Brazil\nyet. We must analize the reasons for that.\n  Portugues: A industria nao tem dado atencao ao mercado domestico ou\nprofissional de pequena escala nas novas tecnologias digitais para imagem 3D. O\nque foi feito ao longo do seculo XX usando filme fotografico nao esta hoje ao\nalcance das pessoas, sendo que a facilidade de uso e muito maior. Tecnicas\ndesenvolvidas no Brasil ha mais de vinte anos, e o uso de simples cameras\nconvencionais de fotografia e video permitem realizar fotos e filmes caseiros\npor meio de conversoes digitais na edicao e o uso de oculos bicolor. A tecnica\nanagifica, a mesma que a NASA usa para mostrar ao publico as imagens de Marte,\npor exemplo, nao teve espaco no Brasil ainda. Devemos analisar os motivos que\npodem estar influenciando e os caminhos para mudar isso.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Zitterbewegung structure in electrons and photons: The Dirac equation is reinterpreted as a constitutive equation for\nsingularities in the electromagnetic vacuum, with the electron as a point\nsingularity on a lightlike toroidal vortex. The diameter of the vortex is a\nCompton wavelength and its thickness is given by the electron's anomalous\nmagnetic moment. The photon is modeled as an electron-positron pair trapped in\na vortex with energy proportional to the photon frequency. The possibility that\nall elementary particles are composed of similar vortices is discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On some relativistic singular surfaces: In the current relativistic literature there are misleading considerations\nabout some singular surfaces. An accurate geometric analysis allows to settle\nthe question. No physical meaning is attributable to the spatial regions\nsurrounded by the above surfaces. A recent observational paper by A. Fabian et\nal. is discussed in sect.4.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Why Einstein (Had I been born in 1844!)?: In his monumental discoveries, the driving force for Einstein was, I believe,\nconsistency of concept and principle rather than conflict with experiment. In\nthis spirit, I would like to look at the journey from the classical to the\nrelativistic world as a simple and direct exercise first in recognition of\nuniversal character of universal entities and then carrying out the\nuniversalization. By this process not only the relativistic world follows most\nnaturally but I would like to conjecture that if Einstein were born in 1844 (or\nhad I been born in 1844 and had followed this line of thought as I do now!) it\nwould have in fact been predicted including existence of a wave with universal\nconstant velocity. That would have indeed been not only the greatest but most\namazing and remarkable feat of human thought.\n  Beating further on the same track of principle and concept driven ideas, we\nponder over to see beyond Einstein, and ask the questions: in how many\ndimensions does gravity live, how many basic forces are there in nature and\nwhat are the basic building blocks of space-time?",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Close Correlation between Third Kepler Law and Titius-Bode Rule: In this work we present a close correlation between third Kepler law and\nTitius-Bode empirical rule. Concretely, we demonstrate that third Kepler law,\nor, corresponding equilibrium condition between centrifugal and Newtonian\ngravitational force, implies that planet orbital momentum becomes effectively a\nfunction of the planet distance as unique variable and vice versa. Then,\napproximation of the planet distance by its first order Taylor expansion over\nplanet orbital momentum holds an exponential form corresponding to Titius-Bode\nrule. In this way it is not necessary postulate exponential form of the planet\ndistance (as it has been done by Scardigli) but only discrete values of its\nargument. Physically, it simply means that, in the linear approximation,\n\"quantized\" planets orbital momentums do a geometrical progression.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An Elementary Canonical Classical and Quantum Dynamics for General\n  Relativity: A consistent canonical classical and quantum dynamics in the framework of\nspecial relativity was formulated by Stueckelberg in 1941, and generalized to\nmany body theory by Horwitz and Piron in 1973 (SHP). In this paper, this theory\nis embedded into the framework of general relativity (GR), here denoted by\nSHPGR. The canonical Poisson brackets of the SHP theory remain valid (invariant\nunder local coordinate transformations) on the manifold of GR , and provide the\nbasis for formulating a canonical quantum theory; the result (here defined as\nSHPGR) is generalized to many-body theory. A scalar product is defined for\nconstructing the Hilbert space and a Hermitian momentum operator defined. The\nFourier transform is defined, connecting momentum and coordinate\nrepresentations. The potential which may occur in the SHP theory emerges as a\nspacetime scalar mass distribution in GR, and electromagnetism corresponds to a\ngauge field on the quantum mechanical GR Hilbert space in both the single\nparticle and many-body theory. A diffeomorphism covariant form of Newton's law\nis found as an immediate consequence of the canonical formulation of SHPGR. We\ncompute the classical evolution of the off shell mass on the orbit of a\nparticle and the force on a particle and its energy at the Schwarzschild\nhorizon. The propagator for evolution of the one body state is studied and a\nscattering theory on the manifold is worked out.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Including nuclear degrees of freedom in a lattice Hamiltonian: Motivated by many observations of anomalies in condensed matter systems, we\nconsider a new fundamental Hamiltonian in which condensed matter and nuclear\nsystems are described initially on the same footing. Since it may be possible\nthat the lattice will respond to the mass change associated with a excited\nnuclear state, we adopt a relativistic description throughout based on a\nmany-particle Dirac formalism. This approach has not been used in the past,\nperhaps due to the difficulty in separating the center of mass and relative\ndegrees of freedom of the nuclear system, or perhaps due to an absence of\napplications for such a model. In response to some recent ideas about how to\nthink about the center of mass and relative separation, we obtained from the\nDirac model a new fundamental Hamiltonian in which the lattice couples to\ndifferent states within the composite nuclei within the lattice. In this\ndescription the different nuclear states have different mass energies and\nkinetic energies, as we had expected. In addition there appear new terms which\nprovide for nuclear excitation as a result of coupling to the composite\nmomentum. This new effect comes about because of changes in the composite\nnuclear state as a result of the dynamical Lorentz boost in the lattice.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Corneal thickness and elevation maps computed from optical rotary scans: Purpose: Recently the authors presented a technique that allows corneal\nthickness measurements along any meridian from optical sections obtained using\na rotary scanning system. This paper presents 3-D mapping of the corneal\nthickness and topography of both corneal surfaces, obtained with the rotary\nsystem. Method: Corneal thickness and topography are computed from optical\nsections obtained by illumination with a collimated beam expanded in a fan by a\nsmall cylindrical lens. This lens is provided with motor driven rotation in\norder to perform automated rotary scan of the whole cornea. Two cameras are\nused to capture the images of the optical sections. Results: With this system\nit is possible to obtain 3-D representation of the corneal thickness as well as\ncorneal topography. Corneal thickness and elevation maps are shown.\nConclusions: Although still under development, this new optical system allows\nthe measurement of the thickness of the whole cornea as well as 3-D mapping of\nboth corneal surfaces.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Ternary generalization of Pauli's principle and the Z6-graded algebras: We show how the discrete symmetries $Z_2$ and $Z_3$ combined with the\nsuperposition principle result in the $SL(2, {\\bf C})$-symmetry of quantum\nstates. The role of Pauli's exclusion principle in the derivation of the SL(2,\nC) symmetry is put forward as the source of the macroscopically observed\nLorentz symmetry, then it is generalized for the case of the Z3 grading\nreplacing the usual Z2 grading, leading to ternary commutation relations. We\ndiscuss the cubic and ternary generalizations of Grassmann algebra. Invariant\ncubic forms are introduced, and their symmetry group is shown to be the\n$SL(2,C)$ group The wave equation generalizing the Dirac operator to the\nZ3-graded case is constructed. Its diagonalization leads to a sixth-order\nequation. The solutions cannot propagate because their exponents always contain\nnon-oscillating real damping factor. We show how certain cubic products can\npropagate nevertheless. The model suggests the origin of the color SU(3)\nsymmetry.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Many-body Hamiltonian with screening parameter and ionization energy: We prove the existence of a new Hamiltonian that can be used to study\nstrongly correlated matter, which consists of the total energy at temperature\nequals zero (E_0) and the ionization energy (\\xi) as eigenvalues. We show that\nthe existence of this total energy eigenvalue, E_0 \\pm \\xi, does not violate\nthe Coulombian atomic system. Since there is no equivalent known Hamilton\noperator that corresponds quantitatively to \\xi, we employ the screened Coulomb\npotential operator, which is a function of this ionization energy to\nanalytically calculate the screening parameter (\\sigma) of a neutral Helium\natom in the ground state. In addition, we also show that the energy level\nsplitting due to spin-orbit coupling is inversely proportional to \\xi\neigenvalue.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the dynamics between gravity and entanglement: Recent developments on Bell's experiments demonstrate that entanglement could\nindeed eliminate the gap between classical and quantum physics. At the same\ntime, it is difficult for a classical theory to include a particular feature\nlike entanglement without compromising the theory's smooth working on a\nfour-dimensional scale geometry. A unified theory should reconsider this\ndifficulty. On the other hand, pregeometry hold the assumption of a\nnon-commutative space where the Requardt-Roy model seems to be a promising one.\nFrom the ordinary five-dimensional approach first initiated by Kaluza-Klein, a\ntoy model is proposed to show the insignificant description of gravity at\nPlanck's scale physics. It is found that the classical nature of quantum\ncorrelations are fine tuned within the geometry of space-time at four\ndimensions. Such a nature can be better understood by studying the pregeometric\neffects of gravity at five-dimensions. A combined description of gravity and\nentanglement is found sufficient to explain the fundamental difficulties of\ndiscrete space-time manifolds in both the theories.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Nonlinear Electrodynamics: Alternative Field Theory for Featuring Photon\n  Propagation Over Weak Background Electromagnetic Fields and what Earth\n  Receivers Read off Radio Signals from Interplanetary Spacecraft Transponders: A few observational and/or experimental results have dramatically pushed\nforward the research program on gravity as those from the radio-metric Doppler\ntracking received from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecrafts when the space\nvehicles were at heliocentric distances between 20 and 70 Astronomical Units\n(AU). These data have conclusively demonstrated the presence of an anomalous,\ntiny and blue-shifted frequency drift that changes smoothly at a rate of $ \\sim\n6 \\times 10^{-9}$ Hz s$^{-1}$. Those signals, if interpreted as a gravitational\npull of the Sun on each Pioneer vehicle, translates into a deceleration of $a_P\n= (8.74\\pm 1.33) \\times 10^{-10}$ m s$^{-2}$. This Sunward acceleration appears\nto be a violation of Newton's inverse-square law of gravitation, and is\nreferred to as the Pioneer anomaly, the nature of which remains still elusive\nto unveil.\n  Within the theoretical framework of nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED) in what\nfollows we will address this astrodynamics puzzle, which over the last fifteen\nyears has challenged in a fundamental basis our understanding of gravitational\nphysics. To this goal we will first, and briefly, review the history of the\nPioneers 10 and 11 missions. Then a synopsis of currently available Lagrangian\nformulations of NLED is given. And finally, we present our solution of this\nenigma by invoking a special class of NLED theories featuring a proper\ndescription of electromagnetic phenomena taking place in environments where the\nstrength of the (electro)magnetic fields in the background is decidedly low.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Problem with the Derivation of the Navier-Stokes Equation by Means of\n  Zwanzig-Mori Projection Technique of Statistical Mechanics: The derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation starting from the Liouville\nequation using projection techniques yields a friction term which is nonlinear\nin the velocity. Using the results of multilinear mode-coupling technique for\ncalculating equlibrium correlation functions, it is shown that the second-order\npart of the term is non-zero, thus leading to an incorrect formula for the\nequation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Friction as Basis for a Phonon Maser: Evidence is provided from experiment, for the hypothesis that defect\norganization (internal friction) is a means for operation of a phonon maser.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Bulk and surface plane electromagnetic waves in anisotropic media: A new analytical approach to description of electromagnetic waves in\nnonmagnetic anisotropic media is presented. Amplitudes of their reflection and\nrefraction at interfaces and also reflection and transmission of plane parallel\nplates are derived. Beam splitting at reflection, and creation of surface waves\nat the interfaces are studied. A simple laboratory demonstration of the beam\nsplitting is proposed. D'yakonov surface waves, their description and\nobservation are discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A geometric structure underlying the interaction Hamiltonian of quantum\n  electrodynamics: In this paper, a simple geometric structure is shown, which underlies the\ninteraction Hamiltonian of quantum electrodynamics. Specifically, eight parts\nof the interaction Hamiltonian, corresponding to eight basic Feynman diagrams,\nare found derivable from two operators called fundamental interaction operators\n(FIOs), with the help of a superoperator that describes vacuum fluctuations.\nAnd, the two FIOs have the simple geometric meanings of mapping the state space\nof an electron-positron pair to that of a photon and the reverse.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A New Enhanced Version of The Ensemble Interpretation: The different interpretations of quantum mechanics yield the same\nexperimental results, which may give the impression that the question of what\ninterpretation is the true one, is a philosophical question, not a scientific\none. But in this paper, we will see that we can actually prove one\ninterpretation, in particular, a version of the ensemble interpretation, as the\nnatural interpretation of quantum mechanics. Furthermore, we will prove the\naxioms of quantum mechanics, without the need of anything beyond probability\ntheory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy: It is shown that some problems connected with dark matter and dark energy can\nbe solved in the framework of the byuon theory",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mathematical Model of Gravitational and Electrostatic Forces: Author presents mathematical model for acting-on-a-distance attractive and\nrepulsive forces based on propagation of energy waves that produces Newton\nexpression for gravitational and Coulomb expression for electrostatic forces.\nModel uses mathematical observation that difference between two inverse\nexponential functions of the distance asymptotically converges to function\nproportional to reciprocal of distance squared.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Resonance-like nuclear processes in solids: 3rd and 4th order processes: It is recognized that in the family of heavy charged particle and electron\nassisted double nuclear processes resonance-like behavior can appear. The\ntransition rates of the heavy particle assisted 3rd-order and electron assisted\n4th-order resonance like double nuclear processes are determined. The power of\nlow energy nuclear reactions in $Ni-H$ systems formed in $Ni$ placed in $H_{2}$\ngas environment is treated. Nuclear power produced by quasi-resonant electron\nassisted double nuclear processes in these $Ni-H$ systems is calculated. The\npower obtained tallies with experiments and its magnitude is considerable for\npractical applications.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A new view on quantum electrodynamics: We analyze the equations of quantum electrodynamics and establish that the\nelectron must be described by two bispinors that satisfy two mutually connected\nDirac equations. The equations of the electronic and electromagnetic fields are\nreformulated in terms of c-numbers, which enables one to elucidate the\nstructure of the electron. Although the equations obtained allow only for\nnumerical solution, some characteristics of the electron, in particular its\nsize, can be found at this stage. It is shown also that the Dirac equation\nshould, instead of the mass of the electron, contain a combination involving\nthe electron Compton wavelength. In this case the equations obtained can be\nused not only for the description of the electron but also for the description\nof other leptons, which will allow one to find the mass spectrum of leptons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Space-time symmetry is broken: Space-time intervals corresponding to different events on the worldline of\nany ponderable object (for example a clock) are time-like. In consequence, in\nthe analysis of any space-time experiment involving clocks only the region for\n$c\\Delta t \\ge 0$ between the line $\\Delta x = 0$ and the light cone projection\n$c\\Delta t = \\Delta x$ of the $c\\Delta t$ versus $\\Delta x$ Minkowski plot is\nphysically relevant. This breaks the manifest space-time symmetry of the plot.\nA further consequence is the unphysical nature of the `relativity of\nsimultaneity' and `length contraction' effects of conventional special\nrelativity theory. The only modification of space-time transformation laws in\npassing from Galilean to special relativity is then the replacement of\nuniversal Newtonian time by a universal (position independent) time dilation\neffect for moving clocks.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Projectile motion without calculus: Projectile motion is a constant theme in introductory-physics courses. It is\noften used to illustrate the application of differential and integral calculus.\nWhile most of the problems used for this purpose, such as maximizing the range,\nare kept at a fairly elementary level, some, such as determining the safe\ndomain, involve not so elementary techniques, which can hardly be assumed of\nthe targeted audience. In the literature, several attempts have been undertaken\nto avoid calculus altogether and keep the exposition entirely within the realm\nof algebra and/or geometry. In this paper, we propose yet another non-calculus\napproach which uses the projectile's travel times to shed new light on these\nproblems and provide instructors with an alternate method to address them with\ntheir students.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The New Wedge-Shaped Hubble Diagram of 398 SCP Supernovae According to\n  the Expansion Center Model: Following the successful dipole test on 53 SCP SNe Ia presented at SAIt2004\nin Milan, this 9th contribution to the ECM series beginning in 1999 in Naples\n(43th SAIt meeting: \"Revolutions in Astronomy\") deals with the construction of\nthe new wedge-shaped Hubble diagram obtained with 398 supernovae of the SCP\nUnion Compilation (Kowalski et al. 2008) by applying a calculated correlation\nbetween SNe Ia absolute blue magnitude MB and central redshift z0, according to\nthe expansion center model. The ECM distance D of the Hubble diagram (cz versus\nD) is computed as the ratio between the luminosity distance DL and 1 + z.\nMathematically D results to be a power series of the light-space r run inside\nthe expanding cosmic medium or Hubble flow; thus its expression is independent\nof the corresponding z. In addition one can have D = D(z, h) from the ECM\nHubble law by using the h convention with an anisotropic HX. It is proposed to\nthe meeting that the wedge-shape of this new Hubble diagram be confirmed\nindependently as mainly due to the ECM dipole anisotropy of the Hubble ratio\ncz/D.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox in Quantum Diagrams: Quantum diagrams are the best language for Quantum Mechanics since they show\nnot only a final result but also the physical process which leads to the\nresult. The quantum correlation at a distance better known as the\nEinstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox may be easily understood being depicted in the\ntime-ordered quantum diagrams. In the diagrams one can clearly see what the\nso-called entangled quantum states really are and how they contribute to the\nviolation of Bell inequality. The wave function phase relations that are the\nactual physical \"common cause in the past\" for the observed correlation become\nalso visual and evident. Thus the diagram analysis shows that the phenomenon of\ndistant quantum correlation has simple causal and local explanation and there\nis no need to invent various extravagant constructions contradicting the\nestablished physical principles as well as usual common sense considerations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Magnetic Monopoles and Dark Matter: Schwinger's idea about the magnetic world of the early Universe, in which\nmagnetic charges (monopoles) and magnetic atoms (g$^{+}$g$^{-}$) could be\nformed, is developed. In the present-day Universe magnetic charges with\nenergies in the GeV range can be formed in the magnetospheres of young pulsars\nin super strong magnetic fields. Spectroscopic features of magnetic atoms and\npossibilities for their observations are discussed. Relic magnetic atoms can\ncontribute up to 18% to the dark matter density. The gamma-ray excess at our\nGalactic center could arise under two-photon annihilation of magnetic charges\nas a cooperative effect from neutron stars. A sharp physical difference of\nSchwinger's magnetic world from Dirac's present-day electric world is pointed\nout. Artificial magnetic monopoles are also mentioned briefly.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Warp drives, wavefronts and superluminality: Coule's primary objection to the Alcubierre \"warpdrive\" is that the material\nproducing the warp field needs to be superluminal. This difficulty is solved by\nplacing the drive material inside its own warp field (making the drive system\npart of the payload), but we then have to deal with Low's related objection,\nthat there is then a restricted rate at which this \"naked\" warp-field can\npropagate through the background metric. We argue that the propagation of this\nsort of gravitational wave is not a trivial problem, and that the possibility\nof ultrafast warpfield propagation should not be dismissed without further\nresearch.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Infinite Face Centered Cubic Network of Identical Resistors: The equivalent resistance between the origin and any other lattice site, in\nan infinite Face Centered Cubic network consisting from identical resistors,\nhas been expressed rationally in terms of the known value and . The asymptotic\nbehavior is investigated, and some calculated values for the equivalent\nresistance are presented.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Einsteinian Manifolds and Gravitational Waves: The full relativity of the concepts of motion and rest, which is\ncharacteristic of the Einsteinian general relativity (GR), does not allow the\ngeneration of physical gravitational waves (GW's). -- The undulatory nature of\na metric tensor is not an invariant property, but depends on the coordinate\nframe. -- An undulation of a metric tensor is propagated with a speed that can\nhave any value between zero and infinite.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Mechanism of Above Room Temperature Superconductivity and\n  Superfluidity by Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: A comprehensive theory of superconductivity (SC) and superfluidity (SF) is\npresented of new types III and IV at temperatures into millions of degrees\ninvolving phase transitions of fermions in heat reservoirs to form general\nrelativistic triple quasi-particles of 3 fermions interacting to boson-fermion\npairs. Types 0, I, and II SC/SF are deduced from such triples as: thermally\ndressed, relativistic fermionic vortices; spin coupled, dressed, fermionic\nvortical pairs (diamagnetic bosons); and spinrevorbitally coupled, dressed\nfermionic, vortical pairs (ferromagnetic bosons). All known SC, SF and trends\nin critical temperatures (Tc) are thereby explained. The recently observed\nSC/SF in nano-graphene systems is explained. The above room temperature SC/SF\nis predicted and modeled by transformations of intense thermal boson\npopulations of heat reservoirs to relativistic mass, weight, spin and magnetism\nfor further reasoning over compression to electricity, weak phenomena and\nstrong phenomena for connecting general relativism and quantum mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Solar neutrino records: Gauss or non-Gauss is the question: This article discusses the possible variation of the solar neutrino flux over\ntime in the records of Super-Kamiokande-I and the relation to non-equilibrium\nstatistical mechanics and the entropic pathway model. The scaling behavior of\nthe Super-Kamiokande-I time series is investigated utilizing Standard Deviation\nAnalysis and Diffusion Entropy Analysis. The data set exhibit scaling behavior\nand may follow Levy-type probability distribution function.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Neutron Production via Electron Capture by Coherent Protons: I consider coherent vibrational states of the quantum plasmas formed by the\nconduction electrons and protons inside a metal hydride. Such states can\ninteract coherently through weak interaction to produce neutrons at very low\nenergy. The existence of the vibrational coherent states is supported by a\nrecent theoretical analysis showing that these configurations are characterized\nby an energy gap of the order of 1 eV per particle compared to the incoherent\nconfigurations and are therefore dynamically stable. When excited coherently,\nthese configurations are able to transfer their energy, enabling highly\nenergetic mechanisms. In this paper I show how it is possible to produce\nneutrons through such a coherent mechanism. The produced neutrons are\nessentially at rest and remain confined within the metal. The theory developed\nallows for the theoretical calculation of the production rate of neutrons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "SNe Ia Redshift in a Non-Adiabatic Universe: By relaxing the constraint of adiabatic universe used in most cosmological\nmodels, we have shown that the new approach provides a better fit to the\nsupernovae Ia redshift data with a single parameter, the Hubble constant $H_0$,\nthan the standard $\\Lambda$CDM model with two parameters, $H_0$ and the\ncosmological constant $\\Lambda$ related density $\\Omega_{\\Lambda}$. The new\napproach is compliant with the cosmological principle. It yields the H_0=68.28\n(+- 0.53) km s-1Mpc-1 with an analytical value of the deceleration parameter\nq_0=-0.4. The analysis presented is for a matter only, flat universe. The\ncosmological constant $\\Lambda$ may thus be considered as a manifestation of a\nnon-adiabatic universe that is treated as an adiabatic universe.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On M Theory, Quantum Paradoxes and the New Relativity: Recently a New Relativity Principle has been proposed by one of the authors\nas the underlying physical and geometrical foundations of String and {\\bf M}\nTheory. It is explicitly shown that within the framework of the New Relativity\nTheory, some Quantum Mechanical Paradoxes like the Einstein-Rosen Podolsky and\nthe Black Hole Information Loss, are easily resolved. Such New Relativity\nTheory requires the introduction of an Infinite Dimensional Quantum Spacetime\nas has been shown recently by one of us. This can be viewed as just another way\nof looking at Feynman's path integral formulation of Quantum Mechanics. Instead\nof having an infinite dimensional funcional integral over $all$ paths, smooth,\nforwards and backwards in time, random and fractal, in a finite-dimensional\nspacetime, one has a finite number of paths in an Infinite Dimensional Quantum\nSpacetime. We present a few-lines proof why there is no such a thing as an {\\bf\nEPR} Paradox in this New Relativity theory. The reason is {\\bf not} due to a\nsuperluminal information speed but to a {\\bf divergent} information charge\ndensity. In the infinite dimensional limit, due to the properties of gamma\nfunctions, the hypervolume enclosed by a $D$-dim hypersphere, of finite nonzero\nradius, shrinks to zero : to a {\\bf hyperpoint}, the infinite-dimensional\nanalog af a point. For this reason, Information flows through the\ninfinite-dimensional hypersurface of nonzero radius, but zero size, the\nhyperpoint, in an instant. In this fashion we imbue an abstract mathematical\n\"point\" with a true physical meaning : it is an entity in infinite dimensions\nthat has zero hypervolume at nonzero radius . A plausible resolution of the\nInformation Loss Paradox in Black Holes is proposed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Mechanics: Incomplete and Non Local Theory: We will show for undergraduate and graduate students of physics that Quantum\nMechanics is an incomplete and non-local theory. The problem of non-locality is\ndiscussed by analyzing the Bell's theorem where are considered correlations\nbetween measurements results performed on physical systems that are far apart,\nbut that interacted in the past. The experimental violations of Bell's theorem\nshow a very general result thatquantum phenomena are nonlocal and that,\ninevitably, Quantum Mechanics is non-local.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Astrophysical consequences of the OPERA superluminal neutrino: A simple discussion of the recent OPERA result on the apparent critical speed\nof the muon neutrino is presented. We point out in particular some of the\npossible consistency problems of such an interpretation of the OPERA data with\nrespect to well-established astrophysical observations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Query on Negative Temperature, Internal Interactions and Decrease of\n  Entropy: After negative temperature is restated, we find that it will derive\nnecessarily decrease of entropy. Negative temperature is based on the Kelvin\nscale and the condition dU>0 and dS<0. Conversely, there is also negative\ntemperature for dU<0 and dS>0. But, negative temperature is contradiction with\nusual meaning of temperature and with some basic concepts of physics and\nmathematics. It is a question in nonequilibrium thermodynamics. We proposed a\npossibility of decrease of entropy due to fluctuation magnified and internal\ninteractions in some isolated systems. From this we discuss some possible\nexamples and theories.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Further Note on a Formal Relationship Between the Arithmetic of\n  Homaloidal Nets and the Dimensions of Transfinite Space-Time: A sequence of integers generated by the number of conjugated pairs of\nhomaloidal nets of plane algebraic curves of even order is found to provide an\n>exact< integer-valued match for El Naschie's primordial set of fractal\ndimensions characterizing transfinite heterotic string space-time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the possible connection between inertia and intrinsic angular momenta\n  and its consequences: In this paper we show the consequences of a principle, according to which the\ndynamics of the Universe must not depend on the number of the particles of\nwhich it is composed. The validity of such a principle lead us to the\nconclusion that inertia and intrinsic angular momenta are deeply interrelated\nbetween them. In particular, assuming the principles outlined in the paper,\nmatter must be composed by fermions, all stable bosons must be vectors and\nmassless and no scalar particles can exist in the Universe. We also apply the\nresults to the holographic principle and found established results more\nnaturally with respect to previous approaches as well as new predictions about\nthe Unruh effect.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A comment about the existence of a weak solution for a non linear wave\n  equation damped propagation: We give a proof for the existence of a weak solution on the initial-value\nproblem of a non-linear damped propagation",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Experimental Basis for Special Relativity in the Photon Sector: A search of the literature reveals that none of the five new optical effects\npredicted by the special theory of relativity have ever been observed to occur\nin nature. In particular, the speed of light (c) has never been measured\ndirectly with a moving detector to validate the invariance of c to motion of\nthe observer, a necessary condition for the Lorentz invariance of c. The\ninvariance of c can now only be inferred from indirect experimental evidence.\nIt is also not widely recognized that essentially all of the experimental\nsupport for special relativity in the photon sector consists of null results.\nThe experimental basis for special relativity in the photon sector is\nsummarized, and concerns about the completeness, integrity and interpretation\nof the present body of experimental evidence are discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Path integrals and symmetry breaking for optimal control theory: This paper considers linear-quadratic control of a non-linear dynamical\nsystem subject to arbitrary cost. I show that for this class of stochastic\ncontrol problems the non-linear Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation can be\ntransformed into a linear equation. The transformation is similar to the\ntransformation used to relate the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation to the\nSchr\\\"odinger equation. As a result of the linearity, the usual backward\ncomputation can be replaced by a forward diffusion process, that can be\ncomputed by stochastic integration or by the evaluation of a path integral. It\nis shown, how in the deterministic limit the PMP formalism is recovered. The\nsignificance of the path integral approach is that it forms the basis for a\nnumber of efficient computational methods, such as MC sampling, the Laplace\napproximation and the variational approximation. We show the effectiveness of\nthe first two methods in number of examples. Examples are given that show the\nqualitative difference between stochastic and deterministic control and the\noccurrence of symmetry breaking as a function of the noise.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Minimal Gravitomagnetism: We show that Feynman's proof applies to Newtonian gravitation, implying thus\nthe existence of gravitational analogous of the electric and magnetic fields\nand the corresponding Lorentz-like force. Consistency of the formalism require\nparticular properties of the electric and magnetic-like fields under Galilei\ntransformations, which coincide with those obtained in previous analysis of\nGalilean electromagnetism.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comment on 'Angles in the SI: treating the radian as an independent,\n  unhidden unit does not require the redefinition of the term \"frequency\" or\n  the unit hertz': In the paper by P. Quincey (2020) [1], the author claims that angles are not\ndimensionless quantities and that the radian should be a new independent base\nunit. However, the claim is not supported and the proposed redefinition will\ncause several problems not only in physics, but also in mathematics. The\nproposed \"unhiding\" of the radian will bring hidden problems not discussed in\ndetail. This includes e.g. an introduction of quantities of different kind for\ntime and the corresponding units defined as the second per radian.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "BPS states of Fourfolds as candidates for Kaluza-Klein modes: Within the framework of the cosmological theory of the Big Bang, F-theory\nthat unifies all four types of fundamental interactions is represented. Among\nthe most exciting predictions of physics beyond the Standard Model is the\nassumption of the space of extra dimensions that solves the hierarchy problem.\nWith the presence of this extra dimensions are connected the searches for\nKaluza-Klein partners of gravitons, gauge bosons and microscopic black holes at\nthe LHC. In the framework of F-theory, Calabi-Yau fourfold is considered as a\nspace of extra dimensions. We study the duality between the F-theory\ncompactified on the K3-surface and $E_8\\times E_8$ heterotic string\ncompactified on the torus, $T^2$. The set of BPS states corresponding to the\nCalabi-Yau fourfolds, which has either an elliptic curve or a K3-fibration as a\nlayer, is studied in the aspect of correspondence to the KK modes of the\nM-theory on $R^8\\times T^2 \\times S^1 / Z_2$. The singularities of the moduli\nspace of the Calabi-Yau fourfold make it possible to observe massive KK modes,\nthe masses of which are obtained from the M-theory of supergravity. The result\nis of interest for a theoretical understanding of the KK modes, the\nexperimental searches for which are carried out at the LHC.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electromagnetic and Gravitational Waves: the Third Dimension: Plane electromagnetic and gravitational waves interact with particles in such\na way as to cause them to oscillate not only in the transverse direction but\nalso along the direction of propagation. The electromagnetic case is usually\nshown by use of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and the gravitational by a\ntransformation to a local inertial frame. Here, the covariant Lorentz force\nequation and the second order equation of geodesic deviation followed by the\nintroduction of a local inertial frame are respectively used. It is often said\nthat there is an analogy between the motion of charged particles in the field\nof an electromagnetic wave and the motion of test particles in the field of a\ngravitational wave. This analogy is examined and found to be rather limited. It\nis also shown that a simple special relativistic relation leads to an integral\nof the motion, characteristic of plane waves, that is satisfied in both cases.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Statistical test of Duane-Hunt's law and its comparison with an\n  alternative law: Using Pearson correlation coefficient a statistical analysis of Duane-Hunt\nand Kulenkampff's measurement results was performed. This analysis reveals that\nempirically based Duane-Hunt's law is not entirely consistent with the\nmeasurement data. The author has theoretically found the action of\nelectromagnetic oscillators, which corresponds to Planck's constant, and also\nhas found an alternative law based on the classical theory. Using the same\nstatistical method, this alternative law is likewise tested, and it is proved\nthat the alternative law is completely in accordance with the measurements. The\nalternative law gives a relativistic expression for the energy of\nelectromagnetic wave emitted or absorbed by atoms and proves that the\nempirically derived Planck-Einstein's expression is only valid for relatively\nlow frequencies. Wave equation, which is similar to the Schr\\\"odinger equation,\nand wavelength of the standing electromagnetic wave are also established by the\nauthor's analysis. For a relatively low energy this wavelength becomes equal to\nthe de Broglie wavelength. Without any quantum conditions, the author made a\nformula similar to the Rydberg's formula, which can be applied to the all known\natoms, neutrons and some hyperons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Statistics as a dynamical attractor: It is demonstrated that any statistics can be represented by an attractor of\nthe solution to a corresponding systen of ODE coupled with its Liouville\nequation. Such a non-Newtonian representation allows one to reduce foundations\nof statistics to better established foundations of ODE. In addition to that,\nevolution to the attractor reveals possible micro-mechanisms driving random\nevents to the final distribution of the corresponding statistical law. Special\nattention is concentrated upon the power law and its dynamical interpretation:\nit is demonstrated that the underlying dynamics supports a \" violent\nreputation\" of the power law statistics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Axis and the Perimeter of the Temple: This paper presents textual evidence for an astronomical basis of the\ndimensions of the axis and perimeter in the plan of the Indian temple.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A new approach to Gravity: Beginning with a decomposition of the Newtonian field of gravity, I show that\nfour classical color fields can be associated with the gravitational field. The\nmeaning of color here is that these fields do not add up to yield the Newtonian\ngravitational field, but the forces and potential energies associated with them\nadd up to yield the Newtonian force and potential energy, respectively. These\nfour color fields can have associated magnetic fields as in linearized gravity.\nThus we envisage a theory where four sets of Maxwellian equations would\nprevail. A quantum gravity theory with four spin 1 fields can thus be\nenvisaged.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Anisotropic extension of Finch and Skea stellar model: In this paper, the spacetime geometry of Finch and Skea [Class. Quantum\nGrav., 6 (1989) 467] has been utilized to obtain closed-form solutions for a\nspherically symmetric anisotropic matter distribution. By examining its\nphysical admissibility, it has been shown that the class of solutions can be\nused as viable models for observed pulsars. In particular, a specific class of\nsolutions can be used as an `anisotropic switch' to examine the impact of\nanisotropy on the gross physical properties of a stellar configuration.\nAccordingly, the mass-radius relationship has been analyzed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fractional Cassini Coordinates: Introducing a set $\\{\\alpha_i\\} \\in R$ of fractional exponential powers of\nfocal distances an extension of symmetric Cassini-coordinates on the plane to\nthe asymmetric case is proposed which leads to a new set of fractional\ngeneralized Cassini-coordinate systems. Orthogonality and classical limiting\ncases are derived. An extension to cylindrically symmetric systems in $R^3$ is\ninvestigated. The resulting asymmetric coordinate systems are well suited to\nsolve corresponding two- and three center problems in physics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gravitational matter-antimatter impact interactions: The production of antihydrogen by several research groups provides the\nopportunity to measure the gravitational behaviour of antimatter in the\ngravitational field of the Earth. The predictions in the literature range from\nnormal attraction to repulsion. Applying our gravitational impact model, which\nis of a purely phenomenological nature, we conclude that there will be neither\nattraction nor repulsion under the assumption of a symmetric antigraviton\ndistribution near the antihydrogen atom. However, a very small asymmetry must\nbe expected and could effect the conclusion. The model, in addition, predicts\nnormal gravitation between antimatter and antimatter particles at large\ndistances, but strong repulsion at close range for matter as well as for\nantimatter pairs, whereas strong attraction will result for matter-antimatter\nencounters. We have further refined the model assumptions in light of recent\nCERN ALPHA-g measurements that indicate a certain attraction of antihydrogen by\nthe gravitational field of the Earth.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the origin of the deflection of light: Action at distance in Newtonian physics is replaced by finite propagation\nspeeds in classical post--Newtonian physics. As a result, the differential\nequations of motion in Newtonian physics are replaced by functional\ndifferential equations, where the delay associated with the finite propagation\nspeed is taken into account. Newtonian equations of motion, with\npost--Newtonian corrections, are often used to approximate the functional\ndifferential equations. In ``On the origin of quantum mechanics'', preprint,\nphysics/0505181, May 2005, a simple atomic model based on a functional\ndifferential equation which reproduces the quantized Bohr atomic model was\npresented. The unique assumption was that the electrodynamic interaction has a\nfinite propagation speed. In ``On the origin of the gravitational quantization:\nThe Titius--Bode Law'', preprint, physics/0507072, Jul 2005, a simple\ngravitational model based on a functional differential equation which gives a\ngravitational quantification and an explanation of the modified Titius--Bode\nlaw is described. In ``On the origin of the anomalous precession of Mercury's\nperihelion'', preprint, physics/0510086, Oct 2005, an explanation of the\nanomalous precession of Mercury's perihelion is given in terms of a simple\nretarded potential, which, at first order, coincides with Gerber's potential of\n1898, and which agrees with the author's previous works. In this paper, it is\nshown how the simple retarded potential presented in physics/0510086 also gives\nthe correct value of the gravitational deflection of fast particles of General\nRelativity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Hawking Radiation and Deflection of Light from Rindler Modified\n  Schwarzschild Black Hole: We investigate the Hawking radiation of massive spin-1 vector particles,\nwhich are coupled to vacuum fluctuations of a quantum field, from Rindler\nmodified Schwarzschild black hole. Rindler acceleration is used to produce the\npost-general relativistic theory of gravity for the distant field of a point\nmass. The gravitational lensing problem of the Rindler modified Schwarzschild\nblack hole is also studied. We compute the deflection angle for the IR region\n(large distance limit as infrared) by using the Gaussian curvature of the\noptical metric of this back hole. Our investigations clarify how the Rindler\nacceleration plays a role on the Hawking radiation and gravitational lensing.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Structure of the Nondiffracting (Localized) Waves, and some interesting\n  applications: Since the early works[1-4] on the so-called nondiffracting waves (called also\nLocalized Waves), a great deal of results has been published on this important\nsubject, from both the theoretical and the experimental point of view.\nInitially, the theory was developed taking into account only free space;\nhowever, in recent years, it has been extended for more complex media\nexhibiting effects such as dispersion[5-7], nonlinearity[8], anisotropy[9] and\nlosses[10]. Such extensions have been carried out along with the development of\nefficient methods for obtaining nondiffracting beams and pulses in the\nsubluminal, luminal and superluminal regimes[11-18]. This paper (partly a\nreview) addresses some theoretical methods related to nondiffracting solutions\nof the linear wave equation in unbounded homogeneous media, as well as to some\ninteresting applications of such waves. In section II we analyze the general\nstructure of the Localized Waves, develop the so called Generalized\nBidirectional Decomposition, and use it to obtain several luminal and\nsuperluminal (especially X-shaped) nondiffracting solutions of the wave\nequation. In section III we develop a space-time focusing method by a\ncontinuous superposition of X-Shaped pulses of different velocities. Section IV\naddresses the properties of chirped optical X-Shaped pulses propagating in\nmaterial media without boundaries. Finally, in Section V, we show how a\nsuitable superposition of Bessel beams can be used to obtain stationary\nlocalized wave fields, with a static envelope and a high transverse\nlocalization, and whose longitudinal intensity pattern can assume any desired\nshape within a chosen interval of the propagation axis.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Java-Sumatra Aerial Mega-Tramway: A mega-tramway based on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java is\nproposed to span Sunda Strait. The Java-Sumatra Aerial Mega-Tramway (JSAMT)\nwill be self-elevating and will regularly and cheaply launch passengers and\ncargoes via two conveyor belt-like facilities using standard winged shipping\ncontainers like those currently used by international trucking and ocean\nshipping industries that are volplaned across the Sunda Strait. The JSAMT will\nbe a self-sustaining toll facility free of any requirement for international\nloans or funding guarantees for its construction. Its existence will remove any\nimmediate need for an expensive to dig/maintain Nusantara Tunnel. We offer the\nformative basic technical specifications for the JSAMT and indicate some of the\nphysical and cultural geographical facts underpinning our macro-engineering\nproposal; offshoots of a perfected and tested JSAMT may be installed at Palk\nStrait between India and Sri Lanka, the Gibraltar Strait and the Bering Strait\nby mid-21st Century.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Fundamental Properties of Coupled Oscillating Systems: The present paper presents a new general conception of interaction between\nphysical systems, differing significantly from that of both classical physics\nand quantum physics as generally understood. We believe this conception could\nprovide the basis for a coherent understanding of several classes of natural\nphenomena that until now have been studied only in a piece-meal fashion. These\ninclude 1) the universal tendency for physical systems to associate together\ninto stable dynamic formations; 2) the seemingly unlimited capacity for\ngeneration of physical objects in Nature, including the emergence of coherent,\nquantized states in physical systems of the most varied nature; 3) the\nexistence of close couplings between processes whose characteristic\nlength-scales, frequency- and energy-ranges differ by many orders of magnitude.\nThe proposed conception first emerged in connection with experimental studies\nof the nonlinear behavior of coupled electromagnetic oscillators, and the\ndiscovery of two fundamental phenomena that had been overlooked in the\nclassical theory of oscillations. The essential features of these phenomena are\nsummarized in the first two sections of the paper, after which we indicate how\nthe underlying physical principles can be combined under a single notion of\ninteraction, providing a mechanism by which a practically unlimited wealth of\nphysical objects could be generated by the interaction of just a few. The final\nsection puts forward some preliminary ideas about the electromagneto-mechanical\ndual nature of physical objects as oscillatory processes, suggesting a\nuniversal scope for the proposed conceptions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Probability Distribution to Leptons and Quarks: The tracelike probability is expressed by the leptons and quarks\nHamiltonians.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamics of Modified Chaplygin Gas and Tachyonic Field: Here we generalize the results of the work of ref. [10] in modified Chaplygin\ngas model and tachyonic field model. Here we have studied the thermodynamical\nbehaviour and the equation of state in terms of volume and temperature for both\nmodels. We have used the solution and the corresponding equation of state of\nour previous work [12] for tachyonic field model. We have also studied the\nthermodynamical stability using thermal equation of state for the tachyonic\nfield model and have shown that there is no critical points during\nthermodynamical expansion. The determination of $T_{*}$ due to expansion for\nthe tachyonic field have been discussed by assuming some initial conditions.\nHere, the thermal quantities have been investigated using some reduced\nparameters.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Action in the Entropic Revolution of Newtonian Gravity: The theory of gravity has undergone somewhat of a revolution lately. Gravity\nis no longer a fundamental force it seems, but rather an effect of holographic\nentropy. Building on the works by Jacobsson, Padmanabhan and Verlinde we review\nthe concept of Newtonian gravity as an entropic force and discuss a possible\ngeneral action approach to Verlinde's theory. We also discuss some open\nproblems and future prospects of Verlinde's approach.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Isotropic dynamical black holes: A new type of dynamical black holes is defined in manifolds with flat space\nsections having the asymptotic behaviour of spatially flat Friedmann-Lema\\^\nitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) space-times. These black holes are no longer\nvacuum solutions of the Einstein equations but preserve the isotropy of the\nflat space sections of the asymptotic FLRW manifolds.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Black Hole Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism: We show a strong parallel between the Hawking, Beckenstein black hole\nThermodynamics and electromagnetism: When the gravitational coupling constant\ntransform into the electromagnetic coupling constant, the Schwarzchild radius,\nthe Beckenstein temperature, the Beckenstein decay time and the Planck mass\ntransform to respectively the Compton wavelength, the Hagedorn temperature, the\nCompton time and a typical elementary particle mass. The reasons underlying\nthis parallalism are then discussed in detail.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Physical Reality Underlying the Relativistic Mechanics and the\n  Gravitational Interaction: In the present paradigm the space is filled with very high flux of very small\nquanta whose wavelength equals the Planck's length. The quantum energy is very\nsmall, so the relevant Planck constant ho is much smaller than the usual h.\nThis physical paradigm imposes to the motion the conservation of energy and\nmomentum, as well as the laws of the relativistic mechanics. The strong version\nof the equivalence principle, which requires both inertia and gravitation come\nfrom a unique phenomenon, is the relevant test to verify the physical reality\nof the cosmic quanta. Through Compton's interaction each quantum colliding two\nmasses gives them a little momentum which produces a newtonian force pushing\nthe masses each towards other. The constant G depends on the quanta\ncharacteristics, so the Newton's gravitational mass does no longer holds. The\nnew gravitational force of stars depends on the reducing quantum energy, so G\nmultiplies by a gravity factor (greater than 1) depending on the star density.\nThe highest number (200-300) pertains to the neutron stars, which increment\nnotably their accretion capacity. This property may explain the mistery of the\nobscure supermassive bodies whose gravitational effects rise up to 3.7 million\ntimes the Sun effects. Current theories do not give a convincing explanation of\nthis phenomenon.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Connecting the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix to quark masses: We show that the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa interaction matrix may be\nconstructed with the quark masses.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Thermodynamics of Higher Order Entropy Corrected\n  Schwarzschild-Beltrami-de Sitter Black Hole: In this paper, we consider higher order correction of the entropy and study\nthe thermodynamical properties of recently proposed Schwarzschild-Beltrami-de\nSitter black hole, which is indeed an exact solution of Einstein equation with\na positive cosmological constant. By using the corrected entropy and Hawking\ntemperature we extract some thermodynamical quantities like Gibbs and Helmholtz\nfree energies and heat capacity. We also investigate the first and second laws\nof thermodynamics. We find that presence of higher order corrections, which\ncome from thermal fluctuations, may remove some instabilities of the black\nhole. Also unstable to stable phase transition is possible in presence of the\nfirst and second order corrections.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the way to understanding the electromagnetic phenomena: On the basis of the ordinary mathematical methods we discuss new classes of\nsolutions of the Maxwell's equations discovered in the papers by D. Ahluwalia,\nM. Evans and H. M'unera et al.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can Sequentially Linked Gamma-Ray Bursts Nullify Randomness?: In order to nullify the property of randomness perceived in the dispersion of\ngamma-ray bursts (GRB's) we introduce two new procedures. 1. Create a segmented\ngroup of sequentially linked GRB's and quantify the resultant angles. 2. Create\nsegmented groups of sequentially linked GRB's in order to identify the location\nof GRB's that are positioned at equidistance, by using the selected GRB as the\norigin for a paired point circle, where the circumference of said circle\nintercepts the location of other GRB's in the same group.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Demystifying the nonlocality problem in Aharonov-Bohm effect: In this paper, we present a novel semi-classical theory of the electrostatic\nand magnetostatic fields and explain the nonlocality problem in the context of\nthe Aharonov-Bohm effect [1]. Specifically, we show that the electrostatic and\nthe magnetostatic fields possess a quantum nature that manifests if certain\nconditions are met. In particular, the wave amplitudes of the fields are seen\nto exist even in the regions where the classical fields vanish and they operate\non the electron wave functions locally as unitary phases. This formulation also\nsheds light on the quantisation of electric charges and magnetic flux.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fractional Electromagnetic Field Theory and Its Applications: Fractional electromagnetic field theory describes electromagnetic wave\npropagation through the complex, nonlocal, dissipative, fractal and also recent\nartificially engineered materials know as fractional metamaterials. In this\ntheory using the fractional Maxwell equations we are also able to consider the\nwell-known effect of electromagnetic memory. In this review we present some\napplications of the powerful theory of fractional electrodynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Chiral-Electromagnetic Gravitational Theory of Every \"Thing\" Evolving\n  Gelfand-Dirac Hamilton-Riemann Quantum Cosmology: The term 'quc' is shorthand here for a cosmological -- not a physical --\n'quantum-universe constituent'. Although self-adjoint Hilbert-space\nangular-momentum and momentum operators unitarily generate quc rotations and\nspatial displacements, no single-quc is a physical 'thing'. Photons, 3\ngenerations of fermions, plus massive vector and scalar bosons -- all\nphysicist-deemed 'elementary' -- as well as dark matter, galaxies and black\nholes, within an evolving universe are, we propose, each a temporary 'quc\nfamily' that aggregates 8 Noether-conserved quc attributes. No 'thing' is\nelementary. Here proposed is a thing-devoid 'von-Neumann big bang' -- that\nestablished a huge but finite and permanent set of speed-c chiral qucs, with\n'masses' M h /2{\\tau}c 2 , where M = 1, 2,... M max and {\\tau} is 'universe\nage'. ('Quc-mass', although not physically-meaningful, has the same\ndimensionality as any thing 's 'mass'.) Quc-aggregate (thing) creations and\ndisappearances -- i.e., 'evolution' -- are symmetry-governed by an 8-parameter\n'centered-Lorentz' (CL) Lie group. CL's 6-parameter SL (2, c) Riemann-geometric\n'exterior' of quc rotations and hyperbolic spatial displacements, has a\nconserved algebra of quc angular-momentum together with quc momentum times\n{\\tau}. A 2-parameter non-geometric CL-central algebra comprises a pair of\ndiscrete coupled and conserved quc attributes -- electric charge and\n'chirality'. Chirality, without any physics counterpart, renders CL a\nsupersymmetry and provides our present universe with nuclear forces -- 'strong\ninteractions'.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On a probabilistic definition of time: A mechanism is proposed that allows to interpret the temporal evolution of a\nphysical system as a result of the inability of an observer to record its whole\nstate and a simple example is given. It is based on a review of the concepts of\ninformation, entropy and order. It is suggested that the temporal evolution and\nthe choice of the \"initial state\" depend on the way the observer \"compresses\"\ninformation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy-Decreasing Processes With\n  $^4$He Superflows: We review on a recently proposed quantum exception to the second law of\nthermodynamics. We emphasize that $^4$He superflows, like any other forms of\nflows, shall carry entropy or heat in a thermal environment. Following that,\none can use a heterogeneous $^4$He superflow loop to realize entropy-decreasing\nprocesses. We also mention that the heat content of a superflow has an unusual\ndependence on flow velocity, which is an important factor contributing to the\nentropy-decreasing processes.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On axiomatic formulation of gravity and matter field theories with MDRs\n  and Finsler-Lagrange-Hamilton geometry on (co)tangent Lorentz bundles: We develop an axiomatic geometric approach and provide an unconventional\nreview of modified gravity theories, MGTs, with modified dispersion relations,\nMDRs, encoding Lorentz invariance violations, LIVs, classical and quantum\nrandom effects, anisotropies etc. There are studied Lorentz-Finsler like\ntheories elaborated as extensions of general relativity, GR, and quantum\ngravity, QG, models and constructed on (co) tangent Lorentz bundles, i.e.\n(curved) phase spaces or locally anisotropic spacetimes. An indicator of MDRs\nis considered as a functional on various type functions depending on phase\nspace coordinates and physical constants. It determines respective generating\nfunctions and fundamental physical objects (generalized metrics, connections\nand nonholonomic frame structures) for relativistic models of Finsler, Lagrange\nand/or Hamilton spaces. We show that there are canonical almost symplectic\ndifferential forms and adapted (non) linear connections which allow us to\nformulate equivalent almost K\\\"{a}hler-Lagrange / - Hamilton geometries. This\nway, it is possible to unify geometrically various classes of (non) commutative\nMGTs with locally anisotropic gravitational, scalar, non-Abelian gauge field,\nand Higgs interactions. We elaborate on theories with Lagrangian densities\ncontaining massive graviton terms and bi-connection and bi-metric modifications\nwhich can be modelled as Finsler-Lagrange-Hamilton geometries. An appendix\ncontains historical remarks on elaborating Finsler MGTs and a summary of\nauthor's results in twenty directions of research on (non) commutative/\nsupersymmetric Finsler geometry and gravity; nonholonomic geometric flows,\nlocally anisotropic superstrings and cosmology, etc.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Treatment of Landau-Ginzburg Theory with Constraints: Treatment of a singular Lagrangian with constraints using the canonical\nHamiltonian approach is studied. We investigate Landau-Ginzburg theory as a\nconstrained system using the Euler-Lagrange equation for the field system and\nthe canonical approach. The equations of motion are obtained as total\ndifferential equations in many variables. It is shown that the simultaneous\nsolutions of the Landau-Ginzburg theory with constraints by canonical approach\nlead to obtaining canonical phase space coordinates and the reduced phase space\nHamiltonian without introducing Lagrange multipliers and without any additional\ngauge fixing condition.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Morse simulation of the Global Monopole equation in flat spacetime: We show that a Morse type potential simulates an analytic solution for the\nhighly non-linear global monopole field equation in three and higher\ndimensional flat spacetimes. Owing to the fact that in the flat space limit the\nsimilar equation remains intact we wish to borrow the curved space terminology\nof global monopole also in flat spacetime. This may provide a compelling\nexample that can be used effectively in different non-linear theories such as\nflat space $\\phi ^{4},$ as well as in curved spacetimes.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Modified Gibbs's representation of rotation matrix: A modified Gibbs's rotation matrix is derived and the connection with the\nEuler angles, quaternions, and Cayley$-$Klein parameters is established. As\nparticular cases, the Rodrigues and Gibbs parameterizations of the rotation are\nobtained. The composition law of two rotations from the quaternion\nrepresentation is presented showing a convenient expression for calculating the\nsuccessive rotations.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A physical mechanism of the generation of stable positive kinetic energy\n  systems and a qualitative explanation of the proportions of the four\n  ingredients in the universe: The author's opinion is that the negative energy solutions of the Dirac\nequation mean that a particle can be of negative kinetic energy (NKE) besides\npositive kinetic energy (PKE). We think that NKE particles are dark ones and\nNKE matter is dark matter. In our previous works, the dark matter theory of the\nNKE version and the dark energy theory that matched dark matter theory were put\nforth. In this work, we investigate the topics related to the metamorphosis of\nobjects between PKE and NKE. We first evaluate the collisions between a PKE and\na NKE particles. A scenario of accelerating PKE particles is raised. We put\nforth the cosmic dark radiation background and gravity potential background. In\nthe universe, negative energy is predominating. In the observable universe,\nsubstances constitute stable PKE systems. The total energy of every such system\nis negative. We propose a mechanism that NKE substances combine into stable PKE\nsystems. Macroscopically, NKE objects can constitute stable PKE astrophysical\nsystems by means of gravity between them. Microscopically, NKE particles can\ncombine into stable PKE systems by means of attractive interactions between\nthem, say, Coulomb attraction. Currently, people think that there are four\ningrediants in the universe: photons \\Omega_R0, matter \\Omega_M0, dark matter\n\\Omega_DM, and dark energy \\Omega_\\Kambda0. We analyze the order of the\nappearance of the four ingredients and conclude that qualitatively, their\nproportions should be \\Omega_\\Lambda0>\\Omega_DM0>\\Omega_D0>\\Omega_R0.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Estimation of Cosmological Parameters, Stability Analysis and Energy\n  Conditions in Viable Modified Gravity: In the present paper, we have investigated the Friedmann Robertson Walker\n(FRW) model in viable $f(R,T)$ gravity with $f(R,T)$ function proposed as\n$f(R,T)=R +\\xi T^{1/2}$, where $\\xi$ is an arbitrary constant, $R$ is the\nscalar curvature and $T$ is the trace of stress energy tensor. Defining the\nscale factor, the field equations are solved numerically and the energy\nconditions are analyzed. Further, determining Hubble parameter and deceleration\nparameter, their present values are estimated. Furthermore, 57 redshift data\n(42 redshift data from Supernova Cosmology project and 15 redshift data from\nCal\\'{a}n/ Tolono Supernova survey) are used to estimate the age of the\nuniverse and to find the best fit curves for luminosity distance and apparent\nmagnitude.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Statefinder Analysis of f(T) Cosmology: In this paper, we intend to evaluate and analyze the statefinder parameters\nin $f(T)$ cosmology. Friedmann equation in $f(T)$ model is taken, and the\nstatefinder parameters ${r,s}$ are calculated. We consider a model of $f(T)$\nwhich contains a constant, linear and non-linear form of torsion. We plot $r$\nand $s$ in order to characterize this model in the ${r,s}$ plane. We found that\nour model $f(T)=2C_1 \\sqrt{-T} +\\alpha T+C_2,$ predicts the decay of dark\nenergy in the far future while its special case namely teleparallel gravity\npredicts that dark energy will overcome over all the energy content of the\nUniverse.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Gas-dynamic acceleration of bodies till the hyper sonic velocity: The article considers an opportunity of gas-dynamic acceleration of body from\nthe initial zero velocity till the finite velocity: five kilometers per second.\nWhen the gas flow rate of the body pre-acceleration reaches one kilometer per\nsecond, the body is accelerated at the front of the explosion wave propagating\nalong the coils of the hexogen spiral. This wave accelerates the body and,\nfinally, it reaches the velocity of five kilometers per second. The accelerated\nbody has mass one-tenth of a kilogram and diameter eleven and three tenths of a\nmillimeter. Acceleration length is six meters. At the slope of the spiral to\nthe horizon equal to seventy degrees the flight range of the body is equal to\nsixteen hundred kilometers and the maximum height of the flight is eleven\nhundred kilometers.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Can Quantum Mechanics explain the Evolution of the Universe?: This manuscript deals with a model of the evolution of an event space\nrepresented by the fundamental solution of a N-dimensional generalized\nSchrodinger equation for free matter. Specifically this solution can be applied\nto describe the 3D space evolution of the Universe in the forward direction in\ntime. The model which is based on the presented solution is close to the well\nknown Inflation theory, but is nonsingular, does not violate the conservation\nlaws and is finite throughout the whole space at any moment of time. According\nto this model, the evolution progresses non-uniformly with a positive\nacceleration. Moreover, the model correctly approaches Hubble's law in the\nlong-time limit. It is also shown that any source functions which describe\nsubstance and its physical fields set space topology of the Universe, but do\nnot influence the general dynamics of its evolution.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Inertia and Prediction in the Response to External Perturbation of Noisy\n  Variables: For most stochastic dynamical systems, variables which are tightly regulated\ntend to respond slowly to external changes. This idea is often discussed for\napplicable systems, within a linear response regime, through the Fluctuation\nDissipation Theorem (FDT). In a previous paper, we proposed a phenomenological\nmodel for the response of the cell cycle duration distribution to environmental\nchanges which correlated the width of this distribution to response efficiency\nwhen FDT was not applicable. Here we emphasize how that model may be used to\nillustrate this general principle, that the stochasticity of a variable while\ninversely proportional to stability is often directly proportional to lability.\nComparisons are made between this discrete-time model and the simple harmonic\noscillator. We then consider a simple continuous dynamical system, the 'Active\nOscillator', which illustrates this principle in another fashion.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Kinematics of Electrons in the Volume of a Planar Vacuum Diode: The kinematics laws of electrons motion in the volume of planar vacuum diode\nare obtained. The physically acceptable initial and boundary conditions for the\nregime of changing of current are presented. A new solution allowing diode\nself-clogging is suggested.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On a possible foundation of a theory of matter: This is the third paper by Nordstr{\\\"o}m on his five dimensional theory. Here\nNordstr{\\\"o}m attempts to base a theory of matter on the energy conservation\ngeneralized to the five dimensional case. This involves a new fundamental\nconstant related to the elementary electric charge.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the potential energy in an electrostatically bound two-body system: The potential energy problem in an electrostatically bound two-body system is\nstudied in the framework of a recently proposed impact model of the\nelectrostatic force and in analogy to the potential energy in a gravitationally\nbound system. The physical processes are described that result in the variation\nof the potential energy as a function of the distance between the charged\nbodies. The energy is extracted from distributions of hypothetical interaction\nentities modified by the charged bodies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Electromagnetic Interaction in the Presence of Isotopic Field-Charges\n  and a Kinetic Field: This paper is a continuation of the article \"The Isotopic Field-Charge\nAssumption Applied to the Electromagnetic Interaction\". It continues the\ndiscussion and consequences of the extended Dirac equation in the presence of\nisotopic mass and electric charges, and a kinetic gauge field. In compliance\nwith the author's previous papers (Darvas 2009, IJTP 2011, IJTP 2013), there\nappears a second conserved Noether current in the interaction between two\nelectric charges in the presence of isotopic electric charges and a kinetic\nfield. This second conserved current involves the conservation of the isotopic\nelectric charge spin, and that predicts the existence of quanta of the kinetic\nfield (dions associated with the photons). It is concluded that with the\ndiscussed conditions, the electromagnetic interaction should be mediated by\nphotons and their dion partners together. The conclusions give physical\nmeaning, among others, to the electric moment and to a virtual coupling spin.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An attempt for an Emergent Scenario with Modified Chaplygin Gas: The present work is an attempt for emergent universe scenario with modified\nChaplygin gas. The universe is chosen as spatially flat FRW space-time with\nmodified Chaplygin gas as the only cosmic substratum. It is found that emergent\nscenario is possible for some specific (unrealistic) choice of the parameters\nin the equation of state for modified Chaplygin gas.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the mathematical sense of renormalization: We place the renormalization procedure in quantum field theory into the\nfamiliar mathematical context of quantization of Poisson algebras. The Poisson\nalgebra in question is the algebra of classical field theory Hamiltonians\nconstructed in a previous paper (arXiv:1008.3333). Its quantum deformations\npresumably contain (non-canonically) the algebra of functional differential\noperators. We explain that this picture contains renormalization as a natural\ningredient.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "How to implant a causal $\u0398$ function into a tachyon field operator,\n  or why tachyons do not violate causality: The postulate of the preferred reference frame in which the signal\npropagation is governed by retarded causality is a must for any theory of\nfaster-than-light particles and signals. Such a system does exist and is the\ncomoving system of the relativistic cosmology. Restrictions imposed by the\ncausality conservation can be expressed via a causal $\\Theta$ function assumed\nto be acting in both, the classical and quantum field theories of tachyons. A\nLorentz-covariant introduction of this $\\Theta$ function, which ensures a\ncausal behaviour of real tachyons (asymptotic tachyon states) preventing the\nappearance of causal loops constructed with the use of faster-than-light\nparticles and signals, into the tachyon quantum field operators is suggested.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Interacting agegraphic dark energy model in tachyon cosmology coupled to\n  matter: Scalar-field dark energy models for tachyon fields are often regarded as an\neffective description of an underlying theory of dark energy. In this paper, we\npropose the agegraphic dark energy model in tachyon cosmology by interaction\nbetween the components of the dark sectors. In the formalism, the interaction\nterm emerges from the tachyon field nonminimally coupled to the matter\nLagrangian in the model rather than being inserted into the formalism as an\nexternal source. The model is constrained by the observational data. Based on\nthe best fitted parameters in both original and new agegraphic dark energy\nscenarios, the model is tested by Sne Ia data. The tachyon potential and\ntachyon field are reconstructed and coincidence problem is revisited.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Binding Energies of the Deuteron, the Neutron and the Alpha Particle\n  from a Theoretical Geometric Model: We assume a triple geometric structure for the electromagnetic nuclear\ninteraction. This nuclear electromagnetism is used to calculate the binding\nenergies of the deuteron and the neutron. The corresponding Pauli quantum wave\nequation in a geometric theory, with the SU(2) electromagnetic coupling instead\nof the standard \"minimal\" coupling, contains a 1/r to-the-fourth-power,\nshort-range attractive magnetic potential term. This term, produced by the odd\npart of the electromagnetic potential, may be responsible for a strong nuclear\ninteraction. An approximation for the resultant wave equation leads to the\nmodified Mathieu equation. Completely theoretical calculations give 2.205 Mev,\n0.782 Mev and 27.6 Mev for the binding energies of the deuteron, the neutron\nand the alpha particle respectively. These values admit correction factors due\nto the approximations made.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Physical Cause and the Distance of Gamma Ray Bursts and Related\n  Phenomena in the X-Rays and the Ultra-Violet: The modified Lorentz transformation of a distance-dependent special theory of\nrelativity - which will be briefly summarized - predicts the possibility of\nsuperluminal velocity of very distantly moving material bodies to be connected\nwith the generation of Cerencov radiation off the quantum vacuum. It is shown\nthat vacuum Cerencov radiation due to the superluminal propagation of\nextraterrestrial spaceprobes in the interstellar space would account for all\nknown properties of gamma ray bursts (GRBs) and the \"afterglow\" at lower\nfrequencies. Distances and other parameter prove to be calculable and the\ntheoretical results on these grounds to be in good accord with experiment.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The speed of gravity revisited: Recently Van Flandern concluded from astrophysical data that gravity\npropagates faster than light. We demonstrate that the data can be explained by\ncurrent theory that does not permit superluminal speeds. We explain the origin\nof apparently instantaneous connections, first within EM, and then within\nstrong-field GR.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Evaluation of machining dispersions for turning process: In this article we propose to extend the model of simulation of dispersions\nin turning based on the geometrical specifications. Our study is articulated\naround two trends of development: the first trend relates to the geometrical\nmodel. The geometrical model suggested must allow a follow-up of the geometry\nof the part during the simulation of machining. It is thus a question of\ncarrying out a systematic treatment of the whole dimensioning and tolerancing\nprocess while being based on the principles of the \\DeltaL method. We also\nplanned to integrate this type of specification in the model of simulation of\nmachining suggested. It is more generally a question of extending the\ntraditional model for better taking into account the multi axis specification\nof coaxiality and perpendicularity on the turned workpieces. The second trend\nof our study relates to the widening of the field of application of the model.\nWe propose to extend the field of application of the model by taking into\naccount the modifications of several parameters of the manufacturing process\nplans, likely to involve variations of dispersions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The velocity increase of mass and the classical physics: In the past century it was believed that both the main theories (quantum\nmechanics and special relativity) predicted the existence of physical processes\nthat could not be explained in the framework of classical physics. However, it\nhas been shown recently that the solutions of Schroedinger equation have\ndescribed the physical situation practically in full agreement with classical\nequations. The given equation represents the combination of classical equations\nwith the statistical distribution of corresponding parameters and the\nproperties of microscopic objects may be interpreted on the ontological basis\nas it corresponds to our sensual knowledge.\n  It will be shown now that also the main experimentally relevant relativistic\nphenomenon (i.e., the mass increase with velocity) may be interpreted in the\nframework of classical physics. A different prediction for this increase will\nbe then derived, which gives the possibility to decide on experimental basis\nwhich alternative is more preferable (relativistic or classical).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Time as a stochastic process: In the paper we consider an interesting possibility of a time as a stochastic\nprocess in quantum mechanics.In order to do it we reconsider time as a\nmechanical quantity in classical mechanics and afterwards we quantize it. We\nconsider continuous and discrete time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Physics at Small Numbers of Particles Within the Frame of a Horizon: The Einstein equations are non-linear and the particles of which the\ngravitational effect is described by these equations are lastly unknown. If\nrenormalizable fields are assumed, then results are obtained only in the case\nof a at space. Therefore, there is still no generally recognized quantum theory\nof gravitation and electromagnetism. In this work the solution of these quantum\nmechanic problems are forced in some sense: the metric tensor is linearized,\nand it is required that the entire system of equations is invariant with\nrespect to the symmetry group of the linearized Einstein equations. The field\nwhich represents this symmetry group only allows a measurement within the\nhorizon to simulate the event horizon. It is shown that the number of quants of\nthis field is constant. There are 4 types of solutions in the 2-quantum space,\nof which one has particle-like properties. This particular solution has a\ngravitational effect which can be externally arbitrarily small, as compared to\nits electromagnetic effect. In contrast, this does not apply to the other 3\nsolutions. The model might be used to explain why gravitation is so much weaker\nthan the electromagnetic interaction in real physics. Accordingly, the Higgs\nboson is possibly not necessarily be required for the mass scale. Likewise, an\nexplanation could be made why gravitation and electromagnetic inter- actions\nhad the same intensity during the early stages of the universe. A peculiarity\nof the model provides a mechanism for the Big Bang in all four types of\nsolutions, although there is no singularity. As a consequence of the inferred\nchange in the microstructure, a change in the macrostructure of the cosmos is\nsuggested, allowing an understanding of the particular properties of the Dark\nMatter and the accelerated expansion of the cosmos.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Determining a Quantum Theory of the Infinite-Component Majorana Field: In this paper, the quantum theory of the infinite-component Majorana field\nfor the fermionic tower is formulated. This study proves that the energy states\nwith increasing spin are simply composite systems made by a bradyon and\nantitachyons with half-integer spin. The quantum field describing these exotic\nstates is obtained by the infinite sum of four-spinor operators, which each\noperator depends on the spin and the rest mass of the bradyon in its\nfundamental state. The interaction between bradyon-tachyon, tachyon-tachyon and\ntachyon-luxon has also been considered and included in the total Lagrangian.\nThe obtained theory is consistent with the CPT invariance and the\nspin-statistics theorem and could explain the existence of new forms of matter\nnot predictable within the standard model.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Quest for Standard Model Cold Dark Matter: The possibility that the relics of quark hadron phase transition in the\nmicrosecond old universe, the quark nuggets, may well be reasonable candidates\nfor cold dark matter is critically examined.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Diffraction of Microparticles on Single-layer and Multi-layer\n  Statistically Uneven Surfaces: In this article: a) a method is developed for calculating volumetric diagrams\nof elastic scattering of microparticles (in particular, electrons and photons)\non single-layer and multi-layer statistically uneven surfaces; b) the\ndiffraction of elementary particles on crystals is explained without involving\nde Broglie's idea of the wave properties of matter; c) the probability density\nfunctions of the derivative of various stationary random processes are\nobtained; d) volumetric diagrams of the scattering of particles and photons on\nhomogeneous and isotropic uneven surfaces with Gaussian, uniform, Laplace,\nsinusoidal, and other distributions of unevenness are obtained.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Zero-point energies, dark matter, and dark energy: A quantum field theory has finite zero-point energy if the sum over all boson\nmodes $b$ of the $n$th power of the boson mass $ m_b^n $ equals the sum over\nall fermion modes $f$ of the $n$th power of the fermion mass $ m_f^n $ for $n=\n0$, 2, and 4. The zero-point energy of a theory that satisfies these three\nconditions with otherwise random masses is huge compared to the density of dark\nenergy. But if in addition to satisfying these conditions, the sum of $m_b^4\n\\log m_b/\\mu$ over all boson modes $b$ equals the sum of $ m_f^4 \\log m_f/\\mu $\nover all fermion modes $f$, then the zero-point energy of the theory is zero.\nThe value of the mass parameter $\\mu$ is irrelevant in view of the third\ncondition ($n=4$).\n  The particles of the standard model do not remotely obey any of these four\nconditions. But an inclusive theory that describes the particles of the\nstandard model, the particles of dark matter, and all particles that have not\nyet been detected might satisfy all four conditions if pseudomasses are\nassociated with the mean values in the vacuum of the divergences of the\ninteractions of the inclusive model. Dark energy then would be the finite\npotential energy of the inclusive theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Plausible Path Towards Unification of Interactions via Gauge Fields\n  Consistent with the Equivalence Principle-II: An extension of the Lorentz group that includes generators $\\Gamma^\\mu$\ncarrying a space-time index has been previously demonstrated to\n\\emph{explicitly} construct the Minkowski metric \\emph{within} the internal\ngroup space as a consequence of the non-vanishing commutation relations between\nthose generators. Fields that transform under representations of this extended\ngroup can fundamentally incorporate microscopic causality as a crucial property\nof physical fields. The first part of this exploration focused on the\nfundamental representation fermions (which satisfy the Dirac equation), and\nexplored additional internal symmetries associated with those fermions. Any\ninteractions that could result from those symmetries were demonstrated to\nnecessarily be consistent with gravitational equivalence under curvilinear\nextensions of the (abelian) space-time translations.\n  The first boson representation of this algebra is the focus of this second\npaper. In particular, the equations of motion for a group of massive vector\nbosons are degenerate with that of massless vector bosons, allowing them to\nunitarily mix to form physical states with differing masses and dynamics. Thus,\nthis representation exhibits a potential for enhancing insights into the\nstandard modeling of electro-weak mixing of bosons. The various spinors that\nrepresent these bosons exhibit kinematic factors, and those factors are related\nduring unitary mixing to generate the resultant physical states. For this\nreason, analytic and kinematic coincidences associated with known electro-weak\nmasses will be explored for insights into possible predictive relationships\nbetween their masses and those of this first causal boson representation. To\nconclude, a plausible model will be constructed using examined coincidences for\ncritique and insights into the potential viability of the approach.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the possibility of traversable wormhole formation in the Galactic\n  halo in the presence of scalar field: In the paper we obtain traversable wormhole (TW) solutions in the Einstein\ngravity with a functional form of the dark matter in the galactic halo. The\ndark matter model is pseudo isothermal which is derived from modified gravity.\nFor a given central density the possibility of TW is explored determining the\nshape functions. The null energy condition (NEC) and the weak energy conditions\nin the model is probed. We also study the existence of TWs considering\nhomogeneous scalar field in addition to the dark matter halo in the galaxies.\nAn interesting observation is that TW solutions exist even if NEC is not\nviolated in the presence of scalar field.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Inertial Frames and Clock Rates: This article revisits the historiography of the problem of inertial frames.\nSpecifically, the case of the twins in the clock paradox is considered to see\nthat some resolutions implicitly assume inertiality for the non-accelerating\ntwin. If inertial frames are explicitly identified by motion with respect to\nthe large scale structure of the universe, it makes it possible to consider the\nrelative inertiality of different frames.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Imprints of Discrete Space Time - A Brief Note: We point out that the observed decay mode of the pion and the Kaon decay\npuzzle are really imprints of discrete micro space-time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Signaling versus distinguishing different superpositions of same pure\n  quantum state: Different ensembles of quantum states can have the same average nonpure\nstate. Distinguishing between such constructions, via different mixing\nprocedures of the same nonpure quantum state, is known to entail signaling. In\nparallel, different superpositions of pure quantum states can lead to the same\npure state. We show that the possibility of distinguishing between such\npreparations, via different interferometric setups leading to the same pure\nquantum state, also implies signaling. The implication holds irrespective of\nwhether the distinguishing procedure is deterministic or probabilistic.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Conservative relativity principle: Logical ground and analysis of\n  relevant experiments: We suggest a new relativity principle, which asserts the impossibility to\ndistinguish the state of rest and the state of motion at the constant velocity\nof a system, if no work is done to the system in question during its motion. We\nsuggest calling this new rule as \"conservative relativity principle\" (CRP). In\nthe case of an empty space, CRP is reduced to the Einstein special relativity\nprinciple. We also show that CRP is compatible with the general relativity\nprinciple. One of important implications of CRP is the dependence of the proper\ntime of a charged particle on the electric potential at its location. In the\npresent paper we consider the relevant experimental facts gathered up to now,\nwhere the latter effect can be revealed. We show that in atomic physics the\nintroduction of this effect furnishes a better convergence between theory and\nexperiment than that provided by the standard approach. Finally, we reanalyze\nthe Moessbauer experiments in rotating systems and show that the obtained\nrecently puzzling deviation of the relative energy shift between emission and\nabsorption lines from the relativistic prediction can be explained by the CRP.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Harmonic oscillators in a Snyder geometry: We find that, in presence of the Snyder geometry, the quantization of d\nisotropic harmonic oscillators can be solved exactly.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Wave-particle duality: suggestion for an experiment: Feynman contended that the double-slit experiment contained the `only\nmystery' in quantum mechanics. The mystery was that electrons traverse the\ninterferometer as waves, but are detected as particles. This note was motivated\nby the question whether single electrons can be detected as waves. It suggests\na double-slit interferometry experiment with atoms of noble gases in which it\nmay be possible to detect an individual atom as a probability wave, using a\ndetector which can execute two different types of simple harmonic motion: as a\nsimple pendulum, and as a torsion pendulum. In the experiment, a torsional\noscillation will never be induced by the impact of a probability wave, but will\nalways be induced by the impact of a particle. Detection as a wave is\ncontingent on the atom interacting much more strongly with the macroscopic\ndetector as a whole than with its microscopic constituents. This requirement\nmay be more difficult to meet with electrons, protons, neutrons or photons than\nwith atoms.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Advanced One-Parameter CKM Mixing Matrix and Universal Deviation from\n  Exact Quark-Lepton Complementarity: In this paper, realistic CPT-symmetric united at substance quark and neutrino\nmixing matrices are studied by the idea that they are shifted from respectively\nunit and bimaximal benchmark matrices by one new small universal empirical\ne-parameter. At leading finite e-approximation quark-lepton complementarity\n(QLC) is an exact regularity. Equal solar and atmospheric deviations from exact\nQLC constitute one of the main inferences at next to leading approximation.\nThat universal violation of exact QLC advances the status of the QLC idea; and\nthe more so, as that deviation from QLC is quantitatively estimated and used\nfor accurate calculations of lepton mixing angles. Quark and neutrino Dirac\nCP-violating phases are determined by the considered quadratic hierarchy\nparadigm in flavor phenomenology. Inferences are partly supported by quark\nheavy flavor unitarity triangle angles and testable at B-factory and LHC b\nexperiments. Estimated magnitude of the unitarity triangle gamma-angle concurs\nwith the quark CP-violating phase to within ~5x10-4. The final quark CKM mixing\nmatrix in terms of the e-parameter is in excellent quantitative agreement with\nworld data and suggests a fitting form of neutrino PMNS mixing matrix. The\ne-constant implications in flavor phenomenology are considered.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Neutrinos and $v<c$: The Stueckelberg formulation of a manifestly covariant relativistic classical\nand quantum mechanics is briefly reviewed and it is shown that in this\nframework a simple (semiclassical) model exists for the description of neutrino\noscillations. The model is shown to be consistent with the field equations and\nthe Lorentz force (developed here without and with spin by canonical methods)\nfor Glashow-Salam-Weinberg type non-Abelian fields interacting with the\nleptons. We discuss a possible fundamental mechanism, in the context of a\nrelativistic theory of spin for (first quantized) quantum mechanical systems,\nfor CP violation. The model also predicts a possibly small \"pull back\", i.e.,\nearly arrival of a neutrino beam, for which the neutrino motion is almost\neverywhere within the light cone, a result which may emerge from future long\nbaseline experiments designed to investigate neutrino transit times with\nsignificantly higher accuracy than presently available.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Topological Electronics: From Infinity to Six: Topology captures the essence of what remains unchanged under a\ntransformation. In this study, a topological invariant called super\nconformality was found to preserve a critical angle between the constitutive\nplane and its second order differential plane for a two-terminal electric\nelement as building blocks of modern electronics. This super conformality leads\nto local activity of a higher-order electric element so that the periodic table\nof the electric elements can be dramatically reduced to have only 6 passive\nones, in contrast to the unbounded table predicted 40 years ago. Our claim that\nall the higher-order electric elements must be active was experimentally\nverified by the fact that a 2nd-order sodium memristor in the famous\nHodgkin-Huxley circuit is locally active with an internal battery.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Comparison of the Phenomena of Light Refraction and Gravitational\n  Bending: The properties of light in the presence of electromagnetic and gravitational\nfields are compared. Once one takes account of the fact that clock rates vary\nwith distance from a massive object, it is argued that in an absolute sense\nlight frequencies remain constant in both interactions. It is also pointed out\nthat the criterion used by Einstein for the angle of curvature of light rays\npassing close to the sun is not their actual trajectory but rather Huygens'\nPrinciple. The latter only requires that the speed of light vary with distance\nfrom a gravitational source in order to produce a measurable effect. As a\nresult, the observed displacement of star images during solar eclipses can be\nexplained on the basis of a rotation of the wave front of light without\nassuming that individual photons are actually deflected by the sun. A\ncalculation reported by Schiff in 1960 based on the assumption that light\ntravels in a straight line for all local observers obtains the same closed\nexpression for the angle of displacement of star images as in Einstein's\noriginal work, in support of this interpretation. Since light is believed to\nfollow a straight-line trajectory within any given homogeneous transparent\nmedium, it is argued that light refraction and gravitational bending have more\nin common than is generally realized.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "SU(2)$_{\\tiny\\mbox{CMB}}$ at high redshifts and the value of $H_0$: We investigate a high-$z$ cosmological model to compute the co-moving sound\nhorizon $r_s$ at baryon-velocity freeze-out towards the end of hydrogen\nrecombination. This model assumes a replacement of the conventional CMB photon\ngas by deconfining SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics, three flavours of massless\nneutrinos ($N_\\nu=3$), and a {\\sl purely baryonic} matter sector (no cold\ndark-matter (CDM)). The according SU(2) temperature-redshift relation of the\nCMB is contrasted with recent measurements appealing to the thermal\nSunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and CMB-photon absorption by molecular rotations\nbands or atomic hyperfine levels. Relying on a realistic simulation of the\nionization history throughout recombination, we obtain $z_*=1693.55\\pm 6.98$\nand $z_{\\rm drag}=1812.66\\pm 7.01$. Due to considerable widths of the\nvisibility functions in the solutions to the associated Boltzmann hierarchy and\nEuler equation we conclude that $z_*$ and $z_{\\rm drag}$ over-estimate the\nredshifts for the respective photon and baryon-velocity freeze-out. Realistic\ndecoupling values turn out to be $z_{{\\rm lf},*}=1554.89\\pm 5.18$ and $z_{\\rm\nlf,drag}=1659.30\\pm 5.48$. With $r_s(z_{\\rm lf,drag})=(137.19\\pm 0.45)\\,$Mpc\nand the essentially model independent extraction of $r_s\\cdot H_0=\\mbox{const}$\nfrom low-$z$ data in arXiv:1607.05617 we obtain a good match with the value\n$H_0=(73.24\\pm 1.74)\\,$km\\,s$^{-1}$\\,Mpc$^{-1}$ extracted in arXiv:1604.01424\nby appealing to Cepheid calibrated SNe~Ia, new parallax measurements, stronger\nconstraints on the Hubble flow, and a refined computation of distance to\nNGC4258 from maser data. We briefly comment on a possible interpolation of our\nhigh-$z$ model, invoking percolated and unpercolated U(1) topological solitons\nof a Planck-scale axion field, to the phenomenologically successful low-$z$\n$\\Lambda$CDM cosmology.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Special Relativity Theory and Cellular Automata: Light as a Cellular\n  Automata Process: A new formulation of special relativity is described. It is based on a\npostulate that the universe is a vast Cellular Automata (CA). We show that any\nCA model automatically leads to a maximum speed limit for the transfer of\ninformation from place to place in CA space, and hence leads to strict physical\nlocality of all physical interactions. Furthermore, we show that the Lorentz\ntransformation follows mathematically from CA theory, where photon propagation\nis postulated to be the simply shifting of the photon information pattern from\ncell to adjacent cell in every CA 'clock cycle' (which incidently is simplest\npossible CA 'motion'). Minkowski 4D flat space-time of special relativity can\nbe seen as the direct consequence of the low level universal CA processes, seen\nby inertial observers with ordinary measuring instruments, and who are not\naware of, and cannot measure with the true absolute units of CA space and time.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Riemannian Structure imposed on Friedmann and more general spacetimes: In the paper we consider two Finsler-like Riemannian metrics, which can be in\na natural way introduced into general relativity. One of those metrics\n$\\gamma_{ab}$ is degenerate and the second $h_{ab}$ is nondegenerate. We are\nmainly interested with the metric $h_{ab}$ and comparing the geometric\nstructure determined by this metric $h_{ab}$ with the geometric structure\ndetermined by the Lorentzian metric $g_{ab}$ of the underlying spacetime. Full\ncomparison we have given for Friedmann Universis. The preliminary version of\nthe paper was presented by one of us (J.G.) on conference POTOR 6 in Szczecin\n2019. We think that the our introduction of the Riemannian metric $h_{ab}$ into\nspacetime is simpler and more general than to so-called Wick rotation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "New Traversable Wormholes Solutions in $f(T)$ Gravity: In this paper we search for dynamical traversable wormhole solution in the\nmodified $f(T)$ theory of gravity, $T$ being the torsion scalar. For such\nwormhole, the time dependence is inserted in the static traversable wormhole\nmetric of Morris and Thore. Two set of tetrads are adopted: the diagonal and\nthe non-diagonal tetrads. The diagonal set of tetrads constrains and reduces\n$f(T)$ model to teleparallel theory where usual solutions have been found. With\ndiagonal set of tetrads, free from the teleparallel theory constraint, our\nresults show that the existence of traversable wormhole is possible only for\nnon-dynamical spacetime metric, i.e, static traversable wormhole solutions.\nMoreover we take into account energy condition analysis and the results show\nthat the violation of NEC is not determinant for existence of static\ntraversable wormhole solutions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "How the perturbed vacuum might be completely decoupled from all physical\n  states, allowing for a well-defined Hamiltonian formulation of QED: We carry out a Dirac sea reinterpretation of a discretized version of the\nHamiltonian of quantum electrodynamics (QED), and analyze the perturbed vacuum\nin the continuum limit. We argue that if certain operators can be shown to be\nthe self-adjoint, the perturbed vacuum will have solutions that converge nicely\nin this limit to states of the infinitesimal subspace of the Hilbert space\nspanned by momentum eigenstates whose momenta sum to 0. This convergence allows\nus to analyze what effect the perturbed vacuum has on the physical states of\nthe system. We then show that the interaction and the interference between the\nperturbed vacuum and the physical states actually vanish in the continuum\nlimit, due to the fact that the states of the perturbed vacuum only live in\nthis vanishingly small part of the momentum space. We furthermore show that\nthis allows us to remove the terms that perturb the vacuum from the\nHamiltonian, without changing the dynamics of the physical states, thus\nyielding us a well-defined Hamiltonian for the full theory of QED.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Maps of Dipersions for Machining Processes: During the products design, the design office defines dimensional and\ngeometrical parameters according to the use criteria and the product\nfunctionality. The manufacturing department must integrate the manufacturing\nand the workpiece position dispersions during the choice of tools and machines\noperating modes and parameters values to respect the functional constraints. In\nthis paper, we suggest to model the turning dispersions taking into account not\nonly geometrical specifications of position or orientation but also the\nexperience of method actors. A representation using the principle of know-how\nmaps in two or three dimensions is privileged. The most interesting aspect is\nthat these maps include tacit and explicit knowledge. An experimental study\nrealized on a machine tool (HES 300) allows to elaborate knowledge maps\nespecially for the turning process.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The number e^{(1/2)} is the ratio between the time of maximum value and\n  the time of maximum growth rate for restricted growth phenomena?: For many natural process of growth, with the growth rate independent of size\ndue to Gibrat law and with the growth process following a log-normal\ndistribution, the ratio between the time (D) for maximum value and the time (L)\nfor maximum growth rate (inflexion point) is then equal to the square root of\nthe base of the natural logarithm (e^{1/2}). On the logarithm scale this ratio\nbecomes one half ((1/2)). It remains an open question, due to lack of complete\ndata for various cases with restricted growth, whether this e^{1/2} ratio can\nbe stated as e^{1/2}-Law. Two established examples already published, one for\nan epidemic spreading and one for droplet production, support however this\nratio. Another example appears to be the height of humain body. For boys the\nmaximum height occurs near 23 years old while the maximum growth rate is at the\nage near 14, and there ratio is close to e^{1/2}. The main theoretical base to\nobtain this conclusion is problem independent, provided the growth process is\nrestricted, such as public intervention to control the spreading of\ncommunicable epidemics, so that an entropy is associated with the process and\nthe role of dissipation, representing the mechanism of intervention, is\nmaximized. Under this formulation the principle of maximum rate of entropy\nproduction is used to make the production process problem independent.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Mathematical Models in Physics : a Quest for Clarity: The role of mathematical models in physics has for longer been well\nestablished. The issue of their proper building and use appears to be less\nclear. Examples in this regard from relativity and quantum mechanics are\nmentioned. Comments concerning a more appropriate way in setting up and using\nmathematical models in physics are presented.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Mechanical Description of Fluid Dynamics: In this paper, we deal with fluid motion in terms of quantum mechanics.\nMechanism accounting for the appearance of quantum behavior is discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The possible new force in nature: The {\\it zitterbewegung region} is studied in this paper and we investigate\nthe possible presence of a new force in this region.This force was first\nproposed by Sidharth in \\cite{cu-bgs}. This article intends to study the\nexistence of a fifth force. Here, essentially, equations that characterize new\nparticles and their antiparticles are obtained. In this manner a pedestal is\nbuilt for a field theoretic approach that will be the subject of the second\npart of this theory.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "QCD(SU(infinite) as a model of infinite dimensional constant gauge field\n  configurations: We study and clarify in a reduced dynamical model for QCD(SU(infinite))\n(called Bollini-Giambiagi model ) , and defined by constant gauge fields Yang-\nMills path integral , several concepts on the validity of the string\nrepresentation for QCD (SU(infinite)) and the confinement problem",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Extension of Dirac theory and the classification of elementary particles: The Dirac theory implies the existence of an internal vector space, in\naddition to spin space. Using Dirac's coupling of variables in internal space\nto those in physical space, we construct a new configuration structure for\nparticles in the combined physical plus internal spaces. The importance of this\nis that the internal degrees of freedom implicit in Dirac's theory allow a new\nclassification of elementary particles. An important consequence is the\nprediction of a new type of quark. As expected, our theory groups fermions into\ndoublets, which are then divided into color singlets (leptons) and color\ntriplets (quarks), and which are then further divided into generation singlets\nand generation triplets. If the Pauli exclusion principle for fermions is also\nvalid within a particle's internal space, then our theory makes two important\npredictions. First, we can explain why the widely studied quarks (up, down,\ncharm, strange, top, bottom) cannot be observed as free states in nature.\nSecond, we predict the existence of a new quark which can indeed be observed as\na free state in nature, and whose wave function is antisymmetric in internal\nspace. W. M. Fairbank, a Guggenheim Fellow, has published experimental data\nwhich supports our second prediction.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Reading the Electron Clock: If electron zitterbewegung is a real effect, it should generate an electric\ndipole field oscillating with the zitterbewegung frequency 2mc^2/hbar. The\npossibility of detecting it as a resonance in electron channeling is analyzed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The Past Earth's Rotation: We have proposed a model to obtain the length of the day and month at any\ngeologic time. The day is found to increase by 0.002 sec/century since the\nseventeenth century. The lengthening of the day is attributed entirely to the\nincreasing gravitational constant ($G$) with time that manifested its self in\ntidal forces. The data obtained are consistent with those found from\nPalaeontology. The length of the day 4500 million years ago was 6 hours and the\nsynodic month was 56.26 present epoch days.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A possible cosmological effect on the quantum-to-classical transition: Although cosmic expansion at very small distances is usually dismissed as\nentirely inconsequential, these extraordinarily small effects may in fact have\na real and significant influence on our world. A calculation suggests that the\nminute recessional velocities associated with regions encompassed by extended\nbodies may have a role in creating the distinction between quantum and\nclassical behavior. Using the criterion that the uncertainty in position should\nbe smaller than the size of an object together with estimates based on the\nrange of Hubble velocities extending through the object lead to a threshold\nsize that could provide a fundamental limit distinguishing the realm of objects\ngoverned by classical laws from those governed by quantum mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Hierarchic Models of Turbulence, Superfluidity and Superconductivity: New models of Turbulence, Superfluidity and Superconductivity, based on new\nHierarchic theory, general for liquids and solids (physics/0102086), have been\nproposed. CONTENTS: 1 Turbulence. General description; 2 Mesoscopic mechanism\nof turbulence; 3 Superfluidity. General description; 4 Mesoscopic scenario of\nfluidity; 5 Superfluidity as a hierarchic self-organization process; 6\nSuperfluidity in 3He; 7 Superconductivity: General properties of metals and\nsemiconductors; Plasma oscillations; Cyclotron resonance; Electroconductivity;\n8. Microscopic theory of superconductivity (BCS); 9. Mesoscopic scenario of\nsuperconductivity: Interpretation of experimental data in the framework of\nmesoscopic model of superconductivity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Observation of a New Type of \"Super\"-Symmetry: We report the discovery of an unexpected symmetry that correlates the spin of\nall elementary particles (integer versus half-integer) with the geographic\nlocation of their initial discovery. We find that this correlation is\napparently perfect ($R = 1$), with an {\\em a priori} probability of $P =\n1/65536$ corresponding to a roughly $4.32 \\sigma$ deviation from a random\ndistribution.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Novel VLSI Technology to Manufacture High-Density Thermoelectric\n  Cooling Devices: This paper describes a novel integrated circuit technology to manufacture\nhigh-density thermoelectric devices on a semiconductor wafer. With no moving\nparts, a thermoelectric cooler operates quietly, allows cooling below ambient\ntemperature, and may be used for temperature control or heating if the\ndirection of current flow is reversed. By using a monolithic process to\nincrease the number of thermoelectric couples, the proposed solid-state cooling\ntechnology can be combined with traditional air cooling, liquid cooling, and\nphase-change cooling to yield greater heat flux and provide better cooling\ncapability.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Foundations : Is Probability Ontological ?: It is argued that the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, founded\nontologically on the concept of probability, may be questionable in view of the\nfact that within Probability Theory itself the ontological status of the\nconcept of probability has always been, and is still under discussion.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Biquaternion formulation of relativistic tensor dynamics: In this paper we show how relativistic tensor dynamics and relativistic\nelectrodynamics can be formulated in a biquaternion tensor language. The\ntreatment is restricted to mathematical physics, known facts as the Lorentz\nForce Law and the Lagrange Equation are presented in a relatively new\nformalism. The goal is to fuse anti-symmetric tensor dynamics, as used for\nexample in relativistic electrodynamics, and symmetric tensor dynamics, as used\nfor example in introductions to general relativity, into one single formalism:\na specific kind of biquaternion tensor calculus.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Cosmic Microwave Background as a thermal gas of SU(2) photons:\n  Implications for the high-z cosmological model and the value of $H_0$: Presently, we are facing a 3$\\sigma$ tension in the most basic cosmological\nparameter -- the Hubble constant $H_0$. This tension arises when fitting the\nLambda-cold-dark-matter model ($\\Lambda$CDM) to the high-precision\ntemperature-temperature (TT) power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background\n(CMB) and to local cosmological observations. We propose a resolution of this\nproblem by postulating that the thermal photon gas of the CMB obeys an SU(2)\nrather than U(1) gauge principle, suggesting a high-$z$ cosmological model\nwhich is void of dark matter. Observationally, we rely on precise low-frequency\nintensity measurements in the CMB spectrum and on a recent model independent\n(low-$z$) extraction of the relation between the comoving sound horizon $r_s$\nat the end of the baryon drag epoch and $H_0$ ($r_s H_0 = \\text{const}$). We\npoint out that the commonly employed condition for baryon-velocity freeze-out\nis imprecise, judged by a careful inspection of the formal solution to the\nassociated Euler equation. As a consequence, the above mentioned 3$\\sigma$\ntension actually transforms into a 5$\\sigma$ discrepancy. To make contact with\nsuccessful low-$z$ $\\Lambda$CDM cosmology we propose an interpolation based on\npercolated/depercolated vortices of a Planck-scale axion condensate. For a\nfirst consistency test of such an all-$z$ model we compute the angular scale of\nthe sound horizon at photon decoupling.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A question of scale: If you search for 'collective behaviour' with your web browser most of the\ntexts popping up will be about group activities of humans, including riots,\nfashion and mass panic. Nevertheless, collective behaviour is also considered\nto be an important aspect of observed phenomena in atoms and molecules, for\nexample, during spontaneous magnetization. In your web search, you might also\nfind articles on collectively migrating bacteria, insects or birds; or\nphenomena where groups of organisms or non- living objects synchronize their\nsignals or motion (think of fireflies flashing in unison or people clapping in\nphase during rhythmic applause).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Dark matter, a new proof of the predictive power of general relativity: Without observational or theoretical modifications, Newtonian and general\nrelativity seem to be unable to explain gravitational behavior of large\nstructure of the universe. The assumption of dark matter solves this problem\nwithout modifying theories. But it implies that most of the matter in the\nuniverse must be unobserved matter. Another solution is to modify gravitation\nlaws. In this article, we study a third way that doesn't modify gravitation\nneither matter's distribution, by using a new physical assumption on the\nclusters. Compare with Newtonian gravitation, general relativity (in its\nlinearized approximation) leads to add a new component without changing the\ngravity field. As already known, this component for galaxies is too small to\nexplain dark matter. But we will see that the galaxies' clusters can generate a\nsignificant component and embed large structure of universe. We show that the\nmagnitude of this embedding component is small enough to be in agreement with\ncurrent experimental results, undetectable at our scale, but detectable at the\nscale of the galaxies and explain dark matter, in particular the rotation speed\nof galaxies, the rotation speed of dwarf satellite galaxies, the expected\nquantity of dark matter inside galaxies and the expected experimental values of\nparameters $\\Omega$\\_dm of dark matter measured in CMB. This solution implies\ntestable consequences that differentiate it from other theories: decreasing\ndark matter with the distance to the cluster's center, large quantity of dark\nmatter for galaxies close to the cluster's center, isolation of galaxies\nwithout dark matter, movement of dwarf satellite galaxies in planes close to\nthe supergalactic plane, close orientations of spin's vectors of two close\nclusters, orientation of nearly all the spin's vector of galaxies of a same\ncluster in a same half-space, existence of very rare galaxies with two portions\nof their disk that rotate in opposite directions...",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Renormalizing Spacetime: We propose that the consistent field renormalization of gravity requires a\nspecific Weyl transformation of the metric tensor. As a consequence, proper\nlength and time, as well as energy and momentum, become functions of scale. We\nestimate the functional form of the field renormalization factor by imposing a\nminimum resolvable distance scale under an infinitesimal Weyl transformation.\nThe derived transformation is applied to two key problems in quantum gravity,\nits non-conformal scaling, and non-renormalizability.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes\n  produced at particle colliders: The question of whether collider produced of subnuclear black holes might\nconstitute a catastrophic risk is explored in a model of Casadio & Harms (2002)\nthat treats them as quantum-mechanical objects. A plausible scenario in which\nthese black holes accrete ambient matter at the Eddington limit shortly after\ntheir production, thereby emitting Hawking radiation that would be harmful to\nEarth and/or CERN and its surroundings, is described. Such black holes are\nshown to remain undetectable in existing astrophysical observations and thus\nevade a recent exclusion of risks from subnuclear black holes by Giddings &\nMangano (2008) and and a similar one by Koch et al. (2009). I further question\nthat these risk analyses are complete for the reason that they exclude\nplausible black-hole parameter ranges from safety consideration without giving\nany reason. Some feasible operational measures at colliders are proposed that\nwould allow the lowering of any remaining risk probability.\n  Giddings & Mangano drew different general conclusions only because they made\ndifferent initial assumptions about the properties of microscopic black holes,\nnot because any of their technical conclusions are incorrect. A critical\ncomment by Giddings & Mangano (2008) on the present paper and a preprint by\nCasadio et al.(2009) - that presents a treatment of the present issue with\nmethods and assumptions similar to mine - are addressed in appendices.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Speed of Gravity and Gravitational Horizon: Pioneer-10 unexpected anomalous deceleration hurtling through the solar\nsystem might have revealed a secret of nature that gravitational information\npropagating at very high but finite speed rushing to gravitational horizon\nopens a window to Universe neighborhood.\n  Dark energy may be owing to interactive gravitational horizons of cousin\nuniverses. The necessary condition for the conjecture to be true is that the\nspeed of gravity must be faster than the speed of light.The sufficient\ncondition is that the dark energy content would be increasing with the age of\nour Universe, while more and more gravitational horizons of cousin universes\nmight reach the gravitational horizon of ours in the neighborhood that may be\nboundless in space-time flow without beginning or end.\n  Keys: Inseparability Principle, Scale Conversion, Speed of Gravity,\nGravitational Horizon, Neighborhood of universes, Dark Energy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Simple Method for Generating Electromagnetic Oscillations: We propose a novel approach to the generation of electromagnetic oscillations\nby means of a low-frequency pumping of two coupled linear oscillators. A theory\nof such generation mechanism is proposed, and its feasibility is demonstrated\nby using coupled RLC oscillators. A comparison of the theoretical results and\nthe experimental data is presented.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The vacuum state and minimum energy in Dirac's hole theory: In Dirac's hole theory the vacuum state is assumed to be the state where all\nnegative energy states are occupied and all positive energy states are\nunoccupied. This is often referred to as the Dirac sea. It is generally assumed\nthat the Dirac sea is the minimum possible energy state. However it will be\nshown in this paper that this is not the case.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "From quantum electrodynamics to a geometric gauge theory of classical\n  electromagnetism: A relativistic version of the correspondence principle, a limit in which\nclassical electrodynamics may be derived from QED, has never been clear,\nespecially when including gravitational mass. Here we introduce a novel\nclassical field theory formulation of electromagnetism, and then show that it\napproximates QED in the limit of a quantum state which corresponds to a\nclassical charged continua. Our formulation of electromagnetism features a\nLagrangian which is gauge invariant, includes a classical complex field from\nwhich a divergenceless four-current may be derived, and reproduces all aspects\nof the classical theory of charged massive continua without any quantum\neffects. Taking a geometric approach, we identify the four-current as being in\nthe direction of extremal phase velocity of the classical field; the field\nequations of motion determine this phase velocity as being equal to the mass,\nwhich makes the rest density proportional to the squared modulus of the field.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quaternionic Quantization Principle in General Relativity and\n  Supergravity: A generalized quantization principle is considered, which incorporates\nnontrivial commutation relations of the components of the variables of the\nquantized theory with the components of the corresponding canonical conjugated\nmomenta referring to other space-time directions. The corresponding commutation\nrelations are formulated by using quaternions. At the beginning, this extended\nquantization concept is applied to the variables of quantum mechanics. The\nresulting Dirac equation and the corresponding generalized expression for plane\nwaves are formulated and some consequences for quantum field theory are\nconsidered. Later, the quaternionic quantization principle is transferred to\ncanonical quantum gravity. Within quantum geometrodynamics as well as the\nAshtekar formalism the generalized algebraic properties of the operators\ndescribing the gravitational observables and the corresponding quantum\nconstraints implied by the generalized representations of these operators are\ndetermined. The generalized algebra also induces commutation relations of the\nseveral components of the quantized variables with each other. Finally, the\nquaternionic quantization procedure is also transferred to $\\mathcal{N}=1$\nsupergravity. Accordingly, the quantization principle has to be generalized to\nbe compatible with Dirac brackets, which appear in canonical quantum\nsupergravity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Double Hodge Theory for a particle on Torus: We investigate all possible nilpotent symmetries for a particle on torus. We\nexplicitly construct four independent nilpotent BRST symmetries for such\nsystems and derive the algebra between the generators of such symmetries. We\nshow that such a system has rich mathematical properties and behaves as double\nHodge theory. We further construct the finite field dependent BRST\ntransformation for such systems by integrating the infinitesimal BRST\ntransformation systematically. Such a finite transformation is useful in\nrealizing the various theories with toric geometry.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Nuclear spin-density wave theory: Recently [arXiv:0906.5417], we reported a quantum phase transition of 103mRh\nexcited by bremsstrahlung pumping. The long-lived Moessbauer excitation is\ndelocalized as a neutral quasiparticle carrying a spin current. This letter\ngives a general theory for a nuclear spin-density wave propagating on crystals\nconsisting of identical nuclei with a multipolar transition.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Various Carbon to Carbon Bond Lengths Inter-related via the Golden\n  Ratio, and their Linear Dependence on Bond Energies: This work presents the relations between the carbon to carbon bond lengths in\nthe single, double and triple bonds and in graphite, butadiene and benzene. The\nGolden ratio, which was shown to divide the Bohr radius into two parts\npertaining to the charged particles, the electron and proton, and to divide\ninter-atomic distances into their cationic and anionic radii, also plays a role\nin the carbon-carbon bonds and in the ionic/polar character of those in\ngraphite, butadiene and benzene. Further, the bond energies of the various CC\nbonds are shown to vary linearly with the bond lengths.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Bell's Theorem, Many Worlds and Backwards-Time Physics: Not Just a\n  Matter of Interpretation: The classic \"Bell's Theorem\" of Clauser, Holt, Shimony and Horne tells us\nthat we must give up at least one of: (1) objective reality (aka \"hidden\nvariables\"); (2) locality; or (3) time-forwards macroscopic statistics (aka\n\"causality\"). The orthodox Copenhagen version of physics gives up the first.\nThe many-worlds theory of Everett and Wheeler gives up the second. The\nbackwards-time theory of physics (BTP) gives up the third. Contrary to\nconventional wisdom, empirical evidence strongly favors Everett-Wheeler over\northodox Copenhagen. BTP has two major variations -- a many-worlds version, and\na neoclassical version of partial differential equations (PDE) in the spirit of\nEinstein. Section 2 discusses quantum measurement according to BTP, focusing on\nhow we represent condensed matter objects like polarizers in a Bell's Theorem\nexperiment or in tests of Hawking's cosmology. The Backwards Time Telegraph,\nthough speculative, is discussed.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Some Remarks on an Experiment Suggesting Quantum Like Behavior of\n  Cognitive Entities and Formulation of an Abstract Quantum Mechanical\n  Formalism to Describe Cognitive Entity and its Dynamics: We have executed for the first time an experiment on mental observables\nconcluding that there exists equivalence (that is to say, quantum like\nbehavior) between quantum and cognitive entities.Such result has enabled us to\nformulate an abstract quantum mechanical formalism that is able to describe\ncognitive entities and their time dynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A simple way of unifying the formulas for the Coulomb's law and Newton's\n  law of the universal gravitation: An approach based on membranes: In this work, a new approach is presented with the aim of showing a simple\nway of unifying the classical formulas for the forces of the Coulomb's law of\nelectrostatic interaction ($F_C$) and the Newton's law of universal gravitation\n$(F_G)$. In this approach, these two forces are of the same nature and are\nascribed to the interaction between two membranes that oscillate according to\ndifferent curvature functions with the same spatial period $\\xi\\pi/k$ where\n$\\xi$ is a dimensionless parameter and $k$ a wave number. Both curvature\nfunctions are solutions of the classical wave equation with wavelength given by\nthe de Broglie relation. This new formula still keeps itself as the inverse\nsquare law, and it is like $F_C$ when the dimensionless parameter $\\xi =274$\nand like $F_G$ when $\\xi = 1.14198$x$10^{45}$. It was found that the values of\nthe parameter $\\xi$ quantize the formula from which $F_C$ and $F_G$ are\nobtained as particular cases.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The mass and energy of a vapor bubble in a turbulent ideal fluid: The mass of a bubble in a fluid can be taken as the mass of the vapor in it.\nThe self-energy of the bubble is defined as the work performed against the\npressure of the fluid in order to create the bubble. Taking the vapor to be an\nideal gas the relationship between the self-energy, the mass of the bubble and\nthe speed of the perturbation wave in a turbulent ideal fluid can be obtained.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum resonance scheme to determine the gravitational constant G: Building on the principles of quantum electrodynamics and special relativity,\nwe develop a semi-classical QED theory of gravitation. The experiment model for\ntheoretical analysis is the \"hyperfine splitting\" of the ground energy state of\nhydrogen atoms. As the verification and validation by Newton's final\nexperiment, Newton's gravity constant G has been determined by this new\napproach, G = 6.67221937(40)*10^(-11) N m2 /kg2. The result shows that, the\ngravitational constant G is really a universal constant in free space, and can\nbe determined just by the more fundamental constants in physics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Using a Kinematic Definition of the Hubble Parameter to Determine the\n  Cosmological Constant \u039b = 0 in a Balanced Universe: The Hubble parameter is kinematically defined in terms of the positions and\nvelocities of all particles in a universe which may or may not be finite. This\ndefinition is set equal to the Hubble parameter as defined in the\nFriedman-Lema\\^itre solution of general relativity, and which occurs after the\ninflationary expansion has ended in the Guth model. Because a coordinate system\nat rest relative to its local Hubble drift is a system in which the cosmic\nbackground radiation is observed to be isotropic, it is also an inertial\nsystem. Just before the first mass particles are created within a pure\nradiation universe, there are no mass particles that exist which can define H\nor the inertial systems associated with the Hubble drift. It will be shown that\nonly a cosmological constant with a magnitude of zero will allow radiation to\nform mass particles that have a total energy which is independent of inertial\nsystems and is equal to the equivalent energy of their rest mass. Additional\nmass particles are continuously formed from the radiation throughout the\nexpanding universe after the initial particles are created.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Fermion Fields in the (Non)Symmetric Kaluza-Klein Theory: The paper is devoted to the unification of fermons within Nonsymmetric\nKaluza-Klein Theory.We obtain a Lagrangian in Non-Abelian Kaluza-Klein Theory\nand Non-Abelian Kaluza-Klein Theory with spontaneous symmetry breaking and\nHiggs'mechanism.We get also Lagrangian for fermions in our approach for bosonic\nGSW model.We get Yukawa-type terms and mass terms coming from higher\ndimensions.We consider 1/2-spin fields and also 3/2-spin fields.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Sobolev Spaces, Schwartz Spaces, and a definition of the Electromagnetic\n  and Gravitational coupling: The concept of \"multiplicity of solutions\" was developed in\narXiv:1509.02603v2 which is based on the theory of energy operators in the\nSchwartz space S^-(R) and some subspaces called energy spaces first defined in\narXiv:1208.3385 and arXiv:1308.0874. The main idea is to look for solutions of\na given linear PDE in those subspaces. Here, this work extends previous\ndevelopments in S^-(R^m) (m in Z^+) using the theory of Sobolev spaces, and in\na special case the Hilbert spaces. Furthermore, we also define the concept of\n\"Energy Parallax\", which is the inclusion of additional solutions when varying\nthe energy of a predefined system locally by taking into account additional\nsmaller quantities. We show that it is equivalent to take into account\nsolutions in other energy subspaces. To illustrate the theory, one of our\nexamples is based on the variation of ElectroMagnetic (EM) energy density\nwithin the skin depth of a conductive material, leading to take into account\nderivatives of EM evanescent waves, particular solutions of the wave equation.\nThe last example is the derivation of the Woodward effect with the variations\nof the EM energy density under strict assumptions in general relativity. It\nfinally leads to a theoretical definition of an electromagnetic and\ngravitational (EMG) coupling.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Estimation of Lateral Distribution Function in Extensive Air Showers by\n  Using AIRES Simulation System: In this work the estimation of the lateral distribution function in Extensive\nAir showers was performed by using a system for air shower simulations which is\ncalled AIRES version 2.6 for different hadronic models like (QGSJET99, SIBYLL\nand SIBYLL1.6). The simulation was fulfilled in the high energy range\n(10^15-10^19 eV) for different primary particles like (gamma, protons and iron\nnuclei) for vertical showers. This simulation can be used to reconstruct the\ntype and energy of the particle that generated Extensive Air showers for\ncharged particles that registered with different arrays.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Traversable wormholes with logarithmic shape function in f(R, T) gravity: In the present work, a new form of the logarithmic shape function is proposed\nfor the linear $f(R,T)$ gravity, $f(R,T)=R+2\\lambda T$ where $\\lambda$ is an\narbitrary coupling constant, in wormhole geometry. The desired logarithmic\nshape function accomplishes all necessary conditions for traversable and\nasymptotically flat wormholes. The obtained wormhole solutions are analyzed\nfrom the energy conditions for different values of $\\lambda$. It has been\nobserved that our proposed shape function for the linear form of $f(R,T)$\ngravity, represents the existence of exotic matter and non-exotic matter.\nMoreover, for $\\lambda=0$ i.e. for the general relativity case, the existence\nof exotic matter for the wormhole geometry has been confirmed. Further, the\nbehaviour of the radial state parameter $\\omega_{r}$, the tangential state\nparameter $\\omega_{t}$ and the anisotropy parameter $\\triangle$ describing the\ngeometry of the universe, has been presented for different values of $\\lambda$\nchosen in $[-100,100]$.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Why we live in the Computational Universe: To better understand the deep significance of our best physical theories it\ncould be interesting to compare our Universe with its models. It may happen\nthat the differences between the model and reality can be made\nindistinguishable, to the point that it may seem acceptable to consider reality\nas a gigantic program, a 'mother computation' running in a Universal Computer.\nThe computational interpretation of reality is here adopted for introducing\nconcepts that are common in computer science, they may offer a new insight. For\ninstance, code and memory usage optimization techniques are common in computer\nscience because they improve the performances at a reduced hardware cost.\nAccording to the concepts discussed in this paper, the possibility of\nrecognizing the effects of optimization rules in a physical reality will allow\nus to discriminate if our reality is fundamental or the result of a large\ncomputation. Conversely, code and memory optimization has side effects, if it\nis present in our Universe it can produce many interesting phenomena, some seem\nreadily recognizable, others only wait to be discovered.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Procedure to Solve the Eigen Solution to Dirac Equation: In this paper, we provide a procedure to solve the eigen solutions of Dirac\nequation with complicated potential approximately. At first, we solve the eigen\nsolutions of a linear Dirac equation with complete eigen system, which\napproximately equals to the original equation. Take the eigen functions as base\nof Hilbert space, and expand the spinor on the bases, we convert the original\nproblem into solution of extremum of an algebraic function on the unit sphere\nof the coefficients. Then the problem can be easily solved. This is a standard\nfinite element method with strict theory for convergence and effectiveness.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Nature of the Energy Current in Many-Particle Systems: We show that the definition of an energy current for non-relativistic systems\nwith action-at-a-distance is possible if the interaction respects Gausses law,\ni.e. if it is Coulomb-like. The energy current can transport kinetic and mass\n(excitation) energy but not potential energy.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stability of Quantum Fluids : Wavy Interface Effect: A numerical investigation for the stability of the incompressible slip flow\nof normal quantum fluids (above the critical phase transition temperature)\ninside a microslab where surface acoustic waves propagate along the walls is\npresented. Governing equations and associated slip velocity and wavy interface\nboundary conditions for the flow of normal fluids confined between elastic wavy\ninterfaces are obtained. The numerical approach is an extension (with a complex\nmatrix pre-conditioning) of the spectral method. We found that the critical\nReynolds number ($Re_{cr}$ or the critical velocity) decreases significantly\nonce the slip velocity and wavy interface effects are present and the latter is\ndominated ($Re_{cr}$ mainly depends on the wavy interfaces).",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Galaxies:kinematics as a proof of the existence of a universal field of\n  minimum acceleration: Taking into account only luminous objects, the kinematics of clusters of\ngalaxies, galaxies and their interior, require a much higher mass than the\nluminous one to explain the observations. This situation has provoked more than\n30 years of intense research and has stimulated hypothesis like the dark\nmatter. Also new mechanical theories, different from Newton (like the Modified\nNewtonian Dynamics), have been proposed. We here present an alternative:\ntheoretical and observational data strongly suggest the existence of a\nuniversal field of minimum acceleration of the order of c/t, c the speed of\nlight and t the age of the Universe. We keep our reasoning within the present\nstate of the art of Quantum Mechanics, Relativity and Newtonian Mechanics. With\nthis approach the kinematics of the luminous objects are explained without any\nadditional assumption. At the same time the sizes of all structures in the\nUniverse, from protons up to the Universe, are explained as due to the constant\naction of this field.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "New AB-Thermonuclear Reactor for Aerospace: There are two main methods of nulcear fusion: inertial confinement fusion\n(ICF) and magnetic confinement fusion (MCF). Existing thermonuclear reactors\nare very complex, expensive, large, and heavy. They cannot achieve the Lawson\ncreterion.\n  The author offers an innovation. ICF has on the inside surface of the\nshell-shaped combustion chamber a covering of small Prism Reflectors (PR) and\nplasma reflector. These prism reflectors have a noteworthy advantage, in\ncomparison with conventional mirror and especially with conventional shell:\nthey multi-reflect the heat and laser radiation exactly back into collision\nwith the fuel target capsule (pellet). The plasma reflector reflects the\nBremsstrahlung radiation.\n  The offered innovation decreases radiation losses, creates significant\nradiation pressure and increases the reaction time. The Lawson criterion\nincreases by hundreds of times. The size, cost, and weight of a typical\ninstallation will decrease by tens of times.\n  The author is researching the efficiency of these innovations. Keywords:\nThermonuclear reactor, Multi-reflex AB-thermonuclear reactor, aerospace\nthermonuclear engine.\n  This work is presented as paper AIAA-2006-7225 to Space-2006 Conference,\n19-21 September, 2006, San Jose, CA, USA.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Entanglement: A myth introducing non-locality in any quantum theory: The purposes of the present article are: a) To show that non-locality leads\nto the transfer of certain amounts of energy and angular momentum at very long\ndistances, in an absolutely strange and unnatural manner, in any model\nreproducing the quantum mechanical results. b) To prove that non-locality is\nthe result only of the zero spin state assumption for distant particles, which\nexplains its presence in any quantum mechanical model. c) To reintroduce\nlocality, simply by denying the existence of the zero spin state in nature (the\nso-called highly correlated, or EPR singlet state) for particles\nnon-interacting with any known field. d) To propose a realizable experiment to\nclarify if two remote (and thus non-interacting with a known field) particles,\nsupposed to be correlated as in Bell-type experiments, are actually in zero\nspin state.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Interdimensionality: In this speculative analysis, interdimensionality is introduced as the\n(co)existence of universes embedded into larger ones. These interdimensional\nuniverses may be isolated or intertwined, suggesting a variety of\ninterdimensional intrinsic phenomena that can only be understood in terms of\nthe outer, extrinsic reality.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Extended Equivalence Principle: Implications for Gravity, Geometry and\n  Thermodynamics: The equivalence principle was formulated by Einstein in an attempt to extend\nthe concept of inertial frames to accelerated frames, thereby bringing in\ngravity. In recent decades, it has been realised that gravity is linked not\nonly with geometry of space-time but also with thermodynamics especially in\nconnection with black hole horizons, vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, etc. In\nthis work we look at how the equivalence principle manifests itself in these\ndifferent situations where we have strong gravitational fields. In recent years\nthe generalised uncertainty principle has been invoked to connect gravity and\ncurvature with quantum physics and now we may also need an extended equivalence\nprinciple to connect quantum theory with gravity.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "False vacuum as an unstable state: possible cosmological implications: Recent LHC results concerning the mass of the Higgs boson indicate that the\nvacuum in our Universe may be unstable. We analyze properties of unstable\nvacuum states from the point of view of the quantum theory of unstable states.\nFrom the literature it is known that some of false vacuum states may survive up\nto times when their survival probability has a non-exponential form. At times\nmuch latter than the transition time, when contributions to the survival\nprobability of its exponential and non-exponential parts are comparable, the\nsurvival probability as a function of time $t$ has an inverse power-like form.\nWe show that at this time region the instantaneous energy of the false vacuum\nstates tends to the energy of the true vacuum state as $1/t^{2}$ for $t \\to\n\\infty$. Properties of the instantaneous energy at transition times are also\nanalyzed for a given model. It is shown that at this time region large and\nrapid fluctuations of the instantaneous energy take place. This suggests\nanalogous behavior of the cosmological constant at these time regions.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Phenomena from intersecting branes in six-dimensional Anti-de Sitter\n  spacetime: We relate four-dimensional mass parameters to the positions of AdS 4-brane\nintersections in six-dimensional AdS spacetime. The 4-branes wrap 1-cycles on\nthe rectangular toroidal orbifold T2/(Z2)3, are situated upon and parallel to\nthe fixed lines, and intersect orthogonally on four-dimensional Minkowski\njunctions. Particles are arranged upon the line equidistant from the two extra\ndimensions. In four dimensions, the particles occupy a geometric sequence of\nmass levels that descends from the Higgs field vacuum expectation value. Scales\nthat we identify with the three Standard Model families derive from the\ngeometry of the orbifold and stand in precise relationship to the GUT scale of\nthe Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The connection between field-theory and the equations for material\n  sistems: The existing field theories are based on the properties of closed exterior\nforms, which correspond to conservation laws for physical fields.\n  In the present paper it is shown that closed exterior forms corresponding to\nfield theories are obtained from the equations modelling conservation (balance)\nlaws for material sistems (material media).\n  The process of obtaining closed exterior forms demonstrates the connection\nbetween field-theory equations and the equations for material sistems and\npoints to the fact that the foundations of field theories must be conditioned\nby the properties of equations conservation laws for material sistems.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Creation of Quark-gluon Plasma in Celestial Laboratories: It is shown that a gravitationally collapsing black hole acts as an ultrahigh\nenergy particle accelerator that can accelerate particles to energies\ninconceivable in any terrestrial particle accelerator, and that when the energy\nE of the particles comprising the matter in the black hole is $ \\sim 10^{2} $\nGeV or more,or equivalently the temperature T is $ \\sim 10^{15}$ K or more, the\nentire matter in the black hole will be in the form of quark-gluon plasma\npermeated by leptons.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Model of Unified Gauge Interactions: Linear spinor fields are a generalization of the Dirac field that have direct\ncorrespondence with the known physics of fermions, inherent causality\nproperties in their most fundamental constructions, and positive mass\neigenvalues for all particle types. The algebra of the generators for\ninfinitesimal transformations of these fields directly constructs the Minkowski\nmetric \\emph{within} the internal group space as a consequence of non-vanishing\ncommutation relations between generators that carry space-time indexes. In\naddition, the generators have a fundamental matrix representation that includes\nLorentz transformations within a group that unifies internal gauge symmetries\ngenerated by a set of hermitian generators for SU(3)$\\times$SU(2)$\\times$U(1),\nand nothing else. The construction of linearly independent internal SU(3) and\nSU(2) symmetry groups necessarily involves the mixing of three generations of\nthe mass eigenstates labeling the (massive) representations of the linear\nspinor fields. The group algebra also provides a mechanism for the dynamic\nmixing of massless particles of differing \"transverse mass\" eigenvalues\nconjugate to the affine parameter labeling translations along their light-like\ntrajectories. The inclusion of a transverse mass generator is necessary for\ngroup closure of the extended Poincare algebra, but its eigenvalue must vanish\nfor massive particle representations. A unified set of space-time group\ntransformation operations along with internal gauge group symmetry operations\nfor linear spinor fields will be demonstrated in this paper.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Analysis of the \"Big Bang\" and the Resulting Outward Cosmic Expansion:\n  Hubble - Einstein Cosmology vs. The Universal Exponential Decay: There is general agreement that the universe began with an \"explosion\" of\nmatter and energy at a \"singularity\", the \"Big Bang\". This paper analyses the\nmechanics of that beginning and two alternative theories related to it: - The\nHubble-Einstein theory that that beginning created space itself, expanding and\ncarrying the universe's matter and energy with it, and - The Universal Decay\ntheory that the length, (L), dimensional aspect of all quantities in the\nuniverse is exponentially decaying while the material universe is expanding\noutward within passive, static \"space\".\n  The Hubble-Einstein theory has long been accepted by consensus.\n  The Universal Decay theory first propounded in \"The Origin and Its Meaning\"\nin 1996 has since been validated by the Pioneer 10 and 11 \"anomalous\nacceleration\" as well as by the theory's success in accounting for \"dark\nmatter\" and \"dark energy\". The same centrally- directed, distance-independent\nacceleration of (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10^-8 cm/s^2 that is the Pioneer \"anomalous\nacceleration\" supplies the \"additional gravitation\" that \"dark matter\" is\nsought to supply.\n  The mass of the universe is calculated and the its \"Schwarzschild Radius\"\nevaluated. The velocities and distances of cosmic objects in general are\ncalculated and plotted from the end of the \"inflation\" to the present. It\ndevelops that there is a theoretical limit on how far back into the past can be\nobserved regardless of the quality of our instrumentation.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "The proper characteristics of frame reference as a 4-invariants: The paper proposes 4-dimensional equations for the proper characteristics of\na rigid reference frame \\[ {{{W}'}^{\\gamma }}=\\Lambda\n^{0}_{\\;\\;i}\\frac{d\\Lambda ^{\\gamma i}}{d{t}}\\,\\,,\\] \\[ {{{\\Omega }'}^{\\gamma\n}}=-\\frac{1}{2}\\,{{e}^{\\alpha \\mu \\gamma }}\\Lambda _{\\;\\;i}^{\\mu\n}\\frac{d{{\\Lambda }^{\\alpha i}}}{d{t}}\\,\\,.\\]\n  From these conditions follow the law of motion of the proper tetrad and the\nequations of the inverse problem of kinematics, i.e., differential equations\nthat solve the problem of restoring the motion parameters of a rigid reference\nframe from known proper acceleration and angular velocity. In particular, it is\nshown that when boosted, a moving reference frame that has proper Thomas\nprecession relative to the new laboratory frame will have a combination of two\nrotations: the new Thomas proper precession and the Wigner rotation, which\ntogether give the original frequency of Thomas precession $$\n\\frac{1-\\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}{v^{2}\\sqrt{1-v^{2}}}\\,\\,e^{\\beta\\mu\\nu}v^{\\mu}\\dot{v}^{\\nu}=\\omega'^{\\beta}_{W}\n+\nb^{\\beta\\alpha}_{W}\\,\\frac{1-\\sqrt{1-v^{*2}}}{v^{*2}\\sqrt{1-v^{*2}}}\\,\\,e^{\\alpha\\mu\\nu}v^{*\\mu}\\dot{v}^{*\\nu}\\,.$$",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Physics beyond Causality: The representations of the world around in physics built with help of\ncausality are analyzed and seems incomplete. The observer's causal\nrepresentations form a closed logical system, i.e. the compact group related to\ncause-effect chains. The space-time representations are exactly the background\nof this closed system and the off-site phenomena exceeded the space-time\ncontinuum of the observer are investigated. Off-site phenomena occur\nresponsible for `mysteries and paradoxes' in quantum physics and `dark\nsubstances' in modern cosmology. The existing paradigm of cognoscibility is\nreconsidered and specified. The theory of sets predicts an infinite number of\nlevels of cognition, where the world around seems more and more disordered and\nchaotic. The possibilities of different levels of cognition are estimated from\nthis point of view. Relativistic and quantum theories operate on different\nlevels of cognition, so their unification in frames of rigorous logical theory\nseems quite doubtful.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Generalization of the Einstein-Plank-Richardson law for the photon\n  energy in medium resolves Abraham-Minkowski dilemma in the electromagnetic\n  field theory statement: On the base of the Hamilton theory for the time-like photon in isotropic\ndielectric with refraction index n (S.Antoci, et.al, 2007), we suggest\ngeneralization of the Einstein-Plank-Richardson law for the value of the light\nenergy quantum in medium:E=h*nu*n, where h is the Plank's constant, and nu is\nthe light frequency. By use of this new quantum law, we resolve the famous\ncontradiction between de Broglie and Einstein's theories, related with the old\nAbraham-Minkowski dilemma in the definition of the photon momentum value p (in\nthe medium for n>1). We show that the same value p=p_a=E/(c*n)(c is the speed\nof light in vacuum) follows now from the both theories of de Broglie and\nEinstein, which complies with the theory of Abraham, but not with the theory of\nMinkowski (where p=p_m=E*n/c). Based on the corpuscular approach with p=p_a and\nE=h*nu*n^2, we give new inference for the Snellius refraction law and resolve\nmore old corresponding corpuscular-wave Newton-Huygens dilemma. We show that\neven for n-1<<1 the Abraham and Minkowski theories (with different p=p_a and\np=p_m)may lead to very different conclusions. Thus, only the theory with p=p_a,\ncontrary to the theory with p=p_m, allows the conclusion about the\nVavilov-Cherenkov radiation realization in the photon gas of the background\ncosmic radiation, for which n-1=10^(-42) in the current epoch.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A New Principle in Physics: the Principle of \"Finiteness\", and Some\n  Consequences: In this paper I propose a new principle in physics: the principle of\n\"finiteness\". It stems from the definition of physics as a science that deals\n(among other things) with measurable dimensional physical quantities. Since\nmeasurement results, including their errors, are always finite, the principle\nof finiteness postulates that the mathematical formulation of \"legitimate\" laws\nof physics should prevent exactly zero or infinite solutions. Some consequences\nof the principle of finiteness are discussed, in general, and then more\nspecifically in the fields of special relativity, quantum mechanics, and\nquantum gravity. The consequences are derived independently of any other theory\nor principle in physics. I propose \"finiteness\" as a postulate (like the\nconstancy of the speed of light in vacuum, \"c\"), as opposed to a notion whose\nvalidity has to be corroborated by, or derived theoretically or experimentally\nfrom other facts, theories, or principles.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Orbital period derivative of a binary system using an exact orbital\n  energy equation: It is proposed that the equations of motion in periodic relativity which\nyielded major predictions of general relativity are exact in nature and can be\napplied to pulsars and inspiraling compact binaries for analyzing orbital\nperiod derivative and two polarization gravitational wave forms. Exactness of\nthese equations eliminates the need for higher order xPN corrections to the\norbital energy part of the balance equation. This is mainly due to the\nintroduction of dynamic WEP which states that the gravitational mass is equal\nto the relativistic mass.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On Dark Matter, Spiral Galaxies, and the Axioms of General Relativity: Beginning with a geometric motivation for dark matter going back to the\naxioms of general relativity, we show how scalar field dark matter, which\nnaturally forms dark matter density waves due to its wave nature, may cause the\nobserved barred spiral pattern density waves in many disk galaxies and triaxial\nshapes with plausible brightness profiles in many elliptical galaxies. If\ncorrect, this would provide a unified explanation for spirals and bars in\nspiral galaxies and for the brightness profiles of elliptical galaxies. We\ncompare the results of preliminary computer simulations with photos of actual\ngalaxies.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Klein-Gordon Transformation sans Extraneous Insertions: the Isomorphic\n  Classical Complement to a Quantum System: The historical Klein-Gordon transformation of complex-valued first-order in\ntime Schroedinger equations iterates these in a naively straightforward way\nwhich changes them into complex-valued second-order in time equations that have\na plethora of extraneous solutions -- the transformation is an\noperator-calculus analogue of the squaring of both sides of an algebraic\nequation. The real and imaginary parts of a Schroedinger equation, however, are\nwell known to be precisely the dynamical equation pair of the real-valued\nclassical Hamiltonian functional which is numerically equal to the expectation\nvalue of that Schroedinger equation's Hermitian Hamiltonian operator. The\npurely real-valued second-order in time Euler-Lagrange equation of the\ncorresponding classical Lagrangian functional is also isomorphic to that\nSchroedinger equation, and for symmetric Hamiltonians has exactly the same\nformal appearance as the corresponding naive complex-valued Klein-Gordon\nequation, but none of the latter's extraneous solutions. These quantum\nSchroedinger-equation isomorphisms to classical Euler-Lagrange equations are\nthe technical manifestation of a key theoretical aspect of the principle of\ncomplementarity, one which is elegantly illustrated by the isomorphic\nfree-photon wave-function complement to the vector potential of source-free\nclassical electrodynamics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the resistance of an Infinite Square Network of Identical Resistors-\n  Theoretical and Experimental Comparison: A review of the theoretical approach for calculating the resistance between\ntwo arbitrary lattice points in an infinite square lattice (perfect and\nperturbed cases)is carried out using the Lattice Green's Function. We show how\nto calculate the resistance between the origin and any other site using the\nLattice Green's Function at the origin, and its derivatives. Experimental\nresults are obtained for a finite square network consisting 30x30 identical\nresistors, and a comparison with those obtained theoretically is presented.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Stochastic Thermodynamics and Dynamics: A Tail of Unexpected: The problem of the insensitivity of the macroscopic behavior of any\nthermodynamical system to partitioning generates a bias between the\nreproducibility of its macroscopic behavior viewed as the simplest form of\ncausality and its long-term stability. The overcoming of this controversy goes\nthrough certain modification of the dynamics that involves self-assembling of\nthe boundary conditions. Subsequently the proposed approach justifies parity\nbetween the increase and the decrease of the entropy which provides the ground\nfor holistic understanding of the thermodynamical systems through launching\ntheir ability to transmit and create information that is sensitive to coherent\nfunctioning of self-assembled logical landscapes. The obtained sensitivity\ngives the advantage of this new approach compared to that of Shannon. According\nto his definition, the information depends only on the overall probability for\nrealization of a given state(s) and thus it does not distinguish between\nfunctionally different states provided the overall probability for the\nrealization of each of them is equal.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Relativistic velocity addition law derived from a machine gun analogy\n  and time dilation only: We consider a scenario that involves a machine gun, the bullets it fires and\na moving target, considered from the rest frame of the machine gun and from the\nrest frame of the target respectively. Involving the special relativity via its\ntwo postulates and the time dilation formula we derive the relativistic\nvelocity addition law showing that it leads to the Lorentz transformations for\nthe space-time coordinates of the same event.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "A Model of Proton: I suggest to consider a proton as a body in a state of free precession. Such\napproach allows to define a proton as periodic system with two rotary degrees\nof freedom with corresponding frequency ratio and resonances. In result on a\npower scale the points corresponding to a birth of leptons are designated. The\ninterrelation between masses of leptons is established through a fine structure\nconstant. The given approach is distributed to a nucleus. Other representation\nis given on the nature of X-rays which connect with a charge of a nucleus and\nits mass.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Aether Theory and the Principle of Relativity: This paper completes and comments on some aspects of our previous\npublications. In ref [1], we have derived a set of space-time transformations\nreferred to as the extended space-time transformations. These transformations,\nwhich assume the existence of a preferred aether frame and the variability of\nthe one-way speed of light in the other frames, are compared to the\nLorentz-Poincare transformations. We demonstrate that the extended\ntransformations can be converted into a set of equations that have a similar\nmathematical form to the Lorentz-Poincare transformations, but which differ\nfrom them in that they connect reference frames whose co-ordinates are altered\nby the systematic unavoidable measurement distortions due to length contraction\nand clock retardation and by the usual synchronization procedures, a fact that\nthe conventional approaches of relativity do not show. As a result, we confirm\nthat the relativity principle is not a fundamental principle of physics [i.e,\nit does not rigorously apply in the physical world when the true co-ordinates\nare used]. It is contingent but seems to apply provided that the distorted\ncoordinates are used. The apparent invariance of the speed of light also\nresults from the measurement distortions. The space-time transformations\nrelating experimental data, therefore, conceal hidden variables which deserved\nto be disclosed for a deeper understanding of physics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Quantum Correction for Newton's Law of Motion: A description of the motion in noninertial reference frames by means of the\ninclusion of high time derivatives is studied. Incompleteness of the\ndescription of physical reality is a problem of any theory, both in quantum\nmechanics and classical physics. The ``stability principle'' is put forward.\nWe~also provide macroscopic examples of noninertial mechanics and verify the\nuse of high-order derivatives as nonlocal hidden variables on the basis of the\nequivalence principle when acceleration is equal to the gravitational field.\nAcceleration in this case is a function of high derivatives with respect to\ntime. The~definition of dark metrics for matter and energy is presented to\nreplace the standard notions of dark matter and dark energy. In the Conclusion\nsection, problem symmetry is noted for noninertial mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Causality, Symmetries, and Quantum Mechanics: It is argued that there is no evidence for causality as a metaphysical\nrelation in quantum phenomena. The assumption that there are no causal laws,\nbut only probabilities for physical processes constrained by symmetries, leads\nnaturally to quantum mechanics. In particular, an argument is made for why\nthere are probability amplitudes that are complex numbers, which obey the Born\nrule for quantum probabilities. This argument generalizes the Feynman path\nintegral formulation of quantum mechanics to include all possible actions that\nare allowed by symmetries, but only the lowest order terms are observable at\nthe presently accessible energy scales. The notion of relational reality is\nintroduced in order to give physical meaning to probabilities. This appears to\ngive rise to a new interpretation of quantum mechanics.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On possibility of topological interpretation of quantum mechanics: Geometrical model for quantum objects is suggested. It is shown that\nequations for free material Dirac field and for Maxwell electromagnetic field\ncan be considered as relations describing propagation of the space topological\ndefects. This interpretation explains irrational properties of quantum objects\nsuch as wave-corpuscular duality, stochastic behavior, instantaneous nonlocal\ncorrelation in EPR-paradox, the light velocity invariance and so on. It is\nshown also that Dirac equation for hydrogen atom can be also considered as\nrelation describing the space topological defect. Electromagnetic potentials\nappears within this approach as connectivities of the defect universal covering\nspace and gauge invariance of electromagnetic field happens to be a natural\nconsequence of topological interpretation. Proposed approach can be also\nconsidered as a nonlocal model with hidden variables. Preliminary results were\npublished by parts early, and here they are presented completely.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "On the Possibility of a Propulsion Drive Creation Through a Local\n  Manipulation of Spacetime Geometry: Since the shape of a free body's worldline is determined by the geometry of\nspacetime a local change of spacetime geometry will affect a body's worldline,\ni.e. a body's state of motion. The exploration of this possibility constitutes\na radically new approach to the idea of how a body can be propelled: instead of\napplying a force to the body itself, the geometry of spacetime is subjected to\na local manipulation which in turn results in the body's motion.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Revisiting solving procedure for Ermakov-Pinney equation (with\n  applications in the field of cosmology): It is known that Ermakov-Pinney equation is a nonlinear equation with wide\napplications in dynamics, physics, cosmology (e.g., Ermakov equation can be\nconnected to Bose-Einstein Condensate cosmology which unifies the dark energy\nand the dark matter). In this analytical study, we have presented a new type of\nsolving procedure to obtain analytical solution of Ermakov-Pinney equation,\nspecifically for the case of rotating early Universe with vortex. The\nparticular case of solution of the aforementioned equation is presented also\n(such the solution of special kind is important for cosmological applications)\nwhich corresponds to the class of solutions with symmetry reduction.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Matrix Representation of Special Relativity: I compare the matrix representation of the basic statements of Special\nRelativity with the conventional vector space representation. It is shown, that\nthe matrix form reproduces all equations in a very concise and elegant form,\nnamely: Maxwell equations, Lorentz-force, energy-momentum tensor,\nDirac-equation and Lagrangians. The main thesis is, however, that both forms\nare nevertheless not equivalent, but matrix representation is superior and\ngives a deeper insight into physical reality, because it is based on much less\nassumptions. It allows a better understanding of Minkowski spacetime on the\nbasis of matrix algebra. An escpecially remarkable result of the consequent\nusage of this alge- braic concept is the formulation of Diracs equation in a\nnovel matrix form. This equation can be generalized to include a new variant of\nYang-Mills gauge fields, which possibly express unified electro-weak\ninteractions in a new way.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "An exponential shape function for wormholes in modified gravity: Here, we propose a new exponential shape function in wormhole geometry within\nmodified gravity. The energy conditions and equation of state parameter are\nobtained. The radial and tangential null energy conditions are validated, as\nwell as the weak energy condition, which indicates the absence of exotic matter\ndue to modified gravity allied with such a new proposal.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Closed-Form Solutions of Zero Dimensional $\u03c6^4$-Field Theory Using\n  Bessel Functions: A Non-Perturbative Approach: The integral $\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} e^{- x^2 - g x^4} dx $ is used as an\nintroductory learning tool in the study of Quantum Field Theory and path\nintegrals. Typically it is analysed via perturbation theory. Close form\nsolutions have been quoted but it is not clear how they were derived. So I set\nabout deriving the close form solution on my own and using the same methodology\nobtain closed form expressions for the even positive integer moments.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    },
    {
        "text": "Protection against the man-in-the-middle-attack for the\n  Kirchhoff-loop-Johnson(-like)-noise cipher and expansion by voltage-based\n  security: It is shown that the original Kirchhoff-loop-Johnson(-like)-noise (KLJN)\ncipher is naturally protected against the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, if\nthe eavesdropper is using resistors and noise voltage generators just like the\nsender and the receiver. The eavesdropper can extract zero bit of information\nbefore she is discovered. However, when the eavesdropper is using noise current\ngenerators, though the cipher is protected, the eavesdropper may still be able\nto extract one bit of information while she is discovered. For enhanced\nsecurity, we expand the KLJN cipher with the comparison of the instantaneous\nvoltages via the public channel. In this way, the sender and receiver has a\nfull control over the security of measurable physical quantities in the\nKirchhoff-loop. We show that when the sender and receiver compare not only\ntheir instantaneous current data but also their instantaneous voltage data then\nthe zero-bit security holds even for the noise current generator case. We show\nthat the original KLJN scheme is also zero-bit protected against that type of\nMITM attack when the eavesdropper uses voltage noise generators, only. In\nconclusion, within the idealized model scheme, the man-in-the-middle-attack\ndoes not provide any advantage compared to the regular attack considered\nearlier. The remaining possibility is the attack by a short, large current\npulse, which described in the original paper as the only efficient type of\nregular attacks, and that yields the one bit security. In conclusion, the KLJN\ncipher is superior to known quantum communication schemes in every respect,\nincluding speed, robustness, maintenance need, price and its natural immunity\nagainst the man-in-the-middle attack.",
        "category": "physics_gen-ph"
    }
]