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โŒ€
Living things not only exist in the coldest or the hottest places on Earth, but also in the ocean thousands of meters deep and on the very tops of mountains.
์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ถฅ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋”์šด ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์†์ด๋‚˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
There are numerous bacteria in spoiled milk too, but it is difficult to tell what they look like or if they are there at all with the naked eye.
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ƒํ•œ ์šฐ์œ  ์†์—๋„ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งจ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Checking the nucleotide sequence of archaea, scholars discovered that archaea had not only the characteristics of prokaryotic bacteria but the genetic characteristics of eukaryotes.
ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ์›ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ์ธ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ํŠน์„ฑ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
After having many thoughts, scholars proposed the name Archaea as they thought they were a new intermediate organism), and many people now also use the name.
์ด๋Ÿฌ์ €๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ‚ค์˜จ์ด๋‹ค)์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ž๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„ํ‚ค์˜จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Itโ€™s because they think that there is no need to distinguish microorganisms since they are invisible anyway and that they all do similar things.
์–ด์ฐจํ”ผ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ด๋‹ˆ ๊ตณ์ด ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
Bacteria and viruses are obviously part of the microbial family and even sound alike, which leads one to think they might be of the same kind.
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ํ•œ ์‹๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์Œ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Since they donโ€™t need to eat like other microorganisms or living things, viruses donโ€™t have organs that can perform digesting nor do they grow in size.
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋„ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ์ง‘์„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ผ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
This may be because different types of microorganisms live together in a large house called microorganisms, helping each other by exerting their own characteristics.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ง‘์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋„์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Humans have been trying to draw microorganisms into our lives and utilize them while understanding their lives by looking at various microorganisms living diligently.
์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™œ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
If we don't want to get sick, we have to stop the microorganisms that cause disease, the pathogens, that enters our body from outside.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ชธ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง‰์•„์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Since microorganisms can easily obtain food in a liquid state, they tend to live actively in it.
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํฐ ํž˜์„ ๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค.
Considering that a large number of microorganisms live in a liquid environment, it can be thought that the cell membrane of the microorganism in direct contact with the external environment is in direct contact with the liquid.
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์€ ์•ก์ฒด์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Since the cell membrane of microorganisms is in direct contact with the outside, the life of microorganisms is bound to be sensitive to the hydrogen ion concentration of the liquid, which is the external environment.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งž๋‹ฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ ์•ก์ฒด์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด์˜จ๋†๋„ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค.
The food, clothing, and shelter of microorganisms, from this perspective, will be hydrogen ion concentration, nutrients, and temperature, and these will indeed be the three most essential conditions for microorganismsโ€™ survival.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜ยท์‹ยท์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด์˜จ๋†๋„ยท์–‘๋ถ„ยท์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
There is a vast number of microorganisms around us, and some of them are pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease, including pathogenic bacteria that cause respiratory disease, digestive disease, and more.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The reason we avoid going out, wash our hands, and brush our teeth upon coming home during the outbreak of an epidemic is to get rid of pathogenic microbes.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด ๋Œ ๋•Œ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐ”๊นฅ๋‚˜๋“ค์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด ์†์„ ์”ป๊ณ  ์–‘์น˜๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
There is little sunlight and a lot of moisture in the underground space during the summer monsoon season, which leads to the growth of molds that secrete harmful toxins and harm people.
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์žฅ๋งˆ์ฒ ์— ์ง€ํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ–‡๋น›์ด ์ ๊ณ  ์Šต๊ธฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ”ผ์–ด ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
It is possible to remove all microorganisms or selectively remove specific microorganisms with the use of a physical or chemical method fatal to the survival of the microorganisms.
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์— ์น˜๋ช…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ „๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ๋‚ด์–ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If you apply heat for 15 minutes at 121โ„ƒ under the pressure of saturated steam in the autoclave, it effectively kills not just microorganisms but endospores, which are covered with thick shells.
๊ณ ์••๋ฉธ๊ท ๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌํ™”๋œ ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ 121โ„ƒ๋กœ 15๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด์“ด ๋‚ด์ƒํฌ์ž๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The temperature used in the pasteurization method is not a refrigeration temperature or a freezing temperature but a temperature even higher than them yet somewhat lower than the boiling temperature of the water, in other words, around 60-70โ„ƒ.
์ €์˜จ์‚ด๊ท ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ์˜จ๋„๋‚˜ ๋ƒ‰๋™ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‚ฎ์€ 60~70โ„ƒ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
The protein component in the food also changes at this time, which may lead to the destruction of nutrients in the food or a decrease in its value.
์ด๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์†์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Treating with the disinfectant destroys and kills the metabolic process of the microorganism, which cannot be restored to revive the dead microorganism even after the removal of the disinfectant.
์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์–ด ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์–ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
Since the word sterilization is widely used to mean the special inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms that may cause infection, it is slightly distant from the word sterilization.
์†Œ๋…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฉธ๊ท ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
One can see that the drying method was used to store a variety of foods, including meat, for a long time in Korea as well as in the East.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋™์–‘์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
It is that alcohol, which has always made history and culture with us, is never industrially synthesized, no matter how much science and technology develop.
ํ•ญ์ƒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์ˆ ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณต์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Its name depends on the number of carbon molecules: if there is one carbon molecule, it is methyl alcohol; if it has two, it is ethyl alcohol; if it has three, it is propyl alcohol.
ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉด ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์ด๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์ด๋ฉด ์—ํ‹ธ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์ด๋ฉด ํ”„๋กœํ•„์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค.
Fertile soil has a ratio of soil and sand that is good enough to retain moisture and is also rich in organic matter such as humus. Consequently, it is an environment suitable for crops to survive.
๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ง„ ๋•…์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ํ™๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์•Œ๋งž๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€์‹๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์— ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋‹ค.
One direction is decomposing dead tissue or egesta from plants and animals, and the other one is returning nitrogen gas into the atmosphere to complete the cycle.
ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฃฝ์€ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์งˆ์†Œ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Even if it is not possible to examine each of these phenomena with our own eyes, we can still know that all of them are traces that appear due to microorganisms.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํŒŒํ—ค์ณ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
There are many microorganisms that gives help in our lives, but out of those, symbiotic microorganisms such as the root nodule bacteria is well known along with lactic acid bacteria and yeast.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์ด๋‚˜ ํšจ๋ชจ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌํ˜น๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต์ƒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
While we sometimes do not know the existence of microbes due to their invisibility, we can find their traces as much as we want if we pay close attention.
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋ˆˆ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋“ ์ง€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different not simply because one has a nuclear membrane while the other hasnโ€™t; it leads to differences in the special function and role in which the nucleusโ€™s chromosomes divide and assemble.
์›ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ํ•ต๋ง‰์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•ต ์•ˆ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
People found that there were special microorganisms that could easily survive in very high concentrations of salt or alkaline substances and even at high temperatures exceeding 60ยฐC.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์€ ๋†๋„์˜ ์—ผ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋˜๋Š” 60โ„ƒ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ๋„ ๋„ˆ๋ˆํžˆ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
It is used not only to find out whether they are of the same species by checking the degree of similarity of the nucleotide sequences but also to confirm whether they are parents and offspring.
์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ , ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž์‹ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Another interpretation, although not clear, is that the archaea exhibit a very old life form, the one before their differentiation into prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์›ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์˜, ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
You might think that since bacteria do not have a nuclear membrane, they do not have a nucleus, but the nuclei of bacteria should be considered to be scattered in a corner of the bacterial cell.
์„ธ๊ท ์ด ํ•ต๋ง‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ ํ•ต๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ํ•ต์€ ์„ธ๊ท  ์„ธํฌ ํ•œ ๋ชจํ‰์ด์— ํํŠธ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Anyone can quickly realize that not all microorganisms are bad, and that there are ones that are good regarding its case.
๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‹ค ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If we can properly understand they way they live, it can lead us in a direction that benefits us even if we were to come across any kind of microorganism. .
์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋“ ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
While many attempted to add various types of enzymes to detergents based on these attempts, it was only after the early 1960s that detergents with enzymes achieved a commercial success.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ œ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์„ธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜€๋‹ค.
While most microorganisms are killed when the water boils, heat-tolerant microorganisms peel off their skins to multiply after the water cools; they also make endospores.
๋ฌผ์ด ๋“์œผ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ด์— ๊ฒฌ๋””๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ์ด ์‹๊ณ  ๋‚œ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ค๋กœ, ๋‚ด์ƒํฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค.
While food is rarely contaminated with pathogens, we can compare the differences in the process of storing food here.
์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์— ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The refrigeration storage method, of course, could be used only after the establishment of refrigeration technology, and before that, people mainly used underground storage.
๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ๋ณด๊ด€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ดํ›„์— ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค.
When food is stored for a long time through the winter or needs to be reduced in volume for storage, the drying method, which can be considered traditional, is still used.
๊ฒจ์šธ์„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์•„์ง๋„ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Since the drying method seems as if it is asking the microorganisms to see and feel themselves and then decide their attitude to life, it would be a rather simple and effective method.
์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์‚ถ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Just as food poisoning appears when people are not expecting it at all, we are surprised by the fact that kitchen utensils, which should be the most sanitary, are actually not.
๋ณดํ†ต ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‹์ค‘๋…์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„์ƒ์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋†€๋ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
There were four jars placed under the shin bone of the main character, who was lying in the tomb, and traces attached to the inner surface of the jar confirmed that the jar contained alcohol.
๋ฌด๋ค ์•ˆ์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์ •๊ฐ•์ด๋ผˆ ์•„๋ž˜์—๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ ์„ ๋‹ด์•˜๋˜ ๋‹จ์ง€๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
If these alkanes unite with other molecules and form another substance, they are given a new substance name by adding the adjective ending -yl at the end.
์ด๋“ค ์•Œ์นธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋’ค์— -yl์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์–ด๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค.
We now may be able to understand that the type of alcohol, as a chemical substance, is not just one but several depending on the number of carbons.
์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Materials excavated from ancient cultures demonstrate the fact that alcohol was made long before the beginning of human civilization and enjoyed by everyone.
์ˆ ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
While it is said that alcohol is made by people, all people do is putting the ingredients necessary for making alcohol in order and placing them in the right place.
์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„ฃ์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋งŒ ํ•  ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Adding jie-bap and yeast to make makgeolli shows the effect of saccharification, which converts carbohydrates into sugars, and the characteristic that fermentation by yeast are caused all at once.
๋ง‰๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ทธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์—๋ฐฅ๊ณผ ๋ˆ„๋ฃฉ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋‹นํ™” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ํšจ๋ชจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœํšจ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.
After using the distillation method to obtain pure alcohol, people discovered various facts about the effects of alcohol, which led them to call it 'Aquavite', which meant 'water of life'.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ ์–ป์€ ํ›„ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ ์„œ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์— โ€˜์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฌผโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์˜ โ€˜์•„์ฟ ์•„๋น„ํ…Œโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค.
It is not that you can make all crops grow well for a bountiful harvest by simply planting selected crops after securing land with difficulty.
์–ด๋ ต์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋•…์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ํ›„์— ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด ์ž˜ ์ž๋ผ์„œ ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
People who work hard to clear and cultivate farmland for the first time are not just enjoying farming as a hobby while having plenty to eat.
์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋†ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ’์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ์ € ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
Root-knot bacteria make nutrients rich in nitrogen during the process of catching and fixing nitrogen floating in the air and provide them for plantsโ€™ use.
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌํ˜น๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์žก์•„ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์งˆ์†Œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
From various types of microbes, there are types that decompose large and complex tissues or molecules to smaller ones and make ammonia with proteins or other nitrogenous substances.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ์†Œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In the beginning, environmental pollution was pointed out as the cause as people believed that the influx of a large number of people from Paris influenced the limestone, making a new type of moss rage as a result.
์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์„ํšŒ์•”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ผ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์Šน์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝ์•˜๋‹ค.
Bock discovered the fact that microbes such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were living on cathedrals and old buildings in large cities including Cologne and Munich and were continuously corroding them.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์พฐ๋ฅธ๊ณผ ๋ฎŒํ—จ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํฐ ๋„์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์˜› ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ์†Œ๋ชจ๋‚˜์Šค์™€ ๋‹ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ•ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ€์‹ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Bacteria that have adhered to the wall with dust before a rain would run down the wall with water and only begin to reproduce after reaching just below the surface.
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ™์€ ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ์•ผ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Various types of microbes that live alongside us not only in nature but also in our lives are unknowingly telling us surprising and new facts.
์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™œ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž๊ณ ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The method we use to divide all living things into organisms and microorganisms is simply based on the convenience of humans, which is whether we can see the object with our eyes.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ ์—†๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
You can think of the microorganism family as a house where family members that share one thing in common, in other words, being small, live together although their jobs are all different.
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘์•ˆ์€ ์„œ๋กœ์„œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Since viruses are able to produce offspring identical to themselves and adapt to changes or change themselves during life, they are broadly included as a type of microorganism.
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์†์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์•„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋ผ์›Œ์ค€๋‹ค.
Bad pathogens that cause disease, fermenting microorganisms that make delicious food, and decomposing microorganisms that makes trees and grass decay, all live in their own unique way.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ๋„, ๋ง› ์ข‹์€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐœํšจ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋„, ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํ’€์„ ์ฉํžˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค.
Since all living things use enzymes as essential tools in physiological and metabolic machinery, detergents to which enzymes are added can be called 'biological detergents'. .
ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์„ธ์ œ๋Š” โ€˜์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ œโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
A large number of special microorganisms are cultured in a large culture vessel, and then the enzymes produced by them are purified to a high purity through several processes until they are used for other purposes.
์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ํ›„์—, ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆœ๋„ ๋†’์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ •์ œํ•œ๋‹ค.
The reason kimchi is put in a jar and buried in the ground in winter is to use the low temperature of the ground, whose temperature does not change much, because it spoils quickly if left in the air.
๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ ์— ๊น€์žฅ๊น€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ์— ๋‹ด์•„ ๋•…์— ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋†“์•„๋‘๋ฉด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ๋•…์˜ ์ €์˜จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The intention of this method of drying food is to induce microorganisms to move to a better environment for living, unlike sterilization, which completely kills microorganisms.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ์‚ด๊ท ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
First of all, the intention is to feel the vivid life that is happening among the crowds of people and, on the other hand, to smell the life emanating from the trading sites of buying and selling goods.
์šฐ์„  ๋ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋Š๊ปด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋˜ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๋œป์—์„œ์ด๋‹ค.
The reason antibiotics are considered important is that we can find types harmless to the host and use them as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of bacterial infections in animals and plants as well as humans.
ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์— ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์ œ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
We should make efforts to protect our health by ourselves by thoroughly blocking pathogenic microbes harmful to us in our lives.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™œ ์†์—์„œ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹œ์ผœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
One can think that the reason that the origin of alcohol dates back to prehistoric times is that it was not difficult to make alcohol and the yeast that makes alcohol was available everywhere.
์ˆ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ์„ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํšจ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋“ ์ง€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
As people thought that the problem could be resolved by not supplying water at least, they removed the moss on walls and sculptures and planned on applying water-resistant paint.
์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฐํ’ˆ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ผ๋ฅผ ์†”๋กœ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ ํŽ˜์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์น ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
German microbiologist Eberhard Bock disclosed a shocking fact that in addition to acid materials included in harmful gases, nitrogen-fixing bacteria also play a part in corroding buildings.
๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž ์—๋ฒ„ํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ณดํฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ€์‹์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์œ ํ•ด๊ฐ€์Šค ์†์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท  ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•œ๋ชซ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
The grasses and trees stretch out, bloom flowers, and exhibit their leaves to show off their green clothes when spring comes; when itโ€™s autumn, they bear seeds and spread them, moving little by little.
ํ’€๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ด„์ด ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํŽด๊ณ  ๊ฝƒ์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์˜ท์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์”จ์•—์„ ๋งบ์–ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
You can understand the flow of energy in nature better if you take a close look at the expression 'food webโ€˜, which includes not only the roles of living things but also the roles of microorganisms. .
์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚จ โ€˜๋จน์ด๊ทธ๋ฌผโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ž์—ฐ ์†์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Considering the fact that Gagarin looked down at the Earth and admired how beautiful it was, the Earth must have looked so beautiful in his eyes, because looking from a broad perspective, Gagarin is also a human and a living creature.
๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฆฐ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐํƒ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋”ฐ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฆฐ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Linnaeus recorded all the plants he knew in ใ€ŽPlant Speciesใ€ in 1753 by using a nomenclature to record both genus and species names, which was selected as the rule of nomenclature and became the beginning of nomenclature.
๋ฆฐ๋„ค๋Š” 1753๋…„์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ใ€Ž์‹๋ฌผ ์ข…ใ€์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์†๋ช…๊ณผ ์ข…๋ช…์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ช…๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ช…๋ช…๊ทœ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ช…๋ช…๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This identification method using genes is also used to confirm the identities of people who have been in an accident or lost children. It is also employed as an investigation technique to find the culprit of a crime.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์›์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ž์‹์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Since it creates offspring that resemble their own and the offspring can change to live better, people decided to regard it as a microbe.
์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‹ฎ์€ ์ž์†์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ž์†์€ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
While there are many known types of microorganisms, each of them has its own unique properties and lives a unique life in accordance with those properties.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Itโ€™s because the nuclear membrane and several small organs, which other living cells have, are not found in bacteria, whose entire body consists of one cell.
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต๋ง‰๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
Of course, there are microbes that create new shells to withstand the harsh environment, while others move to other places in search of a good environment to live in.
๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Fermenting microorganisms gives us many benefits like allowing us to make soybean paste, soy sauce, red pepper paste, ripen kimchi, brew alcohol, puff bread, and yogurt.
๋œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์žฅ, ๊ณ ์ถ”์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๊น€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ ์„ ๋นš๊ณ , ๋นต์„ ๋ถ€ํ’€๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐœํšจ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค.
Keeping and managing our environments clean means preventing pathogenic microbes from multiplying and invading our bodies further.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๊นจ๋—์ด ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์„ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Pasteur was the first to discover this method to prevent wine from getting spoiled, but in present day it is widely used as a method of sterilizing not only wine but also milk and other food products.
ํŒŒ์Šคํ‡ด๋ฅด๋Š” ํฌ๋„์ฃผ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งจ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์š”์ฆˆ์Œ์—๋Š” ํฌ๋„์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜ ์‚ด๊ท ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This canned food entered the cooling water tank without being completely sealed, and the cooling water was accidentally contaminated with typhoid bacteria, which resulted in a decrease in the temperature of the canned food, making the contaminated water sucked into the can.
์ด ํ†ต์กฐ๋ฆผ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ด‰ํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ˆ˜์กฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ์— ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ†ต์กฐ๋ฆผ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ๋ฌผ์ด ํ†ต์กฐ๋ฆผ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋นจ๋ ค ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
It is not easy to keep the kitchen, which is an important part of our lives, in a sterile state, and we don't have to go that far.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์—Œ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๊ท  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ ๊ตณ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค.
Thinking about why alcohol has become so important in our lives and what history and culture have been made by it, I can see countless stories springing up endlessly. .
๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์ˆ ์ด ์–ด์งธ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋นผ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์Œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€, ๋˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ํ™”์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์†Ÿ์•„ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค.
It is reasonable that people who prefer whiskey for its high alcohol content call alcoholic drinks alcohol and that the word โ€˜alcoholโ€™ naturally replaced the word โ€˜drinkโ€™.
์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’์€ ์œ„์Šคํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ ์„ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์ˆ ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋”ฐ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.
The fact that nitrogen-fixing bacteria not only provide necessary nutrients in symbiotic relationships with plants, but also play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in nature is well known.
์งˆ์†Œ ๊ณ ์ • ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž์—ฐ ์†์—์„œ ์งˆ์†Œ ์ˆœํ™˜์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A microorganism is too small to be seen with our eyes. As a result, we can only see it with our eyes only during the rare occasion when countless individuals gather together.
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์•„์„œ, ๊ฐ€๋”์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—์•ผ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Ripe kimchi, for instance, has a tremendous amount of lactic acid bacteria, which are mixed with the kimchi broth and therefore do not reveal themselves to people.
์ž˜ ์ต์€ ๊น€์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์†์—๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆซ์ž์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊น€์น˜ ๊ตญ๋ฌผ์— ์„ž์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
The accumulation of new knowledge about microorganisms led to a method of dividing the kingdom into five the animal kingdom, the plant kingdom, and the fungus, protist, and prokaryotic kingdom. This method is still widely used.
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์‹์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณ„์™€ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ท ๊ณ„, ์›์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„, ์›ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
People who think this way would not know that fungi and bacteria are synonymous with mold and bacteria and would be especially unfamiliar with the fact that bacteria and viruses are not the same kinds.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง„๊ท ๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์™€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ์™€, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ๋”์šฑ ์ƒ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Microorganisms live in a world that is invisible to our eyes, but the fact that they live together with us and that they are an indispensable and precious organism is now being realistically recognized. .
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์—†์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋  ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์š”์ฆˆ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์‹ค๊ฐ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This way of thinking leads to the conclusion that since our food called rice cake is steamed rather than boiled in boiling water, it is not unreasonable to think of it as a food that fully utilizes the pasteurization effect.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋–ก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์‹์€ ๋“๋Š” ๋ฌผ์— ์‚ถ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‘นํ‘น ์ฆ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ €์˜จ์‚ด๊ท  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์Œ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
The drying method, which we use a lot, gives you an impression that it asks the microorganisms to โ€˜move to another place since this is not a good place for you to liveโ€™.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๋ผโ€™๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
Some fermented microorganisms make delicious food for us through fermentation, and we also know that our living environment is purified by microorganisms that decompose all kinds of garbage and food waste in life.
๋ฐœํšจ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐœํšจ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ์Œ์‹์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
We have used the convenient method of drying in sunlight because creating a sterile state without any microorganisms for a long time in this way is difficult.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ท  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–‡๋น›์— ๋ง๋ ค ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.