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D301595

http://childparenting.about.com/od/physicalemotionalgrowth/tp/Child-Development-Your-Eight-Year-Old-Child.htm

Developmental Milestones and Your 8-Year-Old Child

School-Age Kids Growth & Development Developmental Milestones and Your 8-Year-Old Child8-Year-Olds Are Expanding Their Worlds By Katherine Lee | Reviewed by Joel Forman, MDUpdated February 10, 2018Share Pin Email Print Eight-year-olds are becoming more confident about themselves and who they are. At age 8, your child will likely have developed some interests and hobbies and will know what he or she likes or doesn't like. At the same time, children this age are learning more about the world at large and are also better able to navigate social relationships with others more independently, with less guidance from parents. At home, 8-year-olds are able to tackle more complicated household chores and take on more responsibility for taking care of themselves, even helping out with younger siblings. In general, according to the CDC, these are some changes you may see in your child: Shows more independence from parents and family. Starts to think about the future. Understands more about his or her place in the world. Pays more attention to friendships and teamwork. Wants to be liked and accepted by friends.1 Behavior and Daily Routines Fabrice Le Rouge/Getty Images The 8-year-old's behavior and daily routines are shaped by the child's taste, interests, and personality. Parents and other significant adults in the child's life should keep in mind the importance of being good role models since this is a time when children are figuring out the world and who they are and how they fit into it. At this age, your child may get involved with more complex social activities and behaviors that help define his or her sense of self. Effective discipline techniques at this age include continuing to praise good behavior, focusing your child's efforts, what they can do and change, rather than innate traits (such as "you are smart"). Set up and enforce consistent rules. Discipline should be aimed at guiding your child rather than punishing. Follow it with a discussion with your child about what she could do differently next time. Your 8-year-old can do more self-care in regards to hygiene and may begin to want to be part of deciding what the family eats. You might begin to give your child chores to contribute to the maintenance of the household and an allowance to begin to learn to manage money. At this age, your child still needs 10 to 11 hours of sleep per night.2 Physical Development Image Source/Getty Images For 8-year-old children, physical development will continue to be more about refinement of skills, coordination, and muscle control rather than huge changes. They begin to look like "big kids," but puberty is still a couple of years away for most of them. Children with natural athletic potential may show their abilities at this developmental stage as their physical skills become more precise and accurate. In fact, this is often the age at which children decide whether they are athletic or not, and choose to participate in or avoid sports. Either way, it's important for parents to encourage physical activity. Even if your child isn't an athlete she can still enjoy running, swimming, biking, and many other types of non-sports-related physical fun.3 Emotional Development John Howard/Getty Images Eight-year-old emotional development may be growing at a deeper level than in younger years, and an 8-year-old may show more sophisticated and complex emotions and interactions. For instance, an 8-year-old may mask true thoughts or emotions to spare someone else's feelings or work through a problem without an adult's close supervision or intervention. This is the time when your child may be developing a more sophisticated sense of himself in the world. Her interests, talents, friends, and relationship with family all help her to establish a clear self-identity. It's also the beginning of desiring privacy and flip-flopping between self-confidence and self-doubt. It can be a good time to help your child develop patience and empathy for others.4 Cognitive Development Tom Merton/Getty Images Eight-year-old children are at a stage of intellectual development where they will be able to pay attention for longer periods of time. You can expect your child to be able to concentrate on an activity for up to an hour or more. Eight-year-olds will also be able to think more critically and express opinions using more complex and sophisticated vocabulary and language skills.5 Social Development Christopher Futcher/Getty Images This is the phase of social development where many children love being a part of sports teams and other social groups. In general, 8-year-old children enjoy school and will count on and value relationships with a few close friends and classmates. Parents of 8-year-olds should be on the lookout for problems such as school refusal, as this may indicate learning difficulties or being bullied at school. It is also a good age at which to discuss respecting others.6 What If My Child Is Different? Developmental milestones provide professionals and parents with a tool for comparing children to a norm. No child fits the ideal norm perfectly, and each child will have his or her personal quirks, strengths, challenges, and preferences. With that said, however, if you feel your child is far behind or ahead of the norm, it's well worth discussing the issue with your pediatrician and your child's teacher. If there are issues or opportunities, now is the time to learn about and address them. A Word From Verywell Your 8-year-old is in the full bloom of childhood. Enjoy activities and explore the world together. It's a great time to spark new interests in your child and watch her grow in every way. Sources: Anthony, Michelle. The emotional lives of 8-10-year-olds. Scholastic Publishing. Chaplin TM, Aldao A. Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review Psychological Bulletin. 2013;139 (4):735-765. doi:10.1037/a0030737. Middle childhood. CDC.

D1359209

http://visihow.com/Check_for_Lice_Nits

Check for Lice Nits

Check for Lice Nits Edited by Mian Sheilette Ong, Eng, Lynn, Nuance and 1 other8 Parts: Everything About Head Lice, Eggs, and Nits How to Check for Head Lice, Nits, and Eggs Symptoms of Pubic Lice Symptoms of Body Lice Treatment for Body Lice Alternative Method For Removing Lice Without Harsh Chemicals Tips, Tricks and Warnings Comments Personal hygiene is a priority for everyone. With excellent personal hygiene, you will be able to carry yourself well anywhere at any given time. It will also show that you take good care of yourself. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help Ad Everything About Head Lice, Eggs, and Nits Even if you have excellent hygiene, ectoparasites such as lice, can strike. Most often, your child brings it home from school. If you become afflicted with such parasites, you must act quickly and make sure you are thorough in your efforts to get rid of them. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help Lice are wingless and very tiny. They infest your scalp and other body areas such as the pubic and armpit regions. Adult lice lay eggs. When the eggs hatch, they leave shells behind. These shells are called nits. When you see these nits on your scalp or on any area of the body, it is a neon sign of a lice infestation. You should know how to check for lice nits if you want to have a parasite-free body and scalp. It will definitely make you more confident when mingling with other people. Yes, it may be tedious and laborious, but this will help ensure a healthier lifestyle. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help A Basic Description of Lice Recognize lice. You should definitely know how to recognize lice. These are wingless, tiny arthropods (six-legged invertebrates) that reside on your scalp. Lice are ectoparasites that rely on your blood to survive. They are about the size of a sesame seed. Lice are like mosquitoes, but instead of flying, they do best with crawling. You can get lice by being in direct contact with someone infested with head lice. Another way would be to share items such as headbands, clips, combs, or hats. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help Eggs The female head lice lay eggs. These eggs are almost invisible to the naked eye because they're tiny and they blend into the color of your hair. Female head lice usually lay their eggs on the hair shafts near the hair roots. They attach with an adhesive that's naturally waterproof. That is why they cannot be blown or washed away. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help By the time the head lice eggs hatch, they leave empty eggshells behind. These are called nits. You could confuse nits with hairspray flakes, sand, or dandruff. Like the lice eggs, nits still have their adhesives so they cannot be removed that easily. Nits differ in coloration (brownish yellow, white). As the hair grows, the attached nits are found away from the roots. Since nits are indications of lice infestation, many schools do not admit children who have them. It is important for parents to check their children's heads for nits and eggs on a regular basis so that lice treatment could be performed immediately. Removing nits and lice eggs takes patience and a fine-toothed comb. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help Life Cycle of Head Lice Head lice have three phases in their life cycle (40-50 days):1 Egg phase. The mature female lays eggs that are coated with an adhesive. This adhesive is effective for attaching the eggs to the hair shafts near the hair roots. The newly hatched head lice will hatch after 10 days. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help2 Nymph phase. A nymph comes out of the head lice egg. They are not that easy to see. Nymphs cannot reproduce yet because they don't have a fully developed reproductive system yet. It takes 12 days for lice nymphs to mature. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help3 Adult phase. This is the phase where the nymphs are finally mature enough to produce and lay eggs. Once they are sexually mature, they can lay four to 10 eggs every day. The life of adult head lice lasts about 28 days. Don't panic, but about 280 lice eggs could be laid by one mature female before she dies. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help How to Check for Head Lice, Nits, and Eggs You can tell if there is a head lice infestation when the suspected host itches all the time. Oftentimes, children scratch their heads, nape, or behind the ears. Red bumps or small wounds might also be present in these areas. Once you notice itching or bumps, immediately check your child's head. There could already be a head lice outbreak in their school. You can check for head lice, nits, and eggs by using the following steps: Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help First Check For Lice1 Choose a relaxing place. Select a comfortable area for head lice checking. You should position your child seated in front of you. This will allow you to check all over your child's head conveniently. Do not do this on furniture that's upholstered, as lice may end up there. Go for a kitchen chair instead...you might even want to do this on the back deck. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help2 Make sure there is natural light. It should be bright enough so you could detect the nits. The tiny adult lice do move quickly so you have to have appropriate lighting to see them. Head lice eggs are translucent. Moving the light around or moving under the light helps pinpoint them. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help3 Fully examine the scalp. Part areas of hair and look closely at the scalp, the area behind the ears, and the nape. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help The Wet Hair Technique Detecting head lice, eggs, and nits can be done by combing the hair with a fine-toothed comb. This method takes 5-15 minutes, depending on the thickness and the length of the hair. This can also be used as part of the treatment. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help1 Wash the hair with regular shampoo. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help2 Rinse the hair thoroughly and apply regular conditioner. Use three times the amount you usually use and do not rinse it out of the hair. This makes it really easy to comb. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help3 Use a regular comb to remove tangles. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help4 Get a fine-toothed comb or a detection comb. There are detection combs that come with or without prescriptions, available at any drug store. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help5 Comb the hair using the detection comb. Make sure that it touches the scalp and reaches the tips of the hair. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help6 Work the entire head. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help7 Look at the comb and check for lice, nits, and eggs. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help8 If there are lice, nits, or eggs in the comb, wash it thoroughly first before running it through the hair again. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help9 Continue this process over the entire head. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help10 Rinse off the conditioner . Repeat the combing process to make sure every area is dealt with. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help Dry Hair Technique This only takes about 3-5 minutes, depending on the hair's thickness. This is not effective for treating lice, only detecting it.1 Use an ordinary comb to untangle and straighten dry hair. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help2 Use the detection comb as soon as the tangles are removed. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help3 Start combing from the hair base to the hair tips. Do this about three to four times before combing the next area. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help4 Examine the detection comb for lice, nits, and eggs. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help5 If there are any lice, nits or eggs in the comb, rinse the comb and dry it thoroughly before using it again. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help6 Perform the process until every portion of the hair is cleared. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help Symptoms of Pubic Lice Pubic lice can also be acquired. This is spread through sexual intercourse. If a sexual partner detects pubic lice infestation in his or her own pubic area, both sexual partners should be treated to avoid spreading the parasites again. Pubic lice are usually grey or brown. They can be acquired from infested clothes, bedding, and towels. Pubic lice look like tiny crabs and that's why they are also known as "crabs". These are the symptoms you have to watch out for: Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help1 Grey dots or brown dots present on the skin near or on the pubic area. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help2 Intense level of itching. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help3 White eggs on the pubic hair shafts, very close to the roots. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help4 Pubic lice can also be present on the hair shafts of hair that grow on your underarms, trunk, and thighs. They could even be present in mustaches and beards. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help Treatment of Pubic Lice1 Use special lice shampoos that are formulated to kill pubic lice. These shampoos work on dry pubic hair. Just be careful not to let the shampoo get in contact with mucus areas such as the anus or the vagina. The shampoo could burn or irritate the mucus areas. Leave the shampoo for on to 10 minutes. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help2 Pour on enough warm water to lather the shampoo up. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help3 Rinse the area thoroughly. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help4 If the patient has a hairy pubic area, a detection comb should be used to check for head lice, nits, and eggs. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help5 Rinse thoroughly. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help6 Wash all clothes, sheets, undergarments, and towels using warm water for 20 minutes. This will ensure the death of the crabs. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help7 Perform another treatment after seven to 10 days of the first treatment to get rid of the newly hatched pubic lice. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help8 You might want to consider shaving the public hair to the skin, but don't do it anytime near the special shampoo. You really don't want that stuff absorbing into your skin. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help Symptoms of Body Lice Body lice move to your skin to feed and then return to the seams of your clothes. They lay their eggs in the seams. Home lice sprays can be used to kill the adult lice, nits, and eggs. Spray them on non-washable objects, vehicle interiors, furniture, and mattresses. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help Treatment for Body Lice After ridding your body of lice, wash all linens, coats, scarves, hats (washable ones), towels, and garments using hot water. Use high heat in drying them for about 20 minutes. If the items are non-washable, have them dry-cleaned. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help Personal hygiene is important and checking for lice nits is a very significant part of it. Be vigilant in preventing this infestation so that you could have a lice-free, healthy lifestyle. Alternative Method For Removing Lice Without Harsh Chemicals This is an effective way to remove lice and nits from your child's hair, without the use of any dangerous chemicals. If you've got longer hair, tie it up while you're doing this process...just to be safer. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help What You'll Need Conditioner. Get a bottle or jar of thick conditioner - doesn't have to be expensive. Shampoo. Two towels. Four clips to hold hair out of your way. Plastic bag that will fit over the affected person's head. Fine-toothed comb. Blow dryer. Flat iron. This isn't a clothes iron, but like a curling iron, but flat. Girls use it to straighten their hair. Was this helpful? Yes| No| I need help Instructions For Dealing With Lice1 Put on your gloves. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help2 Put a towel around the neck of the person you're helping. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help3 Work with dry hair that has been combed to remove tangles. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help4 Part the hair into four sections. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help5 Smother them. Starting in the first section, from the nap of the neck, part the hair in ½ inch sections, putting a big dollop of conditioner at the roots. Make the next parting, more conditioner, and so on. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help6 Remove the clip each time you start a new section. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help7 You'll actually see the critters crawling out of your way, and by the time you get to the front - where the bangs are, you'll see them all huddling. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help8 Smother the roots with conditioner. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help9 Now add tons of conditioner until the entire head is covered thickly with the conditioner. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help10 Place the plastic bag over the head, only covering the hair, and clip to secure. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help11 Spend a half an hour holding the blow dryer on high heat, all over the head. Make sure you don't spend too long in one place, as you might burn the person you're treating. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help12 Take off the bag, and lean them over a sink or the tub. Comb the hair over and over - with the conditioner still in the hair. The comb should move fairly easily through the hair. As you comb, you'll see dead lice coming out of the hair. Comb and comb and comb. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help13 Shampoo the hair - twice. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help14 Clean up half way through . Throw away the gloves and the plastic bag. Put them into another plastic bag, tie it, and put it right outside in the garbage. Wash the comb and clips carefully. Put the towel you've used straight into the washer. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help Instructions For Dealing With The Nits Now you've killed the lice, but you still have the nits to deal with.1 Heat up the flat iron. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help2 Dry the hair completely - it cannot even be damp. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help3 Section the hair the same way you did for the conditioner. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help4 One section at a time - starting from the nap of the neck, iron each section of hair with the flat iron trying to get close to the scalp, but taking great care not to burn your child - or whomever you're helping. The heat of the iron will kill the nits. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help5 When you're done, comb the hair. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help6 Shampoo the hair and condition. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help7 Keep your fingers crossed that your child or friend is now lice-free. Was this step helpful? Yes| No| I need help Tips, Tricks and Warnings Do not share personal items such as combs, underwear, and towels with other people. Choose a reputable hotel when traveling. Always remember - smother the lice - get the nits with heat. If you have problems with any of the steps in this article, please ask a question for more help, or post in the comments section below. Comments Visi How welcomes all comments. If you do not want to be anonymous, register or log in. It is free. Article Info Categories : Health & Wellness Recent edits by: Nuance, Lynn, Eng Share this Article: Discuss Print Email Edit Send fan mail to authors

D2147834

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/05/business/global/05tower.html

Dubai Opens a Tower to Beat All

Global Business Dubai Opens a Tower to Beat All By LANDON THOMAS Jr. JAN. 4, 2010A visitor gets a view of Dubai from the 124th floor of Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest building, on Monday. Ali Haider/European Pressphoto Agency Burdened by debt and a devastating real estate crash, Dubai is doing what it does best: doubling down. Just one month after a close brush with bankruptcy, Dubai celebrated the opening of the world’s tallest building on Monday — a rocket-shaped edifice that soars 2,717 feet and has views that reach 60 miles. The glittering celebration may have been an attempt by Dubai’s ruler, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, to shift the focus from Dubai’s current economic troubles to a future filled with more promise. All the same, the tower’s success by no means signals a recovery in Dubai’s beaten-down real estate market, where prices have collapsed by as much as 50 percent and many developers are having trouble finding occupants for their buildings. With its mix of nightclubs, mosques, luxury suites and boardrooms, the Burj is an almost perfect representation of Dubai’s own complexities and contradictions. It will have the world’s first Armani hotel; the world’s highest swimming pool, on the 76th floor; the highest observation deck, on the 124th floor; and the highest mosque, on the 158th floor. Related Coverage The World’s Tallest Building JAN. 4, 2010Fireworks Greet Tallest Skyscraper But in deciding to change the tower’s name from Burj Dubai to Burj Khalifa, in honor of the president of the United Arab Emirates, Sheik Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan, Dubai revealed a rare streak of humility consistent with its diminished economic condition. Once the most proudly autonomous of Arab Emirates, Dubai has found that its financial troubles have made it more dependent on Abu Dhabi and more likely to be drawn closer into the federation.“Dubai not only has the world’s tallest building, but has also made what looks like the most expensive naming rights deal in history,” said Jim Krane, the author of “City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism.” “Renaming the Burj Dubai after Sheik Khalifa of Abu Dhabi — if not an explicit quid pro quo — is a down payment on Dubai’s gratitude for its neighbor’s $10 billion bailout last month.”The opening festivities had the feel of a national holiday, with fireworks, parachute jumps and shooting streams of water from the world’s tallest fountain. At a cost estimated at $1.5 billion, the Burj took five years to build, is more than 160 floors high and has comfortably surpassed the previous record holder in Taiwan, the Taipei 101. More than 12,000 people will occupy its six million square feet, zooming up and down in 54 elevators that can reach speeds of 40 miles an hour. It was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in Chicago. At a time when several of Dubai’s newly built office towers stand empty, it is 90 percent sold, according to the building’s developer, Emaar Properties. To be sure, some have questioned the utility of such a towering project. At least three foreign workers died during the construction. And at a time of increasing concerns over global terrorism, such a building could pose an inviting target. The Burj Khalifa was named in honor of the president of Abu Dhabi. Charles Crowell/Bloomberg News But to Dubai, which from its very beginning has taken pleasure in proving its doubters wrong, the Burj is evidence that if you build it big and brash enough the people will come, from near and far. With its strong government backing and unquestioned prestige, the Burj was a project that was destined to succeed and its developer, Emaar, had little difficulty in attracting residents — particularly since much of the space was sold several years ago in the middle of Dubai’s real estate frenzy. Other projects, however, have not been so lucky. One is the Omniyat Bayswater, a 24-story office building that stands less than half a mile from the Burj. It opened six months ago and remains more than 50 percent vacant. Sign up for the all-new Deal Book newsletter Our columnist Andrew Ross Sorkin and his Times colleagues help you make sense of major business and policy headlines — and the power-brokers who shape them. Sign Up You agree to receive occasional updates and special offers for The New York Times's products and services. See Sample Privacy Policy Opt out or contact us anytime Aimed to be the flagship structure of an ambitious development project in an area by the sea called Business Bay, Omniyat Bayswater has been unable to attract tenants as a consequence of the current real estate crisis. But its struggle speaks to a larger truth behind the Dubai real estate bubble which, despite the excitement over the Burj, could well forestall a meaningful recovery. Like many office projects developed four or five years ago, the peak years of Dubai’s expansion, the Omniyat Bayswater is plagued by splintered ownership. It is estimated to have more than 50 landlords — more than two per floor — with some trying to lease office suites as small as 1,000 square feet. A spokesman for Omniyat said that the developer recognized the problem of multiple owners, and had taken steps to address it and expected to see whole floors leased by the second quarter of this year. At a time when selling real estate was like handing out candy to children, the development model of selling to many owners, known as strata title, became a quick and easy way to finance building projects. Speculators from around the world were clamoring for the smallest slice of Dubai property. But with the crash, the building’s ownership structure has made it extremely difficult to sell or lease a floor or two to foreign companies seeking to expand.“There has been a difficulty in creating a collective of owners,” said Nick Maclean of the real estate firm CB Richard Ellis in Dubai. “The majority of the building is empty.”Few offers have been made for space in buildings under strata title, which is estimated to cover about two-thirds of the new buildings opening this year and 70 percent of those opening in 2011. Without government action, office vacancy rates could rise as high as 40 percent, according to real estate analysts. As for the effect the Burj will have on the overall market, Mr. Maclean said that its opening, while heartening, was unlikely to prompt an immediate turn around in the market.“It is a unique building and symbolically important but it is not going to stimulate demand,” he said. Correction: January 7, 2010An article on Tuesday about the opening of the world’s tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, misstated the position of Sheik Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan, for whom the tower is named. He is president of the United Arab Emirates, not of Abu Dhabi. (He is emir of Abu Dhabi.) The error also appeared in a picture caption accompanying the article and was repeated in an editorial on Wednesday. The editorial also misstated the beneficiary of a $10 billion loan from Abu Dhabi. It was the emirate of Dubai, not the United Arab Emirates. A version of this article appears in print on January 5, 2010, on Page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: Dubai Opens A Tower To Beat All. Order Reprints Today's Paper Subscribe

D1568809

http://www.realtor.com/realestateandhomes-search/Coulterville_CA/pg-4

Coulterville, CA Real Estate & Homes for Sale

Coulterville, CA Real Estate & Homes for Sale40 Homes sorted by Relevant Listings×There are no homes in this area, so we've scouted surrounding areas to show you some. Try these nearby homes Multiple Listings found for 10283 Jalapa Way Listing 1 Listing 2Brokered by BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY HOMESERVICES-CALIFORNIA REALTY-SONORA24New$369,00010283 Jalapa Way , La Grange , CA 95329House for Sale3 bd 3 ba 2,100 sq ft 1.8 acres lot View details Contact Agent Brokered by homecoin21New$210,00014481 Buena Vista Ct , La Grange , CA 95329House for Sale2 bd 2 ba 1,440 sq ft 2.2 acres lot View details Contact Agent Multiple Listings found for 5448 Avenida Lugo NListing 1 Listing 2Brokered by Keller Williams Realty15Pending$72,0005448 Avenida Lugo N , La Grange , CA 95329Land10.2 acres lot View details Contact Agent Brokered by REMAX Diversified34Pending$325,0004141 La Grange Rd , La Grange , CA 95329House for Sale2 bd 3 ba 2,128 sq ft 7.8 acres lot View details Contact Agent Found 40 matching properties

D3233725

http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/dogo-argentino/care/

Dogo Argentino

Dogo Argentino Miscellaneous The Dogo Argentino is a pack-hunting dog, bred for the pursuit of big-game such as wild boar and puma, and possesses the strength, intelligence and quick responsiveness of a serious athlete. His short, plain and smooth coat is completely white, but a dark patch near the eye is permitted as long as it doesn't cover more than 10% of the head. Dog Breeds Dogo Argentinocompare this breed with any other breed/s of your choosing Personality: Loyal, trustworthy, and, above all else, courageous Energy Level: Somewhat Active; Dogos require vigorous exercise to stay at their physical and temperamental best Good with Children: Better with Supervision Good with other Dogs: With Supervision Shedding: Infrequent Grooming: Occasional Trainability: Responds Well Height: 24-27 inches (male), 23.5-26 inches (female)Weight: 80-100 pounds Life Expectancy: 9-15 years Barking Level: Barks When Necessarymeet the Dogo Argentino Did you know? The Dogo Argentino is also known as the Argentinian Mastiff. How similar are you? Find out!Breed History1995The Dogo Argentino was first recorded in the Foundation Stock Service. Breed Standard Learn more about the Dogo Argentino breed standard. Click Here Colors & Markings10Learn Moreat a Glance Energy & Sizemedium ENERGY & large size NATIONAL BREED CLUBThe Dogo Argentino Club Of America Find Dogo Argentino Puppiesthe Breed Standard Embed the breed standard on your site. Download the complete breed standard or club flier PDFs.01020304050607General Appearance Molossian normal type, mesomorphic and macrothalic, within the desirable proportions without gigantic dimensions. Its aspect is harmonic and vigorous due to its powerful muscles which stand out under the consistent and elastic skin adhered to the body through a not very lax subcutaneous tissue. It walks quietly but firmly, showing its intelligence and quick responsiveness and revealing by means of its movement its permanent happy natural disposition. Of a kind and loving nature, of a striking whiteness, its physical virtues turn it into a real athlete. Dogo Argentino Care Nutrition & Feeding Good nutrition for Dogo Argentinos is very important from puppyhood to their senior years. Read More Coat & Grooming The breed's coat needs only weekly brushing. Read More Exercise The Dogo Argentina is not a good choice for the novice owner. Read More Health Dogo Argentinos are generally a healthy breed. Read Moreget involved in Clubs & Events National Breed Clubthe Dogo Argentino Club of America Local Clubs Find the Local Clubs in your area. Meetups Explore meetups.com and see all of the local Dogo Argentinos in your area.breeds Similar to the Dogo Argentino Cane Corso Plott Rhodesian Ridgeback Great Dane Bullmastiffexplore Other Breeds By Dog Breed By Dog Group

D1150618

https://www.usnetting.com/

Netting the Highest Quality Safety Solutions

Netting the Highest Quality Safety Solutions At US Netting we focus on three things: Quality, Safety, and Solutions . Since 1983 we've been dedicated to building the best custom nets and continue our tradition of quality today. Our products help our clients offer increased safety and utility to their employees, facilities, and customers. Each custom net is tailored to the requirements of the job, providing the exact solution the project requires, something stock size products from big box stores cannot supply. In addition, we also are an FAA Certified Repair Station #9NTR146D. See our aviation page for more info. Our team possesses a staunch devotion to fabricating the best nets available. We serve all types of customers, including private companies, consumers, television shows, production studios, and government agencies (US Army, Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard, National Guard, NASA). From Men in Black to NASA, our satisfied customer list is constantly growing. We are considered by many as the premier supplier and fabricator of custom nets. Additionally, our selection of stock and bulk net materials is unmatched in variety and quality. Shop our vast selection of products online day or night, or call us to have one of our engineers help produce the custom solution right for the job. Whether you are looking for a cargo net to lift 15 pounds or 100+ tons, a Kevlar™ reinforced net to protect personnel from possible shrapnel, or just a golf practice net for the backyard, we deliver the highest quality products. Our 25,000 square foot facility is located in Erie, Pennsylvania. We look forward to working with you to design the quality custom solution your project deserves. Paul Galla , President Recent Articles April 2, 2018Netting a Safe Spring. Spectator Safety a Top Priority for 2018 Spring Sports March 14, 2018Safety Netting and its use in Fall Protection, Debris Control and Construction. March 2, 2018Defender Gate and Net Upgrades - New Ratings January 23, 2018Dock Safety Solutions Aren’t Just for Loading Docks November 13, 2017Netting News 45 - Keeping Dinner Safe

D1885729

http://www.ehow.com/how_8327605_kill-weeds-killing-plants.html

How to Kill Weeds Without Killing Plants

Weeds invade lawns and gardens, robbing the good plants from valuable nutrients they need to grow. Weeds are never completely eradicated because their seeds fall into the soil and remain viable. By taking the time to remove the weeds, you will keep the other vegetation safe. Some steps will help you keep many of the weeds from coming back into the garden. Things You'll Need Gardening gloves Pre-emergent herbicide Selective herbicide or post-emergent herbicide Mulch Newspaper Pull the weeds by hand. Put on some gardening gloves and grasp the weed as close to the soil line as possible. Give a quick pull and the weed should come out of the ground--roots and all. It the weeds do not pull easily, or if they break off at the stem, water the area first. Apply a pre-emergent herbicide to the soil. It will kill weeds--but not your flowers or other grasses--before the weeds begin to grow. This type of herbicide prevents the weed seeds from germinating and is safe to use around plants. Apply according to label directions. Spray the area with a selective herbicide or a post-emergent herbicide designed to kill weeds but not grass and flowers. Read and follow label directions for application and amounts, as they can vary. Ask the clerk at the garden center for the correct herbicide. Lay down a 2- to 4-inch layer of mulch, if possible. If you have a lot of space between plants, place 12 sheets of newspaper over the soil between plants. Cover the newspaper with mulch and the water it down to keep the newspaper on the ground when wind blows.

D1311240

http://vanrcook.tripod.com/presidentroosevelt.htm

President Roosevelt Led US To Victory In World War 2

In World War 2, the three great Allied leaders against Germany were President Roosevelt , Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union. Three finer war leaders could not have been found at any time in history. Churchill, a leader with bulldog tenacity and possessing fine oratorical skills, Stalin, the man of steel, and Roosevelt, the great politician and compromisor, held the allies together when things looked blackest and then led them to victory over the fanatical resistance of the Germans and Japanese. On the other side of the war, Hitler, although an evil person, also had his moments of leadership particularly at the start of the war. But none of the other Axis leaders (certainly not Mussolini!) were of the caliber of the three Allied leaders. Hitler was outnumbered three to one when it came to leadership. This web site deals with President Roosevelt during World War 2. He had followed Herbert Hoover as president in 1933 shortly after the Great Depression began and served as president until 1945 when he died in office just as World War 2 was ending. Vice-President Harry Truman succeeded Roosevelt as president and led America in the immediate post-World War 2 era as the cold war began. FDR's close ties to Winston Churchill are discussed on this web site. `" The only thing we have to fear is fear itself . "President Roosevelt. Roosevelt was one of America's greatest presidents. To me, he has always been the perfect example of what an American president should be. Depending on the crisis at hand, Roosevelt undertook whatever corrective steps he thought needed to be taken. A child of the upper class, he, nevertheless, felt it was his duty to help those less fortunate than himself and he initiated the New Deal. The president's wife (and fifth cousin), Eleanor Roosevelt, also had strong feelings in that direction and encouraged FDR in his efforts. Although he often had to compromise with his rich and powerful friends, he was a true champion of the "forgotten man. "President Roosevelt was conscious of the power of the presidency and used it as no one ever had before. He worked his way through two major crises in his 4 terms as president: the Great Depression and World War 2. U. S. Unprepared at Beginning of World War 2. After Czechoslovakia fell to Germany in 1938, Roosevelt felt sure that Europe would erupt into war and that the U. S. would be drawn in. He knew the British and French were our natural allies and that Germany was wrong in its forced acquisition of surrounding nations. Even though he knew which side we must support, he could make no overt maneuvers because this country, including Congress, was militantly isolationist at the time. There was opposition to war from both the right and the left. The right wingers were particularly adamant in their opposition. Some even wanted to join Hitler and the Nazis and attack Russia to clean out the communists who they thought were the "real" enemy (worse than Hitler!? The right-wingers were a little out of touch with reality). So, even though President Roosevelt watched country after country fall into Nazi Germany's hands in 1939, 1940 and 1941, he was unable to attempt a rescue because American public support was not there. United States Prepares For War All in all, the United States was lightly armed in 1938. The Navy was adequate but the army was woefully small. Roosevelt had to get the country ready for war he knew was probably coming but in such a manner as to not upset the isolationists. He had to move slowly: He did a wonderful job in this effort.1. In November of 1938, President Roosevelt startled his military advisers by advocating the production of 10,000 military aircraft by 1940 and providing the capacity to produce 10,000 planes per year thereafter. This advice did not set well with some advisors who wanted a more balanced approach. But Roosevelt was trying to let Hitler know what America could produce if aroused. He was hoping to discourage Hitler's aggression.2. In July of 1939, Roosevelt issued a military order moving agencies related to defense to report directly to the President and not to the various official government department heads. This created some confusion since the department heads were often left out of matters. However, the order provided a personal relationship between the president and the military chiefs. This is the way Roosevelt liked to work. It also magnified the power of the military chiefs which was a good thing as the nation prepared for war.3. In September of 1940, Roosevelt made a destroyer deal with Great Britain providing them with 50 World War I destroyers in return for a string of bases in the Caribbean.4. In September of 1940, the Selective Service Act was passed and Americans began to be drafted.5. In early 1941, President Roosevelt had Congress pass the "Lend-Lease Act" which provided Britain and Russia with arms via lease but with no conditions for repayment. As the president said, "When your neighbor's house is on fire, one does not haggle over the price to put it out, the hose is readily loaned and the price is figured later. "America was slowly getting ready for war!U. S. Enters World War 2. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and, on December 11th, Germany declared war on the U. S. (A big mistake by Hitler - otherwise, we might have concentrated on beating Japan first). America was now in World War 2! Americans were no longer isolationists - they were mad as hell and they were not going to take it! Overseas, Churchill, despite the disaster, could not help but feel a great relief (actually he was ecstatic) that America was now in the war. He later wrote,"No American will think it wrong of me if I proclaim that to have the United States at our side was to me the greatest joy.............but now at this very moment I knew the United States was in the war, up to the neck and in to the death. So we had won after all! Yes, after Dunkerque; after the fall of France; .......after the threat of invasion......after seventeen months of lonely fighting......... We had won the war. England would live;......... Our history would not come to an end.... Hitler's fate was sealed.........there was no more doubt about the end. "Churchill could relax for a moment after standing up to the Nazis, virtually alone, for two years. In retrospect, Churchill's optimistic outlook only partly came true. The Allies won the war all right and both Germany and Japan were defeated. But the British Empire was doomed as the nations who made up the commonwealth began to fly the coop after the war and, finally, Britain was the only significant power left. Although Bitain ended up on the winning side, the empire was finished as were other empires, e.g., German, Italian, French, and Japanese empires. Roosevelt - Churchill Relationship During World War 2. Just prior to the start of World War 2 in September 1939, President Roosevelt had written Churchill (Churchill was not yet prime minister) and the two opened a correspondence and began a warm friendship that would last until Roosevelt's death in 1945 although problems began to occur near the end because of Roosevelt's hesitancy in joining Churchill in moving to limit Soviet Union expansionism. This close relationship between the two leaders, of course, spilled over into the relationship between the countries. It led to the creation of the Combined Chiefs of Staff which was a joint military command over all British-American operations. It also led to the development of a second front in France, development of an atomic bomb, creation of the United Nations, and final defeat of the axis powers. President Roosevelt as Commander-in Chief During World War 2. Prior to the war and for the first year or so of World War 2, President Roosevelt functioned as the "real" Commander-in-Chief of the U. S. armed forces. This is an authority that all presidents have a constitutional right to exercise but few do. Roosevelt was personally involved in all major decisions. One reason for this is that the enemy had the initiative early on and America was developing a strategy to counter the assault and seize the initiative. Alternative methods of conducting the war had to be considered and the president had to decide which way to go. (See Planning & Strategy for more on strategy. )Once the war had gone on for awhile, the tide had turned, America and its allies had the initiative, and a master plan had been developed, so there was no need for President Roosevelt to be so heavily involved. Also, as the war proceeded, the military command system became too large for the personal control Roosevelt liked to exercise. Now he had to depend on theater commanders, the planning staffs, etc. He still used the personal touch with Churchill and his top military advisors but he could no longer control events as he did in pre-war days. This was true of strategy development and in operational planning. Roosevelt was not above stepping in on certain occasions but, essentially, control of military details had shifted to others closer to the action. President Roosevelt still maintained close contact with events through his top assistants - Harry Hopkins and Admiral William Leahy - whom he relied heavily on in making wartime decisions. Early in the conflict, Roosevelt relied more on Hopkins than his military chiefs, however, this changed as the war went on. For his part, Leahy served as a liaison officer or, as Roosevelt called him, "a sort of leg man," transmitting information between the President and the Joint Chiefs. Leahy was a perfect man for the job due to his military seniority, personal friendship with the President, and personality. Largely due to his efforts, the views of the President and the military chiefs never drifted far apart as had occasionally happened early in the war. Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief - Operation TORCH. Early in the war in 1942, Roosevelt was still acting as the "real" Commander-in-Chief and moved forcibly on a critical strategic decision. A joint American - British decision for a cross-channel invasion of France in 1943 (Operation OVERLORD) had been made early on. The plan had been endorsed enthusiastically by the Americans and reluctantly by the British. As time went by, the two sides began squabbling over whether the invasion of France should actually be made in 1943 or delayed until 1944. The American military chiefs even went so far as to recommend that, if the British did not go along with the U. S. invasion plan, the Americans should drop the prevailing Europe-first strategy and begin to move forces to the Pacific theater. In July 1942, Roosevelt intervened strongly in the dispute. He said he would not allow any diversion of forces from Europe to the Pacific. In effect, the British approach won out because of the president's intervention. Instead of an invasion of Europe in 1943, a much less aggressive landing of forces was made in North Africa (Operation TORCH) in late 1942. This substitute action for the now-delayed Operation OVERLORD held the British - American coalition together and the Europe-first strategy was preserved. In retrospect, the decision to delay was probably the correct one because we really were not fully ready for an invasion in 1943. Casualties would have been immense, and indeed, the invasion might have failed. It should be noted that Stalin became infuriated with the postponement of Operation OVERLORD. He was in favor of a second front as early as possible to take pressure off his country. The Russians were already taking immense casualties - they were not that concerned that others might have to share taking casualties with them. Roosevelt Contrasted to Churchill as Leaders During World War 2. Roosevelt's usual hands-off approach as Commander-in-Chief was unlike his restless friend Churchill's approach. Churchill could not refrain from meddling with the British commanders in the matters of tactics and strategy. It should be noted here that, for all his greatness, Churchill's meddling did not always have a happy ending as he often wanted to move the allied thrusts to obscure (e.g., invade the "soft underbelly of Europe") theaters away from the primary theater. At these times, he sometimes seemed to act as a child playing with his toys. He had had the same problem in World War I when he initiated the doomed attack on Galipoli, Turkey, a disaster which cost him his position. He was almost - but not quiet - as bad a meddler with the military leaders as Hitler was on the German side. Roosevelt and Churchill had much different personalities. Roosevelt was a very political man, a man who used his charm, a compromisor, and a man who tried to avoid any controversy. His approach was always the indirect approach. (Had Roosevelt been a military man, he would have followed the "indirect approach" of Liddell Hart.) And by no means was Roosevelt an open man. He did not easily reveal his reasons for making decisions so his subordinates constantly had to try to read his mind and it did not appear to bother him at all to keep them guessing. The Bronx political leader, Edward Flynn, once observed of Roosevelt, "Roosevelt would adopt ideas only if he believed in them. If he disagreed, he simply did nothing. "Churchill, on the other hand, had a very opposite personality. His was the direct approach. He loved controversy and debate. He presented his ideas openly and loudly with much documentation and with great fervor. His associates and critics alike were allowed to do the same. He was an 'open read'. You always knew where Churchill stood on an issue. Because of his pugnacious disposition, Churchill was always getting knocked about by someone and had often, in his career, lost whatever job he might have at the time. But he had great tenacity and always got back on his feet full of fight. Such different men!.... but together, they made a great team. They, along with Stalin, ran World War and won it. The World War 2 Conferences. A number of conferences were held between Roosevelt and Churchill during World War 2. The Casablanca Conference between Roosevelt and Churchill was one of the more important conferences. A decision was made at this conference that no peace would be concluded with the Axis except on the basis of "unconditional surrender." This was done partly to placate the always suspicious Soviets that America and Britain would not seek a separate peace with Germany leaving the Soviets "holding the bag." Some critics say that this action unnecessarily lengthened World War 2 and caused unnecessary casualties. Politically, though, it was probably necessary. Two of the last conferences were held at Teheran and Yalta and included Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. Here the long range objectives of the United States and Britain began to deviate and some strain began to show on the friendship of Roosevelt and Churchill. Churchill had been looking ahead to the post-World War 2 period and had perceived that the Soviet Union was going to be a problem with its expansive goals and its communistic ideology. Roosevelt was less concerned about the Russians. He was more concerned about America getting caught up in the rebuilding of Europe and the possibility that they might have to station troops there indefinitely. He apparently felt that Americans would revert to their isolationists ways after the war and he had to get the country out of Europe as soon as possible. He also accepted the idea that Russia would have an expanded role in Europe after the war. Critics have long criticized Roosevelt in this aspect of his policy. To some, he sold out to the Soviets. To others, he was so anxious to end the war fast and get out of Europe that he ignored long-range political aspects which make up so large a part of war. There is no doubt that the rapidly deteriorating health of President Roosevelt's health affected his performance during the last months of his life and contributed to his weakness regarding the Russians during the last two conferences. President Roosevelt's Death. President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, a little over two weeks before the death of Hitler and a month before Germany surrendered and the European part of World War 2 ended. After his death, Churchill wrote Eleanor: "I have lost a dear and cherished friendship which was forged in the fire of war. "Overall, Roosevelt was a wonderful leader for America. He pulled us through both the great depression of the 30s and the World War 2. He made his share of mistakes. For example, there is no doubt that he waffled on the Jewish problem even as news of German atrocities toward the Jews began to be publicized. However, when you look at how the other American leaders have handled different crisis in the twentieth century, he was, in my opinion, clearly superior to all the others. Web Sites: President Roosevelt In World War 2.1. Germany in World War 2 . Germany fought long and hard in World War 2 but the U. S., Great Britain, and Russia were too smart and tough.2. American Generals - World War 2. Roosevelt had some great generals working with him in World War 2. They had to be great! They were facing fine German generals who knew new warfare tactics, e.g., blitzkrieg.3. Pacific War. After the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt and the American people wanted to revenge the attack by Japan.4. Trump - Democracy or Fascism Trump has been elected president - will we survive? President Roosevelt In World War 2: Conclusions President Roosevelt was a great American president and led America during World War 2. The great Allied victory over Germany and Japan in World War 2 was largely due to the leadership qualities of President Roosevelt. Privacy Policy This website does not share personal information with third parties nor do we store any information about your visit to this blog other than to analyze and optimize your content and reading experience through the use of cookies. You can turn off the use of cookies at anytime by changing your specific browser settings. We are not responsible for republished content from this blog on other blogs or websites without our permission. This privacy policy is subject to change without notice and was last updated on February, 03, 2017Last Updated : 07/03/17

D3048094

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080718121858AAmfk0V

I have trouble swallowing due to MS, can I crush valium & other meds to be easier to swallowll?

Health Other - Health I have trouble swallowing due to MS, can I crush valium & other meds to be easier to swallowll? Follow 5 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: If you have a problem swallowing, try crushing Valium (or other tablets) between two spoons, and taking them in a teaspoon of your favorite Jelly (raspberry???). The jelly helps the crushed meds slide down ~Anonymous · 10 years ago0 2 Comment Asker's rating Ask your pharmacist if any or all of your meds can be made into syrup form if you have trouble swallowing. Many forms of medication are designed to be swallowed whole and not interferred with. Do not take advice from those people on here who are only guessing at a correct answer. Seek the advice of professionals. Lady spanner · 10 years ago0 0 Comment I'm pretty sure its not a good idea to crush pills. You should definitely ask your doctor before doing anything like that, it might be dangerous.little Wing · 10 years ago0 0 Comment Please ask your doctor! This is not a question for random people to answer. Medication is not something to mess around with. Look at Heath Ledger. He will be missed by everyone, especially his daughter. Don't make the same mistake.pink · 10 years ago0 1 Comment Your doctor or any pharmacist should be able to tell you. Could vary for each medication. Bosco · 10 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Glucose Monitoring Devices Considering an online college? Need migraine treatment? VPN options for your computer

D2342771

http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-4-best-strategies-for-dealing-with-customer-service-2014-08-14

The 4 best strategies for dealing with customer service

Shutterstock.com / wavebreakmedia If you want your cable company, airline or pretty much any other company to resolve your complaints quickly and completely, you may need to change the way you deal with customer service. According to the latest data from the American Customer Service Index, Americans are increasingly dissatisfied with the companies they deal with. In the first quarter of 2014, overall customer satisfaction scores across all industries fell to 76.2 out of 100, which the researchers who compile the ratings say was “one of the largest [drops] in the 20-year history of the Index.” And some industries are particularly hated: Internet (63 out of 100) and cable and subscription TV (65) companies and airlines (69) rank at the bottom when it comes to customer satisfaction. Part of the dissatisfaction may be because we are interacting with customer service the wrong way. A report released Wednesday by customer-service software firm Zendesk, which looked at customer-service interactions from more than 25,000 companies across 140 countries, as well as insight from customer-service experts, found that some consumers are acting in ways that aren’t yielding them good results. Here are four strategies to employ when dealing with customer service. Don’t be too stern Being “overbearing” or “overly stern” is “a common strategy for some customers seeking better service,” the Zendesk survey revealed. “However, the data indicates that customers who are polite tend to submit higher customer satisfaction scores than those who aren’t.” Indeed, customers who ask the customer service rep to “please” help them with their request, and who said “thank you” for help they received throughout the call reported that they got better customer service than those who did not use these words, the survey showed. Of course, it could be that people who use these words tend to be more satisfied anyway. But there’s a strong chance that saying these platitudes ingratiates the customer service rep to you -- making them more willing to help you quickly and kindly with your request, experts say. “If you can find any excuse at all to praise them and build them up -- ‘you’re very good at what you do,’ ‘I really appreciate the extra effort,’ — people will almost always bend over backwards to maintain that good opinion and to show you just how good they really are,” says Barry Maher, the author of “Filling the Glass,” which focuses in part on getting better customer service and on personal empowerment. “Treat people well who aren’t used to being treated well…and you may well be astonished by the results you get.” Chip Bell, the founder of business consulting firm Chip Bell Group and author of “The 9 1/2 Principles of Innovative Service” adds that “you don’t have to be from the South to show respect with a liberal amount of ‘sir’ and ‘ma’am — it will open doors otherwise closed.”At the very least, “don’t go in guns a’ blazing,” says Shep Hyken, author of “Amaze Every Customer Every Time.” “The moment you lose your cool is the moment you lose control.” And, if that kindness does not work — rather than starting to get nasty — simply ask to speak to a higher authority, says Maher. Take notes Take a lesson from Rich Davis, the Comcast customer who recorded his call with the company and saw it go viral: It often pays to have good records of the antics a company is up to if you want to get your way down the road. “Have you ever heard a recording when you call for assistance that stated, ‘be advised this call may be recorded for quality assurance,’?” says motivational coach and speaker Chantay Bridges. “Flip the script, let the rep know: you are documenting them and keeping a record, that their service is also being noted.” While few customers keep detailed notes or recordings of their interactions, experts say, this will help them should there be a problem down the road, as they’ll have proof of what went on. Don’t keep your problems to yourself Most customers know that they should contact customer service via multiple channels like phone, email and social media to get their complaint resolved ASAP. But few take the logical next step: contacting competitors via these channels too to explain how their current company is not serving their needs. “If you receive a response from a competitor, watch or ask for a counter from the business you originally were contacting,” says John Huehn, CEO of In the Chat, which provides social media and text messaging platforms to enhance customer service. This could provide you with the leverage you need to get your issue resolved. It’s OK to keep it brief When it comes to email complaints, longer isn’t better, so don’t waste your breath (you might, after all, need that energy for dealing with the company later on). While experts often advise consumers to give customer service reps as many details as possible so they can effectively fix the customer’s complaint, customers who wrote long emails didn’t report getting any better customer service than those who wrote short ones, the Zendesk survey revealed. Indeed, the customer’s satisfaction levels at the end of the exchange were roughly the same whether they wrote 50 words or 200 words. Jason Maynard, product manager and data science lead at Zendesk, says that this doesn’t mean you should not include detail (indeed, that helps) but that you should make this detail as succinct as possible; if you have a complicated problem or request, you may want to consider calling, as most of us aren’t trained as technical writers.

D1840066

http://www.babylon-software.com/definition/machacado/English

Free Online Dictionary

machacado Babylon Spanish English dictionary Download this dictionarymachacadoadj. laboredmachacarv. crush, pound; pulverize, grind; slam dunk; harp, dwell tediously on a subject; nag; swot A Spanish-English Dictionary (Granada University, Spain), 14.4Download this dictionarymachacado (adj.) = crushed ; mashed ; beat-up. Ex: Red clay tennis courts are made of natural clay or crushed red brick. Ex: It can be made from any mashed starchy vegetable and used as an accompaniment for a meat or fish entree. Ex: The fact is that a beat-up guitar looks cooler than a pristine one, and getting it to look beat up just by playing it takes a really long time.machacar (v.) = bust ; batter ; squash ; crush ; clobber ; steamroller ; pound ; lick ; mash ; blow + Nombre + away ; kick + ass/arse ; kick + butt ; pulverise [pulverize, -USA] ; harp on ; polish + Nombre + off ; mop (up) + the floor with ; make + short change of ; mush up ; get + goose-egged ; hammer. Ex: 'That new project he's been busting himself and everyone else over is way behind schedule and Peterson is getting fed up'. Ex: But the early cylinder machines worked less accurately than the platens, tending to slur the impression and batter the type. Ex: The article has the title 'Reorganizing organizations and information: how knowledge technologies squash heirarchy and alter the role of information'. Ex: The article is entitled 'Dinosaurs to crush flies: computer catalogues, classification and other barriers to library use'. Ex: Clobbering the rich with taxes doesn't help anyone. Ex: When push comes to shove, it seems that short-term economic interests steamroller scientific arguments. Ex: A rotary machine invented in Holland in the late seventeenth century did not pound but minced the rags into pulp with revolving knives. Ex: They got licked by a bunch of little, ill-armed peasant guerillas. Ex: But scooping out the baked potatoes' flesh, mashing it with other ingredients, and then baking them again takes some extra time. Ex: If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' ' blown away ,' or 'shredded'. Ex: It took me a while to decide if this is actually an action movie or not but it's got Bruce Willis in it and he's kicking arse, saving the world. Ex: In 'Killers,' out this Friday in theaters, Katherine Heigl discovers her mild-mannered new husband is secretly a gun-toting spy and learns to kick butt herself. Ex: Doctors have successfully prevented a patient's leg from being amputated by pulverizing a blood clot in his femoral artery with a triturator. Ex: I think people harp on the grammatical incorrectness of 'war on terror' too much in order to avoid the issue = Pienso que la gente da la tabarra demasiado sobre la incorrección gramatical de la expresión "guerra contra el terrorismo" con objeto de eludir el problema. Ex: Martin cut it in half, and we polished it off before going to bed. Ex: By the time that he woke, Sarine felt as if someone had mopped the floor with him and run him through the wringer for good measure. Ex: I guess they're trying to prove that the new Freddy can make short change of the people that defeated him before. Ex: With a ricer, you mush up the potatoes using mostly an up and down motion, forcing the spuds through the holes in the ricer until all the lumps are broken. Ex: Both of these teams suffered the humiliation of getting goose-egged on the scoreboard Thursday night. Ex: Finally the sized paper was pressed, dried, pressed again and, if it was intended for writing on, smoothed by rubbing or hammering. ---- * machacar los tipos = batter + type. * machacársela = jerk + Reflexivo + off ; wank ; jag off. * machacar un idea = squash + idea. | machacado in Spanish | machacado in German | machacado in Finnish

D3085586

http://www.boral.com.au/concrete/diy/step4-formwork.asp

DIY Concrete Guide: Step 4 â Cut & Place Formwork

What is "Formwork"? Formwork is the walls that support the concrete until its set. It forms a mould. The best material for formwork is timber at least 25mm thick and equal in width to the concrete thickness. Formwork for Concrete Paths Use structural plywood or hardboard. For curved paths, hardboard or 7mm plywood is suitable but requires more supporting pegs. Forms must be strong, smooth on the top edge and well supported with stout pegs. (A good test for the strength of formwork is its ability to withstand a reasonable kick). Formwork must be deep enough to hold the thickness of concrete placed and to prevent slurry escaping underneath. Plywood Formwork Plywood formwork from your local building supply or timber yard is easy to cut to shape and can be reused for several jobs. You can cut enough formwork from a standard 2440mm x 1220mm sheet to make a path 1 metre wide and about 10 metres long. Place the forms along the borders marked out with string.2) Secure forms in position with stout pegs driven into the ground inside and outside the forms. The outside pegs should be placed at more frequent intervals and the forms nailed to them. Hammer the pegs down to below the height of the forms. Coat the formwork lightly with thin oil or form oil to be removed easily later. Soak the ground and forms thoroughly with water - the night before the pour. Dampen again before the Boral Concrete truck arrives. The ground should be damp but not muddy. Place reinforcement (check if required)Areas like garage floors require reinforcing with mesh or similar. Local building regulations sometimes demand the use of reinforcement. For information on what types of mesh to use and how to cut and place it, contact one of the steel fabric mesh suppliers eg. Bluescope Steel. Check your measurements Once you’ve got the formwork sorted and a few other preparations are complete, do one final check on the quantity of concrete you require. IMPORTANT! Check the THICKNESS. Remember - if your slab has an average thickness of 10% more than your original measurements you will need at least 10% more concrete to complete your job. > Step 5 – Placing the Concrete> Back to DIY Concrete steps> Safety Advice

D62203

http://www.answers.com/Q/What_political_party_did_woodrow_wilson_belong_to

Why do people belong to political parties?

Why do people belong to political parties?it based on personal's believe. What political party was Woodrow Wilson? Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. He was a member of the Democratic party. Benjamin ONeill 1 Contribution What political party did Hoover belong to? Herbert Hoover was a Republican President of the United States. Which president did not belong to a political party? George Washington was elected before political parties began to form in the US. gorge washiton Armoryhistorian 4,374 Contributions What political party does cheney belong to? Richard Cheney belongs to the Republican Party. Semikitkatyumyum 1 Contribution What political party did Hitler belong to? The Nazi Party, which he re-invented to suit his own ends. that's correct J. P. Helm Retired professor of math and computer science having taught for 36 years at a state supported university in Virginia Is it important to belong to a political party?no why would it be? It is important if you want to run for office or want to have a voice in who runs for office or want to influence the positions taken by party candidates …Woodrow Wilson party leader? Woodrow Wilson was the Democratic Party leader. He helped them to win control of the house and congress in 1912. How was Woodrow Wilson introduced into politics? To be honest he really wasn't introduced into politics, he was actually already in it due to being the Mayor of New Jersey then being taken under Theodore Roosevelt and Willia …David6023 18,458 Contributions Do you have to belong to a political party to vote? No you don't, at least not in a general election, although there are some primary elections in which only members of a party are allowed to vote. And that varies by state. Donna Halper 38,937 Contributions Media historian, educator and author. Expertise in the history of broadcasting, American popular culture, women's history, black history. Which party did Woodrow Wilson represent in the 1912 presidential election? Woodrow Wilson was a member of the Democratic Party. He was first perceived as a Conservative Democrat, but later became a centrist and even leaned left on certain issues. De …Veale 3 Contributions Can you belong to two political parties? No, but you can switch.so you are not like some what of a spy to help other parties with what is going on.

D2883971

https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/incontinence

Urinary Incontinence

At least 10 million Americans suffer from incontinence, which means that they are not able to control the times when they urinate. In some cases, the loss of urine is so small that people are hardly aware of it. In other cases, the amount of leakage is quite large. Only about 10 percent of people who suffer from incontinence seek treatment. Without treatment, many of these people stay at home and withdraw from life unnecessarily. Incontinence is not a disease, but it can be a symptom of disease. Is urinary incontinence caused by aging? Incontinence occurs in all age groups but is most common in the elderly. It is the most common reason for people going into nursing homes. Does pregnancy cause urinary incontinence? Pregnant women may have a small amount of urine leakage due to the pressure of the baby against the bladder and the muscles that support it. Usually, this leakage occurs when the woman coughs or sneezes. The problem generally goes away within three or four months after the baby is born. It is helpful if the woman does exercises, called Kegel exercises, to strengthen the muscles. Sometimes, women who have had children are more likely to develop incontinence when they get older due to weakening of the muscles that support the bladder. This is sometimes treated by medications, but surgery may be needed in some cases. Which diseases can cause incontinence? Diabetes, strokes and nerve diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. These diseases can damage the nerves that control the bladder which is where urine is stored before it leaves the body. These diseases can also weaken the "sphincter," a ring of muscle around the opening of the bladder. This ring usually keeps urine from leaking out. Men can have incontinence from problems such as overgrowth of the prostate gland or cancer of the prostate gland, both of which can block the flow of urine. In these cases, urine leaks out when the bladder becomes too full. How can I tell if I have urinary incontinence? If you are having urine leakage, you should seek medical care to find out the cause. The doctor will ask you about your medical history and order laboratory tests. The doctor will also examine you. Sometimes, special tests may be done. In one of these, the bladder is filled with fluid. You will then be asked to repeat the action that usually causes you to have urine leakage, such as coughing or straining. X-rays and other measurements are then done to help the doctor find out why you are having the urine leakage. Are there any treatments? Yes. Urine leakage can often be stopped or lessened after the doctor finds the cause. Some treatments that have helped other people include drugs, behavioral therapy, special exercises, biofeedback, electrical stimulation and surgery. DRUGS: Several drugs are available for treating incontinence, depending on what is causing your problem. Some of these drugs, called "bladder relaxants," prevent urine leakage by decreasing bladder contractions. Another type of drug helps some kinds of incontinence by strengthening muscle contractions at the outlet of the bladder. Estrogens also have been helpful for some women after menopause. A nasal spray that causes you to make less urine is also used for day and nighttime urine leakage (bed-wetting). BEHAVIORAL THERAPY: You can work with a specially trained therapist who will help you to control your urine leakage. EXERCISE: You can learn to do special exercises to strengthen the muscles that prevent leakage of urine from the bladder. BIOFEEDBACK: These techniques also help you to gain control over your bladder and to strengthen the sphincter muscle. ELECTRICAL STIMULATION: This method can help you to strengthen your sphincter muscle and keep your bladder from contracting when you do not want this to happen. SURGERY: Usually, your doctor will first try medical treatments such as drugs, biofeedback, etc. If these do not work, surgery may be planned. Some types of urinary incontinence due to weakness of the sphincter can be corrected by strengthening the muscle with surgery. A newer technique involves injecting collagen (a protein material) around the urethra to support and compress the sphincter muscle. What if these treatments do not work? These treatments should bring relief to most people who have urinary incontinence. However, if the treatments do not work for you, many absorbent protective pads are available to use. In men, a special sheath, known as a condom catheter, may be worn around the penis to drain the urine into a bag. Sometimes, a tube called an in-dwelling catheter may be placed into the bladder to drain urine continuously. This method can cause problems, such as infections, and should be used only in special cases as a permanent form of treatment. Another approach is to use a catheter several times a day to drain the bladder. Will incontinence prevent me from being active sexually? Not necessarily. Often, there is no physical reason why a person with incontinence cannot be sexually active. However, some of the diseases that cause incontinence, such as multiple sclerosis and diabetes, also may decrease the ability to perform sexually.

D1911483

https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/ncal/mdo/presentation/conditions/condition_viewall_page.jsp?condition=Condition_Abnormal_Vaginal_Bleeding_in_Midlife_and_Beyond_-_Ob_Gyn.xml

My Doctor Online The Permanente Medical Group

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding in Midlife and Beyond Overview Women of any age can have abnormal vaginal bleeding (irregular menstrual periods). Abnormal bleeding can also come from the uterus and other organs in the pelvis. During midlife, women’s hormone levels slowly decrease. This normal change can cause irregular bleeding. Usually this type of bleeding stops around the time a woman has her final period (menopause). Abnormal vaginal bleeding can also be caused by: Infection of the vagina or uterus Urinary tract infection Other medical conditions Uterine fibroids Growths in the pelvic organs, including cancer Also, some medications may affect vaginal bleeding. Call us to schedule an exam if you have vaginal bleeding that: Is heavier or lasts longer than usual. Occurs after you’ve completed menopause (12 months of no periods). Treatment is based on the cause of your vaginal bleeding. It may include medication, nonsurgical procedures, and surgery. Causes Changes in your bleeding patterns are normal during midlife stages. Perimenopause Perimenopause is the time period before your menstrual cycle ends. Usually it begins several years before menopause. For some women, it starts as early as their mid-30s or early 40s. There’s no way to tell how long perimenopause will last. You may be in perimenopause if your periods are: Irregular, with longer or shorter cycles (time between periods). Lighter or heavier than has been usual for you. Irregular periods occur when you’re no longer ovulating (releasing an egg) every month. Menopause When you have not had a menstrual period for 12 months in a row, you’ve completed menopause. Menopause usually happens several years after you first have perimenopause symptoms. If you have vaginal bleeding after menopause, call us to schedule an exam. Symptoms and Diagnosis Unusual bleeding from the uterus that is not due to growths (fibroids or polyps) is called dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). Bleeding can be heavy or light. During perimenopause, it’s usually due to natural changes, including: Changes in hormone levels No ovulation (anovulation)To find out what’s causing DUB, we may: Perform a pelvic exam. Do blood and urine tests. Check a tissue sample (biopsy). Related Conditions Abnormal bleeding can also result from this range of medical conditions. Infections of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries can include: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)Genital warts on the vulva or in the vagina Urinary tract infection (UTI) can cause bleeding from the bladder. UTI or bladder infection symptoms include: Pink or light-brown urine Blood in the urine Pain when urinating Frequent need to urinate Thyroid problems occur especially in women over 40. An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can cause heavy and prolonged vaginal bleeding. An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can cause unusual bleeding. A noncancerous growth in the pituitary gland (prolactinoma) can cause abnormal bleeding. The pituitary gland at the base of your brain produces hormones, including prolactin. Cushing’s syndrome is caused by a growth in the pituitary gland. It causes high levels of cortisol in the blood. Cortisol is a hormone that helps your body respond to stress. Vaginal dryness, a common symptom of menopause, can cause bleeding during sex with intercourse. Other Causes Growths in one of the pelvic organs can cause unusual bleeding. Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus. Fibroids can be as small as a seed or as large as a grapefruit. They can grow as a single tumor or in several places. Women are most likely to have fibroids in midlife. Sometimes they occur in younger women. Fibroids may cause no symptoms. Or they may cause: Periods to occur more often Menstrual cramps Back pain Problems with bowel movements or urination Pain during intercourse A cervical polyp is a small fingerlike growth on the cervix or in the uterus. We sometimes find cervical polyps during a pelvic exam. They are usually noncancerous (benign). Hormone-producing tumors are growths that can change your menstrual cycles. We diagnose such tumors using: Physical exam Blood tests Ultrasound exam Cancers of the uterus, cervix, and vagina are serious diseases. Be sure to be screened regularly by your doctor for these conditions. Hemorrhoids Bleeding from hemorrhoids can be mistaken for vaginal bleeding. Hemorrhoids occur when the veins around your bottom (rectum and anus) swell and bleed. Hemorrhoids cause: Itching Pain A hard lump around the anus Hemorrhoids usually go away within a few days. Let us know if you have a hemorrhoid that does not heal. Injury or trauma The genital area may be injured and bleed during: Sex Tampon insertion Strenuous exercise If a tampon or other object is left in your vagina, it can cause irregular bleeding. We can check for these injuries by giving you a pelvic exam. Medications That May Affect Bleeding Many medications can cause unusual vaginal bleeding. You might have: Lighter or heavier periods Less or more frequent bleeding Skipped periods Medications that can change your regular bleeding pattern include: Aspirin and other anticoagulant medicines (Coumadin)Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (ibuprofen)Birth control pills Birth control injections (Depo-Provera)Contraceptive implants (Implanon)IUD (Mirena intrauterine device)Hormone therapy Medications for other conditions that can affect your bleeding patterns include: Psychiatric medications, such as antidepressants Seizure medications (Dilantin)Corticosteroids (Prednisone)Medicines to prevent organ transplant rejection Chemotherapy for cancer (Cytoxan or tamoxifen)Radiation therapy Thyroid medicines (Synthroid, Levothroid)If you think your menstrual bleeding changes may be related to medication, let us know. If the medication you’re taking has not been prescribed by a doctor, stop taking it and call us. Help for Partner Abuse Unfortunately, abusive relationships are common. Abuse can be physical, sexual, or psychological harm. It may include pressuring or forcing you to have sex or do things you are not comfortable with or refusing to use a condom to protect against pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). If this is happening to you, you can get help by talking to us, or you can: Contact the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-7233 or 1-800-787-3224 for hearing/speech impaired or at www.thehotline.org. Visit the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 1-800-656-4673 or at www.rainn.org. Additional References: Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding in Midlife and Beyond: Treatments Menopause Menopause and Irregular Bleeding Menstruation Cushing's Syndrome Hyperparathyroidism Pituitary Gland Conditions Bladder Problems and Infections (Urinary Tract Infections)Fibroids Hemorrhoids Cervical Cancer Screening (Pap Test)Domestic Violence PDF Link to Everyone Deserves a Safe Relationship If you have an emergency medical condition, call 911 or go to the nearest hospital. An emergency medical condition is any of the following: (1) a medical condition that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain) such that you could reasonably expect the absence of immediate medical attention to result in serious jeopardy to your health or body functions or organs; (2) active labor when there isn't enough time for safe transfer to a Plan hospital (or designated hospital) before delivery, or if transfer poses a threat to your (or your unborn child's) health and safety, or (3) a mental disorder that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity such that either you are an immediate danger to yourself or others, or you are not immediately able to provide for, or use, food, shelter, or clothing, due to the mental disorder. This information is not intended to diagnose health problems or to take the place of specific medical advice or care you receive from your physician or other health care professional. If you have persistent health problems, or if you have additional questions, please consult with your doctor. If you have questions or need more information about your medication, please speak to your pharmacist. Kaiser Permanente does not endorse the medications or products mentioned. Any trade names listed are for easy identification only.

D1281784

http://www.amisinsurance.com/content/subrogation_information_article.php

What is Subrogation and why is it important?

Subrogation is the act of one party claiming the legal rights of another that it has reimbursed for losses. Subrogation occurs in property/casualty insurance when a company pays one of its insured’s for damages, then makes its own claim against others who may have caused the loss, insured the loss, or contributed to it. For Example: Suppose another driver runs a red light and your car is totaled. You have insurance on your car, so you call your insurance carrier and they pay you for all of your expenses related to the accident. Your insurance company, realizing that the other driver had an insurance policy, then seeks reimbursement from the at-fault party’s insurance carrier. Your insurer is “subrogated” to the rights of your policy and can “step in your shoes” to recover any amount paid out on your behalf. This is the definition of subrogation. Policy Types Subrogation can apply to all different types of policies, personal and business related. Example : Suppose your child starts a fire at their school causing $6,000.00 in damages. The juvenile court orders you to pay for the damages to the school. You might have coverage for this incident under the negligent supervision clause of your homeowner’s insurance policy. You should contact them immediately to find out if coverage applies. What if you arrive at your business and discover it is destroyed by fire caused by a defective copier that you purchased. Your insurance company would pay the claim and then subrogate against the manufacturer of the copier to recover the expenses paid out. Most insurance companies would attempt to recover any out-of- pocket expense you might incur as well. Why it is important to you Why is subrogation becoming so important in the insurance industry and how can it benefit you, the policyholder? Subrogation is important because any monies recovered through the subrogation process go directly to the insurance company’s bottom line. The benefits of subrogation have been demonstrated in company performance. This is according to the Ward Financial Group, a firm that researches property/casualty operations and identifies operational benchmarks that distinguish high performing companies. According to a study by Ward, companies that achieved superior operating results subrogated claims at about twice the rate of average companies and recovered substantially higher percentages of their loss payments through subrogation. A company with an effective subrogation department can offer lower premiums to their policyholders. For questions regarding your insurance needs, call us toll-free at 800-843-8550AMIS Disclaimer: The information in this article may be legally privileged. It is intended solely for those visiting our website. Neither William R West nor AMIS is liable for any errors or omissions in this material or misuse of this information.

D2347744

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/technology/personaltech/voice-searches-with-cortana-or-chrome.html

Voice Searches With Cortana or Chrome

Personal Tech Voice Searches With Cortana or Chrome Tech Tip By J. D. BIERSDORFER JULY 12, 2016Microsoft’s Cortana assistant may use the Edge browser, but you can select a preferred program as your default app in the Windows 10 settings. The New York Times Q. When I do voice searches with Cortana in Windows 10, it always uses the Edge browser and the Bing search engine. Can I set it to use Google Chrome and search? A. While workarounds like the Google Chrome Chrometana extension for redirecting Cortana-prompted Bing searches were once an easy option for using alternate software, Microsoft recently made changes to its software that broke Chrometana and restricted Cortana to using only Edge and Bing. (Programmers with a dislike of Bing and Edge immediately began to look for new solutions and you may find tools online to help get around Microsoft’s block, but download workaround programs and fiddle with your settings at your own risk. )Cortana may have her loyalties, but you can still set Google Chrome as your default program for web browsing in Windows 10 if you do not like Microsoft Edge and Bing search. To set Chrome as your default browser, go to the Start Menu, open Settings and select System. In the System box, choose Default Apps, scroll down to the Web Browser area, tap the Edge icon and choose Chrome from the menu. If you have not done so already, you can set Google as your default search engine in the Chrome settings. Although the hands-free command “O. K., Google” no longer works on the desktop version of Chrome, you can click or tap the microphone in the search box on the company’s home page and then give your spoken-word search request to Google. For some searches, like a check of the weather forecast, Google provides the answer audibly. Personal Tech invites questions about computer-based technology [email protected]. This column will answer questions of general interest, but letters cannot be answered individually. A version of this article appears in print on July 14, 2016, on Page B7 of the New York edition with the headline: Circumventing Edge and Bing. Order Reprints Today's Paper Subscribe

D560769

https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/csf/tab/faq

CSF Analysis

CSF Analysis Share this page: Was this page helpful? Also known as: Spinal Fluid Analysis Formal name: Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Related tests: Glucose, Total Protein, Complete Blood Count, Lactate, Protein Electrophoresis, AFB Testing, Blood Culture, Herpes, Lyme Disease, Rubella, Syphilis, West Nile Virus, Toxoplasmosis, EBV Antibodies, Fungal Tests, Beta-2 Microglobulin Tumor Marker, Gram Stain, Arbovirus Testing All content on Lab Tests Online has been reviewed and approved by our Editorial Review Board. At a Glance Test Sample The Test Common Questions Ask Us Related Pages Common Questions What is a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and how is it performed? Are there other reasons to do a lumbar puncture? Why do I need a spinal tap? Why can't my blood or urine be tested? What other tests may be done in addition to CSF analysis?1. What is a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and how is it performed? The lumbar puncture is usually performed while you are lying on your side in a curled up fetal position but may sometimes be performed in a sitting position. It is important that you remain still during the procedure. Once you are in the correct position, your back is cleaned with an antiseptic and a local anesthetic is injected under the skin. When the area has become numb, a special needle is inserted through the skin, between two vertebrae, and into your spinal canal. An "opening" or initial pressure reading of the CSF is obtained. The health practitioner then collects a small amount of CSF in multiple sterile vials. A "closing" pressure is obtained, the needle is withdrawn, and a sterile dressing and pressure are applied to the puncture site. You will then be asked to lie quietly in a flat position, without lifting your head, for one or more hours to avoid a potential post-test headache. The lumbar puncture procedure usually takes less than half an hour. For most patients, it is a moderately uncomfortable procedure. The most common sensation is a feeling of pressure when the needle is introduced. Let your healthcare provider know if you experience a headache or any abnormal sensations, such as pain, numbness, or tingling in your legs, or pain at the puncture site. The lumbar puncture is performed low in the back, well below the end of the spinal cord. There are spinal nerves in the location sampled, but they have room to move away from the needle. There is the potential for the needle to contact a small vein on the way in. This can cause a "traumatic tap," which just means that a small amount of blood may leak into one or more of the samples collected. While this is not ideal, it may happen a certain percentage of the time. The evaluation of your results will take this into account.^ Back to top2. Are there other reasons to do a lumbar puncture? Yes. Sometimes it will be performed to introduce anesthetics or medications into the CSF. Repeated punctures are sometimes used to decrease CSF pressure.^ Back to top3. Why do I need a spinal tap? Why can't my blood or urine be tested? Spinal fluid, obtained during a spinal tap, is often the best sample to use for conditions affecting your central nervous system because your CSF surrounds your brain and spinal cord. Changes in the elements of your CSF due to central nervous system diseases or other serious conditions are often first and most easily detected in a sample of your spinal fluid. Tests on blood and urine may be used in conjunction with CSF analysis to evaluate your condition.^ Back to top4. What other tests may be done in addition to CSF analysis? Other laboratory tests that may be ordered along with or following CSF testing include:• Blood culture to detect and identify bacteria in the blood• Cultures of other parts of the body to detect the source of the infection that led to meningitis or encephalitis• Blood glucose, total protein to compare with the concentration of CSF glucose and protein• CBC (complete blood count) to evaluate cell counts in blood• Antibodies for a variety of viruses, such as West Nile Virus• ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and CRP (C-reactive protein), for indication of inflammation• CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel), a group of tests used to evaluate electrolyte balance and organ function^ Back to top

D1050302

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/listening

Nearby words for listening

verb (used without object)1. to give attention with the ear; attend closely for the purpose of hearing; give ear.2. to pay attention; heed; obey (often followed by to ): Children don't always listen to their parents.3. to wait attentively for a sound (usually followed by for ): to listen for sounds of their return.4. Informal. to convey a particular impression to the hearer; sound: The new recording doesn't listen as well as the old one.verb (used with object)5. Archaic. to give ear to; hear. Verb phrases6. listen in,to listen to a radio or television broadcast: Listen in tomorrow for the names of the lottery winners.to overhear a conversation or communication, especially by telephone; eavesdrop: Someone was listening in to his private calls. Origin of listen Expand Middle English Old English950before 950; Middle English lis (t)nen, Old Englishhlysnan; cognate with Middle High German lüsenen,Swedish lyssna; akin to list 5Related forms Expandlistener, nounrelisten, verbunlistening, adjective Synonyms Expand See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com1. See hear.

D207561

https://www.thoughtco.com/is-taiwan-a-country-1435437

Is Taiwan a Country?

Humanities ›Geography Is Taiwan a Country? On Which of the Eight Criteria Does It Fail? Share Flipboard Email Print Peace Park in Taipei, Taiwan. (Photo by Daniel Aguilera / Contributor / Getty Images)by Matt Rosenberg Updated January 25, 2018There are eight accepted criteria used to determine whether a place is an independent country (also known as a State with a capital "s") or not. Let us examine these eight criteria in regard to Taiwan, an island (approximately the size of the U. S. states of Maryland and Delaware combined) located across the Taiwan Strait from mainland China (the People's Republic of China). Taiwan developed into its modern situation following the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949 when two million Chinese Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government for all of China on the island. From that point and until 1971, Taiwan was recognized as "China" in the United Nations. Mainland China's position on Taiwan is that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China; the People's Republic of China is awaiting reunification of the island and mainland. However, Taiwan claims independence as a distinct State. We will now determine which is the case. Has Space or Territory That Has Internationally Recognized Boundaries (Boundary Disputes Are OK)Somewhat. Due to political pressure from mainland China, the United States, and most other significant nations recognize one China and thus include the boundaries of Taiwan as being part of the boundaries of China. Has People Who Live There on an Ongoing Basis Absolutely! Taiwan is home to almost 23 million people, making it the 48th largest "country" in the world, with a population slightly smaller than North Korea but larger than Romania. Has Economic Activity and an Organized Economy Absolutely! Taiwan is an economic powerhouse - it's one of the four economic tigers of Southeast Asia. Its GDP per capita is among the top 30 of the world. Taiwan has its own currency, the new Taiwan dollar. Has the Power of Social Engineering, Such as Education Absolutely!Education is compulsory and Taiwan has more than 150 institutions of higher learning. Taiwan is home to the Palace Museum, which houses over 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting, and porcelain. Has a Transportation System for Moving Goods and People Absolutely! Taiwan has an extensive internal and external transportation network that consists of roads, highways, pipelines, railroads, airports, and seaports. Taiwan can ship goods, there's no question about that!Has a Government That Provides Public Services and Police Power Absolutely! Taiwan has multiple branches of the military - Army, Navy (including Marine Corps), Air Force, Coast Guard Administration, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Combined Service Forces Command, and Armed Forces Police Command. There are almost 400,000 active-duty members of the military and the country spends about 15-16% of its budget on defense. Taiwan's main threat is from mainland China, which has approved an anti-secession law that allows a military attack on Taiwan to prevent the island from seeking independence. Additionally, the United States sells Taiwan military equipment and may defend Taiwan under the Taiwan Relations Act. Has Sovereignty - No Other State Should Have Power Over the Country's Territory Mostly. While Taiwan has maintained its own control over the island from Taipei since 1949, China still claims to have control over Taiwan. Has External Recognition - A Country Has Been "Voted into the Club" by Other Countries Somewhat. Since China claims Taiwan as its province, the international community does not want to contradict China on this matter. Thus, Taiwan is not a member of the United Nations. Plus, only 25 countries (as of early 2007) recognize Taiwan as an independent country and they recognize it as the "only" China. Due to this political pressure from China, Taiwan does not maintain an embassy in the United States and the United States (among most other countries) has not recognized Taiwan since January 1, 1979. However, many countries have set up unofficial organizations to carry out commercial and other relations with Taiwan. Taiwan is represented in 122 countries unofficially. Taiwan maintains contact with the United States through two through an unofficial instrumentality - American Institute in Taiwan and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office. In addition, Taiwan issues globally recognized passports that allow its citizens to travel internationally. Taiwan also is a member of the International Olympic Committee and this sends its own team to the Olympic Games. Recently, Taiwan has lobbied strongly for admission into international organizations such as the United Nations, which mainland China opposes. Therefore, Taiwan only meets five of the eight criteria fully. Another three criteria are met in some respects due to mainland China's stance on the issue. In conclusion, despite the controversy surrounding the island of Taiwan, its status should be considered as a de facto independent country of the world.cite

D15500

http://www.wikihow.com/Learn-Martial-Arts-%22Pressure-Points%22

How to Learn Martial Arts "Pressure Points"

Edit Article How to Learn Martial Arts "Pressure Points"12 Parts: Understanding pressure points Head Neck Shoulder Throat Jaw zone Forearm/crevice Hands Torso region Feet Possible therapeutic uses Practicing the pressure points Community Q&AThe traditional definition of a pressure point is a point that, when pressure is applied, produces crippling pain. This is learnt in a Chinese martial art called Dim Mak based on acupuncture pressure points, but this art is very restricted and needs and understanding of Chinese acupuncture points. Because of this, this article can only provide information on on fragile areas that we'll call vulnerable points. This is used to exploit a weakness or vulnerability in the human body to gain an advantage over an opponent. When using these pressure points one must be particularly careful as it is easy to kill someone accidentally, such as a friend or even an enemy. At that point, you enter the legal system, which generally does not know if you were really defending yourself or were actually the aggressor, and in some cases, that may not even matter. This leads to the point that, more important than the technique, is the mindset that you use in training, which is, of course a personal philosophical decision, but one which requires much thought and consideration of when what you practice must be put to use.

D488904

https://www.mathworks.com/help/map/ref/axesm.html

axesm

axesm Create map axescollapse all in page The axesm function creates a map axes into which both vector and raster geographic data can be projected using functions such as plotm and geoshow. Properties specific to map axes can be assigned upon creation with axesm, and for an existing map axes they can be queried and changed using getm and setm. Use the standard get and set methods to query and control the standard MATLAB ® axes properties of a map axes. Map axes are standard MATLAB axes with different default settings for some properties and a MATLAB structure for storing projection parameters and other data. The main differences in default settings are: Axes properties XGrid, YGrid , XTick, YTick are set to 'off'. The hold mode is 'on'. The map projection structure stores the map axes properties, which, in addition to the special standard axes settings, allow Mapping Toolbox™ functions to recognize an axes or an opened FIG-file as a map axes. See Map Axes Properties for descriptions of the map axes properties. Syntaxaxesmaxesm (Name,Value)axesm (projid,Name,Value)Descriptionaxesm with no input arguments, initiates the axesmui map axes graphical user interface, which can be used to set map axes properties. This is detailed on the axesmui reference page.axesm ( Name,Value) creates a map axes and modifies the map axes appearance using name-value pairs to set properties. You can specify multiple name-value pairs. Enclose each property name in quotes. For example, 'Font Size',14 sets the font size for the map axes text. Properties may be specified in any order, but the Map Projection property must be included. For a full list of properties, see Map Axes Properties.axesm ( projid, Name,Value) specifies which map projection to use. projid should match one of the entries in the last column displayed by the maps function. You can also find these listed in Summary and Guide to Projections. Examples Create Map Axes for Mercator Projection Create map axes for a Mercator projection, with selected latitude limits:axesm ( 'Map Projection', 'mercator', 'Map Lat Limit' , [-70 80])In the preceding example, all properties not explicitly addressed in the call are set to either fixed or calculated defaults. The file mercator.m defines a projection function, so the same result could have been achieved with the functionaxesm ( 'mercator', 'Map Lat Limit' , [-70 80])Each projection function includes default values for all properties. Any following property name/property value pairs are treated as overrides. In either of the above examples, data displayed in the given map axes is in a Mercator projection. Any data falling outside the prescribed limits is not displayed. Input Argumentscollapse allprojid — Map projection IDcharacter vector | string scalar Map projection ID, specified as a string scalar or character vector. projid should match one of the entries in the last column displayed by the maps function. You can also find these listed in Summary and Guide to Projections. Note The names of projection files are case sensitive. The projection files included in Mapping Toolbox software use only lowercase letters and Arabic numerals. Example: 'eqdcylin'Name-Value Pair Arguments Specify optional comma-separated pairs of Name,Value arguments. Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name must appear inside single quotes ( ' ' ). You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as Name1,Value1,...,Name N,Value N. Example: axesm ('Map Projection','pcarree','Frame','on') creates a map axes with a Plate Carree projection, and makes the map frame visible. Note The properties listed here are only a subset. For a full list, see Map Axes Properties.collapse all'Map Projection' — Map projectioncharacter vector | string scalar Map projection, specified as a string scalar or character vector. Map Projection sets the projection, and hence all transformation calculations, for the map axes object. It must be a member of the recognized projection set, which you can list by typing getm ('Map Projection') or maps . For more information on projections, see the Mapping Toolbox User's Guide. Some projections set their own defaults for other properties, such as parallels and trim limits. 'Map Lat Limit' — Geographic latitude limits of the display areatwo-element vector Geographic latitude limits of the display area, specified as a two-element vector of the form [southern_limit northern_limit]. This property can be set for many typical projections and geometries, but cannot be used with oblique projections or with globe, for example. When applicable, the Map Lat Limit property may affect the origin latitude if the Origin property is not set explicitly when calling axesm. It may also determine the value used for FLat Limit. See Access and Change Map Axes Properties for a more complete description of the applicability of Map Lat Limit and its interaction with the origin, frame limits, and other properties. 'Map Lon Limit' — Geographic longitude limits of the display areatwo-element vector Geographic longitude limits of the display area, specified as a two-element vector of the form [western_limit eastern_limit]. This property can be set for many typical projections and geometries, but cannot be used with oblique projections or with globe, for example. When applicable, the Map Lon Limit property may affect the origin longitude if the Origin property is not set explicitly when calling axesm. It may also determine the value used for FLon Limit. See Access and Change Map Axes Properties for a more complete description of the applicability of Map Lon Limit and its interaction with the origin, frame limits, and other properties. Tips In general, after re-opening a saved figure that contains a map axes, you should not attempt to modify the projection properties of that map axes. When you create a map axes with axesm and right click in the axes, a context menu appears. If you do not need the menu or it interferes with your application, you can disable it by resetting the 'Button Down Fcn' property of the axes:ax = axesm ( 'mercator' ); % Right-clicking brings up context menu. set (ax, 'Button Down Fcn' , []) % Context menu has been disabled. See Also Properties Map Axes Properties Functionsaxes | gcm | getm | setm Topics Introduction to Mapping Graphics The Map Axes The Map Frame Map Limit Properties The Map Grid Introduced before R2006a

D330566

http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Bangladesh

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Afghanistan Southern Asia Albania Southern Europe Algeria Northern Africa American Samoa Polynesia Andorra Southern Europe Angola Middle Africa Anguilla Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Caribbean Argentina South America Armenia Western Asia Aruba Caribbean Australia Oceania Austria Western Europe Azerbaijan Western Asia Bahamas Caribbean Bahrain Western Asia Bangladesh Southern Asia Barbados Caribbean Belarus Eastern Europe Belgium Western Europe Belize Central America Benin Western Africa Bermuda Northern America Bhutan Southern Asia Bolivia (Plurinational State of)South America Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Caribbean Bosnia and Herzegovina Southern Europe Botswana Southern Africa Brazil South America British Virgin Islands Caribbean Brunei Darussalam South-eastern Asia Bulgaria Eastern Europe Burkina Faso Western Africa Burundi Eastern Africa Cabo Verde Western Africa Cambodia South-eastern Asia Cameroon Middle Africa Canada Northern America Cayman Islands Caribbean Central African Republic Middle Africa Chad Middle Africa Channel Islands Northern Europe Chile South America China Eastern Asia China, Hong Kong SAREastern Asia China, Macao SAREastern Asia Colombia South America Comoros Eastern Africa Congo Middle Africa Cook Islands Polynesia Costa Rica Central America Croatia Southern Europe Cuba Caribbean Curaçao Caribbean Cyprus Western Asia Czechia Eastern Europe Côte d’Ivoire Western Africa Democratic People's Republic of Korea Eastern Asia Democratic Republic of the Congo Middle Africa Denmark Northern Europe Djibouti Eastern Africa Dominica Caribbean Dominican Republic Caribbean Ecuador South America Egypt Northern Africa El Salvador Central America Equatorial Guinea Middle Africa Eritrea Eastern Africa Estonia Northern Europe Ethiopia Eastern Africa Falkland Islands (Malvinas)South America Faroe Islands Northern Europe Fiji Melanesia Finland Northern Europe France Western Europe French Guiana South America French Polynesia Polynesia Gabon Middle Africa Gambia Western Africa Georgia Western Asia Germany Western Europe Ghana Western Africa Gibraltar Southern Europe Greece Southern Europe Greenland Northern America Grenada Caribbean Guadeloupe Caribbean Guam Micronesia Guatemala Central America Guinea Western Africa Guinea-Bissau Western Africa Guyana South America Haiti Caribbean Holy See Southern Europe Honduras Central America Hungary Eastern Europe Iceland Northern Europe India Southern Asia Indonesia South-eastern Asia Iran (Islamic Republic of)Southern Asia Iraq Western Asia Ireland Northern Europe Isle of Man Northern Europe Israel Western Asia Italy Southern Europe Jamaica Caribbean Japan Eastern Asia Jordan Western Asia Kazakhstan Central Asia Kenya Eastern Africa Kiribati Micronesia Kuwait Western Asia Kyrgyzstan Central Asia Lao People's Democratic Republic South-eastern Asia Latvia Northern Europe Lebanon Western Asia Lesotho Southern Africa Liberia Western Africa Libya Northern Africa Liechtenstein Western Europe Lithuania Northern Europe Luxembourg Western Europe Madagascar Eastern Africa Malawi Eastern Africa Malaysia South-eastern Asia Maldives Southern Asia Mali Western Africa Malta Southern Europe Marshall Islands Micronesia Martinique Caribbean Mauritania Western Africa Mauritius Eastern Africa Mayotte Eastern Africa Mexico Central America Micronesia (Federated States of)Micronesia Monaco Western Europe Mongolia Eastern Asia Montenegro Southern Europe Montserrat Caribbean Morocco Northern Africa Mozambique Eastern Africa Myanmar South-eastern Asia Namibia Southern Africa Nauru Micronesia Nepal Southern Asia Netherlands Western Europe New Caledonia Melanesia New Zealand Oceania Nicaragua Central America Niger Western Africa Nigeria Western Africa Niue Polynesia Northern Mariana Islands Micronesia Norway Northern Europe Oman Western Asia Pakistan Southern Asia Palau Micronesia Panama Central America Papua New Guinea Melanesia Paraguay South America Peru South America Philippines South-eastern Asia Poland Eastern Europe Portugal Southern Europe Puerto Rico Caribbean Qatar Western Asia Republic of Korea Eastern Asia Republic of Moldova Eastern Europe Romania Eastern Europe Russian Federation Eastern Europe Rwanda Eastern Africa Réunion Eastern Africa Saint Helena Western Africa Saint Kitts and Nevis Caribbean Saint Lucia Caribbean Saint Pierre and Miquelon Northern America Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Caribbean Samoa Polynesia San Marino Southern Europe Sao Tome and Principe Middle Africa Saudi Arabia Western Asia Senegal Western Africa Serbia Southern Europe Seychelles Eastern Africa Sierra Leone Western Africa Singapore South-eastern Asia Sint Maarten (Dutch part)Caribbean Slovakia Eastern Europe Slovenia Southern Europe Solomon Islands Melanesia Somalia Eastern Africa South Africa Southern Africa South Sudan Eastern Africa Spain Southern Europe Sri Lanka Southern Asia State of Palestine Western Asia Sudan Northern Africa Suriname South America Swaziland Southern Africa Sweden Northern Europe Switzerland Western Europe Syrian Arab Republic Western Asia Tajikistan Central Asia Thailand South-eastern Asia The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Southern Europe Timor-Leste South-eastern Asia Togo Western Africa Tokelau Polynesia Tonga Polynesia Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Tunisia Northern Africa Turkey Western Asia Turkmenistan Central Asia Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean Tuvalu Polynesia Uganda Eastern Africa Ukraine Eastern Europe United Arab Emirates Western Asia United Kingdom Northern Europe United Republic of Tanzania Eastern Africa United States Virgin Islands Caribbean United States of America Northern America Uruguay South America Uzbekistan Central Asia Vanuatu Melanesia Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)South America Viet Nam South-eastern Asia Wallis and Futuna Islands Polynesia Western Sahara Northern Africa Yemen Western Asia Zambia Eastern Africa Zimbabwe Eastern Africa

D1270076

http://www.answers.com/Q/How_long_do_Mourning_Doves_live

How long does it take for a mourning doves eggs to hatch?

How long does it take for a mourning doves eggs to hatch?8-10 for american, 10-14 days Euro dove to hatch Chele City 3 Contributions How long do doves live? I just came across this tid-bit, searching information on doves. Wild doves typically live 3 to 5 years, while their captive counterparts can live 12 to 15 years. There was so …How long do doves live in captivity?12-20 Years Chele City 3 Contributions How long do doves live up to?15-25 years long . 15-25 years long My pet white ringneck dove just died. I have had him for 32 years, 3 months. I don't know how old he was when we got him from the pet sto …Killer 5000 4 Contributions How long does it take for mourning dove eggs to hatch?2 weeks and 5 days. F J Eagle 36,126 Contributions Has 3 science degrees and worked in the area of genetics at the university level. How long before a baby Mourning Dove fledges? A baby Mourning Dove fledges between days 11 and 17 of life. The dad stays around and leads them to feeding areas where they eat seeds. They are self sufficient between 21 and …BJ Sullivan 3,242,404 Contributions Is it morning dove or mourning dove?\n . \n"Mourning" due to their color and the sound they make, which some think sounds sad. Also, doves sometimes literally mourn themselves to death over the loss of a mate. …How long do white doves live? White Doves live for about 10-12 yrs :) Hope this help Ilovemycat101 24 Contributions How long can a dove live?in the wild it is 1.5 years. in captivity it is 20Jake Wayne 40,904 Contributions Where does a mourning dove live? A common bird of eastern and midwestern US, found in many habitats. Where do mourning doves live?mourning doves live in trees. Qtpie19 41 Contributions How long do doves live to? Doves live to 3-5 years in the wild. In captivity doves live 12-15 years old!!! !

D205553

http://health-care-tips.org/diseases/pharyngitis.htm

Pharyngitis - Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Pharyngitis - Causes, Symptoms and Treatments The most common throat disorder, pharyngitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the pharynx. It is widespread among adults who live or work industy or very dry environments, use their voices excessively, habitually use tobacco or alcohol, or suffer from chronic sinusitis, persistent coughs, or allergies. Causes of Pharyngitis: Pharyngitis is usually caused by respiratory viruses such as rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza viruses. The most common concern is infection due to group A betahemolytic streptococci, because of the associated, preventable risk of rheumatic fever. Other common causes include Mycoplasma and Chlamydia. A host of other bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spirochetes have also been identified as etiologic agents. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rare cause of pharyngitis. Signs and symptoms of Pharyngitis: Pharyngitis produces a sore throat and slight difficulty in swallowing. Swallowing saliva is usually more painful than swallowing food. Pharyngitis may also cause the sensation of a lump in the throat as well as a constant, aggravating urge to swallow. Associated features may include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, coryza, and rhinorrhea. Inquire about drooling, any preferred neck position, and pain on extension of the neck. Uncomplicated pharyngitis usually subsides in 3 to 10 days. Diagnosis of Pharyngitis: Physical examination of the pharynx reveals generalized redness and inflammation of the posterior wall and red, edematous mucous membranes studded with white or yellow exudate. Exudate is usually confined to the lymphoid areas of the throat, sparing the tonsillar pillars. Bacterial pharyngitis usually produces a large amount of exudate. Assess for anterior vs. posterior cervical adenopathy, gingivitis or necrotic tonsillar ulcers. Associated physical findings, such as viral exanthem, conjunctivitis, petechiae, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, or hepatic tenderness, may provide important clues to etiology. Treatment of Pharyngitis: There are several approaches to the management of pharyngitis. Deciding factors include the reliability of cultures and rapid tests for streptococci, the incidence of pharyngitis not due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, patient followup, medical compliance, and costs. In acute viral pharyngitis, treatment is usually symptomatic, and consists mainly of rest, warm saline gargles, throat lozenges containing a mild anesthetic, plenty of fluids, and analgesics as needed. If the patient can't swallow fluids, hospitalization may be required for I. V. hydration. Suspected bacterial pharyngitis requires rigorous treatment with penicillin or another broad-spectrum antibiotic because Streptococcus is the chief infecting microbe. Antibiotic therapy should continue for 48 hours until culture results are known. If the culture (or a rapid strep test) is positive for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, or if bacterial infection is suspected despite negative culture results, penicillin therapy should be continued for 10 days. This is to prevent the sequelae of acute rheumatic fever. Erythromycin, amoxicillin, or penicillin are effective. Patients suspected of noncompliance may be given a long-acting parenteral penicillin such as benzathine penicillin. The macrolide antibiotics have also been reported to be successful in shorter-duration regimens. Azithromycin need only be taken for 3 days. Chronic pharyngitis requires the same supportive measures as acute pharyngitis but with greater emphasis on eliminating the underlying cause, such as an allergen. Preventive measures include adequate humidification and avoiding excessive exposure to air conditioning. In addition, the patient should be urged to stop smoking. Antibiotic choices for treatment failures are controversial. Alternatives to penicillin include cefuroxime and certain other cephalosporins, dicloxacillin, and amoxicillin with clavulanate. In cases of prior severe penicillin reaction, cephalosporins should probably be avoided. The cross reaction is believed to be higher than the overall 8% rate. Special considerations and Prevention tips of Pharyngitis:1. Administer analgesics and warm saline gargles as appropriate.2. Encourage the patient to drink plenty of fluids. Monitor intake and output scrupulously, and watch for signs of dehydration. Assess skin turgor, mucous membranes and, in young children, tearing.3. Provide meticulous mouth care to prevent dry lips and oral pyoderma, and maintain a restful environment.4. Elevate the patient's head with three or four pillows.5. Obtain throat cultures, and administer antibiotics as required if the patient has acute bacterial pharyngitis.6. Teach the patient with chronic pharyngitis how to minimize sources of throat irritation in the environment, such as using a bedside humidifier.7. Refer the patient to a self-help group to stop smoking, if appropriate.8. In severe cases, anesthetic gargles and lozenges (such as benzocaine) may provide additional symptomatic relief. Stress to patients the importance of completing the 10-day course of antibiotics regardless of symptom response. Patients are presumed to be noninfectious after 24 hours of antibiotic coverage.

D2976645

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tigrinya-language

Tigrinya language

Alternative Titles: Tigrai language, Tigray language, Tigrigna language Tigrinya language, also spelled Tigrigna, also called Tigray or Tigrai, a Semitic language of the Tigray people of northern Ethiopia and southern Eritrea. Written records include religious texts prepared by mission societies and an increasing number of textbooks and literary works. The language is closely related to Geʿez, the ancient language of Ethiopia, and to the Tigré language. There were some 5.8 million speakers in the early 21st century. Learn More in these related articles: Ethiopia: Ethnic groups and languagesthey include Geʿez, Tigrinya, Amharic, Gurage, and Hareri. Geʿez, the ancient language of the Aksumite empire, is used today only for religious writings and worship in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Tigrinya is native to the northeastern part of the country. Amharic is one of the country’s principal languages…Read More Eritrea: Ethnic groups and languages Tigré and Tigrinya are written in the same script and are both related to the ancient Semitic Geʿez language, but they are mutually unintelligible. Read More Tigray The Tigray speak Tigrinya, a Semitic language related to Geʿez and to Tigré, the language of a separate people (the Tigre) inhabiting northwestern Eritrea. In Eritrea the Tigray are also sometimes called Tigrinya, although linguists who work in Semitic languages note that -nya is an Amharic suffix meaning…Read More Ethio-Semitic languages…of northwestern Eritrea and Sudan; Tigrinya, or Tigrai, of northern Ethiopia and central Eritrea; Argobba; Hareri; and Gurage. Although some scholars once considered the so-called Ethiopic languages to be a branch within Semitic, these languages are now referred to as Ethio-Semitic. They are generally grouped together with the dialects of…Read More Semitic languages Semitic languages, languages that form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. Members of the Semitic group are spread throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia and have played preeminent roles in the linguistic and cultural landscape of the Middle East for more than 4,000 years. Read More More About Tigrinya language4 references found in Britannica articles Assorted Referencesclassification In Ethio-Semitic languages Eritrea In Eritrea: Ethnic groups and languages Ethiopia In Ethiopia: Ethnic groups and languages Tigray people In Tigray External Websites Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article!Contact our editors with your feedback.

D2520478

http://www.behindthename.com/name/iris

Given Name IRIS

Contribute Add to List Given Name IRISGENDER: Feminine USAGE: Greek Mythology, English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, French, Spanish, Greek OTHER SCRIPTS: Ιρις (Greek)PRONOUNCED: IE-ris (English), EE-ris (German, Dutch), EE-rees (Finnish, Spanish), EE-REES (French) [details]Meaning & History Means "rainbow" in Greek. Iris was the name of the Greek goddess of the rainbow, also serving as a messenger to the gods. This name can also be given in reference to the word (which derives from the same Greek source) for the iris flower or the coloured part of the eye. Categories American Horror Story characters, authors, colors, DC Comics characters, flora, flowers, nature, never out of the US top 1000, plants, Pokemon characters, Quantico characters, Roseanne characters, Shadowhunters characters, storms, Violet Evergarden characters, weather, word names See All Relations · Show Family Tree Related Names VARIANTS: Iiris (Finnish), Irida (Greek)OTHER LANGUAGES/CULTURES: Íris (Icelandic), Íris (Portuguese)SAME SPELLING: Íris See Popularity Detail Popularity United States1862016Canada (BC)not ranked 2015Catalonia562016Croatia772009England and Wales842016France862016Iceland312015Italy1082015Netherlands772016Portugal252016Slovenia852016Spain812015Sweden372017Switzerlandnot ranked 2013

D2641659

http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/g155/top-10-most-fuel-efficient-2011-suvs/

The Top 10 Most Fuel-Efficient 2011 SUVs

For those of us who want a sport utility vehicle—to haul the kids, groceries and make it up that steep gravel driveway—but don't want the high monthly bills from the gas station, this is the list for you. Here are the top 10 most fuel efficient 2011 SUVs. View Gallery10 Photos

D3058536

http://www.askmefast.com/How_often_do_I_need_to_replace_drum_unit_on_brother_printer-qna340414.html

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Printer Drum Unit Q How often do i need to replace drum unit on brother printer? Why does my brother dcp 7060d still say replace drum when i just put in a new one Asked by: Liane Ads by Google This site is best viewed while logged in. Continue with Google Continue with Facebook Sign Up with Email A Top Solutions The drum unit transfers the toner to the paper. The laser printer puts the toner on the roller called "The photosensitive drum" i ... read more Hi friend, Immitation replacement toner won`t wor, t the ink is of lower quality but as long you do your research on where you buy you can ... read more Ads by Google Add your answer Post to Facebook Post to Twitter Subscribe me

D2175291

http://codingnews.inhealthcare.com/coding-challenge/medical-coders-use-36415-for-lab-draws/

Medical Coders: Use 36415 for Lab Draws

Share |Medical Coders: Use 36415 for Lab Draws Posted on 05. May, 2010 by Editor in Coding Challenge, Hot Coding Topics You have two options depending on the next step. Question: Our vascular office performs blooddraws and analysis for a local hospital. Can we bill for a lab draw in an office setting, and if so, what codes should we use? Georgia Subscriber Answer: If you’re sending your patients to an outside lab for both the blood draw and testing, you cannot report any blood draw codes. If your office collects the blood, you have two coding options, depending on the next step. Option 1: Since it sounds like your practice has its own laboratory to perform blood tests, you can report 36415 ( Collection of venous blood by venipuncture) for the venipuncture, assuming that the lab has Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certification. Option 2: If the collected blood specimen goes to an outside lab for testing, you should report 36415 for the blood draw and add modifier 90 ( Reference ... Already a member? Login to read the articles. Or Signup to read articles and receive Super Coder Bolt Newsletter Register for Article Access Access our articles and receive Super Coder Bolt Newsletter. You will also receive Free updates on CPT, ICD-9, HCPCS, Medicare, NCCI edits, and ICD-10. Discounts on 3rd party offers Register If you've already signed in and are still seeing this screen, click here to refresh the page. Tags: 36415, blood, CLIA, draw, E/M, medical record, modifier 90, office setting, payer

D2702544

http://www.familybailbonds.com/blog/2011/09/what-happens-if-i-bail-someone-out-of-jail-and-they-skip-court/

What Happens if I Bail Someone Out of Jail and They Skip Court?

What Happens if I Bail Someone Out of Jail and They Skip Court? Bondsman Margie September 5, 2011 Ask the Bondsman, How Bail Bonds Work9 Flares Filament.io Made with Flare More Info When a friend or family member has been arrested, they may turn to you for help in posting their bail. If you agree to help them, you will have the option to either pay the full bail amount directly to the court or jail, or to use the services of a licensed bail bondsman. But be careful and fully consider the impact of signing a bail bond contract. When you sign a contract with a bail bond company, you become known as the indemnitor. This means that you are assuming responsibility to the court and the bailsman. The contract is a legally binding document. As the signer or co-signer of the contract, you are taking responsibility for the defendant to show up for each required court appearance. In most cases where the defendant fails to appear, it is a simple situation such as car trouble. Situations such as these can generally be resolved easily with a simple phone call. There are rare cases where the defendant decides not to go to court. If you have any reason to believe that the defendant will evade court, do yourself a favor and do not bail them out. Simply missing court is easy to deal with, but in cases where the defendant “goes on the run,” the headache, heartache and financial liability can be overwhelming. It is important for you to understand the bail bonds process and your responsibilities as an indemnitor before you enter into a bail bond contract on someone else’s behalf. As signer you are responsible for the defendant’s appearance at court. If the defendant willfully fails to appear in court, you are responsible to help the bondsman get the defendant back into court or jail. If it becomes necessary for the bail bond agent to apprehend the defendant because they refuse to go to court, the agent will use the services of a fugitive recovery person, or “bounty hunter.” In these circumstances, you as the indemnitor will be liable for paying any additional expenses that come from hiring a bounty hunter. In California, the bail bondsman generally has six months to locate and bring in the defendant. If the defendant is not apprehended in that time-fame, you will also be responsible for paying the full amount of the bond as well as any additional expenses and any unpaid premium. For example, if the bond for the defendant is $50,000 and the defendant fails to appear or is not brought in within the time allowed, the indemnitor will have to pay the $50,000 plus any fees the bondsman has incurred to locate the defendant. When it comes to bailing someone out of jail, before making what could be a very costly decision, think it over carefully. If you have any reason to believe that the defendant will refuse to appear in court once they’ve been released from jail, don’t arrange bail for them. Tags: bail bond contract, bail bondsman, California bail bonds, California Bail Law, Failure to Appear, Indemnitor Responsibilities, when not to post bail

D3257085

http://www.answers.com/Q/Good_words_that_start_with_the_letter_z

Words starting with the letter z?

WNY007 227,726 Contributions Words starting with the letter z?· zamboni · zebra · zephyr · zeppelin · zero · zinc · zinger · zipper · zither · zone · zoo · zucchetto Â� …Good words that start with letter 'I'? Intelligent, Incredible, Important... Icey Drift 64 Contributions Good words that start with the letter you? Unbelievable, Unreal Least Duck 167,024 Contributions Scientists recently discovered a picture that is worth 1,001 words. What are Words that start with z or has the letter z in it? Zebra, zap, pizzazz, jazzy, zoo, zoology, zither, zephyr. What words starting with letter z? Zebra, zinc WNY007 227,726 Contributions Words start with letter z?· zany · zealous · zesty · zippy · zonked · zebra · zephyr · zero · zinc · zipper · zoo WNY007 227,726 Contributions What is a good word starting with z? Zoo is a fun place to visit. Zealousis a good word. What words that start with the letter Z? Zacaton . Zaddick . Zaffars . Zaffers . Zaffirs . Zaffres . Zagging . Zaikais . Zamarra . Zamarro . Zananas . Zanders . Zaniest . Zanyish . Zapateo . Zappers . …Sbily555 29 Contributions The words that start with the letter z? There are precisely 1,718 words starting with the letter Z in the English dictionary. 3-letter words zag, zap, zax, zed, zee, zek, zig, zip, zit, zoa, zoo 4-letter …Kam32701 66 Contributions What are words starting with the letter Z?zebra, zinc, zero, zesty Good citizen word that starts with the letter z? I think your looking for 'samaritan'. Cudn't sleep searched for it for 2 straight hours. Thank god for Seinfeld Finale, where they were prosecuted under the good samaritan law …WNY007 227,726 Contributions What words that start with the letter G about Florida would be good to go into an a to z book?· Gainesville is a city in Florida

D495191

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/multimedia/nails/sls-20076131

Fingernails: Possible problems

Appointments at Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. Request Appointment Healthy Lifestyle Fingernails: Possible problems Products and services Free E-newsletter Subscribe to Housecall Our general interest e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics. Sign up now Slide show: 7 fingernail problems not to ignore Previous Next1 of 7Nail pitting Did you know that your fingernails can provide clues to your overall health? For example, ice pick-like depressions in the nails (nail pitting) are common in people who have psoriasis — a condition characterized by scaly patches on the skin. Nail pitting can also be related to connective tissue disorders, such as Reiter's syndrome, and alopecia areata — an autoimmune disease that causes hair loss. Nail pitting Nail clubbing Spoon nails Terry's nails Beau's lines Nail separation Yellow nail syndrome See more Multimedia Jan. 30, 2018References Products and Services Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Advertisement Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Advertising & Sponsorship Policy Opportunities Ad Choices Mayo Clinic Marketplace Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. FREE TRIAL – Mayo Clinic Health Letter Stop Osteoporosis in Its Tracks Improve Your Hearing and Balance Best Treatment Strategies for Arthritis The Mayo Clinic Diet Online Other Topics in Patient Care & Health Info Healthy Lifestyle Symptoms A-Z Diseases and Conditions A-Z Tests and Procedures A-ZDrugs and Supplements A-Z Appointments Patient and Visitor Guide Billing and Insurance Patient Online Services

D2380450

http://townofrichmond.com/recycling-center/

Recycling Center

Recycling Center The recycling center is located on the North edge of Boardman at 1428 100th St. We provide recycling and disposal options to our residents and are also open to all St. Croix County residents for the collection of their mixed paper and mixed container recyclables. THE RECYCLING CENTER IS NOW OPEN ON SATURDAYS FROM 9 A. M. TO 1 P. M. WE WILL HAVE THURSDAY EVENING HOURS BEGINNING IN THE SPRING OF 2018. For information on fees, etc. contact Gary Knutson at (715) 690-4661. There is no charge for mixed paper/cardboard recyclables, and $2.00 charge for mixed container recyclables. We ask that you remove all paper from bottles, cans, etc, rinse and have them dry. All Garbage is .20 cents per pound. TV Sets to 32"---$40.00 TV Sets Over 36"---$45.0013" Set--$25.00 19" --$30.00 27" Set--$35.00Wood and Projector TVs--$55.00Computer Monitors--$20.00, Other small electronics--$10.00 each Towers--$10.00, Vacumns--$10.00Appliances--$20.00 each. Fire Extinguishers--Free Construction Material: Sheet Rock, Carpet, Green treated wood decking, Siding Construction Price== $2.00 per cubic ft. to be determined by recycling attendants, or $.25/pound, if bagged. Furniture: Recliners-$25.00, Love Seats-$30.00--with recliner--$40.00, Couches-$45.00--with recliners-$55.00 Hide-A-Bed-$50.00 Mattress & Box Springs-$25.00-$45.00 for each piece--Single--25.00, Full--30.00, Queen--35.00, King--40.00, Cal. King--45.00Tires: Car--$4.00-no rim, $6.--with rim, same for motorcycle tires, Truck--$8.00 with rim, $8.00--with rim, Heavy Equipment-$20.00; Bicycles--.50cents Antifreeze, Car Batteries & Motor Oil-Free. We no longer take antifreeze or motor oil. WE DO NOT TAKE: Paint, Fluorescent light bulbs, Chemicals, Containers that once contained hazardous materials, concrete, asphalt. WE DO NOT TAKE BURNABLE WOOD: Wood pellets, Non-treated wood, Railroad ties, Tree parts. Metals-All metal is free. Construction Loads: Length x width x height= cubic feet, at $2.00 per cubic feet. Each year we have a tire roundup and an appliance roundup. CASH ONLY

D2435215

http://www.anythingtruck.com/product/755-90195.html

Shopping Cart

Availability Qty in Stock: 4 Add'l Qty (1-4 days): 3Quantity in Stock reflects available inventory as of 5:00 AM CST. Product Details Free shipping! * Some restrictions apply Tekonsha P3 Installation Manual ( .pdf ) Hard-Wiring Diagram and Instructions ( .pdf )The Most Advanced Brake Control On The Market The P3 is Tekonsha's newest brake control. It's also the most advanced brake control on the market today. The P3 even allows you to choose between electric and electric over hydraulic brakes and lets you switch between the two through a simple menu option on the large LCD display. Tekonsha P3 Brake Control Video Special Notesnone Product Description Proportional brake control Controls the brakes on trailers with 1-4 axles Controls electric AND electric over hydraulic brakes LCD screen with multiple color and contrast options Choose between English, French or Spanish menu display Screen flashes red and displays a warning if the brake control loses contact with the trailer brakes Advanced yet simple to understand roadside diagnostics"Boost" feature allows customized control of braking power Detachable wire harness Unique, snap in mounting clip Includes detachable 3 ft. wire harness, mounting clip, standard mounting bracket, wire connectors, bracket screws, storage pouch, owner's manual, wiring instructions and instructional DVDBacked by Tekonsha's limited lifetime warranty P3 Puts You In Control The LCD display has menu options that allow you to choose between 3 languages (English, French and Spanish) as well as adjust the color and contrast. Easy to follow diagnostics show output current and battery, brake, and output voltage. The display will also flash a red warning message if the P3 should lose contact with the trailer brakes. Easy To Install And Easy To Store The unique clip mount allows for a dash hugging installation. Tekonsha P3 also includes a 3ft. pigtail connector for ease of connection when using a vehicle's brake control wire harness. The quick and easy detachable wire harness and snap-in clip features also allow you to remove the brake control when you're not towing. Tekonsha has even included a nice storage pouch to protect the P3 when not in use. The Tekonsha P3 meets National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regulations regarding tow vehicle/trailer light activation. It also offers a limited lifetime warranty (some conditions apply). A circuit breaker is required when you don't use a vehicle specific wire harness: 20 Amp Circuit Breaker - For 1 or 2 axle trailers 30 Amp Circuit Breaker - For 3 or 4 axle trailers You May Also Need20 Amp Auto-Reset Circuit Breaker Code: 810-091020$3.86 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review30 Amp Auto-Reset Circuit Breaker Code: 810-091030$3.70 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3015-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 2003-2007 GM Silverado/Sierra Classic Code: 755-3015P$12.31 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3020-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 1995-2009 Dodge Ram Code: 755-3020P$12.60 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3035-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 1994-2008 Ford F150Code: 755-3035P$10.36 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3025-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 1999-2002 GM Silverado/Sierra Classic Code: 755-3025P$12.49 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3036-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 2009-2014 Ford F150Code: 755-3036P$11.28 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3034-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 2008-2013 Ford F250-F550 Super Duty Code: 755-3034P$12.19 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3040-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, Toyota Tundra, Tacoma, 4Runner, and Sequoia Code: 755-3040P$15.39 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3065-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 2005-2007 Ford F250-F550 Super Duty Code: 755-3065P$13.80 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3021-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 2010-2011 Dodge Ram 1500, 2500, 3500Code: 755-3021P$14.51 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Tekonsha 3016-P Electric Brake Controller Harness, 2014 Chevy Silverado 1500 & GMC Sierra 1500Code: 755-3016P$14.24 Not Yet Rated | Write the First Review Customer Ratings & Reviews Be the first to rate this item!Write Review

D1247413

http://www.findarthritistreatment.com/how-to-quickly-heal-a-pulled-muscle/

6 Ways To Quickly Heal A Pulled Muscle

6 Ways To Quickly Heal A Pulled Muscle If the muscle fiber is torn, it results in pulled muscle. A pulled muscle is generated when the individual has not done sufficient warm up exercise before starting any workout. If the person pushes the muscle too harder or if the muscle gets twisted into a wrong direction, it results in pulled muscle. The muscles that are commonly affected are hamstring and back muscles. Pulled muscle usually results when the person is doing strenuous work or extensive exercise. Due to continuous involvement in strenuous work outs and athletic events, athletes mostly suffer from pain due to pulled muscle. This article discusses about some of the healing methods that are established for pulled muscle. Methods to Heal a Pulled Muscle Apply an Ice Pack When the person encountered the pulled muscle, immediately the region swells. The swollen part can be soothened by applying an ice pack on the area. Instead of using ice directly on the swollen region, it is always safe to keep ice pack or cold pack. The national institute of Health has suggested that ice pack can be applied for about 10 to 15 minutes, once in every hour after the injury. From the second day of the injury, the frequency of the ice pack usage could be changed to once in three to four hours. It is also suggested to apply heat pack and ice pack alternately three days after the injury to bring relief to the pain due to pulled muscle. The heating bags can be used at the time of healing as they will help in improving the flexibility of the muscles and in allowing the muscles to regain their original form. Administration of Prescribed Medicine According to the prescription given by the doctor, the antibiotic dosages as well as pain killers have to be administered for the rapid healing of the injuries. Regular and periodical following of proper medicine is essential for the recovery of the pulled muscle. Bandage Wrapped A bandage that is elastic in nature has to be wrapped around the pulled muscle by compressing it. The bandage will help in reducing the swelling and in offering proper support as well. Also Read How To Prevent Muscle Strain Tips To Get Relief For Back Muscle Strain Causes And Types Of Musculoskeletal Pain Stretching Exercises The strained muscle has to be slowly and gently stretched. The stretching of the muscles will reduce the swelling very rapidly. The stretching exercises have to be done to make the muscles stronger such that they can be helpful in allowing the person to carry out the normal work. Relaxation and Rest to the Muscle The pulled muscle will be very much strained and hence should not bear any heavy burden. The muscle should not suffer from tiredness. Excessive energy and strength are necessary to make the muscle healthy and fit so that it can come to normal state. The pulled muscles must be relaxed and the person has to rest sufficiently to bring relief to the pain and heal faster. Warming Up Doing warm-ups before any workout is a very good habit for muscle slackening and calming down of muscles to some extent. The swelling of the pulled muscle can be reduced by elevating the leg or hand that has the injury. Adding Epsom salt to hot water and using the water for taking bath would speed up recovery of the pulled muscle. Leave a Comment This entry was posted in Featured, Muscular Disorders Munipalli Haripriya4 Signs And Symptoms Of Reactive Arthritis What Is Peripheral Arthritis

D2442854

https://www.healthtap.com/topics/how-many-different-types-of-anemia-are-there

Top 30 Doctor insights on: What Are The Different Types Of Hemoglobinopathies

Top 30 Doctor insights on: What Are The Different Types Of Hemoglobinopathies Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Chakshu Gupta1 What are the different types of hemoglobinopathies? Various: These relate to hemoglobin, the molecule that helps transport oxygen, and is made of 4 subunits. Adults have 2alpha & 2beta, while kids have 2alpha & 2gamma. Other minor forms also exist. Any ... Read more Dr. David Masiello Internal Medicine - Hematology & Oncology11 years in practice Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. William Reed32 Doctors shared insights Hemoglobinopathies (Definition)Hemoglobinopathies are disorders of hemoglobin synthesis susch as sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Most result in anemia of varying degrees, and can cause other problems depending on the type ... Read more Dr. Ankush Bansal3 doctors agreed:2 Is there only one type of hemoglobinopathy? No: There are several types of hemoglobinopathies including c disease, sc disease, sickle cell, and the different types of thalassemias. ... Read more Dr. Maricer Escalon Internal Medicine - Hematology & Oncology15 years in practice Get help from a specialist now Continue Dr. Peter Kurzweil3 doctors agreed:3 What makes some hemoglobinopathies unstable? Trait vs disease. : Hemoglobinopathies are a variety of inherited diseases where the hemoglobin molecule (part of RBC that attaches to o2 which all cells need to live) is malformed. Examples are sickle cell & thalassemia anemia. Abnormal gene from one parent, usually have 'trait' and live healthy life. Gene from each parent ... Read more Dr. Aniket Saha4 What are some symptoms of hemoglobinopathies? Depends on disease: Thalassemia and sickle cell disease are the two most common hemoglobinopathies. They both have very different symptoms. Thal patients may have symptoms of anemia like feeling tired and some may need life long blood transfusions. Sickle patients may have pain crisis, infections, chest crisis ... Read more Dr. Kelty Baker1 doctor agreed:5 What is the definition or description of: hemoglobinopathies? Hemoglobinopathies: Hemoglobinopathies are disorders of hemoglobin synthesis susch as sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Most result in anemia of varying degrees, and can cause other problems depending on the type of abnormal hemoglobin produced. ... Read more Dr. James Ferguson1 doctor agreed:6 Can people with hemoglobinopathy donate their blood? Some can: For example, those with sickle cell trait can give but not sickle cell disease. For an extensive listing of doner information and qualifications go to www. Redcrossblood. Org ... Read more Dr. Hamidreza Sanatinia7 Hemoglobinopathies, do they require treatment? Most so not: Most have altered hemoglobin in the form of "trait." Those individuals may only have small red cells but no anemia. However, patients who have full blown hemoglobinopathy are usually anemic. There are many forms of hemoglobinopathies... Such as thalassemia. Sickle cell disease vs trait is ... Read more Dr. Richard Mcgee8 What blood tests confirm the diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies? Hbg electrophoresis: The usual approach is to perform a hemoglobin electrophoresis. On occasion other more esoteric specific testing may be required depending on the patient's manifestations and family history of known type. You should be seeing a hematologist. ... Read more Dr. Susumu Inoue2 doctors agreed:9 What is the definition or description of: thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy? Hereditary anemia: Thalassemia is a type of hemoglobinopathy. It is inherited from one or both of your parents. There are many kind of thalassemia. Most causes anemia (low red blood cell count). Anemia couod be severe requiring blood. Taking iron does not cure the disease. Thalassemia is common in people living in ... Read more Dr. Ilene Ruhoy1 doctor agreed:10 What does it mean if I'm a carrier of beta chain-related hemoglobinopathy and spinal muscular atrophy? Carrier status: SMA is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease To be a carrier means you have one 5q deletion on chromosome 5. Beta chain hemoglobinopathy means you have an altered beta chain of hemoglobin as seen in diseases such as sickle cell. Carrier status means you do not have disease but ... Read more Dr. Joseph Torkildson2 doctors agreed:11 A 4 month old's hemoglobinopathy test is indeterminate. Mother is fa and father is aa (both normal). Is the baby atrisk? Not likely: This is a bit unusual. In a condition known as hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (hpfe) there is an elevated amount of fetal hemoglobin present. This is reported as af, as there is always more HGB a than f present, unless you have thalassemia trait as well. If mom is not anemic, shouldn't be a ... Read more Dr. Robert Pearson-Martinez3 doctors agreed:12 I have a hemoglobinopathy (not sickle cell or thalassemia). At what point is medication considered for my anemia? Symptoms or severe: Depends on specific etiology, as treatments may vary significantly. Generally aggressive tx like transfusions are avoided except in emergencies, but other tx will be considered if there are sxs (like dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath) or if the blood level is low enough to cause other issues (e.g ... Read more Dr. Djamchid Lotfi2 doctors agreed:13 Why am I having trouble writing and typing? Occupation cramp? : Writers cramp is a possibility see a neurologist. ... Read more Dr. Olatokunbo Ayoola-archie1 doctor agreed:14 I don't have a question at the moment, but the program won't continue without me typing something? Welcome: Welcome to Healthtap Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. Phillip Goebel3 doctors agreed:15 Is there a condition that causes people to mix letters up when typing, e.g. "how" as "hwo" or "ends" as "neds"? This has been happening ALOT!Dyslexia: That can be a symptom of dyslexia . ... Read more Dr. Robert Killian1 doctor agreed:16 Vit d was low now normal but still pain while typing what could be this? Please Clarify: A low vitamin d level would not cause pain. I am unsure where your pain is or why you were taught that the vitamin d level would be the cause of it. ... Read more Dr. David Tuckman17 I think I have a sprained hand? Could that be from typing Probably Not: Sprains usually come from some type of injury. Typing can cause overuse injuries such as tendinitis. Try rest, ice and over the counter anti inflammatory medications such as advil or aleve ( naproxen ). If you symptoms do not improve I would recommend you see a hand surgeon. ... Read more Dr. Peter Kurzweil2 doctors agreed:18 Why is my typing bad when tired? Muscle fatigue: Get more rest. Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. M. Jay Petruska5 doctors agreed:19 What is the best posture while typing? Posture: The best posture is sitting upright with your back straight. Avoid slouching or leaning forward. Try not to rest your hands or forearms on any solid surface. Take frequent breaks and try to avoid being in one position for a prolonged period of time. ... Read more Dr. Johnnie Strickland Jr1 doctor agreed:20 What is the best way to hold your wrists when typing? Straight: Straight and unbent. Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. Peter Kurzweil2 doctors agreed:21 What would cause sudden difficulty writing and typing? Acute neuro problem: Sudden loss of ability to perform fine finger/hand coordination activity could be due to a small stroke, at an age. Have it checked out. Now. ... Read more Dr. Ahmad M Hadied6 doctors agreed:22 Suddenly having difficulty writing and typing and gripping a pen? Go to see a doctor: To check you out, it could be serious problem? ... Read more Dr. Ilene Ruhoy3 doctors agreed:23 What disease of the nervous system makes you have trouble typing? Several: Difficulty typing can be related to motor control or executive function, both of which can be affected by neurodegenerative diseases but also by diseases of the peripheral nervous system. If this problem is consistent, I would recommend further conversation with me: www. Healthtap. Com/drileneruhoy and use ... Read more Dr. Edward Hellman24 I have a broken 4th metacarpal. How long till I can go back to typing at work? Varies: It varies somewhat based on the location of the fracture. Fractures at the proximal 4th metacarpal can be treated with a short arm cast with fingers free and you could potentially continue typing immediately. Fractures more distal Often come out over the fingers and it would be difficult to type until cast ... Read more Dr. Cornelius O'leary jr1 doctor agreed:25 After day of heavy typing, my left pinky feels weird. My strength, reaction time, and sensation are normal. It feels vague and stiff. Why? Help :- (Overuse injuries: Hi Dorothy, Usually with physical activities such as typing it is possible to suffer overuse injuries to our digits. It is a good sign if you do not have significant pain in your pinky. Repetitive stress or overuse injuries can include tendon strain and tendonitis, which are ... Read more Dr. Lynne Weixel26 I am having disorganized thoughts. For example my internal thought process will go "Finish typing this sentence cardboard sweater". What could this be? Talk about it in Tx: It is probably frightening, but it can be a less terrible Dx than psychosis. Describe it in accurate detail to your therapist. If they think it is something you can work on, that's good if not ask for a referral. Eval and Tx plan is what you need. Whatever it is, you'll be able to start to deal with it. Don't give up ... Read more Dr. Jennifer Giltnane1 doctor agreed:27 What are indications of hla typing? Immunology: Usually hla typing is performed to look for immune compatibility (or lack thereof). Examples include transplant, platelet transfusion, and certain autoimmune diseases. ... Read more Dr. Bengt Arnetz28 What is the best position for your wrists while typing? Neutral position. : Frequent typing might increase the risk to suffer from various pain symptoms in the wrists and fingers since you put stress on nerves passing between the lower arm and hand. The best position to minimize pain is to support the base of the hand on a soft pad and have the wrists bent slightly ... Read more Dr. Michael Kulick2 doctors agreed:29 Does alloderm require tissue typing? NO: Alloderm is used in many clinical situations. It is a dermal replacement and is processed to avoid such a need. ... Read more Dr. Michael Dugan30 What is the definition or description of: hla typing? HLA typing: Describes the determination of proteins on the cell surface which the immune system utilizes to assign self and not self. There are multiple genes which encode these proteins on chromosome 6. ... Read more

D2173367

https://www.thestreet.com/quote/RGR.html

Sturm Ruger & Co. Inc. (RGR)

Sturm Ruger & Co. Inc. (RGR)Follow54.90NYSE : Consumer Durables Apr 6, 2018 4:02 PM EDTPrev Close 56.30Day Low/High 54.25 / 56.7052 Wk Low/High 43.00 / 68.80Avg Volume 288.10KExchange NYSEShares Outstanding 17.45MMarket Cap 982.15MEPS 2.90P/E Ratio 19.35Div & Yield 1.15 (2.08%)Summary Profile News Financials Events Ownership Options Trade with Jim Cramer 14 Days FREELatest News Analyst Favorites With Strong Buyback Activity: Sturm, Ruger Ranks As a Top Pick Delta and United Are Latest Companies Cutting Ties With the NRAClosing Bell: LIVE MARKETS BLOGMarkets had a mixed day of trading Thursday Feb 22, 2018 4:04 PM ESTSturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. Reports 2017 Diluted Earnings Of $2.91 Per Share And Declares Dividend Of 23¢ Per Share Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. (NYSE: RGR) announced today that for 2017 the Company reported net sales of $522. Feb 21, 2018 5:05 PM ESTSturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. To Report 2017 Results And File Annual Report On Form 10-K On Wednesday, February 21Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. (NYSE: RGR) will file its Annual Report on Form 10-K on Wednesday, February 21, 2018, after the close of the stock market. Feb 20, 2018 5:05 PM ESTFlorida School Shooting: Gun Stocks Briefly Rise A gunman in Florida killed 17 people during a school shooting Wednesday. Feb 15, 2018 4:32 PM ESTClosing Bell: LIVE MARKETS BLOGMarkets are on a five-session winning streak. Feb 15, 2018 4:03 PM ESTClosing Bell: LIVE MARKETS BLOGThe Dow spent most of the morning in the red before turning around in the afternoon session. Feb 13, 2018 4:02 PM ESTSturm, Ruger Enters Oversold Territory (RGR)Legendary investor Warren Buffett advises to be fearful when others are greedy, and be greedy when others are fearful. One way we can try to measure the level of fear in a given stock is through a technical analysis indicator called the Relative Strength Index, or RSI, which measures momentum on a scale of zero to 100. Feb 12, 2018 11:57 AM ESTSturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. To Report Fourth Quarter And Year-End 2017 Financial Results On Wednesday, February 21Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. (NYSE-RGR) will announce its financial results for the fourth quarter and year-end 2017 and file its Annual Report on Form 10-K on Wednesday, February 21, 2018, after the close of the stock... Feb 7, 2018 5:05 PM ESTRGR Makes Notable Cross Below Critical Moving Average In trading on Wednesday, shares of Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc. crossed below their 200 day moving average of $55.56, changing hands as low as $52.90 per share. Jan 3, 2018 4:17 PM ESTMoney Gram Stock Plummets After Ant Financial Deal Rejected: LIVE MARKETS BLOGA U. S. government panel denied Ant Financial's acquisition of the money transfer company over national security concerns. Jan 3, 2018 3:11 PM ESTUpstream i Phone Supplier Reports Weakening Shipments: LIVE MARKETS BLOGShipments could start showing signs of decline in March. Dec 8, 2017 4:10 PM ESTBlack Friday Was Good for Gun Makers Gun makers were seeing green on Black Friday. Applications for background checks reached a new record high, and Wall Street is paying attention. Nov 27, 2017 1:12 PM ESTGun Stocks Pop as Black Friday Sees Record Number of Firearm Background Checks The FBI received 203,086 requests on Black Friday, up from last year's previous single-day record of 185,713 and 185,345 in 2015. Nov 27, 2017 10:47 AM ESTGunmakers Are Offering Black Friday Bargains It is not just big-name retailers offering up Black Friday bargains. Gun manufacturers are also out with their holiday discounts. Nov 17, 2017 7:29 AM ESTGun Makers Look to Black Friday Deals to Propel Sluggish Sales Gun makers have amped up promotions to clear out bloated inventory stockpiles, as fears of increased gun control laws appear groundless. Nov 16, 2017 2:09 PM ESTDonald Trump's Presidency: Good for Prisons, Bad for Guns Donald Trump's presidency has been a gift to private prison stocks. For gun investors, it's been a disaster. Nov 8, 2017 10:52 AM ESTGun Stocks Rise After Deadliest Shooting in Texas History On Sunday, Devin Patrick Kelley open fired and killed 26 people and injured roughly 20 others at the First Baptist Church of Sutherland Springs, TX. Nov 6, 2017 9:38 AM ESTClosing Bell: LIVE MARKETS BLOGIt was a mixed day on Wall Street. Nov 1, 2017 3:42 PM EDTTuesday's Manhattan Terror Attack Sends Gun Stocks Higher Eight people were killed and 11 injured after a truck barreled down a popular bike path in lower Manhattan. Nov 1, 2017 12:13 PM EDTSturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. Reports Third Quarter Diluted Earnings Of 53¢ Per Share And Declares Dividend Of 21¢ Per Share Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. (NYSE: RGR) announced today that for the third quarter of 2017 the Company reported net sales of $104. Oct 31, 2017 5:05 PM EDTSturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. To Report Third Quarter Results And File Quarterly Report On Form 10-Q On Tuesday, October 31Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. (NYSE-RGR) will file its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on October 31, 2017, after the close of the stock market. Oct 30, 2017 5:05 PM EDTSturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. To Report Third Quarter Results On Tuesday, October 31Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. (NYSE-RGR) will announce its financial results for the third quarter and file its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on Tuesday, October 31, 2017, after the close of the stock market. Oct 17, 2017 5:05 PM EDTShould You Take Gun Stocks Out of Your 401 (k)? Most major investment firms have at least some money in gun companies. If you have a retirement account or a mutual fund then probably so do you. Oct 7, 2017 11:20 AM EDTShort Sellers Lurking Around Gun and Ammo Stocks Following Recent Rally If history is any indicator, gun demand will be pushed forward to 2017 from 2018 and short sellers will hop in at the tail end of a rally. Oct 5, 2017 11:48 AM EDTYou Probably Have Money in Gun Stocks The massacre in Las Vegas is just the latest tragedy that has some investors looking to exit their investments in the firearms industry. Oct 3, 2017 5:16 PM EDTSturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. Announces The Repurchase Of 243,423 Shares Of Its Common Stock In The Third Quarter Of 2017Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. (NYSE-RGR) announced today that during the third quarter of 2017 the Company repurchased a total of 243,423 shares of its common stock in open market transactions at an aggregate cost of $11. Oct 3, 2017 5:05 PM EDTDow, Nasdaq and S&P 500 All Hit Record Highs Casino stocks were in focus for a second day following the mass shooting in Las Vegas on Sunday. Oct 3, 2017 4:35 PM EDTU. S. Stocks on Track for New Records as Consumer Staples Lead Wall Street Walmart leads the Dow Jones Industrial Average to trade in the green, while the rest of the market struggles to hold higher after a days-long win streak. Oct 3, 2017 2:10 PM EDTLoad More Quant Rating on 4:02 PM EDT 4/6/2018C+ (Hold)Get the (RGR)Report Here From Our Partners Black Rock to offer guns-free funds Seeking Alpha Black Rock to offer new funds that exclude stocks of gun makers and retailers including Walmart CNBCFirearm stocks on the rise Seeking Alpha Remington gets approval for interim loan Seeking Alpha Wall Street Breakfast: U. S. Moves To Cool Trade Tensions Seeking Alpha Remington seeks bankruptcy protection Seeking Alpha Forget The Warning Shot, Here Is The First Salvo Against The Gun Industry Seeking Alpha Protests for gun control nationwide Seeking Alpha Gun stock watch after Maryland school shooting Seeking Alpha Kroger's Fred Meyer unit to exit firearms sales Seeking Alpha Wall Street Breakfast: Jobs Data Brings On Risk Appetite Seeking Alpha Trump gun proposal skips age limits Seeking Alpha Wall Street Breakfast: QE Hints Awaited From ECBSeeking Alpha Florida House passes new gun restrictions Seeking Alpha Wall Street Breakfast: Markets Weighed Down By Cohn Exit Seeking Alpha

D2111530

http://www.marijuanaandthelaw.com/marijuana-legalization/

Marijuana Legalization

Marijuana Legalization Marijuana legalization is sweeping the country. It has already spread to five states and the nation’s capital, and could be on its way to other places as well. So what exactly is marijuana legalization? How does it differ from other avenues of cannabis reform? How do states approach the cannabis issue? And what about the feds? Terminology is important, although it isn’t always used correctly. The distinctions between the different levels of marijuana reform are critical, as activities that pass legal scrutiny in one place may lead to fines or even jail time in another. What Is Marijuana Legalization? The legalization of marijuana means that, as long as you abide by the state-specific cannabis laws, you will not get arrested, fined or convicted for the use, possession and cultivation of marijuana. Legalization also allows a retail market to be established where people can purchase cannabis. Each state has different laws regarding the specifics of marijuana legalization, so make sure you are in the know. Where Is Marijuana Legal? Cannabis use has been “legalized” in five states – Oregon, Colorado, Washington, Alaska, and California – plus the District of Columbia. The drug has been “decriminalized” in 14 other states. And medical marijuana is allowed in 28. In the five states that have legalized, adults over 21 may now buy, use, and possess relatively small amounts of cannabis, usually no more than 2 ounces. In Washington, Colorado, Oregon and Alaska, the cultivation, processing, and retail sale of the drug is also currently allowed. Colorado – The Centennial State legalized medicinal use of marijuana in 2000 and recreational use in 2012. The state’s laws allow the possession, cultivation, use, commercial farming and retail sale of marijuana. Washington – While medical marijuana has been available in Washington state since before the turn of the century, recreational marijuana use of legalized in 2012. The state’s first cannabis retail stores opened July 2014. Oregon – The Beaver State legalized the recreational possession, use and cultivation of marijuana at the ballot in 2014. Medical marijuana has been allowed in the state since 1998. Judging by the smooth implementation of legalization, it appears that Oregon learned from the two states to legalize before it. Alaska – Alaska also legalized the medicinal use of marijuana back in 1998, and the state’s voters opted to legalize the drug for recreational use in 2014. District of Columbia – Marijuana was legalized in D. C. by ballot initiative in 2014, shortly after the drug became decriminalized . The future of legalization in the District remains uncertain, however, as the purchase and sale of cannabis remains illegal. California – Voters in California legalized the recreational use of marijuana in 2016 by approving Prop 64., also known as the Adult Use of Marijuana Act (AUMA). Residents in the Golden State can now possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis without penalty, and grow up to six plants at home. Legalization vs. Decriminalization Journalists often use the terms “legalization” and “decriminalization” interchangeably. Technically they’re right, since both approaches remove criminal penalties. True legalization means that a state allows a full legal marijuana industry where adults can buy, possess, and use the drug freely. Laws against public consumption and high driving still apply, but enforcement is typically lighter in these states. But there are two big practical differences. For one thing, states that decriminalize still penalize those caught carrying marijuana, even if only with small fines. For another, these states don’t allow any kind of legal retail market for the drug. Growing, processing, shipping, or selling weed can be a felony in many of these places. In other words, “decriminalization” means you can’t go to jail for possession, but you can go to jail for selling, making, or transporting marijuana. Medical marijuana, on the other hand, is a legal system in which patients can get prescriptions for weed to treat their disorders. In most of these states, access is limited to patients who suffer from at least one of a short list of severe medical problems that can be alleviated with pot. These disorders can include glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, seizures, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), HIV/AIDS, cancer and nausea, among others. These laws don’t cover most other conditions, though that’s likely to change in coming years.

D2378859

http://www.answers.com/Q/How_many_decibels_can_a_human_hear_in

How many decibels can a human hear in?

Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Physics How many decibels can a human hear in? Flag How many decibels can a human hear in? Answer by Tpmath Confidence votes 15.7KThe normal measure of noise related to human hearing is PNd B or Perceived Noise deci Bels. This is a logarithmic scale like all d B, but is weighted for frequency response. A man with normal hearing can just perceive 0 d B. The scale was in fact designed with this in mind. At the other end of the scale is the "pain threshold" where sound starts to cause pain. For most people this in the region of 110d B - 120 d B. Ear defenders should be worn well before these levels are reached.2 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Ebs1 7,115 Contributions How many decibels are the limit of normal hearing? The sound pressure of the threshold of hearing is 20µPa as the reference value that is 0 d B. The threshold of pain depends on the listening person. You can find the followi …Jens R 3,407 Contributions How many decibels does the human heart make? Does a heart make decibels? Never heard a heart. Jens R 3,407 Contributions How many decibels can cause hearing loss? More than 85 decibels can cause hearing loss. Jens R 3,407 Contributions How many decibels does a human make when speaking? That depends how close you measure to the mouth of the human speaker. The closer - the louder! The distance is very important if you measure with a sound pressure level meter. …How many decibels can a dog hear?20.000 Hz 0 decibels 45.000 Hz -12 decibels 90.000 Hz -24 decibels Jens R 3,407 Contributions How many decibels can damage hearing? A sound pressure of more than 85 decibels can damage your hearing. Just regular 75 Contributions What decibel level can't humans hear above? This widely varies between humans according to their age and how many loud noises have damaged their ears over time. However for most humans the average is about a 20.0 Khz. I …Mediatech 14,908 Contributions What is the decibel level of the threshold of human hearing? Human hearing is typically between 20 Hz an 20,000 Hz A sound that measures 30 decibels is how many times louder than the human threshold of hearing? D .1000What is the maximum decibel rating humans can hear at?1654 decibels an hour Ebs2 1,150 Contributions The threshold of hearing for humans is 30 decibels? The threshold of hearing is 0 decibels equivalent to a soundpressure of 20 µPa at 1 k Hz. How many decibels is the average humans yell? An Average teen girl's yelling is upto 105 Decibels. Humans can not bear more then 125 decibels. Ebs2 1,150 Contributions Answered In Uncategorized What decibel range can a human hear in? We can hear from 0 d B, that is the threshold of hearing up to 130 d B that is the threshold of pain. Answered In Uncategorized What is the human hearing capacity of normal sound in decibel? Human Hearing . The human ear is an exceedingly complex organ. To make matters even more difficult, the information from two ears is combined in a perplexing neural network …Answered In Uncategorized How many decibels correspond to the lowest intensity sound you can hear? He found that even the most complex periodic wave motion can bedisassembles into simple sine waves that add together. Answered In Uncategorized What is the highest decibel humans can hear without bursting an ear drum? I think 194db. Answered In Uncategorized How many decibels is bad for human ears?85

D2435425

https://thrive.kaiserpermanente.org/care-near-mid-atlantic/locate-facility

All the Care You Need Under One Roof

Discover Kaiser Permanents in: Mid-Atlantic States Select a Region Home > Mid-Atlantic States > Locations. Current page Care Your Way Find a Doctor Locate Facility Shop Our Plans What's New All the Care You Need Under One Roof One trip for all your health care needs Find a Facility>State-of-the-art medical centers Kaiser Permanente’s state-of-the-art medical centers are located throughout Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, DC, where our members live, work, and play. With your doctor, lab, pharmacy, and X-ray in one convenient location, our medical centers are designed for the way you live today. Tour our medical centers >Premier hospital partners In addition to ensuring Kaiser Permanente physicians have privileges at all of the best hospitals in the region, we’ve carefully selected a group of top local hospitals to be Kaiser Permanente premier partners. 1 These hospitals meet high standards for quality and safety, and have been recognized for their award-winning care. Learn about our hospital partners. external link13 Urgent Care locations, 6 open 24/7Our Urgent Care physicians know you, and have access to your electronic medical record. They can view information about your medical conditions, surgeries and treatments, allergies, the medications you are taking, and more. Plus, the lab, X-ray, advanced imaging, 23-hour observation unit, even the pharmacy are all in the same building. Find Urgent Care centers near you. external link Skilled nursing facilities A skilled nursing facility (SNF) is a place where you can receive physical, occupational, or other rehabilitative therapies following an accident or illness. The emphasis is placed on rehabilitation, rather than the emergency or post-surgical services provided in the hospital. Learn more about our skilled nursing facilities Find a Facility Name City, State or ZIP Distance10 miles Locate a Facility Filter the results on the map MMedical Office Buildings HHospitals MAP LIST0 Results Map data ©2018 Google, INEGI Terms of Use See facility photos & virtual tours Abingdon Medical Center See photos | Online tour Annapolis Medical Center See photos | Online tour Ashburn Medical Center See photos | Online tour Burke Medical Center See photos | Online tour Camp Springs Medical Center See photos | Online tour Columbia Gateway Medical Center See photos | Online tour Fair Oaks Medical Center See photos | Online tour Falls Church Medical Center See photos | Online tour Fredericksburg Medical Center See photos | Online tour Gaithersburg Medical Center See photos | Online tour Kaiser Permanente Baltimore Harbor Medical Center See photos | Online tour Kaiser Permanente Capitol Hill Medical Center See photos | Online tour Kaiser Permanente Frederick Medical Center See photos | Online tour Kensington Medical Center See photos | Online tour Largo Medical Center See photos | Online tour Manassas Medical Center See photos | Online tour Marlow Heights Medical Center See photos | Online tour North Arundel Medical Center See photos | Online tour Northwest D. C. Medical Office Building See photos | Online tour Prince George's Medical Center See photos | Online tour Reston Medical Center See photos | Online tour Shady Grove Medical Center See photos | Online tour Silver Spring Medical Center See photos | Online tour South Baltimore County Medical Center See photos | Online tour Springfield Medical Center See photos | Online tour Towson Medical Center See photos | Online tour Tysons Corner Medical Center See photos | Online tour White Marsh Medical Center See photos | Online tour Woodbridge Medical Center See photos | Online tour Woodlawn Medical Center See photos | Online tour Kaiser Permanente premier hospitals are independently owned and operated and are not affiliated entities of Kaiser Permanente.

D885257

http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Wakefern_Food_Corp.a9c98c183fa4b9e7.html

Wakefern Food Corp.

Menu Buy Reports & Lists How It Works (866) 473-3932Login Login D&B Hoovers Avention One Source is now D&B Hoovers. Login here for access to D&B Hoovers, D&B Data Vision, D&B Business Browser and i Sell Hoovers™For customers of Hoovers prior to March 1, 2017. COMPANY PROFILESD&B Hoovers Subscriptions Get full access to our database for company, industry, and contact information One Source Solutions Gain insights with D&B Hoovers, which incorporates the Avention One Source platform Company Search Search over 85 million companies Company Reports Easy-to-read reports on key competitors, financials, and executives INDUSTRY ANALYSISD&B Hoovers Subscriptions Get full access to our database for industry information Industry Directory Search over 1,000 industry segments Industry Reports Industry insights you need to enter new markets and conduct successful sales calls SALES LEADSD&B Hoovers Subscriptions Get full access to our database for contact information and research over 100 million contacts List Building Affordable, targeted list building with direct contact information Integrated Contact Solutions Integrated D&B data into your applications for greater insights VIEW ALL PRODUCTSBuy Reports & Lists How It Works Search D&B Hoovers: Company| People| Industry Login Avention One Source is now D&B Hoovers. Login here for access to D&B Hoovers, D&B Data Vision, D&B Business Browser and i Sell Login For customers of Hoovers prior to March 1, 2017. Login

D2900586

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/taylor-hatala-edmonton-s-viral-video-star-wows-ellen-show-audience-1.2786527

Taylor Hatala, Edmonton's viral video star, wows Ellen show audience

Eleven-year-old Taylor Hatala from Edmonton performed her viral hit choreography on the Ellen Degeneres show on Wednesday. (Ellen Degeneres Show)0 shares Facebook Twitter Reddit Google Share Email It’s doubtful that 11-year-old Taylor Hatala knew she’d be dancing for an international audience of millions when she and her choreographer were filmed dancing along to Nicki Minaj’s hit song Anaconda last week. Anaconda - Nicki Minaj | Laurence Kaiwai x 11 YEAR OLD Taylor Hatala #ELEVEN21Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:43On mobile? Watch the original video here In the video, Taylor and Laurence Kaiwai ooze attitude as they perform for a crowd at Edmonton’s KORE dance studio. Since the video was posted to You Tube, it has been viewed nearly eight million times and counting — but Taylor’s rising star didn’t stop there. After the video went viral, she and Kaiwai were invited to Los Angelesto perform their moves on the Ellen De Generes Show. Watch their performance here What an unbelievable day! Thank you to the Ellen show for having me!! Show airs tomorrow!! :) #Tay Taydance#blessed pic.twitter.com/SIWRk Oxo43— Taylor Hatala (@tayd_dance) October 1, 2014The studio audience went wild as the pair repeated their sassy performance — and they weren’t the only ones. Television host and radio personality Ryan Seacrest tweeted out his compliments after the show.11-year-old @tayd_dance nails her "Anaconda" dance AGAIN, this time on @The Ellen Show: http://t.co/Gzibzx2VJW pic.twitter.com/nhnw84S9lp— On Air/Ryan Seacrest (@On Air With Ryan) October 1, 2014Minaj herself shared Taylor’s video on her own Facebook page last week. Report Typo or Error Send Feedback To encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). Pseudonyms will no longer be permitted. By submitting a comment, you accept that CBC has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner CBC chooses. Please note that CBC does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. Comments on this story are moderated according to our Submission Guidelines. Comments are welcome while open. We reserve the right to close comments at any time. Comments FAQSubmission Policy Note: The CBC does not necessarily endorse any of the views posted. By submitting your comments, you acknowledge that CBC has the right to reproduce, broadcast and publicize those comments or any part thereof in any manner whatsoever. Please note that comments are moderated and published according to our submission guidelines.

D2981241

https://www.quora.com/What-do-you-call-a-group-of-lions

What do you call a group of lions?

Lions Vocabulary of the English Language Word Definitions, Terminology, and Jargon Animals English (language)What do you call a group of lions?17 Answers Michael Scofields, Expert in Language Answered Mar 26, 2016A group of lions is called troop or sault. A family of lions is called pride. Mammals Apes A shrewdness Asses A pace Badgers A cete Bats A colony Bears A sloth, sleuth Buffalo A gang, an obstinacy (I suspect these refer to old world buffalo; use “herd” for American bison)Cats A clowder, a pounce; for kittens…A kindle, litter, an intrigue Cattle A drove, herd Deer A herd, bevy (refers only to roe deer)Dogs A litter (young), pack (wild), cowardice (of curs); specific to hounds…A cry, mute, pack, kennel Elephants A herd Elk A gang Ferrets A business Fox A leash, skulk, earth Giraffes A tower Goats A tribe, trip Gorillas A band Hippopotamuses A bloat Horses A team, harras, rag (for colts), stud (a group of horses belonging to a single owner, string (ponies)Hyenas A cackle Kangaroos A troop Leopards A leap Lions A pride Martens A richness Moles A labor Monkeys A troop, barrel Mules A pack, span, barren Otters A romp Oxen A team, yoke Pigs A drift, drove, litter (young), sounder (of swine), team, passel (of hogs), singular (refers to a group of boars)Porcupines A prickle Rabbits A colony, warren, nest, herd (domestic only), litter (young); specific to hares…A down, husk Rhinoceroses A crash Seals A pod, herd Sheep A drove, flock, herd Squirrels A dray, scurry Tigers A streak Whales A pod, gam, herd Wolves A pack, rout or route (when in movement)4.8k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date? Related Questions More Answers Below Why are lion groups called 'pride'? What is a group of deer called? What is a group of camels called? What is a group of fish called? What is a group of goats called? Ask New Question Joydoot Ghatak, Jack of all trades, bachelor of one. Answered Mar 13, 2016 · Author has 56 answers and 87.2k answer views Danger. Jokes apart, Organized groups of lion families - 'Prides'. Groups of nomadic male lions - 'Coalitions'. A pride of lions is not just a group, it is a family with an organised structure. If you get 10 random lions and put them together you do not have a pride, just as if you pick random people, you don't end up with a family. Here is a link to satisfy your answer: http://www.ofcats.com/2007/05/li...18.6k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date? Manwinder Kaur, Software Professional Answered Oct 6, 2015A group of mostly female lions is called a pride. A group of male lions is called a coalition.1.6k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?promoted by Grammarly Write with confidence. Grammarly's free writing app makes sure everything you type is easy to read, effective, and mistake-free. Learn More at grammarly.com Suraj Kumar Sharma, precise knowledge of words helps one express oneself exceptionally. Answered Oct 13, 2015 · Author has 126 answers and 606.2k answer views"A Collective noun for lions" A group of female lions is called a pride and A group of male lions is called a coalition. Actually there are somethings in English which haven't yet been named explicitly rather are known genuinely by the names which are precisely different, derived from other contexts or scenarios and also the one which sounds like this perfectly relates to them however they are not the ones that we often understand when hear or see and so is the case with these words pride, sault and troop. They all are different as well as mean different but it's the context, characteristics and classes that make the words perfect to be used in other cases as well. So other words could also be sault, troop etc. Or simply we can use a phrase to mean them ie "a company of lions". In India (Hindi) it's called "kumba".2.5k Views · View Upvoters Angaluri Rishitha, B. Tech (ECE) from SRM Institute of Science and Technology (2020)Answered Oct 11, 2015A group of mostly female lions is called a pride, and a group of male lions is called a coalition. The pride contains female lions and their young offspring, and usually has fewer than 20 members. A coalition of male lions usually includes less than 10 individuals250 Views · View Upvoters Arnab Chakraborty, Author at 420land.blogspot.in Answered Sep 3, 2015 Pride, Sault, Troop. Tip: Instead of posting this question here, a simple search to Google would have returned the same answer. Cheers!10k Views · View Upvoterspromoted by Atlassian Jira official site. One tool is enough to track issues & release great software. Try Jira for free. Free Trial at atlassian.com Santosh Patali, Ever curious and thirsty for knowledge Answered Oct 3, 2015Lot of people have taken Pride in answering the question, let me add my 2 cents to it. Group of female lions is called a Pride which contains upto 25 lioness and cubs. Group of male lions is called a Coalition which contains upto 10 lions. Coalitions fight with other Coalitions for the Pride.566 Views Rene A Diedrich, BA in English, MA in Comparative Literature, MFA in Creative Writing, ELS CA TCAnswered Mar 12, 2016 · Author has 456 answers and 269k answer views They are aptly called a Pride as are all felines though domestic cats tend to beckme colonies in urban areas. I am forced to say mire when there is no more to say. Though you may note that a grouo of crow is cakked a murder, which is also apt as crows are rapacious and kill the aging members. There is only one creatures as vile as crows are .1k Views Karunya Srinivasan, Dancer, writer, constant explorer Answered Mar 18, 2016Characteristic of any member of the cat family, you call a group of lions a "pride". More specifically, a group of female lions is called a pride, while a group of male lions is called a "coalition". (Much like a government but earning twice the respect in the wild. : P)179 Views Kunal Kapoor, Words fascinate me Answered Mar 12, 2016 · Author has 152 answers and 92.5k answer views A gang of lions is called a pride.135 Views Shefali Joshi, Firm believer that the Centre of the Earth is Food, Food, Food : PAnswered Aug 24, 2015Kindly learn to "Google". It would take less time.236 Views · View Upvoters Nikhilender Naidu, works at IEEEAnswered Mar 16, 2016MEN! :p P. S: I am NOT abusing anyone.88 Views Arjun Pal, lives in Kolkata, West Bengal, India Answered Oct 10, 2017Originally Answered: What is a group of lions called? A group of lions is called a 'pride'.86 Views Quora User Answered Nov 14, 2017 · Author has 3.2k answers and 2.6m answer views Originally Answered: What is the group name of a lion? A pride of lions. Usually 1 male, several females (sisters/mothers/daughters) and cubs.110 Views Aakifah Zahraa, studied at Knms Answered Mar 9, 2016Pride, Sault, Troop !Instead of asking this question here, you could have simply searched it on google! Just in one click you would have got the answer!50 Views Swapnil Gedam Answered Nov 14, 2017Originally Answered: What is the group name of a lion? They live in a group called Pride. Pride usually consists of 1–2 males, several females and their cubs.74 Views Ro Hit, works at Facebook Answered Mar 3, 2017 · Author has 93 answers and 13.5k answer views Group of male lions is called Coalition And group of female lions is called pride.28 Views · Answer requested by Mangesh Khandekar Related Questions What is a group of squirrels called? What is a group of crows called? What is a group of pigs called? What is a group of bears called? Why is it called that? What do you call a group of cats? What is a group of ducks called? What do you call a group of sparrows? Why do we call a lion a Panchanana? What do you call a female lion? Who will win a fight between a tiger and a lion? Ask New Question Related Questions Why are lion groups called 'pride'? What is a group of deer called? What is a group of camels called? What is a group of fish called? What is a group of goats called? What is a group of squirrels called? What is a group of crows called? What is a group of pigs called? What is a group of bears called? Why is it called that? What do you call a group of cats? Ask New Question

D7792

http://drugdetection.net/drug.htm

.

For information on drugs, we recommend you click on one of the following links, or view brief summaries of common drugs of abuse and drug testing: NHTSA Drugs and Human Performance Facts Sheets Medline Plus NIDA (National Institute of Drug Abuse)The California Department of Justice Toxicology (Cal DOJ Toxicology Laboratory). The detection times in urine are significantly greater than detection times in blood, which is also generally much more expensive. The presence of a drug or drugs in urine does not provide information as to whether the individual is actually under the influence at any particular time. Likewise, a urine drug concentration cannot be reliably correlated to blood concentration or dose. Blood testing, on the other hand may provide more suitable information about whether or not an individual is "under the influence", though this may not be conclusive in all cases. Urine drug testing accuracy is variable depending on how the testing is done. Drug testing is extremely accurate and reliable when all aspects of the testing process are done properly. On the other hand, the information obtained may be very misleading and inaccurate when poor procedures or testing methods are utilized. Drug testing will only be reliable when the consumer knows how it should be done and then demands from the industry that it is done properly. Unfortunately, today, the majority of drug testing is poorly done and plagued with unreliable information. Below are aspects that should provide enough information to empower the consumer to demand proper testing procedures. There are three aspects to reliable drug testing: Strict collection procedures;Proper Testing Procedures;Random notification. Specimen Collection: Collection of Urine should be done following a process of positive identification of the individual and full chain of custody procedures. In addition, and more importantly, the specimen should be certified by a means of temperature measurement with a digital thermometer. Acceptable ranges of temperature measurement should be within 96 to 99 degrees to preclude samples that are adulterated and or substituted. Witnessed collections are not necessary and in fact are not as reliable as the digital measurement of temperature within 96 to 99 degrees. (If witnessed collection is done, it should also have the digital measurement done). Plastic "temperature strips" which are attached to the vial should not be used to measure the temperature. Current widespread practice is for collection facilities to allow temperature certification within a range of 90 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition, it is also common to use "temp strips" for the determination of the temperature. These practices do not preclude adulteration and/or substitution of the specimen and are probably the source of most of the inaccuracy and unreliability of urine drug testing today. SAMSHA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) has unwittingly encouraged these faulty practices by stating these wide limits (90 to 100 degrees) of temperature acceptability within the regulations. This has fostered nationwide incompetence in this area, allowing "positive" subjects to substitute or adulterate their urine unchecked and resulting in indeterminable number of "false negative" results. DDL's procedure for collection of specimens is available to any collection facility that desires to improve their collection procedures. Testing Procedure: Ensure all positive results are confirmed by GC/MS or LC/MS analysis. This is critical to ensure no "false positive" results occur. There are two approaches to testing; cut-off type tests and limit of detection tests. A cut-off type test has an administrative "limit" set to report a positive result. If the drug is identified, but is below the limit, it is reported as "not detected". The LIMIT OF DETECTION - The limit of detection tests reports any detectable amount present within the capabilities of the laboratory. This is typically well below the administrative "cut-offs" discussed above. The most reliable "negative" test results are those which are determined by a ZERO TOLERANCE testing procedure. SAMSHA certified laboratories are required to adhere to established cutoff concentrations. In other words, a specified amount of the drug or drugs is allowed to be present and still be reported as "negative". This results again in an increased number of "false negatives", or the reporting of a test result as "negative" when the drug is actually present. To provide the most accurate and reliable information in a "negative" test, a ZERO TOLERANCE test should be done. Require that the laboratory follow zero tolerance by requesting that the detection limit of the drug or drugs be ruled out at the LIMIT OF DETECTION of the GC/MS procedure. If the laboratory cannot accommodate that request, find another certified laboratory that will. (SAMSHA laboratories will not perform zero tolerance testing since the regulations require that established cutoff limits be followed). Zero tolerance testing may also be more expensive, but will provide the most reliable information if testing is "negative" (assuming of course that the specimen was collected properly). Random Call: Random notification is an important aspect of the reliability of drug detection. The detection of any drug is subject to the timing and amount of the dose. Subjects who have used illicit drugs may allow their system to clear if they have enough time. The notification of the individual should be done so as not to allow enough time to enable the person to clear the drug. Usually a limit of 24 hours is acceptable to detected most drugs besides alcohol (ethanol). If ethanol is of concern the collection should be done within 3 to 4 hours. For information on drugs, you can click on the following link to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration "Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets" or view brief summaries of common drugs below. METHAMPHETAMINECLASS: Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant STREET NAMES: "Crank","Speed", "Crystal","Go-fast" MAJOR METABOLITE (S): Amphetamine SYMPTOMS/EFFECTS: Desired Effects: CNS Stimulation, euphoria, mood elevation, appetite suppression. General Effects: Restlessness, anxiety, irritability, tremors, confusion, paranoia (high doses) Physiological Effects: Fixed (non-reactive to light) and dilated pupils, increased heart rate and blood pressure. LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Blood: 1-3 Days Urine: 1-4 Days (Up to one week following heavy/chronic use - also urine p H dependent) DURATION OF EFFECTS: Average = 4-8 hours (Up to 12-24 hrs or more with large doses or repeated exposure) MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION: Levels greater than 200 ng/m L clearly demonstrate drug abuse.|COCAINECLASS: Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant. STREET NAMES: "Coke", "Crack", "Snow","Flake" MAJOR METABOLITE (S): Benzoylecgonine (B. E.), Ecgonine Methyl Esther (E. M. E.) SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Same as listed for methamphetamine. LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: BLOOD: Cocaine parent present up to approximately 5-6 hours post dose. URINE: Cocaine parent present up to approximately 12 hours post dose. Benzoylecgonine metabolite present for approximately 2-4 days, possibly as long as 10 days in heavy/binge users. DURATION OF EFFECTS: I. V. / Smoking = 30 - 40 minutes with peak effects at 3 - 5 minutes. Intra nasal = 60 - 90 minutes.|CODEINECLASS: Opiate (opioid) analgesics MAJOR METABOLITE (S): Morphine SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Desired: Analgesia (Pain relief). Minimal symptoms occur at therapeutic doses. General Effects: At therapeutic doses minimal effects should occur. At high doses Central Nervous System depression may occur resulting in dizziness, drowsiness, apathy and lethargy. Physiological Effects: Minimal effects at therapeutic doses. At high doses constricted (pinpoint) pupils , warm and flushed skin, and respiratory depression can occur. LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Urine: 2 - 3 days. DURATION OF EFFECTS: 4 - 6 Hours.|MORPHINECLASS: Opiate (opioid) analgesic MAJOR METABOLITE (S): Morphine Glucuronide SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Same as listed for codeine. LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Urine: 2 - 3 days (possibly longer after heavy use). DURATION OF EFFECTS: 4 - 6 Hours. TYPICAL EFFECTS ON DRIVING BEHAVIORS: Same as listed for codeine.|HEROINCLASS: Opioid (semi-synthetic opiate) STREET NAMES: "Smack", "Horse", "Diacetylmorphine" MAJOR METABOLITES: Morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Desired: Euphoria and CNS Depression General: Slow speech, droopy eyelids, drowsy, lethargic, mentally slow Physiological: Constricted (Pinpoint) pupils, shallow breathing, muscle relaxation. LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Urine: 2 - 3 days (possibly longer after heavy use) as the morphine metabolite. DURATION OF EFFECTS: 4- 6 Hours. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION: The 6-monoacetylmorphine metabolite is specific to heroin use only.|PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)CLASS: Formerly used as an animal tranquilizer, PCP is a unique drug exhibiting CNS stimulant, CNS depressant, analgesic and hallucinogenic properties. STREET NAMES: "Angel Dust", "Hog" SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Desired: Euphoria, mood elevation, CNS stimulation, anesthesia. General: Lethargy, drowsiness, ataxia, disorientation, disorganized thought, visual, tactile and auditory misperceptions, "blank" stare. Physiological: Horizontal and vertical nystagmus, sweating, flushing, slurred speech and loss of pain perception. LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Blood: 1 -3 days Urine: 3 - 7 + days (Lipid soluble - may be detected longer) DURATION OF EFFECTS: 4 - 6+ hours|MARIJUANA (THC) Cannabis sativa CLASS: Psychoactive cannabinoid STREET NAMES: "Pot", "Grass", "Sensemilla", "Thai Sticks", "Acapulco Gold", "Reefer" MAJOR METABOLITES: 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol. (Note: delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol is the major psychoactive ingredient) SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Desired: Euphoria, Relaxation, Anti-nausea effect, Hallucinations General: Sedation, sleepiness, ataxia, and short term memory impairment. Physiological: Red conjunctiva (Whites of the eyes), increased pulse & blood pressure. LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Blood: Delta-9-THC concentration usually drops below 5 ng/m L within 3-4 hours post dose. Frequent users may have longer detection times. Urine: 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC (inactive metabolite) detectable several days to several weeks, even longer for extremely heavy users. THC is a lipid soluble drug, therefore stores in the fat in the body and the amount of time it takes to clear the system is dependent on how much drug was used and over what period of time the drug is used. Delta-9-THC may also be detected. DURATION OF EFFECTS: Approximately 2-5 hours (route of administration and dose dependant).

D3261752

http://time.com/3399562/stop-glorifying-football-players-and-start-glorifying-soldiers/

Stop Glorifying Football Players and Start Glorifying Soldiers

IDEAS Mark Edmundson teaches at the University of Virginia and is the author of Why Football Matters: My Education in the Game. A lot of National Football League players have been right up on the front page lately, but for all the wrong reasons. Ray Rice is in serious trouble for knocking his then-fiancé out cold—the tape of the event is enough to make almost anyone at least slightly ill. Adrian Peterson will soon be up on charges for punishing his four-year-old son with a switch. Two other ballers of an especially hard-nosed type are also in trouble with the law over domestic abuse. Greg Hardy of the Carolina Panthers has been convicted of the crime: his case is on appeal. (He was on the field this past Sunday, post-conviction.) Ray Mc Donald of the San Francisco Forty-Niners is being investigated. Meanwhile, almost forgotten in the new melee of violence and possible violence, Aaron Hernandez, former star tight end of the New England Patriots, sits in a prison cell in Massachusetts awaiting trial on multiple counts of murder. What are we to make of all this? Why are these players—and perhaps a few others as yet undetected and uncharged—behaving so badly? No less a personage than Dwight David Eisenhower observed that one should never try to understand why it is that people do what they do. They simply do it, that’s all. Observe what they do and make the best of it you can. And yet one still wonders what this misbehavior is all about. When I posed the question to a friend of mine, he responded directly. What do you expect? They’ve been worshipped like gods ever since they were kids, he told me. And that’s true enough. Adults have melted in awe at their ability to fling a ball down a field, dodge a tackler, or knock another player on his can. Of course some have outsized egos and a royal sense of entitlement. Of course some think they can get away with more than the rest of us. If someone had treated you like a monarch from the time you could wear shoulder pads, so would you. If people took you for a hero because you could create first downs or stop them, what would you be like? I thought about what my friend said (and what I heaped on to his observation myself) and after a while I suspected that he was on to something. The operative word here was a common enough one. The operative word was “hero.”In our culture we treat sports players as heroes. Of course we do: because what they achieve on the playing field is amazing. Baseball players and hoop stars and of course gridiron greats perform spectacular feats all the time. And so we worship them—of course we do. But is a football player (or an ace b-baller or a twenty game winning pitcher) really a hero? If you think so, you are parting company with tradition. In the Western tradition a hero is, in the earliest manifestation, a warrior. It’s someone like Homer’s Hector, or Virgil’s Aeneas, who is willing to fight and if necessary to die to defend his people. Hector has to face the amazing Achilles in defense of Troy—and of course Hector loses. Aeneas fights all enemies, including the formidable Turnus, to secure the founding of Rome. In the Hebrew tradition, David steps up to Goliath to save his nation. Other heroic archetypes come along over time. People learn to stand in awe not only of warriors, but of saintly individuals like Jesus and Buddha and Confucius. People learn to salute great thinkers like Plato and Aristotle and later major scientists like Einstein. Human beings first find their heroes among warriors and spiritual leaders and men and women of imposing intellect. The saint, the warrior, the true thinker: these were the original heroes. We still need heroes. Everyone at every time has. But we cannot find our martial heroes on the battlefield anymore. We do not know if our recent wars are just. We do not know if our causes are true. Were we right to invade Afghanistan? Were we ultimately justified in going into Iraq? Most people are not sure. The newspapers don’t tell us many stories of the men and women who fight under our colors in the Middle East. We usually do not know who they are and what they are doing. Right now we do not have bona fide martial heroes to praise. So we worship football players instead. We worship athletes: we swoon at the feet of simulation heroes. The average NFL fan can probably name 20 football heroes. How many heroes from the war in Iraq or the war in Afghanistan can the fan name? Football players can be brave: it’s true. What they do on Saturday and Sunday afternoons is graceful, beautiful and dangerous. But no football player who ever lived or ever will live is a hero in the way that a man or woman who risks his or her life in a just cause is a hero. Those are real heroes. The Greeks were devoted to sports: they were, of course, the inventors of the Olympic games. But no Greek would tell you that an athlete was more important than Leonidas and the three hundred Spartans who stopped the Persians at Thermopylae. No Greek could imagine that an athlete was more to be praised than Themistocles and his sailors, who won the victory at Salamis. Sports heroes are simulation heroes. I love sports—don’t get me wrong. But we’ve blown the games and the players all out of proportion. The players: we treat them like Hector and Achilles and Aeneas and Ajax. We look at them as though they were man-gods. And after a decade and a half of being worshipped, is it surprising if pro athletes turn out to be willful, spoiled, bullying and selfish? Remember how the gods in the Greek myths were prone to act? They were willful and selfish and all the rest. If we could start worshipping real heroes—true thinkers and just warriors and lovers of humanity—we could take back a little bit of our investment in football idols. That would be a fine change for us all—and I’ll bet it wouldn’t be a half bad thing for the players, either. Mark Edmundson teaches at the University of Virginia. His book, Why Football Matters: My Education in the Game, is just out from Penguin. IDEAS TIME Ideas hosts the world's leading voices, providing commentary on events in news, society, and culture. We welcome outside contributions. Opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of TIME editors.

D1163231

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unearnedincome.asp

What is 'Unearned Income'

What is 'Unearned Income'Unearned income is income from investments and other sources which is unrelated to employment. Examples of unearned income include interest from savings accounts, bond interest, alimony, and dividends from stock. Unearned income, known as a "passive source of income," is income not acquired through work. Next Up Unearned Interest Earned Income Portfolio Entry Deferred Revenue BREAKING DOWN 'Unearned Income'Unearned income differs from earned income, which is income gained from employment, work, or through business activities. According to the IRS, earned income includes wages, salaries, tips, and self-employment income. Taxation will differ for earned income and unearned income due to qualitative differences. Additionally, tax rates vary among sources of unearned income. Most unearned income sources are not subject to payroll taxes, and none of it is subject to employment taxes, such as Social Security and Medicare. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals with unearned income to understand the origin and taxation of their income. Types of Unearned Income Interest and dividend income are the most common types of unearned income. Interest income, such as interest earned on checking and savings deposit accounts, loans, and certificate of deposit (CD), is taxed as ordinary income. Dividends, which is income from investments, can be taxed at ordinary tax rates or preferred long-term capital gains tax rates. Investments typically yield dividends payable to shareholders on a regular basis. Dividends may be paid to the investment account monthly, quarterly, annually, or semi-annually. Each share receives a percentage of the company's profit, which is known as the dividend yield . Taxation of the total sum of the dividend yield is at the current dividend tax rate. Money earned in this capacity is unearned income, and the tax paid is considered an unearned income tax. Other sources of unearned income include: Retirement accounts (e.g., 401 (k), pension, and annuity)Inheritances Gifts Lottery Winnings Veteran's (VA) benefits Welfare benefits Property income Benefits of Unearned Income Unearned income can serve as a supplement to earned income before retirement and, often, is the only source of income in post-retirement years. During the accumulation phase, taxes are deferred for many sources of unearned income. Sources with deferment include 401 (k) plans and annuity income. As a result, participants avoid IRS penalties and paying at higher tax rates. Diversification of holdings is preferable to even-out the effect of taxes on unearned income.

D1683937

https://www.winstarworldcasino.com/winstar-world-casino-hotel/

Winstar World Casino Hotel & The Inn at WinStar

Winstar World Casino Hotel & The Inn at Win Star LUXURY AT ITS FINESTRetreat to a world of comfort and bliss after a full day of entertainment at Win Star World Casino and Resort! Choose from one of the many luxurious guest rooms or prestigious suites at Win Star World Casino Hotel or retreat to one of the cozy, spacious rooms at The Inn at Win Star. With approximately 1,500 guest rooms all equipped with ultra-modern amenities and impressive facilities, you’re sure to find the perfect place to relax and unwind while staying at Win Star World Casino Hotel or The Inn at Win Star. PLEASE NOTE: AS OF APRIL 1, 2016, ALL STAYS AT WINSTAR WORLD CASINO HOTEL & THE INN AT WINSTAR WILL INCUR A RESORT FEE OF $10 + TAX PER NIGHT, DUE AT CHECK-IN. Win Star World Casino Hotel Win Star World Casino Hotel is truly a destination in itself. Our 3-tower hotel is conveniently connected to the casino and features 1,399 pristine guest rooms and suites appointed with state-of-the-art amenities and contemporary comforts. From gourmet eateries and charming gift shops to posh bar and lounge areas, guests can enjoy a myriad of entertainment opportunities all in one place. Just steps away from the deluxe hotel suites are two exclusive resort-style pools glistening with private cabanas, lavish spas, lush landscapes, waterfall features and a vibrant pool bar. The property also includes elegant meeting and event space with accommodating services for special occasion events like weddings, business meetings, corporate events and more. Relax in ultimate luxury while staying on top of the world at Win Star World Casino and Resort. Hotel check-in is at 4:00 PM and check-out is at 11:00 AM. Call 866-946-7787 or book online today!View Rooms View Gallery Book Now The Inn at Win Star Recently renovated with beautiful accents and modern amenities, The Inn at Win Star is perfect for those looking for comfort and convenience in a smaller intimate environment. The Inn offers a variety of lovely amenities for guests to enjoy including spacious accommodations, pet-friendly rooms and 24-hour shuttle service. Suites are also available for an even more comfortable experience. Compliment your Win Star experience by staying at this quaint and cozy inn. Call 866-946-7787 or book online today!Book Now Pool and Leisure Bask in the sun and splash into a refreshing poolside paradise at Win Star World Casino Hotel. Choose from one of our two pristine pools which each offer their own unique outdoor experience. If you’re looking for a kid-friendly atmosphere, the Win Star World Casino Hotel Pool makes the perfect place for a family pool day with private chase lounging underneath umbrella shades, a relaxing whirlpool hot tub and a beautiful waterfall shrouded grotto. The Win Star World Casino Resort Pool, located at Pool Tower South, offers more of a luxurious resort-style setting. Glistening with exotic features including two lavish spas, six private cabanas, a fire pit, and a conveniently located Pool Bar, you are sure to be find everything you need and more at this serene yet upbeat poolside oasis. Each of our private cabanas are available for rent and include cool ceiling fans, refrigerators and comfortable chaise loungers. The Hotel and Resort pools are available for use by Win Star World Casino Hotel guests only. The hotel property also offers other leisurely amenities aside from poolside fun. Stay in shape at the fitness center with our state-of-the-art exercise equipment. Or, make use of our two business centers to cover all of your business needs, so you can get back to relaxing. Learn More Meeting Rooms/Ballroom Spoil your guests with the hotel’s top-notch meeting facilities. Your corporate meeting, wedding, reunion or party is guaranteed to be a spectacular event in our 2,588 square foot versatile function space. Personal sales and catering specialists are at your service to make sure your event is exactly the way you envisioned. Our meeting facilities consist of: Accommodating up to 100 and 150 guest for a cocktail social.1,950 square foot ballroom Executive boardroom Complimentary high-speed internet24-hour business center Outdoor function space available Audio and Visual available (ADD)For more information, please call 866-WIN-RSVP (866-946-7787).2015 Trip Advisor® Award Win Star World Casino Hotel has received a 2015 Trip Advisor® Certificate of Excellence award. Now in its fifth year, the award celebrates excellence in hospitality and is given only to establishments that consistently achieve great traveler reviews on Trip Advisor. Winning the Trip Advisor Certificate of Excellence is a true source of pride for the entire team at Win Star World Casino and Resort and we’d like to thank all of our past guests who took the time to complete a review on Trip Advisor. There is no greater seal of approval than being recognized by one’s customers. The accolade is a remarkable vote of confidence to our business and our continued commitment to excellence.

D1256481

https://cloudinfosec.wordpress.com/2013/05/04/nist-definition-for-saas-paas-iaas/

NIST definition for SaaS, PaaS, IaaS

Software as a Service (Saa S) — The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Examples: Gov-Apps, Internet Services Blogging/Surveys/Twitter, Social Networking Information/Knowledge Sharing (Wiki)Communication (e-mail), Collaboration (e-meeting)Productivity Tools (office)Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)Platform as a Service (Paa S) — The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. Examples: Application Development, Data, Workflow, etc. Security Services (Single Sign-On, Authentication, etc. )Database Management Directory Services Infrastructure as a Service (Iaa S) — The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). Examples: Mainframes, Servers, Storage IT Facilities/Hosting Services Advertisements Share this: Twitter Facebook Loading...

D1798166

http://www.answers.com/Q/How_long_can_sauerkraut_cooked_with_pork_last_in_very_cold_fridge

How long does cooked ham last in the fridge?

Allebell 1 Contribution How long does cooked ham last in the fridge? Answer Cooked ham has been cured before so it can be left in the fridge for 4 - 5 days, but to be on the safe side it's best to have your ham, then cut off what you may want …Midlomaniac 88 Contributions How long can cooked hamburger last in the fridge?i have left cooked hamburger in the fridge for about a week How long does cooked broccoli last in the fridge?one week Kodiakcathy 12,680 Contributions How long will cooked pork keep in fridge? Meats are kept better in the freezer. Meats can be kept in the refrigerator for 3 to 4 days if raw and 1 to 2 days longer if cooked. Always place cooked meats in an airtight c …Can you freeze cooked sauerkraut and pork? Sure why not Suzzi Q 237,155 Contributions Retired with years of experience with Food, FDA and internet surfing. How long does cooked pork stay good outside of the fridge? Potentially hazardous food should not be left at room temperature for more than 2 hours. Less time is better. If the ambient temperature is quite warm, reduce it to one hour. How long cooked eggplant last in fridge? Has been storing my cooked eggplant for 5 days. Still tastes good. :)How long can cooked sausage last in the fridge?32hours David Simpson 70,940 Contributions I take people as I find them, and am always willing to help if I can. How long will cooked pork pie keep in the fridge? Up to a week if the fridge is cold enough. How long can you keep pork in the fridge before cooking it?5000000 years How long does cooked pork loin keep in the fridge?it can last in the fridge for up to 12 days and stay fresh How long can cooked pork roast keep in the fridge? One week

D150798

http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Gross+Income

gross income

gross income Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to gross income: cash flow, Taxable income, Debt To Income Ratio Gross income A person's total income prior to exclusions and deductions. Copyright © 2012, Campbell R. Harvey. All Rights Reserved. Gross Income An individual or company's income before taxes and deductions. For individual income, it is calculated as the individual's wages or salary, investment and asset appreciation, and theamount made from any other source of income. In a company, it is calculated as revenuesminus expenses. An individual's gross income is important to determining eligibility forcertain social programs, while a company's gross income is one measure among many of how well it uses its resources to produce a profit. See also: Adjusted gross income. Farlex Financial Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All Rights Reservedgross income1. For a business, its total revenues exclusive of any expenses.2. For an individual, all income except as specifically exempted by the Internal Revenue Code. For example, an inheritance is specifically excluded from gross income. Wall Street Words: An A to Z Guide to Investment Terms for Today's Investor by David L. Scott. Copyright © 2003 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.gross income The total revenue of a business or individual before deduction for expenses,allowances,depreciation,or other adjustments. The Complete Real Estate Encyclopedia by Denise L. Evans, JD & O. William Evans, JD. Copyright © 2007 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Gross Income Total worldwide income received in the form of money, property, or services that is subject to taxunless specifically exempt or excluded by law. Copyright © 2008 H&R Block. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced with permission from H&R Block Glossary Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:<a href="https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gross+income">gross income</a>Facebook Twitter

D2417150

http://www.dumblaws.com/faq

.

Frequently Asked Questions Why did you create Dumb Laws? We started Dumb Laws because we knew there were literally hundred of dumb, stupid, and ridiculous laws still on the books, and once we uncovered them, people would definitely be interested in seeing them. When did you start this site? Dumb Laws was initially called “Stupid Laws”? when we founded it in September, 1998. We changed the name to Dumb Laws when we purchased the domain name dumblaws.com in December, 1998. Are all these laws real? We have done our best to maintain the accuracy of this database, however, we are not lawyers and do not have the time nor resources to explore the topic as thoroughly as we would like. If you have information that conflicts with ours, please let me know!For those who like fine print: I make no representation, expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the material posted on this web site. It is for entertainment only, and you should do your own research before using this information for any purpose. Iâ? ?m from ______ and you left out my country! Be proud, because that absolutely, positively, 100% means you have no dumb laws. Just kidding. It probably means I just havenâ? ?t had a chance to research your country. If you have evidence of ridiculous laws in your country, feel free to contact me. I think youâ? ?re an idiot, what do I do? Keep it to yourself. The last thing I need is one more nutjob emailing me to tell me Iâ? ?m the crazy one.

D685657

http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8436

Clinical Information

Clinical Information Albumin is a carbohydrate-free protein, which constitutes 55% to 65% of total plasma protein. It maintains oncotic plasma pressure, is involved in the transport and storage of a wide variety of ligands, and is a source of endogenous amino acids. Albumin binds and solubilizes various compounds, including bilirubin, calcium, long-chain fatty acids, toxic heavy metal ions, and numerous pharmaceuticals. Hypoalbuminemia is caused by several factors: impaired synthesis due either to liver disease (primary) or due to diminished protein intake (secondary), increased catabolism as a result of tissue damage and inflammation, malabsorption of amino acids, and increased renal excretion (eg, nephrotic syndrome). Reference Values> or =12 months: 3.5-5.0 g/d LReference values have not been established for patients who are <12 months of age. For SI unit Reference Values, see https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/order-tests/si-unit-conversion.html. Interpretation Hyperalbuminemia is of little diagnostic significance except in the case of dehydration. When plasma or serum albumin values fall below 2.0 g/d L, edema is usually present. Cautions Albumin values determined by the bromcresol green method may not be identical to the albumin values determined by electrophoresis. Clinical Reference1. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. Edited by CA Burtis, ER Ashwood. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 19992. Peters T, Jr: Serum albumin. In The Plasma Proteins. Vol 1. Second edition. Edited by F Putnam, New York, Academic Press, 1975

D2364480

https://www.mapquest.com/us/fl/captiva-282040245

Captiva

Captiva Captiva, FLFavorite Share More Nearby Directions Sponsored Topics Description Captiva is a census-designated place in Lee County, Florida, United States. It is located on Captiva Island. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total year-round population of 379. It is part of the Cape Coral–Fort Myers Metropolitan Statistical Area. Captiva's many large estates, condominiums, and businesses have recovered from the serious damage due to 2004's Hurricane Charley. Captiva is accessed by a small bridge that crosses Blind Pass from Sanibel Island. There is a toll to use the causeway that goes first to Sanibel Island then north to Captiva. Captiva is located at 26°31′5″N 82°11′28″W / 26.51806°N 82.19111°W / 26.51806; -82.19111 (26.518028, -82.191057).

D664819

https://glucerna.com/nutrition-products/glucerna-shakes-rich-chocolate

glucerna ®shake

BUY NOWglucerna ®shake Now with 30% less carbs and sugars † — same great taste. Designed as a snack or meal replacement with CARBSTEADY ®, unique blends of slow-release carbohydrates to help manage blood sugar. *1 carb choice, 4 sugars10 g of protein180 calories† 16g total carbs & 4 sugars per 8 fl oz v 23g total carbs & 6g in prior formula. AVAILABLE FLAVORS: RICH CHOCOLATEHOMEMADE VANILLACREAMY STRAWBERRYCLASSIC BUTTER PECANRelated FAQs How are Glucerna shakes used? How many dietary exchanges or carbohydrate choices are there in a serving? What changes have you made to the Glucerna shake? INGREDIENTSContains milk and soy ingredients. Water, Milk Protein Concentrate, Canola Oil, Glycerin, Corn Maltodextrin, Fructose, Cocoa Powder (Processed with Alkali), Soy Protein Isolate. Less than 1% of: Corn Oil, Short-Chain Fructooligosaccharides, Potassium Citrate, Magnesium Phosphate, Cellulose Gel, Natural & Artificial Flavors, Salt, Choline Chloride, Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Carbonate, Monoglycerides, Soy Lecithin, Sodium Citrate, Cellulose Gum, Carrageenan, Sucralose, Potassium Chloride, Potassium Hydroxide, Turmeric Color, Acesulfame Potassium, Calcium Phosphate, Ferrous Sulfate, dl-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Gellan Gum, Zinc Sulfate, Niacinamide, Manganese Sulfate, Calcium Pantothenate, Red 3, Copper Sulfate, Vitamin A Palmitate, Thiamine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Chromium Chloride, Folic Acid, Biotin, Sodium Molybdate, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenate, Phylloquinone, Vitamin D3, and Vitamin B12. Nutrition Information Serving size: 8 fl oz (237 m L)Amount per serving % Daily Value*Calories: 180Calories from Fat: 80Total Fat, g: 914%Saturated Fat, g: 15%Trans Fat, g: 0Polyunsaturated Fat, g: 3Monounsaturated Fat, g: 4.5Cholesterol, mg: <5<2%Sodium, mg: 2109%Potassium, mg: 50014%Total Carbohydrate, g: 165%Dietary Fiber, g: 312%Sugars, g: 4Protein, g: 1020%VITAMINS & MINERALSVitamins Vitamin A25%Vitamin C100%Vitamin D80%Vitamin E25%Vitamin K30%Thiamin20%Riboflavin25%Niacin25%Vitamin B625%Folate25%Vitamin B1225%Biotin25%Pantothenic Acid25%Minerals Calcium25%Iron25%Phosphorus25%Iodine25%Magnesium25%Zinc25%Selenium25%Copper25%Manganese50%Chromium100%Molybdenum50%Chloride8%*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 Calorie diet.

D2896051

http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/erg

Erg Sentence Examples

Erg Sentence Examples A more convenient unit of work or energy, in practice, on account of the smallness of the erg, is the joule, which is equal to 10.7 ergs, or one watt-second of electrical energy. In the latitude of Paris the dyne is equal to the weight of about of a gramme, and the erg is the amount of work required to raise Ti lerof a gramme vertically through one centimetre. These surfaces are called "equipotential" or "level surfaces," and we may so locate them that the potential difference between two adjacent surfaces is one unit of potential; that is, it requires one absolute unit of work (I erg) to move a small body charged with one unit of electricity from one surface to the next. Browse other sentence examples The word usage examples above have been gathered from various sources to reflect current and historical usage. They do not represent the opinions of Your Dictionary.com.

D1366219

http://www.moderntiredealer.com/news/400500/same-terrain-new-ko2-tire

Same terrain, new KO tire

The BFGoodrich All-Terrain T/A KO2 tire is the first consumer tire to incorporate the company's Core Gard technology used in racing tires to prevent sidewall splitting. The terrain is the same but the new BFGoodrich brand All-Terrain T/A KO2 tire is different from its predecessor with tougher sidewalls, longer tread life and improved traction for off-road and highway driving. Michelin North America Inc. says the All-Terrain T/A KO2 will appeal to light truck and SUV drivers who use their vehicles on the highway, on the worksite and in off-road conditions. The KO2 is an all-season tire that has earned the 3-Peak Mountain Snowflake designation from the Rubber Manufacturers Association. The company says the tire is significantly improved over its predecessor in areas its research identified as important to consumers: sidewall strength, puncture resistance, traction and durability. In comparison to the KO tire it replaces, the KO2 has:* 20% tougher sidewalls through proprietary Core Gard technology;* Two times the tread life on gravel;* 15% longer tread life on asphalt;* 10% better traction in mud; and* 19% improved snow performance. The KO2 will be available in more sizes than the KO. The company plans to offer 61 sizes in North America, versus the current 53 sizes. The KO2 is launching now in 12 sizes, with additional sizes to be launched in 2015. The sizes in the phase 1 release are: LT275/55R20 115/112s All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRD RWLLT27565R18 123/12OR TL All Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT27560R20 110/116S TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRD RWLT265/70R18 124/121R TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT285/75R16 126/123R TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT285/65R20 127/124S TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT265/65R18 122/119R TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT285/65R18 125/122R TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT245/75R16 120/116S TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT315/75T16 127/124R TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT265/75R16 123/120R TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLT235/85R16 120/116S TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RW35x12.50R18LT 123R TL All-Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWLLT225/75R16 115/112S TL All Terrain T/A KO2 LRE RWThe KO2 is produced in Tuscaloosa, Ala., and Ft. Wayne, Ind. In developing the KO2, the company says BFG engineers leveraged the latest off-road racing technology to provide consumers with an advanced tire to meet a range of conditions. KO2 borrows heavily from the BFGoodrich Baja T/A KR2 tire, which was equipped on nine of the top 10 finishers in the 2014 Tecate SCORE Baja 500. Key features of the KO2 include:* tougher sidewalls through the use of Core Gard technology developed in the Baja T/A KR2, a thicker, extended shoulder and computer modeling to predict object paths and create a sidewall design most likely to deflect protruding objects;* longer treadlife through a new tread design and rubber formulation that helps it last twice as long on gravel and 15% longer on asphalt than the previous tire, optimally blended tread rubber to reduce chips and tears on gravel, a new footprint shape and interlocking tread design to provide more uniform wear and special stone ejectors to push objects out of the tread to reduce drilling into the tire; and* aggressive traction through side biter lugs in the sidewall that improve traction in mud, snow and rocks, raised bars in the shoulder to help release compacted mud for better traction in soft soil and 3-D sipes that create biting edges for better snow traction.“The KO2 has an obvious appeal for the serious off-road enthusiast,” says Dan Newsome, US country operations manager, BFG LT tires. “It’s also expected to appeal to anyone who regularly faces challenging gravel, dirt or snow-covered roads. The KO2’s toughness, durability and traction – as well as its improved treadlife and great road manners – deliver strong benefits, whether for work, play or just to get home.”The KO2 will be released to consumers on Nov. 1, initially in 12 sizes fitting a range of vehicles, including Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, Dodge, Toyota and Nissan pickup trucks and SU’s as well as Plus Fitments for a wide variety of vehicles. The MSRP for the tire starts at $222. For more information, photos and videos about the BFGoodrich All-Terrain T/A KO2 tire, visit www. BFGoodrich Tires KO2.com.

D768958

https://www.quora.com/How-does-the-Tesla-Supercharger-work

How does the Tesla Supercharger work?

Nick Howe, Author of "Owning Model S", Model S Owner and Tesla Stockholder. (http://Owning Model S.com)Answered Jul 5, 2014 · Author has 139 answers and 237.6k answer views From my book, Owning Model S: Here’s how a typical Supercharger (in thiscase, the one at Port St Lucie, FL) is configured: the eight bay setup takes a 12 k V, 750 k VA feedfrom the Utility, steps it down to 480V three phase on site, pushes that into 2000A switchgear which feeds four banks of Supercharger units (one for each pair of “pods”) at 480V/200A. Each unit contains twelve 10 k Wrectifiers (the same “charger” that is found in Model S) giving a total of 120k W DC per pair of pods. Each pod feeds DC power at c. 400V/300A into the Model S battery via a cable plugged into the rear of the car. It is intended that Superchargers will be fed from solar power supplied from a canopy over the Supercharger station, but these are not being installed yet in an effort to simplify and accelerate the Supercharger build out.7.9k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?

D3381680

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/can-draw-401k-home-purchase-being-penalized-taxes-47776.html

Can I Draw From a 401k for a Home Purchase Without Being Penalized With Taxes?

Related Articles How to Invest in Real Estate With Your IRA and 401K & Pay Little or No Taxes First Time Homebuyer 401 (k) Withdrawal Can I Withdraw My 403 (b) Early to Buy a House? Implications of Rolling Over a 401 (k) to a Home Mortgage401 (k) retirement plans allow employees to save for retirement in a tax-deferred fashion. Typically, withdrawals from 401 (k) plans before retirement age are discouraged or prohibited except under certain "hardship circumstances," such as buying a home. However, withdrawals from 401 (k) plans are penalized on the amount withdrawn, plus the withdrawal is taxed as income. Unfortunately for plan holders, tax law has no 401 (k) hardship exemptions from withdrawal penalties and taxes, meaning withdrawing from a 401 (k) can be expensive.401 (k) Withdrawals401 (k) withdrawals under hardship exemptions, such as home buying, face 10 percent penalties on such withdrawals. Additionally, if you withdraw from your 401 (k) you must pay income tax on it at tax time. All taxes on 401 (k) withdrawals are due in the year the withdrawals occurred. Lastly, withdrawing money from your 401 (k) will cost you in terms of lost earnings on the money you withdrew from that 401 (k).401 (k) Loan Financial experts advise that if you're going to use your 401 (k) to help fund your home purchase, do so through a loan instead. A 401 (k) loan, rather than a straight withdrawal, comes with certain advantages over that withdrawal. For one, the interest paid on a 401 (k) loan goes back into the account, meaning even more money eventually ends up in it. 401 (k) loan fees may apply, and if you default on it you'll owe standard penalties and taxes. Non-401 (k) Alternatives Tapping traditional IRAs or Roth IRAs rather than 401 (k)s to help fund home purchases can also make sense. For first-time home buyers, withdrawals up to $10,000 from traditional IRAs can be made without tax penalty. Home-buying withdrawals from traditional IRAs have to be spent on home purchases within 120 days of withdrawals, though. Roth IRA savers can withdraw their Roth IRA contributions at any time in any amount without penalty. This is because they have already paid taxes on their Roth contributions. Considerations Most financial experts strongly advise against out-and-out 401 (k) withdrawals because they can be so costly, penalty wise. 401 (k) loans can be for up to half a 401 (k) account's vested balance or $50,000, whichever is less, without triggering tax penalties. 401 (k) loans generally must be completely repaid within five years, though, meaning loan payments could be steep. Other alternatives to tapping retirement accounts for home purchase down payments and such include using second mortgages to fund entire home purchases. References (4)Forbes: Tap Retirement Funds to Buy a Home?401k Calculator.org: Can I Use My 401k to Buy A House? Money Crashers: How to Withdraw from Your 401k or IRA for the Down Payment on a House The Mortgage Professor: Use Funds in 401k as a Down Payment? Resources (3)Consumer Reports.org: Resist the Lure of a 401 (k) Loan Go Banking Rates.com: Should You Ever Use Retirement Funds to Buy a House? Good Financial Cents: 6 Ways to Claim Your 401k Early and Penalty Free About the Author Tony Guerra served more than 20 years in the U. S. Navy. He also spent seven years as an airline operations manager. Guerra is a former realtor, real-estate salesperson, associate broker and real-estate education instructor. He holds a master's degree in management and a bachelor's degree in interdisciplinary studies. Photo Credits Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images Cite this Article

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http://www.washingtonhistory.org/visit/wshm/exhibits/

Exhibits

Exhibits Telling the story of Washington's history includes highlighting the characters and events that have affected the growth of our area. From the tale of women's suffrage, to the mystery of D. B. Cooper, to the impacts of Executive Order 9066, to Northwest citizens and the Cold War, and so much more, the Washington State History Museum provides in-depth exhibitions full of artifacts, ephemera, stories, and images that enrich your visitor experience. Download a map of the galleries here. Current featured exhibitions: TOYTOPIAOn view through June 10. Come play in a BIG world of BIG toys!What was your favorite childhood toy? A jump rope, a board game, or Space Invaders? Or was it an Easy Bake Oven or a Slinky? You’re sure to find your favorite toys in TOYTOPIA. This exhibition is huge, both in terms of layout and contents. The museum’s expansive fifth floor galleries have become a magical land of big toys where you can play all day with the world’s largest Etch A Sketch, a life-size doll house, a human-scale Monopoly car, a retro arcade with games set to free play, and much more.“Our goal was to capture the essence of childhood wonder; that dream of being in a world of toys,” explained Troy Carlson, owner of Stage Nine Entertainment Group who created the exhibition. More here. Washington: My Home New permanent exhibition in the Great Hall of Washington History“It has rained nearly every day since I have been here and yet I like it,” Anaximander Tutton wrote to his family in South Dakota shortly after his arrival in Washington. His story and those of many others are part of Washington: My Home, the new exhibit in the Great Hall of Washington History. Through oral histories and artifacts, visitors can explore migration and immigration through the experiences of diverse individuals who, over time, have come to live in Washington. Visitors first glimpse the Arrival Windows, illuminating images of people who call Washington home. Below the windows are artifacts and stories of dramatic journeys, arrival, and belonging. These accounts range from the 1840s with the first African American family to arrive in Washington Territory to 2015 when the first family of Syrian refugees settled in Seattle, with many others in between. More here ... Play Dates On view through July 15, 2018As long as there have been children, there have been toys. However, what children have played with and how they play has changed over time. Discover how toys and play have evolved, and consider what you can deduce about a particular point in time by looking at playthings from that era. See a colorful variety of toys from the Historical Society's collections, learn about the rise of playgrounds, and find out how Washington has made its mark in toymaking history (the Slinky Dog was invented here, for one!). More here ... Collections Selections On view through July 15, 2018Collections Selections will be an ongoing series of exhibitions featuring rotations of artifacts from the Historical Society's collections. Each iteration of Collections Selections will be organized around a theme. In tandem with the premier traveling exhibition TOYTOPIA, Collections Selections: In The Nursery builds on the theme of play. Step into a turn-of-the-century nursery recreation, with period wallpaper, historic photographs and artwork, and toys and furnishings that represent what you might have seen in the children's room of a Washington home in the early 1900s. Learn about the middle class that emerged after the industrial revolution, and subsquently American's changing ideas about childhood, and how that manifested in the home environment. More here ...

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http://biblehub.com/topical/l/leprosy.htm

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Bible > Topical > Leprosy Free Downloads • Devotions use heart icon >>◄ Leprosy ►Jump to: ISBE • Easton's • Webster's • Concordance • Thesaurus • Greek • Hebrew • Library • Subtopics • Terms Easton's Bible Dictionary (Hebrews tsara'ath, a "smiting, " a "stroke, " because the disease was regarded as a direct providential infliction). This name is from the Greek lepra, by which the Greek physicians designated the disease from its scaliness. We have the description of the disease, as well as the regulations connected with it, in Leviticus 13; 14; Numbers 12:10 -15, etc. There were reckoned six different circumstances under which it might develop itself, (1) without any apparent cause ( Leviticus 13:2 -8); (2) its reappearance (9-17); (3) from an inflammation (18-28); (4) on the head or chin (29-37); (5) in white polished spots (38, 39); (6) at the back or in the front of the head (40-44). Lepers were required to live outside the camp or city ( Numbers 5:1 -4; 12:10 -15, etc.). This disease was regarded as an awful punishment from the Lord ( 2 Kings 5:7; 2 Chronicles 26:20 ). (see MIRIAM; GEHAZI; UZZIAH. )This disease "begins with specks on the eyelids and on the palms, gradually spreading over the body, bleaching the hair white wherever they appear, crusting the affected parts with white scales, and causing terrible sores and swellings. From the skin the disease eats inward to the bones, rotting the whole body piecemeal." "In Christ's day no leper could live in a walled town, though he might in an open village. But wherever he was he was required to have his outer garment rent as a sign of deep grief, to go bareheaded, and to cover his beard with his mantle, as if in lamentation at his own virtual death. He had further to warn passers-by to keep away from him, by calling out, `Unclean! unclean!' nor could he speak to any one, or receive or return a salutation, since in the East this involves an embrace. "That the disease was not contagious is evident from the regulations regarding it ( Leviticus 13:12, 13, 36; 2 Kings 5:1 ). Leprosy was "the outward and visible sign of the innermost spiritual corruption; a meet emblem in its small beginnings, its gradual spread, its internal disfigurement, its dissolution little by little of the whole body, of that which corrupts, degrades, and defiles man's inner nature, and renders him unmeet to enter the presence of a pure and holy God" (Maclear's Handbook O. T). Our Lord cured lepers ( Matthew 8:2, 3; Mark 1:40 -42). This divine power so manifested illustrates his gracious dealings with men in curing the leprosy of the soul, the fatal taint of sin. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary ( n.) A cutaneous disease which first appears as blebs or as reddish, shining, slightly prominent spots, with spreading edges. These are often followed by an eruption of dark or yellowish prominent nodules, frequently producing great deformity. In one variety of the disease, anaesthesia of the skin is a prominent symptom. In addition there may be wasting of the muscles, falling out of the hair and nails, and distortion of the hands and feet with destruction of the bones and joints. It is incurable, and is probably contagious. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia LEPER; LEPROSYlep'-er, lep'-ro-si (tsara`ath; lepra): A slowly progressing and intractable disease characterized by subcutaneous nodules (Hebrew se'eth; Septuagint oule; the King James Version "rising"), scabs or cuticular crusts (Hebrew cappachath; Septuagint semasia) and white shining spots appearing to be deeper than the skin (Hebrew bahereth; Septuagint telaugema). Other signs are (1) that the hairs of the affected part turn white and (2) that later there is a growth of "quick raw flesh." This disease in an especial manner rendered its victims unclean; even contact with a leper defiled whoever touched him, so while the cure of other diseases is called healing, that of leprosy is called cleansing (except in the case of Miriam ( Numbers 12:13) and that of the Samaritan ( Luke 17:15) where the word "heal" is used in reference to leprosy). The disease is described in the Papyrus Ebers as ukhedu (the Coptic name for leprosy is tseht). It is also mentioned in ancient Indian and Japanese history. Hippocrates calls it "the Phoenician disease," and Galen names it "elephantiasis." In Europe it was little known until imported by the returning soldiers of Pompey's army after his Syrian campaign in 61 B. C.; but after that date it is described by Soranus, Aretaeus and other classic authors. 1. Old Testament Instances: The first Old Testament mention of this disease is as a sign given by God to Moses ( Exodus 4:6 (Jahwist)), which may be the basis of the story in Josephus' Apion, I, 31, that Moses was expelled from Heliopolis on account of his being a leper (see also I, 26 and Ant, III, xi, 4). The second case is that of Miriam ( Numbers 12:10 ), where the disease is graphically described (EP2). In Deuteronomy 24:8 there is a reference to the oral tradition concerning the treatment of lepers, without any details, but in Leviticus 13; Leviticus 14 (Priestly Code) the rules for the recognition of the disease, the preliminary quarantine periods and the ceremonial methods of cleansing are given at length. It is worthy of note that neither here nor elsewhere is there any mention of treatment or remedy; and Jehoram's ejaculation implies the belief that its cure could be accomplished only by miracle ( 2 Kings 5:7 ). The case of Naaman ( 2 Kings 5:1) shows that lepers were not isolated and excluded from society among the Syrians. The leprosy of Gehazi ( 2 Kings 5:27) is said to have been the transference of that of Naaman, but, as the incubation period is long, it must have been miraculously inflicted on him. The four lepers of Samaria of 2 Kings 7:3 had been excluded from the city and were outside the gate. The leprous stroke inflicted on Uzziah ( 2 Kings 15:5 2 Chronicles 26:23) for his unwarrantable assumption of the priestly office began in his forehead, a form of the disease peculiarly unclean ( Leviticus 13:43-46) and requiring the banishment and isolation of the leper. It is remarkable that there is no reference to this disease in the prophetical writings, or in the Hagiographa. 2. Leprosy in the New Testament: In the New Testament, cleansing of the lepers is mentioned as a specific portion of our Lord's work of healing, and was included in the commission given to the apostles. There are few individual cases specially described, only the ten of Luke 17:12, and the leper whom our Lord touched ( Matthew 8:2 Mark 1:40 Luke 5:12 ), but it is probable that these are only a few out of many such incidents. Simon the leper ( Matthew 26:6 Mark 14:3) may have been one of those cured by the Lord. 3. Nature and Locality of the Disease: The disease is a zymotic affection produced by a microbe discovered by Hansen in 1871. It is contagious, although not very readily communicated by casual contact; in one form it is attended with anesthesia of the parts affected, and this, which is the commonest variety now met with in the East, is slower in its course than those forms in which nodular growths are the most prominent features, in which parts of the limbs often drop off. At present there are many lepers to be seen at the gates of the cities in Palestine. It is likewise prevalent in other eastern lands, India, China, and Japan. Cases are also to be seen in most of the Mediterranean lands and in Norway, as well as in parts of Africa and the West Indies and in South America. In former times it was occasionally met with in Britain, and in most of the older English cities there were leper houses, often called "lazarets" from the mistaken notion that the eczematous or varicose ulcers of Lazarus were leprous ( Luke 16:20 ). Between 1096 and 1472, 112 such leper houses were founded in England. Of this disease King Robert Bruce of Scotland died. There was special medieval legislation excluding lepers from churches and forbidding them to wander from district to district. Leprosy has been sometimes confounded with other diseases; indeed the Greek physicians used the name lepra for the scaly skin disease now called psoriasis. In the priestly legislation there was one form of disease ( Leviticus 13:13) in which the whiteness covers all the body, and in this condition the patient was pronounced to be clean. This was probably psoriasis, for leprosy does not, until a very late stage, cover all the body, and when it does so, it is not white. It has been surmised that Naaman's disease was of this kind. Freckled spots (Hebrew bohaq), which were to be distinguished from true leprosy ( Leviticus 13:39 ), were either spots of herpes or of some other non-contagious skin disease. The modern Arabic word of the same sound is the name of a form of eczema. the Revised Version (British and American) reads for freckled spot "tetter," an old English word from a root implying itchiness (see Hamlet, I, v, 71). The homiletic use of leprosy as a type of sin is not Biblical. The only Scriptural reference which might approach this is Psalm 51:7, but this refers to Numbers 19:18 rather than to the cleansing of the leper. The Fathers regarded leprosy as typical of heresy rather than of moral offenses. (See Rabanus Maurus, Allegoria, under the word "Lepra.") (1) Leprosy in Garments. The occurrence of certain greenish or reddish stains in the substance of woolen or linen fabrics or in articles made of leather is described in Leviticus 13:47 ;, and when these stains spread, or, after washing, do not change their color, they are pronounced to be due to a fretting leprosy (tsara`ath mam'ereth), and such garments are to be burnt. As among the fellahin articles of clothing are worn for years and are often hereditary, it is little wonder that they become affected by vegetable as well as animal parasites, and that which is here referred to is probably some form of mildew, such as Penicillium or mold-fungus. The destruction of such garments is a useful sanitary precaution. Possibly this sort of decaying garment was in Job's mind when he compares himself to a "rotten thing that consumeth, like a garment that is moth-eaten" ( Job 13:28 ); see also Jude 1:23, "the garment spotted (espilomenon) by the flesh." (2) Leprosy in the House ( Leviticus 14:34 ). The occurrence of "hollow streaks, greenish or reddish," in the plaster of a house is regarded as evidence that the wall is affected with leprosy, and when such is observed the occupant first clears his house of furniture, for if the discoloration be pronounced leprous, all in the home would become unclean and must be destroyed. Then he asks the priest to inspect it. The test is first, that the stain is in the substance of the wall, and, second, that it is spreading. In case these conditions are fulfilled, it is pronounced to be leprosy and the affected part of the wall is taken down, its stones cast outside the city, its plaster scraped off and also cast outside the city; new stones are then built in and the house is newly plastered. Should the stain recur in the new wall, then the whole house is condemned and must be destroyed and its materials cast outside the city. The description is that of infection by some fungus attacking whatever organic material is in the mud plaster by which the wall is covered. If in woodwork, it might be the dry rot (Merulius lacrimans), but this is not likely to spread except where there is wood or other organic matter. It might be the efflorescence of mural salt (calcium nitrate), which forms fiocculent masses when decomposing nitrogenous material is in contact with lime; but that is generally white, not green or reddish. Considering the uncleanly condition of the houses of the ordinary fellah, it is little wonder that such fungus growths may develop in their walls, and in such cases destruction of the house and its materials is a sanitary necessity. 4. The Legal Attitude: It should be observed here that the attitude of the Law toward the person, garment or house suspected of leprosy is that if the disease be really present they are to be declared unclean and there is no means provided for cure, and in the case of the garment or house, they are to be destroyed. If, on the other hand, the disease be proved to be absent, this freedom from the disease has to be declared by a ceremonial purification. This is in reality not the ritual for cleansing the leper, for the Torah provides none such, but the ritual for declaring him ceremonially free from the suspicion of having the disease. This gives a peculiar and added force to the words, "The lepers are cleansed," as a testimony to our Lord's Divine mission. Alexander Macalister Greek3014. lepra -- leprosy... lepra. 3015 . leprosy. Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine Transliteration: lepra Phonetic Spelling: (lep'-rah) Short Definition: leprosy Definition: leprosy. ...//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/3014.htm - 6k167. akatharsia -- uncleanness... Cognate: 167 (from 1 "not" and 2513 , "clean because unmixed, pure") -- ritual , caused by leprosy, open infection, child birth, touching a corpse, etc. ...//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/167.htm - 7k Strong's Hebrew6883. tsaraath -- leprosy... 6882, 6883. tsaraath. 6884 . leprosy. Transliteration: tsaraath Phonetic Spelling: (tsaw-rah'-ath) Short Definition: leprosy. Word .../hebrew/6883.htm - 6k6879. tsara -- to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous... 6878, 6879. tsara. 6880 . to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous. Transliteration: tsara Phonetic Spelling: (tsaw-rah') Short Definition: leper. .../hebrew/6879.htm - 6k2224. zarach -- to rise, come forth... A primitive root; properly, to irradiate (or shoot forth beams), ie To rise (as the sun); specifically, to appear (as a symptom of leprosy) -- arise, rise (up .../hebrew/2224.htm - 6k622. asaph -- to gather, remove... consume, destroy, felch, gather (in, together, up again), X generally, get (him), lose, put all together, receive, recover (another from leprosy ), (be) rereward .../hebrew/622.htm - 6k Library Constantine's Leprosy; Healing and Baptism by Silvester.... Chapter III Writings. 3. Constantine's Leprosy; Healing and Baptism by Silvester. This tale is one of the most frequently found. .../.../pamphilius/the life of constantine/3 constantines leprosy healing and.htm That Covetousness Brings Upon the Soul a Spiritual Leprosy.... Prolegomena. Chapter XXVI. That covetousness brings upon the soul a spiritual leprosy. And such are seen to be lepers in spirit .../.../cassian/the works of john cassian /chapter xxvi that covetousness brings.htm Defilers of Themselves with Beasts, Being Also Leprous, who have ...... Canon XVII. Defilers of themselves with beasts, being also leprous, who have infected others with the leprosy � Defilers of themselves .../.../schaff/the seven ecumenical councils/canon xvii defilers of themselves.htm Jesus Heals a Leper and Creates Much Excitement.... it is idle to conjecture which city it was], behold, ^b there cometh { ^a came} ^b to him a leper [There is much discussion as to what is here meant by leprosy .../.../mcgarvey/the four-fold gospel/xxxiv jesus heals a leper.htm The Leper... clean. And straightway the leprosy departed from him, and he was made clean. ... RV) THE disease of leprosy was peculiarly fearful to a Jew. .../.../chadwick/the gospel of st mark/chapter 1 40-45 the leper.htm The First Stage in the Leper's Cleansing... shall be brought unto the priest: 3. And the priest shall go forth out of the camp; and the priest shall look, and, behold, if the plague of leprosy be healed .../.../maclaren/expositions of holy scripture k/the first stage in the.htm Naaman the Syrian and the Jordan. No Other Stream Has the Same ...... interpretation about this Jordan, so good to drink, so full of grace, it may be of use to compare the cleansing of Naaman the Syrian from his leprosy, and what .../.../origen/origens commentary on the gospel of john/28 naaman the syrian and.htm The Touch that Cleanses... And immediately his leprosy was cleansed.4. And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that .../.../maclaren/expositions of holy scripture a/the touch that cleanses.htm A Slave Girl who Helped Her Master... Samaria! Then he would cure him of his leprosy ." So Naaman went in and told the king what the maid from the land of Israel had said. .../...//christianbookshelf.org/sherman/the childrens bible/a slave girl who helped.htm A Little Jewish Maid.... She learnt to love her mistress very much; and was sorry for her master, for he was troubled with the terrible sickness of leprosy, and she often wished he .../.../anonymous/children of the old testament/a little jewish maid.htm Thesaurus Leprosy (51 Occurrences)... That the disease was not contagious is evident from the regulations regarding it (Leviticus 13:12, 13, 36; 2 Kings 5:1). Leprosy was "the outward and visible .../l/leprosy.htm - 37k Infectious (19 Occurrences)... 13:2 "When a man shall have a rising in his body's skin, or a scab, or a bright spot, and it becomes in the skin of his body the plague of leprosy, then he .../i/infectious.htm - 12k Infection (24 Occurrences)... 13:2 "When a man shall have a rising in his body's skin, or a scab, or a bright spot, and it becomes in the skin of his body the plague of leprosy, then he .../i/infection.htm - 14k Leprous (27 Occurrences)... Noah Webster's Dictionary 1. (a.) Infected with leprosy; pertaining to or resembling leprosy. 2. (a.) Leprose. Multi-Version Concordance .../l/leprous.htm - 15k Pronounced (63 Occurrences)... and the hair in the plague hath turned white, and the appearance of the plague 'is' deeper than the skin of his flesh -- it 'is' a plague of leprosy, and the .../p/pronounced.htm - 26k Appears (38 Occurrences)... and if the hair in the plague be turned white, and the appearance of the plague be deeper than the skin of his flesh, it is the plague of leprosy; and the .../a/appears.htm - 17k Fretting (6 Occurrences)... Fretting in the sense of eating away, consuming, is used of the leprosy, ma'ar, "to be sharp, bitter, painful" (Leviticus 13:51, 52; Leviticus 14:44, "a .../f/fretting.htm - 10k Pronounce (47 Occurrences)... the body: and if the hair in the plague has turned white, and the appearance of the plague is deeper than the body's skin, it is the plague of leprosy; and the .../p/pronounce.htm - 22k Examine (48 Occurrences)... the body: and if the hair in the plague has turned white, and the appearance of the plague is deeper than the body's skin, it is the plague of leprosy; and the .../e/examine.htm - 23k Examination (10 Occurrences)... It is leprosy. (See RSV). Leviticus 13:10 and the priest shall examine him. ... It is the plague of leprosy. It has broken out in the boil. (See RSV). .../e/examination.htm - 11k Bible Concordance Leprosy (51 Occurrences)Matthew 8:3 Jesus stretched out his hand, and touched him, saying, "I want to. Be made clean." Immediately his leprosy was cleansed. (WEB KJV WEY ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)Matthew 10:8 infirm ones be healing, lepers be cleansing, dead be raising, demons be casting out -- freely ye did receive, freely give. (See NIV)Matthew 11:5 blind receive sight, and lame walk, lepers are cleansed, and deaf hear, dead are raised, and poor have good news proclaimed, (See NIV)Mark 1:42 When he had said this, immediately the leprosy departed from him, and he was made clean. (WEB KJV WEY ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)Luke 5:12 It happened, while he was in one of the cities, behold, there was a man full of leprosy. When he saw Jesus, he fell on his face, and begged him, saying, "Lord, if you want to, you can make me clean." (WEB KJV WEY ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)Luke 5:13 He stretched out his hand, and touched him, saying, "I want to. Be made clean." Immediately the leprosy left him. (WEB KJV WEY ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)Luke 7:22 And Jesus answering said to them, 'Having gone on, report to John what ye saw and heard, that blind men do see again, lame do walk, lepers are cleansed, deaf do hear, dead are raised, poor have good news proclaimed; (See NIV)Luke 17:12 and he entering into a certain village, there met him ten leprous men, who stood afar off, (See NIV)Leviticus 13:2 "When a man shall have a rising in his body's skin, or a scab, or a bright spot, and it becomes in the skin of his body the plague of leprosy, then he shall be brought to Aaron the priest, or to one of his sons, the priests: (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS)Leviticus 13:3 and the priest shall examine the plague in the skin of the body: and if the hair in the plague has turned white, and the appearance of the plague is deeper than the body's skin, it is the plague of leprosy; and the priest shall examine him, and pronounce him unclean. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)Leviticus 13:8 The priest shall examine him; and behold, if the scab has spread on the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is leprosy. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:9 "When the plague of leprosy is in a man, then he shall be brought to the priest; (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:11 it is a chronic leprosy in the skin of his body, and the priest shall pronounce him unclean. He shall not isolate him, for he is unclean. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:12 "If the leprosy breaks out all over the skin, and the leprosy covers all the skin of the infected person from his head even to his feet, as far as it appears to the priest; (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:13 then the priest shall examine him; and, behold, if the leprosy has covered all his flesh, he shall pronounce him clean of the plague. It has all turned white: he is clean. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:15 The priest shall examine the raw flesh, and pronounce him unclean: the raw flesh is unclean. It is leprosy. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:20 and the priest shall examine it; and behold, if its appearance is lower than the skin, and its hair has turned white, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is the plague of leprosy. It has broken out in the boil. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:25 then the priest shall examine it; and behold, if the hair in the bright spot has turned white, and its appearance is deeper than the skin; it is leprosy. It has broken out in the burning, and the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is the plague of leprosy. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:27 The priest shall examine him on the seventh day. If it has spread in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is the plague of leprosy. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)Leviticus 13:30 then the priest shall examine the plague; and behold, if its appearance is deeper than the skin, and the hair in it is yellow and thin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is an itch, it is leprosy of the head or of the beard. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:42 But if there is in the bald head, or the bald forehead, a reddish-white plague; it is leprosy breaking out in his bald head, or his bald forehead. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:43 Then the priest shall examine him; and, behold, if the rising of the plague is reddish-white in his bald head, or in his bald forehead, like the appearance of leprosy in the skin of the flesh, (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 13:47 "The garment also that the plague of leprosy is in, whether it is a woolen garment, or a linen garment; (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)Leviticus 13:49 if the plague is greenish or reddish in the garment, or in the skin, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in anything made of skin; it is the plague of leprosy, and shall be shown to the priest. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT)Leviticus 13:51 And he shall look on the plague on the seventh day: if the plague be spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in a skin, or in any work that is made of skin; the plague is a fretting leprosy; it is unclean. (KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT RSV)Leviticus 13:52 He shall therefore burn that garment, whether warp or woof, in woolen or in linen, or any thing of skin, wherein the plague is: for it is a fretting leprosy; it shall be burnt in the fire. (KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT RSV)Leviticus 13:57 And if it appear still in the garment, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in anything of skin, it is a leprosy breaking out: thou shalt burn with fire that wherein the sore is. (DBY)Leviticus 13:59 This is the law of the plague of leprosy in a garment of woolen or linen, either in the warp, or woof, or any thing of skins, to pronounce it clean, or to pronounce it unclean. (KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)Leviticus 14:3 and the priest shall go forth out of the camp. The priest shall examine him, and behold, if the plague of leprosy is healed in the leper, (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)Leviticus 14:7 He shall sprinkle on him who is to be cleansed from the leprosy seven times, and shall pronounce him clean, and shall let the living bird go into the open field. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Leviticus 14:32 This is the law for him in whom is the plague of leprosy, who is not able to afford the sacrifice for his cleansing. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)Leviticus 14:34 When ye be come into the land of Canaan, which I give to you for a possession, and I put the plague of leprosy in a house of the land of your possession; (KJV JPS ASV WBS YLT NAS)Leviticus 14:35 Then let the owner of the house come and say to the priest, It seems to me that there is a sort of leper's disease in the house. (See NAS)Leviticus 14:44 Then the priest shall come and look, and, behold, if the plague be spread in the house, it is a fretting leprosy in the house; it is unclean. (KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT RSV)Leviticus 14:54 This is the law for any plague of leprosy, and for an itch, (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)Leviticus 14:55 And for the leprosy of a garment, and of a house, (KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT RSV)Leviticus 14:57 to teach when it is unclean, and when it is clean. This is the law of leprosy. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)Numbers 12:10 And when the cloud was removed from over the Tent, behold, Miriam was leprous, as white as snow; and Aaron looked upon Miriam; and, behold, she was leprous. (See NIV)Deuteronomy 24:8 Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that you observe diligently, and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you: as I commanded them, so you shall observe to do. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)2 Samuel 3:29 let it fall upon the head of Joab, and upon all his father's house; and let there not fail from the house of Joab one that hath an issue, or that is a leper, or that leaneth on a staff, or that falleth by the sword, or that lacketh bread.' (See NIV)2 Kings 5:1 Now Naaman, captain of the host of the king of Aram, was a great man with his master, and held in esteem, because by him the LORD had given victory unto Aram; he was also a mighty man of valour, but he was a leper. (See NIV)2 Kings 5:3 She said to her mistress, "I wish that my lord were with the prophet who is in Samaria! Then he would heal him of his leprosy ." (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)2 Kings 5:6 He brought the letter to the king of Israel, saying, "Now when this letter has come to you, behold, I have sent Naaman my servant to you, that you may heal him of his leprosy ." (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)2 Kings 5:7 It happened, when the king of Israel had read the letter, that he tore his clothes, and said, "Am I God, to kill and to make alive, that this man sends to me to heal a man of his leprosy? But consider, please, and see how he seeks a quarrel against me." (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)2 Kings 5:11 But Naaman was wroth, and went away, and said: 'Behold, I thought: He will surely come out to me, and stand, and call on the name of the LORD his God, and wave his hand over the place, and recover the leper. (See NIV)2 Kings 5:27 Therefore the leprosy of Naaman will cling to you and to your seed forever." He went out from his presence a leper, as white as snow. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)2 Kings 15:5 And the LORD smote the king, so that he was a leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a house set apart. And Jotham the king's son was over the household, judging the people of the land. (See NIV)2 Chronicles 26:19 Then Uzziah was angry; and he had a censer in his hand to burn incense; and while he was angry with the priests, the leprosy broke forth in his forehead before the priests in the house of Yahweh, beside the altar of incense. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)2 Chronicles 26:20 And Azariah the chief priest, and all the priests, looked upon him, and, behold, he was leprous in his forehead, and they thrust him out quickly from thence; yea, himself made haste also to go out, because the LORD had smitten him. (See NIV)2 Chronicles 26:21 And Uzziah the king was a leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a house set apart, being a leper; for he was cut off from the house of the LORD; and Jotham his son was over the king's house, judging the people of the land. (See NIV)2 Chronicles 26:23 So Uzziah slept with his fathers; and they buried him with his fathers in the field of burial which belonged to the kings; for they said: 'He is a leper'; and Jotham his son reigned in his stead. (See NIV)Subtopics Leprosy Leprosy Leper Leprosy: A Common Disease Among the Jews Leprosy: An Incurable Disease Leprosy: Ceremonies at Cleansing of Leprosy: Christ Gave Power to Heal Leprosy: Entailed Leprosy: Garments: Incurable Infected With, Burned Leprosy: Garments: Infected With, to Have the Piece First Torn Out Leprosy: Garments: Suspected of, But not Having, Washed and Pronounced Clean Leprosy: Garments: Suspected of, Shown to Priest Leprosy: Garments: Suspected of, Shut up Seven Days Leprosy: Healed by Jesus Leprosy: Healed: Disciples Empowered to Heal Leprosy: Healed: Miriam Leprosy: Healed: Naaman Leprosy: Houses: Ceremonies at Cleansing of Leprosy: Houses: Incurably Infected With, Pulled Down and Removed Leprosy: Houses: Infected With, Communicated Uncleanness to Everyone Who Leprosy: Houses: Suspected of, But not Infected, Pronounced Clean Leprosy: Houses: Suspected of, Emptied Leprosy: Houses: Suspected of, Inspected by Priest Leprosy: Houses: Suspected of, Reported to Priest Leprosy: Houses: Suspected of, Shut up Seven Days Leprosy: Houses: To Have the Part Infected With, First Removed, and the Rest Leprosy: Infected: Garments Leprosy: Infected: Houses Leprosy: Infected: Men Leprosy: Infected: Women Leprosy: Isolation of Lepers Leprosy: Law Concerning Leprosy: Leprosy not Mentioned Above: Azariah Leprosy: Leprosy not Mentioned Above: Four Lepers Outside Samaria Leprosy: Leprosy not Mentioned Above: Simon Leprosy: Less Inveterate when It Covered the Whole Body Leprosy: Often Began With a Bright Red Spot Leprosy: Often Hereditary Leprosy: Often Sent As a Punishment for Sin Leprosy: Parts Affected by The Beard Leprosy: Parts Affected by The Forehead Leprosy: Parts Affected by The Hand Leprosy: Parts Affected by The Head Leprosy: Parts Affected by The Whole Body Leprosy: Power of Christ Manifested in Curing Leprosy: Power of God Manifested in Curing Leprosy: Sent As a Judgment On: Gehazi Leprosy: Sent As a Judgment On: Miriam Leprosy: Sent As a Judgment On: Uzziah Leprosy: Separate Burial of Leprosy: The Priests: Examined all Persons Healed of Leprosy: The Priests: Examined Persons Suspected of Leprosy: The Priests: had Rules for Distinguishing Leprosy: The Priests: Judges and Directors in Cases of Leprosy: The Priests: Shut up Persons Suspected of, Seven Days Leprosy: Those Afflicted With: Associated Together Leprosy: Those Afflicted With: Ceremonially Unclean Leprosy: Those Afflicted With: Cut off from God's House Leprosy: Those Afflicted With: Dwelt in a Separate House Leprosy: Those Afflicted With: Excluded from Priest's office Leprosy: Those Afflicted With: Separated from Intercourse With Others Leprosy: Those Afflicted With: To Cry Unclean when Approached Leprosy: Those Afflicted With: To Have Their Heads Bare, Clothes Rent, and Lip Covered Leprosy: Turned the Hair White or Yellow Leprosy: Turned the Skin White Related Terms Infectious (19 Occurrences)Infection (24 Occurrences)Leprous (27 Occurrences)Pronounced (63 Occurrences)Appears (38 Occurrences)Fretting (6 Occurrences)Pronounce (47 Occurrences)Examine (48 Occurrences)Examination (10 Occurrences)Deeper (18 Occurrences)Sore (156 Occurrences)Spot (42 Occurrences)Leper (34 Occurrences)Cleansed (76 Occurrences)Naaman (19 Occurrences)Willing (152 Occurrences)Woollen (4 Occurrences)Woolen (6 Occurrences)Fret (9 Occurrences)Reddish (6 Occurrences)Malignant (5 Occurrences)Corroding (3 Occurrences)Appeareth (31 Occurrences)Scab (7 Occurrences)Diseased (39 Occurrences)Forehead (23 Occurrences)Skin (115 Occurrences)Appearance (126 Occurrences)Mildew (26 Occurrences)Uzziah (27 Occurrences)Cure (28 Occurrences)Farther (33 Occurrences)Recover (37 Occurrences)Plague (142 Occurrences)Azariah (47 Occurrences)Bright (85 Occurrences)Clean (298 Occurrences)Cleanse (75 Occurrences)Boil (29 Occurrences)Covered (325 Occurrences)Na'aman (15 Occurrences)Jotham (26 Occurrences)Wheresoever (17 Occurrences)White-reddish (4 Occurrences)Instantly (39 Occurrences)Itch (11 Occurrences)Inflammation (6 Occurrences)Infected (5 Occurrences)Touched (96 Occurrences)Rash (18 Occurrences)Reddish-white (4 Occurrences)Eruption (6 Occurrences)Malignancy (2 Occurrences)Miriam (13 Occurrences)Bald (12 Occurrences)Breaks (35 Occurrences)Body's (3 Occurrences)Covers (50 Occurrences)Scall (9 Occurrences)Stretched (234 Occurrences)Swelling (14 Occurrences)Elisha (70 Occurrences)Cured (62 Occurrences)Lying (203 Occurrences)Spreading (74 Occurrences)Straightway (96 Occurrences)Deep (237 Occurrences)Straight (196 Occurrences)Disease (213 Occurrences)Direct (58 Occurrences)Abroad (120 Occurrences)Immediately (141 Occurrences)Lie (291 Occurrences)Vessel (118 Occurrences)Scale (38 Occurrences)Wherever (107 Occurrences)Uncleanness (56 Occurrences)Departed (270 Occurrences)Snow (25 Occurrences)Links Bible Concordance • Bible Dictionary • Bible Encyclopedia • Topical Bible • Bible Thesuarus About Us | Contact Us | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Media Kit © 2004 - 2017 by Bible Hub

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https://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/world-war-ii-50-years-ago-saipans-bloody-legacy

World War II: 50 Years Ago: Saipan's Bloody Legacy

Home Leatherneck Digital Content World War II: 50 Years Ago: Saipan's Bloody Legacy World War II: 50 Years Ago: Saipan's Bloody Legacy Category: History WWII WWIBy Col Joseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret.) - Originally Published June 1944The Marines moving westward toward the Mariana Islands in June 1944 were about to cross the threshold into a new chapter of the violent Pacific War. "We are through with the flat atolls now," warned Lieutenant General Holland M. "Howlin' Mad" Smith, commanding the Expeditionary Troops. "Now we are up against mountains and caves where the Japs can really dig in. A week from now there will be a lot of dead Marines. "The ensuing battle of Saipan, the first stage in the American conquest of the Marianas, would be the bloodiest challenge to date in the 15-month Central Pacific drive from Tarawa to two Jima. In 24 days of unrelenting assault and counterattack, the Marines, sailors and soldiers of Gen Smith's command would annihilate a force of 32,000 well-armed Japanese soldiers and rikusentai, the Special Naval Landing Forces. The Saipan invasion was a strategic gamble. The target was a thousand miles beyond the nearest American base, surrounded by enemy airfields, and well within striking distance of the still-powerful Japanese fleet. The costs in American lives and material would be staggering. But victory would bring the Japanese home islands within range of America's new B-29 bombers, rattle the imperial dynasty and shorten the endless war. American planners knew that no island this close to Japan would be cakewalk. Tiny Tarawa-a half square mile of sand and coral-had been bad enough. Saipan was 72 square miles of volcanic rock, mountains, cliffs, caves. Like Tarawa, Saipan was encircled by a fringing reef, but this time there would be no protective lagoon: The surf would be breaking directly on the reef. Additionally, in the Saipan town of Garapan, the Marines would face house-to-house fighting for the first time since Vera Cruz in 1914. Some intelligence assessments were encouraging. The Japanese long considered the Marianas as a backwater, administrative center. The sudden fury of the American amphibious offensives against the Gilberts and Marshalls caused consternation. The Imperial General Headquarters rushed reinforcements and fortification material by the shipload to Saipan and Guam. American submarines had a field day. Time and time again, these intrepid raiders interdicted Japanese manis carrying ammunition, barbed wire, concrete and steel for the islands. The biggest payoff came in the repeated sinking of troop transports. Few reinforcing elements arrived in Saipan with their unit integrity intact. As one key example, American submarines sank five of the seven transports carrying the main body of Lt Gen Yoshitsuga Saito's 43d Division from Japan to Saipan. While other ships picked up many of the survivors, the soldiers reached Saipan demoralized and largely weaponless-barely a week before the American invasion. All this submarine interdiction made a critical difference in the tactical outcome of the assault because Saipan was a defender's dream. While Gen Saito followed the same defend-at-the-water's-edge policy which had ruled at Tulagi, Gavutu, Tarawa and the Marshalls, some of his enterprising subordinates began to experiment with defense-in-depth techniques. In some cases they mounted large-caliber, direct-fire weapons in interior caves, covered the openings with steel doors, and camouflaged the entrance artfully. The Japanese figured the Americans would land on the east coast, at Magicienne Bay, and arrayed much of their firepower in that quadrant. But their artillery officers were professionals. All points on the coastline would be covered by howitzers, heavy mortars and dismounted naval guns. Holland Smith assigned the veteran Second and Fourth Marine Divisions the assault mission for Saipan. Major General Thomas E. Watson now commanded the 2d Mar Div, replacing Maj Gen Julian C. Smith. Maj Gen Harry Schmidt continued his able command of the 4th Mar Div. The Army's 27th Infantry Division under Maj Gen Ralph C. Smith comprised the reserve. Altogether, more than 70,000 Marines and soldiers would embark for the battle. The Marines were well-armed and -equipped for this campaign. Veterans of the fighting in the Solomons and Gilberts had recently assembled in Quantico, Va., to make the standard Marine division slimmer, lighter and more lethal. The most sweeping change appeared at the lowest echelon. Saipan would mark the first appearance of the Marine fire team, the four-man element of the rifle squad built around a Browning automatic rifleman. This tripled the squad's automatic firepower; more importantly, it strengthened and decentralized tactical leadership, a critical feature for the chaotic fighting to come. Each Marine division would assault Saipan with 10 times the number of portable flamethrowers, plus a battalion of Sherman medium tanks, augmented by older light tanks reconfigured with an experimental Canadian flamethrower kit made by Ronson (the Marines promptly dubbed them "Zippo tanks"). The U. S. Fifth Fleet would again take the lead in Operation Forager. The senior leadership remained unchanged since Tarawa: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance commanded the fleet; Vice Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner commanded the amphibious forces. Operation Forager got off to a ragged start. Mishaps in amphibious training during heavy weather off the coast of Maui killed a number of sailors and Marines. Many more died in the tragic explosion of ammunition among the LSTs staged at Pearl Harbor. The trained veterans could not be replaced, but substitute LSTs showed up in short order. This was a reflection of the gigantic outpouring from America's shipyards and ordnance plants. Where the Marines had stormed Betio Island with 125 primitive LVTs, they would cross the line of departure at Saipan with 732 amtracs, including brand-new LVT-4s, equipped with rear ramps, and LVT (A)-4s, which mounted a snub-nosed 75-mm. gun in a forward turret. The Americans would need every one of those LVTs. Saipan's fringing reef was indeed a barrier; none of the Navy's Higgins boats would be able to negotiate the combination of shallow water and high surf. Unlike Tarawa, the tide at Saipan would not be a critical factor. Neither Turner nor Holland Smith wanted to repeat the complicated choreography of Tarawa, where troops had to crawl down debark nets into Higgins boats, transfer into LVTs in rough seas, then endure a 10-mile run to the beach. For Saipan, there were enough LSTs and LVTs to do the job sensibly. The amphibious task force stopped at Eniwetok Atoll to "shoehorn" the assault troops into LSTs, already loaded with amtracs. The rough-riding ships steamed directly for Saipan's southwest coast. Arriving in darkness early on D-Day, the LSTs dropped anchor on line 5,500 yards offshore, opened their bow doors and launched their loaded LVTs toward the beach. The line of departure was dead ahead. As dawn broke, Navy and Marine control officers in offshore small craft were startled to see small, red flags along the reef. They had not been there the day before. The Japanese, tipped off by the preliminary UDT survey, had placed range markers offshore for their artillery spotters. Meanwhile, the American preliminary bombardment was well underway. Suspected Japanese positions were scorched by a crescendo of fire from the ships' big guns and dive bombers from the carriers. Rocket-firing LCI-Gs accompanied the LVTs and cut loose just seaward of the reef. It was-as always-an awesome sight. The Japanese maintained good fire discipline, waiting until the LVTs struck the reef line before opening fire. Naval observers, recoiling at the sudden curtain of explosions that erupted all along the line, thought the reef had been mined after all. What they were seeing was a well-orchestrated "time-on-target" artillery and mortar barrage performed by the largely untouched Japanese defenders. One large-caliber round made a direct hit on the forward part of an LVT carrying the assault elements of Co C, 1st Bn, 6th Marines. The force of the explosion blew several Marines to bits; Lieutenant Paul M. Dodd was severely wounded by the bones from the Marines next to him. The vehicle foundered in the surf, then drifted back out to sea. Private First Class J. T. "Slick" Rutherford, a Tarawa veteran, manned a .30-caliber light machine gun on the starboard side of his LVT-2 Water Buffalo on the right flank of the first wave. Rutherford found the surf at the reef's edge to be worse than the concentrated fire. The adjacent LVT nosed into a pot-hole crossing the coral; a plunging wave caught the exposed stern of the vehicle and flipped it completely over, trapping many of the Marines underneath. Rutherford's LVT made it to the beach only to be greeted by a hail of small-arms fire. Japanese marksmen shot the LVT driver in the throat. A rifle bullet "whanged" off the side of Rutherford's helmet. As he lurched in shock to his right, a mortar round exploded on the starboard side which flattened him and killed the troop commander beside him. The LVT crew's mission had been to proceed inland several hundred yards. Now their first job was to limp back to the ship with half the crew and troops dead and wounded. But the Americans' ship-to-shore plan for Saipan worked. The direct delivery of preloaded LVTs just seaward of the line of departure served to maximize surprise and minimize exposure to the Japanese killing zones along the reef. The Marines lost only 20 of the 719 LVTs employed to assault the beach. Once ashore, however, the story was different. The amtracs were good in the surf, but they were of limited value as infantry fighting vehicles inland. The armored LVT (A)s provided early direct fire support, but they were by no means tanks, and many were blown up by Japanese gunfire. Even the early delivery of real tanks, the Shermans, did not help the Marines break out of the beachhead that first day. The Marines were ashore in force-20,000 by nightfall-but they sustained nearly 2,000 casualties in the doing, mainly from the unrelenting artillery and mortar fire from Japanese batteries firing from reverse slope under direction of concealed observers in the high ground overlooking the beaches. Among the Marine casualties were several assault battalion commanders, including the colorful Lieutenant Colonel Henry P. "Jim" Crowe, commanding the 2d Bn, 8th Marines. His landing team had been forced north of Green Beach 2 by an unexpected current and the heavy enemy fire; now a dangerous gap existed between the two divisions. Crowe and his runner, Corporal William "Dinie" Donitaly, took off on foot to reconnoiter the gap and seek a linkup with the 23d Marines to the south. Instead, they found a squad of Japanese riflemen. Crowe, a distinguished marksman, acquitted himself well with his carbine in the ensuing firefight, but both men were cut down, badly hit. The two Marines consoled each other, Crowe trying to cover the sucking wound in his chest: "You know, Dinie, I don't believe we're going to die." Neither Marine did, but Crowe's ordeal was hardly over. Evacuated to the battalion aid station in "the rear," Crowe was subject to intense mortar fire while being treated. Shrapnel killed the corpsman kneeling over him and wounded Crowe in five places. The American toehold was dangerous in every corner on D-Day. Both divisions landed their artillery units early to help equal the odds, but the Japanese that first day were looking right down the Marines' throats. Everyone was vulnerable. Then came the night. Marine Lt Jim Lucas, a veteran combat correspondent, described the anxiety of the initial night ashore. "There is something definitely terrifying about the first night on a hostile beach. No matter what superiority you may boast in men and material, on that first night you're the underdog, and the enemy is in a position to make you pay through the nose." Night counterattacks charac-terized the fighting on Saipan throughout the weeks of the battle. One of these, shortly after the landing, included the first armored counter-attack the Marines had experienced, some 40 Japanese medium attacks roaring through the darkness toward the beach. The 1st Bn, 6th Marines took the brunt of this assault, but they had a lot of help. Lt Col William K. Jones' Marines stood fast, using tanks, bazookas, direct support artillery and naval gunfire to destroy the Japanese tank battalion and slaughter the infantry. Notwithstanding these fierce counter-attacks, the Marines were ashore to stay. There was never a question of "issue in doubt" as at Tarawa seven months earlier. The only real threat to the capture of Saipan came from the San Bernardino and Surigao straits in the Philippines. American submarines patrolling those narrow seas sent flash reports telling Adm Spruance that the Japanese Mobile Fleet was steaming north toward the Marianas. Its mission: sink the American carriers, destroy the amphibious task force off Saipan. Spruance did not overreact. He had superior numbers and combat efficiency, particularly in his fleet air arm. But certain measures were necessary to lessen the vulnerability of the amphibs. Spruance directed Turner and Smith to offload the 27th Infantry Division immediately and prepare for curtailed support from the fleet. The amphibs would still dart in to unload critical supplies; the gunships could still return for called fire missions. But temporarily, all support ships would be dispersed. Spruance then uncoiled the striking arm of the Fifth Fleet, Rear Admiral Marc A. Mitscher's Task Force 58. The result was the epic Battle of the Philippine Sea, which included "The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot," the greatest carrier battle of the war and a convincing naval victory for the United States. The Marines ashore at Saipan, typically the last to get the word, suffered a collective anxiety attack to awake one morning and find the vast supporting fleet gone. But unlike Guadalcanal, essential services continued. The amphibious ships unloaded 11,500 tons of combat cargo across the beach at the height of the naval battle. Gen Saito then knew his cause was lost. There would be no triumphant return of the Japanese fleet, no rescue or reinforcement possible for his beleaguered garrison. Still they fought on, making the Marines and soldiers pay for every dozen yards of advance. Casualty rates soared. The raging artillery fire which characterized so much of the fighting produced frightful casualties. The regimental surgeon of the 6th Marines reported treating "nine shell fragment cases for each bullet wound. "Fortunately, the assault forces had anticipated heavy casualties and were well-organized to handle them. Organic Navy surgeons and corpsmen deployed forward with assault units. Adm Turner provided three LSTs, configured as provisional hospital ships, in a near-shore anchorage. Four regular hospital ships, including USS Solace, entered the amphibious objective area by the third day of fighting. As usual, it was the Navy medical personnel ashore who paid the highest price for this support. A total of 414 surgeons and corpsmen were killed or wounded at Saipan, eight times the number for Tarawa. One example of this up-close medical support occurred during a counterattack against the 3d Bn, 25th Marines the night of D+4. During the height of the melee, a Japanese grenade grievously injured one Marine, and he lay bleeding badly, his right leg hanging by shreds. Two corpsmen somehow retrieved him under intense fire, but there was no safe place to treat his wounds. The battalion surgeon, Navy Lt Michael F. Keleher, decided to operate on the spot. While his corpsmen held a flashlight, Keleher coolly ignored the firing, and using only a pair of scissors, two hemostats and a tourniquet, amputated the Marine's leg, stopped the bleeding and bandaged the stump. The Marine survived. The story of the battle of Saipan is unfortunately overshadowed by the lingering "Smith vs. Smith" controversy. In a nutshell, Holland Smith relieved Army Gen Ralph Smith of command of the 27th Division because he perceived the junior Smith to be too passive under fire. The chief complaint concerned slow movement of the Army troops which caused the faster-moving Marine divisions on either side to suffer exposed flanks and loss of tactical momentum. Holland Smith was within his authority to take this drastic action, and he had unequivocal support from both Adm Turner and Adm Spruance. Another Army general took charge of the division, and the troops took heart and carried their load, many fighting with great distinction. But senior Army officers in rear echelons were furious. It did not matter to them that five Army division commanders were relieved of command during the war; this was the first and only occasion of a Marine Corps officer relieving an Army officer. The controversy poisoned top-level Army-Marine Corps relations for years. The real battle of Saipan raged on. The 4th Mar Div uncovered Magicienne Bay and turned north into hilly country along the eastern coast. Each piece of contested terrain earned its own nickname: Poison Ridge. Dead Man's Gulch, Back-Break Hill, Death Valley. The 1st Bn, 29th Marines seized the top of 1,554-foot Mount Tapotchau under the inspired leadership of Lt Col Rathvon Mc C. Tompkins. The mountaintop had taken a deadly toll. Earlier, a recon patrol from the 25th Marines under Sergeant Major Gilbert L. Morton had fought almost to the last man to protect their wounded until reinforcements could mount a rescue mission. Farther south, two Marine Corps observation squadrons, VMO-2 and VMO-4, landed on newly captured Aslito Airfield. The Marine aviators provided invaluable artillery spotting and reconnaissance throughout the duration of the battle. Black Marines experienced their first combat of the war. Members of the 3d Ammunition Co and the 18, 19th, and 20th Marine Depot Companies landed on D-Day to serve with the shore party. Private Kenneth J. Tibbs was killed on the beach, thus becoming the first black Marine to die in action against the enemy in the war. Two more would die at Saipan, and five others would be injured. These Marines earned the respect of their white counterparts by forming provisional rifle squads and helping repel the many Japanese counterattacks. As Time correspondent Robert Sherrod reported at the scene, "Negro Marines, under fire for the first time, have earned a universal 4.0 on Saipan. "Late in the battle, the surviving Japanese troops staged a massive banzai attack, some 4,000 troops screaming out of the night with swords and grenades. Finding a wide gap in the American lines, the human waves penetrated several thousand yards to overlap the artillerymen of the 14th Marines. These cannoneers died by their guns in desperate, close-range fighting. Daylight brought reinforcements and succor, but the slaughter had been great on both sides. Another horror closely followed the banzai attack. As the Marines and soldiers converged on the final enemy positions near Marpi Point in the north, hundreds of Japanese and native civilians, long brainwashed by the garrison that Americans would torture them, began killing their families and themselves by jumping off the cliffs onto the rocks below. It was one of the most heartbreaking scenes of the war. Fifty years later, the surviving natives still mention the white birds of Marpi Point. Before the mass suicides, according to legend, there had been no sea birds in evidence along the northern cliffs; now these unique birds come there every year. Victory at Saipan did not end the war, but it shortened it. America gained, in exchange for 16,000 casualties, a solid foothold in the heart of the Japanese "Absolute Sphere of National Defense." Ahead lay Guam and Tinian, then bloody Peleliu, two Jima and Okinawa. But Navy Seabees were already working on Saipan's airfields. Five months after the capture of Saipan, a massive fleet of B-29s would take off from U. S. air bases in the Marianas for the first direct bombing of Tokyo since the Doolittle raid of 1942. With the fall of Saipan, the Japanese could sense the inevitable. The Tojo cabinet quit in disgrace. Emperor Hirohito said, "Hell is upon us." he was prophetic. For further reading, the author recommends the newly published 50th anniversary history of the battle (Captain John C. Chapin, USMCR (Ret), "Breaching the Marianas: The Battle for Saipan "). For ordering information, contact the Marine Corps Historical Foundation, 1800-336-0291, Ext. 60. Add new comment Subject *A field replacing comment subject. Comment *Disable rich-text More information about text formats Text format Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. Allowed HTML tags: <a> <em> <strong> <cite> <blockquote> <code> <ul> <ol> <li> <dl> <dt> <dd>Lines and paragraphs break automatically. Your name

D898719

http://forums.androidcentral.com/samsung-galaxy-note-edge/473134-s-view-flip-cover-edge.html

S View flip cover for the Edge?

Forum Samsung Android Phones More Samsung Phones Samsung Galaxy Note Edge S View flip cover for the Edge? Our Samsung Galaxy S9 & S9+ Forum is live! Have questions, or simply want to join in the discussion with our friendly community members? Join us right here!04-05-2015 03:29 AM 381 2tools156https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4131822&viewfull=1#post4131822Chris Beaudoin I am wondering if anyone has heard about the release of the s view case for the edge? I have the edge flip case now, and would love to be able to use the s view case instead in order to use the features offered to note 4 users. Sent from my fantastic and feature rich ( And i'd like to point out anything but a gimmic) Samsung Galaxy Note Edge.12-18-2014 07:34 AM Like 01,131https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4131887&viewfull=1#post4131887DASOriginally Posted by Chris Beaudoin I am wondering if anyone has heard about the release of the s view case for the edge? I have the edge flip case now, and would love to be able to use the s view case instead in order to use the features offered to note 4 users. Sent from my fantastic and feature rich ( And i'd like to point out anything but a gimmic) Samsung Galaxy Note Edge. How do you like the flip case? I tend to use my devices without any case, and will likely continue to do so, but there is something about that flip case I like. It has a style and professional look that keeps me checking it out. I haven't purchased it yet, but I was curiuos to know how you like it thus far? Posted via the Android Central App12-18-2014 08:07 AM Like 0156https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4131959&viewfull=1#post4131959Chris Beaudoin I really like the flip case. It does ad a level of professionalism to the look of the phone. I also have the Gear S so that enables me to not have to open my flip cover even time I need to respond to a notification. I would just really love to have the option of the s view cover. ✒✒ Sent from my fantastic and feature rich ( And i'd like to point out anything but a gimmic) Samsung Galaxy Note Edge. 12-18-2014 08:56 AM Like 065https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4133447&viewfull=1#post4133447joganjani I love flip wallet too but I cannot find it anywhere in AT&T shops. I get 50% discount on accessaries through my FAN. So am waiting for it to become available.12-18-2014 04:10 PM Like 0731https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4135353&viewfull=1#post413535321st Now Originally Posted by joganjani I love flip wallet too but I cannot find it anywhere in AT&T shops. I get 50% discount on accessaries through my FAN. So am waiting for it to become available. I found mine at a corporate AT&T store when the Note Edge was first released.12-19-2014 02:17 PM Like 0117https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4136374&viewfull=1#post4136374GSOgymrat I'm using the Samsung flip wallet which I bought at Best Buy. I've become accustom to not carrying a regular wallet and just having my driver's license and credit card with my phone. The flip wallet works well but I wish there was a way for the flap to stay closed.12-20-2014 05:08 AM Like 081https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4136486&viewfull=1#post4136486Alfie Briggs The Edge looks a fantastic device - Samsung will find a way to make sexy cases for this, I went Note4 however I love the look of the Edge. Posted via my amazing Note 4 paired with my Moto36012-20-2014 06:51 AM Like 030https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4147953&viewfull=1#post4147953Arbietd21The Samsung flip case is amazing and I love it. I don't think they will be making one with s view though.12-26-2014 01:09 AM Like 0156https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4166879&viewfull=1#post4166879Chris Beaudoin Originally Posted by Arbietd21The Samsung flip case is amazing and I love it. I don't think they will be making one with s view though. The question is why? You still need to open the flip case on the edge now to take a pic, write a memo, dial a contact, anything. At least with the s view case you can call, take notes, use camera etc. The edge panel is not so functional that I can operate my phone with the flip closed. I mean they should have at least has a quick dial panel so you could put say 10 contacts on it, then tap one and it dials with the cover closed. Just anything to make the edge panel even more functional while the cover is closed. It is kind of frustrating to be honest, that we have thw most expensive phone in samsungs lineup and the edge panel is only useful as a night clock and notification system while the flip cover is closed. I mean the s view cover on the note 4 provides a ton of functionality to its users. And in reality the s view cover is just a flip case with a cut out, and a simple software update would install the needed code for us edge users to use it. This, of course is my humble opinion. Lol ✒✒ Sent from my fantastic and feature rich Samsung Galaxy Note Edge.✒✒01-07-2015 12:55 AM Like 0121https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4168999&viewfull=1#post4168999Android Cent Originally Posted by Chris Beaudoin I mean they should have at least has a quick dial panel so you could put say 10 contacts on it, then tap one and it dials with the cover closed. My Note Edge has a panel called "Quick call contacts" that does exactly what you are describing. I did not specifically install it, it was either on my phone out of the box or was added when I received a system update on the day I got the phone. I had always thought it was a standard feature but it appears not all versions have it?01-08-2015 10:16 AM Like 1156https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4169257&viewfull=1#post4169257Chris Beaudoin Originally Posted by Android Cent My Note Edge has a panel called "Quick call contacts" that does exactly what you are describing. I did not specifically install it, it was either on my phone out of the box or was added when I received a system update on the day I got the phone. I had always thought it was a standard feature but it appears not all versions have it? Thank you for the tip, but that is incorrect. Using the contacts panel still requires you to open the cover to make the call. You can not use the phone to dial out with the cover closed. --- Sent from my fantastic Note Edge--- "IT'S NOTE A GIMMICK, THEY JUST HATE US CAUSE THEY AIN'T US!!!!!! "✒✒01-08-2015 12:46 PM Like 0785https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4169566&viewfull=1#post4169566tech_fan Do any of you use the flip case with a screen protector? In some instances, I cannot see the need of the screen protector if you have a flip case. Especially, since I have the Gear S. Also the screen protectors that are out now have a ridge on the edge so, I am not sure I would like that. I am waiting for the glass screen protectors to come out or the ones that actually wrap around completely and do not effect the visibility of the screen.01-08-2015 04:09 PM Like 0156https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4169757&viewfull=1#post4169757Chris Beaudoin Originally Posted by tech_fan Do any of you use the flip case with a screen protector? In some instances, I cannot see the need of the screen protector if you have a flip case. Especially, since I have the Gear S. Also the screen protectors that are out now have a ridge on the edge so, I am not sure I would like that. I am waiting for the glass screen protectors to come out or the ones that actually wrap around completely and do not effect the visibility of the screen. I have no protection on mine other that the flip case. I also have the Gear S and Gear circle. Also there will be a tempered glass screen protector released by the end of the month (so I have read). I see no need for a screen protector unless it is tempered glass if you use the flip cover. --- Sent from my fantastic Note Edge--- "IT'S NOTE A GIMMICK, THEY JUST HATE US CAUSE THEY AIN'T US!!!!!! "✒✒01-08-2015 06:18 PM Like 21,131https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4170725&viewfull=1#post4170725DASOriginally Posted by Chris Beaudoin I have no protection on mine other that the flip case. I also have the Gear S and Gear circle. Also there will be a tempered glass screen protector released by the end of the month (so I have read). I see no need for a screen protector unless it is tempered glass if you use the flip cover. --- Sent from my fantastic Note Edge--- "IT'S NOTE A GIMMICK, THEY JUST HATE US CAUSE THEY AIN'T US!!!!!! "✒✒ Like you I also own the Gear S and Circle along with the Note Edge. I mentioned before that I don't think normally like to use a case on my phones but from what I saw there was a sleek professionalism about the flip case I liked. I just picked one up at Best Buy and have been using it the last few days. It's taking me a little bit to get used to but I think I'll keep it. As you mentioned earlier, I do wish the panel was functional with the cover closed because it seems odd to have to open the cover for what seems like simple task that could be performed with the panel? It's all new though, and I'm sure someone at Samsung has noticed this oversight by now. Hopefully they will add the functionality to this phone, or it will surely be available on the E2 (Edge 2). Posted via the Android Central App01-09-2015 10:32 AM Like 065https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4171489&viewfull=1#post4171489joganjani I love my flip case too. Das and Chris, how do you like your circles? I read and saw many reviews where people complain that they fall off of your ear. Have you guys notice same problem? Also, do you have to use that neck choker thingy to carry the weight of the back piece? Please share your experience.01-09-2015 08:33 PM Like 0156https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4171490&viewfull=1#post4171490Chris Beaudoin Originally Posted by joganjani I love my flip case too. Das and Chris, how do you like your circles? I read and saw many reviews where people complain that they fall off of your ear. Have you guys notice same problem? Also, do you have to use that neck choker thingy to carry the weight of the back piece? Please share your experience. I have no issues with it falling out of my ear or ears. And I use the plastic choker at work because I walk alot around a warehouse. To be honest I barely feel it and know one notices it. --- Sent from my fantastic Note Edge--- "IT'S NOTE A GIMMICK, THEY JUST HATE US CAUSE THEY AIN'T US!!!!!! "✒✒01-09-2015 08:35 PM Like 11,131https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4171537&viewfull=1#post4171537DASOriginally Posted by joganjani I love my flip case too. Das and Chris, how do you like your circles? I read and saw many reviews where people complain that they fall off of your ear. Have you guys notice same problem? Also, do you have to use that neck choker thingy to carry the weight of the back piece? Please share your experience. I have owned the Circle for two weeks now and it works really well. The ear buds falling out has not been my experience. They stay in pretty good, but you do have to ensure you select the correct size for your ears. One other thing I noticed after two days of use is that I had the gels in wrong so it's important to make sure the gels are installed properly. The neck guards are actually quite comfortable to me. I forget I have them on, and I wear my Circle everyday, all day. The only negative, and it's a fairly small one, is that the headphones have no way of laying flat around my neck. The earbuds stick out when resting. It's not that big of a deal, and from a design standpoint I can't think of anyway to remedy it, but that would be the only negative. They have really made my life easier. Posted via the Android Central App01-09-2015 09:13 PM Like 165https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4171634&viewfull=1#post4171634joganjani Thanks guys. Back to flip wallet....01-09-2015 10:40 PM Like 0121https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4172936&viewfull=1#post4172936Android Cent Originally Posted by Chris Beaudoin Thank you for the tip, but that is incorrect. Using the contacts panel still requires you to open the cover to make the call. You can not use the phone to dial out with the cover closed. --- Sent from my fantastic Note Edge--- "IT'S NOTE A GIMMICK, THEY JUST HATE US CAUSE THEY AIN'T US!!!!!! "✒✒ Oh, okay, maybe the flip cover changes the behaviour of the "Quick call contacts" panel. I don't have the flip cover but when my main screen is off and I activate only the edge screen then press on a contact on the "Quick call contacts" panel it immediately dials that person without any further input. What happens on yours when your cover is open, with the main screen is off, but the edge panel active? Does it still behave the same as if the cover is closed?01-10-2015 10:21 PM Like 0156https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4173121&viewfull=1#post4173121Chris Beaudoin Originally Posted by Android Cent Oh, okay, maybe the flip cover changes the behaviour of the "Quick call contacts" panel. I don't have the flip cover but when my main screen is off and I activate only the edge screen then press on a contact on the "Quick call contacts" panel it immediately dials that person without any further input. What happens on yours when your cover is open, with the main screen is off, but the edge panel active? Does it still behave the same as if the cover is closed? With out the cover it works perfectly normal. It's the flip case that's the issue --- Sent from my fantastic Note Edge--- "IT'S NOTE A GIMMICK, THEY JUST HATE US CAUSE THEY AIN'T US!!!!!! "✒✒01-11-2015 01:23 AM Like 0121https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4174440&viewfull=1#post4174440Android Cent Originally Posted by Chris Beaudoin With out the cover it works perfectly normal. It's the flip case that's the issue That's pretty sucky. They should put an option in so you can choose to have that panel behave like it has no case. Is there a place to send suggestions to Samsung about improvements and ideas? I have a couple of minor annoyances too.01-11-2015 11:25 PM Like 0232https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4174834&viewfull=1#post4174834laspahr I found case on Amazon, similar to the S View, but not sure if it's legit.. Anyone used it? (link: http://www.amazon.com/Samsung-Galaxy...c Uvb Up U4174834) Posted via the Android Central App01-12-2015 08:02 AM Like 0433https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4174891&viewfull=1#post4174891rabernet Originally Posted by laspahr I found case on Amazon, similar to the S View, but not sure if it's legit.. Anyone used it? (link: http://www.amazon.com/Samsung-Galaxy...c Uvb Up U4174891) Posted via the Android Central App It doesn't have good reviews.01-12-2015 08:50 AM Like 0156https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4174893&viewfull=1#post4174893Chris Beaudoin Originally Posted by laspahr I found case on Amazon, similar to the S View, but not sure if it's legit.. Anyone used it? (link: http://www.amazon.com/Samsung-Galaxy...c Uvb Up U4174893) Posted via the Android Central App I do not think it's legit. It does not have the chip in it that enables the s view cover to work. I would not trust it. The official samsung flip case requires you replace your battery cover with the case. As you can see in the photo.....the chip connector on the official samsung flip case. --- Sent from my fantastic Note Edge--- "IT'S NOTE A GIMMICK, THEY JUST HATE US CAUSE THEY AIN'T US!!!!!! "✒✒Attached Thumbnails01-12-2015 08:53 AM Like 0232https://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=473134&p=4174984&viewfull=1#post4174984laspahr Originally Posted by Chris Beaudoin I do not think it's legit. It does not have the chip in it that enables the s view cover to work. I would not trust it. The official samsung flip case requires you replace your battery cover with the case. As you can see in the photo.....the chip connector on the official samsung flip case. --- Sent from my fantastic Note Edge--- "IT'S NOTE A GIMMICK, THEY JUST HATE US CAUSE THEY AIN'T US!!!!!! "✒✒ That's what I figured :/ Posted via the Android Central App01-12-2015 10:01 AM Like 0381 2Forum Samsung Android Phones More Samsung Phones Samsung Galaxy Note Edge Similar Threads [Android] Shine - The lighting game By flawyte in forum Developer Spotlight Replies: 7 Last Post: 07-10-2015, 03:39 PMScreen covers? By K_Daddy in forum Moto 360Replies: 4 Last Post: 12-18-2014, 10:22 PMHyperdrive ROM for Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2By nabour in forum Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2Replies: 0 Last Post: 12-18-2014, 05:13 AMContact Us Android Forums at Android Central.com Top

D2190326

http://www.comicsbeat.com/creator-says-creator-owned-comics-pay-as-little-as-31-25-a-page-if-youre-lucky/

Creator says creator-owned comics pay as little as $31.25 a pageâif youâre lucky

Creator says creator-owned comics pay as little as $31.25 a page—if you’re lucky11/27/2012 3:00 pm by Heidi Mac Donald Share this: Creator Jim Zubkavich (aka Jim Zub) is the writer of SKULLKICKERS, one of Image’s more prominent post-WALKING DEAD, pre-SAGA hits. It’s had early sellouts, multiple volumes, and a treasury edition. But was it really profitable? In a blog post, Zubkavich lays out the realities of the economics of indie comics. You’ll need to read the whole thing for the retailer/distro split, but here’s the nut graph for creators: On a print run of 5000 comics (and many, many creator-owned titles sell less than that in the current market), it means $1250 to $2500 remains for those 4 important categories. Guess how that breaks down? If the advertising cost was ZERO and publisher expenses were ZERO, then the writer and artist of a 20 page comic would still only get $31.25 to $62.50 EACH PER PAGE. Oops, no money in there for the cover art, sorry. Add in more people (inker, colorist, letterer, etc) and the amount would get split even further, but this is a BOGUS number. The publisher has expenses/staff to pay. Now, some copies sell way more than 5000 copies, like SAGA, say, and Brian K. Vaughan is on record talking about how lucrative this comic was for him and co-creator Fiona Staples. And Robert Kirkman can probably afford a venti pumpkin latte when the urge strikes him. But for the many, many books that sell at or around this 5000 copy level. Zub’s numbers are pretty accurate. What to do? Zub writes sound practical advice: Believe it or not, I’m not bitter about all of this. It’s the price of doing business in mainstream comics via retail. That’s how it works. I just want to make it very clear so people understand what I mean when I say I’m not getting rich making my own comic. That’s why you should • Support indy titles. • Support creator-owned comics. • Pre-order books you’re interested in from your local retailer. • Tell your friends about books and help build support. • Support Kickstarter campaigns for great independent comic projects. • Buy direct from creators at conventions so 100% of the cover price goes into their pocket. Bitter or not, Zub’s numbers did draw this response from Aaron Diaz, creator of the webcomic DRESDEN CODAK: Why I’ll never ever do mainstream comics. RT @ jimzub: You can’t handle the truth about creator-owned comics and money: bit.ly/10P60Mp— Aaron Diaz (@dresdencodak) November 27, 2012Heidi Mac Donald Heidi Mac Donald is the founder and editor in chief of The Beat. In the past, she worked for Disney, DC Comics, Fox and Publishers Weekly. She can be heard regularly on the More To Come Podcast. She likes coffee, cats and noble struggle. Share this: Related Image Expo gets guests, more details Image Expo, the February show that both fills the Northern California comic-con slot and gives Image a place to publicly celebrate their 20th anniversary, has announced more guests, including Blair Butler, Kevin Mellon, John Layman, Rob Guillory, and Nick Spencer. In addition, Jennifer de Guzman interviewed the principals for PW…12/16/2011 8:00 am In "Conventions"i Verse Has An Exclusive Publisher: Exclusivity Wars Are Back And This Time They're Digital By Todd Allen I was wondering if we had a full-on exclusivity war brewing when I started hearing about publishers, particularly digital imprints going exclusive with comi Xology. Now we see Contraband Comics starting up and going exclusive with i Verse, so I guess two sides makes it a war. Contraband's highest…08/15/2012 12:14 pm In "Culture"From Skullkickers to Pathfinder, Zubkavich Starts a New Fantasy Title at Dynamite05/14/2012 3:18 pm In "Comings & Goings"Filed Under: Business News, Top News

D2456256

https://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-ultra-tmg-trimethylglycine-500-mg-90-caps

TMG Trimethylglycine

Swanson Ultra TMG Trimethylglycine Item | SWU466Supports healthy liver function Supports detoxification Supports normal homocysteine levels1,000 mg 90 Caps Caps Size: 0$4.99MSRP $7.99Yes! I want 10% off and free shipping over $50 on my next automatic shipment of this item. Learn more Quantity Add To Cart In Stock Product Info & Reviews Our Guarantee Other Sizes Featured review"TMG supplements are usually quite expensive, but not this one! This is a really great value, and it contains the same active ingredients. "See all reviews Supplement Facts Serving Size 2 Capsules Servings Per Container 45Amount Per Serving % Daily Value TMG (Trimethylglycine) (from natural betaine)1 g **Daily Value not established. Other ingredients: Gelatin, may contain one or more of the following: microcrystalline cellulose (plant fiber), magnesium stearate, silica. Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, take two capsules per day with water. Take with first meal of the day, preferably breakfast. Printable Size Guide Shipping Weight.18 lbs What is TMG? Trimethylglycine (TMG) is an amino acid that protects the cardiovascular system by supporting healthy levels of the amino acid metabolite homocysteine and delivering valuable nutritional support for healthy liver function. * Our convenient capsules contain 500 mg of TMG derived from betaine. Get a nutritional helping hand for your heart and liver health with TMG! *Terms and Ingredient Definitions Categories Liver Health Trimethylglycine (TMG)Heart TMG Trimethylglycine Reviews - page 2

D2394273

http://www.oecd.org/edu/skills-beyond-school/recognitionofnon-formalandinformallearning-home.htm

Recognition of Non-formal and Informal Learning - Home

OECD Home Education Skills beyond school Recognition of Non-formal and Informal Learning - Home Recognition of Non-formal and Informal Learning - Home Now available: Recognising Non-Formal and Informal Learning: Outcomes, Policies and Practices See also Recognition of Non-formal and Informal: Learning Pointers for policy development-----------------------------------------------People are constantly learning everywhere and at all times. Not a single day goes by that does not lead to additional skills, knowledge and/or competences for all individuals. For people outside the initial education and training system, adults in particular, it is very likely that this learning, taking place at home, at the workplace or elsewhere, is a lot more important, relevant and significant than the kind of learning that occurs in formal settings. However, learning that occurs outside the formal learning system is not well understood, made visible or, probably as a consequence, appropriately valued. Until this OECD activity on the recognition of non-formal and informal learning involving 23 countries on 5 continents, it has also been under-researched (see also ongoing EU work). Most research has focused on learning outcomes from formal education and training, instead of embracing all types of learning outcomes; allowing visibility and portability of such outcomes in the lifelong learning system, in the labour market or in the community. In 1996, the OECD education ministers agreed to develop strategies for “lifelong learning for all”. The approach has been endorsed by ministers of labour, ministers of social affairs and the OECD Council at ministerial level. The concept of “from cradle to grave” includes formal, non-formal, and informal learning. It is an approach whose importance may now be clearer than ever and non-formal and informal learning outcomes are viewed as having significant value. Policy-makers in many OECD countries, and beyond, are therefore trying to develop strategies to use all the skills, knowledge and competences – wherever they come from – individuals may have at a time when countries are striving to reap the benefits of economic growth, global competitiveness and population development. Formal learning is always organised and structured, and has learning objectives. From the learner’s standpoint, it is always intentional: i.e. the learner’s explicit objective is to gain knowledge, skills and/or competences. Typical examples are learning that takes place within the initial education and training system or workplace training arranged by the employer. One can also speak about formal education and/or training or, more accurately speaking, education and/or training in a formal setting. This definition is rather consensual. Informal learning is never organised, has no set objective in terms of learning outcomes and is never intentional from the learner’s standpoint. Often it is referred to as learning by experience or just as experience. The idea is that the simple fact of existing constantly exposes the individual to learning situations, at work, at home or during leisure time for instance. This definition, with a few exceptions (see Werquin, 2007) also meets with a fair degree of consensus. Mid-way between the first two, non-formal learning is the concept on which there is the least consensus, which is not to say that there is consensus on the other two, simply that the wide variety of approaches in this case makes consensus even more difficult. Nevertheless, for the majority of authors, it seems clear that non-formal learning is rather organised and can have learning objectives. The advantage of the intermediate concept lies in the fact that such learning may occur at the initiative of the individual but also happens as a by-product of more organised activities, whether or not the activities themselves have learning objectives. In some countries, the entire sector of adult learning falls under non-formal learning; in others, most adult learning is formal. Non-formal learning therefore gives some flexibility between formal and informal learning, which must be strictly defined to be operational, by being mutually exclusive, and avoid overlap. Because non-formal and informal learning is happening everywhere all the time, this OECD activity could not address all the issues related to non-formal and informal learning in general. In consultation with the participating countries, it was agreed to focus solely on the processes that make visible this learning that has not been formal. Therefore, this OECD activity focuses on the process of formal recognition of non-formal and informal learning. Whether through the awarding of a full certification, a partial certification, a right of access to the higher education system or to any programme in the formal lifelong learning system or any recognised document (portfolio of competences, competence passport…): this activity makes the case that individuals engaging in a recognition process for their non-formal and informal learning outcomes must be awarded a document that has social value and is widely recognised so that they can benefit from it, now or later in life, when returning to the formal lifelong learning system or to the labour market. The assumption behind the work reported here is that all learning has value and most of it deserves to be made visible and recognised. It is a clear possible option, and a plausible alternative to formal education and training, to have non-formal and informal learning assessed. The real question is under which condition (s) the learning that has not been recognised can be codified, and lead to the awarding of a document. There are issues of cost and motivation of individuals that are somewhat difficult to address. Nevertheless, many countries are putting recognition of non-formal and informal learning at the top of their policy agenda and the time has come for a thorough evaluation of what it entails. This is what this OECD activity attempts to do, in collaboration with the 23 countries, using the existing literature, the scarce data in the field and fact-finding study implicit in the thematic review visits carried out in 16 countries. The recognition of non-formal and informal learning is an important means for making the ‘lifelong learning for all’ agenda a reality for all and, subsequently, for reshaping learning to better match the needs of the 21st century knowledge economies and open societies.------------------------------------------------------------------------Recognition of Non-Formal and Informal Learning: Country Practices Reconnaissance des acquis d'apprentissages non formels et informels : Les pratiques des pays Issues for analysis Methodology Objectives Contextual factors Conferences and meetings List of participating countries with related documents and publications Relevant documents Useful links Contacts Related Documents Recognising Non-formal and Informal Learning Pointers for policy development

D1464727

http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/10/exclusive-energy-for-trump-explosive-in-las-vegas-at-freedom-fest/

Exclusive â Energy For Trump Explosive In Las Vegas At Freedom Fest

Exclusive — Energy For Trump Explosive In Las Vegas At Freedom Fest Getty Imagesby Matthew Boyle 10 Jul 2015 Las Vegas 159LAS VEGAS, Nevada — He’s got a golden building with a five-star hotel right off Las Vegas Boulevard with his last name emblazoned across its top—but no casino inside since his fellow billionaire casino mogul Steve Wynn has for years blocked his access to a gambling license here—and 2016 GOP presidential candidate Donald Trump is stealing the show here at the annual Freedom Fest conference.“I think that for years we’ve been clamoring for politicians to tell us the truth, and what happened is he said some things that can very well be unpopular and perhaps it was a bit brash but ultimately he was trying to tackle the issue of illegal immigration and the danger that an open border poses—it’s some very real stuff—but now there’s this odd public backlash,” Greg Campbell from Politistick, a new media blog site, said in an interview on the Mezzanine level of the Planet Hollywood Casino and Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip. Campbell, who personally adores Trump and has for years, told Breitbart News that most of his wardrobe is filled Trump merchandise: Ties, shirts, cuff links and more. In fact, the cuff links he was wearing here on Thursday when he sat down with Breitbart News were Trump cuff links.“No matter how you feel about Donald Trump as a businessman or as a political candidate, one thing is simply undeniable: His corporation makes fantastic clothes,” Campbell said. “Half my professional wardrobe is Donald Trump attire.”advertisement“I’m even wearing Donald Trump cuff links as we speak,” Campbell added, holding up his wrist to show off the silvery Trump gear on his arm. Richard Miniter, the CEO of the American Media Institute—an organization that helps push investigative journalism into mainstream media outlets—told Breitbart News in an interview here that Trump is resonating nationwide because he’s so “unpredictable and entertaining.”“Donald Trump is always fun to watch because you never know what he is going to say next,” Miniter said. In fact, I don’t even think he knows what he is going to say next. Donald Trump is unpredictable and entertaining. Ultimately, I don’t think he is going to become the nominee of any major political party because we’ve kind of decided over the last 70-80 years in American politics that we want our major party candidates to be disciplined and focused and say the same thing to different groups of voters, not make it up as you go along. The presidency is not something you can wing. On the other hand, he’s raising a lot of issues other candidates are afraid to touch such as immigration, such as trade with China, and that does resonate with people especially the white working class which was the mainstay of the Democratic Party for many years but now seems to be in play. Those are your Reagan Democrats and the [5 million who stayed home when Mitt Romney was the GOP nominee], 7 million by some counts.“People love a fighter,” Miniter added. “He’s clear in what he has to say and he’s clear and he’s engaging. And he doesn’t seem to have a lot of jargon. All of those things are attractive and interesting. Heck, I like to watch Trump. But I like bull fights and demolition derbies too.”Wayne Allyn Root, businessman and 2008 Libertarian Party Vice Presidential candidate who’s out with a new book “The Power of Relentless,” told Breitbart News he’s massively impressed with Trump on the campaign trail. Root is involved in Nevada Republican politics, so his effusive praise for Trump may go a long way in this early state.“Look at Donald Trump: If you tell the truth, Democrats destroy your life,” Root said in an interview with Breitbart News here. He’s out at NBC. He’s out at Univision. He’s out at Serta Mattresses. He’s out of the PGA. He’s out at Macy’s. Why aren’t conservatives out boycotting Macy’s? Why aren’t we boycotting San Francisco, a sanctuary city? We’ve got to do something that hurts them, that takes their money away that disturbs them, that punishes them, because elections no longer seem to matter. There has got to be consequences. Asked about the new Economist/You Gov poll that has Trump in first place nationally, Root said the poll proves that the Republican nominee in 2016 will either be Trump or Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker.“That’s the two that really have the best shot or will win the nomination for the GOP,” Root said. “The establishment, they may well be Democrats at this point. That’s the disdain I have for the establishment of the Republican Party yet I’m still a proud Republican. I just think our party has been hijacked by idiots and people who believe in the agenda of corporate America rather than the agenda of the middle class.”Matt Nye of the Republican Liberty Caucus, a group that supports political outsiders like Sens. Ted Cruz (R-TX) and Rand Paul (R-KY), told Breitbart News that Trump is resonating for a reason.“I disagree with him on a lot of policy positions but I think the reason he’s so popular is because he actually speaks his mind,” Nye said in an interview here. He will not back down. I believe for the most part, he believes what he says—and he’s paying a price for it with some of these businesses’ actions—and I think the American people are just so starved for leadership and somebody who will stand up that even though we may not agree with 50 percent or even 70 percent of what he says, just the fact that somebody is willing to stand up and not back down on these issues is so refreshing. Read More Stories About:2016 Presidential Race, Big Government

D2072127

http://www.gumboradio.com/

Gumbo Radio, signing off

Gumbo Radio, signing off Posted by Reese on Jan 24, 2016 in stuff | 6 comments As I mentioned a few days back (“ Internet radio under fire “), there’s a train that’s been coming down the track for some time. For the internet radio broadcasting network Live365, it’s scheduled to pull into the station by the end of the month. For Gumbo Radio, it also means we will cease our broadcast next weekend on January 31, 2016. In an email to its broadcasters on January 15, Live365 stated: We are sad that we are closing our doors at the end of this month. There are always possibilities that we can come back in one form or another, but at this point in time, January 31, 2016 is the last day that Live365’s streaming servers and website will be maintained and supported. This is a surprise to us as it is to all of you. We are proud that Live365 was a pioneer in the streaming music business and have provided a platform to hundreds of thousands of broadcasters to have a voice over the years. Unfortunately, we have to say good bye. …We are honored to have served your needs over the last decade and a half. It has been a wild ride both economically, from the pre-dotcom bust days all the way through the Great Recession, as well as technologically, with internet radio going from an unknown, quirky, muddy idea to a ubiquitous technology that hundreds of millions enjoy. Sadly, Live365’s portion of the ride is ending. Again, streaming services and website access will not be supported beyond 1/31/2016. We have extremely limited resources with the current skeleton crew. We regret that we will not be able to respond to all of you, so we apologize in advance. All the best,The Live365 Team Until Live365 pulls the plug, Gumbo Radio will keep rolling. After January 31, this website will remain up, as will the Facebook page. If I figure out a solution to all this, I’ll post information through these two avenues. I started this little project with Live365 in December 2008. It was a few years after my brother Shamus and I, along with our father, had created one of the first internet radio stations – Louisiana Radio.com. After that venture, I couldn’t shake the broadcast bug, so I started Gumbo Radio. The great thing about Live365’s operation was that they were paying BMI, ASCAP, and SESAC for the small shops like Gumbo Radio to broadcast. Under the new regulations, which I think are needed to pay musicians what they justly deserve for their work, the larger outfits like Spotify and Pandora will have to pay more for music. Live365 contends that the new costs are driving it out of business. Since I learned within the last month that Live365 was shutting down, I’ve been looking at other options. As best I can surmise, in order to continue broadcasting the 24-hour, live stereo music stream, I’m looking at costs that are at least ten times what I’ve been paying to broadcast Gumbo Radio over Live365. Raising and ensuring a steady revenue stream to run this operation would then turn this into a job—and work. That’s never what this has been about, and I’m not looking to start now. I’ve never made a dime on Gumbo Radio. It’s always been a money-losing proposition, but I’ve been cool with that. It was my hobby. My golf. I let my kids record voiceovers for the station and let them chime in on which songs needed to be added to and removed from the mix. In the seven years we’ve been broadcasting, we’ve amassed a catalog of 18,545 songs for a playlist that’s over 44.7 days long. The primary focus has always been on the music of Louisiana, but I’ve thrown other artists into the mix like James Brown, Bob Wills, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Mississippi Sheiks, Randy Newman, Otis Redding, Big Star, Johnny “Guitar” Watson, Flat Duo Jets, R. L. Burnside, Mose Allison, Junior Kimbrough, and ZZ Top. In October 2012, I initiated an Indiegogo campaign ( Gumbo Radio: phase deux) to upgrade some gear, and we surpassed our goal by 53 percent with the help of our faithful listeners. The current situation puts me in a funk—not the good kind where The Meters are playing. Gumbo Radio has been a place where I’ve been able to scratch multiple itches—music, broadcasting, and computers. I’m not looking for this part of my life to end. I’ve met some wonderful people, both in person and online, who share a common love of music. For that, I’m thankful. That’s been the greatest part of all this—that music has done what it’s supposed to do. It’s brought people together. I’m also frustrated. It’s like my seven-year-old daughter said the other day after I explained the situation to her, “There just seems like there’s something we can do.” I tried to explain to her that sometimes the costs outweigh the benefits, and you just have to move on. I tried to also remind her—as I’ve been trying to tell myself—that maybe there’s a reason for all of this. Maybe there’s something else at work here that we’re just not seeing clearly right now. I can’t help but recall what Joe Burge (aka Dr. Feelgood) told me back in 2002 when he talked about Swamp ‘n’ Roll, “It’s been a groove. . . . We’ve been doing what we want to do. We haven’t made a king’s fortune at it, but we’ve made people happy. If at all stopped today, we could look back on it and say, ‘Yeah, it was worth it. '”Amen, brother. Read More

D3523082

http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Latin_word_for_peninsula

What is the Latin translation for the word to in Latin?

What is the Latin translation for the word to in Latin?to as in toward something is "ad". two, as in the number is "duo"Jade2hip57 29 Contributions What is Latin word for Latin? Latinum Enlil 11,195 Contributions What is the Latin root word for peninsula? The Latin word for "peninsula" is paeninsula , from paene , "almost", and insula , "an island". S.z.ichigo 54 Contributions What is the Latin translation for the word in in Latin? The Latin word for 'in' is just simply the same word: 'in'. This can also mean 'on'. Note that the preposition "in" in Latin can be paired with and object of the prepositio …Enlil 11,195 Contributions What is the Latin translation for the word from in Latin? There are three Latin prepositions (two having alternative forms) that can be translated "from": . 'ab' ('a' or 'abs') - "The fundamental signification of ab is departur …Chrissusie 88 Contributions What is the Latin translation for the word the in Latin? Latin doesn't have a word for the. It lacks articles. Thus, "a" "an" and "the" are not in Latin. Peter Thurlow 46 Contributions What declension is the Latin word Latin? First/second declension. It can be Latinus, Latina, or Latinum. This is because "Latinus" is an adjective, the name of the language is " lingua Latina. "Olly Olyosia 16 Contributions Peninsula in latin? Paeninsula. Paen + insula, literally almost an island. Elfgifa 4,950 Contributions What is the Latin word for i love you in Latin? Te amo. (singular address) Vos amo. (plural address)What is the largest peninsula in Latin America?up your A S S serch it Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering What are two peninsulas in Latin America?-- Yucatan -- Baja California Magnus Julus18 6,878 Contributions What Latin translation for the word the in Latin? Technically, there is no article "the" in Latin, as such is implied in the noun itself. For example, when in English you would have to say "the man" or "a man" to be grammat …

D750333

http://www.workhappynow.com/2008/11/55-tips-to-make-work-more-fun/

55 Tips to Make Work More Fun

November 10, 2008 by Karl Staib - WHN Author and Speaker55 Tips to Make Work More Fun If you're ready to level up your superpowers, you may want to sign-up for my 7 Part free E-Course to a Happier and More Successful You or my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!55 + 1 Tips to Make Work More Fun If you want to create a system that works for you and your team then get the first 6 modules of the Work Happy Now Emergency Kit. Retain your best employees through better work experiences. Use your superpowers every single day!Take 60 seconds to think about your favorite moment at work. Invite a new co-worker out to lunch. Bring an extra dessert for your boss. Go out and buy a perfectly ripened piece of fruit. Give a small gift to all your co-workers that you handmade. Come up with a wild idea for the advertising department even if you aren’t in their department. Buy donuts for everyone Bring in orange juice for everyone Find an awesome joke online, memorize it and tell it to everyone. Don’t wear any underwear. Bring in freshly brewed sun tea. Make everyone a copy of your favorite music. Have a paper airplane contest. Whoever’s plane goes the farthest gets an extra 15 minute break. Wear two different colored socks, see if anyone notices. (step farther – different shoes)Give a friendly wink and a smile at someone that you know. Bake cupcakes for the office. Write a poem during lunch and print out a copy for everyone. Make everyone gather for a group photo. Compliment everyone that you interact with. Ask five people how they are feeling (really listen). Bring in a plant for your desk (workspace). Bring in stickers that a third grade teacher would have i.e. “You are Great,” and pass them out when someone does something good. Ask all your co-workers for their best joke. The best one gets a cup of coffee on you. Create a “show and tell” every Friday. Have a child paint the office a picture. Stretch at your desk for five minutes Bring in your old magazines and put them in the lunch room for someone else to read. Laugh at yourself. Give a copy of your favorite book to the employee who annoys you the most. Celebrate everyone’s birthday – tailor it to their likes (note: do not buy a generic cake). Dress up like it’s a special day. Celebrate a big contract or completion of a project by having music, dancing and a prize of a dinner for two. Wash a co-worker’s car during your lunch. Have a dress-up day on a random day (besides Halloween). Switch jobs with someone in your department for a day. Have a fifteen minute exercise break for the whole office. Write a letter to the most famous person in your industry asking for one piece of advice. Do a 1 minute relaxation exercise that makes you look weird (like yoga nostril breathing), but you don’t care because you’re relieving stress. Have a coloring contest – it brings back the “kid in school” feeling. Make a cup of hot tea for a co-worker. Offer to let someone else borrow your lucky “object” for the day. (figurine, photo, etc. )Bring in a carved design in a piece of fruit (what type of fruit depends on the season). Wear all white. Watch a You Tube video – search “Office Pranks”Give every co-worker a special rock that you picked for them and tell them why they got the rock that you gave them. Bring in a board game and play it during lunch. Everyone write a “thank you” note to their favorite client, customer, or business. Let someone borrow your favorite pen. Do your boss’s or co-worker’s most hated task. Throw a party for everyone in the office. Give one reason why you appreciate each person and that’s why you are throwing a party for everyone. Bring in face paints and paint employees’ and customers’ faces. Bring in a cool piece of original art from home and display it in the office. Create a company song. Ask everyone what their favorite animal is and why. Bring in Trivial Pursuit cards and ask people questions. If they get it right they win a piece of candy. If you would like to you and your team to have more fun at work you should try out the first 6 modules of the Work Happy Now Emergency Kit- Break in case of stress overload. It gives you ideas about how to create a more positive experience with your team. You’ll also get tips on how to create a more positive experience for yourself. *Image courtesy of Silicon Valley Blog Filed Under: Fun Environment, Management Tagged With: Fun at work, happy employees

D1377659

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control

Gun control

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For international arms restrictions, see arms control. For techniques for the safe handling, possession, and storage of firearms, see gun safety. For the debate about gun control in the U. S., see Gun politics in the United States. Gun control (or firearms regulation) [1] [2] is the set of laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of firearms by civilians. Most countries have a restrictive firearm guiding policy, with only a few legislations being categorized as permissive. [3] Jurisdictions that regulate access to firearms typically restrict access to only certain categories of firearms and then to restrict the categories of persons who will be granted a firearms license to have access to a firearm. In some countries such as the United States, gun control may be legislated at either a federal level or a local state level. Contents [ hide ]1 Terminology and context2 Regulation of civilian firearms2.1 International and regional civilian firearm regulation3 Studies3.1 General3.2 United States3.2.1 Cross-sectional studies3.2.2 Reviews3.2.3 Studies of individual laws3.2.4 Other studies and debate3.3 Canada3.4 Australia3.5 Other countries4 See also4.1 International4.2 United States5 Notes6 References7 Bibliography8 External links Terminology and context See also: Small arms trade and Small arms and light weapons Gun control refers to domestic regulation of firearm manufacture, trade, possession, use, and transport, specifically with regard to the class of weapons referred to as small arms ( revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines, assault rifles, submachine guns and light machine guns ). [4] [5]Usage of the term gun control is sometimes politicized. [6] Some of those in favor of legislation instead prefer to use terms such as "gun-violence prevention", "gun safety", "firearms regulation", "illegal guns", or "criminal access to guns". [7]In 2007, it was estimated that there were, globally, about 875 million small arms in the hands of civilians, law enforcement agencies, and armed forces. [a] [8] Of these firearms 650 million, or 75%, are held by civilians. [8] U. S. civilians account for 270 million of this total. [8] A further 200 million are controlled by state military forces. [9] Law enforcement agencies have some 26 million small arms. [9] Non-state armed groups [b] have about 1.4 million firearms. [c] [9] Finally, gang members hold between 2 and 10 million small arms. [9] Together, the small arms arsenals of non-state armed groups and gangs account for, at most, 1.4% of the global total. [10]Regulation of civilian firearms Barring a few exceptions, [d] most countries in the world allow civilians to purchase firearms subject to certain restrictions. [13] A 2011 survey of 28 countries over five continents [e] found that a major distinction between different national regimes of firearm regulation is whether civilian gun ownership is seen as a right or a privilege. [16] The study concluded that both the United States and Yemen were distinct from the other countries surveyed in viewing firearm ownership as a basic right of civilians and in having more permissive regimes of civilian gun ownership. [16] In the remaining countries included in the sample, civilian firearm ownership is considered a privilege and the legislation governing possession of firearms is correspondingly more restrictive. [16]International and regional civilian firearm regulation At the international and regional level, diplomatic attention has tended to focus on the cross-border illegal trade in small arms as an area of particular concern rather than the regulation of civilian-held firearms. [17] During the mid-1990s, however, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) adopted a series of resolutions relating to the civilian ownership of small arms. [17] These called for an exchange of data on national systems of firearm regulation and for the initiation of an international study of the issue. [17] In July 1997, ECOSOC issued a resolution that underlined the responsibility of UN member states to competently regulate civilian ownership of small arms and which urged them to ensure that their regulatory frameworks encompassed the following aspects: firearm safety and storage; penalties for the unlawful possession and misuse of firearms; a licensing system to prevent undesirable persons from owning firearms; exemption from criminal liability to promote the surrender by citizens of illegal, unsafe or unwanted guns; and, a record-keeping system to track civilian firearms. [17] In 1997, the UN published a study based on member state survey data titled the United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation which was updated in 1999. [f] [17] This study was meant to initiate the establishment of a database on civilian firearm regulations which would be run by the Centre for International Crime Prevention, located in Vienna. who were to report on national systems of civilian firearm regulation every two years. [17] These plans never reached fruition and further UN-led efforts to establish international norms for the regulation of civilian-held firearms were stymied. [18] Responding to pressure from the U. S. government, [g] [20] any mention of the regulation of civilian ownership of small arms was removed from the draft proposals for the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms. [17]Although the issue is no longer part of the UN policy debate, since 1991 there have been eight regional agreements involving 110 countries concerning aspects of civilian firearm possession. [17] The Bamako Declaration, [h] was adopted in Bamako, Mali, on 1 December 2000 by the representatives of the member states of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). [21] The provisions of this declaration recommend that the signatories would establish the illegal possession of small arms and light weapons as a criminal offence under national law in their respective countries. [22]Studies High rates of gun mortality and injury are often cited as a primary impetus for gun control policies. [23] A 2004 National Research Council critical review found that while some strong conclusions are warranted from current research, the state of our knowledge is generally poor. [24] The result of the scarcity of relevant data is that gun control is one of the most fraught topics in American politics [25] and scholars remain deadlocked on a variety of issues. [25] Notably, since 1996, when the Dickey Amendment was first inserted into the federal spending bill, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been prohibited from using its federal funding "to advocate or promote gun control," thwarting gun violence research at the agency at the time. The funding provision's author has said that this was an over-interpretation, [26] but the amendment still had a chilling effect, effectively halting federally funded firearm-related research. [27] Since the amendment, the CDC has continued to research gun violence and publish studies about it, [28] although their funding for such research has fallen by 96% since 1996, according to Mayors Against Illegal Guns. [29] According to a spokesman, the CDC has limited funding and hasn't produced any comprehensive study aimed at reducing gun violence since 2001. [30]General A 1998 review found that suicide rates generally declined after gun control laws were enacted, and concluded that "The findings support gun control measures as a strategy for reducing suicide rates." [31] A 2016 review found that laws banning people under restraining orders due to domestic violence convictions from accessing guns were associated with "reductions in intimate partner homicide". [32] Another 2016 review identified 130 studies regarding restrictive gun laws and found that the implementation of multiple such laws simultaneously was associated with a decrease in gun-related deaths. [33]According to a 2011 UN study, after identifying a number of methodological problems, it stated "notwithstanding such challenges, a significant body of literature tends to suggest that firearm availability predominantly represents a risk factor rather than a protective factor for homicide. In particular, a number of quantitative studies tend towards demonstrating a firearm prevalence-homicide association." [34]United States Main articles: Gun law in the United States, Gun politics in the United States, Gun culture in the United States, and Gun violence in the United States Cross-sectional studies In 1983, a cross-sectional study of all 50 U. S. states found that the six states with the strictest gun laws (according to the National Rifle Association) had suicide rates that were approximately 3/100,000 people lower than in other states, and that these states' suicide rates were 4/100,000 people lower than those of states with the least restrictive gun laws. [35] A 2003 study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine looked at the restrictiveness of gun laws and suicide rates in men and women in all 50 U. S. states and found that states whose gun laws were more restrictive had lower suicide rates among both sexes. [36] In 2004, another study found that the effect of state gun laws on gun-related homicides was "limited". [37] A 2005 study looked at all 50 states in the U. S. and the District of Columbia, and found that no gun laws were associated with reductions in firearm homicide or suicide, but that a " shall-issue " concealed carry law may be associated with increased firearm homicide rates. [38] A 2011 study found that firearm regulation laws in the United States have "a significant deterrent effect on male suicide". [39] A 2013 study found that in the United States, "A higher number of firearm laws in a state are associated with a lower rate of firearm fatalities in the state." [40] A 2016 study published in The Lancet found that of 25 laws studied, and in the time period examined (2008–2010), nine were associated with reduced firearm mortality (including both homicide and suicide), nine were associated with increased mortality, and seven had an inconclusive association. The three laws most strongly associated with reduced firearm mortality were laws requiring universal background checks, background checks for ammunition sales, and identification for guns. [41] In an accompanying commentary, David Hemenway noted that this study had multiple limitations, such as not controlling for all factors that may influence gun-related deaths aside from gun control laws, and the use of 29 explanatory variables in the analysis. [42]Other studies comparing gun control laws in different U. S. states include a 2015 study which found that in the United States, "stricter state firearm legislation is associated with lower discharge rates" for nonfatal gun injuries. [43] A 2014 study that also looked at the United States found that children living in states with stricter gun laws were safer. [44] Another study looking specifically at suicide rates in the United States found that the four handgun laws examined (waiting periods, universal background checks, gun locks, and open carrying regulations) were associated with "significantly lower firearm suicide rates and the proportion of suicides resulting from firearms." The study also found that all four of these laws (except the waiting-period one) were associated with reductions in the overall suicide rate. [45] Another study, published the same year, found that states with permit to purchase, registration, and/or license laws for handguns had lower overall suicide rates, as well as lower firearm suicide rates. [46] A 2014 study found that states that required licensing and inspections of gun dealers tended to have lower rates of gun homicides. [47] Another study published the same year, analyzing panel data from all 50 states, found that stricter gun laws may modestly reduce gun deaths. [48] A 2016 study found that U. S. military veterans tend to commit suicide with guns more often than the general population, thereby possibly increasing state suicide rates, and that "the tendency for veterans to live in states without handgun legislation may exacerbate this phenomenon." [49] California has exceptionally strict gun sales laws, and a 2015 study found that it also had the oldest guns recovered in crimes of any states in the U. S.. The same study concluded that "These findings suggest that more restrictive gun sales laws and gun dealer regulations do make it more difficult for criminals to acquire new guns first purchased at retail outlets." [50] Another 2016 study found that stricter state gun laws in the United States reduced suicide rates. [51] Another 2016 study found that U. S. states with lenient gun control laws had more gun-related child injury hospital admissions than did states with stricter gun control laws. [52] A 2017 study found that suicide rates declined more in states with universal background check and mandatory waiting period laws than in states without these laws. [53] Another 2017 study found that states without universal background check and/or waiting period laws had steeper increases in their suicide rates than did states with these laws. [54] A third 2017 study found that "waiting period laws that delay the purchase of firearms by a few days reduce gun homicides by roughly 17%." [55] A 2017 study in the Economic Journal found that mandatory handgun purchase delays reduced "firearm related suicides by between 2 to 5 percent with no statistically significant increase in non-firearm suicides," and were "not associated with statistically significant changes in homicide rates." [56]Reviews A review of published studies of gun control released in October 2003 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was unable to determine any statistically significant effect resulting from such laws, although the authors suggest that further study may provide more conclusive information, and noted that "insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness should not be interpreted as evidence of ineffectiveness". [57]: 18In 2015, Garen Wintemute and Daniel Webster reviewed studies examining the effectiveness of gun laws aimed at keeping guns out of the hands of high-risk individuals in the United States. They found that some laws prohibiting gun possession by people under domestic violence restraining orders or who had been convicted of violent misdemeanors were associated with lower violence rates, as were laws establishing more procedures to see if people were prohibited from owning a gun under these laws. They also found that multiple other gun regulations intended to prevent prohibited individuals from obtaining guns, such as "rigorous permit-to-purchase" laws and "comprehensive background checks", were "negatively associated with the diversion of guns to criminals." [58]A 2016 systematic review found that restrictive gun licensing laws were associated with lower gun injury rates, while concealed carry laws were not significantly associated with rates of such injuries. [59] Another systematic review found that stricter gun laws were associated with lower gun homicide rates; this association was especially strong for background check and permit-to-purchase laws. [60]Studies of individual laws Other studies have examined trends in firearm-related deaths before and after gun control laws are either enacted or repealed. A 2004 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found evidence that child access prevention laws were "associated with a modest reduction in suicide rates among youth aged 14 to 17 years." [61] Two 2015 studies found that the permit-to-purchase law passed in Connecticut in 1995 was associated with a reduction in firearm suicides and homicides. [62] [63] One of these studies also found that the repeal of Missouri's permit-to-purchase law was associated with "a 16.1% increase in firearm suicide rates," [62] and a 2014 study by the same research team found that the repeal of this law was associated with a 16% increase in homicide rates. [64] A 2000 study designed to assess the effectiveness of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act found that the law was not associated with reductions in overall homicide or suicide rates, but that it was associated with a reduction in the firearm suicide rate among individuals aged 55 or older. [65] A 1991 study looked at Washington, D. C. 's Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975, which banned its residents from owning all guns except certain shotguns and sporting rifles, which were also required to be unloaded, disassembled, or stored with a trigger lock in their owners' homes. [66] The study found that the law's enactment was associated with "a prompt decline in homicides and suicides by firearms in the District of Columbia." [67] A 1996 study reanalyzed this data and reached a significantly different conclusion as to the effectiveness of this law. [68]Other studies and debate Kleck and Patterson analyzed the impact of 18 major types of gun control laws on every major type of violent crime or violence (including suicide) in 170 U. S. cities, and found that gun laws generally had no significant effect on violent crime rates or suicide rates. [69] [ needs update] Similarly, a 1997 study found that gun control laws had only a small influence on the rate of gun deaths in U. S. states compared to socioeconomic variables. [70] [ needs update]Philosophy professor Michael Huemer argues that gun control may be morally wrong, even if its outcomes would be positive, because individuals have a prima facie right to own a gun for self-defence and recreation. [71]Canada Main article: Gun laws in Canada Rifles and shotguns are relatively easy to obtain, while handguns and some semi-automatic rifles are restricted. [72]With respect to the Criminal Law Amendment Act, a gun control law passed in Canada in 1977, some studies have found that it was ineffective at reducing homicide or robbery rates. [73] [74] One study even found that the law may have actually increased robberies involving firearms. [74] A 1993 study found that after this law was passed, gun suicides decreased significantly, as did the proportion of suicides committed in the country with guns. [75] A 2003 study found that this law "may have had an impact on suicide rates, even after controls for social variables," [76] while a 2001 study by the same research team concluded that the law "may have had an impact on homicide rates, at least for older victims." [77] A 1994 study found that after this law came into force in 1978, suicide rates decreased over time in Ontario, and that there was no evidence of method substitution. The same study found that "These decreases may be only partly due to the legislation." [78]In 1991, Canada implemented the gun control law Bill C-17. According to a 2004 study, after this law was passed, firearm-related suicides and homicides, as well as the percentage of suicides involving firearms, declined significantly in that country. [79] A 2010 study found that after this law was passed, firearm suicides declined in Quebec among men, but acknowledged that this may not represent a causal relationship. [80] In 1992, Canada promulgated the Canadian Firearms Act, which aimed at ensuring that guns were stored safely. A 2004 study found that although firearm suicide rates declined in the Quebec region Abitibi-Témiscamingue after the law was passed, overall suicide rates did not. [81] A 2008 study reached similar conclusions with regard to the entire Quebec province; this study also found that C-17 did not seem to increase the rate at which the firearm suicide rate was declining. [82] Other researchers have criticized this 2008 study for looking at too short a time period and not taking account of the fact that the regulations in C-17 were implemented gradually. [80]A 1990 study compared suicide rates in the Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada metropolitan area (where gun control laws were more restrictive) with those in the Seattle, Washington area in the United States. The overall suicide rate was essentially the same in the two locations, but the suicide rate among 15 to 24 year olds was about 40 percent higher in Seattle than in Vancouver. The authors concluded that "restricting access to handguns might be expected to reduce the suicide rate in persons 15 to 24 years old, but...it probably would not reduce the overall suicide rate." [83]A 2012 study looked at gun control laws passed in Canada from 1974 to 2008 and found no evidence that these laws had a beneficial effect on firearm homicide rates in that country. According to the study, "other factors found to be associated with homicide rates were median age, unemployment, immigration rates, percentage of population in low-income bracket, Gini index of income equality, population per police officer, and incarceration rate." [84]A 2013 study of the 1995 Canadian gun control law Firearms Act, 1995 reported little evidence that this law significantly reduced rates of lethal gun violence against women. [85]Australia Main article: Gun laws in Australia In 1988 and 1996, gun control laws were enacted in the Australian state of Victoria, both times following mass shootings. A 2004 study found that in the context of these laws, overall firearm-related deaths, especially suicides, declined dramatically. [86] A 1995 study found preliminary evidence that gun control legislation enacted in Queensland, Australia reduced suicide rates there. [87]A 2006 study by gun lobby-affiliated researchers Jeanine Baker and Samara Mc Phedran found that after Australia enacted the National Firearms Agreement (NFA), a gun control law, in 1996, gun-related suicides may have been affected, but no other parameter appeared to have been. [88] Another 2006 study, led by Simon Chapman, found that after this law was enacted in 1996 in Australia, the country went more than a decade without any mass shootings, and gun-related deaths (especially suicides) declined dramatically. [89] The latter of these studies also criticized the former for using a time-series analysis despite the fact that, according to Chapman et al., "calculating mortality rates and then treating them as a number in a time series ignores the natural variability inherent in the counts that make up the numerator of the rate." Chapman et al. also said that Baker and Mc Phedran used the Box–Jenkins model inappropriately. [89] A 2010 study looking at the effect of the NFA on gun-related deaths found that the law "did not have any large effects on reducing firearm homicide or suicide rates," [90] although David Hemenway has criticized this study for using a structural break test despite the fact that such tests can miss the effects of policies in the presence of lags, or when the effect occurs over several years. [91] Another study, published the same year, found that Australia's gun buyback program reduced gun-related suicide rates by almost 80%, while non-gun death rates were not significantly affected. [92] Other research has argued that although gun suicide rates fell after the NFA was enacted, the NFA may not have been responsible for this decrease and "a change in social and cultural attitudes" may have instead been at least partly responsible. [93] In 2016, Chapman co-authored another study that found that after the NFA was passed, there were no mass shootings in the country (as of May 2016), and that gun-related death rates declined more quickly after the NFA than they did before it. The study also found, however, that non-gun suicide and homicide rates declined even more quickly after the NFA, leading the authors to conclude that "it is not possible to determine whether the change in firearm deaths can be attributed to the gun law reforms." [94]Other countries Further information: Overview of gun laws by nation A 2007 study found evidence that gun control laws passed in Austria in 1997 reduced the rates of firearm suicide and homicide in that country. [95] In Brazil, after disarmament laws were passed in 2003, [96] gun-related mortality declined by 8% in 2004 relative to the previous year, the first decline observed in a decade. Gun-related hospitalizations also reversed their previous trend by decreasing 4.6% from 2003 to 2004. [97] A 2006 study found that after gun control laws were passed in New Zealand in 1992, suicides committed with guns declined significantly, especially among youth. The same study found a decline in overall youth suicide after the laws were passed, but also concluded that "it is not possible to determine the extent to which this was accounted for by changes in firearms legislation or other causes." [98] A 2010 study looked at the effect of a policy adopted by the Israeli Defense Forces that restricted access to guns among adolescents on suicide rates, and found that "Following the policy change, suicide rates decreased significantly by 40%." The authors concluded that "The results of this study illustrate the ability of a relatively simple change in policy to have a major impact on suicide rates." [99] A 2013 study showed that after the Military of Switzerland adopted the Army XXI reform, which restricted gun availability, in 2003, suicide rates—both overall and firearm-related—decreased. [100] Another 2013 study looking at four restrictive gun laws passed in Norway found that two of them may have reduced firearm mortality among men, but that the evidence was more inconclusive with respect to all of the laws they studied. [101] A 2014 study found that after South Africa 's Firearm Control Act was passed in 2000, homicide rates in the country declined, and concluded that "stricter gun control mediated by the FCA accounted for a significant decrease in homicide overall, and firearm homicide in particular, during the study period [2001–2005]." [102] A 2000 study found that a ban on carrying guns in Colombia was associated with reductions in homicide rates in two cities in the country, namely, Cali and Bogotá. [103]See also Concealed carry Gun violence List of most-produced firearms Right to keep and bear arms International Estimated number of guns per capita by country Overview of gun laws by nation United States Assault weapons legislation in the United States Federal Assault Weapons Ban Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting Gun politics in the United States Gun show loophole Public opinion on gun control in the United States Notes^ This figure excludes older, pre-automatic small arms from military and law enforcement stockpiles or 'craft-produced' civilian firearms. [8]^ Composed of 'insurgents and militias, including dormant and state-related groups'. [10]^ However, as of 2009, active non-state armed groups, numbering about 285,000 combatants, control only about 350,000 small arms. [11]^ Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, and Taiwan (Republic of China) prohibit civilian ownership of firearms in almost all instances. Eritrea and Somalia also prohibit civilian possession of firearms as part of their implementation of the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms. In the Solomon Islands civilian firearm ownership is restricted to members of the Regional Assistance Mission. [12]^ The survey, carried out by the Small Arms Survey included 28 countries (42 jurisdictions in total). The countries included in the sample were: Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda;Americas: Belize, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, United States, Venezuela;Asia: India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Turkey, Yemen;Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Switzerland, United Kingdom;Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea. [14]The study states that 'while the sample is diverse and balanced, it may not be representative of the systems in place in countries outside the sample'. [15]^ The impetus behind this study was twofold: firstly, there were concerns over the incidence of firearm-related crimes, accidents and suicides; secondly, there was the apprehension that existing regulatory instruments administering the ownership, storage and training in the use of firearms held by civilians might be inadequate. [17]^ The US government was opposed to a section of the draft proposal calling on countries 'to seriously consider the prohibition of unrestricted trade and private ownership of small arms and light weapons'. [19]^ The full title is 'The Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons (2000)'. [21]References^ Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (2005). Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide (PDF). U. S. Department of Justice. Retrieved: January 3, 2016.^ https://www.loc.gov/law/help/firearms-control/^ Gun Policy.org – Facts. 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"Firearms laws and the reduction of violence: a systematic review". American journal of preventive medicine. 28 (2 Suppl 1): 40–71. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.005. PMID 15698747. Hemenway, David (March 2016). "Firearm legislation and mortality in the USA". The Lancet. 387: 1796–97. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (16)00206-3. Hemenway, D. (2009). "How to find nothing" (PDF). Journal of Public Health Policy. 30 (3): 260–68. doi: 10.1057/jphp.2009.26. PMID 19806067. Hemenway, D.; Miller, M. (2000). "Firearm availability and homicide rates across 26 high-income countries". The Journal of trauma. 49 (6): 985–88. doi: 10.1097/00005373-200012000-00001. PMID 11130511. Hepburn, L. M.; Hemenway, D. (2004). "Firearm availability and homicide: A review of the literature". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 9 (4): 417–40. doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789 (03)00044-2. Irvin, N; Rhodes, K; Cheney, R; Wiebe, D (August 2014). 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Karp, Aaron (2010). "Elusive Arsenals: Gang and Group Firearms" (PDF). In Berman, Eric G.; et al. Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups, and Guns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521146845. Karp, Aaron (2007). "Completing the Count: Civilian Firearms" (PDF). In Berman, Eric G.; et al. Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521706544. Kates, D. B. (1983). "Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment" (PDF). Michigan Law Review. 82 (2): 204–73. doi: 10.2307/1288537. Kates, D. B.; Mauser, G. A. (2007). "Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 30 (2): 649–94. Kellermann, A. L.; et al. (1992). "Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (7): 467–72. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199208133270705. PMID 1308093. Kellermann, Arthur L.; Rivara, Frederick P.; Rushforth, Norman B.; Banton, Joyce G.; Reay, Donald T.; Francisco, Jerry T.; Locci, Ana B.; Prodzinski, Janice; Hackman, Bela B.; Somes, Grant (7 October 1993). "Gun Ownership as a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home". New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (15): 1084–91. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199310073291506. PMID 8371731. Killias, Martin (1993), Del Frate, A. A.; et al., eds., "Gun ownership, suicide and homicide: an international perspective" (PDF), Understanding crime: experiences of crime and crime control, Rome: UNICRI (49), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-24Killias, M.; van Kesteren, J.; Rindlisbacher, M. (2001). "Guns, violent crime, and suicide in 21 countries". Canadian Journal of Criminology. 43 (4): 429–48. Kleck, G.; Patterson, E. B. (1993). "The impact of gun control and gun ownership levels on violence rates". Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 9 (3): 249–87. doi: 10.1007/BF01064462. Klieve, Helen; Barnes, Michael; De Leo, Diego (4 October 2008). "Controlling firearms use in Australia: has the 1996 gun law reform produced the decrease in rates of suicide with this method?". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 44 (4): 285–92. doi: 10.1007/s00127-008-0435-9. PMID 18839044. Kposowa, A; Hamilton, D; Wang, K (21 March 2016). "Impact of Firearm Availability and Gun Regulation on State Suicide Rates". Suicide & life-threatening behavior. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12243. PMID 26999372. Krug, E.; Powell, K. E.; Dahlberg, L. L. (1998). "Firearm-related deaths in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle-income countries". International Journal of Epidemiology. 27 (2): 214–21. doi: 10.1093/ije/27.2.214. PMID 9602401. Kwon, Ik-Whan G.; Scott, Bradley; Safranski, Scott R.; Bae, Muen (24 August 2010). "The Effectiveness of Gun Control Laws:". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 56 (1): 41–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1997.tb03449.x. La Pierre, W. (1994). Guns, crime, and freedom. Washington, D. C: Regnery. ISBN 9780895264770. Lambert, Michael T.; Silva, Peter S. (1998). "An Update on the Impact of Gun Control Legislation on Suicide". Psychiatric Quarterly. 69 (2): 127–34. doi: 10.1023/A:1024714619938. Langmann, C. (10 February 2012). "Canadian Firearms Legislation and Effects on Homicide 1974 to 2008". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 27 (12): 2303–21. doi: 10.1177/0886260511433515. Lanza, Steven P. (3 April 2014). "The effect of firearm restrictions on gun-related homicides across US states". Applied Economics Letters. 21 (13): 902–05. doi: 10.1080/13504851.2014.896977. LEE, WANG-SHENG; SUARDI, SANDY (January 2010). "THE AUSTRALIAN FIREARMS BUYBACK AND ITS EFFECT ON GUN DEATHS". Contemporary Economic Policy. 28 (1): 65–79. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00165.x. Lee, LK; Fleegler, EW; Farrell, C; Avakame, E; Srinivasan, S; Hemenway, D; Monuteaux, MC (14 November 2016). "Firearm Laws and Firearm Homicides: A Systematic Review". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177: 106–19. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7051. PMID 27842178. Leenaars, Antoon A; Lester, David (July 2001). "The impact of gun control (Bill C-51) on homicide in Canada". Journal of Criminal Justice. 29 (4): 287–94. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2352 (01)00094-0. LEENAARS, ANTOON A.; MOKSONY, FERENC; LESTER, DAVID; WENCKSTERN, SUSANNE (February 2003). "THE IMPACT OF GUN CONTROL (BILL C-51) ON SUICIDE IN CANADA". Death Studies. 27 (2): 103–24. doi: 10.1080/07481180302890. Leigh, A.; Neill, C. (20 August 2010). "Do Gun Buybacks Save Lives? Evidence from Panel Data". American Law and Economics Review. 12 (2): 509–57. doi: 10.1093/aler/ahq013. LESTER, DAVID; LEENAARS, ANTOON (June 1993). "SUICIDE RATES IN CANADA BEFORE AND AFTER TIGHTENING FIREARM CONTROL LAWS". Psychological Reports. 72 (3): 787–90. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.787. Loftin, Colin; Mc Dowall, David; Wiersema, Brian; Cottey, Talbert J. (5 December 1991). "Effects of Restrictive Licensing of Handguns on Homicide and Suicide in the District of Columbia". New England Journal of Medicine. 325 (23): 1615–20. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199112053252305. PMID 1669841. Lott, J. R. (2010). More guns, less crime understanding crime and gun-control laws (3rd. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226493671. Lott, J. R. (2012). "What a Balancing Test Will Show for Right-to-Carry Laws". University of Maryland Law Review. 71 (4): 1205–18. Lubin, Gad; Werbeloff, Nomi; Halperin, Demian; Shmushkevitch, Mordechai; Weiser, Mark; Knobler, Haim Y. (October 2010). "Decrease in Suicide Rates After a Change of Policy Reducing Access to Firearms in Adolescents: A Naturalistic Epidemiological Study". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 40 (5): 421–24. doi: 10.1521/suli.2010.40.5.421. Malcolm, Joyce (2002). Guns and violence : The English experience. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674007530. Matzopoulos, Richard G.; Thompson, Mary Lou; Myers, Jonathan E. (March 2014). "Firearm and Nonfirearm Homicide in 5 South African Cities: A Retrospective Population-Based Study". American Journal of Public Health. 104 (3): 455–60. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.310650. PMC 3953758. PMID 24432917. Mauser, G. A.; Holmes, R. A. (1 December 1992). "An Evaluation of the 1977 Canadian Firearms Legislation". Evaluation Review. 16 (6): 603–17. doi: 10.1177/0193841X9201600602. Mauser, Gary A.; Maki, Dennis (April 2003). "An evaluation of the 1977 Canadian firearm legislation: robbery involving a firearm". Applied Economics. 35 (4): 423–36. doi: 10.1080/00036840210143099. Mc Phedran, S; Mauser, G (2013). "Lethal firearm-related violence against Canadian women: did tightening gun laws have an impact on women's health and safety?". Violence and victims. 28 (5): 875–83. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00145. PMID 24364129. Medoff, M. H.; Magaddino, J. P. (1 January 1983). "Suicides and Firearm Control Laws". Evaluation Review. 7 (3): 357–72. doi: 10.1177/0193841X8300700305. Miller, M. (1978). "Geriatric Suicide: The Arizona Study". The Gerontologist. 18 (5 Part 1): 488–95. doi: 10.1093/geront/18.5_Part_1.488. Miller, M.; Azrael, D.; Hemenway, D. (2002). "Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988–1997". American Journal of Public Health. 92 (12): 1988–93. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.92.12.1988. PMC 1447364. PMID 12453821. Miller, M.; Hemenway, D.; Azrael, D. (2007). "State-level homicide victimization rates in the US in relation to survey measures of household firearm ownership, 2001–2003". Social Science & Medicine. 64 (3): 656–64. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.024. Miller, M.; Hemenway, D. (2008). "Guns and Suicide in the United States". New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (10): 989–91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp0805923. PMID 18768940. National Research Council (2005), Wellford, C. F.; Pepper, J. V.; Petrie, C. V., eds., Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review., Committee to Improve Research Information and Data on Firearms, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, ISBN 9780309091244Ozanne-Smith, J.; et al. (2004). "Firearm related deaths: The impact of regulatory reform". Injury Prevention. 10 (5): 280–86. doi: 10.1136/ip.2003.004150. PMC 1730132. PMID 15470007. Parker, Sarah (2011). "Balancing Acts: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession" (PDF). In Berman, Eric G.; et al. Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521146869. Perrin, Noel (1980). Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879. Shambhala. ISBN 9780877731849. Pierce, GL; Braga, AA; Wintemute, GJ (June 2015). "Impact of California firearms sales laws and dealer regulations on the illegal diversion of guns". Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 21 (3): 179–84. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041413. PMID 25472991. Price, James H.; Thompson, Amy J.; Dake, Joseph A. (August 2004). "Factors Associated with State Variations in Homicide, Suicide, and Unintentional Firearm Deaths". Journal of Community Health. 29 (4): 271–83. doi: 10.1023/B: JOHE.0000025326.89365.5c. Reisch, T; Steffen, T; Habenstein, A; Tschacher, W (September 2013). "Change in suicide rates in Switzerland before and after firearm restriction resulting from the 2003 "Army XXI" reform". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (9): 977–84. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12091256. PMID 23897090. Reuter, Peter; Mouzos, Jenny (2003), Ludwig, J.; Cook, P. J., eds., "Australia: A Massive Buyback of Low-Risk Guns" (PDF), Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence, Brookings Institution Press, pp. 121–56, ISBN 9780815753377Rosengart, M (1 April 2005). "An evaluation of state firearm regulations and homicide and suicide death rates". Injury Prevention. 11 (2): 77–83. doi: 10.1136/ip.2004.007062. Rudolph, KE; Stuart, EA; Vernick, JS; Webster, DW (August 2015). "Association Between Connecticut's Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (8): e49–54. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302703. PMID 26066959. Safavi, A; Rhee, P; Pandit, V; Kulvatunyou, N; Tang, A; Aziz, H; Green, D; O'Keeffe, T; Vercruysse, G; Friese, RS; Joseph, B (January 2014). "Children are safer in states with strict firearm laws: a National Inpatient Sample study". The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 76 (1): 146–50; discussion 150–1. doi: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3182ab10fb. PMID 24368370. Santaella-Tenorio, Julian; Cerdá, Magdalena; Villaveces, Andrés; Galea, Sandro (10 February 2016). "What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Injuries?". Epidemiologic Reviews: mxv012. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxv012. Simonetti, Joseph A.; Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali; Mills, Brianna; Young, Bessie; Rivara, Frederick P. (August 2015). "State Firearm Legislation and Nonfatal Firearm Injuries". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (8): 1703–09. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302617. PMC 4504301. PMID 26066935. Sloan, JH; Rivara, FP; Reay, DT; Ferris, JA; Kellermann, AL (8 February 1990). "Firearm regulations and rates of suicide. A comparison of two metropolitan areas". The New England Journal of Medicine. 322 (6): 369–73. doi: 10.1056/nejm199002083220605. PMID 2393410. Tahmassebi, S. B. (1991). "Gun Control and Racism". George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal. 2 (1): 67–100. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Tashiro, J; Lane, RS; Blass, LW; Perez, EA; Sola, JE (3 August 2016). "The Effect of Gun Control Laws on Hospital Admissions for Children in the United States". The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 81: S54–60. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001177. PMID 27488481. Villaveces, Andrés (1 March 2000). "Effect of a Ban on Carrying Firearms on Homicide Rates in 2 Colombian Cities". JAMA. 283 (9): 1205. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.9.1205. Winkler, A. (2013). Gunfight : the battle over the right to bear arms in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 9780393345834. Webster, DW; Vernick, JS; Zeoli, AM; Manganello, JA (4 August 2004). "Association between youth-focused firearm laws and youth suicides". JAMA. 292 (5): 594–601. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.5.594. PMID 15292085. Webster, Daniel; Crifasi, Cassandra Kercher; Vernick, Jon S. (7 March 2014). "Effects of the Repeal of Missouri's Handgun Purchaser Licensing Law on Homicides". Journal of Urban Health. 91 (2): 293–302. doi: 10.1007/s11524-014-9865-8. PMC 3978146. PMID 24604521. Webster, Daniel W.; Wintemute, Garen J. (18 March 2015). "Effects of Policies Designed to Keep Firearms from High-Risk Individuals". Annual Review of Public Health. 36 (1): 21–37. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122516. Zeoli, April M.; Malinski, Rebecca; Turchan, Brandon (5 January 2016). "Risks and Targeted Interventions: Firearms in Intimate Partner Violence". Epidemiologic Reviews: mxv007. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxv007. External links Library resources about Gun control Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Gun control at Curlie (based on DMOZ)Gun Policy.org National groups Gun Control Australia – Supporting Gun Control in Australia Coalition for Gun Control – Canada Stop Gun Caravan – Japan Gun Free South Africa Coalition to Stop Gun Violence – U. S. Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence – U. S. Americans for Responsible Solutions – U. S. Categories: Firearms Gun politics

D754572

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ENGINEERING.com has updated it's forum. To post a question please visit the new Ask@ Forum . With a database of over 10000 questions the library will remain available for an extended period. Q&Armanhow can i stop my pole barn poles from pushing out of ground View All24'x32' 6x6 poles, 6" poured floor, dirt driveway, just the front 6 poles are pushing out of the ground about 6-8"6 years ago - 8 months left to answer. - 1 response - Report Abuse Respond to question0 0 0 Share |Responses Niel Post pushing out of the ground is the result of a phenomena know as frost heave. Below are two links with information how to prevent it. It usually requires ensuring that there is sufficient pole length below the frost line. Niel Leon engineering.com6 years ago Source: [1] http://www.gatewayalpacas.com/alpaca-farming/fence-building/setting-fence-posts.htm [2] http://www.brainerdhomeinspection.com/frosth~1.pdf0 0ENGINEERING.com does not provide engineering advice. The Ask@ service is a forum for members to exchange ideas relating to the world of engineering. We caution users not to accept any responses that they receive without further validation, and not to rely on any engineering advice that they may get from other members of the Ask@ forum. ENGINEERING.com specifically disclaims any obligation to validate or verify any information posted within the Ask@ service. ENGINEERING.com encourages users to seek the services of a professional engineer for any engineering advice they may require.

D2177768

http://www.talltask.com/Billy-Graham-height-7194.html

Billy Graham Height

First Name: Last Name: BLOG / HOMEBilly Graham Height When was Billy Graham born? Date of Birth: November 7th, 1918 Where was Billy Graham born? Place of Birth: USA Profession: Actor Zodiac Star Sign: Scorpio How tall is Billy Graham? Billy Graham Height: 6 ft 3 in (1.91 M)Previous Entry: Allan Graf Height | Next Entry: Gloria Grahame Height About: Tall Task.com exists to help satiate your curiosity about the height stats of celebrities. Search Tips: Enter the First and Last Name in the form above to search. If a person goes by only one name e.g. Madonna, leave the first name field empty. There is no need to enter middle names. Explore Profiles By Last Name: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { Tall Task.com } / Contact / Privacy

D3205738

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Elavil

Could you or a loved one be experiencing depression? Elavil Generic Name: Amitriptyline (a mee TRIP ti leen) Brand Name: Elavil Medically reviewed: April 4, 2018Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Interactions Pregnancy Warnings More Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Drug Images Support Group Q & AWarning Drugs like this one have raised the chance of suicidal thoughts or actions in children and young adults. The risk may be greater in people who have had these thoughts or actions in the past. All people who take Elavil (amitriptyline) need to be watched closely. Call the doctor right away if signs like low mood ( depression ), nervousness, restlessness, grouchiness, panic attacks, or changes in mood or actions are new or worse. Call the doctor right away if any thoughts or actions of suicide occur. This medicine is not approved for use in children. Talk with the doctor. The Elavil brand name has been discontinued in the U. S. If generic versions of this product have been approved by the FDA, there may be generic equivalents available. Uses of Elavil: It is used to treat low mood (depression). It may be given to you for other reasons. Talk with the doctor. Slideshow Insomnia Treatment: Non-Benzodiazepines Ambien, Lunesta & Sonata What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Elavil? If you have an allergy to amitriptyline or any other part of Elavil (amitriptyline). If you are allergic to any drugs like this one, any other drugs, foods, or other substances. Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had, like rash; hives; itching; shortness of breath; wheezing; cough; swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat; or any other signs. If you have had a recent heart attack . If you have taken certain drugs used for low mood (depression) like isocarboxazid, phenelzine, or tranylcypromine or drugs used for Parkinson's disease like selegiline or rasagiline in the last 14 days. Taking Elavil (amitriptyline) within 14 days of those drugs can cause very bad high blood pressure. If you are taking any of these drugs: Linezolid or methylene blue . If you are taking cisapride . If you are breast-feeding or plan to breast-feed. This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with Elavil (amitriptyline). Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems. You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take Elavil (amitriptyline) with all of your drugs and health problems. Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor. What are some things I need to know or do while I take Elavil? Tell all of your health care providers that you take Elavil (amitriptyline). This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists. This medicine may need to be stopped before certain types of surgery as your doctor has told you. If Elavil (amitriptyline) is stopped, your doctor will tell you when to start taking Elavil (amitriptyline) again after your surgery or procedure. Avoid driving and doing other tasks or actions that call for you to be alert until you see how Elavil (amitriptyline) affects you. To lower the chance of feeling dizzy or passing out, rise slowly if you have been sitting or lying down. Be careful going up and down stairs. Do not stop taking Elavil (amitriptyline) all of a sudden without calling your doctor. You may have a greater risk of signs of withdrawal. If you need to stop Elavil (amitriptyline), you will want to slowly stop it as ordered by your doctor. If you have high blood sugar (diabetes), you will need to watch your blood sugar closely. Tell your doctor if you have signs of high or low blood sugar like breath that smells like fruit, dizziness, fast breathing, fast heartbeat, feeling confused, feeling sleepy, feeling weak, flushing, headache, more thirsty or hungry, passing urine more often, shaking, or sweating. Talk with your doctor before you drink alcohol or use other drugs and natural products that slow your actions. Some people may have a higher chance of eye problems with Elavil (amitriptyline). Your doctor may want you to have an eye exam to see if you have a higher chance of these eye problems. Call your doctor right away if you have eye pain, change in eyesight, or swelling or redness in or around the eye. This medicine may make you sunburn more easily. Use care if you will be in the sun. Tell your doctor if you sunburn easily while taking this drug. Be careful in hot weather or while being active. Drink lots of fluids to stop fluid loss. Some people who take Elavil (amitriptyline) may get a very bad muscle problem called tardive dyskinesia. This muscle problem may not go away even if Elavil (amitriptyline) is stopped. Sometimes, signs may lessen or go away over time after Elavil (amitriptyline) is stopped. The risk of tardive dyskinesia may be greater in people with diabetes and in older adults, especially older women. The risk is also greater the longer you take Elavil (amitriptyline) or with higher doses. Muscle problems may also occur after short-term use with low doses. Call your doctor right away if you have trouble controlling body movements or if you have muscle problems with your tongue, face, mouth, or jaw like tongue sticking out, puffing cheeks, mouth puckering, or chewing. If you are 65 or older, use Elavil (amitriptyline) with care. You could have more side effects. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using Elavil (amitriptyline) while you are pregnant. How is this medicine (Elavil) best taken? Use Elavil (amitriptyline) as ordered by your doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely. Take at bedtime if taking once a day. To gain the most benefit, do not miss doses. Keep taking Elavil (amitriptyline) as you have been told by your doctor or other health care provider, even if you feel well. What do I do if I miss a dose? Take a missed dose as soon as you think about it. If it is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time. Do not take 2 doses at the same time or extra doses. See also: Dosage Information (in more detail)What are some side effects that I need to call my doctor about right away? WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect: Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat. Signs of high or low blood pressure like very bad headache or dizziness, passing out, change in eyesight. Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Chest pain or pressure or a fast heartbeat . A heartbeat that does not feel normal. Feeling confused. Not able to focus. Trouble passing urine. Change in how often urine is passed. Feeling very tired or weak. Any unexplained bruising or bleeding. Swelling. Shakiness. Seizures . Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there). A burning, numbness, or tingling feeling that is not normal. Change in sex interest. Not able to get or keep an erection. Swelling of the testicles. Enlarged breasts. Nipple discharge . Fever or chills. Sore throat . Very bad belly pain. Very hard stools ( constipation ). Not sweating during activities or in warm temperatures. Not able to sleep. Bad dreams. Ringing in ears. Change in tongue color. Sweating a lot. What are some other side effects of Elavil? All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away: Hard stools (constipation). Dizziness. Feeling sleepy. Dry mouth. Feeling tired or weak. Headache. Upset stomach or throwing up. Not hungry. Loose stools ( diarrhea ). Anxiety . Feeling nervous and excitable. Change in taste. Weight gain or loss. These are not all of the side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, call your doctor. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects at http://www.fda.gov/medwatch. See also: Side effects (in more detail)If OVERDOSE is suspected: If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how much, and when it happened. How do I store and/or throw out Elavil? Store at room temperature. Protect from light. Store in a dry place. Do not store in a bathroom. Keep all drugs in a safe place. Keep all drugs out of the reach of children and pets. Throw away unused or expired drugs. Do not flush down a toilet or pour down a drain unless you are told to do so. Check with your pharmacist if you have questions about the best way to throw out drugs. There may be drug take-back programs in your area. Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer If your symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your doctor. Do not share your drugs with others and do not take anyone else's drugs. Keep a list of all your drugs (prescription, natural products, vitamins, OTC) with you. Give this list to your doctor. Talk with the doctor before starting any new drug, including prescription or OTC, natural products, or vitamins. This medicine comes with an extra patient fact sheet called a Medication Guide. Read it with care. Read it again each time Elavil (amitriptyline) is refilled. If you have any questions about Elavil (amitriptyline), please talk with the doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider. If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how much, and when it happened. Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take Elavil (amitriptyline) or any other medicine. Only the healthcare provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for a specific patient. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about Elavil (amitriptyline). It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to Elavil (amitriptyline). This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from the healthcare provider. You must talk with the healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using Elavil (amitriptyline). Next → Side Effects Add to My Med List More about Elavil (amitriptyline)Side Effects During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding Dosage Information Drug Images Drug Interactions Support Group En Español170 Reviews – Add your own review/rating Drug class: tricyclic antidepressants Consumer resources Elavil Elavil (Advanced Reading)Other brands: Vanatrip Professional resources Elavil (FDA)Amitriptyline Hydrochloride (AHFS Monograph)Related treatment guides Anxiety and Stress Chronic Myofascial Pain Fibromyalgia Insomnia... +8 more

D250947

https://www.michaeljfox.org/

LATEST FROM THE BLOG

LATEST FROM THE BLOGMORE NEWSMJFF LIVEApril 03, 2018New MJFF Resource Supports Patients and Trial Teams to Advance Parkinson's Resea... READ MOREMarch 30, 2018Under-the-Tongue Apomorphine Therapy for 'Off' Time Submitted to FDAREAD MOREMarch 29, 2018Ask the MD: Potential Treatment for Drooling in Parkinson's READ MOREThe Lancet Neurology calls the AMP PD program the "most ambitious initiative so far to find a cure for Parkinson's." Learn more about how it is speeding progress for a #Parkinsons #cure : https://bit.ly/2I8E4NPFOLLOW US ON TWITTERWhen managing care for someone with Parkinson's disease, it can be easy to skip taking care of yourself, too: https://bit.ly/2Gh OCc CLIKE US ON FACEBOOK"What Is Parkinson's Disease?" whiteboard video WATCHsign up for email updates By providing your email you agree to receive periodic emails from the Foundation. Our single, urgent goal: Eliminate Parkinson's disease in our lifetime. Today we are the largest nonprofit funder of Parkinson's research worldwide. READ MOREREAD MORE READ MORE

D3480780

http://www.wifcon.com/discussion/index.php?/topic/1180-minor-modification-of-a-commerical-item/

Minor Modification of a Commerical Item

jmavery08New Member Members03 posts Report post Posted June 25, 2011The situation is that a contract extension modification has been approved for a requirements contact of a minor modified commercial item and the contractor has agreed to hold its third year ordering price for our requirement. Originally, the contractor certified to the non-commercial modification but is the original certification still valid for the contract extension or does the contractor have to recertify and provide C&P data? I know that FAR 15.403-1© (3) (iii) ( states that it is not required if the total price of all modifications under a particular contract action does not exceed the GREATER of the C&P data threshold or 5% of the total price of the contract at the time of contract award. Based on the above, I would think that the contractor does have to recertify and provide C&P data for the non-commercial modification and that the commercial portion would require price analysis, but I am not entirely sure. Any guidance or help is appreciated. Vern Edwards Platinum Member Members07,621 posts Gender: Male Location: Portland, Oregon Report post Posted June 26, 2011You must get certified cost or pricing data when extending the contract ordering period, even if the contracctor agrees to give you the same prices as for the last ordering period. Extension of the ordering period entails a new pricing action. The fact that the prices were fair and reasonable for the last period does not mean that they are fair and reasonable for the new one. You must make a new determination and get new certified cost or pricing data if otherwise required by FAR 15.403. New data may reveal that the earlier prices are no longer fair and reasonable. You can no longer rely on the old data and certificate. Retreadfed Platinum Member Members01,493 posts Gender: Not Telling Report post Posted June 26, 2011jmavery08 said: The situation is that a contract extension modification has been approved for a requirements contact of a minor modified commercial item and the contractor has agreed to hold its third year ordering price for our requirement. Originally, the contractor certified to the non-commercial modification but is the original certification still valid for the contract extension or does the contractor have to recertify and provide C&P data? I know that FAR 15.403-1? (3) (iii) ( states that it is not required if the total price of all modifications under a particular contract action does not exceed the GREATER of the C&P data threshold or 5% of the total price of the contract at the time of contract award. Based on the above, I would think that the contractor does have to recertify and provide C&P data for the non-commercial modification and that the commercial portion would require price analysis, but I am not entirely sure. Any guidance or help is appreciated. You stated that tis is a requirements contract. How did you compute the value of the work that may be ordered during the extension since the government is not obligated to buy anything during that extension?jmavery08New Member Members03 posts Report post Posted June 27, 2011Retreadfed said: You stated that tis is a requirements contract. How did you compute the value of the work that may be ordered during the extension since the government is not obligated to buy anything during that extension? That's a good question. Currently, we have requirements in house; however, if we didn't have specific requirements already in house, I would ask the PM to provide a projection of possible orders during the extension time frame. Additionally, the extension was put in place to cover any requirements that may arise before a new requirements contract is put into place. I hope this answer your question.jmavery08New Member Members03 posts Report post Posted June 27, 2011Vern Edwards said: You must get certified cost or pricing data when extending the contract ordering period, even if the contracctor agrees to give you the same prices as for the last ordering period. Extension of the ordering period entails a new pricing action. The fact that the prices were fair and reasonable for the last period does not mean that they are fair and reasonable for the new one. You must make a new determination and get new certified cost or pricing data if otherwise required by FAR 15.403. New data may reveal that the earlier prices are no longer fair and reasonable. You can no longer rely on the old data and certificate. Thank you Mr. Edwards for replying. Your knowledge and feedback is greatly appreciated. Vern Edwards Platinum Member Members07,621 posts Gender: Male Location: Portland, Oregon Report post Posted June 27, 2011For those who may not know, requirements contracts must contain a "realistic estimated total quantity." The contract must also contain, when feasible, a "maximum limit," or "ceiling price." FAR 16.503 (a). According to FAR 1.108 ( c ): Quote Dollar thresholds. Unless otherwise specified, a specific dollar threshold for the purpose of applicability is the final anticipated dollar value of the action, including the dollar value of all options. If the action establishes a maximum quantity of supplies or services to be acquired or establishes a ceiling price or establishes the final price to be based on future events, the final anticipated dollar value must be the highest final priced alternative to the Government, including the dollar value of all options. Thus, if the contract does include a "maximum limit" or "ceiling price," then the contract dollar value for purposes of requiring certified cost or pricing data in accordance with FAR 15.403-4 (a) is the maximum limit or celling price. If the contract does not include a maximum limit or ceiling price, then the dollar value would be the "estimated total quantity."

D2580791

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe

Middle Ages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Medieval Europe)navigation search This article is about medieval Europe. For a global history of the period between the 5th and 15th centuries, see Post-classical history. For other uses, see Middle Ages (disambiguation). The Cross of Mathilde, a crux gemmata made for Mathilde, Abbess of Essen (973–1011), who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque. The figure of Christ is slightly later. Probably made in Cologne or Essen, the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques: cast figurative sculpture, filigree, enamelling, gem polishing and setting, and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems. In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the seventh century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empire —came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad's successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power. The empire's law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or "Code of Justinian", was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century. It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions: Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south. During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages. The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period. Contents [ hide ]1 Terminology and periodisation2 Later Roman Empire3 Early Middle Ages3.1 New societies3.2 Byzantine survival3.3 Western society3.4 Rise of Islam3.5 Trade and economy3.6 Church and monasticism3.7 Carolingian Europe3.8 Carolingian Renaissance3.9 Breakup of the Carolingian Empire3.10 New kingdoms and Byzantine revival3.11 Art and architecture3.12 Military and technological developments4 High Middle Ages4.1 Society and economic life4.2 Rise of state power4.3 Crusades4.4 Intellectual life4.5 Technology and military4.6 Architecture, art, and music4.7 Church life5 Late Middle Ages5.1 War, famine, and plague5.2 Society and economy5.3 State resurgence5.4 Collapse of Byzantium5.5 Controversy within the Church5.6 Scholars, intellectuals, and exploration5.7 Technological and military developments5.8 Late medieval art and architecture6 Modern perceptions7 Notes8 Citations9 References10 Further reading11 External links Terminology and periodisation [ edit]The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period. [1]Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the " Six Ages " or the " Four Empires ", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. [2] When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". [3] In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua (or "ancient") and to the Christian period as nova (or "new"). [4] Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People (1442). [5] Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch's time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch's two. The "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or "middle season". [6] In early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or "middle age", first recorded in 1604, [7] and media saecula, or "middle ages", first recorded in 1625. [8] The alternative term "medieval" (or occasionally "mediaeval" [9] or "mediæval") [10] derives from medium aevum. [9] Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th-century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. [8]The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, [11] first used by Bruni. [5] [A] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, [13] but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as Christopher Columbus 's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. [14] English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period. [15] For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492. [16] Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier "High" and later "Low" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: "Early", "High", and "Late". [1] In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the " Dark Ages ", [17] [B] but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. [2]Later Roman Empire [ edit]Further information: Late Antiquity, Roman Empire, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, and Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties A late Roman sculpture depicting the four Tetrarchs, now in Venice [18]The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the second century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. [19] Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to create the Crisis of the Third Century, with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers. [20] Military expenses increased steadily during the third century, mainly in response to the war with the Sasanian Empire, which revived in the middle of the third century. [21] The army doubled in size, and cavalry and smaller units replaced the Roman legion as the main tactical unit. [22] The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial, or landowning, class, and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns. [21] More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army, which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax-collectors in the empire than tax-payers. [22]The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other. [23] [C] In 330, after a period of civil war, Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital, Constantinople. [24] Diocletian's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers, among others. [25] Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century, diverting soldiers from the empire's frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach. [26] For much of the 4th century, Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period, with a widening gulf between the rich and poor, and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns. [27] Another change was the Christianisation, or conversion of the empire to Christianity, a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries. [28] [29]Map of the approximate political boundaries in Europe around 450In 376, the Goths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364–378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Goths began to raid and plunder. [D] Valens, attempting to put down the disorder, was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378. [31] As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north, internal divisions within the empire, especially within the Christian Church, caused problems. [32] In 400, the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and, although briefly forced back from Italy, in 410 sacked the city of Rome. [33] In 406 the Alans, Vandals, and Suevi crossed into Gaul; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern-day Spain. [34] The Migration Period began, when various peoples, initially largely Germanic peoples, moved across Europe. The Franks, Alemanni, and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes settled in Britain, [35] and the Vandals went on to cross the strait of Gibraltar after which they conquered the province of Africa. [36] In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire; their king Attila (r. 434–453) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447, Gaul in 451, and Italy in 452. [37] The Hunnic threat remained until Attila's death in 453, when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart. [38] These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire. [35]By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. [39] The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustulus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire. [12] [E] By 493 the Italian peninsula was conquered by the Ostrogoths. [40] The Eastern Roman Empire, often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart, had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories. The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory, but while none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west, Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained; the reconquest of the Mediterranean periphery and the Italian Peninsula ( Gothic War) in the reign of Justinian (r. 527–565) was the sole, and temporary, exception. [41]Early Middle Ages [ edit]Main article: Early Middle Ages New societies [ edit]Main articles: Migration Period and fall of the Western Roman Empire The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the Western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration. [42] The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho (d. 408), Aetius (d. 454), Aspar (d. 471), Ricimer (d. 472), or Gundobad (d. 516), who were partly or fully of non-Roman background. When the line of Western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background. Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common. [43] This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes, including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state. [44] Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar, and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects. [45] Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions. [46] An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities. Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes, instead relying on granting them land or rents. This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed. [47] Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms. Slavery declined as the supply weakened, and society became more rural. [48] [F]A coin of the Ostrogothic leader Theoderic the Great, struck in Milan, circa AD 491–501Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. [46] The Ostrogoths, a Gothic tribe, settled in Roman Italy in the late fifth century under Theoderic the Great (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last years of Theodoric's reign. [50] The Burgundians settled in Gaul, and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s. Between today's Geneva and Lyon, it grew to become the realm of Burgundy in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. [51] Elsewhere in Gaul, the Franks and Celtic Britons set up small polities. Francia was centred in northern Gaul, and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric I (d. 481). His grave was discovered in 1653 and is remarkable for its grave goods, which included weapons and a large quantity of gold. [52]Under Childeric's son Clovis I (r. 509–511), the founder of the Merovingian dynasty, the Frankish kingdom expanded and converted to Christianity. The Britons, related to the natives of Britannia – modern-day Great Britain – settled in what is now Brittany. [53] [G] Other monarchies were established by the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, the Suebi in northwestern Iberia, and the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. [51] In the sixth century, the Lombards settled in Northern Italy, replacing the Ostrogothic kingdom with a grouping of duchies that occasionally selected a king to rule over them all. By the late sixth century, this arrangement had been replaced by a permanent monarchy, the Kingdom of the Lombards. [54]The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavs settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages. Latin, the literary language of the Western Roman Empire, was gradually replaced by vernacular languages which evolved from Latin, but were distinct from it, collectively known as Romance languages. These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries. Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavic languages to Eastern Europe. [55]Byzantine survival [ edit]Main articles: Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty A mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna, bodyguards, and courtiers. [56]As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with the Sasanian Empire, the traditional enemy of Rome, lasted throughout most of the 5th century. The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church, with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in Eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe. Legal developments included the codification of Roman law; the first effort—the Codex Theodosianus —was completed in 438. [57] Under Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565), another compilation took place—the Corpus Juris Civilis. [58] Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths, [59] under Belisarius (d. 565). [60] The conquest of Italy was not complete, as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests. [59]At the Emperor's death, the Byzantines had control of most of Italy, North Africa, and a small foothold in southern Spain. Justinian's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the early Muslim conquests, but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire, which made raising troops difficult. [61]In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the Eastern emperors to pay tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. [62]An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute. This led to a period of peace, but when Maurice was overthrown, the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) controlled large chunks of the empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Anatolia until Heraclius' successful counterattack. In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories. [63]Western society [ edit]See also: Early medieval European dress and Medieval cuisine In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with ecclesiastical than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome (d. 420) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible. By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours (d. 594) had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand. [64] By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book. [65] Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris (d. 489), Cassiodorus (d. c. 585), and Boethius (d. c. 525) were typical of the age. [66]Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces. [H] Family ties within the elites were important, as were the virtues of loyalty, courage, and honour. These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society, examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul. Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation. [69] Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in their roles as wives and mothers of men, with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul. In Anglo-Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers, but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries. Only in Italy does it appear that women were always considered under the protection and control of a male relative. [70]Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most of the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. [71] Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns, but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies, some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. [72] Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. [73] Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord. [74]Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use. [75] In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. [76] Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities, the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. Officially they were tolerated, if subject to conversion efforts, and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas. [77]Rise of Islam [ edit]Main article: Early Muslim conquests The early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate, 632–661Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Iran were in flux during the late sixth and early seventh centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it. [I] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula. All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad (d. 632). [79] After his death, Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia, starting with Syria in 634–635 and reaching Egypt in 640–641, Persia between 637 and 642, North Africa in the later seventh century, and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. [80] By 714, Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al-Andalus. [81]The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-eighth century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. [82] By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman economy. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs. [83]Trade and economy [ edit]Main article: Medieval economic history The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of the Muslim conquests, African products were no longer found in Western Europe. The replacement of goods from long-range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages. This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean, such as northern Gaul or Britain. Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods. In the northern parts of Europe, not only were the trade networks local, but the goods carried were simple, with little pottery or other complex products. Around the Mediterranean, pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium-range networks, not just produced locally. [84]The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From these areas, the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000. Copper or bronze coins were not struck, nor were gold except in Southern Europe. No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted. [85]Church and monasticism [ edit]An 11th-century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the Western Church. The Eastern Church used Greek instead of the Western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm, clerical marriage, and state control of the Church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities. [86] The formal break, known as the East–West Schism, came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two Churches—the Western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern branch the Eastern Orthodox Church. [87]The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the Western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affairs and Eastern theological controversies. The register, or archived copies of the letters, of Pope Gregory the Great (pope 590–604) survived, and of those more than 850 letters, the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople. The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain, where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. [88] Irish missionaries were most active in Western Europe between the 5th and the 7th centuries, going first to England and Scotland and then on to the continent. Under such monks as Columba (d. 597) and Columbanus (d. 615), they founded monasteries, taught in Latin and Greek, and authored secular and religious works. [89]The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism, which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century. Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony. [90] Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot. [91] Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for missions and proselytisation. [92] They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region. Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. [93] Monks were also the authors of new works, including history, theology, and other subjects, written by authors such as Bede (d. 735), a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries. [94]Carolingian Europe [ edit]Main articles: Francia and Carolingian Empire Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. [95] Such warfare was exploited by Pippin (d. 640), the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne. Later members of his family inherited the office, acting as advisers and regents. One of his descendants, Charles Martel (d. 741), won the Battle of Poitiers in 732, halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees. [96] [J] Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, and East Anglia, which were descended from the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Smaller kingdoms in present-day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts. [98] Ireland was divided into even smaller political units, usually known as tribal kingdoms, under the control of kings. There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland, of varying importance. [99]The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers, exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel, and circulated stories of the family's great piety. At the time of his death in 768, Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons, Charles (r. 768–814) and Carloman (r. 768–771). When Carloman died of natural causes, Charles blocked the succession of Carloman's young son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria. Charles, more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne, embarked upon a programme of systematic expansion in 774 that unified a large portion of Europe, eventually controlling modern-day France, northern Italy, and Saxony. In the wars that lasted beyond 800, he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land. [100] In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombards, which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States. [101] [K]Charlemagne's palace chapel at Aachen, completed in 805 [103]The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the Western emperors. [104] It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the Byzantine Empire, as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state. [105] There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire. The Frankish lands were rural in character, with only a few small cities. Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms. Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia, in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean. [104] The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor, as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts, who administered the counties the empire had been divided into. Clergy and local bishops served as officials, as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici, who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters. [106]Carolingian Renaissance [ edit]Main article: Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the " Carolingian Renaissance ". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery —or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule, [L] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. [108] Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the Church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin. [109]Breakup of the Carolingian Empire [ edit]Main articles: Holy Roman Empire and Viking Age Territorial divisions of the Carolingian Empire in 843, 855, and 870Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and, after 829, civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire. Eventually, Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I (d. 855) as emperor and gave him Italy. Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald (d. 877), his youngest son. Lothair took East Francia, comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards, leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps. Louis the German (d. 876), the middle child, who had been rebellious to the last, was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother. The division was disputed. Pepin II of Aquitaine (d. after 864), the emperor's grandson, rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine, while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia. Louis the Pious died in 840, with the empire still in chaos. [110]A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany. Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands, comprising most of modern-day France. [110] Charlemagne's grandsons and great-grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants, eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost. [111] [M] In 987 the Carolingian dynasty was replaced in the western lands, with the crowning of Hugh Capet (r. 987–996) as king. [N] [O] In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier, in 911, with the death of Louis the Child, [114] and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I (r. 911–918) as king. [115]The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple (r. 898–922) to settle in what became Normandy. [116] [P] The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under continual Magyar assault until the invader's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. [118] The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states, some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms. [119]New kingdoms and Byzantine revival [ edit]Main articles: Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty, Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty, First Bulgarian Empire, Christianisation of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Germany, Christianisation of Scandinavia, and Christianisation of Kievan Rus'See also: Byzantine–Arab wars (780–1180) and Byzantine–Bulgarian wars Europe in 814Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Anglia. [120] By the middle of the 10th century, Alfred's successors had conquered Northumbria, and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain. [121] In northern Britain, Kenneth Mac Alpin (d. c. 860) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba. [122] In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany, and was engaged in driving back the Magyars. Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I (r. 936–973) as Holy Roman Emperor. [123] In 972, he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire, which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II (r. 967–983) to Theophanu (d. 991), daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (r. 959–963). [124] By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability; [125] Otto III (r. 996–1002) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom. [126] The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented, and although kings remained nominally in charge, much of the political power devolved to the local lords. [127]Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe. Besides the settlements in Ireland, England, and Normandy, further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland. Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe, and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907. [128] Christian Spain, initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north, expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries, establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León. [129]10th-century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto IIn Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. The military was reorganised, which allowed the emperors John I (r. 969–976) and Basil II (r. 976–1025) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts. The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning, a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance. Writers such as John Geometres ( fl. early 10th century) composed new hymns, poems, and other works. [130] Missionary efforts by both Eastern and Western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians, Bulgars, Bohemians, Poles, Magyars, and Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus'. These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples—the states of Moravia, Bulgaria, Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kievan Rus'. [131] Bulgaria, which was founded around 680, at its height reached from Budapest to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea. [132] By 1018, the last Bulgarian nobles had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire. [133]Art and architecture [ edit]Main articles: Medieval art and Medieval architecture See also: Migration Period art, Pre-Romanesque art and architecture, and Carolingian art A page from the Book of Kells, an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century [134]Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. [135] One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept, [136] or the "arms" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave. [137] Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building. [138]Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book, and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period. Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories, originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down. [139] [140] Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art, but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair, several reliquaries, and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France, Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory. There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites, including the Irish Tara Brooch. [141] Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers, including the Insular Book of Kells, the Book of Lindisfarne, and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, which is one of the few to retain its " treasure binding " of gold encrusted with jewels. [142] Charlemagne's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art, [143] and by the end of the period near life-sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches. [144]Military and technological developments [ edit]During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract -type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers—ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. [145] During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. [146] The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. [147] Another development was the increasing use of longswords [148] and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour. [149]The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. [150] Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry, rather than true cavalry. [151] One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the fyrd, which were led by the local elites. [152] In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. [153] Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe, which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain. [154]High Middle Ages [ edit]Main article: High Middle Ages Society and economic life [ edit]Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed (the clergy) those who fought (the knights ), and those who worked (the peasantry ). [155] The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism. [156] ( Li Livres dou Sante, 13th century)The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested. [157] [158] As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants. Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities, usually known as manors or villages. [158] These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services, in a system known as manorialism. There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond, [159] with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north. The practice of assarting, or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them, also contributed to the expansion of population. [160]Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the system of feudalism. During the 11th and 12th centuries, these lands, or fiefs, came to be considered hereditary, and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period. Instead, most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son. [161] [Q] The dominance of the nobility was built upon its control of the land, its military service as heavy cavalry, control of castles, and various immunities from taxes or other impositions. [R] Castles, initially in wood but later in stone, began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time, and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals. Control of castles allowed the nobles to defy kings or other overlords. [163] Nobles were stratified; kings and the highest-ranking nobility controlled large numbers of commoners and large tracts of land, as well as other nobles. Beneath them, lesser nobles had authority over smaller areas of land and fewer people. Knights were the lowest level of nobility; they controlled but did not own land, and had to serve other nobles. [164] [S]The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. [166] Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. [167] Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the nobility, the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy. The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class. [168] Townsmen were in a somewhat unusual position, as they did not fit into the traditional three-fold division of society into nobles, clergy, and peasants. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the ranks of the townsmen expanded greatly as existing towns grew and new population centres were founded. [169] But throughout the Middle Ages the population of the towns probably never exceeded 10 per cent of the total population. [170]13th-century illustration of a Jew (in pointed Jewish hat) and the Christian Petrus Alphonsi debating Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. [77] Most Jews were confined to the cities, as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants. [171] [T] Besides the Jews, there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe—pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe. [172]Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household, child-care, as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house. They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home. At harvest-time, they were also expected to help with field-work. [173] Townswomen, like peasant women, were responsible for the household, and could also engage in trade. What trades were open to women varied by country and period. [174] Noblewomen were responsible for running a household, and could occasionally be expected to handle estates in the absence of male relatives, but they were usually restricted from participation in military or government affairs. The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns, as they were unable to become priests. [173]In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean. [U] Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period, allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants. [176] In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered, famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders, Marco Polo (d. 1324). [177] Besides new trading opportunities, agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields, which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand. [178] Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, first in Italy and later in France and other countries. New forms of commercial contracts emerged, allowing risk to be shared among merchants. Accounting methods improved, partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping; letters of credit also appeared, allowing easy transmission of money. [179]Rise of state power [ edit]Main articles: England in the Middle Ages, France in the Middle Ages, Germany in the Middle Ages, Italy in the Middle Ages, Scotland in the Middle Ages, Spain in the Middle Ages, and Poland in the Middle Ages Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. [180] New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European powers. [181] The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King Árpád (d. c. 907) after a series of invasions in the 9th century. [182] The papacy, long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings, first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III (pope 1198–1216). [183] Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north-east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture. [184]During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV (r. 1084–1105) over Church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy. [185] His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility. A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V (r. 1111–25), who died without heirs, until Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155–90) took the imperial throne. [186] Although he ruled effectively, the basic problems remained, and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century. [187] Barbarossa's grandson Frederick II (r. 1220–1250), who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother, clashed repeatedly with the papacy. His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy. [188] He and his successors faced many difficulties, including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century. Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241, 1259, and 1287. [189]The Bayeux Tapestry (detail) showing William the Conqueror (centre), his half-brothers Robert, Count of Mortain (right) and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy (left)Under the Capetian dynasty the French monarchy slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. [190] They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035–1087), conquered England (r. 1066–87) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. [191] [192] Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. [193] Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154–89) and his son Richard I (r. 1189–99), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France, [194] [V] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France. [196] [W] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199–1216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216–72), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. [197] The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under the king's personal rule and centralising the royal administration. [198] Under Louis IX (r. 1226–70), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe. [199] [X]In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. [201] By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. [202] Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states, initially under the Caliphate of Córdoba, which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas, [201] who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s. [203] Christian forces advanced again in the early 13th century, culminating in the capture of Seville in 1248. [204]Crusades [ edit]Main articles: Crusades, Reconquista, and Northern Crusades See also: Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers. [205]In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–71). The Turks were then free to invade Asia Minor, which dealt a dangerous blow to the Byzantine Empire by seizing a large part of its population and its economic heartland. Although the Byzantines regrouped and recovered somewhat, they never fully regained Asia Minor and were often on the defensive. The Turks also had difficulties, losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars. [206] The Byzantines also faced a revived Bulgaria, which in the late 12th and 13th centuries spread throughout the Balkans. [207]The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part. Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099. [208] One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East. These were especially brutal during the First Crusade, [77] when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction. [209] Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, which fused monastic life with military service. [210]The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, [208] such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, which had been captured by Saladin (d. 1193) in 1187. [211] [Y] In 1203, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople, and captured the city in 1204, setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople [213] and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261, but never regained their former strength. [214] By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland, although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards. [215]Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. [208] The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders were founded, most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century. [216] Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later, and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries. These crusades also spawned a military order, the Order of the Sword Brothers. Another order, the Teutonic Knights, although founded in the crusader states, focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225, and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia. [217]Intellectual life [ edit]Main articles: Renaissance of the 12th century, Medieval philosophy, Medieval literature, Medieval poetry, and Medieval medicine of Western Europe During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of " universals ". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scholars such as Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries cathedral schools spread throughout Western Europe, signalling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns. [218] Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities. [219] Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism, an attempt by 12th- and 13th-century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts, most notably Aristotle and the Bible. This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason [220] and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the Summa Theologica, or Summary of Theology. [221]A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th-century manuscript illustration Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "songs of great deeds", such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand. [222] Secular and religious histories were also produced. [223] Geoffrey of Monmouth (d. c. 1155) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae, a collection of stories and legends about Arthur. [224] Other works were more clearly history, such as Otto von Freising 's (d. 1158) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, or William of Malmesbury 's (d. c. 1143) Gesta Regum on the kings of England. [223]Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe. Canon law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian (fl. 12th century), a teacher at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon law—the Decretum. [225]Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century. Medicine was also studied, especially in southern Italy, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno. [226]Technology and military [ edit]Main articles: Medieval technology, Medieval warfare, and History of science § Science in the Middle Ages Further information: List of medieval European scientists Portrait of Cardinal Hugh of Saint-Cher by Tommaso da Modena, 1352, the first known depiction of spectacles [227]In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. [228] Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by an unknown Italian artisan, probably working in or near Pisa. [229]The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops [158] [Z] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. [230] The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently, aided by the spread of the horse collar, which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen. Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture, factors that aided the implementation of the three-field system. [231]The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. [232] Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon. Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed. [233]In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. [234] Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries. [153] [AA] The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed-face helmets, heavy body armour, as well as horse armour. [236] Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304, although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon. Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s, and hand-held guns were in use by the 1360s. [237]Architecture, art, and music [ edit]Further information: Medieval architecture, Medieval art, and Medieval music The Romanesque Church of Maria Laach, Germany In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as the First Romanesque, the style flourished and spread across Europe in a remarkably homogeneous form. Just before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe. [238] Romanesque buildings have massive stone walls, openings topped by semi-circular arches, small windows, and, particularly in France, arched stone vaults. [239] The large portal with coloured sculpture in high relief became a central feature of façades, especially in France, and the capitals of columns were often carved with narrative scenes of imaginative monsters and animals. [240] According to art historian C. R. Dodwell, "virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall-paintings", of which few survive. [241] Simultaneous with the development in church architecture, the distinctive European form of the castle was developed, and became crucial to politics and warfare. [242]Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, [243] contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick. Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, on the barrel-vaulted roof. [244]The Gothic interior of Laon Cathedral, France From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. [245] Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost. [246]During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", [247] and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art, with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses. [248] In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio, followed by the Trecento master Giotto (d. 1337), greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco. [249] Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art; many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures have survived. [250]Church life [ edit]Main articles: Gregorian Reform and Church and state in medieval Europe Francis of Assisi, depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235, founded the Franciscan Order. [251]Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear. [252] Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour. It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen, thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords. [253]Monastic reform inspired change in the secular Church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and Emperor Henry IV, who initially clashed over episcopal appointments, a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture, clerical marriage, and simony. The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands, but the papacy insisted on the Church's independence from secular lords. These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms. The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities. It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors. [252]Sénanque Abbey, Gordes, France The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153). These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen, who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity, or to live an Apostolic life. [210] Religious pilgrimages were also encouraged. Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome, Jerusalem, and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors, and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence. [254]In the 13th century mendicant orders —the Franciscans and the Dominicans —who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. [255] Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries, but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy. Others joined the Cathars, another heretical movement condemned by the papacy. In 1209, a crusade was preached against the Cathars, the Albigensian Crusade, which in combination with the medieval Inquisition, eliminated them. [256]Late Middle Ages [ edit]Main article: Late Middle Ages War, famine, and plague [ edit]Main article: Crisis of the Late Middle Ages The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. [257] The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. [258] The years 1313–14 and 1317–21 were excessively rainy throughout Europe, resulting in widespread crop failures. [259] The climate change—which resulted in a declining average annual temperature for Europe during the 14th century—was accompanied by an economic downturn. [260]Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie, from a 14th-century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years. [261] [AB] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions. [AC] Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited, and in some places fields were left unworked. Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields. Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food, both of which cut into agricultural income. Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings, and popular uprisings broke out across Europe. [264] Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France, the Peasants' Revolt in England, and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders. The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe, manifested by the foundation of new charities, the self-mortification of the flagellants, and the scapegoating of Jews. [265] Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages. [261]Society and economy [ edit]Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. [266] Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free. [267] Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents. [268] The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period. [165] Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders, and they joined together to extort privileges from their governments. Partly at the urging of landlords, governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death. [268] Non-clergy became increasingly literate, and urban populations began to imitate the nobility's interest in chivalry. [269]Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. [270] The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. [77] The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans. [271] [AD]State resurgence [ edit]Map of Europe in 1360Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry. Kings profited from warfare that extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled. [272] Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient, and the rate of taxation often increased. [273] The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority. [274]Joan of Arc in a 15th-century depiction Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. [275] They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, [276] waged from 1337 to 1453. [277] Early in the war the English under Edward III (r. 1327–77) and his son Edward, the Black Prince (d. 1376), [AE] won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers, captured the city of Calais, and won control of much of France. [AF] The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war. [280] In the early 15th century, France again came close to dissolving, but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc (d. 1431) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453. [281] The price was high, as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict. Conversely, the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity, doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal. The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture, which had previously been the dominant influence. [282] The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years' War, [283] and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Crécy in 1346. [237]In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. [284] Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. [285] In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula; [286] Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century, while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over royal succession and other concerns. [287] [288] After losing the Hundred Years' War, England went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses, which lasted into the 1490s [288] and only ended when Henry Tudor (r. 1485–1509 as Henry VII) became king and consolidated power with his victory over Richard III (r. 1483–85) at Bosworth in 1485. [289] In Scandinavia, Margaret I of Denmark (r. in Denmark 1387–1412) consolidated Norway, Denmark, and Sweden in the Union of Kalmar, which continued until 1523. The major power around the Baltic Sea was the Hanseatic League, a commercial confederation of city states that traded from Western Europe to Russia. [290] Scotland emerged from English domination under Robert the Bruce (r. 1306–29), who secured papal recognition of his kingship in 1328. [291]Collapse of Byzantium [ edit]Main articles: Decline of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty, Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty, Byzantine–Ottoman Wars, and Rise of the Ottoman Empire Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea. The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia, the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city-state of Venice. The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe, the Ottomans, who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century. The Ottomans expanded into Europe, reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396; a great army was sent to the Balkans, where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis. [292] Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453. [293]Controversy within the Church [ edit]Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a miniature from Froissart's Chroniques During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1309–76, [294] also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), [295] and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three rival popes, each supported by several states. [296] Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417–31) as pope. [297]Besides the schism, the Western Church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to Church doctrine. [298] Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. [299] The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite Church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. [300] Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) and the Hospitallers. [301]The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the Devil. Mystics such as Meister Eckhart (d. 1327) and Thomas à Kempis (d. 1471) wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life, which laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Besides mysticism, belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread, and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum, the most popular handbook for witch-hunters. [302]Scholars, intellectuals, and exploration [ edit]See also: Europeans in Medieval China During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308) [AG] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), [220] led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy. [303] Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law. The lone exception to this trend was in England, where the common law remained pre-eminent. Other countries codified their laws; legal codes were promulgated in Castile, Poland, and Lithuania. [304]Clerics studying astronomy and geometry, French, early 15th century Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium —grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial secondary schools spread, and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise. Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. Lay literacy rates rose, but were still low; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500. [305]The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remained religious in character, and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. [304] This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). [306] Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. [304] At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500. [307]In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. [308] The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. [309] The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island. [310]Technological and military developments [ edit]Agricultural calendar, c. 1470, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi Further information: History of agriculture § Europe One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. [311] The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. [312] Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of crossbows, and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed. [313] Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears. [314]In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production. [315] [AH] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments, which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer. [317] Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill, allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing. [318] The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden, increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality. [319] The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions. [320]Late medieval art and architecture [ edit]February scene from the 15th-century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400, producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. [321] All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality, and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons, commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery, ivory caskets, cassone chests, and maiolica pottery. These objects also included the Hispano-Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain. Although royalty owned huge collections of plate, little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup. [322] Italian silk manufacture developed, so that Western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world. In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry. [323]The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, especially as churches created many side-chapels. Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck (d. 1441) and Rogier van der Weyden (d. 1464) rivalled that of Italy, as did northern illuminated manuscripts, which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites, who also commissioned secular books, especially histories. From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular, though still expensive. There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula, or works printed before 1500, [324] by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others. Very small woodcuts, nearly all religious, were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century. More expensive engravings supplied a wealthier market with a variety of images. [325]Modern perceptions [ edit]See also: Dark Ages (historiography), Medieval studies, and Middle Ages in popular culture Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th-century copy of L'Image du monde The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." [326] This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars favourably contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period. Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith, and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition. [14]Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities". [327] Also, contrary to common belief, David Lindberg writes, "the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the Church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led". [328]The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century [329] and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. [329] This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere. [330] Lindberg and Ronald Numbers, another scholar of the period, state that there "was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference". [331] Other misconceptions such as "the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages", "the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science", or "the medieval Christian Church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy", are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, although they are not supported by current historical research. [332]Notes [ edit]^ This is the year the last Western Roman Emperors were driven from Italy. [12]^ A reference work published in 1883 equates the Dark Ages with the Middle Ages, but beginning with William Paton Ker in 1904, the term "Dark Ages" is generally restricted to the early part of the Medieval period. For example, the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Dark Ages this way. See Dark Ages for a more complete historiography of this term.^ This system, which eventually encompassed two senior co-emperors and two junior co-emperors, is known as the Tetrarchy. [23]^ The commanders of the Roman military in the area appear to have taken food and other supplies intended to be given to the Goths and instead sold them to the Goths. The revolt was triggered when one of the Roman military commanders attempted to take the Gothic leaders hostage but failed to secure all of them. [30]^ An alternative date of 480 is sometimes given, as that was the year Romulus Augustulus' predecessor Julius Nepos died; Nepos had continued to assert that he was the Western emperor while holding onto Dalmatia. [12]^ The English word "slave" derives from the Latin term for Slavs, slavicus. [49]^ Brittany takes its name from this settlement by Britons. [53]^ Such entourages are named comitatus by historians, although it is not a contemporary term. It was adapted in the 19th century from a word used by the 2nd-century historian Tacitus to describe the close companions of a lord or king. [67] The comitatus comprised young men who were supposed to be utterly devoted to their lord. If their sworn lord died, they were expected to fight to the death also. [68]^ Dhu Nuwas, ruler of present-day Yemen, converted in 525 and his subsequent persecution of Christians led to the invasion and conquest of his kingdom by the Axumites of Ethiopia. [78]^ Muslim armies had earlier conquered the Visigothic kingdom of Spain, after defeating the last Visigothic King Ruderic (d. 711 or 712) at the Battle of Guadalete in 711, finishing the conquest by 719. [97]^ The Papal States endured until 1870, when the Kingdom of Italy seized most of them. [102]^ The Carolingian minuscule was developed from the uncial script of Late Antiquity, which was a smaller, rounder form of writing the Latin alphabet than the classical forms. [107]^ There was a brief re-uniting of the Empire by Charles III, known as "the Fat", in 884, although the actual units of the empire were not merged and retained their separate administrations. Charles was deposed in 887 and died in January 888. [112]^ The Carolingian dynasty had earlier been displaced by King Odo (r. 888–898), previously Count of Paris, who took the throne in 888. [113] Although members of the Carolingian dynasty became kings in the western lands after Odo's death, Odo's family also supplied kings—his brother Robert I became king for 922–923, and then Robert's son-in-law Raoul was king from 929 to 936—before the Carolingians reclaimed the throne once more. [114]^ Hugh Capet was a grandson of Robert I, an earlier king. [114]^ This settlement eventually expanded and sent out conquering expeditions to England, Sicily, and southern Italy. [117]^ This inheritance pattern is known as primogeniture. [162]^ Heavy cavalry had been introduced into Europe from the Persian cataphract of the 5th and 6th centuries, but the addition of the stirrup in the 7th allowed the full force of horse and rider to be used in combat. [163]^ In France, Germany, and the Low Countries there was a further type of "noble", the ministerialis, who were in effect unfree knights. They descended from serfs who had served as warriors or government officials, which increased status allowed their descendants to hold fiefs as well as become knights while still being technically serfs. [165]^ A few Jewish peasants remained on the land under Byzantine rule in the East as well as some on Crete under Venetian rule, but they were the exception in Europe. [171]^ These two groups—Germans and Italians—took different approaches to their trading arrangements. Most German cities co-operated in the Hanseatic League, in contrast with the Italian city-states who engaged in internecine strife. [175]^ This grouping of lands is often called the Angevin Empire. [195]^ Eleanor had previously been married to Louis VII of France (r. 1137–80), but their marriage was annulled in 1152. [196]^ Louis was canonised in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII. [200]^ Military religious orders such as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were formed and went on to play an integral role in the crusader states. [212]^ It had spread to Northern Europe by 1000, and had reached Poland by the 12th century. [230]^ Crossbows are slow to reload, which limits their use on open battlefields. In sieges the slowness is not as big a disadvantage, as the crossbowman can hide behind fortifications while reloading. [235]^ The historical consensus for the last 100 years has been that the Black Death was a form of bubonic plague, but some historians have begun to challenge this view in recent years. [262]^ One town, Lübeck in Germany, lost 90 per cent of its population to the Black Death. [263]^ As happened with the Bardi and Peruzzi firms in the 1340s when King Edward III of England repudiated their loans to him. [271]^ Edward's nickname probably came from his black armour, and was first used by John Leland in the 1530s or 1540s. [278]^ Calais remained in English hands until 1558. [279]^ The word "dunce" derives from Duns Scotus' name. [303]^ This wheel was still simple, as it did not yet incorporate a treadle-wheel to twist and pull the fibres. That refinement was not invented until the 15th century. [316]Citations [ edit]^ a b Power Central Middle Ages p. 304^ a b Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" Speculum pp. 236–237^ Singman Daily Life p. x^ Knox " History of the Idea of the Renaissance "^ a b Bruni History of the Florentine people p. xvii^ Miglio "Curial Humanism" Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism p. 112^ Albrow Global Age p. 205^ a b Murray "Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished?" Essays in Medieval Studies p. 4^ a b Flexner (ed.) Random House Dictionary p. 1194^ "Mediaeval" Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary^ " Middle Ages " Dictionary.com^ a b c Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 86^ See the titles of Watts Making of Polities Europe 1300–1500 or Epstein Economic History of Later Medieval Europe 1000–1500 or the end date used in Holmes (ed.) Oxford History of Medieval Europe^ a b Davies Europe pp. 291–293^ See the title of Saul Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485^ Kamen Spain 1469–1714 p. 29^ Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" Speculum p. 226^ Tansey, et al. Gardner's Art Through the Ages p. 242^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 391–393^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 3–5^ a b Heather Fall of the Roman Empire p. 111^ a b Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 24–25^ a b Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 9^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 24^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 405–406^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 31–33^ Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 34^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 65–68^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 82–94^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 51^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 47–49^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 56–59^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 80–83^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 59–60^ a b Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans p. 417^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 80^ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 67–68^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 117–118^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 79^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 107–109^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 116–134^ Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 122–124^ Wickham, Inheritance of Rome, pp. 95–98^ Wickham, Inheritance of Rome, pp. 100–101^ Collins, Early Medieval Europe, p. 100^ a b Collins, Early Medieval Europe, pp. 96–97^ Wickham, Inheritance of Rome, pp. 102–103^ Backman, Worlds of Medieval Europe, pp. 86–91^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 261^ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 82–88^ a b James Europe's Barbarians pp. 77–78^ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 79–80^ a b James Europe's Barbarians pp. 78–81^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 196–208^ Davies Europe pp. 235–238^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 158–159^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 81–83^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 200–202^ a b Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 206–213^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 126, 130^ Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 8–9^ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 95–99^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 140–143^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 174–175^ Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 181^ Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 45–49^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 80^ Geary Before France and Germany pp. 56–57^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 189–193^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 195–199^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 204^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 205–210^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 211–212^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 215^ Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 24–26^ Gies and Gies Life in a Medieval City pp. 3–4^ a b c d Loyn "Jews" Middle Ages p. 191^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 138–139^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 143–145^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 149–151^ Reilly Medieval Spains pp. 52–53^ Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 15^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 427–428^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 218–219^ Grierson "Coinage and currency" Middle Ages^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 218–233^ Davies Europe pp. 328–332^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 170–172^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 62–63^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 10–13^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 18–24^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 185–187^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West pp. 43–44^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 64–65^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 246–253^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 347–349^ Bauer History of the Medieval World p. 344^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 158–159^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 164–165^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 371–378^ Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 20^ Davies Europe p. 824^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture p. 73^ a b Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 109^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 117–120^ Davies Europe p. 302^ Davies Europe p. 241^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 66–70^ Loyn "Language and dialect" Middle Ages p. 204^ a b Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 427–431^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 139^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 356–358^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 358–359^ a b c Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 360–361^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 397^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 141–144^ Davies Europe pp. 336–339^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 144–145^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 147–149^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 378–385^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 387^ Davies Europe p. 309^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 394–404^ Davies Europe p. 317^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 435–439^ Whitton "Society of Northern Europe" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 152^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 439–444^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 385–389^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 500–505^ Davies Europe pp. 318–320^ Davies Europe pp. 321–326^ Crampton Concise History of Bulgaria p. 12^ Curta Southeastern Europe pp. 246–247^ Nees Early Medieval Art p. 145^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 29–35^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 43–44^ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 247^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 45, 49^ Kitzinger Early Medieval Art pp. 36–53, 61–64^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 18–21, 63–71^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 36–42, 49–55, 103, 143, 204–208^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 41–49^ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 16–18^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 233–238^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 28–29^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 30^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 30–31^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 34^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 39^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 58–59^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 76^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 67^ a b Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 80^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 88–91^ Whitton "Society of Northern Europe" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 134^ Gainty and Ward Sources of World Societies p. 352^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 5–12^ a b c Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 156^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 164–165^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 52–53^ Barber Two Cities pp. 37–41^ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 193^ a b Davies Europe pp. 311–315^ Singman Daily Life p. 3^ a b Singman Daily Life p. 8^ Hamilton Religion on the Medieval West p. 33^ Singman Daily Life p. 143^ Barber Two Cities pp. 33–34^ Barber Two Cities pp. 48–49^ Singman Daily Life p. 171^ a b Epstein Economic and Social History p. 54^ Singman Daily Life p. 13^ a b Singman Daily Life pp. 14–15^ Singman Daily Life pp. 177–178^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 81^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 82–83^ Barber Two Cities pp. 60–67^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 160^ Barber Two Cities pp. 74–76^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 283–284^ Barber Two Cities pp. 365–380^ Davies Europe p. 296^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 262–279^ Barber Two Cities pp. 371–372^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 181–186^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 143–147^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 250–252^ Denley "Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 235–238^ Davies Europe p. 364^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 187–189^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 59–61^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 189–196^ Davies Europe p. 294^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 263^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom pp. 285–286^ a b Loyn "Eleanor of Aquitaine" Middle Ages p. 122^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 286–289^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 289–293^ Davies Europe pp. 355–357^ Hallam and Everard Capetian France p. 401^ a b Davies Europe p. 345^ Barber Two Cities p. 341^ Barber Two Cities pp. 350–351^ Barber Two Cities pp. 353–355^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann Medieval Fortress pp. 268–269^ Davies Europe pp. 332–333^ Davies Europe pp. 386–387^ a b c Riley-Smith "Crusades" Middle Ages pp. 106–107^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 397–399^ a b Barber Two Cities pp. 145–149^ Payne Dream and the Tomb pp. 204–205^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 353–356^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 156–161^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 299–300^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades p. 122^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 205–213^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 213–224^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 232–237^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 247–252^ a b Loyn "Scholasticism" Middle Ages pp. 293–294^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 295–301^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 252–260^ a b Davies Europe p. 349^ Saul Companion to Medieval England pp. 113–114^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 237–241^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 241–246^ Ilardi, Renaissance Vision, pp. 18–19^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 246^ Ilardi, Renaissance Vision, pp. 4–5, 49^ a b Epstein Economic and Social History p. 45^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 156–159^ Barber Two Cities p. 68^ Barber Two Cities p. 73^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 125^ Singman Daily Life p. 124^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 130^ a b Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 296–298^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 55^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 181–189^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 58–60, 65–66, 73–75^ Dodwell Pictorial Arts of the West p. 37^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 295–299^ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 240–250^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 91–92^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 195–216^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 185–190; 269–271^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 250^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 135–139, 245–247^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 264–278^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 248–250^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West p. 47^ a b Rosenwein Rhinoceros Bound pp. 40–41^ Barber Two Cities pp. 143–144^ Morris "Northern Europe" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 199^ Barber Two Cities pp. 155–167^ Barber Two Cities pp. 185–192^ Loyn "Famine" Middle Ages p. 128^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 373–374^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 41^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 370^ a b Schove "Plague" Middle Ages p. 269^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 171–172^ Singman Daily Life p. 189^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 374–380^ Davies Europe pp. 412–413^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 184–185^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 246–247^ a b Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 234–237^ Vale "Civilization of Courts and Cities" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 346–349^ Loyn "Jews" Middle Ages p. 192^ a b Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 237–239^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 201–219^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 224–233^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 233–238^ Watts Making of Polities p. 166^ Watts Making of Polities p. 169^ Loyn "Hundred Years' War" Middle Ages p. 176^ Barber Edward pp. 242–243^ Davies Europe p. 545^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 180–181^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 317–322^ Davies Europe p. 423^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 186^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 170–171^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 173–175^ Watts Making of Polities p. 173^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 327–332^ a b Watts Making of Polities p. 340^ Davies Europe pp. 425–426^ Davies Europe p. 431^ Davies Europe pp. 408–409^ Davies Europe pp. 385–389^ Davies Europe p. 446^ Thomson Western Church pp. 170–171^ Loyn "Avignon" Middle Ages p. 45^ Loyn "Great Schism" Middle Ages p. 153^ Thomson Western Church pp. 184–187^ Thomson Western Church pp. 197–199^ Thomson Western Church p. 218^ Thomson Western Church pp. 213–217^ Loyn "Knights of the Temple (Templars)" Middle Ages pp. 201–202^ Davies Europe pp. 436–437^ a b Davies Europe pp. 433–434^ a b c Davies Europe pp. 438–439^ Singman Daily Life p. 224^ Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 282–283^ Davies Europe p. 445^ Davies Europe p. 451^ Davies Europe pp. 454–455^ Davies Europe p. 511^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 180^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 183^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 188^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 185^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 193–194^ Singman Daily Life p. 36^ Singman Daily Life p. 38^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 200–201^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 203–204^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 213^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 253–256^ Lightbown Secular Goldsmiths' Work p. 78^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 257–262^ British Library Staff " Incunabula Short Title Catalogue " British Library^ Griffiths Prints and Printmaking pp. 17–18; 39–46^ Lindberg "Medieval Church Encounters" When Science & Christianity Meet p. 8^ Grant God and Reason p. 9^ Quoted in Peters "Science and Religion" Encyclopedia of Religion p. 8182^ a b Russell Inventing the Flat Earth pp. 49–58^ Grant Planets, Stars, & Orbs pp. 626–630^ Lindberg and Numbers "Beyond War and Peace" Church History p. 342^ Numbers " Myths and Truths in Science and Religion: A historical perspective " Lecture archive 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Life in a Medieval City. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. ISBN 0-8152-0345-4. Grant, Edward (2001). God and Reason in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80279-6. Grant, E. (1994). Planets, Stars, & Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43344-0. Grierson, Philip (1989). "Coinage and currency". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 97–98. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Griffiths, Antony (1996). Prints and Printmaking. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-2608-X. Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith (2001). Capetian France 987–1328 (Second ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-40428-2. Hamilton, Bernard (2003). Religion in the Medieval West (Second ed.). London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-80839-X. Heather, Peter (2006). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532541-6. Henderson, George (1977). Early Medieval (Revised ed.). New York: Penguin. OCLC 641757789. Holmes, George, ed. (1988). The Oxford History of Medieval Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285272-8. Ilardi, Vincent (2007). Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-259-7. James, Edward (2009). Europe's Barbarians: AD 200–600. The Medieval World. Harlow, UK: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-77296-0. Jordan, William C. (2003). Europe in the High Middle Ages. Penguin History of Europe. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03202-0. Kamen, Henry (2005). Spain 1469–1714 (Third ed.). New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0-582-78464-6. Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2001). The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages (2004 ed.). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81358-0. Keen, Maurice (1988) [1968]. The Pelican History of Medieval Europe. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-021085-7. Kitzinger, Ernst (1955). Early Medieval Art at the British Museum (Second ed.). London: British Museum. OCLC 510455. Knox, E. L. "History of the Idea of the Renaissance". Europe in the Late Middle Ages. Boise State University. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012. Lasko, Peter (1972). Ars Sacra, 800–1200. Penguin History of Art (now Yale). New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-056036-X. Lawrence, C. H (2001). Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (Third ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-40427-4. Lightbown, Ronald W. (1978). Secular Goldsmiths' Work in Medieval France: A History. Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-99027-1. Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1986). "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science". Church History. 55 (3): 338–354. doi: 10.2307/3166822. JSTOR 3166822. Lindberg, David C. (2003). "The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor". In Lindberg, David C. and Numbers, Ronald L. When Science & Christianity Meet. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-48214-6. Lock, Peter (2006). Routledge Companion to the Crusades. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39312-4. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Avignon". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 45. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Eleanor of Aquitaine". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 122. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Famine". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 127–128. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Great Schism". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 153. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Hundred Years' War". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 176. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Jews". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 190–192. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Knights of the Temple (Templars)". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 201–202. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Language and dialect". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 204. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Loyn, H. R. (1989). "Scholasticism". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 293–294. ISBN 0-500-27645-5."Mediaeval". The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary: Complete Text Arranged Micrographically: Volume I A-0. Glasgow: Oxford University Press. 1971. p. M290. LCCN 72177361. OCLC 490339790. "Middle Ages". Dictionary.com. 2004. Retrieved 7 April 2012. Miglio, Massimo (2006). "Curial Humanism seen through the Prism of the Papal Library". In Mazzocco, Angelo. Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History. Leiden: Brill. pp. 97–112. ISBN 978-90-04-15244-1. Mommsen, Theodore (April 1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages ' ". Speculum. 17 (2): 226–242. doi: 10.2307/2856364. JSTOR 2856364. Morris, Rosemary (1998). "Northern Europe invades the Mediterranean, 900–1200". In Holmes, George. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 175–234. ISBN 0-19-285220-5. Murray, Alexander (2004). "Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished?". Essays in Medieval Studies. 21: 1–22. doi: 10.1353/ems.2005.0010. Nees, Lawrence (2002). Early Medieval Art. Oxford History of Art. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284243-5. Nicolle, David (1999). Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare In Western Christendom. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-889-9. Numbers, Ronald (11 May 2006). "Myths and Truths in Science and Religion: A historical perspective" (PDF). Lecture archive. The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion. Retrieved 25 January 2013. Payne, Robert (2000). The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades (First paperback ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1086-7. Peters, Ted (2005). "Science and Religion". In Jones, Lindsay. Encyclopedia of Religion. 12 (Second ed.). Detroit, MI: Mac Millan Reference. p. 8182. ISBN 978-0-02-865980-0. Power, Daniel (2006). The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950–1320. The Short Oxford History of Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925312-8. Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39741-3. Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1989). "Crusades". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 106–107. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Rosenwein, Barbara H. (1982). Rhinoceros Bound: Cluny in the Tenth Century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7830-5. Russell, Jeffey Burton (1991). Inventing the Flat Earth-Columbus and Modern Historians. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95904-X. Saul, Nigel (2000). A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2969-8. Schove, D. Justin (1989). "Plague". In Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 267–269. ISBN 0-500-27645-5. Singman, Jeffrey L. (1999). Daily Life in Medieval Europe. Daily Life Through History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30273-1. Stalley, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Architecture. Oxford History of Art. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284223-7. Tansey, Richard G.; Gardner, Helen Louise; De la Croix, Horst (1986). Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Eighth ed.). San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-503763-3. Thomson, John A. F. (1998). The Western Church in the Middle Ages. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-60118-3. Vale, Malcolm (1998). "The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North, 1200–1500". In Holmes, George. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 297–351. ISBN 0-19-285220-5. Watts, John (2009). The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300–1500. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79664-4. Whitton, David (1998). "The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages, 900–1200". In Holmes, George. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 115–174. ISBN 0-19-285220-5. Wickham, Chris (2009). The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311742-1. Further reading [ edit]Ames, Christine Caldwell (February 2005). "Does Inquisition Belong to Religious History?". American Historical Review. 110 (1): 11–37. doi: 10.1086/531119. Cantor, Norman F. (1991). Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century. New York: W. Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-09406-5. Davis, R. H. C., ed. (1981). The Writing of History in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Richard William Southern. 0-19-822556-3: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822556-3. Fleischman, Suzanne (October 1983). "On the Representation of History and Fiction in the Middle Ages". History and Theory. 23 (3): 278–310. JSTOR 2504985. Gurevich, Aron (1992). Howlett, Janet (translator), ed. Historical Anthropology of the Middle Ages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31083-1. Spiegel, Gabrielle M. (January 1990). "History, Historicism, and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages". Speculum. 65 (1): 59–86. doi: 10.2307/2864472. JSTOR 2864472. Smith, Julia (2005). Europe After Rome: A New Cultural History, 500–1000. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924427-0. Stuard, Susan Mosher (1987). Women in Medieval History and Historiography. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1290-7. Sullivan, Richard E. (April 1989). "The Carolingian Age: Reflections on its Place in the History of the Middle Ages". Speculum. 64 (2): 267–306. doi: 10.2307/2851941. JSTOR 2851941. Van Engen, John (June 1986). "The Christian Middle Ages as an Historiographical Problem". American Historical Review. 91 (3): 519–552. doi: 10.2307/1869130. JSTOR 1869130. External links [ edit]ORB The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies Academic peer reviewed articles and encyclopedia. The Labyrinth Resources for Medieval Studies. Net SERF The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources. De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History Medievalmap.org Interactive maps of the Medieval era (Flash plug-in required). Medieval Realms Learning resources from the British Library including studies of beautiful medieval manuscripts. Medievalists.net News and articles about the period. [ show]v t e European Middle Ages [ show]v t e European Middle Ages by region [ show]v t e Periods of the history of Europe [ show]v t e History of Europe Authority control GND: 4129108-6Portals Access related topics Middle Ages portal History portal Crusades portal Find out more on Wikipedia's Sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Categories: Middle Ages History of Europe by period 5th century 6th century in Europe 7th century in Europe8th century in Europe 9th century in Europe 10th century in Europe 11th century in Europe12th century in Europe 13th century in Europe 14th century in Europe 15th century in Europe Christianization

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The A Priori Argument ( also, Rationalization; Dogmatism, Proof Texting. ): A corrupt argument from logos, starting with a given, pre-set belief, dogma, doctrine, scripture verse, "fact" or conclusion and then searching for any reasonable or reasonable-sounding argument to rationalize, defend or justify it. Certain ideologues and religious fundamentalists are proud to use this fallacy as their primary method of "reasoning" and some are even honest enough to say so. E.g., since we know there is no such thing as "evolution," a prime duty of believers is to look for ways to explain away growing evidence, such as is found in DNA, that might suggest otherwise. See also the Argument from Ignorance. The opposite of this fallacy is the Taboo. Ableism (also, The Con Artist's Fallacy; The Dacoit's Fallacy; Shearing the Sheeple; Profiteering; "Vulture Capitalism," "Wealth is disease, and I am the cure. "): A corrupt argument from ethos, arguing that because someone is intellectually slower, physically or emotionally less capable, less ambitious, less aggressive, older or less healthy (or simply more trusting or less lucky) than others, s/he "naturally" deserves less in life and may be freely victimized by those who are luckier, quicker, younger, stronger, healthier, greedier, more powerful, less moral or more gifted (or who simply have more immediate felt need for money, often involving some form of addiction). This fallacy is a "softer" argumentum ad baculum. When challenged, those who practice this fallacy seem to most often shrug their shoulders and mumble "Life is ruff and you gotta be tuff [ sic ]," "You gotta do what you gotta do to get ahead in this world," "It's no skin off my nose," "That's free enterprise," "That's the way life is!" or similar. Actions have Consequences: The contemporary fallacy of a person in power falsely describing an imposed punishment or penalty as a "consequence" of another's negative act. E.g.," The consequences of your misbehavior could include suspension or expulsion." A corrupt argument from ethos, arrogating to oneself or to one's rules or laws an ethos of cosmic inevitability, i.e., the ethos of God, Fate, Karma, Destiny or Reality Itself. Illness or food poisoning are likely "consequences" of eating spoiled food, while being "grounded" is a punishment for, not a "consequence," of childhood misbehavior. Freezing to death is a natural "consequence" of going out naked in subzero weather but going to prison is a punishment for bank robbery, not a natural, inevitable or unavoidable "consequence," of robbing a bank. Not to be confused with the Argument from Consequences, which is quite different. See also Blaming the Victim. An opposite fallacy is that of Moral Licensing. The Ad Hominem Argument (also, "Personal attack," "Poisoning the well"): The fallacy of attempting to refute an argument by attacking the opposition’s intelligence, morals, education, professional qualifications, personal character or reputation, using a corrupted negative argument from ethos. E.g., "That so-called judge;" or "He's so evil that you can't believe anything he says." See also "Guilt by Association." The opposite of this is the "Star Power" fallacy. Another obverse of Ad Hominem is the Token Endorsement Fallacy, where, in the words of scholar Lara Bhasin, "Individual A has been accused of anti-Semitism, but Individual B is Jewish and says Individual A is not anti-Semitic, and the implication of course is that we can believe Individual B because, being Jewish, he has special knowledge of anti- Semitism. Or, a presidential candidate is accused of anti-Muslim bigotry, but someone finds a testimony from a Muslim who voted for said candidate, and this is trotted out as evidence against the candidate's bigotry." The same fallacy would apply to a sports team offensively named after a marginalized ethnic group, but which has obtained the endorsement (freely given or paid) of some member, traditional leader or tribal council of that marginalized group so that the otherwise-offensive team name and logo magically become "okay" and nonracist. The Affective Fallacy ( also The Romantic Fallacy; Emotion over Reflection; "Follow Your Heart"): An extremely common modern fallacy of Pathos, that one's emotions, urges or "feelings" are innate and in every case self-validating, autonomous, and above any human intent or act of will (one's own or others'), and are thus immune to challenge or criticism. (In fact, researchers now [2017] have robust scientific evidence that emotions are actually cognitive and not innate.) In this fallacy one argues, "I feel it, so it must be true. My feelings are valid, so you have no right to criticize what I say or do, or how I say or do it." This latter is also a fallacy of stasis, confusing a respectful and reasoned response or refutation with personal invalidation, disrespect, prejudice, bigotry, sexism, homophobia or hostility. A grossly sexist form of the Affective Fallacy is the well-known crude fallacy that the phallus "Has no conscience" (also, "A man's gotta do what a man's gotta do;" "Thinking with your other head. "), i.e., since (male) sexuality is self-validating and beyond voluntary control what one does with it cannot be controlled either and such actions are not open to criticism, an assertion eagerly embraced and extended beyond the male gender in certain reifications of "Desire" in contemporary academic theory. See also, Playing on Emotion. Opposite to this fallacy is the Chosen Emotion Fallacy (thanks to scholar Marc Lawson for identifying this fallacy), in which one falsely claims complete, or at least reliable prior voluntary control over one's own autonomic, "gut level" affective reactions. Closely related if not identical to this last is the ancient fallacy of Angelism, falsely claiming that one is capable of "objective" reasoning and judgment without emotion, claiming for oneself a viewpoint of Olympian "disinterested objectivity" or pretending to place oneself far above all personal feelings, temptations or bias. See also, Mortification. Alphabet Soup: A corrupt modern implicit fallacy from ethos in which a person inappropriately overuses acronyms, abbreviations, form numbers and arcane insider "shop talk" primarily to prove to an audience that s/he "speaks their language" and is "one of them" and to shut out, confuse or impress outsiders. E.g., "It's not uncommon for a K-12 with ASD to be both GT and LD;" "I had a twenty-minute DX Q-so on 15 with a Zed-S1 and a couple of LU2's even though the QR-Nancy was 10 over S9;" or "I hope I'll keep on seeing my BAQ on my LES until the day I get my DD214." See also, Name Calling. This fallacy has recently become common in media pharmaceutical advertising in the United States, where "Alphabet Soup" is used to create false identification with and to exploit patient groups suffering from specific illnesses or conditions, e.g., "If you have DPC with associated ZL you can keep your B2D under control with Luglugmena ®. Ask your doctor today about Luglugmena ® Helium Tetracarbide lozenges to control symptoms of ZL and to keep your B2D under that crucial 7.62 threshold. Side effects of Luglugmena ® may include K4 Syndrome which may lead to lycanthropic bicephaly, BMJ and occasionally, death. Do not take Luglugmena ®if you are allergic to dogbite or have type D Flinder's Garbosis..."Alternative Truth (also, Alt Facts; Counterknowledge; Disinformation; Information Pollution): A newly-famous contemporary fallacy of logos rooted in postmodernism, denying the resilience of facts or truth as such. Writer Hannah Arendt, in her The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) warned that "The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the dedicated communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction, true and false, no longer exists." Journalist Leslie Grass (2017) writes in her Blog Reachoutrecovery.com, "Is there someone in your life who insists things happened that didn’t happen, or has a completely different version of events in which you have the facts? It’s a form of mind control and is very common among families dealing with substance and behavior problems." She suggests that such "Alternate Facts" work to "put you off balance," "control the story," and "make you think you're crazy," and she notes that "presenting alternate facts is the hallmark of untrustworthy people." The Alternative Truth fallacy is related to the Big Lie Technique. See also Gaslighting, Blind Loyalty, The Big Brain/Little Brain Fallacy, and Two Truths The Appeal to Closure: The contemporary fallacy that an argument, standpoint, action or conclusion no matter how questionable must be accepted as final or else the point will remain unsettled, which is unthinkable because those affected will be denied "closure." This fallacy falsely reifies a specialized term (closure) from Gestalt Psychology while refusing to recognize the undeniable truth that some points will indeed remain open and unsettled, perhaps forever. E.g., "Society would be protected, real punishment would be inflicted, crime would be deterred and justice served if we sentenced you to life without parole, but we need to execute you in order to provide some closure." See also, Argument from Ignorance, and Argument from Consequences. The opposite of this fallacy is the Paralysis of Analysis. The Appeal to Heaven: (also, Argumentum ad Coelum, Deus Vult, Gott mit Uns, Manifest Destiny, American Exceptionalism, or the Special Covenant): An ancient, extremely dangerous fallacy (a deluded argument from ethos) that of claiming to know the mind of God (or History, or a higher power), who has allegedly ordered or anointed, supports or approves of one's own country, standpoint or actions so no further justification is required and no serious challenge is possible. (E.g., "God ordered me to kill my children," or "We need to take away your land, since God [or Scripture, or Manifest Destiny, or Fate, or Heaven] has given it to us as our own.") A private individual who seriously asserts this fallacy risks ending up in a psychiatric ward, but groups or nations who do it are far too often taken seriously. Practiced by those who will not or cannot tell God's will from their own, this vicious (and blasphemous) fallacy has been the cause of endless bloodshed over history. See also, Moral Superiority, and Magical Thinking. Also applies to deluded negative Appeals to Heaven, e.g., "You say that famine and ecological collapse due to climate change are real dangers during the coming century, but I know God wouldn't ever let that happen to us!" The opposite of the Appeal to Heaven is the Job's Comforter fallacy. The Appeal to Nature (also, Biologizing; The Green Fallacy): The contemporary romantic fallacy of ethos (that of "Mother Nature") that if something is "natural" it has to be good, healthy and beneficial. E.g., "Our premium herb tea is lovingly brewed from the finest freshly-picked and delicately dried natural T. Radicans leaves. Those who dismiss it as mere 'Poison Ivy' don't understand that it's 100% organic, with no additives, GMO's or artificial ingredients It's time to Go Green and lay back in Mother's arms." One who employs or falls for this fallacy forgets the old truism that left to itself, nature is indeed "red in tooth and claw." This fallacy also applies to arguments alleging that something is "unnatural," or "against nature" and thus evil ( The Argument from Natural Law) e.g. "Homosexuality should be outlawed because it's against nature," arrogating to oneself the authority to define what is "natural" and what is unnatural or perverted. E.g., during the American Revolution British sources widely condemned rebellion against King George III as "unnatural," and American revolutionaries as "perverts," because the Divine Right of Kings represented Natural Law, and according to 1 Samuel 15:23 in the Bible, rebellion is like unto witchcraft. The Appeal to Pity: (also, "Argumentum ad Miserecordiam"): The fallacy of urging an audience to “root for the underdog” regardless of the issues at hand. A classic example is, “Those poor, cute little squeaky mice are being gobbled up by mean, nasty cats ten times their size!” A contemporary example might be America's uncritical popular support for the Arab Spring movement of 2010-2012 in which The People ("The underdogs") were seen to be heroically overthrowing cruel dictatorships, a movement that has resulted in retrospect in chaos, impoverishment, anarchy, mass suffering, civil war, the regional collapse of civilization and rise of extremism, and the largest refugee crisis since World War II. A corrupt argument from pathos. See also, Playing to Emotions. The opposite of the Appeal to Pity is the Appeal to Rigor, an argument (often based on machismo or on manipulating an audience's fear) based on mercilessness. E.g., "I'm a real man, not like those bleeding hearts, and I'll be tough on [fill in the name of the enemy or bogeyman of the hour]." In academia this latter fallacy applies to politically-motivated or elitist calls for "Academic Rigor," and rage against university developmental / remedial classes, open admissions, "dumbing down" and "grade inflation. "The Appeal to Tradition: (also, Conservative Bias; Back in Those Good Times, "The Good Old Days"): The ancient fallacy that a standpoint, situation or action is right, proper and correct simply because it has "always" been that way, because people have "always" thought that way, or because it was that way long ago (most often meaning in the audience members' youth or childhood, not before) and still continues to serve one particular group very well. A corrupted argument from ethos (that of past generations). E.g., "In America, women have always been paid less, so let's not mess with long-standing tradition." See also Argument from Inertia, and Default Bias. The opposite of this fallacy is The Appeal to Novelty (also, "Pro-Innovation bias," "Recency Bias," and "The Bad Old Days;" The Early Adopter's Fallacy), e.g., "It's NEW, and [therefore it must be] improved!" or "This is the very latest discovery--it has to be better. "Appeasement (also, "Assertiveness," "The squeaky wheel gets the grease;" "I know my rights! "): This fallacy, most often popularly connected to the shameful pre-World War II appeasement of Hitler, is in fact still commonly practiced in public agencies, education and retail business today, e.g. "Customers are always right, even when they're wrong. Don't argue with them, just give'em what they want so they'll shut up and go away, and not make a stink--it's cheaper and easier than a lawsuit." Widespread unchallenged acceptance of this fallacy encourages offensive, uncivil public behavior and sometimes the development of a coarse subculture of obnoxious, "assertive" manipulators who, like "spoiled" children, leverage their knowledge of how to figuratively (or sometimes even literally!) "make a stink" into a primary coping skill in order to get what they want when they want it. The works of the late Community Organizing guru Saul Alinsky suggest practical, nonviolent ways for groups to harness the power of this fallacy to promote social change, for good or for evil.. See also Bribery. The Argument from Consequences (also, Outcome Bias): The major fallacy of logos, arguing that something cannot be true because if it were the consequences or outcome would be unacceptable. (E.g., "Global climate change cannot be caused by human burning of fossil fuels, because if it were, switching to non-polluting energy sources would bankrupt American industry," or "Doctor, that's wrong! I can't have terminal cancer, because if I did that'd mean that I won't live to see my kids get married!") Not to be confused with Actions have Consequences. The Argument from Ignorance (also, Argumentum ad Ignorantiam): The fallacy that since we don’t know (or can never know, or cannot prove) whether a claim is true or false, it must be false, or it must be true. E.g., “Scientists are never going to be able to positively prove their crazy theory that humans evolved from other creatures, because we weren't there to see it! So, that proves the Genesis six-day creation account is literally true as written!” This fallacy includes Attacking the Evidence (also, "Whataboutism"; The Missing Link fallacy), e.g. "Some or all of your key evidence is missing, incomplete, or even faked! What about that? That proves you're wrong and I'm right!" This fallacy usually includes fallacious “Either-Or Reasoning” as well: E.g., “The vet can't find any reasonable explanation for why my dog died. See! See! That proves that you poisoned him! There’s no other logical explanation!” A corrupted argument from logos, and a fallacy commonly found in American political, judicial and forensic reasoning. The recently famous "Flying Spaghetti Monster" meme is a contemporary refutation of this fallacy--simply because we cannot conclusively disprove the existence of such an absurd entity does not argue for its existence. See also A Priori Argument, Appeal to Closure, The Simpleton's Fallacy, and Argumentum ex Silentio. The Argument from Incredulity: The popular fallacy of doubting or rejecting a novel claim or argument out of hand simply because it appears superficially "incredible," "insane" or "crazy," or because it goes against one's own personal beliefs, prior experience or ideology. This cynical fallacy falsely elevates the saying popularized by Carl Sagan, that "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof," to an absolute law of logic. See also Hoyle's Fallacy. The common, popular-level form of this fallacy is dismissing surprising, extraordinary or unfamiliar arguments and evidence with a wave of the hand, a shake of the head, and a mutter of "that's crazy! "The Argument from Inertia (also “Stay the Course”): The fallacy that it is necessary to continue on a mistaken course of action regardless of pain and sacrifice involved and even after discovering it is mistaken, because changing course would mean admitting that one's decision (or one's leader, or one's country, or one's faith) was wrong, and all one's effort, expense, sacrifice and even bloodshed was for nothing, and that's unthinkable. A variety of the Argument from Consequences, E for Effort, or the Appeal to Tradition. See also "Throwing Good Money After Bad. "The Argument from Motives (also Questioning Motives): The fallacy of declaring a standpoint or argument invalid solely because of the evil, corrupt or questionable motives of the one making the claim. E.g., "Bin Laden wanted us to withdraw from Afghanistan, so we have to keep up the fight!" Even evil people with the most corrupt motives sometimes say the truth (and even good people with the highest and purest motives are often wrong or mistaken). A variety of the Ad Hominem argument. The opposite side of this fallacy is falsely justifying or excusing evil or vicious actions because of the perpetrator's aparent purity of motives or lack of malice. (E.g., "Sure, she may have beaten her children bloody now and again but she was a highly educated, ambitious professional woman at the end of her rope, deprived of adult conversation and stuck between four walls for years on end with a bunch of screaming, fighting brats, doing the best she could with what little she had. How can you stand there and accuse her of child abuse?") See also Moral Licensing. Argumentum ad Baculum ("Argument from the Club." Also, "Argumentum ad Baculam," "Argument from Strength," "Muscular Leadership," "Non-negotiable Demands," "Hard Power," Bullying, The Power-Play, Fascism, Resolution by Force of Arms, Shock and Awe. ): The fallacy of "persuasion" or "proving one is right" by force, violence, brutality, terrorism, superior strength, raw military might, or threats of violence. E.g., "Gimmee your wallet or I'll knock your head off!" or "We have the perfect right to take your land, since we have the big guns and you don't." Also applies to indirect forms of threat. E.g., "Give up your foolish pride, kneel down and accept our religion today if you don't want to burn in hell forever and ever!" A mainly discursive Argumentum ad Baculum is that of forcibly silencing opponents, ruling them "out of order," blocking, censoring or jamming their message, or simply speaking over them or/speaking more loudly than they do, this last a tactic particularly attributed to men in mixed-gender discussions. Argumentum ad Mysteriam ("Argument from Mystery;" also Mystagogy. ): A darkened chamber, incense, chanting or drumming, bowing and kneeling, special robes or headgear, holy rituals and massed voices reciting sacred mysteries in an unknown tongue have a quasi-hypnotic effect and can often persuade more strongly than any logical argument. The Puritan Reformation was in large part a rejection of this fallacy. When used knowingly and deliberately this fallacy is particularly vicious and accounts for some of the fearsome persuasive power of cults. An example of an Argumentum ad Mysteriam is the " Long Ago and Far Away " fallacy, the fact that facts, evidence, practices or arguments from ancient times, distant lands and/or "exotic" cultures seem to acquire a special gravitas or ethos simply because of their antiquity, language or origin, e.g., publicly chanting Holy Scriptures in their original (most often incomprehensible) ancient languages, preferring the Greek, Latin, Assyrian or Old Slavonic Christian Liturgies over their vernacular versions, or using classic or newly invented Greek and Latin names for fallacies in order to support their validity. See also, Esoteric Knowledge. An obverse of the Argumentum ad Mysteriam is the Standard Version Fallacy. Argumentum ex Silentio (Argument from Silence): The fallacy that if available sources remain silent or current knowledge and evidence can prove nothing about a given subject or question this fact in itself proves the truth of one's claim. E.g., "Science can tell us nothing about God. That proves God doesn't exist." Or "Science admits it can tell us nothing about God, so you can't deny that God exists!" Often misused in the American justice system, where, contrary to the 5th Amendment and the legal presumption of innocence until proven guilty, remaining silent or "taking the Fifth" is often falsely portrayed as proof of guilt. E.g., "Mr. Hixon can offer no alibi for his whereabouts the evening of January 15th. This proves that he was in fact in room 331 at the Smuggler's Inn, murdering his wife with a hatchet!" In today's America, choosing to remain silent in the face of a police officer's questions can make one guilty enough to be arrested or even shot. See also, Argument from Ignorance. Availability Bias (also, Attention Bias, Anchoring Bias): A fallacy of logos stemming from the natural tendency to give undue attention and importance to information that is immediately available at hand, particularly the first or last information received, and to minimize or ignore broader data or wider evidence that clearly exists but is not as easily remembered or accessed. E.g., "We know from experience that this doesn't work," when "experience" means the most recent local attempt, ignoring overwhelming experience from other places and times where it ha s worked and does work. Also related is the fallacy of Hyperbole [also, Magnification, or sometimes Catastrophizing] where an immediate instance is immediately proclaimed "the most significant in all of human history," or the "worst in the whole world!" This latter fallacy works extremely well with less-educated audiences and those whose "whole world" is very small indeed, audiences who "hate history" and whose historical memory spans several weeks at best. The Bandwagon Fallacy (also, Argument from Common Sense, Argumentum ad Populum): The fallacy of arguing that because "everyone," "the people," or "the majority" (or someone in power who has widespread backing) supposedly thinks or does something, it must therefore be true and right. E.g., "Whether there actually is large scale voter fraud in America or not, many people now think there is and that makes it so." Sometimes also includes Lying with Statistics, e.g. “Over 75% of Americans believe that crooked Bob Hodiak is a thief, a liar and a pervert. There may not be any evidence, but for anyone with half a brain that conclusively proves that Crooked Bob should go to jail! Lock him up! Lock him up!” This is sometimes combined with the "Argumentum ad Baculum," e.g., "Like it or not, it's time to choose sides: Are you going to get on board the bandwagon with everyone else, or get crushed under the wheels as it goes by?" Or in the 2017 words of former White House spokesperson Sean Spicer, ""They should either get with the program or they can go," A contemporary digital form of the Bandwagon Fallacy is the Information Cascade, " in which people echo the opinions of others, usually online, even when their own opinions or exposure to information contradicts that opinion. When information cascades form a pattern, this pattern can begin to overpower later opinions by making it seem as if a consensus already exists." (Thanks to Teaching Tolerance for this definition!) See also Wisdom of the Crowd, and The Big Lie Technique. For the opposite of this fallacy see the Romantic Rebel fallacy. The Big Brain/Little Brain Fallacy (also, the Führerprinzip; Mad Leader Disease): A not-uncommon but extreme example of the Blind Loyalty Fallacy below, in which a tyrannical boss, military commander, or religious or cult-leader tells followers "Don't think with your little brains (the brain in your head), but with your BIG brain (mine)." This last is sometimes expressed in positive terms, i.e., "You don't have to worry and stress out about the rightness or wrongness of what you are doing since I, the Leader. am assuming all moral and legal responsibility for all your actions. So long as you are faithfully following orders without question I will defend you and gladly accept all the consequences up to and including eternal damnation if I'm wrong." The opposite of this is the fallacy of "Plausible Deniability." See also, "Just Do It! ", and "Gaslighting. "The Big "But" Fallacy (also, Special Pleading): The fallacy of enunciating a generally-accepted principle and then directly negating it with a "but." Often this takes the form of the "Special Case," which is supposedly exempt from the usual rules of law, logic, morality, ethics or even credibility E.g., "As Americans we have always believed on principle that every human being has God-given, inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, including in the case of criminal accusations a fair and speedy trial before a jury of one's peers. BUT, your crime was so unspeakable and a trial would be so problematic for national security that it justifies locking you up for life in Guantanamo without trial, conviction or possibility of appeal." Or, "Yes, Honey, I still love you more than life itself, and I know that in my wedding vows I promised before God that I'd forsake all others and be faithful to you 'until death do us part,' but you have to understand, this was a special case..." See also, "Shopping Hungry," and "We Have to do Something ! "The Big Lie Technique (also the Bold Faced Lie; "Staying on Message. "): The contemporary fallacy of repeating a lie, fallacy, slogan, talking-point, nonsense-statement or deceptive half-truth over and over in different forms (particularly in the media) until it becomes part of daily discourse and people accept it without further proof or evidence. Sometimes the bolder and more outlandish the Big Lie becomes the more credible it seems to a willing, most often angry audience. E.g., "What about the Jewish Problem?" Note that when this particular phony debate was going on there was no "Jewish Problem," only a Nazi Problem, but hardly anybody in power recognized or wanted to talk about that, while far too many ordinary Germans were only too ready to find a convenient scapegoat to blame for their suffering during the Great Depression. Writer Miles J. Brewer expertly demolishes The Big Lie Technique in his classic (1930) short story, "The Gostak and the Doshes." However, more contemporary examples of the Big Lie fallacy might be the completely fictitious August 4, 1964 "Tonkin Gulf Incident" concocted under Lyndon Johnson as a false justification for escalating the Vietnam War, or the non-existent "Weapons of Mass Destruction" in Iraq (conveniently abbreviated "WMD's" in order to lend this Big Lie a legitimizing, military-sounding "Alphabet Soup" ethos), used in 2003 as a false justification for the Second Gulf War. The November, 2016 U. S. President-elect's statement that "millions" of ineligible votes were cast in that year's American. presidential election appears to be a classic Big Lie. See also, Alternative Truth; The Bandwagon Fallacy, the Straw Man, Alphabet Soup, and Propaganda. Blind Loyalty (also Blind Obedience, Unthinking Obedience, the "Team Player" appeal, the Nuremberg Defense): The dangerous fallacy that an argument or action is right simply and solely because a respected leader or source (a President, expert, one’s parents, one's own "side," team or country, one’s boss or commanding officers) says it is right. This is over-reliance on authority, a gravely corrupted argument from ethos that puts loyalty above truth, above one's own reason and above conscience. In this case a person attempts to justify incorrect, stupid or criminal behavior by whining "That's what I was told to do," or “I was just following orders." See also, The Big Brain/Little Brain Fallacy, and The "Soldiers' Honor" Fallacy. Blood is Thicker than Water (also Favoritism; Compadrismo; "For my friends, anything. "): The reverse of the "Ad Hominem" fallacy, a corrupt argument from ethos where a statement, argument or action is automatically regarded as true, correct and above challenge because one is related to, knows and likes, or is on the same team or side, or belongs to the same religion, party, club or fraternity as the individual involved. (E.g., "My brother-in-law says he saw you goofing off on the job. You're a hard worker but who am I going to believe, you or him? You're fired!") See also the Identity Fallacy. Brainwashing (also, Propaganda, "Radicalization. "): The Cold War-era fantasy that an enemy can instantly win over or "radicalize" an unsuspecting audience with their vile but somehow unspeakably persuasive "propaganda," e.g., "Don't look at that website! They're trying to brainwash you with their propaganda!" Historically, "brainwashing" refers more properly to the inhuman Argumentum ad Baculum of "beating an argument into" a prisoner via a combination of pain, fear, sensory or sleep deprivation, prolonged abuse and sophisticated psychological manipulation (also, the " Stockholm Syndrome ."). Such "brainwashing" can also be accomplished by pleasure (" Love Bombing ,"); e.g., "Did you like that? I know you did. Well, there's lots more where that came from when you sign on with us!" (See also, "Bribery.") An unspeakably sinister form of persuasion by brainwashing involves deliberately addicting a person to drugs and then providing or withholding the substance depending on the addict's compliance. Note: Only the other side brainwashes. "We" never brainwash. Bribery (also, Material Persuasion, Material Incentive, Financial Incentive). The fallacy of "persuasion" by bribery, gifts or favors is the reverse of the Argumentum ad Baculum. As is well known, someone who is persuaded by bribery rarely "stays persuaded" in the long term unless the bribes keep on coming in and increasing with time. See also Appeasement. Calling "Cards": A contemporary fallacy of logos, arbitrarily and falsely dismissing familiar or easily-anticipated but valid, reasoned objections to one's standpoint with a wave of the hand, as mere "cards" in some sort of "game" of rhetoric, e.g. "Don't try to play the 'Race Card' against me," or "She's playing the 'Woman Card' again," or "That 'Hitler Card' won't score with me in this argument." See also, The Taboo, and Political Correctness. Circular Reasoning (also, The Vicious Circle; Catch 22, Begging the Question, C irculus in P robando ): A fallacy of logos where A is because of B, and B is because of A, e.g., "You can't get a job without experience, and you can't get experience without a job." Also refers to falsely arguing that something is true by repeating the same statement in different words. E.g., “The witchcraft problem is the most urgent spiritual crisis in the world today. Why? Because witches threaten our very eternal salvation.” A corrupt argument from logos. See also the "Big Lie technique. "The Complex Question: The contemporary fallacy of demanding a direct answer to a question that cannot be answered without first analyzing or challenging the basis of the question itself. E.g., "Just answer me 'yes' or 'no': Did you think you could get away with plagiarism and not suffer the consequences?" Or, "Why did you rob that bank?" Also applies to situations where one is forced to either accept or reject complex standpoints or propositions containing both acceptable and unacceptable parts. A corruption of the argument from logos. A counterpart of Either/Or Reasoning. Confirmation Bias: A fallacy of logos, the common tendency to notice, search out, select and share evidence that confirms one's own standpoint and beliefs, as opposed to contrary evidence. This fallacy is how "fortune tellers" work--If I am told I will meet a "tall, dark stranger" I will be on the lookout for a tall, dark stranger, and when I meet someone even marginally meeting that description I will marvel at the correctness of the "psychic's" prediction. In contemporary times Confirmation Bias is most often seen in the tendency of various audiences to "curate their political environments, subsisting on one-sided information diets and [even] selecting into politically homogeneous neighborhoods" ( Michael A. Neblo et al., 2017, Science magazine ). Confirmation Bias (also, Homophily) means that people tend to seek out and follow solely those media outlets that confirm their common ideological and cultural biases, sometimes to an degree that leads a the false (implicit or even explicit) conclusion that "everyone" agrees with that bias and that anyone who doesn't is "crazy," "looney," evil or even "radicalized." See also, "Half Truth," and "Defensiveness. "Cost Bias: A fallacy of ethos (that of a product), the fact that something expensive (either in terms of money, or something that is "hard fought" or "hard won" or for which one "paid dearly") is generally valued more highly than something obtained free or cheaply, regardless of the item's real quality, utility or true value to the purchaser. E. g., "Hey, I worked hard to get this car! It may be nothing but a clunker that can't make it up a steep hill, but it's mine, and to me it's better than some millionaire's limo." Also applies to judging the quality of a consumer item (or even of its owner!) primarily by the item's brand, price, label or source, e.g., "Hey, you there in the Jay-Mart suit! Har-har!" or, "Ooh, she's driving a Mercedes! "Default Bias: (also, Normalization of Evil, "Deal with it;" "If it ain't broke, don't fix it;" Acquiescence; "Making one's peace with the situation;" "Get used to it;" "Whatever is, is right;" "It is what it is;" "Let it be, let it be;" "This is the best of all possible worlds [or, the only possible world];" "Better the devil you know than the devil you don't. "): The logical fallacy of automatically favoring or accepting a situation simply because it exists right now, and arguing that any other alternative is mad, unthinkable, impossible, or at least would take too much effort, expense, stress or risk to change. The opposite of this fallacy is that of Nihilism ("Tear it all down! "), blindly rejecting what exists in favor of what could be, the adolescent fantasy of romanticizing anarchy, chaos (an ideology sometimes called political " Chaos Theory "), disorder, "permanent revolution," or change for change's sake. Defensiveness (also, Choice-support Bias: Myside Bias): A fallacy of ethos (one's own), in which after one has taken a given decision, commitment or course of action, one automatically tends to defend that decision and to irrationally dismiss opposing options even when one's decision later on proves to be shaky or wrong. E.g., "Yeah, I voted for Snith. Sure, he turned out to be a crook and a liar and he got us into war, but I still say that at that time he was better than the available alternatives!" See also "Argument from Inertia" and "Confirmation Bias. "Deliberate Ignorance: (also, Closed-mindedness; "I don't want to hear it! "; Motivated Ignorance; Tuning Out; Hear No Evil, See No Evil, Speak No Evil [The Three Monkeys' Fallacy]): As described by author and commentator Brian Resnik on Vox.com (2017), this is the fallacy of simply choosing not to listen, "tuning out" or turning off any information, evidence or arguments that challenge one's beliefs, ideology, standpoint, or peace of mind, following the popular humorous dictum: "Don't try to confuse me with the facts; my mind is made up!" This seemingly innocuous fallacy has enabled the most vicious tyrannies and abuses over history, and continues to do so today. See also Trust your Gut, Confirmation Bias, The Third Person Effect, "They're All Crooks," the Simpleton's Fallacy, and The Positive Thinking Fallacy. Diminished Responsibility: The common contemporary fallacy of applying a specialized judicial concept (that criminal punishment should be less if one's judgment was impaired) to reality in general. E.g., "You can't count me absent on Monday--I was hung over and couldn't come to class so it's not my fault." Or, "Yeah, I was speeding on the freeway and killed a guy, but I was buzzed out of my mind and didn't know what I was doing so it didn't matter that much." In reality the death does matter very much to the victim, to his family and friends and to society in general. Whether the perpetrator was high or not does not matter at all since the material results are the same. This also includes the fallacy of Panic, a very common contemporary fallacy that one's words or actions, no matter how damaging or evil, somehow don't "count" because "I panicked!" This fallacy is rooted in the confusion of "consequences" with "punishment." See also "Venting. "Disciplinary Blinders: A very common contemporary scholarly or professional fallacy of ethos (that of one's discipline, profession or academic field), automatically disregarding, discounting or ignoring a priori otherwise-relevant research, arguments and evidence that come from outside one's own professional discipline, discourse community or academic area of study. E.g., "That might be relevant or not, but it's so not what we're doing in our field right now." See also, "Star Power" and "Two Truths." An analogous fallacy is that of Denominational Blinders, arbitrarily ignoring or waving aside without serious consideration any arguments or discussion about faith, morality, ethics, spirituality, the Divine or the afterlife that come from outside one's own specific religious denomination or faith tradition. Dog-Whistle Politics: An extreme version of reductionism and sloganeering in the public sphere, a contemporary fallacy of logos and pathos in which a brief phrase or slogan of the hour, e.g., "Abortion," "The 1%," "9/11," "Zionism,""Chain Migration," "Islamic Terrorism," "Fascism," "Communism," "Big government," "Taco trucks! ", "Tax and tax and spend and spend," "Gun violence," "Gun control," "Freedom of choice," "Lock 'em up,", "Amnesty," etc. is flung out as "red meat" or "chum in the water" that reflexively sends one's audience into a snapping, foaming-at-the-mouth feeding-frenzy. Any reasoned attempt to more clearly identify, deconstruct or challenge an opponent's "dog whistle" appeal results in puzzled confusion at best and wild, irrational fury at worst. "Dog whistles" differ widely in different places, moments and cultural milieux, and they change and lose or gain power so quickly that even recent historic texts sometimes become extraordinarily difficult to interpret. A common but sad instance of the fallacy of Dog Whistle Politics is that of candidate "debaters" of differing political shades simply blowing a succession of discursive "dog whistles" at their audience instead of addressing, refuting or even bothering to listen to each other's arguments, a situation resulting in contemporary (2017) allegations that the political Right and Left in America are speaking "different languages" when they are simply blowing different "dog whistles." See also, Reductionism.. The "Draw Your Own Conclusion" Fallacy (also the Non-argument Argument; Let the Facts Speak for Themselves). In this fallacy of logos an otherwise uninformed audience is presented with carefully selected and groomed, "shocking facts" and then prompted to immediately "draw their own conclusions." E.g., "Crime rates are more than twice as high among middle-class Patzinaks than among any other similar population group--draw your own conclusions." It is well known that those who are allowed to "come to their own conclusions" are generally much more strongly convinced than those who are given both evidence and conclusion up front. However, Dr. William Lorimer points out that "The only rational response to the non-argument is 'So what?' i.e. 'What do you think you've proved, and why/how do you think you've proved it?'" Closely related (if not identical) to this is the well-known "Leading the Witness" Fallacy, where a sham, sarcastic or biased question is asked solely in order to evoke a desired answer. The Dunning-Kruger Effect: A cognitive bias that leads people of limited skills or knowledge to mistakenly believe their abilities are greater than they actually are. (Thanks to Teaching Tolerance for this definition!) E.g., "I know Washington was the Father of His Country and never told a lie, Pocahontas was the first Native American, Lincoln freed the slaves, Hitler murdered six million Jews, Susan B. Anthony won equal rights for women, and Martin Luther King said "I have a dream!" Moses parted the Red Sea, Caesar said "Et tu, Brute?" and the only reason America didn't win the Vietnam War hands-down like we always do was because they tied our generals' hands and the politicians cut and run. See? Why do I need to take a history course? I know everything about history! "E" for Effort. (also Noble Effort; I'm Trying My Best; The Lost Cause): The common contemporary fallacy of ethos that something must be right, true, valuable, or worthy of respect and honor solely because one (or someone else) has put so much sincere good-faith effort or even sacrifice and bloodshed into it. (See also Appeal to Pity; Argument from Inertia; Heroes All; or Sob Story). An extreme example of this fallacy is Waving the Bloody Shirt ( also, the "Blood of the Martyrs" Fallacy), the fallacy that a cause or argument, no matter how questionable or reprehensible, cannot be questioned without dishonoring the blood and sacrifice of those who died so nobly for that cause. E.g., " Defend the patriotic gore / That flecked the streets of Baltimore.. ." (from the official Maryland State Song). See also Cost Bias, The Soldier's Honor Fallacy, and the Argument from Inertia. Either/Or Reasoning: (also False Dilemma, All or Nothing Thinking; False Dichotomy, Black/White Fallacy, False Binary): A fallacy of logos that falsely offers only two possible options even though a broad range of possible alternatives, variations and combinations are always readily available. E.g., "Either you are 100% Simon Straightarrow or you are as queer as a three dollar bill--it's as simple as that and there's no middle ground!" Or, “Either you’re in with us all the way or you’re a hostile and must be destroyed! What's it gonna be?" Or, if your performance is anything short of perfect, you consider yourself an abject failure. Also applies to falsely contrasting one option or case to another that is not really opposed, e.g., falsely opposing "Black Lives Matter" to "Blue Lives Matter" when in fact not a few police officers are themselves African American, and African Americans and police are not (or ought not to be!) natural enemies. Or, falsely posing a choice of either helping needy American veterans or helping needy foreign refugees, when in fact in today's United States there are ample resources available to easily do both should we care to do so. See also, Overgeneralization. Equivocation: The fallacy of deliberately failing to define one's terms, or knowingly and deliberately using words in a different sense than the one the audience will understand. (E.g., President Bill Clinton stating that he did not have sexual relations with "that woman," meaning no sexual penetration, knowing full well that the audience will understand his statement as "I had no sexual contact of any kind with that woman.") This is a corruption of the argument from logos, and a tactic often used in American jurisprudence. Historically, this referred to a tactic used during the Reformation-era religious wars in Europe, when people were forced to swear loyalty to one or another side and did as demanded via "equivocation," i.e., "When I solemnly swore true faith and allegiance to the King I really meant to King Jesus, King of Kings, and not to the evil usurper squatting on the throne today." This latter form of fallacy is excessively rare today when the swearing of oaths has become effectively meaningless except as obscenity or as speech formally subject to perjury penalties in legal or judicial settings. The Eschatological Fallacy: The ancient fallacy of arguing, "This world is coming to an end, so..." Popularly refuted by the observation that "Since the world is coming to an end you won't need your life savings anyhow, so why not give it all to me? "Esoteric Knowledge (also Esoteric Wisdom; Gnosticism; Inner Truth; the Inner Sanctum; Need to Know): A fallacy from logos and ethos, that there is some knowledge reserved only for the Wise, the Holy or the Enlightened, (or those with proper Security Clearance), things that the masses cannot understand and do not deserve to know, at least not until they become wiser, more trusted or more "spiritually advanced." The counterpart of this fallacy is that of Obscurantism (also Obscurationism, or Willful Ignorance), that (almost always said in a basso profundo voice) "There are some things that we mere mortals must never seek to know!" E.g., "Scientific experiments that violate the privacy of the marital bed and expose the deep and private mysteries of human sexual behavior to the harsh light of science are obscene, sinful and morally evil. There are some things that we as humans are simply not meant to know!" For the opposite of this latter, see the "Plain Truth Fallacy." See also, Argumentum ad Mysteriam. Essentializing: A fallacy of logos that proposes a person or thing “is what it is and that’s all that it is,” and at its core will always be the way it is right now (E.g., "All terrorists are monsters, and will still be terrorist monsters even if they live to be 100," or "'The poor you will always have with you,' so any effort to eliminate poverty is pointless."). Also refers to the fallacy of arguing that something is a certain way "by nature," an empty claim that no amount of proof can refute. (E.g., "Americans are cold and greedy by nature," or "Women are naturally better cooks than men.") See also "Default Bias." The opposite of this is Relativizing, the typically postmodern fallacy of blithely dismissing any and all arguments against one's standpoint by shrugging one's shoulders and responding " Whatever..., I don't feel like arguing about it;" "It all depends...;" "That's your opinion; everything's relative;" or falsely invoking Einstein's Theory of Relativity, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Quantum Weirdness or the Theory of Multiple Universes in order to confuse, mystify or "refute" an opponent. See also, "Red Herring" and "Appeal to Nature. "The Etymological Fallacy: (also, "The Underlying Meaning"): A fallacy of logos, drawing false conclusions from the (most often long-forgotten) linguistic origins of a current word, or the alleged meanings or associations of that word in another language. E.g., "As used in physics, electronics and electrical engineering the term 'hysteresis' is grossly sexist since it originally came from the Greek word for 'uterus' or 'womb.'" Or, "I refuse to eat fish! Don't you know that the French word for "fish" is 'poisson,' which looks just like the English word 'poison'? And doesn't that suggest something to you?" Famously, postmodern philosopher Jacques Derrida played on this fallacy at great length in his (1968) " Plato's Pharmacy . "The Excluded Middle: A corrupted argument from logos that proposes that since a little of something is good, more must be better (or that if less of something is good, none at all is even better). E.g., "If eating an apple a day is good for you, eating an all-apple diet is even better!" or "If a low fat diet prolongs your life, a no-fat diet should make you live forever!" An opposite of this fallacy is that of Excluded Outliers, where one arbitrarily discards evidence, examples or results that disprove one's standpoint by simply describing them as "Weird," "Outliers," or "Atypical." See also, "The Big 'But' Fallacy." Also opposite is the Middle of the Road Fallacy (also, Falacia ad Temperantiam; "The Politics of the Center;" Marginalization of the Adversary), where one demonstrates the "reasonableness" of one's own standpoint (no matter how extreme) not on its own merits, but solely or mainly by presenting it as the only "moderate" path among two or more obviously unacceptable extreme alternatives. E.g., anti-Communist scholar Charles Roig (1979) notes that Vladimir Lenin successfully argued for Bolshevism in Russia as the only available "moderate" middle path between bomb-throwing Nihilist terrorists on the ultra-left and a corrupt and hated Czarist autocracy on the right. As Texas politician and humorist Jim Hightower famously declares in an undated quote, " The middle of the road is for yellow lines and dead armadillos. "The "F-Bomb" (also Cursing; Obscenity; Profanity). An adolescent fallacy of pathos, attempting to defend or strengthen one's argument with gratuitous, unrelated sexual, obscene, vulgar, crude or profane language when such language does nothing to make an argument stronger, other than perhaps to create a sense of identity with certain young male "urban" audiences. This fallacy also includes adding gratuitous sex scenes or "adult" language to an otherwise unrelated novel or movie, sometimes simply to avoid the dreaded "G" rating. Related to this fallacy is the Salacious Fallacy, falsely attracting attention to and thus potential agreement with one's argument by inappropriately sexualizing it, particularly connecting it to some form of sex that is perceived as deviant, perverted or prohibited (E.g., Arguing against Bill Clinton's presidential legacy by continuing to wave Monica's Blue Dress, or against Donald Trump's presidency by obsessively highlighting his past boasting about genital groping). Historically, this dangerous fallacy was deeply implicated with the crime of lynching, in which false, racist accusations against a Black or minority victim were almost always salacious in nature and the sensation involved was successfully used to whip up public emotion to a murderous pitch. See also, Red Herring. The False Analogy: The fallacy of incorrectly comparing one thing to another in order to draw a false conclusion. E.g., "Just like an alley cat needs to prowl, a normal adult can’t be tied down to one single lover." The opposite of this fallacy is the Sui Generis Fallacy (also, Differance), a postmodern stance that rejects the validity of analogy and of inductive reasoning altogether because any given person, place, thing or idea under consideration is "sui generis" i.e., different and unique, in a class unto itself. Finish the Job: The dangerous contemporary fallacy, often aimed at a lesser-educated or working class audience, that an action or standpoint (or the continuation of that action or standpoint) may not be questioned or discussed because there is "a job to be done" or finished, falsely assuming "jobs" are meaningless but never to be questioned. Sometimes those involved internalize ("buy into") the "job" and make the task a part of their own ethos. (E.g., "Ours is not to reason why / Ours is but to do or die.") Related to this is the " Just a Job" fallacy. (E.g., "How can torturers stand to look at themselves in the mirror? But I guess it's OK because for them it's just a job like any other, the job that they get paid to do.") See also "Blind Loyalty," "The Soldiers' Honor Fallacy" and the "Argument from Inertia. "The Free Speech Fallacy: The infantile fallacy of responding to challenges to one's statements and standpoints by whining, "It's a free country, isn't it? I can say anything I want to!" A contemporary case of this fallacy is the " Safe Space," or "Safe Place," where it is not allowed to refute, challenge or even discuss another's beliefs because that might be too uncomfortable or "triggery" for emotionally fragile individuals. E.g., "All I told him was, 'Jesus loves the little children,' but then he turned around and asked me 'But what about birth defects?' That's mean. I think I'm going to cry!" Prof. Bill Hart Davidson (2017) notes that "Ironically, the most strident calls for 'safety' come from those who want us to issue protections for discredited ideas. Things that science doesn't support AND that have destroyed lives - things like the inherent superiority of one race over another. Those ideas wither under demands for evidence. They *are* unwelcome. But let's be clear: they are unwelcome because they have not survived the challenge of scrutiny." Ironically, in contemporary America "free speech" has often become shorthand for freedom of racist, offensive or even neo-Nazi expression, ideological trends that once in power typically quash free speech. Additionally, a recent (2017) scientific study has found that, in fact, " people think harder and produce better political arguments when their views are challenged " and not artificially protected without challenge. The Fundamental Attribution Error (also, Self Justification): A corrupt argument from ethos, this fallacy occurs as a result of observing and comparing behavior. "You assume that the bad behavior of others is caused by character flaws and foul dispositions while your behavior is explained by the environment. So, for example, I get up in the morning at 10 a.m. I say it is because my neighbors party until 2 in the morning (situation) but I say that the reason why you do it is that you are lazy. Interestingly, it is more common in individualistic societies where we value self volition. Collectivist societies tend to look at the environment more. (It happens there, too, but it is much less common.)" [Thanks to scholar Joel Sax for this!] The obverse of this fallacy is Self Deprecation (also Self Debasement), where, out of either a false humility or a genuine lack of self-esteem, one deliberately puts oneself down, most often in hopes of attracting denials, gratifying compliments and praise. Gaslighting: A recently-prominent, vicious fallacy of logic, denying or invalidating a person's own knowledge and experiences by deliberately twisting or distorting known facts, memories, scenes, events and evidence in order to disorient a vulnerable opponent and to make him or her doubt his/her sanity. E.g., "Who are you going to believe? Me, or your own eyes?" Or, "You claim you found me in bed with her? Think again! You're crazy! You seriously need to see a shrink." A very common, though cruel instance of Gaslighting that seems to have been particularly familiar among mid-20th century generations is the fallacy of Emotional Invalidation, questioning, after the fact, the reality or "validity" of affective states, either another's or one's own. E.g., "Sure, I made it happen from beginning to end, but but it wasn't me doing it, it was just my stupid hormones betraying me." Or, "You didn't really mean it when you said you 'hate' Mommy. Now take a time-out and you'll feel better." Or, "No, you're not really in love; it's just infatuation or 'puppy love.'" The fallacy of "Gaslighting" is named after British playwright Patrick Hamilton's 1938 stage play "Gas Light," also known as "Angel Street." See also, Blind Loyalty, "The Big Brain/Little Brain Fallacy," The Affective Fallacy, and "Alternative Truth. "Guilt by Association: The fallacy of trying to refute or condemn someone's standpoint, arguments or actions by evoking the negative ethos of those with whom the speaker is identified or of a group, party, religion or race to which he or she belongs or was once associated with. A form of Ad Hominem Argument, e.g., "Don't listen to her. She's a Republican so you can't trust anything she says," or "Are you or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?" An extreme instance of this is the Machiavellian "For my enemies, nothing" Fallacy, where real or perceived "enemies" are by definition always wrong and must be conceded nothing, not even the time of day, e.g., "He's a Republican, so even if he said the sky is blue I wouldn't believe him. "The Half Truth (also Card Stacking, Stacking the Deck, Incomplete Information): A corrupt argument from logos, the fallacy of consciously selecting, collecting and sharing only that evidence that supports one's own standpoint, telling the strict truth but deliberately minimizing or omitting important key details in order to falsify the larger picture and support a false conclusion. (E.g. “The truth is that Bangladesh is one of the world's fastest-growing countries and can boast of a young, ambitious and hard-working population, a family-positive culture, a delightful, warm climate of tropical beaches and swaying palms where it never snows, low cost medical and dental care, a vibrant faith tradition and a multitude of places of worship, an exquisite, world-class spicy local curry cuisine and a swinging entertainment scene. Taken together, all these solid facts clearly prove that Bangladesh is one of the world’s most desirable places for young families to live, work and raise a family.”) See also, Confirmation Bias. Hero-Busting (also, "The Perfect is the Enemy of the Good"): A postmodern fallacy of ethos under which, since nothing and nobody in this world is perfect there are not and have never been any heroes: Washington and Jefferson held slaves, Lincoln was (by our contemporary standards) a racist, Karl Marx sexually exploited his family's own young live-in domestic worker and got her pregnant, Martin Luther King Jr. had an eye for women too, Lenin condemned feminism, the Mahatma drank his own urine (ugh! ), Pope Francis is wrong on abortion, capitalism, same-sex marriage and women's ordination, Mother Teresa loved suffering and was wrong on just about everything else too, etc., etc Also applies to the now near-universal political tactic of ransacking everything an opponent has said, written or done since infancy in order to find something to misinterpret or condemn (and we all have something! ). An early example of this latter tactic is deftly described in Robert Penn Warren's classic (1946) novel, All the King's Men. This is the opposite of the "Heroes All" fallacy, below. The "Hero Busting" fallacy has also been selectively employed at the service of the Identity Fallacy (see below) to falsely "prove" that "you cannot trust anyone" but a member of "our" identity-group since everyone else, even the so-called "heroes" or "allies" of other groups, are all racist, sexist, anti-Semitic, or hate "us." E.g., In 1862 Abraham Lincoln said he was willing to settle the U. S. Civil War either with or without freeing the slaves if it would preserve the Union, thus "conclusively proving" that all whites are viciously racist at heart and that African Americans must do for self and never trust any of "them," not even those who claim to be allies. Heroes All (also, "Everybody's a Winner"): The contemporary fallacy that everyone is above average or extraordinary. A corrupted argument from pathos (not wanting anyone to lose or to feel bad). Thus, every member of the Armed Services, past or present, who serves honorably is a national hero, every student who competes in the Science Fair wins a ribbon or trophy, and every racer is awarded a winner's yellow jersey. This corruption of the argument from pathos, much ridiculed by disgraced American humorist Garrison Keeler, ignores the fact that if everybody wins nobody wins, and if everyone's a hero no one's a hero. The logical result of this fallacy is that, as children's author Alice Childress writes (1973), " A hero ain't nothing but a sandwich ." See also the "Soldiers' Honor Fallacy. "Hoyle's Fallacy: A fallacy of logos, falsely assuming that a possible event of low (even vanishingly low) probability can never have happened and/or would never happen in real life. E.g., "The probability of something as complex as human DNA emerging by purely random evolution in the time the earth has existed is so negligible that it is for all practical purposes impossible and must have required divine intervention." Or, "The chance of a casual, Saturday-night poker player being dealt four aces off an honest, shuffled deck is so infinitesimal that it would never occur even once in a normal lifetime! That proves you cheated!" See also, Argument from Incredulity. An obverse of Hoyle's Fallacy is "You Can't Win if You Don't Play," (also, "Someone's gonna win and it might as well be YOU!") a common and cruel contemporary fallacy used to persuade vulnerable audiences, particularly the poor, the mathematically illiterate and gambling addicts to throw their money away on lotteries, horse races, casinos and other long-shot gambling schemes. I Wish I Had a Magic Wand: The fallacy of regretfully (and falsely) proclaiming oneself powerless to change a bad or objectionable situation over which one has power. E.g., "What can we do about gas prices? As Secretary of Energy I wish I had a magic wand, but I don't" [shrug] . Or, "No, you can't quit piano lessons. I wish I had a magic wand and could teach you piano overnight, but I don't, so like it or not, you have to keep on practicing." The parent, of course, ignores the possibility that the child may not want or need to learn piano. See also, TINA. The Identity Fallacy (also Identity Politics; "Die away, ye old forms and logic!" ): A corrupt postmodern argument from ethos, a variant on the Argumentum ad Hominem in which the validity of one's logic, evidence, experience or arguments depends not on their own strength but rather on whether the one arguing is a member of a given social class, generation, nationality, religious or ethnic group, color, gender or sexual orientation, profession, occupation or subgroup. In this fallacy, valid opposing evidence and arguments are brushed aside or "othered" without comment or consideration, as simply not worth arguing about solely because of the lack of proper background or ethos of the person making the argument, or because the one arguing does not self-identify as a member of the "in-group." E.g., "You'd understand me right away if you were Burmese but since you're not there's no way I can explain it to you," or "Nobody but another nurse can know what a nurse has to go through." Identity fallacies are reinforced by common ritual, language, and discourse. However, these fallacies are occasionally self-interested, driven by the egotistical ambitions of academics, politicians and would-be group leaders anxious to build their own careers by carving out a special identity group constituency to the exclusion of existing broader-based identities and leadership. An Identity Fallacy may lead to scorn or rejection of potentially useful allies, real or prospective, because they are not of one's own identity. The Identity Fallacy promotes an exclusivist, sometimes cultish "do for self" philosophy which in today's world virtually guarantees self-marginalization and ultimate defeat. A recent application of the Identity Fallacy is the fallacious accusation of " Cultural Appropriation," in which those who are not of the right Identity are condemned for "appropriating" the cuisine, clothing, language or music of a marginalized group, forgetting the old axiom that "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery." Accusations of Cultural Appropriation very often stem from competing selfish economic interests (E.g., "What right do those p*nche Gringos have to set up a taco place right here on Guadalupe Drive to take away business from Doña Teresa's Taquería? They even dare to play Mexican music in their dining room! That's cultural appropriation!"). See also, Othering. Infotainment (also Infortainment; Fake News; Info Wars); A very corrupt and dangerous modern media-driven fallacy that deliberately and knowingly stirs in facts, news, falsities and outright lies with entertainment, a mixture usually concocted for specific, base ideological and profit-making motives. Origins of this fallacy predate the current era in the form of "Yellow" or "Tabloid" Journalism. This deadly fallacy has caused endless social unrest, discontent and even shooting wars (e.g., the Spanish American War) over the course of modern history. Practitioners of this fallacy sometimes hypocritically justify its use on the basis that their readers/listeners/viewers "know beforehand" (or should know) that the content offered is not intended as real news and is offered for entertainment purposes only, but in fact this caveat is rarely observed by uncritical audiences who eagerly swallow what the purveyors put forth. See also Dog-Whistle Politics. The Job's Comforter Fallacy (also, "Karma is a bi**h;" "What goes around comes around. "): The fallacy that since there is no such thing as random chance and we (I, my group, or my country) are under special protection of heaven, any misfortune or natural disaster that we suffer must be a punishment for our own or someone else's secret sin or open wickedness. The opposite of the Appeal to Heaven, this is the fallacy employed by the Westboro Baptist Church members who protest fallen service members' funerals all around the United States. See also, Magical Thinking. Just Do it. ( also, "Find a way;" "I don't care how you do it;" "Accomplish the mission;" "By Any Means Necessary." ): A pure, abusive Argumentum ad Baculum (argument from force), in which someone in power arbitrarily waves aside or overrules the moral objections of subordinates or followers and orders them to accomplish a goal by any means required, fair or foul The clear implication is that unethical or immoral methods should be used. E.g., "You say there's no way you can finish the dig on schedule because you found an old pioneer gravesite with a fancy tombstone on the excavation site? Well, find a way! Make it disappear! Just do it! I don't want to know how you do it, just do it! This is a million dollar contract and we need it done by Tuesday." See also, Plausible Deniability. Just Plain Folks (also, "Values" ): This corrupt modern argument from ethos argues to a less-educated or rural audience that the one arguing is "just plain folks" who is a "plain talker," "says what s/he is thinking," "scorns political correctness," someone who "you don't need a dictionary to understand" and who thinks like the audience and is thus worthy of belief, unlike some member of the fancy-talking, latte-sipping Left Coast Political Elite, some "double-domed professor," "inside-the-beltway Washington bureaucrat," "tree-hugger" or other despised outsider who "doesn't think like we do" or "doesn't share our values." This is a counterpart to the Ad Hominem Fallacy and most often carries a distinct reek of xenophobia or racism as well. See also the Plain Truth Fallacy and the Simpleton's Fallacy. The Law of Unintended Consequences (also, "Every Revolution Ends up Eating its own Young:" Grit; Resilience Doctrine): In this very dangerous, archly pessimistic postmodern fallacy the bogus "Law of Unintended Consequences," once a semi-humorous satirical corollary of "Murphy's Law," is elevated to to the status of an iron law of history. This fallacy arbitrarily proclaims a priori that since we can never know everything or securely foresee anything, sooner or later in today's "complex world" unforeseeable adverse consequences and negative side effects (so-called "unknown unknowns") will always end up blindsiding and overwhelming, defeating and vitiating any and all naive "do-gooder" efforts to improve our world. Instead, one must always expect defeat and be ready to roll with the punches by developing "grit" or "resilience" as a primary survival skill. This nihilist fallacy is a practical negation of the the possibility of any valid argument from logos. See also, TINA. Lying with Statistics: The contemporary fallacy of misusing true figures and numbers to “prove” unrelated claims. (e.g. "In real terms, attending college has never been cheaper than it is now. When expressed as a percentage of the national debt, the cost of getting a college education is actually far less today than it was back in 1965!"). A corrupted argument from logos, often preying on the public's perceived or actual mathematical ignorance. This includes the Tiny Percentage Fallacy, that an amount or action that is quite significant in and of itself somehow becomes insignificant simply because it's a tiny percentage of something much larger. E.g., the arbitrary arrest, detention or interception of "only" a few hundred legally-boarded international travelers as a tiny percentage of the tens of thousands who normally arrive. Under this same fallacy a consumer who would choke on spending an extra dollar for two cans of peas will typically ignore $50 extra on the price of a car or $1000 extra on the price of a house simply because these differences are "only" a tiny percentage of the much larger amount being spent. Historically, sales taxes or value-added taxes (VAT) have successfully gained public acceptance and remain "under the radar" because of this latter fallacy, even though amounting to hundreds or thousands of dollars a year in extra tax burden. See also Half-truth, the Snow Job, and the Red Herring. Magical Thinking (also, the Sin of Presumption; Expect a Miracle! ): An ancient but deluded fallacy of logos, arguing that when it comes to "crunch time," provided one has enough faith, prays hard enough, says the right words, does the right rituals, "names it and claims it," or "claims the Promise," God will always suspend the laws of the universe and work a miracle at the request of or for the benefit of the True Believer. In practice this nihilist fallacy denies the existence of a rational or predictable universe and thus the possibility of any valid argument from logic. See also, Positive Thinking, the Appeal to Heaven, and the Job's Comforter fallacy. Mala Fides (Arguing in Bad Faith; also Sophism): Using an argument that the arguer himself or herself knows is not valid. E.g., An unbeliever attacking believers by throwing verses from their own Holy Scriptures at them, or a lawyer arguing for the innocence of someone whom s/he knows full well to be guilty. This latter is a common practice in American jurisprudence, and is sometimes portrayed as the worst face of "Sophism." [ Special thanks to Bradley Steffens for pointing out this fallacy!] Included under this fallacy is the fallacy of Motivational Truth ( also, Demagogy, or Campaign Promises), deliberately lying to "the people" to gain their support or motivate them toward some action the rhetor perceives to be desirable (using evil discursive means toward a "good" material end). A particularly bizarre and corrupt form of this latter fallacy is Self Deception (also, Whistling by the Graveyard). in which one deliberately and knowingly deludes oneself in order to achieve a goal, or perhaps simply to suppress anxiety and maintain one's energy level, enthusiasm, morale, peace of mind or sanity in moments of adversity. Measurability: A corrupt argument from logos and ethos (that of science and mathematics), the modern Fallacy of Measurability proposes that if something cannot be measured, quantified and replicated it does not exist, or is "nothing but anecdotal, touchy-feely stuff" unworthy of serious consideration, i.e., mere gossip or subjective opinion. Often, achieving "Measurability" necessarily demands preselecting, "fiddling" or "massaging" the available data simply in order to make it statistically tractable, or in order to support a desired conclusion. Scholar Thomas Persing thus describes "The modernist fallacy of falsely and inappropriately applying norms, standardizations, and data point requirements to quantify productivity or success. This is similar to complex question, measurability, and oversimplification fallacies where the user attempts to categorize complicated / diverse topics into terms that when measured, suit their position. For example, the calculation of inflation in the United States doesn't include the changes in the price to gasoline, because the price of gasoline is too volatile, despite the fact gasoline is necessary for most people to live their lives in the United States." See also, "A Priori Argument," "Lying with Statistics," and the "Procrustean Fallacy. "Mind-reading (Also, "The Fallacy of Speculation;" "I can read you like a book"): An ancient fallacy, a corruption of stasis theory, speculating about someone else's thoughts, emotions, motivations and "body language" and then claiming to understand these clearly, sometimes more accurately than the person in question knows themselves. The rhetor deploys this phony "knowledge" as a fallacious warrant for or against a given standpoint. Scholar Myron Peto offers as an example the baseless claim that “Obama doesn’t a da** [sic] for human rights.” Assertions that "call for speculation" are rightly rejected as fallacious in U. S. judicial proceedings but far too often pass uncontested in public discourse. The opposite of this fallacy is the postmodern fallacy of Mind Blindness (also, the Autist's Fallacy ), a complete denial of any normal human capacity for "Theory of Mind," postulating the utter incommensurability and privacy of minds and thus the impossibility of ever knowing or truly understanding another's thoughts, emotions, motivations or intents. This fallacy, much promoted by the late postmodernist guru Jacques Derrida, necessarily vitiates any form of Stasis Theory. However, the Fallacy of Mind Blindness has been decisively refuted in several studies, including recent (2017) research published by the Association for Psychological Science, and a (2017) Derxel University study indicating how "our minds align when we communicate. "Moral Licensing: The contemporary ethical fallacy that one's consistently moral life, good behavior or recent extreme suffering or sacrifice earns him/her the right to commit an immoral act without repercussions, consequences or punishment. E.g., "I've been good all year, so one bad won't matter," or "After what I've been through, God knows I need this." The fallacy of Moral Licensing is also sometimes applied to nations, e.g., "Those who criticize repression and the Gulag in the former USSR forget what extraordinary suffering the Russians went through in World War II and the millions upon millions who died." See also Argument from Motives. The opposite of this fallacy is the (excessively rare in our times) ethical fallacy of Scruples, in which one obsesses to pathological excess about one's accidental, forgotten, unconfessed or unforgiven sins and because of them, the seemingly inevitable prospect of eternal damnation. Moral Superiority (also, Self Righteousness; the Moral High Ground): An ancient, immoral and extremely dangerous fallacy, enunciated in Thomistic / Scholastic philosophy in the late Middle Ages, arguing that Evil has no rights that the Good and the Righteous are bound to respect. That way lies torture, heretic-burning, and the Spanish Inquisition. Those who practice this vicious fallacy reject any "moral equivalency" (i.e., even-handed treatment) between themselves (the Righteous) and their enemies (the Wicked), against whom anything is fair, and to whom nothing must be conceded, not even the right to life. This fallacy is a specific denial of the ancient "Golden Rule," and has been the cause of endless intractable conflict, since if one is Righteous no negotiation with Evil and its minions is possible; The only imaginable road to a "just" peace is through total victory, i.e., the absolute defeat and liquidation of one's Wicked enemies. American folk singer and Nobel Laureate Bob Dylan expertly demolishes this fallacy in his 1963 protest song, "With God on Our Side." See also the Appeal to Heaven, and Moving the Goalposts. Mortification (also, Live as Though You're Dying; Pleasure-hating; No Pain No Gain): An ancient fallacy of logos, trying to "beat the flesh into submission" by extreme exercise or ascetic practices, deliberate starvation or infliction of pain, denying the undeniable fact that discomfort and pain exist for the purpose of warning of lasting damage to the body. Extreme examples of this fallacy are various forms of self-flagellation such as practiced by the New Mexico " Penitentes " during Holy Week or by Shia devotees during Muharram. More familiar contemporary manifestations of this fallacy are extreme "insanity" exercise regimes not intended for normal health, fitness or competitive purposes but just to "toughen" or "punish" the body. Certain pop-nutritional theories and diets seem based on this fallacy as well. Some contemporary experts suggest that self-mortification (an English word related to the Latinate French root "mort," or "death.") is in fact "suicide on the installment plan." Others suggest that it involves a narcotic-like addiction to the body's natural endorphins. The opposite of this fallacy is the ancient fallacy of Hedonism, seeking and valuing physical pleasure as a good in itself, simply for its own sake. Moving the Goalposts (also, Changing the Rules; All's Fair in Love and War; The Nuclear Option; "Winning isn't everything, it's the only thing"): A fallacy of logos, demanding certain proof or evidence, a certain degree of support or a certain number of votes to decide an issue, and then when this is offered, demanding even more, different or better support in order to deny victory to an opponent. For those who practice the fallacy of Moral Superiority (above), Moving the Goalposts is often perceived as perfectly good and permissible if necessary to prevent the victory of Wickedness and ensure the triumph of one's own side, i.e, the Righteous. MYOB (Mind Your Own Business; also You're Not the Boss of Me; "None of yer beeswax," "So What? ", The Appeal to Privacy): The contemporary fallacy of arbitrarily prohibiting or terminating any discussion of one's own standpoints or behavior, no matter how absurd, dangerous, evil or offensive, by drawing a phony curtain of privacy around oneself and one's actions. A corrupt argument from ethos (one's own). E.g., "Sure, I was doing eighty and weaving between lanes on Mesa Street--what's it to you? You're not a cop, you're not my nanny. It's my business if I want to speed, and your business to get the hell out of my way. Mind your own damn business!" Or, "Yeah, I killed my baby. So what? Butt out! It wasn't your brat, so it's none of your damn business!" Rational discussion is cut off because "it is none of your business!" See also, "Taboo." The counterpart of this is " Nobody Will Ever Know, " (also "What happens in Vegas stays in Vegas;" "I Think We're Alone Now," or the Heart of Darkness Syndrome) the fallacy that just because nobody important is looking (or because one is on vacation, or away in college, or overseas) one may freely commit immoral, selfish, negative or evil acts at will without expecting any of the normal consequences or punishment . Author Joseph Conrad graphically describes this sort of moral degradation in the character of Kurtz in his classic novel, Heart of Darkness. Name-Calling: A variety of the "Ad Hominem" argument. The dangerous fallacy that, simply because of who one is or is alleged to be, any and all arguments, disagreements or objections against one's standpoint or actions are automatically racist, sexist, anti-Semitic, bigoted, discriminatory or hateful. E.g., "My stand on abortion is the only correct one. To disagree with me, argue with me or question my judgment in any way would only show what a pig you really are." Also applies to refuting an argument by simply calling it a "fallacy," or declaring it invalid without proving why it is invalid, or summarily dismissing arguments or opponents by labeling them "racist," "communist," "fascist," "moron," any name followed by the suffix "tard" (short for the highly offensive "retard") or some other negative name without further explanation. E.g., "He's an a**hole, end of story" or "I'm a loser." A subset of this is the Newspeak fallacy, creating identification with a certain kind of audience by inventing or using racist or offensive, sometimes military-sounding nicknames for opponents or enemies, e.g., "The damned DINO's are even worse than the Repugs and the Neocons." Or, "In the Big One it took us only five years to beat both the J*ps and the Jerries, so more than a decade and a half after niner-eleven why is it so hard for us to beat a raggedy bunch of Hajjis and Towel-heads?" Note that originally the word "Nazi" belonged in this category, but this term has long come into use as a proper English noun. See also, "Reductionism," "Ad Hominem Argument," and "Alphabet Soup. "The Narrative Fallacy (also, the Fable; the Poster Child) The ancient fallacy of persuasion by telling a "heartwarming" or horrifying story or fable, particularly to less-educated or uncritical audiences who are less likely to grasp purely logical arguments or general principles. E.g., Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol." Narratives and fables, particularly those that name names and personalize arguments, tend to be far more persuasive at a popular level than other forms of argument and are virtually irrefutable, even when the story in question is well known to be entirely fictional. This fallacy is found even in the field of science, as noted by a recent (2017) scientific study. The NIMBY Fallacy (Not in My Back Yard; also "Build a Wall! "; "Lock'em up and throw away the key;" The Ostrich Strategy; The Gitmo Solution.). The infantile fallacy that a problem, challenge or threat that is not physically nearby or to which I am not directly exposed has for all practical purposes "gone away" and ceased to exist. Thus, a problem can be permanently and definitively solved by "making it go away," preferably to someplace "out of sight," a walled-off ghetto or a distant isle where there is no news coverage, and where nobody important stays. Lacking that, it can be made to go away by simply eliminating, censoring or ignoring "negative" media coverage and public discussion of the problem and focusing on "positive, encouraging" things instead. No Discussion (also No Negotiation; the Control Voice; Peace through Strength; a Muscular Foreign Policy; Fascism): A pure Argumentum ad Baculum that rejects reasoned dialogue, offering either instant, unconditional compliance/surrender or defeat/death as the only two options for settling even minor differences, e.g., screaming "Get down on the ground, now !" or declaring "We don't talk to terrorists." This deadly fallacy falsely paints real or potential "hostiles" as monsters devoid of all reason, and far too often contains a very strong element of "machismo" as well. I.e. "A real, muscular leader never resorts to pantywaist pleading, apologies, excuses, fancy talk or argument. That's for lawyers, liars and pansies and is nothing but a delaying tactic. A real man stands tall, says what he thinks, draws fast and shoots to kill." The late actor John Wayne frequently portrayed this fallacy in his movie roles. See also, The Pout. Non-recognition: A deluded fallacy in which one deliberately chooses not to publicly "recognize" ground truth, usually on the theory that this would somehow reward evil-doers if we recognize their deeds as real or consequential. Often the underlying theory is that the situation is "temporary" and will soon be reversed. E.g., In the decades from 1949 until Richard Nixon's presidency the United States officially refused to recognize the existence of the most populous nation on earth, the People's Republic of China, because America supported the U. S.-friendly Republic of China government on Taiwan instead and hoped they might somehow return to power on the mainland. Perversely, in 2016 the U. S. President-Elect caused a significant international flap by chatting with the President of the government on Taiwan, a de facto violation of long-standing American non-recognition of that same regime. More than half a century after the Korean War the U. S. still refuses to pronounce the name of, or recognize (much less conduct normal, peaceful negotiations with) a nuclear-armed DPRK (North Korea). An individual who practices this fallacy risks institutionalization (e.g., "I refuse to recognize Mom's murder, 'cuz that'd give the victory to the murderer! I refuse to watch you bury her! Stop! Stop!") but tragically, such behavior is only too common in international relations. See also the State Actor Fallacy, Political Correctness, and The Pout. The Non Sequitur: The deluded fallacy of offering evidence, reasons or conclusions that have no logical connection to the argument at hand (e.g. “The reason I flunked your course is because the U. S. government is now putting out purple five-dollar bills! Purple! ”). (See also Red Herring. )Occasionally involves the breathtaking arrogance of claiming to have special knowledge of why God, fate, karma or the Universe is doing certain things. E.g., "This week's earthquake was obviously meant to punish those people for their great wickedness." See also, Magical Thinking, and the Appeal to Heaven. Nothing New Under the Sun (also, Uniformitarianism, “Seen it all before;” "Surprise, surprise;" "Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose.") : Fairly rare in contemporary discourse, this deeply cynical fallacy, a corruption of the argument from logos, falsely proposes that there is not and will never be any real novelty in this world. Any argument that there are truly “new” ideas or phenomena is judged a priori to be unworthy of serious discussion and dismissed with a jaded sigh and a wave of the hand as "the same old same old." E.g., “ [Sigh!] Idiots! Don't you see that the current influx of refugees from the Mideast is just the same old Muslim invasion of Christendom that’s been going on for 1,400 years?” Or, “Libertarianism is nothing but re-warmed anarchism, which, in turn, is nothing but the ancient Antinomian Heresy. Like I told you before, there's nothing new under the sun!”Olfactory Rhetoric (also, "The Nose Knows"): A vicious, zoological-level fallacy of pathos in which opponents are marginalized, dehumanized or hated primarily based on their supposed odor, lack of personal cleanliness, imagined diseases or filth. E. g., "Those demonstrators are demanding something or another but I'll only talk to them if first they go home and take a bath!" Or, "I can smell a Jew a block away!" Also applies to demeaning other cultures or nationalities based on their differing cuisines, e.g., "I don't care what they say or do, their breath always stinks of garlic. And have you ever smelled their kitchens?" Olfactory Rhetoric straddles the borderline between a fallacy and a psychopathology. A2017 study by Ruhr University Bochumsuggests that olfactory rhetoric does not arise from a simple, automatic physiological reaction to an actual odor, but in fact, strongly depends on one's predetermined reaction or prejudices toward another, and one's olfactory center "is activated even before we perceive an odour." See also, Othering. Oops! (also, "Oh, I forgot...," "The Judicial Surprise," "The October Surprise,"): A corrupt argument from logos in which toward the decisive end of a discussion, debate, trial, electoral campaign period, or decision-making process an opponent suddenly, elaborately and usually sarcastically shams having just remembered or uncovered some salient fact, argument or evidence. E.g., "Oops, I forgot to ask you: You were convicted of this same offense twice before, weren't you?!" Banned in American judicial argument, this fallacy is only too common in public discourse. Also applies to supposedly "discovering" and sensationally reporting some potentially damning information or evidence and then, after the damage has been done or the decision has been made, quietly declaring, "Oops, I guess that really wasn't that significant after all. Ignore what I said. Sorry 'bout that! "Othering (also Otherizing, "They're Not Like Us," Stereotyping, Xenophobia, Racism, Prejudice): A badly corrupted, discriminatory argument from ethos where facts, arguments, experiences or objections are arbitrarily disregarded, ignored or put down without serious consideration because those involved "are not like us," or "don't think like us." E.g., "It's OK for Mexicans to earn a buck an hour in the maquiladoras [Mexico-based "Twin Plants" run by American or other foreign corporations]. If it happened here I'd call it brutal exploitation and daylight robbery but south of the border, down Mexico way the economy is different and they're not like us." Or, "You claim that life must be really terrible over there for terrorists to ever think of blowing themselves up with suicide vests just to make a point, but always remember that they're different from us. They don't think about life and death the same way we do." A vicious variety of the Ad Hominem Fallacy, most often applied to non-white or non-Christian populations. A variation on this fallacy is the "Speakee" Fallacy ("You speakee da English? "; also the Shibboleth), in which an opponent's arguments are mocked, ridiculed and dismissed solely because of the speaker's alleged or real accent, dialect, or lack of fluency in standard English, e.g., "He told me 'Vee vorkers need to form a younion!' but I told him I'm not a 'vorker,' and to come back when he learns to speak proper English." A very dangerous, extreme example of Othering is Dehumanization, a fallacy of faulty analogy where opponents are dismissed as mere cockroaches, lice, apes, monkeys, rats, weasels or bloodsucking parasites who have no right to speak or to live at all, and probably should be "squashed like bugs." This fallacy is ultimately the "logic" behind ethnic cleansing, genocide and gas ovens. See also the Identity Fallacy, "Name Calling" and "Olfactory Rhetoric." The opposite of this fallacy is the "Pollyanna Principle" below. Overexplanation: A fallacy of logos stemming from the real paradox that beyond a certain point, more explanation, instructions, data, discussion, evidence or proof inevitably results in less, not more, understanding. Contemporary urban mythology holds that this fallacy is typically male (" Mansplaining "), while barely half a century ago the prevailing myth was that it was men who were naturally monosyllabic, grunting or non-verbal while women would typically overexplain (e.g., the 1960 hit song by Joe Jones, "You Talk Too Much"). "Mansplaining" is, according to scholar Danelle Pecht, "the infuriating tendency of many men to always have to be the smartest person in the room, regardless of the topic of discussion and how much they actually know!" See also The Snow Job, and the "Plain Truth" fallacy. Overgeneralization (also Hasty Generalization; Totus pro Partes Fallacy; the Merological Fallacy ): A fallacy of logos where a broad generalization that is agreed to be true is offered as overriding all particular cases, particularly special cases requiring immediate attention. E.g., "Doctor, you say that this time of year a flu vaccination is essential. but I would counter that ALL vaccinations are essential" (implying that I'm not going to give special attention to getting the flu shot). Or, attempting to refute "Black Lives Matter" by replying, "All Lives Matter," the latter undeniably true but still a fallacious overgeneralization in that specific and urgent context. " Overgeneralization can also mean one sees a single negative outcome as an eternal pattern of defeat. Overgeneralization may also include the the Pars pro Toto Fallacy, the stupid but common fallacy of incorrectly applying one or two true examples to all cases. E.g., a minority person who commits a particularly horrifying crime, and whose example is then used to smear the reputation of the entire group, or when a government publishes special lists of crimes committed by groups who are supposed to be hated, e.g., Jews, or undocumented immigrants. Famously, the case of one Willie Horton was successfully used in this manner in the 1988 American presidential election to smear African Americans, Liberals, and by extension, Democratic presidential candidate Michael Dukakis. See also the fallacy of "Zero Tolerance" below. The Paralysis of Analysis (also, Procrastination; the Nirvana Fallacy): A postmodern fallacy that since all data is never in, any conclusion is always provisional, no legitimate decision can ever be made and any action should always be delayed until forced by circumstances. A corruption of the argument from logos. (See also the "Law of Unintended Consequences. ")The Passive Voice Fallacy (also, the Bureaucratic Passive): A fallacy from ethos, concealing active human agency behind the curtain of the grammatical passive voice, e.g., "It has been decided that you are to be let go," arrogating an ethos of cosmic infallibility and inevitability to a very fallible conscious decision made by identifiable, fallible and potentially culpable human beings. Scholar Jackson Katz notes (2017): "We talk about how many women were raped last year, not about how many men raped women. We talk about how many girls in a school district were harassed last year, not about how many boys harassed girls. We talk about how many teenage girls in the state of Vermont got pregnant last year, rather than how many men and boys impregnated teenage girls. ... So you can see how the use of the passive voice has a political effect. [It] shifts the focus off of men and boys and onto girls and women. Even the term 'Violence against women' is problematic. It's a passive construction; there's no active agent in the sentence. It's a bad thing that happens to women, but when you look at the term 'violence against women' nobody is doing it to them, it just happens to them... Men aren't even a part of it." See also, Political Correctness. An obverse of the Passive Voice Fallacy is the Be-verb Fallacy , a cultish linguistic theory and the bane of many a first-year composition student's life, alleging that an extraordinary degree of "clarity," "sanity," or textual "liveliness" can be reached by strictly eliminating all passive verb forms and all forms of the verb "to be" from English-language writing. This odd but unproven contention, dating back to Alfred Korzybski's "General Semantics" self-improvement movement of the 1920's and '30's via S. I. Hayakawa, blithely ignores the fact that although numerous major world languages lack a ubiquitous "be-verb," e.g., Russian, Hindi and Arabic, speakers of these languages, like English-speaking General Semantics devotees themselves, have never been proven to enjoy any particular cognitive advantage over ordinary everyday users of the passive voice and the verb "to be." Nor have writers of the curiously stilted English that results from applying this fallacy achieved any special success in academia, professional or technical writing, or in the popular domain. Paternalism: A serious fallacy of ethos, arbitrarily tut-tutting, dismissing or ignoring another's arguments or concerns as "childish" or "immature;" taking a condescending attitude of superiority toward opposing standpoints or toward opponents themselves. E.g., "Your argument against the war is so infantile. Try approaching the issue like an adult for a change," "I don't argue with children ," or "Somebody has to be the grownup in the room, and it might as well be me. Here's why you're wrong..." Also refers to the sexist fallacy of dismissing a woman's argument because she is a woman, e.g., "Oh, it must be that time of the month, eh?" See also "Ad Hominem Argument" and "Tone Policing. "Personalizaion: A deluded fallacy of ethos, seeing yourself or someone else as the essential cause of some external event for which you or the other person had no responsibility. E.g., "Never fails! It had to happen! It's my usual rotten luck that the biggest blizzard of the year had to occur just on the day of our winter festival. If it wasn't for ME being involved I'm sure the blizzard wouldn't have happened!" This fallacy can also be taken in a positive sense, e.g. Hitler evidently believed that simply because he was Hitler every bullet would miss him and no explosive could touch him. "Personalization" straddles the borderline between a fallacy and a psychopathology. See also, "The Job's Comforter Fallacy," and "Magical Thinking. "The Plain Truth Fallacy; (also, the Simple Truth fallacy, Salience Bias, the KISS Principle [Keep it Short and Simple / Keep it Simple, Stupid], the Monocausal Fallacy; the Executive Summary): A fallacy of logos favoring familiar, singular, summarized or easily comprehensible data, examples, explanations and evidence over those that are more complex and unfamiliar but much closer to the truth. E.g., "Ooooh, look at all those equations and formulas! Just boil it down to the Simple Truth," or "I don't want your damned philosophy lesson! Just tell me the Plain Truth about why this is happening." A more sophisticated version of this fallacy arbitrarily proposes, as did 18th century Scottish rhetorician John Campbell, that the Truth is always simple by nature and only malicious enemies of Truth would ever seek to make it complicated. (See also, The Snow Job, and Overexplanation.) The opposite of this is the postmodern fallacy of Ineffability or Complexity (also, Truthiness; Post-Truth),, arbitrarily declaring that today's world is so complex that there is no truth, or that Truth (capital-T), if indeed such a thing exists, is unknowable except perhaps by God or the Messiah and is thus forever inaccessible and irrelevant to us mere mortals, making any cogent argument from logos impossible. See also the Big Lie, and Paralysis of Analysis. Plausible Deniability: A vicious fallacy of ethos under which someone in power forces those under his or her control to do some questionable or evil act and to then falsely assume or conceal responsibility for that act in order to protect the ethos of the one in command. E.g., "Arrange a fatal accident but make sure I know nothing about it! "Playing on Emotion (also, the Sob Story; the Pathetic Fallacy; the "Bleeding Heart" fallacy, the Drama Queen / Drama King Fallacy): The classic fallacy of pure argument from pathos, ignoring facts and evoking emotion alone. E.g., “If you don’t agree that witchcraft is a major problem just shut up, close your eyes for a moment and picture in your mind all those poor moms crying bitter tears for their innocent tiny children whose cozy little beds and happy tricycles lie all cold and abandoned, just because of those wicked old witches! Let's string’em all up!” The opposite of this is the Apathetic Fallacy (also, Cynicism; Burnout; Compassion Fatigue), where any and all legitimate arguments from pathos are brushed aside because, as noted country music artist Jo Dee Messina sang (2005), "My give-a-damn's busted." Obverse to Playing on Emotion is the ancient fallacy of Refinement (" Real Feelings"), where certain classes of living beings such as plants and non-domesticated animals, infants, babies and minor children, barbarians, slaves, deep-sea sailors, farmworkers, criminals and convicts, refugees, addicts, terrorists, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, the poor, people of color, "Hillbillies," "Hobos," homeless or undocumented people, or "the lower classes" in general are deemed incapable of experiencing real pain like we do, or of having any " real feelings" at all, only brutish appetites, vile lusts, evil drives, filthy cravings, biological instincts, psychological reflexes and automatic tropisms. Noted rhetorician Kenneth Burke falls into this last, behaviorist fallacy in his otherwise brilliant (1966) Language as Symbolic Action, in his discussion of a bird trapped in a lecture room. See also, Othering. Political Correctness ("PC"): A postmodern fallacy, a counterpart of the "Name Calling" fallacy, supposing that the nature of a thing or situation can be changed by simply changing its name. E.g., "Today we strike a blow for animal rights and against cruelty to animals by changing the name of ‘pets’ to ‘animal companions.’" Or "Never, ever play the 'victim' card, because it's so manipulative and sounds so negative, helpless and despairing. Instead of being 'victims,' we are proud to be 'survivors.'" (Of course, when "victims" disappear then perpetrators conveniently vanish as well!) See also, The Passive Voice Fallacy, and The Scripted Message. Also applies to other forms of political " Language Control," e.g., being careful never to refer to North Korea or ISIS/ISIL by their rather pompous proper names ("the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" and "the Islamic State," respectively) or to the Syrian government as the "Syrian government," (It's always the "Regime" or the "Dictatorship."). Occasionally the fallacy of "Political Correctness" is falsely confused with simple courtesy, e.g., "I'm sick and tired of the tyranny of Political Correctness, having to watch my words all the time--I want to be free to speak my mind and to call out a N----- or a Queer in public any time I damn well feel like it!" See also, Non-recognition. An opposite of this fallacy is the fallacy of Venting, below. The Pollyanna Principle (also, "The Projection Bias," "They're Just Like Us," "Singing 'Kumbaya. '"): A traditional, often tragic fallacy of ethos, that of automatically (and falsely) assuming that everyone else in any given place, time and circumstance had or has basically the same (positive) wishes, desires, interests, concerns, ethics and moral code as "we" do. This fallacy practically if not theoretically denies both the reality of difference and the human capacity to chose radical evil. E.g., arguing that "The only thing most Nazi Storm Troopers wanted was the same thing we do, to live in peace and prosperity and to have a good family life," when the reality was radically otherwise. Dr. William Lorimer offers this explanation: " The Projection Bias is the flip side of the 'They're Not Like Us' [Othering] fallacy. The Projection bias (fallacy) is 'They're just people like me, therefore they must be motivated by the same things that motivate me.' For example: 'I would never pull a gun and shoot a police officer unless I was convinced he was trying to murder me; therefore, when Joe Smith shot a police officer, he must have been in genuine fear for his life.' I see the same fallacy with regard to Israel: 'The people of Gaza just want to be left in peace; therefore, if Israel would just lift the blockade and allow Hamas to import anything they want, without restriction, they would stop firing rockets at Israel.' That may or may not be true - I personally don't believe it - but the argument clearly presumes that the people of Gaza, or at least their leaders, are motivated by a desire for peaceful co-existence." The Pollyanna Principle was gently but expertly demolished in the classic twentieth-century American animated cartoon series, "The Flintstones," in which the humor lay in the absurdity of picturing "Stone Age" characters having the same concerns, values and lifestyles as mid-twentieth century white working class Americans. This is the opposite of the Othering fallacy. (Note: The Pollyanna Principle fallacy should not be confused with a psychological principle of the same name which observes that positive memories are usually retained more strongly than negative ones. )The Positive Thinking Fallacy: An immensely popular but deluded modern fallacy of logos, that because we are "thinking positively" that in itself somehow biases external, objective reality in our favor even before we lift a finger to act. See also, Magical Thinking. Note that this particular fallacy is often part of a much wider closed-minded, somewhat cultish ideology where the practitioner is warned against paying attention to to or even acknowledging the reality of evil, or of "negative" evidence or counter-arguments against his/her standpoints. In the latter case rational discussion, argument or refutation is most often futile. See also, Deliberate Ignorance. The Post Hoc Argument: (also, "Post Hoc Propter Hoc;" "Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc;" "Too much of a coincidence," the "Clustering Illusion"): The classic paranoiac fallacy of attributing an imaginary causality to random coincidences, concluding that just because something happens close to, at the same time as, or just after something else, the first thing is caused by the second. E.g., "AIDS first emerged as a epidemic back in the very same era when Disco music was becoming popular--that's too much of a coincidence: It proves that Disco caused AIDS!" Correlation does not equal causation. The Pout (also The Silent Treatment; Nonviolent Civil Disobedience; Noncooperation): An often-infantile Argumentum ad Baculum that arbitrarily rejects or gives up on dialogue before it is concluded. The most benign nonviolent form of this fallacy is found in passive-aggressive tactics such as slowdowns, boycotts, lockouts, sitdowns and strikes. Under President Barack Obama the United States finally ended a half-century long political Pout with Cuba. See also "No Discussion" and "Nonrecognition. "The Procrustean Fallacy (also, "Keeping up Standards," Standardization, Uniformity, Fordism). The modernist fallacy of falsely and inappropriately applying the norms and requirements of standardized manufacturing. quality control and rigid scheduling, or of military discipline to inherently diverse free human beings, their lives, education, behavior, clothing and appearance. This fallacy often seems to stem from the pathological need of someone in power to place in "order" their disturbingly free, messy and disordered universe by restricting others' freedom and insisting on rigid standardization, alphabetization, discipline, uniformity and "objective" assessment of everyone under their power. This fallacy partially explains why marching in straight lines, mass calisthenics, goose-stepping, drum-and-bugle or flag corps, standing at attention, saluting, uniforms, and standardized categorization are so typical of fascism, tyrannical regimes, and of tyrants petty and grand everywhere. Thanks to author Eimar O'Duffy for identifying this fallacy!Prosopology (also, Prosopography, Reciting the Litany; "Tell Me, What Were Their Names? "; Reading the Roll of Martyrs): An ancient fallacy of pathos and ethos, publicly reading out loud, singing, or inscribing at length a list of names (most or all of which will be unknown to the reader or audience), sometimes in a negative sense, to underline the gravity of a past tragedy or mass-casualty event, sometimes in a positive sense, to emphasize the ancient historical continuity of a church, organization or cause. Proper names, especially if they are from the same culture or language group as the audience, can have near-mystical persuasive power. In some cases, those who use this fallacy in its contemporary form will defend it as an attempt to "personalize" an otherwise anonymous recent mass tragedy. This fallacy was virtually unknown in secular American affairs before about 100 years ago, when the custom emerged of listing of the names of local World War I casualties on community monuments around the country. That this is indeed a fallacy is evident by the fact that the names on these century-old monuments are now meaningful only to genealogists and specialized historians, just as the names on the Vietnam War Memorial in Washington or the names of those who perished on 9/11 will surely be in another several generations. The Red Herring (also, Distraction): An irrelevant argument, attempting to mislead and distract an audience by bringing up an unrelated but emotionally loaded issue. E.g., "In regard to my several bankruptcies and recent indictment for corruption let’s be straight up about what’s really important: Terrorism! Just look at what happened last week in [name the place]. Vote for me and I'll fight those terrorists anywhere in the world!" Also applies to raising unrelated issues as falsely opposing the issue at hand, e.g., "You say 'Black Lives Matter,' but I would rather say 'Climate Change Matters!'" when the two contentions are in no way opposed, only competing for attention. See also Availability Bias, and Dog Whistle Politics. Reductio ad Hitlerum (or, ad Hitleram): A highly problematic contemporary historical-revisionist contention that the argument "That's just what Hitler said (or would have said, or would have done)" is a fallacy, an instance of the Ad Hominem argument and/or Guilt by Association. Whether the Reductio ad Hitlerum can be considered an actual fallacy or not seems to fundamentally depend on one's personal view of Hitler and the gravity of his crimes. Reductionism: (also, Oversimplifying, Sloganeering): The fallacy of deceiving an audience by giving simple answers or bumper-sticker slogans in response to complex questions, especially when appealing to less educated or unsophisticated audiences. E.g., "If the glove doesn’t fit, you must vote to acquit." Or, "Vote for Snith. He'll bring back jobs!" In science, technology, engineering and mathematics ("STEM subjects") reductionism is intentionally practiced to make intractable problems computable, e.g., the well-known humorous suggestion, " First, let's assume the cow is a sphere! ". See also, the Plain Truth Fallacy, and Dog-whistle Politics. Reifying (also, Mistaking the Map for the Territory): The ancient fallacy of treating imaginary intellectual categories, schemata or names as actual, material "things." (E.g., "The War against Terror is just another chapter in the eternal fight to the death between Freedom and Absolute Evil!") Sometimes also referred to as " Essentializing " or “ Hypostatization .”The Romantic Rebel (also, the Truthdig / Truthout Fallacy ; the Brave Heretic; Conspiracy theories; the Iconoclastic Fallacy): The contemporary fallacy of claiming Truth or validity for one's standpoint solely or primarily because one is supposedly standing up heroically to the dominant "orthodoxy," the current Standard Model, conventional wisdom or Political Correctness, or whatever may be the Bandwagon of the moment; a corrupt argument from ethos. E.g., "Back in the day the scientific establishment thought that the world was flat, that was until Columbus proved them wrong! Now they want us to believe that ordinary water is nothing but H 2 O. Are you going to believe them? The government is frantically trying to suppress the truth that our public drinking-water supply actually has nitrogen in it and causes congenital vampirism! And what about Area 51? Don't you care? Or are you just a kiss-up for the corrupt scientific establishment?" The opposite of the Bandwagon fallacy. The "Save the Children" Fallacy (also, Humanitarian Crisis): A cruel and cynical contemporary media-driven fallacy of pathos, an instance of the fallacious Appeal to Pity, attracting public support for intervention in somebody else's crisis in a distant country by repeatedly showing in gross detail the extreme (real) suffering of the innocent, defenseless little children (occasionally extended even to their pets!) on "our" side, conveniently ignoring the reality that innocent children on all sides usually suffer the most in any war, conflict, famine or crisis. Recent (2017) examples include the so-called "Rohingya" in Myanmar/Burma (ignoring multiple other ethnicities suffering ongoing hunger and conflict in that impoverished country), children in rebel-held areas of Syria (areas held by our rebels, not by the Syrian government or by Islamic State rebels), and the children of Mediterranean boat-people (light complected children from the Mideast, Afghanistan and North Africa, but not darker, African-complected children from sub-Saharan countries, children who are evidently deemed by the media to be far less worthy of pity). Scholar Glen Greenwald points out that a cynical key part of this tactic is hiding the child and adult victims of one's own violence while "milking" the tragic, blood-soaked images of children killed by the "other side" for every tear they can generate as a causus belli [a puffed-up excuse for war, conflict or American/Western intervention]. Scapegoating (also, Blamecasting): The ancient fallacy that whenever something goes wrong there's always someone other than oneself to blame. Although sometimes this fallacy is a practical denial of randomness or chance itself, today it is more often a mere insurance-driven business decision ("I don't care if it was an accident! Somebody with deep pockets is gonna pay for this! "), though often scapegoating is no more than a cynical ploy to shield those truly responsible from blame. The term "Scapegoating" is also used to refer to the tactic of casting collective blame on marginalized or scorned "Others," e.g., "The Jews are to blame!" A particularly corrupt and cynical example of scapegoating is the fallacy of Blaming the Victim, in which one falsely casts the blame for one's own evil or questionable actions on those affected, e.g., "If you move an eyelash I'll have to kill you and you'll be to blame!" "If you don't bow to our demands we'll shut down the government and it'll be totally YOUR fault!" or "You bi**h, you acted flirty and made me rape you! Then you snitched on me to the cops and let them collect a rape kit on you, and now I'm going to prison and every bit of it is your fault!" See also, the Affective Fallacy. Scare Tactics (also Appeal to Fear; Paranoia; the Bogeyman Fallacy; Shock Doctrine [Shock Doc]; Rally 'Round the Flag; Rally 'Round the President): A variety of Playing on Emotions, a corrupted argument from pathos, taking advantage of a emergent or deliberately-created crisis and its associated public shock, panic and chaos in order to impose an argument, action or solution that would be clearly unacceptable if carefully considered. E.g., "If you don't shut up and do what I say we're all gonna die! In this moment of crisis we can't afford the luxury of criticizing or trying to second-guess my decisions when our very lives and freedom are in peril! Instead, we need to be united as one!" Or, in the (2017) words of former White House Spokesperson Sean Spicer, "This is about the safety of America!" This fallacy is discussed at length in Naomi Klein's (2010) The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism and her (2017) No is Not Enough: Resisting Trump's Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need. See also, The Shopping Hungry Fallacy, Dog-Whistle Politics, "We Have to do Something! ", and The Worst Case Fallacy. "Scoring" (also, Moving the Ball Down the Field, the Sports World Fallacy; "Hey, Sports Fans! "): An instance of faulty analogy, the common contemporary fallacy of inappropriately and most often offensively applying sports, gaming, hunting or other recreational imagery to unrelated areas of life, such as war or intimacy. E.g., "Nope, I haven't scored with Francis yet, but last night I managed to get to third base!" or "We really need to take our ground game into Kim's half of the field if we ever expect to score against North Korea." This fallacy is almost always soaked in testosterone and machismo. An associated fallacy is that of Evening up the Score (also, Getting Even), exacting tit-for-tat vengeance as though life were some sort of "point-score" sports contest. Counter-arguments to the "Scoring" fallacy usually fall on deaf ears, since the one and only purpose for playing a game is to "score," isn't it? The Scripted Message (also, Talking Points): A contemporary fallacy related to Big Lie Technique, where a politician or public figure strictly limits her/his statements on a given issue to repeating carefully scripted, often exaggerated or empty phrases developed to achieve maximum acceptance or maximum desired reaction from a target audience. See also, Dog Whistle Politics, and Political Correctness, above. The opposite of this fallacy is that of "Venting. "Sending the Wrong Message: A dangerous fallacy of logos that attacks a given statement, argument or action, no matter how good, true or necessary, because it will "send the wrong message." In effect, those who use this fallacy are openly confessing to fraud and admitting that the truth will destroy the fragile web of illusion they have deliberately created by their lies. E.g., "Actually, we haven't a clue about how to deal with this crisis, but if we publicly admit it we'll be sending the wrong message." See also, "Mala Fides. "Shifting the Burden of Proof : A classic fallacy of logos that challenges an opponent to disprove a claim rather than asking the person making the claim to defend his/her own argument. E.g., "These days space-aliens are everywhere among us, masquerading as true humans, even right here on campus! I dare you to prove it isn't so! See? You can't! You admit it! That means what I say has to be true. Most probably, you're one of them, since you seem to be so soft on space-aliens!" A typical tactic in using this fallacy is first to get an opponent to admit that a far-fetched claim, or some fact related to it, is indeed at least theoretically "possible," and then declare the claim "proven" absent evidence to the contrary. E.g., "So you admit that massive undetected voter fraud is indeed possible under our current system, and could have happened in this country at least in theory, and you can't produce even the tiniest scintilla of evidence that it didn't actually happen! Ha-ha! I rest my case." See also, Argument from Ignorance. The Shopping Hungry Fallacy: A fallacy of pathos, a variety of Playing on Emotions and sometimes Scare Tactics, making stupid but important decisions (or being prompted, manipulated or forced to "freely" take public or private decisions that may be later regretted but are difficult to reverse) "in the heat of the moment" when under the influence of strong emotion (hunger, fear, lust, anger, sadness, regret, fatigue, even joy, love or happiness). E.g., Trevor Noah, (2016) host of the Daily Show on American television attributes public approval of draconian measures in the Patriot Act and the creation of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security to America's "shopping hungry" immediately after 9/11. See also, Scare Tactics; "We Have to Do Something; " and The Big "But" Fallacy. The Silent Majority Fallacy: A variety of the argument from ignorance, this fallacy, famously enunciated by disgraced American President Richard Nixon, alleges special knowledge of a hidden "silent majority" of voters (or of the population in general) that stands in support of an otherwise unpopular leader and his/her policies, contrary to the repeated findings of polls, surveys and popular vote totals. In an extreme case the leader arrogates to him/herself the title of the " Voice of the Voiceless. "The Simpleton's Fallacy: (Or, The "Good Simpleton" Fallacy): A corrupt fallacy of logos, described in an undated quote from science writer Isaac Asimov as " T he false notion that democracy means that 'my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge.'" The name of this fallacy is borrowed from Walter M. Miller Jr.'s classic (1960) post-apocalyptic novel, A Canticle for Leibowitz, in which in the centuries after a nuclear holocaust knowledge and learning become so despised that "Good Simpleton" becomes the standard form of interpersonal salutation. This fallacy is masterfully portrayed in the person of the title character in the 1994 Hollywood movie, "Forrest Gump." The fallacy is widely alleged to have had a great deal to do with the outcome of the 2016 US presidential election, See also "Just Plain Folks," and the "Plain Truth Fallacy." U. S. President Barrack Obama noted to the contrary (2016), "In politics and in life, ignorance is not a virtue. It's not cool to not know what you're talking about. That's not real or telling it like it is. That's not challenging political correctness. That's just not knowing what you're talking about." The term "Simpleton's Fallacy" has also been used to refer to a deceptive technique of argumentation, feigning ignorance in order to get one's opponent to admit to, explain or overexplain something s/he would rather not discuss. E.g., "I see here that you have a related prior conviction for something called 'Criminal Sodomy.' I may be a poor, naive simpleton but I'm not quite sure what that fine and fancy lawyer-talk means in plain English. Please explain to the jury in simple terms what exactly you did to get convicted of that crime." See also, Argument from Ignorance, and The Third Person Effect. The Slippery Slope (also, the Domino Theory): The common fallacy that "one thing inevitably leads to another." E.g., "If you two go and drink coffee together one thing will lead to another and next thing you know you'll be pregnant and end up spending your life on welfare living in the Projects," or "If we close Gitmo one thing will lead to another and before you know it armed terrorists will be strolling through our church doors with suicide belts, proud as you please, smack in the middle of the 10:30 a.m. Sunday worship service right here in Garfield, Kansas! "The Snow Job (also Falacia ad Verbosium; Information Bias): A fallacy of logos, “proving” a claim by overwhelming an audience ("snowing them under") with mountains of true but marginally-relevant documents, graphs, words, facts, numbers, information and statistics that look extremely impressive but which the intended audience cannot be expected to understand or properly evaluate. This is a corrupted argument from logos. See also, "Lying with Statistics." The opposite of this fallacy is the Plain Truth Fallacy. The Soldiers' Honor Fallacy: The ancient fallacy that all who wore a uniform, fought hard and followed orders are worthy of some special honor or glory or are even "heroes," whether they fought for freedom or fought to defend slavery, marched under Grant or Lee, Hitler, Stalin, Eisenhower or Mc Arthur, fought to defend their homes, fought for oil or to spread empire, or even fought against and killed U. S. soldiers! A corrupt argument from ethos (that of a soldier), closely related to the "Finish the Job" fallacy ("Sure, he died for a lie, but he deserves honor because he followed orders and did his job faithfully to the end!"). See also "Heroes All." This fallacy was recognized and decisively refuted at the Nuremburg Trials after World War II but remains powerful to this day nonetheless. See also "Blind Loyalty." Related is the State Actor Fallacy, that those who fight and die for their country (America, Russia, Iran, the Third Reich, etc.) are worthy of honor or at least pardonable while those who fight for a non-state actor (armed abolitionists, guerrillas, freedom-fighters, jihadis, mujahideen) are not and remain "terrorists" no matter how noble or vile their cause, until or unless they win and become the recognized state, or are adopted by a state after the fact. The Standard Version Fallacy: The ancient fallacy, a discursive Argumentum ad Baculum, of choosing a "Standard Translation" or "Authorized Version" of an ancient or sacred text and arbitrarily declaring it "correct" and "authoritative," necessarily eliminating much of the poetry and underlying meaning of the original but conveniently quashing any further discussion about the meaning of the original text, e.g., the Vulgate or The King James Version. The easily demonstrable fact that translation (beyond three or four words) is neither uniform nor reversible (i.e., never comes back exactly the same when retranslated from another language) gives the lie to any efforts to make translation of human languages into an exact science. Islam clearly recognizes this fallacy when characterizing any attempt to translate the sacred text of the Holy Qur'an out of the original Arabic as a "paraphrase" at very best. An obverse of this fallacy is the Argumentum ad Mysteriam, above. An extension of the Standard Version Fallacy is the Monolingual Fallacy, at an academic level the fallacy of ignorantly assuming (as a monolingual person) that transparent, in-depth translation between languages is the norm, or even possible at all, allowing one to conveniently and falsely ignore everyday issues of translation when close-reading translated literature or academic text and theory. At the popular level the Monolingual Fallacy allows monolinguals to blithely demand that visitors, migrants, refugees and newcomers learn English, either before arriving or else overnight after arrival in the United States, while applying no such demand to themselves when they go to Asia, Europe, Latin America, or even French-speaking areas of Canada. Not rarely, this fallacy descends into gross racism or ethnic discrimination, e.g., the demagogy of warning of "Spanish being spoken right here on Main Street and taco trucks on every corner!" See also, Othering, and Dog-Whistle Politics. Star Powe r (also Testimonial, Questionable Authority, Faulty Use of Authority, Falacia ad Vericundiam; Eminence-based Practice): In academia and medicine, a corrupt argument from ethos in which arguments, standpoints and themes of professional discourse are granted fame and validity or condemned to obscurity solely by whoever may be the reigning "stars" or "premier journals" of the profession or discipline at the moment. E.g., "Foster's take on Network Theory has been thoroughly criticized and is so last-week!. This week everyone's into Safe Spaces and Pierce's Theory of Microaggressions. Get with the program." (See also, the Bandwagon.) Also applies to an obsession with journal Impact Factors. At the popular level this fallacy also refers to a corrupt argument from ethos in which public support for a standpoint or product is established by a well-known or respected figure (i.e.,. a star athlete or entertainer) who is not an expert and who may have been well paid to make the endorsement (e.g., “Olympic gold-medal pole-vaulter Fulano de Tal uses Quick Flush Internet--Shouldn’t you?" Or, "My favorite rock star warns that vaccinations spread cooties, so I'm not vaccinating my kids!" ). Includes other false, meaningless or paid means of associating oneself or one’s product or standpoint with the ethos of a famous person or event (e.g., “Try Salsa Cabria, the official taco sauce of the Winter Olympics!”). This fallacy also covers Faulty use of Quotes (also, The Devil Quotes Scripture), including quoting out of context or against the clear intent of the original speaker or author. E.g., racists quoting and twisting the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s statements in favor of racial equality against contemporary activists and movements for racial equality. The Straw Man (also "The Straw Person" ""The Straw Figure"): The fallacy of setting up a phony, weak, extreme or ridiculous parody of an opponent's argument and then proceeding to knock it down or reduce it to absurdity with a rhetorical wave of the hand. E.g., "Vegetarians say animals have feelings like you and me. Ever seen a cow laugh at a Shakespeare comedy? Vegetarianism is nonsense!" Or, "Pro-choicers hate babies and want to kill them!" Or, "Pro-lifers hate women and want them to spend their lives barefoot, pregnant and chained to the kitchen stove!" A too-common example of this fallacy is that of highlighting the most absurd, offensive, silly or violent examples in a mass movement or demonstration, e.g. "Tree huggers" for environmentalists, "bra burners" for feminists, or "rioters" when there are a dozen violent crazies in a peaceful, disciplined demonstration of thousands or tens of thousands, and then falsely portraying these extreme examples as typical of the entire movement in order to condemn it with a wave of the hand. See also Olfactory Rhetoric. The Taboo (also, Dogmatism):: The ancient fallacy of unilaterally declaring certain "bedrock" arguments, assumptions, dogmas, standpoints or actions "sacrosanct" and not open to discussion, or arbitrarily taking some emotional tones, logical standpoints, doctrines or options "off the table" beforehand. (E.g., " "No, let's no t discuss my sexuality," "Don't bring my drinking into this," or "Before we start, you need to know I won't allow you to play the race card or permit you to attack my arguments by claiming 'That's just what Hitler would say!'") Also applies to discounting or rejecting certain arguments, facts and evidence (or even experiences!) out of hand because they are supposedly "against the Bible" or other sacred dogma (See also the A Priori Argument). This fallacy occasionally degenerates into a separate, distracting argument over who gets to define the parameters, tones, dogmas and taboos of the main argument, though at this point reasoned discourse most often breaks down and the entire affair becomes a naked Argumentum ad Baculum. See also, MYOB, Tone Policing, and Calling "Cards. "They're All Crooks: The common contemporary fallacy of refusing to get involved in public politics because "all" politicians and politics are allegedly corrupt, ignoring the fact that if this is so in a democratic country it is precisely because decent people like you and I refuse to get involved, leaving the field open to the "crooks" by default. An example of Circular Reasoning. Related to this fallacy is " They're All Biased ," the extremely common contemporary cynical fallacy of ignoring news and news media because none tells the "objective truth" and all push some "agenda." This basically true observation logically requiring audiences to regularly view or read a variety of media sources in order to get any approximation of reality, but for many younger people today (2017) it means in practice, "Ignore news, news media and public affairs altogether and instead pay attention to something that's fun, exciting or personally interesting to you ." The sinister implication for democracy is, "Mind your own business and leave all the 'big' questions to your betters, those whose job is to deal with these questions and who are well paid to do so." See also the Third Person Effect, and Deliberate Ignorance. The "Third Person Effect" (also, "Wise up!" and "They're All Liars"): An example of the fallacy of Deliberate Ignorance, the arch-cynical postmodern fallacy of deliberately discounting or ignoring media information a priori, opting to remain in ignorance rather than "listening to the lies" of the mainstream media, the President, the "medical establishment," professionals, professors, doctors and the "academic elite" or other authorities or information sources, even about urgent subjects (e.g., the need for vaccinations) on which these sources are otherwise publicly considered to be generally reliable or relatively trustworthy. According to Drexel University researchers (2017), the "Third Person Effect ... suggests that individuals will perceive a mass media message to have more influence on others, than themselves. This perception tends to counteract the message's intended 'call-to-action.' Basically, this suggests that over time people wised up to the fact that some mass media messages were intended to manipulate them -- so the messages became less and less effective." This fallacy seems to be opposite to and an overreaction to the Big Lie Technique. See also, Deliberate Ignorance, the Simpleton's Fallacy, and Trust your Gut. The "Thousand Flowers" Fallacy (also, "Take names and kick butt. "): A sophisticated, modern "Argumentum ad Baculum" in which free and open discussion and "brainstorming" are temporarily allowed and encouraged (even demanded) within an organization or country not primarily in order to hear and consider opposing views, but rather to "smoke out," identify and later punish, fire or liquidate dissenters or those not following the Party Line. The name comes from the Thousand Flowers Period in Chinese history when Communist leader Chairman Mao Tse Tung applied this policy with deadly effect. Throwing Good Money After Bad (also, "Sunk Cost Fallacy"): In his excellent book, Logically Fallacious (2015), Author Bo Bennett describes this fallacy as follows: "Reasoning that further investment is warranted on the fact that the resources already invested will be lost otherwise, not taking into consideration the overall losses involved in the further investment." In other words, risking additional money to "save" an earlier, losing investment, ignoring the old axiom that "Doing the same thing and expecting different results is the definition of insanity." E.g., "I can't stop betting now, because I already bet the rent and lost, and I need to win it back or my wife will kill me when I get home!" See also Argument from Inertia. TINA (There Is No Alternative. Also the "Love it or Leave It" Fallacy; "Get over it," "Suck it up," "It is what it is," "Actions/Elections have consequences," or the "Fait Accompli"): A very common contemporary extension of the either/or fallacy in which someone in power quashes critical thought by announcing that there is no realistic alternative to a given standpoint, status or action, arbitrarily ruling any and all other options out of bounds, or announcing that a decision has been made and any further discussion is insubordination, disloyalty, treason, disobedience or simply a waste of precious time when there's a job to be done. (See also, "Taboo;" "Finish the Job.") TINA is most often a naked power-play, a slightly more sophisticated variety of the Argumentum ad Baculum. See also Appeal to Closure. Tone Policing. A corrupt argument from pathos and delivery, the fallacy of judging the validity of an argument primarily by its emotional tone of delivery, ignoring the reality that a valid fact or argument remains valid whether it is offered calmly and deliberatively or is shouted in a "shrill" or even "hysterical" tone, whether carefully written and published in professional, academic language in a respected, peer-reviewed journal or screamed through a bull-horn and peppered with vulgarity. Conversely, a highly urgent emotional matter is still urgent even if argued coldly and rationally. This fallacy creates a false dichotomy between reason and emotion and thus implicitly favors those who are not personally involved or emotionally invested in an argument, e.g., "I know you're upset, but I won't discuss it with you until you calm down," or "I'd believe what you wrote were it not for your adolescent overuse of exclamation points throughout the text." Or alternately, "You seem to be taking the death of your spouse way too calmly. You're under arrest for homicide. You have the right to remain silent..." Tone Policing is frequent in contemporary discourse of power, particularly in response to discourse of protest, and is occasionally used in sexist ways, e.g. the accusation of being "shrill" is almost always used against women, never against men. See also, The F-Bomb. Transfer: (also, Name Dropping) A corrupt argument from ethos, falsely associating a famous or respected person, place or thing with an unrelated thesis or standpoint (e.g. putting a picture of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on an advertisement for mattresses, using Genghis Khan, a Mongol who hated Chinese, as the name of a Chinese restaurant, or using the Texas flag to sell more cars or pickups in Texas that were made in Detroit, Kansas City or Korea). This fallacy is common in contemporary academia in the form of using a profusion of scholarly-looking citations from respected authorities to lend a false gravitas to otherwise specious ideas or text. See also "Star Power. "Trust your Gut (also, Trust your Heart; Trust Your Feelings; Trust your Intuition; Trust your Instincts; Emotional Reasoning): A corrupt argument from pathos, the ancient fallacy of relying primarily on "gut feelings" rather than reason or evidence to make decisions. A recent (2017) Ohio State University study finds, unsurprisingly, that people who "trust their gut" are significantly more susceptible to falling for "fake news," phony conspiracy theories, frauds and scams than those who insist on hard evidence or logic. See also Deliberate Ignorance, the Affective Fallacy, and The "Third Person Effect. "Tu Quoque ("You Do it Too! "; also, Two Wrongs Make a Right): A corrupt argument from ethos, the fallacy of defending a shaky or false standpoint or excusing one's own bad action by pointing out that one's opponent's acts, ideology or personal character are also open to question, or are perhaps even worse than one's own. E.g., "Sure, we may have tortured prisoners and killed kids with drones, but we don't cut off heads like they do!" Or, "You can't stand there and accuse me of corruption! You guys are all into politics and you know what we have to do to get reelected!" Unusual, self-deprecating variants on this fallacy are the Ego / Nos Quoque Fallacies ("I / we do it too! "), minimizing or defending another's evil actions because I am / we are guilty of the same thing or of even worse. E.g., In response to allegations that Russian Premier Vladimir Putin is a "killer," American President Donald Trump (2/2017) told an interviewer, "There are a lot of killers. We've got a lot of killers. What, do you think our country's so innocent?" This fallacy is related to the Red Herring and to the Ad Hominem Argument. Two-sides Fallacy (also, Teach the Controversy): The presentation of an issue that makes it seem to have two sides of equal weight or significance, when in fact a consensus or much stronger argument supports just one side. Also called “false balance” or “false equivalence.” (Thanks to Teaching Tolerance for this definition!) E.g,. "Scientists theorize that the Earth is a sphere, but there are always two sides to any argument: Others believe that the Earth is flat and is perched on the back of a giant turtle, and a truly balanced presentation of the issue requires teaching both explanations without bias or unduly favoring either side over the other. "Two Truths ( also, Compartmentalization; Epistemically Closed Systems; Alternative Truth): A very corrupt and dangerous fallacy of logos and ethos, first formally described in medieval times but still common today, holding that there exists one "truth" in one given environment (e.g., in science, work or school) and simultaneously a different, formally contradictory but equally true "truth" in a different epistemic system, context, environment, intended audience or discourse community (e.g., in one's religion or at home). This can lead to a situation of stable cognitive dissonance where, as UC Irvine scholar Dr. Carter T. Butts describes it (2016), "I know but don't believe," making rational discussion difficult, painful or impossible. This fallacy also describes the discourse of politicians who cynically proclaim one "truth" as mere "campaign rhetoric" used "to mobilize the base," or "for domestic consumption only," and a quite different and contradictory "truth" for more general or practical purposes once in office. See also Disciplinary Blinders; Alternative Truth. Venting (also, Letting off Steam; Loose Lips): In the Venting fallacy a person argues that her/his words are or ought to be exempt from criticism or consequence because s/he was "only venting," even though this very admission implies that the one "venting" was, at long last, freely expressing his/her true, heartfelt and uncensored opinion about the matter in question. This same fallacy applies to minimizing, denying the significance of or excusing other forms of frank, unguarded or uninhibited offensive expression as mere " Locker-room Talk ," " Alpha-male Speech " or nothing but cute, adorable, perhaps even sexy " Bad-boy Talk ." See also, the Affective Fallacy. Opposite to this fallacy are the fallacies of Political Correctness and the Scripted Message, above. Venue: The ancient fallacy of Venue, a corrupt argument from kairos, falsely and arbitrarily invalidates an otherwise-valid argument or piece of evidence because it is supposedly offered in the wrong place, at the wrong moment or in an inappropriate court, medium or forum. According to Ph D student Amanda Thran, "Quite often, people will say to me in person that Facebook, Twitter, etc. are 'not the right forums' for discussing politically and socially sensitive issues. ... In this same vein, I’ve also encountered the following argument: 'Facebook, which is used for sharing wedding, baby, and pet photos, is an inappropriate place for political discourse; people don’t wished to be burdened with that when they log in.' In my experience, this line of reasoning is most often employed (and abused) to shut down a conversation when one feels they are losing it. Ironically, I have seen it used when the argument has already been transpiring on the platform [in] an already lengthy discussion." See also Disciplinary Blinders. We Have to Do Something: (also, the Placebo Effect; Political Theater; Security Theater; We have to send a message): The dangerous contemporary fallacy that when "People are scared / People are angry / People are fed up / People are hurting / People want change" it becomes necessary to do something, anything, at once without stopping to ask "What?" or "Why? ", even if what is done is an overreaction, is a completely ineffective sham, an inert placebo, or actually makes the situation worse, rather than "just sitting there doing nothing." (E.g., "Banning air passengers from carrying ham sandwiches onto the plane and making parents take off their newborn infants' tiny pink baby-shoes probably does nothing to deter potential terrorists, but people are scared and we have to do something to respond to this crisis!") This is a badly corrupted argument from pathos. (See also "Scare Tactic" and "The Big 'But' Fallacy. ")Where there’s Smoke, there’s Fire (also Hasty Conclusion; Jumping to a Conclusion): The dangerous fallacy of ignorantly drawing a snap conclusion and/or taking action without sufficient evidence. E.g., “Captain! The guy sitting next to me in coach has dark skin and is reading a book in some kind of funny language all full of accent marks, weird squiggles above the "N's" and upside-down question marks. It must be Arabic! Get him off the plane before he blows us all to kingdom come!” A variety of the “Just in Case” fallacy. The opposite of this fallacy is the "Paralysis of Analysis. "The Wisdom of the Crowd (also, The Magic of the Market; the Wikipedia Fallacy; Crowdsourcing): A very common contemporary fallacy that individuals may be wrong but "the crowd" or "the market" is infallible, ignoring historic examples like witch-burning, lynching, and the market crash of 2008. This fallacy is why most American colleges and universities currently (2017) ban students from using Wikipedia as a serious reference source. The Worst-Case Fallacy (also, "Just in case;" "We can't afford to take chances;" "An abundance of caution;" "Better Safe than Sorry;" "Better to prevent than to lament. "): A pessimistic fallacy by which one’s reasoning is based on an improbable, far-fetched or even completely imaginary worst-case scenario rather than on reality. This plays on pathos (fear) rather than reason, and is often politically motivated. E.g., "What if armed terrorists were to attack your county grain elevator tomorrow morning at dawn? Are you ready to fight back? Better stock up on assault rifles and ammunition today, just in case!" See also Scare Tactics. The opposite of this is the Positive Thinking Fallacy. The Worst Negates the Bad (also, Be Grateful for What You've Got): The extremely common modern logical fallacy that an objectively bad situation somehow isn't so bad simply because it could have been far worse, or because someone, somewhere has it even worse. E.g., "I cried because I had no shoes, until I saw someone who had no feet." Or, "You're protesting because you earn only $7.25 an hour? You could just as easily be out on the street! I happen to know there are people in Uttar Pradesh who are doing the very same work you're doing for one tenth of what you're making, and they're pathetically glad just to have work at all. You need to shut up, put down that picket sign, get back to work for what I care to pay you, and thank me each and every day for giving you a job! "Zero Tolerance (also, Zero Risk Bias, Broken Windows Policing, Disproportionate Response; Even One is Too Many; Exemplary Punishment; Judenrein): The contemporary fallacy of declaring an "emergency" and promising to disregard justice and due process and devote unlimited resources (and occasionally, unlimited cruelty) to stamp out a limited, insignificant or even nonexistent problem. E.g., "I just read about an actual case of cannibalism somewhere in this country. That's disgusting, and even one case is way, way too many! We need a Federal Taskforce against Cannibalism with a million-dollar budget and offices in every state, a national SCAN program in all the grade schools (Stop Cannibalism in America Now! ), and an automatic double death penalty for cannibals; in other words, zero tolerance for cannibalism in this country!" This is a corrupt and cynical argument from pathos, almost always politically driven, a particularly sinister variety of Dog Whistle Politics and the "We Have to do Something" fallacy. See also, "Playing on Emotions," "Red Herring," and also the "Big Lie Technique. "OW 7/06 with thanks to the late Susan Spence. Final revision 1/18, with special thanks to Business Insider , Teaching Tolerance, and Vox.com, to Bradley Steffens, to Jackson Katz, Brian Resnick, Glen Greenwald, Lara Bhasin, Danelle M. Pecht, Marc Lawson, Eimar O'Duffy, and Mike Caetano, to Dr. William Lorimer, Dr. Carter T. Butts, Dr. Bo Bennett, Myron Peto, Joel Sax, Thomas Persing, Amanda Thran, and to all the others who suggested corrections, additions and clarifications. Links to Amazon.com on this page are for reader convenience only, and no endorsement is offered or implied. This list is no longer being maintained, but please continue to copy, mirror, update and share it freely.

D2814506

http://www.answers.com/Q/How_much_money_does_a_retail_sales_person_earn

How much money does a retail sales person earn?

Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Business & Finance Business and Industry Industries and Professions How much money does a retail sales person earn? Flag How much money does a retail sales person earn? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. Hmm I think £5-6 P/H.17 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Breezyanna312 29 Contributions How much money does a retail store manager or supervisor earn? it all depends on what company the person is working for. Supervisors range anywhere from $65,000 and up. I know a few people who are supervisors for marketing jobs a …CH12345 1,515 Contributions How much money does a person with a PHD earn? Answer It depends on where they work. Jac157 2 Contributions How much money does a cosmetic sales counter person earn? Answer This will depend on the company and where in the country you work in my experience a counter manager can earn between �16000-�20000 pa and sales …How much money does a route sales representative earn in Canada? do u live in canada!!!! !How much money does a personal banker earn? In India personal Banker get close to 25 k How much money does a personal trainer earn?20p How much money does a retail clothing buyer earn? what is the pay range for a retail clothing buyer? How much money does sales manager earn in the car industry? About 75k How much money does a Retail Salesperson earn? The average person working in this position will make close to $21,000. The amount will vary depending upon the store they work at and their tenure. B2breps 4 Contributions How much money do Verizon sales reps earn? The average base salary is between 40-45k to start with another 15-20k in commission in year 1. There is a great Verizon Sales forum at B2Breps.net. B2Breps.net is a Sales Dis …How much salary does a retail sales cosmetics associate earn? A retail cosmetic associate will only make around 25,000 dollars. They make up to 40,000 dollars a year if they make commission. Quiche916 2 Contributions How much money does an average person earn?how much money does an average person earn in united state? Salary and Pay for Lawyers This varies quite a bit, of course, based on experience and specialty. Mor …Answered In Software and Applications (non-game)How much money does software sales earn? It depends upon experience and size of vendor. However for a tier 1 vendor an experienced sales rep could be on a basic of 65K with an OTE of £140k plus healthcare and insura …Answered In Salary and Pay Rates How much money does a home improvement sales person earn? If you are in the right market and you are good you will earn in excess of $100,00/year. Answered In Salary and Pay Rates How much money does a 3M sales rep earn?between $70,000 - $186,000Answered In WWE World Wrestling Entertainment How much money a WWE person earn?$100.000 a year Answered In Salary and Pay Rates How much money can a sales assistant earn in Malaysia?10 mill

D2801953

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dermatoglyphic

dermatoglyphics

dermatoglyphics (redirected from dermatoglyphic) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia .dermatoglyphics [ der″mah-to-glif´iks] the study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles; of interest in anthropology and law enforcement as a means of establishing identity and in medicine, both clinicallyand as a genetic indicator, particularly of chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21 syndrome. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.der·ma·to·glyph·ics ( der'mă-tō-glif'iks ), 1. The configurations of the characteristic ridge patterns of the volar surfaces of the skin; in thehuman hand, the distal segment of each digit has three types of configurations: whorl, loop, andarch. See also: fingerprint.2. The science or study of these configurations or patterns. [dermato- + glyphē, carved work]Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012dermatoglyphics/der·ma·to·glyph·ics/ ( -glif´iks) the study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles; of interest in anthropology and law enforcement as a means of establishing identity and in medicine, both clinically and as a genetic indicator, particularly of chromosomal abnormalities. Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.dermatoglyphics [dur′mətōglif′iks]Etymology: Gk, derma + glyphe, a carvingthe study of the skin ridge patterns on fingers, toes, palms of hands, and soles of feet. The patternsare used as a basis of identification and also have diagnostic value because of associationsbetween certain patterns and chromosomal anomalies. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.dermatoglyphics Dermatology1. The formal study of the patterns of skin ridges on the fingers and toes, palms, and soles, or.2. The patterns of skin ridges on the fingers and toes, palms, and soles. See Simian crease, Triradius. Mc Graw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. © 2002 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.der·ma·to·glyph·ics ( dĕr'mă-tō-glif'iks) 1. The configurations of the characteristic ridge patterns of the volar surfaces of the skin; in thehuman hand, the distal segment of each digit has three types of configurations: whorl, loop, andarch. See also: fingerprint2. The science or study of these configurations or patterns. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012dermatoglyphics The study of the patterns of the skin ridges on the fingers, palms, toesand soles of the feet. Each individual has a unique pattern and this offers a reliable means of identification. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005dermatoglyphicsfinger and toe prints; pattern of lines and whorls in pulp skin unique to the individual Illustrated Dictionary of Podiatry and Foot Science by Jean Mooney © 2009 Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.der·ma·to·glyph·ics ( dĕr'mă-tō-glif'iks) Configurations of the characteristic ridge patterns of the volar surfaces of the skin; in the humanhand, the distal segment of each digit has three types of configurations: whorl, loop, and arch. Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012dermatoglyphics (dur´mətōglif´iks),n the study of the skin ridge patterns on fingers, toes, palms of hands, and soles of feet. Thepatterns are used as a basis of identification (fingerprinting). Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. © 2008 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.dermatoglyphicsthe surface features of skin, including wrinkles, folds, ridges and furrows. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved›› KEEP READING IN English dictionary Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:<a href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dermatoglyphic">dermatoglyphics</a>Facebook Twitter

D279126

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shrimp

shrimp

See also: SHRIMP and Shrimp Contents1 English1.1 Pronunciation1.2 Etymology 11.2.1 Noun1.2.1.1 Synonyms1.2.1.2 Translations1.2.2 Verb1.2.3 Related terms1.3 Etymology 21.3.1 Verb English [ edit]A shrimp (crustacean)Wikipedia has an article on: shrimp Pronunciation [ edit]IPA ( key): /ʃɹɪmp/Audio (US)Rhymes: -ɪmp Etymology 1 [ edit]From Middle English schrimpe ( “ shrimp, puny person ”), from Proto-Germanic *skrimpaz (compare Middle High German schrimpf ( “ scratch ”), Norwegian skramp ( “ thin horse, thin man ”) ), from *skrimpaną (compare Old English scrimman ( “ to shrink ”), Middle High German schrimpfen ( “ to shrink, dry up ”), Swedish skrympa ( “ to shrink ”) ), from Proto-Indo-European *skremb, *skr̥mb (compare Lithuanian skrembti ( “ to crust over, stiffen ”), and possibly Albanian shkrumb ( “ embers, ashes; crumble ”) ). Noun [ edit]shrimp ( countable and uncountable, plural shrimp or shrimps)Any of many swimming, often edible crustaceans, chiefly of the infraorder Caridea or the suborder Dendrobranchiata, with slender legs, long whiskers and a long abdomen. ( uncountable) The flesh of such crustaceans. ( slang) A small, puny or unimportant person. Synonyms [ edit] ( crustacean; flesh of crustacean): prawn ( Australia, Canada, UK and US)Translations [ edit]decapod crustaceanflesh of the crustaceansmall person The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary: Entry layout#Translations. Translations to be checked Verb [ edit]shrimp ( third-person singular simple present shrimps, present participle shrimping, simple past and past participleshrimped) ( intransitive) To fish for shrimp . Related terms [ edit]shrimper Etymology 2 [ edit]Compare Old English scrimman ( “ to dry up, wither ”), German schrumpfen. Verb [ edit]shrimp ( third-person singular simple present shrimps, present participle shrimping, simple past and past participleshrimped)To contract; to shrink. Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing. (See the entry for shrimp in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)

D3262643

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/levetiracetam

Levetiracetam

At a Glance Why Get Tested? To determine the concentration of levetiracetam in the blood to establish an individualized dose; to detect toxicity or verify that you are taking the medication as prescribed (compliance); to monitor during health changes that may affect drug clearance and/or kidney function When To Get Tested? Initially when establishing dosage; when indicated to detect low or excessive (potentially toxic) concentrations; when you have decreased kidney function; sometimes to verify compliance Sample Required? A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm, typically just before your next dose Test Preparation Needed? None Looking for Test Results? Looking for Reference Ranges? What is being tested? Levetiracetam is a drug that is used to treat certain seizure disorders ( epilepsy) such as: juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, complex partial seizures, myoclonic seizures, refractory seizures, secondarily generalized seizures, simple partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures. The drug is prescribed as a secondary (adjunctive) treatment in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. This test measures the amount of ... See More Common Questions How is it used? When is it ordered? What does the test result mean? Is there anything else I should know? How long will I need to be on levetiracetam? See More Common Questions Related Content On This Site Tests: Valproic Acid, Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Emergency and Overdose Drug Testing Conditions: Epilepsy Elsewhere On The Web Medline Plus Drug Information: Levetiracetam Epilepsy Foundation: About Epilepsy, The Basics Epilepsy Foundation: Seizure and Epilepsy Medicines Family Doctor.org: Epilepsy American Epilepsy Foundation: About Epilepsy View Sources See More

D41803

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/cougar

cougar

cougar [ koo -ger]Spell Syllables Examples Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.comnoun, plural cougars ( especially collectively) cougar.1. Also called mountain lion, panther, puma. a large, tawny cat, Felis concolor, of North and South America: now greatly reduced in number and endangered in some areas.2. Informal. an older woman who seeks sexual relationships with much younger men: He's in his twenties, but he prefers cougars in their forties and fifties to young women his own age. Origin of cougar Expand French Guarani1765-17751765-75; < French couguar (Buffon) < New Latincuguacu ara, apparently a misrepresentation of Guaraniguaçu ara Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source Examples from the Web for cougar Expand Contemporary Examples First they labeled me the “girlfriend,” then I was the “ cougar girlfriend.”Exclusive: Michael Phelps’s Intersex Self-Proclaimed Girlfriend, Taylor Lianne Chandler, Tells All Aurora Snow November 26, 2014She cut her teeth first directing episodes of cougar Town, about 10 in all. Courteney Cox Gets Personal About Her Directorial Debut, ‘Just Before I Go’Kevin Fallon April 29, 2014Courtney Cox is the model every sitcom star prays works out for them with the cable success of cougar Town. Our Pop Culture Wish List for 2014Kevin Fallon December 30, 2013Despite the age difference, he seems to complement her perfectly, and you never get the sense that Imogene is a “ cougar .”Kristen Wiig on ‘Girl Most Likely’ and Why She Nixed ‘Bridesmaids 2’Marlow Stern July 18, 2013Harry has been focused on ' cougar ' websites for women seeking toyboys, The Sun says. Prince Harry Signs Pals Up To Cougar Dating Websites Tom Sykes November 14, 2012Historical Examples What between the blow of the cougar and the force of the fall, the big-horn was dead. Two Arrows William O. Stoddard Two Arrows wiped the blood of the cougar from the blade of his lance. Two Arrows William O. Stoddard But now the hounds were too quick, and in a trice they had the cougar surrounded. American Boy's Life of Theodore Roosevelt Edward Stratemeyer No cougar stalking its prey could have been more lithely wary. Oh, You Tex!William Macleod Raine Perhaps the coyotes were over there; or could it be a cougar or a bear? The Story of Wool Sara Ware Bassett British Dictionary definitions for cougar Expandcougar/ ˈkuːɡə /noun1. another name for puma2. ( US & Canadian, slang) a woman in her 30s or 40s who actively pursues casual sexual relationships with young men Word Origin C18: from French couguar, from Portuguese cuguardo, from Tupi suasuarana, literally: deerlike, from suasú deer + rana similar to Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © Harper Collins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Source Word Origin and History for cougar Expandn.1774, from French couguar, Buffon's adaption (influenced by jaguar) of a word the Portuguese picked up in Brazil as çuçuarana, perhaps from Tupi susuarana, from suasu "deer" + rana "false." Another proposed source is Guarani guaçu ara. Evidently the cedillas dropped off the word before Buffon got it. Slang sense of "older woman (35-plus) who seeks younger males as sex partners" is attested by 2002; said in some sources to have originated in Canada, probably from some reference to predatory feline nature. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Cite This Source Discover our greatest slideshows Six words that can ruin your...10 Of The Saddest Words (Or... The Oldest Words In The English...10 Words That Will Show Your Age Browse more topics on our blog What Is the Difference Between Discreet and Discrete? Learn the correct uses of these two commonly confused homophones. What Character Was Removed from the Alphabet? What mistaken pronunciation gave this character its name? Apostrophes 101This small mark has two primary uses: to signify possession or omitted letters. How Do I Get a Word into the Dictionary? People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it?

D1977026

http://phd.sonhs.miami.edu/

Simulation Hospital at the School of Nursing and Health Studies

Simulation Hospital at the School of Nursing and Health Studies Simulated Setting, Real-World Impact The UM SONHS Simulation Hospital takes education of healthcare professionals to a new level, with simulation training opportunities previously unmatched in scope and capacity. In this transformative facility, using a combination of high tech mannequins, standardized patients, and actors, students will be challenged to respond to an individual who walks into the six-bed emergency department with, for example, neck pain, and while that patient is undergoing standard diagnostic procedures, a “trauma victim” who arrives in the ambulance bay is evaluated and rushed upstairs to one of the third floor’s four operating room suites for lifesaving surgery. Meanwhile, an “expectant mother” arrives and is admitted to the third floor labor and delivery suite; her “newborn infant” will be admitted to the nearby neonatal intensive care unit or newborn nursery, depending on its health status. Meanwhile, a combination of medical-surgical hospital rooms and an apartment (homecare) setting facilitate valuable lessons in palliative and hospice care.

D3073469

http://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/articles/2013/02/27/reasons-you-should-buy-a-franchise-and-reasons-you-shouldnt

Reasons You Should Buy a Franchise (and Reasons You Shouldnât)

(i Stock Photo)So you're thinking of buying a franchise? Chances are, if you've thought of striking out on your own and starting a business, somebody has suggested that you buy one. Odds are also good that someone you also know has urged you not to buy a franchise. For those who aren't familiar with the concept, here's a quick recap: Mc Donald's is a franchise, and so is Subway, Jiffy Lube, Supercuts—the list runs into the thousands. Almost any time you go into a store that you can find anywhere else in the country, you're in a franchise (although there are exceptions, like Starbucks and Barnes & Noble, both of which only have company-operated outlets). An individual can buy into the franchise, often spending hundreds of thousands of dollars to run a UPS Store, a Domino's Pizza, a Gymboree, and so on. The franchisee then pays an ongoing franchise royalty fee out of its sales to the corporation, such as the Wendy's International headquarters, or the Ace Hardware Corporation. Whatever's left over, and hopefully it's a lot, the franchisee keeps. That sums up franchising in its most basic sense, and your friends and colleagues are all right. There are good reasons to buy a franchise—and good reasons not to. Here are the positives:1. You want to work for yourself. As Joel Libava, a franchise consultant who runs The Franchise King.com, says, "Becoming a franchise owner is a great way to avoid ever having to deal with a tough job market ever again." [See The 25 Best Jobs of 2013 . ]But it isn't utopia in the franchise world. You'll have the franchisor's corporate headquarters to deal with—the mothership, if you will. This isn't a relationship that will likely work for someone who is completely headstrong and independent. For instance, if you own a Mc Donald's, while you can do things like hire and fire employees, you can't paint the golden arches purple. But that's a good thing. You don't buy a franchise because you want to change it. You buy it because it's a tried-and-tested business model.2. You're excited about hard work. Many people buy a franchise expecting a "business in a box." The misconception is that you open the doors, customers will come, and it'll run itself. There's no guarantee that will happen, though, especially if the brand name isn't one that everyone is intimately familiar with. "You need to be motivated and willing to put time and energy into your franchised business, to make your investment pay off, and you must follow the franchisor's system down to the letter," says Cheryl Babcock, director of the International Institute for Franchise Education at Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Many people get an adrenaline rush from running a business, and if that's how you roll, consider buying a franchise.3. You don't want to take too much of a risk. The advantages of going into franchising, says Babcock, are that you have the "experience of the franchisor and the system's established franchisees who can guide and support you. "She says a good franchisor will offer ongoing training and support; nobody's going to hand you the keys and expect you to magically understand how a Jiffy Lube is run. Another plus, she says, is the "buying power and efficiencies of scale in the franchise system. The franchisor can negotiate lower prices for the products and services you need to run your business. "Buying a franchise also comes with some negatives that anyone looking to jump in would be foolish not to consider:1. It is expensive. You might have some great experience in managing a business, but unless you have deep pockets or stellar credit and can get business loans (or perhaps a wealthy partner who can pony up the cash while you do the rest of the work), buying a franchise is next to impossible. In 2004, Robert Saunders and with wife, Tinamarie, now 56 and 47, bought a UPS Store in Long Beach, Calif., while they were both still employed at Southern California Edison, where they continued to work while their staff kept their business humming; during the weekends, evenings, and vacation time, they worked on their UPS business. Because they didn't have the money outright to buy the UPS Store, they took out a $150,000 Small Business Administration (SBA) loan to buy into the franchise. That still wasn't quite enough: They also had to borrow $50,000 from their house and 401 (k). [Read: Should You Save or Pay Off Debt? ]Their experience is typical. Franchises can cost as low as tens of thousands of dollars to a little north of a million, which is what anyone buying a Mc Donald's can expect to pay, or even more (a Denny's will cost you $2 million). Why are these businesses so expensive? You're paying for everything from leasing commercial property to buying inventory and equipment to paying the one-time franchise fee, which gives you permission to use the franchisor's signage and logo. For comparison's sake, Subway's franchise fee is $15,000. Mr. Rooter, the plumbing service, has a $29,500 franchise fee. You'll also pay the corporate office an ongoing royalty fee every year, which is essentially a percentage of your business's sales, and you may have to contribute to a marketing fund.2. It may be less risky than starting your own business, but it is still a risk. The UPS Store is a strong brand, but the recent recession was strong, too, and when the economy cracked several years ago, the Saunders' store couldn't withstand it. "Customers who had been doing next-day air packages, which had a better profit margin, began saying, 'Well, it doesn't need to get there tomorrow. It can get there in three or four days,'" recalls Robert Saunders, adding that small businesses that rented mailboxes from them began shutting down as well. "That was our bread and butter," he says. In 2009, they closed their business, five years in the middle of a 10-year contract. After UPS adhered to its formula for franchisees breaking contracts, the couple wound up paying a fee of $23,000 to their franchisor. [See 10 Golden Parachutes That Will Make Your Head Spin . ]But it's not all gloom and doom. Robert Saunders, who retired from Edison in 2011, still speaks well of the UPS Store, and being a franchisee gave him an idea for the business he and his wife started in 2010: College Storage & Student Services, which stores belongings for college students who can't take their furniture and belongings with them back home and can't leave them in the dorm or their apartment over the summer. "We saw a lot of college students coming into the UPS Store, needing to ship things and being stressed out," he says. So owning a franchise helped them, and it hurt them. The Saunderses, in fact, won't forget their experiences any time soon. Four years after closing their UPS Store and nine years after opening it, they are still paying off their SBA loan. Tags: personal finance, small business, entrepreneurship Geoff Williams has been a contributor to U. S. News since 2013. He has been a freelance journalist for over 20 years, specializing in personal finance and sma ... full bio »Recommended Articles7 Ways to Make Money Online Geoff Williams | April 10, 2018Learn how to rake in extra cash with a few taps on your touch screen. How to File a Tax Extension Susannah Snider | April 10, 2018An extension increases your time to file, but it doesn't give you extra time to pay your taxes. Get the Most Value Out of Movie Pass Trent Hamm | April 10, 2018This subscription service for moviegoers can provide cheap entertainment for frugal-minded film buffs. When Will My Tax Refund Arrive? Jim Wang, Susannah Snider | April 9, 2018How to determine when to expect your refund. What Is Mortgage Insurance? A PMI Primer Megan Nye | April 9, 2018Lenders may require a mortgage insurance premium if you put down less than 20 percent. How to Get the Biggest Tax Refund Lisa Greene-Lewis | April 6, 2018Take advantage of these often missed tax deductions and credits to get more money back in your pocket. Save More on Taxes with Itemized Deductions Lisa Greene-Lewis | April 6, 2018Filers often take the easy road, opting for the standard tax deduction instead of itemized deductions. Don't Be Excited About a Big Refund Abby Hayes | April 6, 2018A fat check back from Uncle Sam is not something to celebrate.10 Ways You're Vulnerable to Fraud Maryalene La Ponsie | April 5, 2018Don't succumb to common missteps. Protect yourself with these expert-backed strategies. When to Worry If Your Refund Is Delayed Molly Mc Cluskey | April 5, 2018If you've been waiting and waiting on a check from Uncle Sam, don't always assume the worst. Load More

D2951578

http://coffeetea.about.com/od/advancedtisanes/a/Ginger.htm

Cooking With Ginger

Jim Franco/The Image Bank/Getty Images In cooking, ginger refers to the flavorful, aromatic root of the ginger plant ( Zingiber officinale ). Ginger is commonly used as an herbal tea and included in baked sweets and savory Chinese dishes. In addition to providing a zesty flavor, ginger is thought to offer many health benefits. Fresh Ginger & Other Types of Ginger Root Ginger root can be bought and used in many forms, including fresh ginger root, dried ginger root, powdered ginger and crystallized / candied ginger. Compare the appearances of powdered, crystallized and fresh ginger with this image. Fresh ginger root tends to provide the most flavor and is commonly used for ginger "tea" and other ginger drinks, as well as in many Chinese dishes. You can also freeze fresh ginger to save time in the kitchen. Ginger Health Benefits Many people are drawn to ginger not only for its pungent flavor but also for its health benefits. Historically, ginger has been used for various ailments, especially gastrointestinal issues. Here's more information on specific health benefits and medicinal uses of ginger: Ginger as Alternative Medicine Ginger for Nausea How Ginger Benefits Inflammatory Bowel Disease How Ginger Benefits Arthritis Ginger for Morning Sickness Ginger "Tea" Recipes More accurately known as a ginger infusion or ginger decoction, ginger tea is one of the most popular ways of consuming ginger for health or for enjoyment. These are some favorite recipes for homemade ginger tea: Homemade Ginger Tea Recipe : This healing ginger tea recipe comes from a raw food and natural health retreat center in Thailand. Lemongrass-Ginger Iced Tea Recipe : This is a ginger and lemongrass pairing combined with the earthy taste of black tea. More Ginger Drink Recipes Beyond ginger tea, popular ginger drinks include ginger ale, ginger beer, ginger juice and ginger cocktails. Below, you'll find some of the top ginger drink recipes. Unless otherwise notes, these recipes are made with fresh ginger root. How to Make Ginger Juice : In addition to marinades, ginger juice is also used to lend flavor to sauces. Macrobiotic Ginger Drink Recipe : This drink recipe is a variation on African ginger beer. Qishr / Ginger Coffee Recipe : Qishr is a traditional Yemeni hot drink customarily made with spiced coffee husks, ginger, and sometimes cinnamon. Iced Ginger Yerba Mate Recipe : This iced lemon drink is made with cold-brewed yerba mate, lemon juice, and honey. Lemon-Ginger Drink : This concentrate makes a tasty, thirst-quenching drink. Spicy Ginger Lemonade Recipe : Use this to whip up a quick pitcher of lemonade, flavor cocktails or iced tea, or to drizzle over cakes or fresh fruit. Homemade Fresh Ginger Ale Recipe : Homemade ginger simple syrup is mixed with club soda to make fresh ginger ale. Ginger Beer Fizz Recipe: Made with ginger beer and fresh ginger, as well as actual beer. Hennessey Ginger Tea Cocktail Recipe : The tea is an inviting mix of some good Cognac, fresh green tea, mint, and ginger. Ginger Snap Martini Recipe : Grey Goose La Poire Vodka is paired with molasses, fresh ginger, cinnamon, cloves, and allspice. Jameson & Ginger Cocktail Recipe : A fine Irish whiskey is mixed with ginger ale to create a tall, refreshing drink. Ginger Mist Cocktail: Made with ginger preserves and sugared ginger. Lemongrass-Ginger Tequila Recipe : A Tequini with a twist. Ginger-Coffee Cocktail Recipe : This spicy, strong masala chai vodka makes a terrific base for creamy cocktails. Sweet Ginger Recipes From gingersnap cookies to ginger ice cream to ginger simple syrup, there are many ways ginger can be incorporated into sweet foods and sauces. Vanilla-Ginger Simple Syrup Recipe : This is a fantastic flavor-infused simple syrup and can be added to cocktails. Candied Ginger Recipe : Crystallized or candied ginger is easy to make at home. Pomegranate-Ginger Sauce Recipe : This versatile pomegranate ginger sauce recipe is an excellent addition to roasted poultry and grilled seafood dishes. Ginger Ice Cream Recipe: A growing favorite at western Chinese restaurants. Chocolate-Ginger Cookies: Decorate these traditional cookies with colored sugar, sprinkles or icing. Lemon-Ginger Cookies Recipe : A vintage recipe for molasses cookies with cinnamon and ginger and cloves. Gingerbread Recipe: Made with crystallized ginger. Savory Ginger Recipes While ginger is delicious in sweets, it also shines in traditional and contemporary savory dishes. These ginger recipes cross cultures and culinary preferences to showcase the unique flavor of ginger: Ginger-Scallion Oil Recipe : A nice accompaniment to cold poached chicken or many types of fish. Chinese Ginger Sauce : A nice dipping sauce for shrimp balls or potstickers. Ginger Beef Recipe: Here's your Chinese take-out staple. Coconut-Ginger Mussels Recipe : Fresh mussels are steamed in white wine and simmered in a basil-coconut sauce. Ginger Shrimp Recipe: Shrimp are marinated in a puree of onion and ginger before grilling or broiling. Sesame-Ginger Baked Tofu Recipe : Inspired by the flavors of Asia. Carrot-Ginger Soup Recipe : Almonds add as much flavor and texture to this soup. Gari / Pickled Ginger Recipe: While pickled ginger tastes fairly sweet, it is usually used to accompany savory sushi and sashimi dishes.

D1617860

http://www.sparknotes.com/mindhut/2012/06/19/the-5-most-expensive-comic-books-ever-sold

The 5 Most Expensive Comic Books Ever Sold

comics1 1The 5 Most Expensive Comic Books Ever Sold By Eric Garneau June 19, 2012Share!Recommend this on Facebook Share on Tumblr Share on Twitter If you're planning on putting yourself through college based on the strength of your comic book collection, you've got a little rethinking to do. Comics just aren't a great monetary investment; for the average book you pick up, its resale value drops to somewhere between a dollar and a nickel if you want to unload it on the next guy. Their value, of course, lies in their stories; you buy comics because they're awesome to read, not because they'll make you rich. But, of course, there are exceptions. Some comics—old, important ones especially—are like their own little money fountain. We've compiled a list of the five most valuable comics out there, as well as the highest prices they've sold for. Why the difference? Well, because as with anything else, values are somewhat theoretical, based on what people are actually willing to pay for something when it goes up for sale—and a lot of these old guys don't go on sale very often. Furthermore, when it comes to collecting comics, condition is important, and a lot of the classic books don't pop up in anything close to mint condition, although a leading online price guide from which we've obtained these values pretends that somewhere out there 9.4-condition copies of all these books (on a 10.0 scale) exist.1. Action Comics #1 (released June 1938; price guide value: $4.3 mil for a 9.4; highest sale on record: $2.16 mil for a 9.0 copy) For anyone who follows comics, this is no surprise. Action Comics #1 is the granddaddy of them all—the first superhero comic, the first American comic of all-original material (up to that point comics had been mostly reprints of Sunday funnies), the introductions of Superman, perennial love interest Lois Lane, and also DC Comics magician Zatara… this is big stuff. No wonder people pay millions for it. Collectors beware: LOTS of less-valuable (though not necessarily worthless) reprints of this book exist, so if you think you've got an Action #1 on your hands, CHECK ITS AUTHENTICITY.2. Detective Comics #27 (released May 1939; price guide value: $4.23 mil for a 9.4; highest sale on record: 1.07 mil for a 8.0 copy) Right on Superman's heels is Detective Comics #27, the debut of the Caped Crusader, Batman, as well as his crime-fighting ally Commissioner Gordon. It seems that Superman and Batman are not just the yin and yang of the DC Universe, but of comic book value as well.3. Superman #1 (released summer 1939; price guide value: $747k for a 9.4; highest sale on record: $250k for a 7.5 copy) This is a little confusing, right? Even though Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 in June 1938, he didn't get a book with his name on it until a year later. By then the comic-reading public was smitten with Superman, and every publisher wanted their own version of the hero, but DC's (at the time called National) was still selling the most popular one. Still, this book is pretty clearly just a cash-grab; it reprints the Superman stories from Action Comics #1-4 with only a few pages of new material to spice it up.4. Marvel Comics #1 (released October 1939; price guide value: $557k for a 9.4; highest sale on record: $367k, condition unverified) For all you DC haters, it must be nice to see the OTHER major company on this list, right? This book marks the first appearance of the Human Torch (not the one on the Fantastic Four, but an earlier android version of the character) and also kicks off the Marvel Universe, though at the time the company that published it was called Timely. Characters like Namor and Captain America would soon follow, and eventually DC/National would have a big-time competitor.5. Batman #1 (released spring 1940; price guide value: $501k for a 9.4; highest sale on record: $315k for a 9.0 copy) Much as it took Superman a year to get a comic all to himself, Batman did the same. However, unlike Superman, Batman's first solo issue was mostly original material, and includes the first appearances of the Joker, Hugo Strange, and Catwoman (then called "The Cat"). Of all these comics, Batman #1 probably reads as the most modern (and technically it is, though it's still 62 years old); in fact, Christopher Nolan lifted part of its Joker plot for his 2008 film The Dark Knight. Share!Recommend this on Facebook Share on Tumblr Share on Twitter Tags: money, graphic novels, comics, books-and-comics, original comics, making money Geek Quiz: My Little Pony Quiz Geek Quiz: My Little Pony Quiz Dawnguard: New Add-On for Skyrim Dawnguard: New Add-On for Skyrim

D1369525

http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2586

.

Answer 1: This is one of the most important questions in biology since the cell is the smallest unit of life in either a plant or an animal and without it no living thing would survive. No matter what organism the cell comes from it has the same basic functions. Cells must be able to get nutrients from the environment, make new cells (reproduce) and use the nutrients to make energy for the organism they are a part of. There are many, many, many other things a cell can do in addition to there three things, for example, cells get rid of waste, send electrical signals to the brain, fight off disease, carry oxygen through the body and in the case of plants they make energy from sunlight. Although, the overall function of the cell is the same, there are some important differences between animal and plant cells. The first difference is that plant cells have an organelle called chloroplast. Chloroplasts contain a pigment called chlorophyll (which gives the plant its green color). Chlorophyll is able to capture the energy from the sun. In doing this a series of chemical reactions occur that convert the suns energy into ATP (energy for the plant). The second main difference is in the structure of the cell itself. Animal cells are smaller than plant cells and have a membrane around them that is flexible and allows molecules, gases and nutrients to pass into the cell. Plant cells are larger and in addition to a membrane they have a rigid cell wall. The cell wall does not let any material pass so instead the plants cells must have tiny openings between cells like doors between rooms in your house. These "doors" are called plasmodesmata. The plant cell wall provides protection to the plant cell just like the animal cell does. Here is a really nice table I found on line that lists similarities and differences between the two. In case your curiosity gets the best of you.table 1

D1046684

http://study.com/academy/lesson/social-interactions-definition-types-quiz.html

Social Interactions: Definition & Types

Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds Add to Timeline Autoplay 198K views Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days!Create An Account Recommended Lessons and Courses for You Related Lessons Related Courses Social Interaction Theory, Social Roles & the Presentation of Self Self-Expression: Definition & Examples Social Processes: Cooperation, Competition & Conflict Social Interaction Theory: Ascribed, Achieved & Master Status Lesson Transcript Instructor: Kimberly Moffitt Kimberly has taught college Sociology and Criminal Justice classes and has a Master's Degree in Criminal Justice. Social interactions are the processes by which we act and react to those around us. Let's examine the different types of social interactions and test your knowledge with a quiz. Social Interaction Erving Goffman was a sociologist who created a new field of study called microsociology, or social interaction. Social interaction is the process by which we act and react to those around us. In a nutshell, social interaction includes those acts people perform toward each other and the responses they give in return. Having a quick conversation with a friend seems relatively trivial. Goffman argued that these seemingly insignificant forms of social interaction are of major importance in sociology and should not be overlooked. Social interactions include a large number of behaviors, so many that in sociology, interaction is usually divided into five categories. These are: exchange, competition, cooperation, conflict and coercion. Let's examine these five types with a bit more detail. Exchange Exchange is the most basic type of social interaction. Whenever people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, an exchange has taken place. Exchange is a social process whereby social behavior is exchanged for some type of reward for equal or greater value. The reward can be material (a paycheck at a job) or nonmaterial (a 'thank you' from your coworker). Exchange theorists argue that behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated; however, when the costs of an interaction outweigh the rewards, individuals are likely to end the relationship. Competition Competition is a process by which two or more people attempt to achieve a goal that only one can attain. Competition is a common feature of Western societies and the cornerstone of the capitalist economic system and the democratic form of government. Most sociologists view competition as a positive thing - one that can motivate people to achieve goals. However, competition can also lead to psychological stress, a lack of cooperation in social relationships, inequality and even conflict. Cooperation Cooperation is the process in which people work together to achieve shared goals. Cooperation is a social process that gets things done; no group can complete its tasks or achieve its goals without cooperation from its members. Oftentimes, cooperation works together with other forms of interaction, such as competition. In a baseball game, for example, a team will work together (cooperation) while attempting to achieve a victory (a goal that only one team can attain). To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student I am a teacher

D2894637

http://incrcc.org/

Incarnation Parish

Incarnation Parish1 2 3 4Previous Next

D2997296

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/distribution.html

distribution

distribution Definitions (3)Related Terms1. Commerce: The movement of goods and services from the source through a distribution channel, right up to the final customer, consumer, or user, and the movement of payment in the opposite direction, right up to the original producer or supplier.2. Securities: Payment of principal, interest, or dividend by the issuer of a security to the security holders, on a regular (typically monthly or quarterly) basis.3. Statistics: An order or pattern formed by the tendency of a sufficiently large number of observations to group themselves around a central value. The familiar bell-shaped curve is an example of normal distribution in which the largest number of observations are distributed in the center, with progressively fewer observations falling evenly on the either side of the center (average) line. See also frequency distribution, normal distribution, and standard distribution.12b-1 fee Free BSDasset-ledepidemiologyasset-led marke...logistics inter... Roth IRAfour P's of mar...depotpublisherindependent age...horizontal expa...non-governmenta... Use 'distribution' in a Sentence You need to try and have an even distribution of work put out to your employees so they all can work the same amount.18 people found this helpful I was in charge of distribution and would have to give all the things out to other people, which made me really happy.16 people found this helpful You need to have a great distribution team on hand so that your product gets to its customers on time always.14 people found this helpful Show More Examples You Also Might Like... Lea Nathan The 10 Steps of the Procurement Cycle Management in any company must understand the art of obtaining products and services. The procurement cycle follows specific steps for identifying a requirement or need of the company through the final step of the award of the product or contract. ... Ryan May5 Steps to Developing an Innovative Solution to a ... Leo Sun6 Principles of Needs Analysis Ravinder Kapur How to Use Factoring for Cash Flow One of the biggest challenges that an entrepreneur faces is the management of cash flows. It is never easy to accurately predict when your customers will pay. On the other hand, there are often payments to be made that are difficult to anticipate. ... Adam Colgate How to Make Money in Globalization

D3210803

https://recipes.sparkpeople.com/recipe-calories.asp?recipe=279458

Calories in White Chocolate Raspberry Cake

Nutrition Facts Servings Per Recipe: 16Serving Size: 1 serving Amount Per Serving Calories 521.4Total Fat 15.3 g Saturated Fat 7.5 g Polyunsaturated Fat 1.9 g Monounsaturated Fat 5.0 g Cholesterol 71.1 mg Sodium 240.3 mg Potassium 86.7 mg Total Carbohydrate 58.2 g Dietary Fiber 0.6 g Sugars 48.1 g Protein 3.4 g Vitamin A 9.9 %Vitamin B-12 3.8 %Vitamin B-6 1.6 %Vitamin C 2.1 %Vitamin D 3.4 %Vitamin E 4.8 %Calcium 9.3 %Copper 1.7 %Folate 9.1 %Iron 3.6 %Magnesium 2.0 %Manganese 5.5 %Niacin 2.1 %Pantothenic Acid 3.0 %Phosphorus 14.8 %Riboflavin 9.1 %Selenium 9.1 %Thiamin 6.1 %Zinc 2.3 %*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs. Calories in White Chocolate Raspberry Cake View the full White Chocolate Raspberry Cake Recipe & Instructions Submitted by: KRAVMAGAGIRLTAGS: Desserts | Birthday | Birthday Desserts |Other | Other Desserts | Dessert | Desserts Dessert|Calories per Ingredient Here are the foods from our food nutrition database that were used for the nutrition calculations of this recipe. Calories per serving of White Chocolate Raspberry Cake 134 calories of Cake, white, (0.06 package (18.50 oz)) 103 calories of Powdered Sugar, (0.22 cup, unsifted) 57 calories of White Chocolate (for baking), (0.38 oz) 57 calories of White Chocolate (for baking), (0.38 oz) 49 calories of Butter, unsalted, (0.03 cup) 33 calories of Butter, unsalted, (0.02 cup) 29 calories of White Chocolate (for baking), (0.19 oz) 20 calories of Polaner All Fruit Raspberry Jam, (0.50 tbsp) 16 calories of Heavy Whipping Cream, (0.02 cup, fluid (yields 2 cups whipped)) 14 calories of Egg, fresh, whole, raw, (0.19 large) 8 calories of Milk, 2%, with added nonfat milk solids, without added vit A, (0.06 cup) 2 calories of Raspberries, (0.03 cup) 1 calories of Vanilla Extract, (0.06 tsp) 0 calories of Vanilla Extract, (0.03 tsp) 0 calories of Vanilla Extract, (0.03 tsp) 0 calories of Water, tap, (0.02 cup (8 fl oz))No nutrition or calorie comments found.

D2038868

http://www.meridenk12.org/Default.asp

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Welcome to the Meriden Public Schools Welcome to the official website of the Meriden, Connecticut Public Schools and the City of Meriden Board of Education. Parents, family members, students, staff and the public can use this site as an informative online resource for information on each of our schools, specific departments of the BOE, and other valuable resources. Edutopia's Schools that Work Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. View all videos

D2979670

http://www.edgecombecountync.gov/departments/sheriff/detective_division.php

Detective Division

Detective Division The Detective Division includes Criminal/Juvenile Detectives and Narcotics Detectives. This division consist of eleven deputies which includes a Lieutenant that oversees the daily operations of the Detective Division. These detectives investigate and make arrests in many areas such as homicides, suicides, sex offenses, robberies, arson and fraud. They also recover stolen property, testify in court and assist in court preparation. The Juvenile Detectives investigate all types of child abuse whether it is physical or sexual. They investigate criminal activity committed by juveniles as well as crimes committed against juveniles. The Narcotics Detectives are responsible for investigating and prosecuting those persons that violate the laws in regard to illegal drugs. Through mutual aid agreements, they are assisted and assist neighboring agencies, and state and federal agencies in the fight against drugs.

D1224088

https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/06/t-mobile-is-giving-every-customer-a-share-of-its-stock/

T-Mobile is giving every customer a share of its stock

An error occurred with this part of the page, sorry for the inconvenience. T-Mobile is giving every customer a share of its stock Jun 6, 2016 Fitz Tepper T-Mobile had another of its un-carrier events today, which now have so many regular giveaways they are starting to look like an episode of Oprah. First, the company announced that every current T-M... How ad-free subscriptions could save Facebook5 hours ago Josh Constine At the core of Facebook’s “well-being” problem is that its business is directly coupled with total time spent on its apps. The more hours you pass on the social network, the more ... Developing Story Zuckerberg testifies at congressional hearings Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg is testifying at two congressional hearings on Tuesday and Wednesday. Let’s see how Zuckerberg responds to Facebook’s multiple privacy controversies.11:50a Senate will ‘haul in’ Cambridge Analytica for future hearing9:56a Watch Zuckerberg’s Senate testimony live right here Apr 9 1:59p What Zuckerberg’s congressional testimony doesn’t say Apr 9 9:03a This is Mark Zuckerberg’s prepared statement for Congress How Facebook has reacted since the data misuse scandal broke5 hours ago Natasha Lomas Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg will be questioned by US lawmakers today about the “use and abuse of data” — following weeks of breaking news about a data misuse scandal dating b... A literal Russian troll is lurking at the Zuckerberg hearing5 hours ago Taylor Hatmaker Today at Mark Zuckerberg’s first of two hearings with Congress, the meme maker formerly known as the Monopoly Man made a surprise cameo in troll form to troll the Facebook founder. Spotted at... Fed up with Facebook, activists find new ways to defend their movements5 hours ago Malkia Cyril Malkia Cyril Contributor Share on Twitter Malkia Cyril is founder and executive director of the Center for Media Justice (CMJ) and co-founder of the Media Action Grassroots Network. In the wake of ... Go find out now if Cambridge Analytica had access to your data6 hours ago Brian Heater Facebook promised it would alert users yesterday who were impacted by the whole Cambridge Analytica mess. No doubt you’ve been waiting on that information since the whole thing crossed your radar. ... Uber suffers further setback from Europe’s top court6 hours ago Romain Dillet This isn’t really surprising if you’ve been following Uber’s legal woes. But the Court of Justice of the European Union has confirmed to Uber France that Uber is operating a transportation company.... A new app called Garden helps you stay in touch with friends and family without Facebook6 hours ago Sarah Perez Facebook has become the de facto way people today keep up with their friends and family and, at times, their wider network of professional acquaintances and colleagues. But its inattention to user ... Instagram traps data without a Download Your Information tool6 hours ago Josh Constine It’s hard to #Delete Facebook with no viable alternative, but at least you can export all your data. There’s no such option on Instagram . That lack of data portability puts users at the... Twitter endorses the Honest Ads Act, a bill promoting political ad transparency6 hours ago Taylor Hatmaker Just hours before social media companies face a regulatory reckoning with Facebook’s appearance on the Hill, Twitter is taking a step to get right with Congress. In a series of tweets from it... Security shop Carbon Black files to go public6 hours ago Alex Wilhelm Today Carbon Black filed to go public, publishing its S-1 document with a $100 million IPO figure as a placeholder. Today we’ll take a quick peek at the filing, which joins a number of other techno... The Chasing Grace Project chronicles the joys and challenges of being a woman in tech6 hours ago Frederic Lardinois It’s Equal Pay Day today, marking the date women had to work full-time this year to match what men made working full-time last year. The actual date is mostly symbolic, and while it’s b... DFS Lab is helping the developing world bootstrap itself with fintech7 hours ago Devin Coldewey Entrepreneurs have it rough in Africa, India, Pakistan — places where VC cash doesn’t fall from the sky and necessary infrastructure like reliable banking and broadband can be hard to come by... Uber’s new driver app identifies areas with the best fares7 hours ago Megan Rose Dickey Uber is rolling out a new app for drivers starting today. The hope with the redesign is to make it easier for drivers to access the information they need the most, while ensuring the app is not a d... Check out Spot Mini, Cassie and more at TC Sessions: Robotics May 11 at UC Berkeley7 hours ago Brian Heater So far we’ve been telling you about all of the awesome humans we’re going to have at TC Sessions Robotics next month in Berkeley — humans like Boston Dynamics’ Mark Raibert, Playground’s Andy Rubin... Instagram rolls out Focus portrait mode for videos and photos8 hours ago Josh Constine Instagram is one-upping Apple with a portrait mode feature that runs on a wider variety of phones and works with video, not just photos. Last month, Tech Crunch reported about a Focus feature buried...b8ta unveils Shopify-like solution for retail stores8 hours ago Megan Rose Dickeyb8ta, the store founded by Nest alums to sell trendy gadgets, is entering new territory. Today, the startup is launching “Built by b8ta,” which functions as a retail-as-a-service platfo... Coin Tracker raises $1.5M to make tracking crypto investments easy for anyone8 hours ago Jon Russell It’s April, that means tax returns for people in the U. S. very soon. Given the breakout year that crypto had in 2017 — despite prices cooling down in recent months — and well-inte...

D3325251

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/symplast

Definition of symplast in US English:

Home North American English symplast Definition of symplast in US English:symplastnoun Botany A continuous network of interconnected plant cell protoplasts. Example sentences Origin1930s: from German Symplast. Pronunciationsymplast/ˈsimplast/

D1227388

https://www.quora.com/What-does-thus-always-to-tyrants-mean

What does "thus always to tyrants" mean?

Tyrants History of the United States of America History What does "thus always to tyrants" mean?1 Answer Mendel Cooper, studied at School of Hard Knocks Answered Dec 13, 2014 · Author has 1.6k answers and 1.4m answer views Sic semper tyrannis401 Views · View Upvoterspromoted by Truth Finder Have you ever googled yourself? Do a “deep search” instead. This new site reveals so much more. Enter a name and state to begin. Learn More at truthfinder.com Related Questions What is the meaning of the popular expression "rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God"? How does it feel to be led by a tyrant? What do "tyrants" dislike? How do tyrants become tyrants? How could a person that is like a tyrant become an US General? I want to be a tyrant. What can I do to become one? What are tyrants? Was George III a tyrant? Is a tyrant a type of king? What pattern is Tyrant? What is different between a tyrant and a victim? What are some things Napoleon did that prove he was a tyrant? Is the full form of sir really “Slave I Remain”? Was Momar Qadaffi a tyrant or just misunderstood? What are antonyms of "tyrant"? Ask New Question Related Questions What is the meaning of the popular expression "rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God"? How does it feel to be led by a tyrant? What do "tyrants" dislike? How do tyrants become tyrants? How could a person that is like a tyrant become an US General? I want to be a tyrant. What can I do to become one? What are tyrants? Was George III a tyrant? Is a tyrant a type of king? What pattern is Tyrant? Ask New Question

D2349982

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObiEQdh72Us

Supertramp The Logical Song without Cofounder Roger Hodgson

Supertramp The Logical Song without Cofounder Roger Hodgsongoer4ever Subscribe 2.3KAdd to Share More2,907,690 views4,665543Published on Apr 22, 2010Supertramp performs The Logical Song without lead singer, songwriter Roger Hodgson. The Logical Song was written by Roger Hodgson who won the Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Composers and Songwriters for this song. Roger and Rick wrote separately and the songs they sung on the albums were the songs they wrote. Roger Hodgson is also known as the voice of Supertramp and the majority of songs Roger wrote like Dreamer, Breakfast in America, Give a Little Bit, Take the Long Way Home and so many others.. When Roger left the band Rick Davies got the rights to the name Supertramp and Roger Hodgson got his songs. Supertramp isn't touring anymore - although on a better note, singer-songwriter and co-founder of the band, Roger Hodgson is playing shows all over the world on his Breakfast in America Tour, backed by a talented and close-knit band! Fans haven't been happier to experience the magic and magnificence of the songs they grew up with, from the tunesmith that composed them from his very own heart and life experiences. And for Roger's latest concert schedule, go to his tour page to book your tickets and don't miss out -- http://www.rogerhodgson.com/documents... Roger sounds even better today. I feel he sings from his heart and soul and that touches me when I hear him sing. He has a way of sharing his music that I find profound and touching. Another artist who is similar is John Fogerty of Credence Clearwater Revival. I love to hear John sing his songs and there's no comparison for me when I hear the band Credence Clearwater Revisited sing John's songs. The bands Supertamp and Credence Clearwater Revisited just don't sound like the real deal. And many have commented you prefer hearing Roger sing his own songs and I would like to hear others thoughts on this. Please post your comments on this video. "The Roger Hodgson set list reads like a history of music." ~ Undercover Go to his repertoire/Song List page and check it out this great selection of audios and videos: http://rogerhodgson.com/documents/rep... In concert Roger also performs songs from his Open the Door and In the Eye of the Storm albums like In Jeopardy, Only Because of You, Along Came Mary and many more. You can buy directly from the artist and get his autographed CD's. Go to http://www.rogerhodgsonstore.com And here's some more great links: Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/rogerhodgson Twitter - http://twitter.com/Roger Hodgson Roger's official You Tube site: http://www.youtube.com/Roger Hodgson John Forgerty's Official Website: http://www.johnfogerty.com/Show more Loading...

D2499684

http://villains.wikia.com/wiki/Cthulhu_(Lovecraft)

Cthulhu (Lovecraft)

✔Evil-doer Full Name Cthulhu Alias High Priest of the Great Old Ones The Sleeper of R'lyeh The Great Dreamer The Slumbering One The Great Old One Origin Cthulhu Mythos Dream Cycle The Call of Cthulhu (1928)Occupation High Priest of the Great Old Ones Leader of the Star Spawn of Cthulhu Ruler of Earth (formerly)Powers/Skills Immortality Immense size Great strength Nigh-omniscience Flight Vast dark powers Magic Oneirokinesis Psychic abilities Telepathy Madness inducement Plasma manipulation Ability to create and command the Star Spawn Shapeshifting Reality-warping Higher dimensional manipulation Hobby Dreaming. Being worshipped. Goals Awaken from his slumber. Retake his world and resume his rule. Rule the universe alongside the Great Old Ones forever. Type of Villain Cataclysmic Dark Messiah“ Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn. (In his house at R'lyeh dead Cthulhu waits dreaming.) „~ H. P. Lovecraft, The Call of Cthulhu“ That is not dead which can eternal lie, And with strange aeons even death may die. „~ H. P. Lovecraft, Necronomicon“ [At the proper time,] the secret priests would take great Cthulhu from his tomb to revive His subjects and resume his rule of Earth. „~ Castro on Cthulhu. Cthulhu is a creation of the famed horror author H. P. Lovecraft, who serves as the titiular character and a major antagonist of his fictional universe, the Cthulhu Mythos , first appearing as the main antagonist in the 1928 story, The Call of Cthulhu . He is one of the primary Great Old Ones of Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos, a race of alien deities that are comparable to cosmic beings and archdemons in other works of fantasy. Cthulhu is infamously known for his grotesque appearance and gigantic size, as well as his ability to drive any human that gazes upon his form to insanity. While he is not the most powerful of Lovecraft's creations (dwarfed by Outer Gods like Yog-Sothoth and Azathoth ), he is easily the most famous, and his name has become associated with evil and Lovecraftian horror ever since the creature was first brought to public attention in the 1920s. Contents [ show]History Cthulhu was born on the planet Vhoorl, located in the 23rd nebula. He traveled to the star Zoth where he spawned his offspring. Along with his children and the Star Spawn of Cthulhu, Cthulhu travelled to Saturn and then to Earth. They landed on a continent in the Pacific Ocean and built the city, R'lyeh. Cthulhu received resistance from the Elder Things who also lived on the planet. They waged war for the planet Earth until a truce was made. Cthulhu then went into a deep hibernation within R'lyeh. Humanity then evolved on Earth and Cthulhu communicated with several through dreams, resulting in the Cult of Cthulhu. Disaster then struck R'lyeh, sinking it into the ocean. R'lyeh has risen from the ocean for brief amounts of time. However, it is fated that R'lyeh will rise from the ocean permanently and Cthulhu will retake the world. Appearance Cthulhu's appearance can change from story to story, but he is most often portrayed as a monster of vaguely humanoid shape with a squid-like face and wings. He is also considered terrifyingly large and apocalyptic, being the size of a mountain (or bigger in some accounts). Most descriptions of him stem from statuettes found in the possession of cult members; they are usually around a foot high and depict Cthulhu in a crouching position. Following Cthulhu is said to have a worldwide doomsday cult centered in Arabia, with followers stretching everywhere in the entire world. The supposedly immortal leaders of Cthulhu's cult are said to reside in the mountains of China. This cult is nihilistic in nature and seeks to awaken the Old Ones and bring about an apocalyptic age of darkness in which, according to some stories, men would be reduced to shouting and killing each other in fits of madness. Cthulhu is also worshipped by the horrific Deep Ones and the Mi-go, other alien beings in Lovecraft's world. Cthulhu also has numerous "star-spawn" at his disposal; these creatures seem to share his general appearance but are much smaller and less powerful, though the nature of the "star-spawn" and their relationship with Cthulhu is widely unknown. He Waits Dreaming... In most of the stories, Cthulhu lays dormant deep under the ocean within the sunken city of R'lyeh, but can still influence the world via many telepathic powers and, of course, his many cults and otherworldly minions. It is said that once Cthulhu is fully awakened, he shall rise from the depths and end the world; thankfully for humanity, Cthulhu has yet to do so. However, he came close in the 1920s when a group of sailors came across his sunken city of R'lyeh, which had been brought to the surface by the alignment of the stars. They opened up one of the strange buildings, only for Cthulhu to exit it and attack them. The creature only halted its attack when the sailors used their ship to cut him in half. As they sailed away, they could see Cthulhu reforming into a whole being again. The world would have ended then but for the fact that R'lyeh suddenly sunk as the stars moved out of position. The resulting powerful current not only dragged Cthulhu into the building he had been trapped in, but also closed the door behind him, thus trapping him yet again. R'lyeh R'lyeh“ The nightmare corpse-city of R'lyeh [...] was built in measureless eons behind history by the vast, loathsome shapes that seeped down from the dark stars. There lay great Cthulhu and his hordes, hidden in green slimy vaults [...] until the end. „~ H. P. Lovecraft, "The Call of Cthulhu". R'lyeh (pronounced /ˈɹu.li.a/ or /ɹɪl.ˈai.ɛ/) is a nightmarish supernatural city featured in the Cthulhu Mythos by author H. P. Lovecraft, which makes its first appearance in the 1928 short story " The Call of Cthulhu ". R'lyeh is also referred to in Lovecraft's " The Mound " as " Relex ". R'lyeh is a sunken city located deep under the Pacific Ocean and is where the godlike being Cthulhu of the immortal Great Old Ones is buried. R'lyeh's bizarre architecture is characterized by its non-Euclidean geometry. When R'lyeh rises in Lovecraft's short story " The Call of Cthulhu ", the only portion of the city that emerges is a single "hideous monolith-crowned citadel" in which Cthulhu is entombed. The human onlookers are awed by the sheer immensity of the city and by the frightening suggestion of the gargantuan statues and bas-reliefs. The city is a panorama of "vast angles and stone surfaces [...] too great to belong to anything right and proper for this earth, and impious with horrible images and disturbing hieroglyphs". The geometry of R'lyeh is "abnormal, non-Euclidean, and loathsomely redolent of spheres and dimensions apart from ours". In Lovecraft's stories, R'lyeh is sometimes referred to in the ritualistic phrase "Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn", which roughly translates to "In his house at R'lyeh, dead Cthulhu waits dreaming.". Lovecraft said that R'lyeh is located at 47°9'S 126°43'W in the southern Pacific Ocean. August Derleth, however, placed R'lyeh at 49°51'S 128°34'W in his own writings. Both locations are close to the Pacific oceanic pole of inaccessibility (48°52.6'S 123°23.6'W), the point in the ocean farthest from any land. Derleth's coordinates place the city approximately 5,100 nautical miles (5,900 statute miles or 9,500 kilometers), or about ten days journey for a fast ship, from the real island of Pohnpei (Ponape). Ponape also plays a part in the Cthulhu Mythos as the place where the "Ponape Scripture", a text describing Cthulhu, was found. Charles Stross's novella A Colder War implicitly locates R'lyeh in the Baltic sea, describing Cthulhu as being "scraped from a nest in the drowned wreckage of a city on the Baltic floor.". In Nick Mamatas' novel Move Under Ground, it is located off the coast of California. Powers and Abilities While not as powerful as many other Great Old Ones and being dwarfed in scale by the Outer Gods that he serves, Cthulhu is still a very powerful entity. Being near god-like to humans, Cthulhu is immortal and has great strength and can endure great amounts of damage and can only be killed by a near-omnipotent power. Using his wings, he is capable of true flight. He possesses vast intelligence and awareness, as he knows all that is occurring in the Universe at once and he has great psychic abilities as he can communicate telepathically. Arguably Cthulhu's most notable trait is the fact that he, alongside the rest of his kin, cannot be comprehended by humans; when a human so much as looks at Cthulhu, they will almost certainly be driven mad by his visage. Cthulhu was also able to create a city out of nowhere. Cthulhu's Family Tree Azathoth (great-great-grandfather)Yog-Sothoth (grandfather)Shub-Niggurath (grandmother)Nug (parent)Hastur (half-brother)Ghatanothoa (offspring)Ythogtha (offspring)Zoth-Ommog (offspring)Cthylla (offspring)T'ith (offspring)Kthanid (brother)Cthaeghya (half-sister)Hnarqu (Brother)Quotes“ Bunch together a group of people deliberately chosen for strong religious feelings, and you have a practical guarantee of dark morbidities expressed in crime, perversion, and insanity. „~ H. P. Lovecraft“ Children will always be afraid of the dark, and men with minds sensitive to hereditary impulse will always tremble at the thought of the hidden and fathomless worlds of strange life which may pulsate in the gulfs beyond the stars, or press hideously upon our own globe in unholy dimensions which only the dead and the moonstruck can glimpse. „~ H. P. Lovecraft“ The Thing cannot be described - there is no language for such abysms of shrieking and immemorial lunacy, such eldritch contradictions of all matter, force, and cosmic order. A mountain walked or stumbled. If I say that my somewhat extravagant imagination yielded simultaneous pictures of an octopus, a dragon, and a human caricature, I shall not be unfaithful to the spirit of the thing. A pulpy, tentacled head surmounted a grotesque and scaly body with rudimentary wings; but it was the general outline of the whole which made it most shockingly frightful.„~ H. P. Lovecraft, The Call of Cthulhu.“ When the stars were right, They could plunge from world to world through the sky; but when the stars were wrong, They could not live. „~ H. P. Lovecraft, The Call of Cthulhu. In other fiction Cthulhu has appeared in pop culture many times: In the online videogame Adventure Quest World, popularly known as AQ, Cthulhu is a major boss called a Chaos Beast, seemingly working for Chaos Lord Iadoa, under the name Kathool, while actually having ulterior motives, and wants the player to defeat him and Iadoa, so he can achieve his goals. In the Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy episode "Prank Call of Cthulhu", Cthulhu is literally called on a telephone by Billy, and uses him to start sending prank calls to people that turn them into squid monsters. He is seen playing miniature golf. He appeared in the Real Ghostbusters episode "The Collect Call of Cathulhu" as " Cathulhu ". He was parodied in World of Warcraft as C'thun . Leela goes on a date with it at the start of Futurama comics #58 story Dummy up which ends in him fighting with Bender and deleting his sense of humor. In the videogame Castlevania: Symphony of the Night, Cthulhu is the name of a minor enemy with a strong fire breath attack and he is seen at the bottom of the Marble Gallery and again in various parts of the Inverted Castle. However, due to localization misplacing, this enemy is originally "Devil" in the Japanese release of the game while the enemy "Malachi" is the representation of the actual Cthulhu. Due to both monsters being minor henchmen for Dracula, technically Cthulhu does not qualify as a Castlevania villain . One of the heavy metal band Metallica's popular songs in their album Ride the Lightning was a song called "Call of Ktulu," obviously referencing the beast. The named is intentionally misspelled due to the belief that if anyone says Cthulhu's name verbally, he will come closer to you. Another song by Metallica that is inspired by Cthulhu is "The Thing That Should Not Be" from their album Master of Puppets . Cthulhu shows up in Aoi House. Two characters in the 2012 horror film, The Cabin in the Woods, pays a homage on Cthulhu: the Ancient Ones, which are direct homage to him, especially being ancient deities and another one of the monsters bears a striking resemblance to him, as seen in the behind the scenes. Cthulhu will appear in a future Rick and Morty episode considering that Rick, Morty, and Summer fly away from it holding a baby Cthulhu during the opening credits. Cthulhu was the main protagonist in the Indie RPG "Cthulhu Saves The World", where he must do a great deed to get his godly powers once again. Cthulhu in The Simpsons He has mad repeated appearances in The Nostalgia Critic 's reviews. see Cthulhu (TGWTG). When Bart Simpson rides his skateboard across Springfield, Cthulhu picks him up on its tentacles in the opening scene for the episode Treehouse of Horror XXIV, It then makes a background cameo at Krustyland in Halloween of Horror. It is also the main antagonist from the story Cthulhu? Gesundheit! which is featured in a comic book The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror #19 . In the South Park Coon and Friends three part episode, Eric Cartman manages to tame Cthulhu after he escapes from his universe, he then uses him to do his bidding, first banishing his friends to the Netherworld, then killing people he doesn't like including Jewish people, hippies, and Justin Bieber among others, he is eventually defeated by Bradley Biggle as Mint Berry Crunch who was initially thought to be the most useless member of their superhero team, who then banishes him back to his dimension. In Magicka DLC called The Stars Are Left, Cthulhu appears as the final boss. Though his portrayal in the game depicted him to be smaller than his original counterpart whom depicted begin larger, otherwise having equal size with mountains but remain larger than the protagonists (this Cthulhu portrayed with height around 10 meters tall). He can summon minions includes Deep Ones and Dagon in battle, summoning squid-like tentacles as means to attack in distance, conjures deadly Pink Ball Of Death which slow but highly devastating and destructive, and able to suck in everything in front of him with his mouth. Gallery Images A personal sketch of Cthulhu made by H. P. Lovecraft himself in 1934. The Great Old One Cthulhu Cthulhu in his house in R'lyeh Cthulhu retakes the world Arlyeh, the name of the island city of R'lyeh. A map of R'lyeh in the South Pacific as described in the Cthulhu Mythos. R'lyeh as seen in the graphic novel by John Coulthart. The city of R'lyeh. Cthulhu has he appears in Russell's guide Cthulhu as he appears in 2005 film adaptation of The Call of Cthulhu. Videos The Adventures of Lil Cthulhu In this kids themed short cartoon, Cthulhu is the hero of the story. The Call of Ktulu - Metallica Trivia Cthulhu is the most famous of all of Lovecraft's creations, so much so that the entire mythos is named after him. H. P. Lovecraft based Cthulhu off of his fear of water. Despite being the titular character of the Cthulhu Mythos, Cthulhu is not the main antagonist. That title goes to a far more powerful and far more evil deity . External links Wikipedia . H. P. Lovecraft Wiki . FCB Wiki . 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