,DOI,journal,abstract,label_journal,label_manual
30009,10.1016#j.jtemb.2016.10.006.xml,Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,"Iodine consumption in excess of its recommended levels over a prolonged period of time is well known to cause thyroid disorders. The thyroid hormones on the other hand are responsible in maintenance of the physiology of the reproductive system. Excess iodine intake affects male reproductive physiology. However, the effects of excess iodine on the ovarian structure and function is yet to be established. The present study has thus been undertaken to investigate the effect of excess iodine on the ovarian physiology. Excess iodine was administered through oral gavage in the form of potassium iodide (KI) for duration of 60days, at two different doses. The doses used were 100 EI, i.e., 100 times more than the recommended level but tolerable to the thyroid gland and 500 EI, i.e., 500 times more than the recommended level that altered thyroid physiology. The animals were divided into three groups, one control group, and the other two receiving two separate doses (100 EI and 500 EI) of excess KI. Estrous cyclical changes, ovarian morphological changes, ovarian iodine accumulation and ovarian steroidogenic enzyme activities were analysed. The thyroid functional status was studied from the serum thyroid hormones levels. The overall results revealed a biphasic action of excess iodine that depends on its dose. At 100 EI, excess iodine did not alter thyroid physiology but lead to the development of a hypoestrogenic state. There was an increased accumulation of iodine in the ovary with decreased activity of ovarian steroidogenic enzymes and lowered serum estradiol levels. However, at 500 EI, excess iodine developed a hyperthyroid condition, which further leads to a hyperestrogenic state. There was an increased activity of serum steroidogenic enzymes as well as elevated serum estradiol levels. Fertility index was zero in both the 100 EI and 500 EI treated groups of experimental animals. Thus excess iodine (100 EI) ingestion within tolerable range though maintained a euthyroid condition yet developed a state of hypofunctioning ovary. Conversely, excessive iodine (500 EI) is intolerable to thyroid, develops a hyperthyroid condition that leads to a hyperfunctioning ovary. Therefore prolonged exposure of iodine in excess exerts biphasic mode of action depending on the dose in female reproductive physiology and both the doses used in this study affected fertility equally.",0,0
4988,10.1016#j.optmat.2015.10.034.xml,Optical Materials,"An intracavity KTiOPO4 (KTP) optical parametric oscillator (IOPO) pumped by a doubly Q-switched YVO4/Nd:YVO4 laser with an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and a monolayer graphene saturable absorber has been realized for the first time. The average output power, the pulse duration, single pulse energy and the peak power of signal light versus incident pump power have been measured. At an incident pump power of 11.7W and an AOM repetition rate of 10kHz, the shortest pulse duration of 1.24ns was obtained, corresponding to a single pulse energy of 9.5μJ and a peak power of 7.9kW. In comparison, the doubly IOPO (DIOPO) pumped by doubly Q-switched laser with AOM and graphene saturable absorber can generate pulses with narrower pulse width and higher peak power than the singly IOPO (SIOPO) pumped only by AOM Q-switched laser.",1,1
14140,10.1016#j.optlastec.2005.11.006.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"This study proposes a common path interference optical system for the measurement of refractive indices and thickness of uniaxial crystal material. The measurement system comprises an accurate Mach–Zehnder laser interferometer, a single-axis rotary stepping motor, and a computer. The laser interferometer is composed of a single-frequency He–Ne laser, two-beam splitters and two reflectors. The Mach–Zehnder laser interferometer measures the optical length difference by using its linear measurement accuracy. The proposed solution procedure enables both the refractive indices and the thickness of the optical waveplate to be obtained. The proposed design differs from conventional designs in that it does not use a heterodyne modulator with a lock-in technique. It is shown that the refractive indices and thickness of the tested optical elements can be measured rapidly and accurately.",1,1
21713,10.1016#j.yofte.2016.04.003.xml,Optical Fiber Technology,"Silica optical fiber cladding materials were experimentally treated by a series of processes. The treatments involved quenching, irradiation, followed by annealing and subsequent re-irradiation, and they were conducted in order to improve the radiation hardness. The microstructural properties of the treated materials were subsequently investigated. Following the treatment of the optical fiber cladding materials, the results from the electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in the radiation-induced defect structures. The ESR signals became significantly weaker when the samples were annealed at 1000°C in combination with re-irradiation. In addition, the microstructure changes within the silica optical fiber cladding material were also analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. The experimental results demonstrate that the SiOSi bending vibrations at ω 3 =800–820cm−1 and ω 4 =1000–1200cm−1 (with longitudinal optical (LO) and transverse optical (TO) splitting bands) were relatively unaffected by the quenching, irradiation, and annealing treatments. In particular, the annealing process resulted in the disappearance of the defect centers; however, the LO and TO modes at the ω 3 and ω 4 bands were relatively unchanged. With the additional support of the ESR test results, we can conclude that the combined treatment processes can significantly enhance the radiation hardness properties of the optical fiber cladding materials.",1,1
38595,10.1016#j.mechatronics.2018.10.005.xml,Mechatronics,"This paper presents a novel design solution for increasing the stroke of membrane dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), based on a permanent magnet (PM) biasing mechanism. DEA transducers have proven to represent an effective means for the realization of large-deformation, fast, and low-power consumption mechatronic devices. In order to obtain large actuation strokes, a membrane DEA must be pre-loaded with a biasing mechanism, e.g., a spring or a mass. This paper introduces PMs as a biasing element and presents their advantages in comparison to common biasing solutions based on linear springs. A novel framework is also introduced to systematically study the whole actuator system. This framework, based on systematic force analysis, allows direct performance evaluation in case the system interacts with arbitrary load profiles, and can be effectively used to assist the actuator design. After showing the advantages of PM biased DEAs in comparison to spring biased ones, a hybrid solution based on combining PM and linear springs is also investigated. A design algorithm is then developed in order to optimize the biasing system and adapt the actuator to a given external load. Finally, the predicted system behavior is assessed by means of several experiments.",0,0
17784,10.1016#j.optmat.2013.09.027.xml,Optical Materials,"In this paper the doping of erbium from thin layers deposited on the LiNbO3 surface with an emphasis on the relations between changes in the LiNbO3 structure and the luminescence properties of Er:LiNbO3 have been studied. The erbium-containing layers were primarily characterised in terms of the luminescence at 1.5μm. The obtained results showed a high level of structural ordering in the samples after indiffusion of Er at high-temperature. This was apparent from the luminescence results, where more than 6 quite narrow luminescence bands were found, and also from the RBS/channeling analysis which showed, that the doped structure has similar degree of ordering as the bulk crystal LiNbO3. In terms of luminescence intensity at 1.5μm a better source for the erbium doping seems to be the erbium oxide layer. The highest luminescence intensity values were among the cuts achieved in the Z cut.",1,1
12189,10.1016#j.optcom.2017.08.049.xml,Optics Communications,"We show all-fiber-based selective mode multiplexers and demultiplexers for weakly-coupled mode-division multiplexed systems. We fabricate a set of six-mode multiplexer and demultiplexer based on fiber mode selective couplers, and experimentally evaluate the performance for the six-mode dual-polarization (DP) quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) optical signals. In the mode multiplexer and demultiplexer, the mode couplings between the lower three modes and the higher three modes are suppressed to be less than −20 dB, which enables us to apply partial 6 × 6 MIMO equalizers even for the six-mode demultiplexing. For the six-mode DP-QPSK signals, the penalty of optical signal-to-noise ratio by replacing the full 12 × 12MIMO to the partial 6 × 6 MIMO is suppressed by less than 1 dB.",1,1
14197,10.1016#j.optlastec.2006.09.009.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"Seven thousand five hundred holograms are stored in 15 locations within a bar of Zn:Mn:Fe:LiNbO3, using a signal beam that propagates along the long axis of the bar. At each location, angular multiplexing is performed with the reference light changing its orientation in two-dimensional space. The same angular multiplexing is repeated at different locations along the long axis of the Zn:Mn:Fe:LiNbO3 bar. When operating as a holographic correlator, an input image is compared simultaneously with the records stored in all locations within the bar and is recalled accurately.",1,1
33504,10.1016#S0301-5629(00)00245-3.xml,Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology,"Three-dimensional (3-D) colour Doppler ultrasound (US) enables flow rate estimation across a diseased valve without the need for a priori geometric assumptions. This study quantitatively evaluates the accuracy of 3-D colour Doppler US for measuring the flow rate (8.3–75 mL/s) through a valve using the proximal flow convergence field. Flow rate measurements by this 3-D technique underestimate flow through finite circular orifices due to two major sources of error: 1. surface area slicing technique (18.3% ± 3.8%) and 2. Doppler angle effect (41.0% ± 1.5%). Combined total underestimation is 51% ± 3.3%. To utilize 3-D US, the development of an improved proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) measurement technique and a correction factor for the Doppler angle effect is required.",0,0
24738,10.1016#j.vibspec.2010.01.003.xml,Vibrational Spectroscopy,"In this study, we have utilized the advantages of biophotonics and nanotechnology in conjunction with vibrational spectroscopic techniques to understand the various properties of biological macromolecules known as lipid bilayers or liposomes and nanovesicles. Liposomes are spherical particles that can encapsulate a fraction of the solvent into their interior. Liposomes are constructed of polar lipids which are characterized by having a lipophilic and hydrophilic group on the same molecules. Liposomes are nowadays used extensively as a model for biological membranes as well as drug and gene delivery vehicles. Here, we have studied newly developed novel self-forming synthetic PEGylated lipids (trademarked as QuSomes) and nanovesicles by means of Raman vibrational spectroscopic techniques. In contrast to conventional phospholipids, these new kinds of lipids spontaneously form liposomes or lipid vesicles upon hydration, without the supply of external activation energy. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used for the imaging of single lipid vesicle and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has been utilized to measure the size distribution of such nanoparticles in suspensions. Furthermore, we have obtained an excellent signal-to-noise ratio in the Raman spectra for single particle of ∼100nm dimension. The cross-sections of associated Raman signal for the lipid vesicles in PBS suspension have been estimated to be of the order of 10−28 cm2/(nanoparticles sr). In this work, we have found that the Raman spectra of PEGylated lipids are dominated by vibrational bands arising mainly from C–H and C–C stretching modes that have been used to identify important fingerprint regions. These spectra have been studied extensively as a function of temperature, pH value and size distribution of such nanoparticles to unravel the structural changes and conformational order and disorder phenomena.",0,0
34469,10.1016#j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.001.xml,Free Radical Biology and Medicine,"Because steroids and cyclooxygenase inhibitors may cause serious side effects, the IκB kinase (IKK) β/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) system has become an intriguing candidate anti-inflammatory target. Rhein, the active metabolite of diacerein, possesses anti-inflammatory ability with a gastrointestinal protective effect. However, in a preliminary study, we accidentally found that rhein showed both anti- and proinflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. Thus, in this study, we explored the underlying molecular mechanisms of the dual effects of rhein. In LPS-activated macrophages, rhein inhibits NF-κB activation and sequentially suppresses its downstream inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) transcription and supernatant nitric oxide and IL-6 levels by inhibiting IKKβ (IC50 ≈ 11.79μM). But in the meantime, rhein enhances the activity of caspase-1 by inhibiting intracellular (in situ) IKKβ, in turn increasing the IL-1β and high-mobility-group box 1 release, which can be amplified by rhein׳s reductive effect on intracellular superoxide anion. Unexpectedly, it is because of IKKβ inhibition that rhein significantly enhances TNF-α secretion and phagocytosis in macrophages with or without LPS. These results indicate that rhein exerts anti- and proinflammatory activities by targeting IKKβ inhibition, providing a molecular mechanism for the unanticipated role of rhein in macrophages. Furthermore, our study also highlights the potential complications of IKKβ inhibitor (e.g., rhein, diacerein, etc.) application in inflammation disorders, for the overall effects of IKKβ inhibition in various organ systems and disease processes are not easily predictable under all circumstances.",0,0
2169,10.1016#j.ijleo.2013.06.018.xml,Optik,"The optical transfer function of the far-field superlens imaging system is established in this thesis to make it easy to describe the corresponding relation between the far-field angular spectrum and the near-field object superresolution information. We utilized the established optical transfer function to make detailed research on the imaging characteristics of the far-field superresolution, also reconstruct the near-field nano-information through the far-field angular spectrum, which proves that the resolution of the far-field superlens with structure coupled with metal grating can reach 50nm, and provides a helpful reference for the study of the new optical microscope imaging of superresolution.",1,1
4759,10.1016#j.optmat.2015.03.052.xml,Optical Materials,"SiO2@Y2O3:Eu3+ spherical particles with core–shell structure have been synthesized successfully by a hydrothermal method, followed heat treatment, leading to the formation of monodisperse SiO2@Y2O3:Eu3+ core–shell particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and photoluminescence spectra (PL) were used to characterize the as-obtained samples. The SEM indicates that the as-obtained core–shell particles show good spherical shape and non-agglomeration with a narrow size distribution (average size of 420nm). Further studies about some experimental conditions show that the PL intensity is the highest when Y2O3:Eu3+ layers are coated on the surface of SiO2 particles with average size of about 150nm annealed at 800°C. For comparison, the core–shell particles are also synthesized by a simple precipitation method. The PL shows that under the excitation at 240nm, the samples present strong red emission corresponding to the 5D0 → 7F2 transition of the Eu3+ ions at 613nm. Moreover, the emission spectra intensity by hydrothermal method is much higher than that of sample by precipitation method, because the former present the better dispersion, less percentage of the interface, and more thickness shells than that of the latter.",1,1
26088,10.1016#j.nutres.2011.12.015.xml,Nutrition Research,"Animal models of type 2 diabetes exhibit reduced peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, which are associated with decreased oxidative capacity, in skeletal muscles. In contrast, animal models with metabolic syndrome show normal PGC-1α mRNA levels. We hypothesized that a high-fat diet decreases PGC-1α mRNA levels in skeletal muscles of rats with metabolic syndrome, reducing muscle oxidative capacity and accelerating metabolic syndrome or inducing type 2 diabetes. We examined mRNA levels and fiber profiles in the soleus muscles of rats with metabolic syndrome (SHR/NDmcr-cp [cp/cp]; CP) fed a high-fat diet. Five-week-old CP rats were assigned to a sedentary group (CP-N) that was fed a standard diet (15.1 kJ/g, 23.6% protein, 5.3% fat, and 54.4% carbohydrates) or a sedentary group (CP-H) that was fed a high-fat diet (21.6 kJ/g, 23.6% protein, 34.9% fat, and 25.9% carbohydrates) and were housed for 10 weeks. Body weight, energy intake, and systolic blood pressure were higher in the CP-H group than in the CP-N group. Nonfasting glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and leptin levels were higher in the CP-H group than in the CP-N group. There was no difference in insulin levels between the CP-N and CP-H groups. Muscle PGC-1α mRNA levels and succinate dehydrogenase activity were lower in the CP-H group than in the CP-N group. We concluded that a high-fat diet reduces PGC-1α mRNA levels and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscles and accelerates metabolic syndrome.",0,0
37811,10.1016#j.vaccine.2005.10.018.xml,Vaccine,"Infection by Bacillus anthracis is preventable by prophylactic vaccination with several naturally derived and recombinant vaccine preparations. Existing data suggests that protection is mediated by antibodies directed against the protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxin complex. PA is an 83-kDa protein cleaved in vivo to yield a biologically active 63-kDa protein. In an effort to evaluate the potential of yeast as an expression system for the production of recombinant PA, and to determine if the yeast-purified rPA63 can protect from a lethal inhalational challenge, the sequence of the 63-kDa form of PA was codon-optimized and expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Highly purified rPA63 isolated from Saccharomyces under denaturing conditions demonstrated reduced biological activity in a macrophage-killing assay compared to non-denatured rPA83 purified from Escherichia coli. Rabbits and non-human primates (NHP) immunized with rPA63 and later challenged with a lethal dose of B. anthracis spores were generally protected from infection. These results indicate that epitopes present in the 63-kDa from of PA can protect rabbits and non-human primates from a lethal spore challenge, and further suggest that a fully functional rPA63 is not required in order to provide these epitopes.",0,0
23783,10.1016#j.envexpbot.2007.01.001.xml,Environmental and Experimental Botany,"Leaf energy budgets were constructed for 13 species of estuarine C4 grasses (Poaceae) to elucidate the biophysical effects of drought and salinity on the interception and dissipation of solar energy. Spartina alterniflora, S. anglica, S. argentinensis, S. bakeri, S. cynosuroides, S. densiflora, S. foliosa, S. foliosa × S. alterniflora hybrids, S. gracilis, S. patens, S. pectinata, S. spartinae, and Distichlis spicata plants were grown under controlled soil water potential gradients in a greenhouse. Species were grouped into four major ecological functional types, based on elevational zonation ranges: low marsh species, middle marsh species, high marsh species, and freshwater species. Different functional types are adapted to different environmental conditions, and responded differently to reduced water potentials. Latent heat flux decreased similarly across species in response to decreasing water potential. Latent heat loss was found to decrease by as much as 65% under decreasing water potential, leading to an increase in leaf temperature of up to 4°C. Consequently, radiative and sensible heat losses increased under decreasing water potential. Sensible heat flux increased as much as 336% under decreasing water potential. Latent heat loss appeared to be an important mode of temperature regulation in all species, and sensible heat loss appeared to be more important in high marsh species compared to low marsh species. High marsh species are characterized by narrower leaves than middle and low marsh species, leading to a smaller boundary layer, and providing higher conductance to sensible heat loss. This may be an adaptation for high marsh species to regulate leaf temperature without access to large amounts of water for transpirational cooling. Stomatal conductance decreased with decreasing water potential across species: leaf conductances to water vapor and CO2 decreased as much as 69% under decreasing water potential. Additionally, oxidative stress appeared to increase in these plants during times of drought or salinity stress. Ascorbate peroxidase activities increased with decreasing soil water potential, indicating increased cellular reactive oxygen species. High marsh species had higher ascorbate peroxidase activities compared to low marsh species, indicating higher tolerance to drought- or salinity-induced stresses. It was concluded that different species of marsh grasses are adapted for growth in different zones of salt marshes. Adaptations include biophysical, biochemical, and morphological traits that optimize heat exchange with the environment.",0,0
35767,10.1016#j.electacta.2006.07.057.xml,Electrochimica Acta,"In this work, the improved surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) adsorbed on Ag–Au bimetals synthesized via galvanic replacement of Ag with Au was first investigated. First, silver substrates were roughened by triangular-wave oxidation–reduction cycles (ORC) in aqueous solutions containing 0.1M KCl. At the same time, Cl− and Au-containing nanocomplexes in solutions were prepared by treating gold substrates with the similar electrochemically roughening procedures. Then the roughened Ag substrates were incubated in the Cl− and Au-containing solutions for different couples of minutes to undergo the galvanic replacement reactions. Encouragingly, the SERS of R6G adsorbed on this roughened Ag substrate modified by the replacement of Ag with Au for 3min exhibits a higher intensity by one order of magnitude and a better resolution, as compared with the SERS of R6G adsorbed on an unmodified roughened Ag substrate. The increased SERS effect can be ascribed to the compositions of complexes formed on the substrates. In this optimum condition, the atomic ratio of Ag to Au is ca. 6.6.",0,1
33613,10.1016#j.tsf.2013.02.018.xml,Thin Solid Films,"Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), in which the probe light is illuminated from a glass substrate side, has been applied for the characterization of textured SnO2:F layers formed on glass substrates. This approach can basically be employed for the non-destructive characterization of the component layers in silicon thin-film solar cells formed on large-area glass substrates, even when the backside metal electrodes are present. To perform the accurate characterization of the SnO2:F textured structure, the SE spectra obtained from the glass-side and conventional film-side illuminations are analyzed simultaneously by using the identical dielectric functions and optical models. In this study, the layer thickness and optical carrier concentration of the textured SnO2:F layer have been deduced from the SE analysis using the Drude model, and the estimated values from SE show excellent agreement with those obtained by other techniques. From the SE results, we demonstrate that the SE analysis using the glass-side illumination can be performed even for the textured structures.",0,1
36956,10.1016#S0168-0102(02)00171-2.xml,Neuroscience Research,"During development, the survival of spinal motoneurons depends on the integrity of the connection to their peripheral targets. Peripheral nerve axotomy induces apoptosis in neonatal neurons supplying axons to the nerve. Bax is known to promote apoptosis among developing neurons. To examine the effect of axotomy on spinal motoneurons in Bax-deficient (Bax−/−) and wild-type neonatal mice (Bax+/+), the sciatic nerve was axotomized on postnatal day (P) 0, and motoneurons in the fourth lumbar (L4) segment were visualized at P7 by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical staining. Presumably due to the reduction in naturally occurring cell death resulting from the deficiency of Bax, there were about 50% more AChE-positive cells in Bax−/− than in Bax+/+. Motoneurons in the dorsolateral motor pool of L4 project through the sciatic nerve. In Bax+/+, axotomy of the sciatic nerve induced significant cell loss in the pool. Most motoneurons survived such axotomy in Bax−/−, although they appeared atrophic and their AChE expression was decreased. Motoneurons may receive vital support retrogradely from their targets, and loss of such support may lead to hypofunction of spinal motoneurons, as indicated by the reduced production of AChE by axotomized motoneurons and their small size in Bax−/−.",0,0
27170,10.1016#j.corsci.2009.05.026.xml,Corrosion Science,The inhibition effect of Bis (benzimidazol-2-yl) disulphide (BIMDS) on corrosion behavior of mild steel (MS) in 1.0M HCl and 0.5M H2SO4 was studied using different techniques. These studies have shown that studied compound is a good inhibitor for MS in 1.0M HCl and 0.5M H2SO4 solutions. Inhibitor showed better performance in 0.5M H2SO4 solutions than 1.0M HCl. Polarization measurements indicated that BIMDS is a mixed-type inhibitor in both acid media. Adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the mild steel surface showed Langmuir isotherm model in both acid media.,0,0
4856,10.1016#j.optmat.2015.06.007.xml,Optical Materials,"First principle calculations of CdO nanosheet were performed with the help of full potential linear augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) method within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as implemented in WIEN2k program. Electronic structure and optical properties of CdO nanosheet have been calculated and discussed in this work. The calculated band structure shows that the CdO nanosheet is direct band gap        E   g   Γ - Γ        semiconductor. The band gap value so obtained is 0.8eV. The contribution of different bands was analyzed on the basis of total (TDOS) and partial density of state (PDOS). A number of optical parameters have been calculated and discussed in details. Static dielectric constants are found to be 2.1 and 1.5 for     ε   1   xx   ( ω )   and     ε   1   zz   ( ω )  . The static refractive index n(0) value for nxx (ω) and nzz (ω) are found to be 1.439 and 0.113 respectively. In the high energy region the reflectivity is about 26%. The average value of dielectric constant     ε   2   average   ( ω )   for CdO-bulk and nanosheet shows the critical point at 2.3eV and 3.4eV respectively. Calculated static birefringence values for CdO (bulk) and CdO nanosheet are −0.04 and −0.31, respectively. Valence electron charge density plot show mixed ionic covalent character having 38.71% ionicity. Scissor correction has been done in order to get the optical gap equivalent to experimental band gap (3.4eV). CdO nanosheet show high efficiency for linear and non linear optical devices.",1,1
2773,10.1016#j.ijleo.2015.07.095.xml,Optik,"In this paper, a new circular microstructured optical fiber (C-MOF) based upon photonic band gap (PBG) light guiding mechanism is proposed which can be used for dispersion compensation in optical transmission systems. The C-MOF core is made up of silica glass and the holes in the cladding network are filled with As2Se3 chalcogenide glass. By selecting an appropriate geometrical parameters for the structure, the dispersion and confinement losses of the proposed C-MOF at 1.55μm are respectively calculated to be −2450ps/nm/km and 0.013dB/m. Relative dispersion slope (RDS) of the C-MOF at 1.55μm is about 0.00332nm−1. The proposed C-MOF is suitable for use in wavelength division multiplexing and dispersion compensating systems in optical fiber transmission networks.",1,1
25640,10.1016#S0268-005X(96)80040-3.xml,Food Hydrocolloids,"The stability of carrageenan to depolymerization has been studied both in batch experiments and under physiologically realistic conditions, namely in an artificial stomach. Degradation was characterized from on-line size exclusion chromatography and multiangle laser light scattering data. No hydrolysis of kappa-carrageenan occurs at pH 8 and even under the most drastic conditions (6 h at pH 1.2) the weight-average molecular weight remains >200 kDa only 20% has a molecular weight <100 kDa. This is in marked contrast to the previous findings of Ekström. It has been found that carrageenan in helical form (with potassium) is less susceptible to acid hydrolysis. Moreover iota-carrageenan is always more resistant than the kappa form. In simulated gastric juice the degradation of kappa-carrageenan is very limited; only 10% of the carrageenan exposed is reduced to a molecular weight <100 kDa. This is important since toxicological problems, if any, mainly concern poligeenan, a sulphated polysaccharide with molecular weight <100 kDa.",0,0
22090,10.1016#S0278-4343(96)00017-9.xml,Continental Shelf Research,"During April and May 1993, the typical south and southwestward directed flow over the Texas shelf interacted with current rings located just off the Texas shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. The rings, a cyclone/anticyclone eddy pair, were oriented such that water was transported onto the shelf between the rings and water was drawn from the shelf on the rings' offshore-directed limbs. A shelf convergence zone transported water to the shelf edge where some of the water became entrained between the cyclone/anticyclone pair. Active shelf-slope exchange such as that seen in the April-May 1993 episode may be a more typical example of synoptic shelf circulation than the general circulation pattern suggested by averaging multiannual observations. Nutrient and particle distributions were influenced by the interactions of the shelf current with the rings. Where the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies directed flow off the shelf, particles were transported off the shelf. Additionally, particles in the bottom nepheloid layer were transported off the shelf in the shoreward limb of the cyclone, even though currents in this limb were directed along the isobaths. Nutrient concentrations, hence nutrient fluxes, were generally low in near-surface waters every-where in the study area. At mid-depth and in near-bottom waters, nutrient fluxes were highest near the cyclone because of higher current speeds in this feature and higher nutrient concentrations at depth.",0,0
22712,10.1016#j.fm.2017.11.013.xml,Food Microbiology,"Hispanic-style fresh cheeses, such as Queso Fresco (QF), have been linked to numerous listeriosis outbreaks in the United States. In this work, we have studied the antilisterial behavior and effectiveness of the Listeria phage endolysin PlyP100 in QF, as well as the potential synergy between PlyP100 and nisin. PlyP100 showed similar bacterial reduction regardless of varying L. monocytogenes inoculum size in QF, and when the inoculation size was 1 Log CFU/g, no pathogen recovery after cheese enrichment was observed. PlyP100 was stable in QF for up to 28 days of cold storage exhibiting similar antilisterial activity regardless of when contamination with L. monocytogenes occurred. PlyP100 alone exhibited a strong listeriostatic effect in QF, on the contrary, nisin alone was not effective to control the pathogen in QF during cold storage. The combination of nisin and PlyP100 showed a strong synergy in QF with non-enumerable levels of L. monocytogenes after 4 weeks of refrigerated storage. Moreover, L. monocytogenes isolates from cheeses treated with nisin, PlyP100, and their combination did not develop resistance to nisin or PlyP100. Our results support the use of PlyP100 combined with nisin as an efficient L. monocytogenes control measure in QF.",0,0
365,10.1007#s12596-018-0483-9.html,Journal of Optics,"Organic nonlinear optical single crystal of 4-methylpyridinium 2-carboxy-6-nitrobenzoate (4MPCNB) was grown from aqueous solution by the slow evaporation solution growth technique at ambient temperature. HRXRD analysis reveals that the monoclinic 4MPCNB crystal shows good crystalline perfection. The molecular structure information, transmittance and emission properties of grown crystal were elucidated by FTIR, UV–visible and photoluminescence studies. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the crystal were estimated as a function of frequency at various temperatures. The laser damage threshold was measured by using Nd:YAG laser source, and these results were mutually related with specific heat capacity of the grown crystal. Third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility was measured by Z-scan technique.",1,1
38334,10.1016#j.nbd.2011.04.021.xml,Neurobiology of Disease,"Preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance has been documented in the newborn brain, however, the signaling mechanisms of this preconditioning require further elucidation. The aims of this study were to develop a hypoxic-preconditioning (PC) model of ischemic tolerance in the newborn piglet, which emulates important clinical similarities to human situation of birth asphyxia, and to characterize some of the molecular mechanisms shown to be implicated in PC-induced neuroprotection in rodent models. One day old piglets were subjected to PC (8% O2/92% N2) for 3h and 24h later were exposed to hypoxia–ischemia (HI) produced by a combination of hypoxia (5% FiO2) for a period of 30min and ischemia induced by a period of hypotension (10min of reduced mean arterial blood pressure; ≤70% of baseline). Neuropathologic analysis and unbiased stereology, conducted at 24h, 3 and 7days of recovery following HI, indicated a substantial reduction in the severity of brain damage in PC piglets compared to non-PC piglets (P <0.05). PC significantly increased the mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its target gene, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at 0h, 6h, 24h, 3 and 7days of recovery. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that PC resulted in HIF-1α protein stabilization and accumulation in nuclear extracts of cerebral cortex of newborn piglet brain compared to normoxic controls. Protein levels of VEGF increased in a time-dependent manner in both cortex and hippocampus following PC. Double-immunolabeling indicated that VEGF is mainly expressed in neurons, endothelial cells and astroglia. Our study demonstrates for the first time the protective efficacy of PC against hypoxic–ischemic injury in newborn piglet model, which recapitulates many pathophysiological features of asphyxiated human neonates. Furthermore, as has been shown in rodent models of preconditioning, our results suggest that PC-induced protection in neonatal piglets may involve upregulation of VEGF.",0,0
16343,10.1016#j.optmat.2005.07.003.xml,Optical Materials,"We employ a modified four-layer-medium transmission model to extract the thickness, wavelength-dependent refractive index, band gap and band tail of highly ordered porous alumina membranes (PAMs) anodized in oxalic acid, from visible and ultraviolet optical transmission spectra. The yielded thickness as a function of second-anodization time is in good agreement with the scanning electron microscope data, as well as the theoretical results from the current density–time characteristics. The pore widening process in phosphoric acid reveals inhomogeneous dissolution vertical to the nanopores. From the refractive index results, the nonuniform distribution of anions in the host alumina has been suggested in oxalic acid PAMs. Moreover, compared with bulk alumina, the observation of band gap reduction and band tails in PAMs is related with the electronic interband transition from the valence band to unoccupied defect states located in the band gaps, possibly originating from the oxygen vacancies (F+ centers) and oxalic impurities in PAMs.",1,1
9287,10.1016#j.optcom.2010.04.045.xml,Optics Communications,"We report the gravity effects on the shape and focal length changes of liquid droplets. As the droplet size decreases, the gravity effect is gradually weakened. Moreover, if the outside space of the droplet is filled with another immiscible liquid rather than air, the filled liquid helps to offset the gravity effect even though their densities do not match well. Good agreement between experiment and simulation is obtained. The negligible gravity effect enables us to improve the optical performances of the liquid lens by choosing suitable liquids without worrying their density mismatch.",1,1
30757,10.1016#S0141-0229(98)00104-5.xml,Enzyme and Microbial Technology,"In this paper, the effects of fungal elicitors, which were prepared from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae, on shikonin production were studied during suspension cultures of Arnebia euchroma in Erlenmeyer flasks. The rapid induction and increased shikonin production could be obtained by adding the fungal elicitors to the culture medium. A shikonin maximal concentration of 89.75 mg l−1 was achieved by adding Rhizopus oryzae elicitors on the 6th day in suspension cultures of Arnebia euchroma. This was 2.24 times higher than that of ordinary culture without elicitors; moreover, by combined fungal elicitation and in situ extraction in suspension cultures of Arnebia euchroma, a maximal shikonin concentration of 245.68 mg l−1 was obtained in a batch culture. The production of shikonin was 6.15-fold higher than that obtained in a control culture. These results indicated that the simultaneous use of in situ extraction and elicitation cell treatment had a synergistic effect on the stimulation of shikonin production.",0,0
12650,10.1016#j.optcom.2018.09.063.xml,Optics Communications,"A metal–dielectric waveguide (MDW) structure was presented to generate surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs) suitable for short wavelength (<500 nm) working in aqueous environment. Aluminum thin film was employed to adapt for the short wavelength and silica layer was introduced to form the low loss surface mode, whose energy is mainly confined at silica/water interface. Transfer matrix theory was used to investigate theoretically the above ideas, and the process to design and optimize the structural parameters of the MDW structure for the SEWs was also introduced. Experiments were performed to validate the existence and the low loss nature of the SEWs, and the wavelength of the excited SEW was measurement by a home-built near field scanning system which accords well with the theoretical prediction. This type of SEWs on a MDW structure can be as an alternative to overcome the limitations associated with the traditional metal-type waveguide mode such as surface plasmon polariton, and could be potential for applications like the imaging, bio-sensing, precision measurement, etc.",1,1
32665,10.1016#j.cub.2019.10.026.xml,Current Biology,"Among the neuronal populations implicated in sleep-wake control, the ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) nucleus has emerged as a key sleep-promoting center. However, the synaptic drives that regulate the VLPO to control arousal levels in vivo have not to date been identified. Here, we show that sleep-promoting galaninergic neurons within the VLPO nucleus, defined pharmacologically and by single-cell transcript analysis, are postsynaptic targets of lateral hypothalamic GABAergic (LHGABA) neurons and that activation of this pathway in vivo rapidly drives wakefulness. Ca2+ imaging from LHGABA neurons indicate that they are both wake and rapid eye movement (REM)-sleep active. Consistent with the potent arousal-promoting property of the LHGABA → VLPO pathway, presynaptic inputs to LHGABA neurons originate from several canonical stress- and arousal-related network nodes. This work represents the first demonstration that direct synaptic inhibition of the VLPO area can suppress sleep-promoting neurons to rapidly promote arousal.",0,0
36707,10.1016#j.parint.2020.102243.xml,Parasitology International,"A variety of helminths have been found in domestic chickens in Bangladesh, but little is known about their gene sequences. Here, parasitic nematodes and trematodes were collected from the eyes of domestic chickens and analyzed for their morphological and morphometric characteristics, and characterized molecularly. The helminths were identified as Oxyspirura mansoni and Philophthalmus gralli. The ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of O. mansoni were 532 bp and 306 bp in length, respectively, and showed low identity (50.7–62.7%) with those of O. petrowi and O. conjunctivalis. Furthermore, the O. mansoni CO1 sequences (393 bp) showed five haplotypes (97.5–99.5% similarity) that formed a monophyletic clade. With respect to P. gralli, the ITS1 (452 bp) and ITS2 (736 bp) sequences showed 100% similarity with the reference sequences in GenBank. Both the ND1 and CO1 phylograms showed that P. gralli from Bangladesh, Costa Rica and Peru form a monophyletic clade, distinct from the clades of P. lucipetus and P. lacrymosus. Our data show that, Philophthalmus gralli isolates from Bangladesh, Costa Rica and Peru are genetically close to each other.",0,0
39000,10.1016#j.corsci.2005.05.025.xml,Corrosion Science,"The feasibility of an optical fibre corrosion sensor (OFCS) was studied. A multi-mode fibre was metallised by physical vacuum deposition and electroplating of a Fe–C alloy film on a 1–2cm uncladded section of an optical fibre. The shift of light power transmitted through the fibre was registered with corrosion. Microanalysis was carried out to show the formation of metallised film. The electrochemical process of the corrosion on the fibre was researched by continuously monitoring open potential E corr, linear polarized resistance R p and electrochemical impedance spectra.",0,1
8679,10.1016#j.optcom.2008.05.021.xml,Optics Communications,"We report the experimental demonstration of a reconfigurable multiwavelength fiber laser source with switchable wavelength channels and tunable wavelength spacing by spectrum slicing a broadband light source using a tunable comb filter. The tunable comb filter is based on a thermally-induced linearly-chirped fiber Bragg grating (LCFBG). As an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, two wavelength channels with various wavelength spacings and eight wavelength channels with ∼1.6nm wavelength spacing were experimentally demonstrated. All the wavelength channels have rejection ratios of greater than 20dB, and very small 3-dB linewidths of ∼10pm. The multiwavelength optical source has such unique advantages as simple all-fiber structure, switchable wavelength channels, tunable wavelength spacing, very narrow linewidths, and stable room-temperature operation.",1,1
7370,10.1016#j.optcom.2004.01.046.xml,Optics Communications,"Enhancements of two-photon and three-photon absorption coefficients with increasing carrier density at photon energy near one-half band gap in a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser structure were observed. The results were obtained by calibrating 1560 nm, 130 fs laser transmission data through the laser diode with lasing wavelength around 840 nm. Such enhancements are mainly attributed to the existence of hole states in the valence subbands during carrier injection. With the hole states, two-photon absorption finds more transition paths for a higher transition rate. Such hole states are less effective to the two-photon transition in the TM polarization.",1,1
21359,10.1016#j.yofte.2020.102158.xml,Optical Fiber Technology,"A circular sectored core cladding structured photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is presented in this article, where core and cladding are sectored by few number of rectangles. The air fragments of core and cladding are constructed with circular manner that can facilitate the fabrication process. To design the porous core PCF and characterize the properties for THz wave propagation, finite element method based Comsol Multiphysics software version 5.3a is employed. It is shown that the presented design yields an ultra-low effective material loss (EML) of 0.0153 cm−1 with very flat dispersion of ±0.010 (ps/THz/cm) at optimum operating frequency of 1 THz, outperforming a number of recently reported designs in the literature. Additionally, it renders comparable low confinement loss, higher core power fraction, large effective area and exhibits single-mode fiber (SMF) characteristics. Further, since only few air fragments are used in core and cladding regions in a circular fashion, the proposed PCF geometry is feasible for fabrication by using stack and draw, extrusion, 3D printing, capillary stacking, sol-gel, or any other existing fabrication technique.",1,1
4449,10.1016#j.ijleo.2019.01.052.xml,Optik,"The concentration of DNA and protein is estimated in this paper using a 2D photonic structure with the inclusion of propagation, absorption, reflection, and diffraction (PARD) losses along with the modified equation at the signal of 400 nm. Simulation studies with the help of the plane wave expansion method disclosed to compute the reflection characteristics, where other sorts of losses such as propagation, absorption, and diffraction are divulged by means of numerical computation. Final output in terms of transmitted power is an excellently fitted with linear trend line with respect to the concentration of DNA which varies from 0 to 0.025 gm/mL and protein from 0 to 0.01 gm/mL, which leads to an accurate investigation of aforementioned of biomaterials.",1,1
20021,10.1016#S0030-4018(96)00624-4.xml,Optics Communications,"Optical second harmonic (SH) generation from large Na clusters bound to dielectric surfaces is reported for laser excitation with λ = 660 nm. A pronounced maximum of SH yield is found as a function of increasing (via growth) and decreasing (via thermal desorption) cluster size, which results from SH enhancement by collective surface plasmon excitation. Experimental measurements, performed both at λ = 660 nm and λ = 1064 nm are found to be in good agreement with predictions derived from the electromagnetic field enhancement theory, thereby suggesting that χ (2) for large Na aggregates is independent of cluster size. The observation of SH as a function of surface temperature shows that thermal desorption results in a strongly changing size distribution for clusters remaining on the surface that differs significantly from the distribution imposed by adsorption processes.",1,1
4059,10.1016#j.ijleo.2018.05.006.xml,Optik,"In this paper we propose a method realizes the uniform distribution of both correlated color temperature (CCT) and illumination on the target plane. A lens with a flat bottom surface and a freeform top surface is designed. The simulation run by optical software shows that the lens designed in the new method has a better uniformity of CCT than the lens designed in conventional method, and the uniformity of illumination and the efficiency of energy are also quite good. This lens is much easier and more economical to manufacture comparing the lenses with double freeform surfaces or the systems with several lenses which are also used to improve the uniformity of CCT distribution.",1,1
22865,10.1016#j.cropro.2015.07.003.xml,Crop Protection,"To contribute to more sustainable crop production, this study evaluated the capacity of Azospirillum sp. and Pseudomonas sp. to degrade glyphosate residues both in vitro and in vivo in maize plants (Zea mays L.) at different growth stages. In vitro, both bacteria tolerated glyphosate and were capable of using it as a carbon source. In bioassays, inoculation with both bacteria improved germination and root emergence, primary root growth, root hair development and coleoptile growth in seeds previously treated with the herbicide. Foliar inoculation with Azospirillum sp. and Pseudomonas sp. in glyphosate-treated plants improved root and shoot biomass and increased foliar area, photosynthetic pigments and phytohormone content as well, thus increasing maize yield in the field while concomitantly decreasing herbicide accumulation in leaves and grains. The bacterial capacity to degrade glyphosate in vivo at different growth stages in maize plants growing in the field is a novel and promising biotechnological technique to minimize the persistence of xenobiotic compounds in the environment. This finding adds to the already known importance of the application of bacterial inoculants to crops to enhance plant growth, development and yield.",0,0
15816,10.1016#j.optlastec.2016.10.012.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"A fluoropolymer optical fiber coating based on the thermoplastic copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride is presented. Such coatings can be used as a UV-transparent material for writing single Bragg gratings or arrays of chirped fiber Bragg gratings directly through the fiber coating with the use of excimer laser radiation at 248nm. As an optimum radiation density that does not lead to significant degradation of the fluoropolymer coating, an exposure time not exceeding 200s with a 10Hz laser pulses repetition rate at 70mJ/cm2 was identified. With such inscription parameters it was possible to inscribe arrays of fiber Bragg gratings in hydrogen-loaded birefringent optical fiber with an elliptical stress cladding through a 12µm thick coating, so that stripping of the coating is avoided and good mechanical strength is preserved. The reflection spectrum width of the chirped Bragg gratings was about 3.5nm with a reflectance coefficient of the most effective grating of up to 38%. Such Bragg grating arrays are especially interesting as reflective elements in fiber interferometers.",1,1
18200,10.1078#0030-4026-00222.xml,Optik,"The presented work offers new algorithms for phase evaluation in interferometric measurements. Several phase-shifting algorithms with an arbitrary but constant phase-shift between captured intensity frames are proposed. These phase calculation algorithms need to measure five frames of the intensity of the interference field. The algorithms are similarly derived as so called Carré algorithm. The phase evaluation process then does not depend on the linear phase shift errors. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of the algorithms with respect to most important factors, which affect interferometric measurements, is carried out. It is also studied the dependency of the evaluation algorithms on the phase shift values, and the proposed phase calculation algorithms are compared with respect to the resulting phase errors. The influence of most important factors in the measurement and evaluation process was simulated as systematic and random errors using a proposed mathematical model.",1,1
10852,10.1016#j.optcom.2014.05.044.xml,Optics Communications,We propose and demonstrate an 1123nm Nd:YAG laser by exploiting a dielectric Fabry–Perot band-pass filter as laser output mirror. A fiber-pigtailed 808nm laser diode array is used to pump an <111>-cut Nd:YAG crystal with a plano-plane resonator cavity. The dielectric Fabry–Perot filter as output mirror is specially designed to suppress the strong emission around 1064nm and facilitate the oscillation of 1123nm weak emission. A linearly polarized 1122.5nm laser is achieved. The maximum output power of the laser is 105mW and the slope conversion efficiency is 4.58% with the threshold pump power of 2.9W. Passively Q-switched 1123nm laser is realized using a [100]-cut Cr:YAG crystal as Q-switch. FWHM pulse width of 121ns and pulse repetition rate of 2.3kHz is achieved at pump power of 5.3W. The design principle of the Fabry–Perot filter used as output mirror is discussed and the advantages of the method are summarized.,1,1
16889,10.1016#j.optmat.2007.06.005.xml,Optical Materials,"Hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbon alloys (a-Si1−x C x :H) with different carbon contents are deposited by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system with different hydrogen diluted ethylene (C2H4) concentrations at two power densities of 30 and 90mW/cm2. First, the carbon and hydrogen configurations and their relative concentrations in these films are investigated in details by IR spectroscopy. Then, the ultraviolet/visible transmittance spectroscopy and a relevant characterization software are used for finding out the effects of both the carbon content and power density on the refractive index, optical gap and Urbach parameter. This work shows that the refractive index and optical gap may be modulated on purpose by carbon content within the context of hydrogen dilution. However, beyond a critical rf power density, an inhomogeneity may occur along the radial direction of the plasma electrode, rendering such a-Si1−x C x :H films useless in practical applications. Moreover, both the evaluated Urbach and slope parameters carry out an increased disorder for carbon rich a-Si1−x C x :H films at high power.",1,1
7054,10.1016#j.optmat.2019.02.008.xml,Optical Materials,"The cerium doped Gd2YGa3Al2O12 (Ce:GYGAG) scintillation ceramics were fabricated by the solid state reaction method. The microstructure, luminescence and scintillation properties have been studied. In photoluminescence decays, the decay times of Ce:GYGAG ceramic samples are close to monoexponential. Some slower component can be found, which can be related to the local inhomogeneities of ceramic sample and self-absorption of Ce3+. Meanwhile, the Ce:GYGAG ceramics perform excellent on scintillation efficiency which is evaluated by the XEL steady-state luminescence and its fast part characterized by light yield (LY). The LY value reaches ∼45000 ph/MeV with an energy resolution of 8.67% under the γ-ray excitation. The LY0.5μs/LY6μs value of Ce:GYGAG is calculated to be 87.5% which is much superior than 42.5% in compared Ce:LuAG ceramics. In the scintillation decays, a lower content of slow components are detected in Ce:GYGAG ceramic sample comparing to the Ce:LuAG ceramics.",1,1
22274,10.1016#j.neucom.2006.10.024.xml,Neurocomputing,"Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) constitutes a recent technology in which a capsule with micro-camera attached to it, is swallowed by the patient. This paper presents an integrated methodology for detecting abnormal patterns in WCE images. Two issues are being addressed, including the extraction of texture features from the texture spectra in the chromatic and achromatic domains from each colour component histogram of WCE images and the concept of a fusion of multiple classifiers. The implementation of an advanced neuro-fuzzy learning scheme has been also adopted in this paper. The high detection accuracy of the proposed system provides thus an indication that such intelligent schemes could be used as a supplementary diagnostic tool in WCE.",0,0
29936,10.1016#j.jes.2018.11.001.xml,Journal of Environmental Sciences,"We studied engine-out soot samples collected from a heavy-duty direct-injection diesel engine and port-fuel injection gasoline spark-ignition engine. The two types of soot samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy with different laser powers. A Matlab program using least-square-method with trust-region-reflective algorithm was developed for curve fitting. A DOE (design of experiments) method was used to avoid local convergence. The method was used for two-band fitting and three-band fitting. The fitting results were used to determine the intensity ratio of D (for “Defect” or “Disorder”) and G (for “Graphite”) Raman bands. It is found that high laser power may cause oxidation of soot sample, which gives higher D/G intensity ratio. Diesel soot has consistently higher amorphous/graphitic carbon ratio, and thus higher oxidation reactivity, compared to gasoline soot, which is reflected by the higher D/G intensity ratio in Raman spectra measured under the same laser power.",0,0
810,10.1016#0030-4018(95)00728-8.xml,Optics Communications,We report on efficient operation of a flashlamp pumped CrEr: YSGG laser at the wavelength of 2.70 μm. A free running output pulse energy of more than 0.6 J at a slope efficiency of 0.36% has been achieved by using a specially-designed low-loss dispersive resonator. We will also report on efficient frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) Q-switching of this laser. The wavelength of 2.70 μm is of particular interest for laser surgery because of its considerably better transmittance in fused silica fibers compared to well developed 2.79 μm CrEr: YSGG and 2.94 μm Er: YAG lasers.,1,1
31154,10.1016#j.foodcont.2009.05.006.xml,Food Control,"A colorimetric nanobiosensor was developed based on the chromogenic effect of latex microspheres hybridization with gold nanoparticles. A toxin analog, 2,4-dinitrophenol–bovine serum albumin (DNP–BSA) was attached to gold nanoparticles and was allowed to hybridize via antigen–antibody association with an anti-DNP antibody on latex microspheres, changing the color of latex microspheres pinkish-red. A model toxin, DNP–glycine (GLY), was detected and quantified via a competition that occurs between the analog-conjugated-gold nanoparticles and the toxin molecules for the binding pocket in the anti-DNP antibody. When the gold nanoparticles were displaced from host latex microspheres in the presence of toxin molecules, a visible color change occurred from pinkish-red to white. This proof-of-concept self-indicating nanobiosensor detected the model toxin rapidly, and the results were quantifiable. When further developed, this nanobiosensor system will be useful at the consumer end to help improve food safety and counter possible bioterrorism attacks.",0,0
7607,10.1016#j.optcom.2004.10.069.xml,Optics Communications,The noninterferometric calculation of the phase of an optical field has been investigated assuming that intensity distribution is given in a space region. The phase was treated as obeying the system of the transport of intensity equation and an eikonal one. Under paraxial approximation the solution of the last system has been found in the form of analytical expressions for a phase gradient. It has been shown that if the intensity is known then only finite branches for a phase gradient exists.,1,1
1103,10.1016#j.ijleo.2006.05.002.xml,Optik,"The scalar theory is described for calculation of the point-spread function (PSF) of optical systems with a large numerical aperture. In our work, we introduced an analytic description of this phenomenon and we derived exact and simple approximate relations that enable to calculate the PSF for a diffraction-limited optical system with a finite value of numerical aperture. The derived relations convert to classical relations that are commonly described in literature for the case that the value of numerical aperture tends to zero. Our derived relation is a generalization of the classical relation for calculation of PSF in the case of a large numerical aperture.",1,1
12179,10.1016#j.optcom.2017.08.025.xml,Optics Communications,"A refractive-index (RI) sensor and its sensing characteristics based on intermodal interference of dual-hole Polarization Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fiber (PM-PCF) are demonstrated in this letter. The sensor works from the interference between  L   P   01    and  L   P   11    modes of hydrofluoric acid etched PM-PCF. The influence of corrosion zone radius on the RI sensing sensitivity is also discussed. Via choosing a 2.5 cm etched PM-PCF(the etched area radius is 27.5  μ m) and 650 nm laser, the sensor exhibits the RI sensitivity of 7.48 V/RIU. The simple sensor structure and inexpensive demodulation method can make this technology for online refractive index measurement in widespread areas.",1,1
34167,10.1016#j.chemosphere.2004.12.017.xml,Chemosphere,"Immobilized peroxidases from Momordica charantia were highly effective in decolorizing reactive textile dyes compared to its soluble counterpart. Dye solutions, 50–200mg/l, were treated with soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidases (specific activity of 99.0 EU per mg protein). The decolorization of dyes with soluble and immobilized enzyme was maximum in the range of pH 3.0–4.0. The effect of different temperatures on the dye decolorization was monitored and it was observed that all the dyes were maximally decolorized at 40°C. In order to examine the operational stability of the immobilized preparation, the enzyme was repeatedly exploited for the decolorization of the dyes from fresh batch of dye solutions. Even after 10 cycles in each case the immobilized preparation retained nearly 50% of the initial enzyme activity. The immobilized enzyme exhibited more than 90% of the original activity while the soluble enzyme lost 33% of the initial activity when stored for 40d at room temperature. Mixtures of three, four and eight dyes were prepared and treated with soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase. Each mixture was decolorized by more than 80% when treated with immobilized enzyme. Dyeing effluent collected from local dyers was treated with both types of enzyme preparations. Immobilized enzyme was capable of removing remarkably high concentration of color from the effluent. TOC content of soluble and immobilized enzyme treated individual dyes, mixture of dyes and dyeing effluent was determined and it was observed that higher TOC was removed after treatment with immobilized enzyme.",0,0
31144,10.1016#j.foodhyd.2009.10.001.xml,Food Hydrocolloids,"Biopolymer nanoparticles can be formed by thermal treatment of electrostatic complexes of globular proteins and anionic polysaccharides. The purpose of this study was to provide insights into the physicochemical origin of biopolymer particle formation using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-scanning turbidity measurements. DSC measurements indicated that high methoxyl pectin (HMP), low methoxyl pectin (LMP) and carrageenan (C) had little impact on the thermal denaturation temperature of β-lactoglobulin (T m ∼ 78 °C) at pH 4.75, where electrostatic complexes are formed. Temperature scanning turbidity measurements indicated that extensive biopolymer aggregation occurred above T m for β-lactoglobulin-pectin systems, but not for β-lactoglobulin-carrageenan systems. This difference was attributed to the greater strength of the attractive electrostatic interactions between the protein and carrageenan molecules, compared to the protein and pectin molecules. The biopolymer particles formed by heating β-lactoglobulin-pectin complexes were relatively stable to association/dissociation from pH 3 to 7 for HMP and from pH 4 to 7 for LMP, whereas the β-lactoglobulin-C complexes were highly unstable to pH changes. The β-lactoglobulin-pectin nanoparticles (d = 200–300 nm) may therefore be useful as natural delivery systems or fat replacers in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries.",0,0
38326,10.1016#S0021-8502(98)80002-5.xml,Journal of Aerosol Science,"A new experimental method for chemical in situ analysis of ambient aerosol particles is presented. Aerosol particles from the atmosphere with diameters > 1 μm were charged and subsequently captured in an electrodynamic balance. Raman scattering from the particles was excited with an argon ion laser. Raman spectra were taken with a CCD detector through a spectrograph and used to identify chemical substances in the particles. Test particles of sodium sulfate and diethyl sebacate (DES) were employed to determine the detection limit of the method and the size dependence of Raman scattering. The detection limit for sodium sulfate was 0.27 pg, corresponding to a particle diameter of 580 nm. The size-averaged Raman scattering was found to be approximately proportional to volume for particles with diameters > 500 nm using excitation in the visible region.",0,0
6179,10.1016#j.optmat.2017.11.035.xml,Optical Materials,"5 at%Yb:Sc2O3 transparent ceramics were fabricated by the co-precipitation and vacuum sintering method. NH4HCO3 and (NH4)2SO4 were used as precipitant and dispersing agent in the precipitation process, respectively. The influence of ammonium hydrogen carbonate to metal ions molar ratio (R value) on the morphology, agglomeration of resultant powders and the optical quality of transparent ceramics was investigated systematically. It was found that all the calcined powders synthesized with different R values exhibited same phase. The morphology of the precursors and calcined powders was investigated by FESEM, and the results show that the R value has a significant influence on the morphology of 5 at%Yb:Sc2O3 precursors and calcined powders. The precursors and resultant powders exhibit a severe agglomeration with R = 4.4 and 4.8. Using these powders as starting materials, 5 at%Yb:Sc2O3 transparent ceramics were successfully fabricated by vacuum sintering at 1850 °C for 10 h. There is only little difference in optical transmittances of 5 at%Yb:Sc2O3 ceramics with R value within the 3.2–4.0 range. The ceramic sample with R = 4.0 possesses the best optical quality with the in-line transmittance of 71.9% at the wavelength of 1100 nm. The microstructures of the 5 at%Yb:Sc2O3 transparent ceramics with different R values were also investigated.",1,1
5252,10.1016#j.optmat.2016.05.062.xml,Optical Materials,"This paper has focused on the potential of the SiO2/ZrO2 matrix doped with CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles in order to achieve the high performance one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals (MPCs) and to overcome the problem of integration of the magneto-optical devices. Because of importance of magneto-optical Faraday effect in most non-reciprocal optical components, we have investigated the capability of such silicon-based materials for providing large Faraday rotations. We have introduced some MPC structures containing SiO2/ZrO2 matrix doped with CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and by varying the concentration of magnetic nanoparticles, influence of volume fraction VF% on the Faraday rotation and transmittance of the structures has studied.",1,1
6509,10.1016#j.optmat.2018.05.043.xml,Optical Materials,"Fully amorphous lead borate glasses triply doped with Dy3+/Tb3+/Eu3+ were synthesized and next studied using optical spectroscopy. The characteristic luminescence bands originating to electronic transitions of Dy3+/Tb3+/Eu3+ ions were observed under direct excitation of Dy3+. Moreover, the influence of concentration of rare earth ions on spectroscopic properties of lead borate glasses was examined. The obtained experimental results indicate that energy transfer between these rare earth ions is possible. From the emission spectra, the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates (x, y) are calculated in relation to potential application lead borate glasses for white light emitting devices. It has been proved that our glass systems exhibit warm white emission originating from the simultaneous generation of several bands of Dy3+, Tb3+, Eu3+ under the UV–visible light excitation.",1,1
28014,10.1016#S0263-2241(97)00021-3.xml,Measurement,"It is well known that mechanical interfaces, such as bolted joints, within load cell elements should be avoided as they can lead to high hysteresis. Less well known is that, particularly for load cells of low aspect ratio, significant hysteresis may result from radial slip at the interface between the load cell and its loading pads. The work reported here quantifies this “contact” hysteresis for circular cylindrical column load cells. Finite element analysis was used to model circular cylindrical load cell elements. Contact stresses were calculated for both increasing and decreasing loads and the contact hysteresis was evaluated. The finite element predictions are shown to be consistent with experimental measurements. Results are presented showing the effect of variation of the contact coefficient of friction, and the aspect ratio of the load cell.",0,0
16337,10.1016#j.optmat.2005.06.020.xml,Optical Materials,"The sol–gel process provides a low temperature chemical route for the preparation of rigid transparent matrix materials. Under this process, luminescent organic dye molecules were incorporated into organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) host matrices. The photostability of these laser dyes encapsulated in a solid matrix was studied using optical absorption and luminescence. The photochemical mechanisms of the dye response under N2 laser irradiation were studied using UV and fluorescence spectra measurement. The evolution of the maximum of the emission and excitation curves as function of accumulated irradiated energy was fitted by exponential equations. The matrix protects the dye from the oxidation and dimerization reactions. The dye molecules exhibited photobleaching due to their photodegradation. The ORMOSIL doped with Nile blue exhibits good photostability after 6h of irradiation.",1,1
36458,10.1016#j.sciaf.2021.e00722.xml,Scientific African,"The use of natural fibre reinforced polyurethane composite foams is becoming increasingly popular in the cellular foam industry. This demand is due to the increase in the use of ecofriendly, biodegradable, and sustainable materials to produce polyurethane composite materials for such applications. In this regard, natural fibres from agro-waste are being preferred to their synthetic counterparts due to readily availability, strength, lightweight, biodegradability, and cost-effectiveness. In addition to their renewable nature, the use of natural fibre in polyurethane foams produces composite foams with better properties than the neat polyurethane foams. This review explores the preparation, and properties of natural fibre reinforced polyurethane composite foams and discusses the effect of chemical modification of these fibres on the interfacial adhesion of the fibre-polymer matrix system. It also assesses the trends and future potential of the global market of natural fibres and the polyurethane composite foams.",0,0
29004,10.1016#0368-2048(94)02265-8.xml,Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena,"Energy relations important for the photoionization processes on the adsorbate-substrate interface are obtained with the help of smooth matching between the image potential outside the substrate and the exchange-correlation potential in the substrate bulk. Using these relations the extra-atomic relaxation for the electron levels of physisorbed atoms and molecules can be represented in a simple analytical form. It is then possible to obtain a general equation C − Δφ = E b F + φ, where E b F is the binding energy with respect to the Fermi level, φ is the work function of the clean substrate and Δφ is the change of the work function after adsorption. The calculated C values for Xe5p, Xe3d, and σ g, π u and σ u levels of N2 molecules equal 11.6 eV, 65.7 eV, 13.6 eV, 15.0 eV and 16.8 eV, respectively, and are in good agreement with the experimental data. A similar relation is also obtained for the physisorption on the surface steps. The PAX method is discussed in connection with these relations. The presence of the induced Friedel oscillation in the final photoionization state is shown with the help of the experimental extra-atomic relaxation values. These oscillations are important for the difference in extra-atomic relaxation energy for valence and inner levels of the same atom or molecule and connect the extra-atomic relaxations of the valence levels with the spatial distribution of the corresponding wave functions.",0,1
31640,10.1016#j.forsciint.2011.01.022.xml,Forensic Science International,"Movies and nightly television shows appear to emphasize highly efficient regimens in forensic science and criminal investigative analysis (profiling) that result in capturing serial killers and other perpetrators of homicide. Although some of the shows are apocryphal and unrealistic, they reflect major advancements that have been made in the fields of forensic science and criminal psychology during the past two decades that have helped police capture serial killers. Some of the advancements are outlined in this paper. In a study of 200 serial killers, we examined the variables that led to police focusing their attention on specific suspects. We developed 12 categories that describe how serial killers come to the attention of the police. The results of the present study indicate that most serial killers are captured as a result of citizens and surviving victims contributing information that resulted in police investigations that led to an arrest. The role of forensic science appears to be important in convicting the perpetrator, but not necessarily in identifying the perpetrator.",0,0
35263,10.1016#j.biortech.2009.02.062.xml,Bioresource Technology,"In this paper, we quantify the effect of heating pretreatment on the degree of solubilization of waste activated sludge. The pretreatment process was carried out using a lab-scale industrial microwave unit (2450MHz frequency). Response surface analysis was applied to determine the combination of output power (400–1600W), target temperature (60–120°C), and total solid concentration (1–3% total solid (TS)). The power, temperature, and TS concentration significantly affected the solubilization degree of sludge. Within the design boundaries, the conditions predicted to maximize the solubilization degree of 17.9% were determined to be 400W, 102°C, and 2.3% TS.",0,0
28409,10.1016#S0034-4257(01)00246-2.xml,Remote Sensing of Environment,"The estimation of ground radiance and emissivity from Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data is strongly dependent on the atmospheric correction applied to these data. Since such corrections are a function of the atmospheric path between the sensor and ground, correction techniques that do not consider the topographic variations within a scene can introduce appreciable error in the estimation of the atmosphere effects. In this paper, we describe the development and application of a variable-elevation atmospheric correction procedure. Our objective was to incorporate changes in target altitude into a general atmosphere correction strategy. This procedure was tested on a TIMS data set acquired over Mt. Etna, Italy in July 1986. The methodology adopted in this study is based on the use of the LOWTRAN radiative transfer code and a digital elevation model (DEM) registered to the image data. The image data are divided into a series of layers, based on elevation, and a separate atmosphere correction is applied to each layer. Maps of emissivity estimates derived with the variable-elevation approach were compared with geologic maps of the Etna flow fields. Prior to the variable-elevation correction, the emissivity spectra of long lava flows appeared to vary with elevation. Following the variable-elevation correction, many of these spectral artifacts were removed from the emissivity maps. In addition, the variable-elevation correction increased our ability to discriminate individual lava flows.",0,0
9392,10.1016#j.optcom.2010.07.052.xml,Optics Communications,"In thin-film silicon solar cells, a flexible optical design for light collection is developed that can enhance the optical path length in absorber layer. In this paper, we demonstrate the rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular metallic diffraction gratings as back reflectors. The potential of the structures in the solar cells is investigated by means of numerical simulations, i.e., the Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis enhanced by the Modal Transmission Line theory. The results show that the 0-order reflection can be suppressed and the energy can be transferred to high diffraction orders by metallic diffraction gratings, especially the triangular metallic diffraction gratings.",1,1
5590,10.1016#j.optmat.2016.12.026.xml,Optical Materials,The optical properties of Mn3+ ions in the elpasolites Cs2NaGaF6 and Cs2NaAlF6 have been investigated by absorption spectroscopy at 4.2 K. The absorption spectra are dominated by the spin-allowed 5 E → 5 T 2 transition and the transition between the two Jahn-Teller components of the 5 E level. The crystal-field parameter Dq was determined and a low crystal-field situation was established for both Mn3+-doped fluorides. The Jahn-Teller stabilization energies of the 5 E and 5 T 2 levels were calculated and the obtained values shown a strong Jahn-Teller splitting in the 5 E ground state.,1,1
23622,10.1016#j.wear.2012.11.050.xml,Wear,"Multilayer thin film systems on polymeric substrates are investigated as abrasion resistant reflective coatings for the development of light weight optical devices. In this investigation, the influence of the coating's material properties on its abrasion resistance is determined with a step increase in abrasion resistance demonstrated upon application of an ultrathin capping layer, ca. 5–15nm. These ultrathin capping layers reduce the surface roughness and coefficient of friction of the coating system, resulting in a greater resistance to wear. Despite the soft nature of the underlying polymeric substrate, the engineered coating system allows such devices to outperform their conventional glass-based counterparts in the design of light weight products for a range of optical applications.",0,1
6887,10.1016#j.optmat.2018.11.028.xml,Optical Materials,"In this work, the relative efficiency of a solar cell covered with tellurite glasses (TeO2-ZnO and TeO2-ZnO-Na2O) doped with and without europium ions and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) placed on the top of the Si solar cell is explored. Electrical characterization was performed using a solar simulator in order to obtain the current-voltage curve at standard conditions. Efficiency results showed 12.7% enhancement with respect to a bare solar cell when europium doped: TeO2-ZnO glass with Ag NPs was used to cover the Si solar cell. Plasmonic enhancement from Ag NPs was identified as the responsible mechanism. For the case of europium doped: TeO2-ZnO-Na2O glass, it was observed an enhancement of about 11%, but in the absence of Ag NPs. The correlation between these results and the transmittance and luminescence properties of europium doped tellurite glasses, under 473 nm excitation is presented too. The present procedure represents an alternative to optimize the performance of solar cells covered by different glassy hosts. Then the efficiency enhancement of Si solar cell due to tellurite glasses doped with europium ions and Ag NPs used as cover layer opens the possibility for applications with new photovoltaic devices.",1,1
11665,10.1016#j.optcom.2016.05.062.xml,Optics Communications,"The ray transmission models of optical domes were established, and the characteristics of the rays while passing through a hemispherical dome and a conformal dome were comparatively analysed. Acquiring the minimum deviated angles from the inner surface of the conformal dome was then determined to be the designing goal for reducing the dynamic aberrations. Based on this, the inner surface of the conformal dome was optimized and thus, the dynamic aberrations were reduced. Finally, a completely cooled conformal optical system was designed. The results show that the optical system have produced good imaging quality within all the fields of regard, which further illustrates that designing the inner surface of a conformal dome is an effective method for aberration correction.",1,1
25040,10.1016#j.clay.2010.07.021.xml,Applied Clay Science,"In this paper, we focus on the archaeometric characterisation of some pottery remains dated to the 8th and early 7th centuries BC. The sherds examined come from excavations carried out by the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA) on the acropolis of Timpone della Motta, an archaeological site located in Francavilla Marittima, near the well-known Greek colony of Sybaris (Calabria, southern Italy). As the site was one of the most important sanctuaries in the area during the 8th century BC, pottery from the sanctuary is one of the main sources of evidence for cultural and technological transformations which occurred within the indigenous Oinotrian society. However, in order to evaluate the significance of the individual classes of pottery, their provenance needs to be better understood. A first step in this direction was to clarify which pottery classes were produced locally at Timpone della Motta. We focus here on three ceramic classes frequently found in the sanctuary: a) matt-painted pottery; b) Oinotrian-Euboean style; and c) colonial ware (hydriskoi), for further information on the probable provenance area and the technological features of these ceramic categories.",0,0
29605,10.1016#j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.013.xml,Neurobiology of Aging,"Spreading depolarization (SD) contributes to the ischemic damage of the penumbra. Although age is the largest predictor of stroke, no studies have examined age dependence of SD appearance. We characterized the electrophysiological and hemodynamic changes in young (6 weeks old, n = 7), middle-aged (9 months old, n = 6), and old (2 years old, n = 7) male Wistar rats during 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), utilizing multimodal imaging through a closed cranial window over the ischemic cortex: membrane potential changes (with a voltage-sensitive dye), cerebral blood volume (green light reflectance), and cerebral blood flow (CBF, laser-speckle imaging) were observed. The initial CBF drop was similar in all groups, with a significant further reduction during ischemia in old rats (p < 0.01). Age reduced the total number of SDs (p < 0.05) but increased the size of ischemic area displaying prolonged SD (p < 0.01). The growth of area undergoing prolonged SDs positively correlated with the growth of ischemic core area (p < 0.01) during MCAO. Prolonged SDs and associated hypoperfusion likely compromise cortical tissue exposed to even a short focal ischemia in aged rats.",0,0
19904,10.1016#S0030-4018(97)00382-9.xml,Optics Communications,We investigate spectral modulation in self-mode-locked femtosecond Ti:sapphire lasers. The spectra of the laser output and of the light reflected from intracavity surfaces can exhibit a periodic modulation due to the laser rod acting as an intracavity birefringent filter. These spectral features vary greatly between the two orthogonally polarized components of the laser beam. The free spectral range and depth of the observed modulation depend on the crystal length and cavity alignment respectively. The qualitative features of the observed spectra can be explained using a simple model of the coupling between polarization states of the laser due to the birefringence of the laser rod.,1,1
11554,10.1016#j.optcom.2016.02.038.xml,Optics Communications,"We numerically study the possibility of using atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) for applications requiring broadband absorption in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. We demonstrate that when monolayer TMDs are positioned into a finite-period of multilayer Bragg stack geometry, they make broadband, wide-angle, almost polarization-independent absorbers. In our study, we consider molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as semiconducting and dielectric thin film of alternate high- and low- index films, respectively. By optimizing the thickness of the SiO2 film, we find that monolayer MoS2 based Bragg stacks can absorb 94.7% of the incident energy in the visible (350–700nm). Similar structures can be engineered to make perfect reflectors for saturable absorption applications. We also demonstrate that bandwidth of metamaterial absorbers can be expanded using monolayer TMDs.",1,1
20567,10.1016#S0030-4018(01)01172-5.xml,Optics Communications,"We analyse theoretically and experimentally the Raman-assisted parametric coupling between non-phase-matched waves propagating in normally dispersive single-mode fibres. We perform a careful analysis of the wave-coupling behaviour, which shows that scalar and vector three-wave mixing (TWM) interactions induce a relatively small periodic power flow between a central-frequency pump at frequency ω 0 and a pair of up-shifted (anti-Stokes) and down-shifted (Stokes) sidebands at frequencies ω0+Ω and ω0−Ω, respectively. For sufficiently high pump powers, the stimulated Raman scattering enters into play, causing a unilateral transfer of energy from higher to lower frequency waves. This energy transfer destroys the spatial periodicity of the parametric energy-exchange process. As a result, parametric seeding and subsequent Raman amplification of a Stokes idler wave is achieved by mixing a strong pump with a weak anti-Stokes signal. This Raman-induced Stokes power-gain enhancement leads to efficient anti-Stokes → Stokes frequency conversion, with frequency detunings which can be relatively large (typically, from 7 to 30 THz), even for very short parametric coherence. Raman-assisted TWM thus overcomes the strict spectral limitation usually imposed by the phase-matching condition, leading to broadband frequency conversion processes that are inaccessible with a pure parametric interaction.",1,1
26329,10.1016#j.electacta.2009.03.012.xml,Electrochimica Acta,"From corrosion to batteries and super-capacitors, mobility of ions at interfaces, a pre-requisite for many electrochemical processes, plays a key role in a great number of applications. In this paper we show for the first time that the Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) technique can be applied for studying ion mobility along any kind of insulator/insulator interface. As across these interfaces high biases can be applied, the determination of the mobility constants should be possible. Since for practically all kinds of interfaces model samples based on insulating substrate can be prepared, this is a break-through for studying ion mobility along any kind of interface, as well as mobility of ions adsorbed on a surface. While it has been shown nearly two decades ago that delamination of polymer/metal interfaces and also diffusion or migration of ions along such interfaces can be monitored in situ by SKP, no attempts have been made so far to apply this technique for investigating the mobility of ions also along interfaces between insulating materials. Here we show that this is possible. This opens up the use of SKP for a vast field of research that is of critical importance for many applications.",0,0
26758,10.1016#j.culher.2010.01.005.xml,Journal of Cultural Heritage,"The microclimatic analysis of the Petrarca's tomb in Arquà Petrarca, Padua (Italy) was performed to assess the suitability of a closed environment located outdoors respect to the conservation requirements of heritage materials. Results showed that the thermo-hygrometric conditions inside the tomb were not suitable for the conservation of organic materials, like bones and wood. The orientation (north or south) was the main responsible for the different damage features of the two sides of the wooden case housing the human remains inside the tomb. Technical solutions were finally implemented to improve the conservation conditions, thus avoiding further damage.",0,0
5711,10.1016#j.optmat.2017.02.059.xml,Optical Materials,"In this work, a ternary copolymer composed of (E)-2-(4-((4-isocyanophenyl) diazenyl) phenoxy) ethyl methacrylate (2-CN), methacrylisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MAPOSS) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) is synthesized and used as the overlay for composite optical fiber, in which cage-like POSS component and fluorine-containing component are used to reduce refractive index, and azobenzene component is used to finely manipulate the refractive indices in two orthogonal directions through photo-induced orientation under irradiation of polarized light. Before irradiation, the refractive index of terpolymer (1.4503) is slightly higher than that of the core material (1.4489) of commercial silica single-mode fiber, which is obtained by optimizing the amount of each monomer. After the irradiation of 435 nm polarized light, refractive indices of the overlay in two orthogonal directions decrease, and two values have been finely manipulated so that one is higher and another is lower than the refractive index of the fiber core by optimizing irradiation time. In this way, a radial loss type fiber polarization modulator is obtained. By changing the polarization direction of the irradiation at 435 nm, the polarization of propagating light at 1550 nm in the fiber can also be modulated continuously. The maximum change of phase difference is about 300°, making the device useful as a quarter-wave plate or a half-wave plate.",1,1
25468,10.1016#j.str.2012.01.009.xml,Structure,"Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are the adaptive immune receptors of jawless fish, which evolved adaptive immunity independent of other vertebrates. In lieu of the immunoglobulin fold-based T and B cell receptors, lymphocyte-like cells of jawless fish express VLRs (VLRA, VLRB, or VLRC) composed of leucine-rich repeats and are similar to toll-like receptors (TLRs) in structure, but antibodies (VLRB) and T cell receptors (VLRA and VLRC) in function. Here, we present the structural and biochemical characterization of VLR4, a VLRB, in complex with BclA, the immunodominant glycoprotein of Bacillus anthracis spores. Using a combination of crystallography, mutagenesis, and binding studies, we delineate the mode of antigen recognition and binding between VLR4 and BclA, examine commonalities in VLRB recognition of antigens, and demonstrate the potential of VLR4 as a diagnostic tool for the identification of B. anthracis spores.",0,0
24377,10.1016#S0167-5273(97)00244-1.xml,International Journal of Cardiology,"In both atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension, structural and functional abnormalities result in vascular hypertrophy that is associated with an increased ratio of vascular media thickness to lumen diameter and hyperreactivity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), resulting in uncontrolled cell migration and growth in vivo. In culture, VSMCs isolated from the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) also display exaggerated growth and/or proliferation compared to VSMCs isolated from normotensive control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. In vitro studies of cultured VSMCs can therefore be used as a model to investigate the mechanisms whereby a drug such as amlodipine can exert its antihypertensive and antiatherogenic effects. The present in vitro investigations examine the mechanisms whereby amlodipine reduces VSMC growth/proliferation promoted by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a peptide growth factor likely to participate in the vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy of the SHR. VSMCs from SHR and/or WKY rat aortae were isolated, passaged, and cultured. The influence of amlodipine on VSMC growth/proliferation was studied by measuring DNA synthesis and cell number under experimental conditions, which allowed us to determine the cell cycle phase in which amlodipine exerts its effects. Amlodipine was found to inhibit growth and bFGF-induced DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Delayed addition of amlodipine showed that the drug exerts its effect early in the G1 phase, a result that was confirmed by the finding that amlodipine could not inhibit bFGF-induced DNA synthesis in VSMCs arrested at the G1/S boundary. In comparative experiments, the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on both cell growth and DNA synthesis was found to be of similar magnitude in SHR- and WKY-derived VSMCs. It is therefore likely that by modulating cell growth/proliferation induced by bFGF, amlodipine may reduce the vascular hypertrophy of the SHR. Since amlodipine also has been found to inhibit VSMC migration, one may reasonably envisage that these characteristics are important components of the antiatherogenic properties of the drug.",0,0
13485,10.1016#j.optlaseng.2012.08.007.xml,Optics and Lasers in Engineering,"In the EU railway network, a multitude of railway companies runs their rolling stock on tracks which are not in their own responsibility. Consequently, permanent monitoring of security-relevant parameters becomes an issue of increasing importance. In order to characterize the status of the catenary–current collector interface, compliance with the specified contact force between them is a generally agreed-upon quality parameter. We report here on an approach to monitor contact forces (without correction of dynamic parts in this first step) inline using a potentially low-cost fiber optic sensing system which is insensitive to the high electrical potential and to field changes. It was implemented and tested successfully on regular trains by replacing the current collector with a sensor-embedded one, and by adding a small-sized signal processing unit in the driver cabin. In this article, we describe the construction and application results of the system and discuss its advantages and limitations. Sensor characteristics are investigated with the help of a mechanical model. The system has shown its potential during test drives on railway tracks in Switzerland.",1,1
27610,10.1016#j.wavemoti.2019.01.008.xml,Wave Motion,"Galvanised by the emergent fields of metamaterials and topological wave physics, there is currently much interest in controlling wave propagation along structured arrays, and interfacial waves between geometrically different crystal arrangements. We model array and interface waves for structured thin elastic plates, so-called platonic crystals, that share many analogies with their electromagnetic and acoustic counterparts, photonic and phononic crystals, and much of what we present carries across to those systems. These crystals support several forms of edge or array-guided modes, that decay perpendicular to their direction of propagation. To rapidly, and accurately, characterise these modes and their decay we develop a spectral Galerkin method, using a Fourier–Hermite basis, to provide highly accurate dispersion diagrams and mode-shapes, that are confirmed with full scattering simulations. We illustrate this approach using Rayleigh Bloch modes, and generalise high frequency homogenisation, along a line array, to extract the envelope wavelength along the array. Rayleigh–Bloch modes along graded arrays of rings of point masses are investigated and novel forms of the rainbow trapping effect and wave hybridisation are demonstrated. Finally, the method is used to investigate the dispersion curves and mode-shapes of interfacial waves created by geometrical differences in adjoining media.",0,1
3944,10.1016#j.ijleo.2018.01.126.xml,Optik,"We report a modified general relation of nanosecond second harmonic conversion efficiency relation to determine efficiency at any value of power density, laser wavelength, crystal length and beam divergence when transmission value are relative high >90%, which make it a reference for practical study comparison. We apply this study on BBO crystal and study the efficiency as function of both crystal length (0–0.7 cm) and laser wavelength (460–1400 nm), (527–1400 nm) in 3-D plot for phase matching types I and II respectively. Finally, we study the effect of crystal length and power density at generated deep-ultraviolet cut-off type I wavelength 205 nm.",1,1
30766,10.1016#S1474-6670(17)38541-5.xml,IFAC Proceedings Volumes,"This paper focuses on modeling of a simulated moving bed process dedicated to the separation of racemic mixtures. In a first approach, a true moving bed model is derived, which assumes an equivalent counter-current movement of the solid phase. The good agreement between the model and the real system is demonstrated with experimental results. Then, a more rigorous approach is developed, which considers the system as an arrangement of static chromatographic columns and takes into account periodic switching. Attention is focused on model formulation and numerical solution techniques in order to develop an efficient dynamic simulation program.",0,0
14484,10.1016#j.optlastec.2010.01.012.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"We present what we believe the first experimental observation of a nanosecond zero order pulsed Bessel beam generated from an unstable resonator based on an axicon. The field distribution at the output coupler is simulated by means of Fox–Li iterative computation. It is shown that the experimental result is consistent with the numerical simulation. The application field and forecast of the zero-order Bessel beams are very wide, such as precision cutting and micro-operation experiment. Our experiments offer a new way to output zero-order Bessel beams directly.",1,1
26361,10.1016#j.ijfatigue.2015.12.007.xml,International Journal of Fatigue,"High-cycle fatigue properties of cold-drawn twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel, a favored candidate for replacing fully pearlitic (FP) steels in wire applications, were investigated. The high-cycle fatigue tests were conducted on cold-drawn TWIP and FP steels that had comparable ultimate tensile strength for comparison. Fatigue strength of both TWIP and FP steels increased with the tensile strength, but the TWIP steel cold-drawn to a tensile strength of 1.5GPa exhibited a very low fatigue ratio (a ratio of fatigue strength to tensile strength) which deviated far from the predicted linear relationship. Fracture surface analysis showed that crack initiation mainly occurred at the ferrite matrix in FP steels, while either at grain or twin boundaries in TWIP steels where a large density of dislocations piled up during cold drawing. In the case of TWIP steels, the presence of inclusions at grain boundaries led to high local stress concentration and caused early intergranular fatigue cracking as notch sensitivity increased with tensile strength. Subsequent annealing after cold-drawing effectively increased fatigue strength of TWIP steels. It was suggested that TWIP steel revealing both high tensile strength and excellent high cycle fatigue strength could be a promising alternative for replacing conventional FP steels.",0,0
34235,10.1016#0022-4073(67)90081-7.xml,Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,Green's function techniques are used to construct a general theory of line broadening in gases. Extensive use of the diagrammatic methods of modern field theory makes possible a useful classification of the various types of mechanisms that may broaden the absorption line. To illustrate the general formalism a generalization of the impact theory of Baranger et al. is derived in which the recoil of the atom is included; i.e. collisional broadening and Doppler broadening are treated in a consistent fashion.,0,0
11699,10.1016#j.optcom.2016.06.040.xml,Optics Communications,"Monte Carlo ray tracing and rigorous coupling wave analyses (RCWA) are linked together for modeling the lighting property of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). The proposed method considers the thin-film effect and the whole geometrical structure of OLED instead of a single exciton, realizing a mixed-level and comprehensive model with reduced simulation complexity. According to experimental results, the proposed model has demonstrated an acceptable accuracy for the conventional planar OLED. Additionally, corrugated OLEDs are investigated for the blue spectrum enhancement. The simulations from the proposed model indicate that the reduced corrugated period or duty cycle contributes to blue-shift of the EL spectra.",1,1
34843,10.1016#j.expthermflusci.2010.09.009.xml,Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,"The low-interfacial tension flow through porous media occurs in surfactant-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR), soil clean-up, underground removal of the non-aqueous phase liquid and dense non-aqueous phase liquid, etc. In surfactant-based EOR processes, numerous works have been carried out to characterize – either qualitatively or quantitatively – the micro- and macro-scale flow behavior. What has been lacking is to link the statistics of oil blobs population (e.g., distribution of blob length and diameter) to the pore-scale phenomena and macro-scale quantities. In particular, no work has been reported to elucidate the effect of the ratio of pore body to throat diameter (i.e., aspect ratio) on the pore-scale characterization based on the blobs population statistics. The significance of the aspect ratio lies in that it describes the geometry of a porous medium and is one of the foremost morphological features. The aspect ratio is also one of the fundamental factors governing the pore-level events. This study presents the effect of aspect ratio on the statistical distribution of the blob length and equivalent diameter and links the blobs population statistics to the observed pore-level events. The pore-scale variation of the ratio of viscous-to-capillary forces acted on the oil blobs at the threshold of displacement is utilized to characterize the effect of blob length distribution at different aspect ratios. It also provides some insight into correlating the change in oil recovery efficiency and capillary number, by change in aspect ratio, with the change in blobs population statistics.",0,0
34991,10.1016#S0273-1177(03)00442-3.xml,Advances in Space Research,"Space weathering is a process where formation of nanophase iron particles causes darkening of overall reflectance, spectral reddening, and weakening of absorption bands on atmosphereless bodies such as the moon and asteroids. Using pulse laser irradiation, formation of nanophase iron particles by micrometeorite impact heating is simulated. Although Mercurian surface is poor in iron and rich in anorthite, microscopic process of nanophase iron particle formation can take place on Mercury. On the other hand, growth of nanophase iron particles through Ostwald ripening or repetitive dust impacts would moderate the weathering degree. Future MESSENGER and BepiColombo mission will unveil space weathering on Mercury through multispectral imaging observations.",0,0
4310,10.1016#j.ijleo.2018.10.131.xml,Optik,"Based on the Maxwell equations and the heat conduction theory, the thermal effects of the 10.6μm narrow band filter are analysed under the irradiation of the pulsed laser at oblique incidence. The temperature field and the drift effect of the narrow band filter are compared and discussed at different incident angles and polarizations. Results show that,with the increase of incident angle,the amplitude and position coordinates of the peak temperature rise have changed greatly.The peak value of the temperature rise decreased gradually with the increasing incident angles. The position coordinates of the peak temperature rise gradually approaches to the interface of the filter and air with the increasing incident angle.The difference of thermal effects between the P and S polarized laser irradiation becomes more and more obvious. The passband drift characteristics under different laser incident angles are compared. When the incident angle is small, the central wavelength deviation of the filter reached over 200nm, and the transmittance decreased to less than 6%.With the increase of the incident angle, the melting damage threshold of the filter is getting bigger and bigger. When the incident angle is greater than 30°, the difference of the melting damage threshold between P and S polarized light becomes larger and larger.The incident angle and polarization state of the laser should be considered in order to realize the laser damage to the narrow band filter with a small power.",1,1
35025,10.1016#j.pss.2005.06.003.xml,Planetary and Space Science,"The advanced Moon micro-imager experiment (AMIE) is the imaging system on board ESA mission to the Moon SMART-1; it makes use of a miniaturised detector and micro-processor electronics developed by SPACE X in the frame of the ESA technical programme. The AMIE micro-imager will provide high resolution CCD images of selected lunar areas and it will perform colour imaging through three filters at 750, 915 and 960nm with a maximum resolution of 46m/pixel at the perilune of 500km. Specific scientific objectives will include (1) imaging of high latitude regions in the southern hemisphere, in particular the South Pole Aitken basin (SPA) and the permanently shadowed regions close to the South Pole, (2) determination of the photometric properties of the lunar surface from observations at different phase angles (physical properties of the regolith), (3) multi-band imaging for constraining the chemical and mineral composition of the surface, (4) detection and characterisation of lunar non-mare volcanic units, (5) study of lithological variations from impact craters and implications for crustal heterogeneity. The AMIE micro-imager will also support a Laser-link experiment to Earth, an On Board Autonomous Navigation investigation and a Lunar libration experiment coordinated with radio science measurements.",0,0
34897,10.1054#arth.2002.33558.xml,The Journal of Arthroplasty,"We investigated the effects of early compared with late (ie, in flexion) rollback on quadriceps efficiency during stair stepping. We studied 10 patients with the IB II (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) total knee arthroplasty (TKA), designed to enforce rollback at 73° of knee flexion; 9 patients with the Maxim PS (Biomet, Inc, Warsaw, IN) TKA, designed to enforce rollback between 20° and 30° of flexion; 8 patients with the TRAC PS (Biomet, Inc, Warsaw, IN) mobile bearing TKA, designed to enforce rollback at 8° of flexion; and 21 healthy control subjects during stair stepping. We measured the external knee flexion moments, which must be largely balanced by quadriceps force acting over the quadriceps lever arm, as indicators of quadriceps efficiency. The peak external knee flexion moment generated by the IB II patients during stair stepping was 12.4% and occurred at 65° of knee flexion. This moment was significantly less (P=.006) than the peak moment, 17.6%, generated by the healthy controls. Knee flexion for the IB II patients did not reach 73°, and rollback was not enforced until after the peak moment (ie, maximum demands on the quadriceps) had been attained. The peak moments generated by the TRAC PS patients, 14.2%, and Maxim patients, 14.8%, were not significantly different from that of the controls. These results suggest that early as compared with late rollback returns more normal quadriceps efficiency during stair stepping. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.",0,0
10558,10.1016#j.optcom.2013.08.050.xml,Optics Communications,"Vectorial properties of light have significant effects on the focusing properties, especially for the case of tightly focusing, where the requirements on the ratio of the longitudinal field to the traverse fields (RLT) are different for various applications, such as particle acceleration, micronano-fabrication, fluorescent imaging, determination of three dimensional orientation of individual molecules and so on. Here, utilizing inhomogeneous polarization modulation (IPM) method, we demonstrate how to adjust the numbers of focal spots, the RLT, and the depth of focus (DOF) in terms of requirements and create successfully single or multiple focal spots with dominant transverse or longitudinal fields and small size. In terms of this method, not only the asymmetry of the focal spot for linearly polarized illumination with IPM can be obviously decreased, but also its size is the same as that of the short axis of the elliptical focusing spot for the case without IPM. Moreover, it can not only produce the focal spot with dominant transverse field, low sidelobe, and size slightly smaller than that of the radial polarization, but also can realize the identical resolutions in the transverse direction. In addition, for a focal spot with dominant transverse or longitudinal field, both the subdiffraction sizes (0.4λ or 0.5λ) and the DOF of 6.92λ are also achieved.",1,1
4385,10.1016#j.ijleo.2018.12.009.xml,Optik,"The subtle changes in the edges and corners of nanoparticles are the common occurrence during the manufacturing process of them which it affects on the nanoparticles sensing properties. In this work, we studied rounding effect on sensing properties of silver hexagonal nanoplate dimer by using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA). In these nanoplates three main plasmonic bands arise (dipole, octupole and anti-bonding modes). Both dipole and octupole modes are strongly affected by changes in the refractive index of medium and blue shift under the influence of the edges rounding. Our results show that hexagonal dimers with the least gap distance (g  = 1 nm) have the largest extinction cross section and the maximum hybridization of plasmon peak.",1,1
14235,10.1016#j.optlastec.2007.04.002.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"We report a theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of bandwidth and stability enhancement in optical parametric amplification (OPA) when using chirped periodically poled KTiOPO4. Calculation results show that the bandwidth and stability are enhanced significantly by the use of a chirped grating. Temperature-gradient and fanned gratings are introduced and chirp factors of them are deduced and calculated. The use of a fanned grating flattens the Quasi-phase-matching response and improves the efficiency. Finally, we propose a method to reduce the instability induced by an unstable pump.",1,1
34904,10.1016#j.jag.2015.04.013.xml,International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,"The assimilation of Earth observation (EO) data into crop models has proven to be an efficient way to improve yield prediction at a regional scale by estimating key unknown crop management practices. However, the efficiency of prediction depends on the uncertainty associated with the data provided to crop models, particularly climatic data and soil physical properties. In this study, the performance of the STICS (Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) crop model for predicting corn yield after assimilation of leaf area index derived from EO data was evaluated under different scenarios. The scenarios were designed to examine the impact of using fine-resolution soil physical properties, as well as the impact of using climatic data from either one or four weather stations across the region of interest. The results indicate that when only one weather station was used, the average annual yield by producer was predicted well (absolute error <5%), but the spatial variability lacked accuracy (root mean square error=1.3tha−1). The model root mean square error for yield prediction was highly correlated with the distance between the weather stations and the fields, for distances smaller than 10km, and reached 0.5tha−1 for a 5-km distance when fine-resolution soil properties were used. When four weather stations were used, no significant improvement in model performance was observed. This was because of a marginal decrease (30%) in the average distance between fields and weather stations (from 10 to 7km). However, the yield predictions were improved by approximately 15% with fine-resolution soil properties regardless of the number of weather stations used. The impact of the uncertainty associated with the EO-derived soil textures and the impact of alterations in rainfall distribution were also evaluated. A variation of about 10% in any of the soil physical textures resulted in a change in dry yield of 0.4tha−1. Changes in rainfall distribution between two abundant rainfalls during the growing season led to a significant change in yield (0.5tha−1 on average). Our results highlight the importance of using fine-resolution gridded daily precipitation data to capture spatial variations of rainfall as well as using fine-resolution soil properties instead of coarse-resolution soil properties from the Canadian soil dataset, especially for regions with high pedodiversity.",0,0
35626,10.1016#j.jff.2015.01.002.xml,Journal of Functional Foods,"Although probiotics could confer health benefits to host physiology, their efficacy is strain specific. To identify anti-inflammatory probiotics, an ex vivo screening system was developed, and validated effector functions of selected candidates using experimental rheumatoid arthritis as an in vivo model. Lactobacillus helveticus HY7801 was selected as the best candidate. Oral administration of L. helveticus HY7801 prevented the development of collagen-induced experimental arthritis, and diminished disease progression and severity by reducing antigen specific IgG levels and inflammatory immune response. Administration of L. helveticus HY7801 may induce regulatory CD11c+ dendritic cells, which in turn induce a phenotypic alteration of immune cells by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17A) while enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) by CD4+ T cells. This study suggests that screening of probiotic strains based on the IL-10highIL-12low selection criterion may be applicable to identify anti-inflammatory probiotics as an efficacious food for treating inflammatory immune responses including rheumatoid arthritis.",0,0
34819,10.1016#j.scr.2021.102273.xml,Stem Cell Research,"Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a congenital myopathy typically characterized by skeletal muscle weakness and the presence of abnormal thread- or rod-like structures (nemaline bodies) in myofibres. Pathogenic variants in the skeletal muscle alpha actin gene, ACTA1, cause approximately 25% of all NM cases. We generated two induced pluripotent stem cell lines from lymphoblastoid cells of a 4-month-old female with severe NM harbouring a dominant variant in ACTA1 (c.553C > A). The isogenic lines displayed characteristic iPSC morphology, expressed pluripotency markers, differentiated into cells of all three germ layers, and possessed normal karyotypes. These lines could be useful models of human ACTA1 disease.",0,0
1121,10.1016#j.ijleo.2006.07.008.xml,Optik,"The purpose of this research is to develop an undercover multiplexing technique to give additional protection for optical information encryption. We employ the double random phase mask as our basic optical encryption system. The holographic storage medium of choice is a photorefractive crystal. To achieve the multiplexing we use the aperture size of the pupil in the optical system, as it governs the speckle size. We introduce such variation in order to produce a decorrelation between two consecutively stored speckle patterns. Each stored speckle pattern is associated to an input encrypted image, thus producing a multiplexing of the encrypted information. We implement this operation without altering the setup architecture and the random phase masks. This multiplexing is our undercover operation to encipher a true code behind a fake code. Under this approach, the user can only recover the bulk information stored in the volume hologram. However, he cannot recover the true code without the additional information on the pupil size key, even if accessed in position of the original decoding mask.",1,1
18950,10.1016#S0925-3467(01)00235-X.xml,Optical Materials,"Anisotropic refractive indices of many plastics with potential optical applications are difficult to find in spectral format. We propose a method to obtain dispersive biaxial refractive indices of films which is useful when absorption bands are present. Only spectral scans at different angles of incidence are used. Characterised for its robustness and reliability the method is suitable for the whole UV–IR range. It can be applied for any interferential thickness d provided we measure spectral intervals greater than approximately ∼0.2 μm . Absorption bands, typical of the IR for organic compounds, are subtracted from the different scans by measuring the transmission near the Brewster angle where no interference appears. We obtain the thickness and the principal refractive indices in the 1.3–5.7 μm  spectral range of a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fully biaxially stretched film. PET have a great potential in high performance polarisation optical applications due to its high anisotropy (similar to calcite), a wide transparency range (λ∼0.32–5.70 μm ) and its flexibility in optical constant tailoring depending on stretching ratios.",1,1
4483,10.1016#j.ijleo.2019.02.059.xml,Optik,"The design of novel epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) medium is always the one of focus in electromagnetic field. It is an important and universal method to realize ENZ material by multi-layered isotropic film structures based on the equivalent medium theory. However, the ENZ material designed based on this theory is anisotropic and ε-near-zero is only along a specific direction, which greatly limits its application scope. Therefore, the realization of truly isotropic equivalent ENZ medium is significant for the development of novel optical devices. In this paper, we modify the equivalent medium theory, derive the equivalent parameters formula of multi-layered structure of anisotropic alternating films firstly, and a novel multi-layered Ag/SiC film structures is designed to realize an isotropic equivalent optical ENZ medium based on the above theory. This work perfects the equivalent medium theory system, provides theoretical guidance to improve the design and preparation of optical ENZ material in the future, and the film structure mentioned in this work has also significance for the realization of specific optical ENZ material.",1,1
31209,10.1016#S0301-679X(00)00090-6.xml,Tribology International,"The change of elastic and damping properties of the subsurface layer of iron and steel due to the coating with mineral oil and lubricants has been found in internal friction measurements. The effects were not observed for oil coated ceramics but did occur for iron and steel charged with hydrogen. In the case of coated metals, the formation of new internal friction peaks, increase in yield strain and increase in density of the slip lines of stretched foils were accompanied by the hydrogen uptake, was similar to the case of hydrogen charged metals. The origin of the phenomena is to be the hydrogen evolution from oil and lubricants at their catalytic decomposition, the hydrogen entry into the metal and the hydrogen-dislocation interaction within the subsurface layer of a metal. The hydrogen-induced modification of this layer and the possibility of hydrogen-induced softening or hardening should be taken into account in consideration of the tribological contacts.",0,0
11440,10.1016#j.optcom.2015.11.030.xml,Optics Communications,"The propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in two-dimensional hexagon-lattice photonic crystals (PCs) is investigated through dispersion characteristics analysis and numerical simulation of field pattern. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the image reach 0.37λ which is much smaller than 0.5λ by changing surface structure of the photonic crystal, and the variance of FWHM of image focused by the changed slab seems to be less than the variance of FWHM of image focused by the original slab with the changing of source position.",1,1
18632,10.1016#S0925-3467(03)00163-0.xml,Optical Materials,"Self-passively Q-switching of a diode-pumped Cr,Nd:YAG, where the Cr4+ is used as a saturable absorber for the 1064 nm laser emission is reported. The maximum average output power was obtained using an output coupler of R=86%. The self-Q-switched diode pumped laser yielded 1.86-W average output power with low threshold pumping power (≈1.7-W), average slope efficiency of ≈34%, pulse duration of about 14–16 ns, and modulation frequency ranging from 2.4 to 73 kHz, depending on the input pumping power. These results are the highest reported for self-Q-switched lasers. Higher slope efficiency (42%) and shorter Q-switched pulses were obtained for a Q-switched Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG diffusion bonded laser. A comparison of the codoped Cr,Nd:YAG laser performance, with that of a diffusion bonded laser is reported and analyzed.",1,1
12265,10.1016#j.optcom.2017.10.078.xml,Optics Communications,"We investigate graphene-covered microfibre (GCM) waveguides, and analyse the microfibres’ evanescent field distributions in different diameters and lengths by numerically simulation. According to the simulation results, we designed a graphene-based all-optical modulator using 980 nm and Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) lasers, employing the microfibre’s evanescent field induced light–graphene interaction. We studied the modulation effect that is influenced by the microfibre’s diameter, number of graphene layers, and effective graphene length. Compared to a single graphene layer of shorter length, the double graphene layer with longer length presents stronger absorption and higher modulation depth. Using a 2- μ m diameter microfibre covered by  ∼ 0.3 cm double graphene sheets, we achieved a modulation depth of 8.45 dB. This modulator features ease of fabrication, low cost, and a controllable modulation depth.",1,1
26460,10.1016#S1001-0742(11)60874-7.xml,Journal of Environmental Sciences,"Photocatalytic degradation of paraquat using mesoporous-assembled Cu-TiO2/SBA15 under UV and visible light was investigated. The catalyst was synthesized by impregnation of Cu-TiO2 colloids onto SBA-15. The colloids of Cu-TiO2 were prepared via sol-gel method while the mesoporous support was prepared using hydrothermal technique. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, transmission electron microscopy, UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Zeta potential and X-ray adsorption spectroscopy. Results from characterizations showed that Cu doped TiO2 had a small crystalline size and was well-dispersed on SBA-15. The inclusion of SBA-15 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst. Among the three types of undoped catalyst in this study (P25, TiO2, TiO2/SBA-15), TiO2/SBA-15 yielded the highest degradation of paraquat for all pH under UV illumination. Meanwhile 2 wt.% Cu-TiO2/SBA-15 yielded the highest activity under visible light.",0,1
36362,10.1016#j.jre.2019.11.003.xml,Journal of Rare Earths,"The glass system under study was prepared and examined using the melt quenching procedures and XRD to emphasize the amorphous nature, respectively. Transmittance of the prepared solid glass system was performed by a spectrophotometer in wavelengths from 190 to 1099 nm. Using traditional techniques and standard formulas, the density, molar volume, refractive index, optical band gap and the optical filter characteristics were determined, then the influence of samarium oxide on some properties like the structure and optical, also the electrical properties were dissected. A novel formula was proposed to estimate the refractive index from the optical energy gap. The obtained samples are good optical filters especially the sample that contains 0.8 mol% of Sm2O3. Also this sample has the utmost density, the least molar volume, the maximum transmittance, least refractive index, the highest optical band gap and the least dc conductivity.",0,1
24338,10.1016#j.jddst.2019.01.032.xml,Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology,"Nanofibers comprising dispersed natural bioactive ingredients have received considerable attention due to enhanced pharmaceutical effects. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is a versatile bioactive compound that is prone to oxidative damage. In this work, GLP was obtained from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (GLSP) using two methods; ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and traditional solvent extraction (TSE). Optimal GLP yield was determined via parametric optimization for UAE. GLP was subsequently loaded (via electrospinning) as a molecularly dispersed system into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers; which ranged in size from 390 to 750 nm. Composite fibers were analyzed using electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and their surface hydrophilicity and mechanical properties were assessed. The results showed that the yield of GLP using UAE for 3 min was higher than that of TSE for 5 h. GLP concentration was shown to influence mean fiber diameter, water contact angle and maximum tensile/strain strength of fibrous composite films. All fibrous films exhibited rapid GLP release, reaching 100% within 300 s. These results demonstrate an efficient method for GLP preparation and a feasible route to encapsulate the compound as a molecularly dispersed system into nanofibers, elucidating potential application in biopharmaceutical delivery.",0,0
27933,10.1016#j.clnu.2021.02.029.xml,Clinical Nutrition,"Although obesity reflected by BMI can enhance the association of air pollution with increase blood pressures (BP) and prevalent hypertension in susceptible population, there remains lack evidence on interactive effects of different obesity indices and air pollutants on BP and prevalent hypertension in rural adults. 39,259 individuals were recruited from the Henan Rural Cohort. Concentrations of air pollutants (PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2) were evaluated by a spatio-temporal model based on satellites data. Independent associations of air pollutants and obesity reflected by BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, BFP and VFI on BP indicators (SBP, DBP, MAP and PP) and prevalent hypertension were analyzed by linear regression and logistic regression models, respectively. Furthermore, their additive effects were quantified by RERI, AP and S. Six obesity indices enhanced the associations of four air pollutants and BP indicators. Individuals with high PM1 concentrations plus obesity classified by BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, BFP and VFI had a 4.18-fold (95% CI: 3.86, 4.53), 3.58-fold (95% CI: 3.34, 3.84), 3.53-fold (95% CI: 3.28, 3.81), 4.02-fold (95% CI: 3.72, 4.35), 3.89-fold (95% CI: 3.59, 4.23), 3.87-fold (95% CI: 3.62, 4.14) increase in prevalent hypertension, respectively, compared to non-obese individuals with low PM1 concentrations; similar results were observed for combined effect of PM2.5, PM10 or NO2 and obesity indices on prevalent hypertension. The significant values of RERI, AP and S indicated additive effects of air pollutants and obesity indices on hypertension. Obesity amplified the effects of exposure to high levels of air pollutants on increased BP values and prevalent hypertension, implying that obese individuals may be susceptible to elevate BP and prevalent hypertension in relation to air pollution exposure.",0,0
38802,10.1016#j.ifacol.2016.10.074.xml,IFAC-PapersOnLine,Spectral measurement devices are a useful tool for quantifying biomass and the nitrogen uptake of plants. They are employed for site specific nitrogen application in arable farming and for crop scouting in parcel plot trials. In 2014 a plot trial with varying fertilizer types and levels has been monitored with a low-cost handheld NDVI sensor and an UAV carrying a multispectral camera. The results show that data from both spectral measurement devices was fit to estimate triticale dry matter yield with confidence levels exceeding 95%.,0,0
21277,10.1016#j.yofte.2020.102335.xml,Optical Fiber Technology,"The 5G wireless communication systems promise to utilize the RF spectrum more efficiently and use advanced modulation and access techniques to provide ultra-high data rate speeds. Millimeter wave (MMW) signals and MMW based systems are playing a fundamental role in achieving these requirements. The modules and devices, proposed for these systems, are intended to use the robust capabilities of photonic technologies. In this paper, we consider MMW switching and wavelength conversion using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) as a technique to support MMW transmission over fiber-based networks. In particular, we exploit the nonlinear special effects in SOA to generate a switched optical single-sideband signal that carries aggregated filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) 5G signals. First, we optimize the SOA for single FBMC band switching. Then, the switching of six FBMC aggregated signals is considered. The intention is to investigate the performance of such aggregated FBMC signals after applying either single or cascaded wavelength conversion. The results include analyzing the performance in terms of bit error rate, optical signal-to-noise ratio, and error vector magnitude.",1,1
14704,10.1016#j.optlastec.2011.09.008.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"An efficient method to fabricate transparent glass ceramic fibers containing in-situ grown Yb3+ doped oxide nano-particles based on yttria–alumino–silicate glass is presented. These large-mode area Yb3+ doped fibers having a core diameter around 25.0μm were drawn by a proper control over the involved process parameters; by this, the size of nano-particles was maintained within 5–10nm. The main spectroscopic and laser properties of the fabricated fibers along with the nano-structuration results are reported. These results reveal that the developed method offers new scopes for the contemporary Yb3+ fiber based devices.",1,1
19629,10.1016#S0030-4018(99)00287-4.xml,Optics Communications,"We give a theoretical estimate of the lower limit of Rayleigh scattering in sapphire crystals. We report measurements of scattering attenuation coefficient in sapphire at wavelengths of 633 and 1064 nm using an imaging measurement technique. The measured scattering loss in sapphire is ∼13 ppm/cm. Using sapphire as a mirror and beamsplitter substrate in laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, Rayleigh scattering losses are similar in magnitude to estimates of mirror losses. However, the scattering level still remains higher than the theoretical limit because of the presence of impurities–vacancies in the sapphire crystal.",1,1
9630,10.1016#j.optcom.2011.03.043.xml,Optics Communications,"We have proposed an asymmetric bowtie 2-color controller and analyzed its resonance frequency spectra and temporal responses. The results show improved optical properties of the asymmetric bowtie 2-color controller as compared to symmetric bowties. The improved optical properties are a broad bandwidth of the plasmonic spectrum consisting of two resonant peaks, a high field enhancement in the gap of the bowtie structure, and a large effective enhancement volume. The system might have applications in the generation of XUV light via high-harmonic generation as well as in ultrabroadband sensors and multicolor optoelectronic filters.",1,1
37785,10.1016#j.spmi.2005.04.006.xml,Superlattices and Microstructures,"The recent controversy on the bandgap of InN is addressed, with reference to optical data on single crystalline thin film samples grown on sapphire. The optical absorption spectra deduced from transmission data or spectroscopic ellipsometry are consistent with a lowest bandgap around 0.7 eV in the low doping limit. Further, these data from a number of different independent authors and samples give values for the absorption coefficient within a factor 2 well above the absorption edge, supporting an intrinsic direct bandgap process. The presence of Mie resonances due to In inclusions in the InN matrix affects the shape of the absorption above the edge, but is less relevant for the discussion of the bandgap for pure InN. The alternative model of a deep level to conduction band transition requires the presence of a deep donor at a concentration close to 1020 cm−3; in addition this concentration has to be the same within a factor 2 in all samples studied so far. This appears implausible, and no such deep donor could so far be identified from SIMS data in the highest quality samples studied. The line shape of the photoluminescence spectra can be quite well reproduced in a model for the optical transitions from the conduction band states to localized states above the valence band, including the Coulomb effects of the impurity potentials. A value of 0.69 eV for the bandgap of pure InN is deduced at 2 K. For samples that appear to be only weakly degenerate n-type two narrow peaks are observed in the photoluminescence at low temperature, assigned to conduction band—acceptor transitions. These peaks can hardly be explained in the deep level model. Recent cathodoluminescence data on highly n-doped InN films showing that the emission appears to be concentrated around In inclusions can also be explained as near bandgap recombination, considering the plausible enhancement due to interface plasmons. Finally, recent photoluminescence data on quantum structures based on InN and InGaN with a high In content appear to be consistent with moderate upshifts of the emission from a 0.7 eV value due to electron confinement.",0,1
2967,10.1016#j.ijleo.2015.10.176.xml,Optik,Counter propagating beams (inputs) through nonlinear Mach–Zehnder interferometer (NMZI) with Kerr type nonlinearity and made of photonic crystal waveguides (PCW) are simulated using two dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. It is shown that PCW based NMZI of proper parameters could be used as NOT and AND logic gates. The results obtained here are compared with earlier published results of NMZI made of conventional step index waveguides (SIW). Operating powers and/or device length would be much smaller in case of PCW based NMZI as compared to SIW based NMZI if same nonlinear material is used.,1,1
5745,10.1016#j.optmat.2017.03.033.xml,Optical Materials,A ZnO/p-Si heterojunction solar cell has been fabricated by sol-gel technique. Silver nanostructures have been deposited on the top surface of the cell by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) system. Silver nanoparticles show strong surface plasmon resonance at 500 nm and improve the overall absorbance of the cell. Deposition of silver nanoparticles on the top surface of the solar cell quenches the photoluminescence and indicates an effective scattering of incident light into the absorber layer. A solar cell containing silver nanoparticles shows fivefold improvement in short circuit current density in comparison to a pristine cell. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations illustrate the effect of silver nanoparticles on the performance of the solar cell. The total quantum efficiency (TQE) of the device shows a Gaussian curve with the aspect ratio (diameter: interspacing) of nanoparticles. Optimized distribution of silver nanoparticles can improve the light trapping capabilities of various thin-film solar cells.,1,1
15481,10.1016#j.optlastec.2015.04.009.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"The effect of laser shock peening (LSP) on mechanical properties, especially the plasticity of a typical Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) had been investigated. The surface treatment introduced by successive laser pulses facilitated the formation of shear bands and promoted the plastic deformation of BMG. Experimental investigations of the bending deformation behavior were performed by three-point bending test at room temperature. It was found that the LSP pretreatment could improve the plasticity. The shear bands in fracture surface of laser peened sample were increased which could be observed by SEM. Logarithmic strain and stress distributions during bending deformation were predicted by finite element analysis. The high level of strain concentration in peened sample represented the increasing possibility of shear band formation which was beneficial to enhance plasticity. Corresponding with the strain distribution, the stress in peened sample was also increased which would enhance the ability of resisting a larger bending load force. Besides, simulation results clearly showed the logarithmic strain evolution of the beams with different laser irradiated regions throughout the bending process. The results indicated that the larger the laser irradiated region was, the better the plasticity of BMG would be.",1,1
8832,10.1016#j.optcom.2008.11.079.xml,Optics Communications,"We present an efficient method to accurately calculate the reconstruction properties of a Bessel–Gauss beam after an arbitrary obstruction. Our method makes use of the well-known conical wave features of Bessel–Gauss beams, by considering the projection of the obstacle in space as a result of the travelling conical waves that produce the Bessel–Gauss beams. This approach, of projecting the obstacle boundaries rather than propagating the field itself, results in fast and accurate predictions of the field after any obstacle. We successfully predict the reconstruction properties of a Bessel–Gauss beam after three complex obstacles by calculating the boundaries of the various projected regions. This method has no restrictions regarding the geometry of the obstacle or its placement in the Bessel–Gauss field.",1,1
37540,10.1016#S0028-3908(99)00148-3.xml,Neuropharmacology,"Arc (activity regulated, cytoskeleton associated protein) is an effector immediate early gene that is selectively localized in the neuronal dendrites. Elevation of brain 5-HT by the combined administration of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine (TCP, 5 mg/kg, i.p.), and the 5-HT precursor L-tryptophan (L-TP, 100 mg/kg, i.p.), increased Arc mRNA abundance in the cingulate, orbital, frontal and parietal cortices as well as in the striatum but a reduction was observed in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The 5-HT releasing agent p-chloroamphetamine (PCA, 5 mg/kg, s.c.) also increased Arc mRNA in the cortical and striatal areas. Depleting brain 5-HT with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA, 300 mg/kg, i.p. for two days), on the other hand, significantly attenuated the increase in Arc mRNA induced by tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan (TCP/L-TP). Pretreatment with the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated the effect of TCP/L-TP in the cortex but only partially in striatum and did not affect the reduction in the CA1 region. The 5-HT2 agonist DOI (0.2, 1 and 2 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently increased Arc mRNA abundance in cortical areas with a pattern similar to that of TCP/L-TP and PCA. DOI, however, had much weaker effects on Arc mRNA in the striatum and did not have any significant effect in the CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Pretreatment with ketanserin completely blocked the effect of DOI on Arc expression. These data suggest that Arc mRNA expression can be induced in the cortex by increases in extracellular 5-HT and that 5-HT2 receptors play a major part in mediating such effects. Additional 5-HT receptors as well as other neurotransmitters may also be involved, particularly in the striatum and in CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. Overall, our data suggest that expression of Arc mRNA is highly responsive to changes in brain 5-HT functions, and may provide a sensitive marker of postsynaptic 5-HT2 (2A and 2C) receptor functions.",0,0
35644,10.1016#j.ast.2015.11.013.xml,Aerospace Science and Technology,"The mechanical behavior of elastic–plastic polyurethane foams was studied experimentally under high-velocity local impact loading in normal and oblique directions, in particular, the energy absorption and the situation of damage zone were investigated. In order to obtain the mechanical properties, at first quasi-static compressive global loading was performed on the foams. Then, several samples of rigid polyurethane with different thicknesses (between 10 and 80 mm) and densities (between 40 and 320 kg/m3) were prepared and subjected to high-velocity normal impact loading (with projectile velocity range between 30 and 140 m/s). The results showed that the foam with density of  320   ( kg /   m   3   )  at thickness of 40 (mm) has the highest energy absorption between them and also increasing the density and thickness of the foam increases the energy absorption and the area of the damage zone on rear side of the foam. Furthermore, it was found that the damage area consists of two different cylindrical and frustum-like zones. It was shown that the absorbed energy was dependent on both density and thickness; therefore, it was attempted to statistically formulize the relationship between absorbed energy on the one hand and thickness and density on the other hand based on experimental data. The effect of projectile nose including the five shapes such as flat-ended, hemi-spherical, semi-elliptical, right-conical and sharp-conical was investigated on penetration depth of projectile into the target. The results have revealed that the penetration depth increases with decreasing in the curvature radius of projectile nose cross-section; hence, the foams were too weak against sharp noses. On the other hand, performing the oblique impacts showed that increasing the oblique angle increases the damage area and changes the shape of rear side from ellipsoid-like to triangle-shape.",0,0
10508,10.1016#j.optcom.2013.06.067.xml,Optics Communications,"The finite gain recovery time of the reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) causes distortion and pattern dependence at high bit rates in colorless optical network units (ONUs) of WDM passive optical network (WDN-PON). We propose and demonstrate a scheme of upstream transmission of 10Gbps NRZ signals directly modulated via a RSOA in a 25km single fiber, where we use a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as an offset filter to suppress the pattern dependence and improve the RSOA modulation bandwidth. Both experimental and simulation results are provided, which are useful results for designing cost-effective colorless transceivers.",1,1
31132,10.1016#j.ijheatfluidflow.2006.02.004.xml,International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,"High resolution laser Doppler anemometer measurements were acquired in a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer over a four degree ramp at three momentum thickness Reynolds numbers: 3300, 14,100 and 20,600. The goal was to examine an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer far from separation in order to develop turbulent stress scalings to collapse the adverse pressure gradient and flat plate stress profiles over a range of Reynolds numbers. The flow develops as a flat plate boundary layer before being subjected to a varying pressure gradient along the length of a four degree straight ramp. Mean velocity measurements show a log law region for all velocity profiles. The stresses however are perturbed by the pressure gradient with the streamwise normal stress developing an extended outer layer plateau and the wall-normal stress displaying a growing outer layer peak. Scaling parameters are proposed to collapse the inner and outer layer regions of the normal stresses for both the adverse pressure gradient and flat plate profiles over the range of Reynolds numbers examined.",0,0
34813,10.1016#S1002-0721(12)60375-5.xml,Journal of Rare Earths,"SiO2 coated Ce2S3 red pigment was prepared in ethanol/H2O system via sol-gel method and TEOS were used as silica sources. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), UV-visible spectrophotometer and automatic colorimeter were used to investigate the properties of the samples. The results showed that the compact SiO2 film formed on the surface of Ce2S3 pigment at a cerium silicon molar ratio of 2. The thermal stability temperature of Ce2S3 pigment was improved to 450 °C after SiO2 coating. In addition, the color of Ce2S3 pigment was not affected significantly through coating colorless and transparent SiO2 and it could be used as safe red pigment in higher temperature fields.",0,0
20545,10.1016#S0030-4018(01)01241-X.xml,Optics Communications,"Light propagation in a thermally self-induced inhomogeneous medium is investigated to find the transient spatial output field for an arbitrary incident field. The paraxial wave equation is coupled with the thermal diffusion equation to predict the output field as the index of refraction transiently changes due to absorption of light by the medium. The coupled equations are non-dimensionalized and are explicitly expressed in full non-linear form. A coupling parameter is derived to scale the degree of non-linearity. Limits for the validity of using the coupled wave-diffusion approach are given, with respect to bulk fluid motion and the transverse wave assumption. An additional constraint is given on the paraxial wave equation that arises due to the coupling with the diffusion equation. Numerical results are compared to exact solutions and experiments for Gaussian and multi-mode laser beams, which verify that this approach is accurate in the range of validity, and describes local, transient self-focusing in multi-mode beams.",1,1
1887,10.1016#j.ijleo.2012.09.039.xml,Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics,"We propose a novel design for a photonic crystal waveguide coupler, which uses elliptical shaped rods with refractive index equal to 3.4 arranged in square lattice. We investigate the performance of slow light in this photonic crystal coupler. By providing a slow-light region using elliptical cells, a coupling length of just 2.58μm is achieved at optical wavelength. This is extremely small coupling length then previously reported. The proposed structure would offer significant potential for novel compact high-speed optical signal processing devices.",1,1
2251,10.1016#j.ijleo.2013.09.025.xml,Optik,"A novel photonic crystal fiber sensing theory filled with magnetic fluid is proposed based on the change of the MF refractive index under varied magnetic field. The magnetically induced tuning of the magnetic fluid filled PCF propagation properties were investigated by the full-vector finite element method with a perfectly matched layer. Theoretical calculations show that both the effective refractive index and the effective mode area increase vs. the increased magnetic field, and the PCF filled MF with larger d/Λ is more sensitive to magnetic field. When the wavelength λ =1550nm, the duty ratio d/Λ =0.9, d/Λ =0.6, the effective refractive indexes increase respectively from 1.598279 to 1.617572, from 1.61948 to 1.632484, and the effective mode areas increase respectively from 3.561115μm2 to 7.052360μm2, from 6.167494μm2 to 37.221998μm2 as the magnetic field changes from 25Oe to 175Oe. This scheme provides theoretical foundation to use magnetic field to control light in photonic crystal fiber and also offers a potential method for magnetic field sensing based on the TIR-PCF.",1,1
23172,10.1016#S1006-706X(16)30072-3.xml,"Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International","Fe-6. 5 mass% Si alloy is an excellent soft magnetic material with good application prospects. After rolling, the structure of the sheet is likely to be heterogeneous along the normal direction. The microstructure and ordering evolution in the thickness range of the sheets during hot-warm rolling process was studied by means of optical microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that dynamic recrystallization occurs in the surface parts during the hot and warm rolling processes, where the grains are equiaxed but have high density of dislocations due to the large deformation. The grains in the center part are elongated along the rolling direction. It is also found that in the hot rolled sheet, the center part has lower density of dislocations because of dynamic recovery. Meanwhile, this part has higher ordering content compared with the surface part, indicating that the high density of dislocations can inhibit the formation of ordering in the air cooling process after hot rolling. In the warm rolling process, both of the parts are deformed heavily. Large deformation destroys ordered phases and induces disordering. The ordering content is low in the whole warm rolled sheet.",0,0
29134,10.1016#S1001-0742(11)60966-2.xml,Journal of Environmental Sciences,"Visible-light driven photocatalyst bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photocatalyst was synthesized by the polyol route using ethylene glycol. The precipitate was washed, dried and calcined at 450°C for 3 hr. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), zeta potential, surface area (BET method) and band gap energy via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The synthesized BiVO4 has a monoclinic phase with a surface area of 4.3 m2/g and a band gap energy of 2.46 eV. A majority of the particles were in the range of 90–130 nm as obtained from the particle size distribution histrogram. The efficiency of the sample as a visible-light driven photocatalyst was examined by photodegrading Methylene Blue (MB). The effects of some operational photodegradation parameters such as mass loading, initial dye concentration and pH were also examined. Experimental design methodology was applied by response surface modeling and optimization of the removal of MB. The multivariate experimental design was employed to develop a quadratic model as a functional relationship between the percentage removal of MB and three experimental factors (BiVO4 loading, MB initial concentration and pH). The percentage removal of MB approached 67.21% under optimized conditions. In addition, a satisfactory goodness-of-fit was achieved between the predictive and the experimental results.",0,1
30312,10.1016#j.porgcoat.2013.05.032.xml,Progress in Organic Coatings,"Two types of maleic acid diesters, dibutyl maleate (DBM) and dioctyl maleate (DOM) were used as comonomers in semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) in order to improve the film properties of poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc emulsion polymer. The effects of the comonomer type and comonomer ratio on minimum film forming temperature (MFFT), glass transition temperature (T g), polymer structure, molecular weights, water contact angle and water resistance of PVAc latex films were examined. It was found that MFFT and T g of the PVAc emulsion polymer decreased by the presence of the maleic acid disters in copolymer composition. This decrease was more affected by the increasing content and alkyl chain length of the comonomers. The molecular weights of the emulsion polymers were also affected by the comonomers and their ratios. Moreover, hydrophobicity and water resistance of the PVAc latex films were increased by using DBM and DOM as comonomer.",0,0
29033,10.1016#S0065-2458(10)80006-3.xml,Advances in Computers,"This paper describes a case study to identify the various parameters that affect the scanning reliability of 2D barcodes for high content density applications. A review of the numerous options for 2D symbologies showed that, in theory, these symbologies are capable of encoding relatively large amounts of data, but in practice, barcode scan-ability decreases as the encoded content increases. With specific attention to higher content (or capacity) applications, a case study was performed to identify the 2D symbologies with the highest scanning reliability, to be termed “scan-ability,” as well as the various parameters that impact this scan-ability. The paper is divided into four logical sections. The introduction section covers the goal and the specific requirements of the project. Section 2 discusses in detail the various parameters that impact the scan reliability of high-capacity 2D barcodes. Section 3 focuses on the testing methodology employed and Section 4 summarizes the conclusions of the detailed testing. Based on our requirements, our findings indicated that the best three scan reliability measurements of 96%–99% were all obtained using the PDF417 symbology with different media types and scanners.",0,0
39043,10.1016#j.compstruc.2004.03.068.xml,Computers & Structures,"This paper deals with the development of a layerwise finite element model for piezolaminated plate structures. A Reissner mixed variational principle is used to formulate the finite element model. The mixed functional is formulated using transverse stresses, transverse electrical displacement (if continuity, across the thickness, is required), displacement components and electrical potential as primary variables. The present model in contrast with the standard layerwise displacement finite element model, fulfils the continuity of all primary variables across the interface between adjacent layers. Only the in-plane stress components and electric displacements are evaluated in the post-computation through the piezolaminate constitutive equations. The applicability and performance of the proposed finite element model is illustrated with two examples. The predictions of the primary variables and the efficiency of the model, mainly with reference to the interlaminar stresses are discussed and compared with alternative three-dimensional solutions. The present solutions are found to be in good agreement.",0,0
32226,10.1016#j.tet.2015.02.080.xml,Tetrahedron,"A unified strategy for enantioselective total synthesis of all stereoisomers of the [2+2] family of quadrigemine alkaloids is reported. In this approach, two enantioselective intramolecular Heck reactions are carried out at the same time on precursors fashioned in four steps from either meso- or (+)-chimonanthine to form the two critical quaternary carbons of the peripheral cyclotryptamine rings of these products. Useful levels of catalyst control are realized in either desymmetrizing a meso precursor or controlling diastereoselectivity in elaborating C 2-symmetric intermediates. None of the synthetic quadrigemines are identical with alkaloids isolated previously and referred to as quadrigemines A and E. In addition, we report improvements in our previous total syntheses of (+)- or (−)-quadrigemine C that shortened the synthetic sequence to 10 steps and provided these products in 2.2% overall yield from tryptamine.",0,0
22432,10.1016#S0142-1123(01)00167-0.xml,International Journal of Fatigue,"The application of ultrasonic frequency (20kHz) loading to test fatigue and fracture mechanical properties of materials is briefly reviewed and recent investigations on high strength aluminium alloys are reported. Very high cycle endurance tests and near threshold crack growth experiments were performed with the 2024-T351 aluminium alloy. Lifetimes are approximately 10–100 times lower, if cycled in distilled water instead of ambient air. Fatigue experiments under randomly varying loads showed that linear damage summation calculations overestimated lifetimes by approximately a factor 2. Fracture mechanics studies in ambient air, dry air and in vacuum served to investigate the role of air humidity on near threshold fatigue crack growth at ultrasonic frequency. The threshold value was 2.1MPa√m in ambient air and 3.3MPa√m in vacuum. The aluminium alloy AlZnMgCu1.5-T66 and the aluminiumoxyde particle reinforced alloy 6061-T6 were tested at 100Hz and 20kHz to investigate frequency influences on high cycle fatigue properties, and similar lifetimes were found at both frequencies.",0,0
4331,10.1016#j.ijleo.2018.11.003.xml,Optik,"Non-diffracting beam are attracting increased attention because of their unique characteristics. A non-diffracting beam is usually generated with an axicon, which is a kind of line focus optical element with a conical surface axis that rotates symmetrically. Three deviation models of a generatrix relative to the ideal axicon have been established on its processing technology, namely, concave to the inner side, convex to the outer side and hyperbolic distribution of the apex of the axicon. The amplitude transmittance function is derived based on the profile of the generatrix. The emergent light field and intensity distributions of the three kinds of axicon in the case of plane wave verticality illumination are analyzed and simulated according to the Fresnel diffraction theory. Moreover, the theory of axicon diffraction field is enriched and the guiding significance for the processing of axicon lens is increased.",1,1
32903,10.1016#j.cocom.2021.e00599.xml,Computational Condensed Matter,"In this work, the electronic structure calculations for RE3Se4 (RE = Nd, Sm) have been deliberated utilizing the density functional theory (DFT). Using the semi-classical Boltzmann theory-based calculations, the transport properties such as the Seebeck coefficient (S), electrical conductivity (σ), power factor (PF), electronic thermal conductivity (κe) and electronic part of the figure of merit (ZTe) have been calculated for optimized carrier concentrations of RE3Se4 (RE = Nd, Sm) as a function of temperature. Adding carrier concentration improves S and decreases κe in these rare-earth selenides. Electronic part of the figure of merit (ZTe) is largest in Nd3Se4 which is equal to 0.95 at 300 K.",0,0
24581,10.1016#S0017-9310(98)00207-5.xml,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,"Optical methods for measuring local heat transfer coefficients using thermochromic liquid crystals are discussed. Two techniques using radiative steady state and transient heating have been used to measure local heat transfer on the fin of a plate fin-tube heat exchanger. It is estimated that the errors in the steady state technique should be no more than ±10% and the results are given. The mean value of the heat transfer coefficient over the whole surface is 35 W m−2 K−1, rising to 73 W m−2 K−1 at the leading edge. The transient method does not give results consistent with the steady state method when heat transfer coefficients are based on the fluid inlet temperature. It is suggested that the steady state method is preferable since it yields numerical values that are closer to those based on local temperature and hence easier to interpret when observing the effects of changing the local surface geometry.",0,1
26871,10.1016#j.dci.2006.12.001.xml,Developmental & Comparative Immunology,"Cytokines belonging to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family function in many biological processes and display a high degree of redundancy within the family. Although a number of mRNA transcripts from teleost fish that resemble IL-6 family cytokines have been identified none have been functionally characterized to confirm their identity. We report on the identification and functional characterization of goldfish M17, a molecule possessing sequence and mRNA expression patterns similar to the mammalian and avian ciliary neurotrophic factor and mammalian leukemia inhibitory factor. Goldfish M17 was found to induce the production of nitric oxide in goldfish macrophages and stimulate the proliferation of macrophage progenitor cells when added in combination with cell-conditioned medium. Moreover, goldfish M17 was found to facilitate the differentiation of sorted monocytes into macrophages at biologically relevant concentrations.",0,0
1896,10.1016#j.ijleo.2012.10.011.xml,Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics,"Light incident onto an anisotropic crystal is divided into the ordinary and the extraordinary waves which vibrate in two perpendicular directions. Because of the tensor property of the dielectric constant, the direction of the electric displacement is not parallel to the vector of the incident electric field. An optical torque is induced by incidence of the linearly polarized light and propagating through the crystal. The optical torque tends to rotate the directions of eigenvibration which results in self-modulation of the ordinary and the extraordinary waves, and causes an energy splitting of the left (l)-, and the right (r)-handed circularly polarized waves in the crystal. The l- and the r-photons are correlated through the optical torque, which are found to be in an entanglement state.",1,1
21466,10.1016#j.yofte.2019.04.012.xml,Optical Fiber Technology,"The phenomenon of periodic self-imaging of optical beams, occurring inside any graded-index (GRIN) medium, was studied during the decade of the 1970s and was exploited to commercialize the GRIN lens. It has been found in recent years that the periodic self-imaging also affects the nonlinear propagation of optical pulses inside multimode GRIN fibers. In this paper, we first present the theory of self-imaging in linear GRIN fibers using a modal expansion approach. It is shown that the optical field at any point inside the fiber can be written without any reference to the fiber modes as a two-dimensional integration over the input field using a propagation kernel that is similar to that found in diffraction theory. However, this kernel has a specific property that reproduces the input field precisely in a periodic fashion along the length of a GRIN fiber (self-imaging). We apply this kernel to study the propagation of a Gaussian beam and discuss how self-imaging is modified by self-focusing produced by the Kerr nonlinearity. We then consider propagation of the continuous and pulsed Gaussian beams inside a GRIN fiber and discuss how self-imaging affects the modulation instability, leads to the formation of GRIN solitons, and produces novel temporal and spectral features when short optical pulses are launched that are intense enough to form high-order solitons.",1,1
6800,10.1016#j.optmat.2018.09.045.xml,Optical Materials,"In this study, ZnxCd1-xS/CdTe solar cells were fabricated on commercially available indium tin oxide (In2O3: Sn or ITO) and fluorine doped tin oxide (SnO2: F or FTO) soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. Thin ZnxCd1-xS window layers with lower zinc (Zn) content in comparison to cadmium (Cd) were deposited by co-sputtering of ZnS and CdS targets concurrently by changing the radio frequency (RF) power of both during sputtering. CdTe thin films for the complete cells were also grown by sputtering with different thickness. Prior to fabricating the complete device, characterization for growth optimization of ZnxCd1-xS window layer and CdTe absorber layer was performed by utilizing Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Hall effect measurement system. Complete ZnxCd1-xS/CdTe solar cells were fabricated with the optimized growth conditions of window and absorber layers. The best cell fabricated on ITO coated SLG substrates showed an efficiency of 8.08% with significant open circuit voltage (Voc) of 882 mV.",1,1
17446,10.1016#j.optmat.2010.02.035.xml,Optical Materials,"We investigated the adjustability and enhancement of magneto-optical Faraday rotation in one-dimensional magneto photonic crystal. The Faraday rotation can be adjusted through optical contrast ratio engineering in the resonator structure via equivalent layers theory. Also, simultaneous enhancement of the transmission magnitude and Faraday rotation of the structure can be obtained by optimizing the optical contrast ratio-magnetic defect layer thickness product. In a special design of magneto photonic crystal which consists of SiO2 and Ta2O5 as the basic element of the resonator and Bi substituted yttrium iron garnet as the defect magnetic layer, by changing the optical contrast ratio from 1.43 to 1.09, the Faraday rotation can be adjusted from −3.35 to −0.74deg in 65nm wide range of wavelength. Finally, in the case which the optical contrast ratio optimized at 1.22 and the thickness of magnetic defect layer changed to one quarter of design wavelength, dramatic simultaneous enhancement of Faraday rotation and transmission magnitude can be obtained succesfully (the Faraday rotation and transmittance have their maximum value, −11.77deg, and 99.67%).",1,1
37119,10.1016#j.watres.2014.05.018.xml,Water Research,"Riverbank filtration is an established technique used world-wide to produce clean drinking water in a reliable and cost-efficient way. This practice is, however, facing new challenges posed by climate change, as already observed during past heat waves with the local occurrence of anoxic conditions. In this study we investigated the effect of direct (temperature) and indirect (dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration and composition, flow rate) climate change variables on redox processes (aerobic respiration, denitrification and Mn(III/IV)/Fe(III) reduction) by means of column experiments. Natural river water, modified river water and river water mixed with treated wastewater effluent were used as feed waters for the columns filled with natural sand from a river-infiltration system in Switzerland. Biodegradable dissolved organic matter was mainly removed immediately at the column inlet and particulate organic matter (POM) associated with the natural sand was the main electron donor for aerobic respiration throughout the column. Low infiltration rates (≤0.01 m/h) enhanced the oxygen consumption leading to anoxic conditions. DOM consumption did not seem to be sensitive to temperature, although oxygen consumption (i.e., associated with POM degradation) showed a strong temperature dependence with an activation energy of ∼70 kJmol−1. Anoxic conditions developed at 30 °C with partial denitrification and formation of nitrite and ammonium. In absence of oxygen and nitrate, Mn(II) was mobilized at 20 °C, highlighting the importance of nitrate acting as a redox buffer under anoxic conditions preventing the reductive dissolution of Mn(III/IV)(hydr)oxides. Reductive dissolution of Fe(III)(hydr)oxides was not observed under these conditions.",0,0
19291,10.1016#S0143-8166(02)00096-9.xml,Optics and Lasers in Engineering,"The Rayleigh pulse interaction with a pre-stressed, partially contacting interface between similar and dissimilar materials is investigated experimentally as well as numerically. This study is intended to obtain an improved understanding of the interface (fault) dynamics during the earthquake rupture process. Using dynamic photoelasticity in conjunction with high-speed cinematography, snapshots of time-dependent isochromatic fringe patterns associated with Rayleigh pulse–interface interaction are experimentally recorded. It is shown that interface slip (instability) can be triggered dynamically by a pulse which propagates along the interface at the Rayleigh wave speed. For the numerical investigation, the finite difference wave simulator SWIFD is used for solving the problem under different combinations of contacting materials. The effect of acoustic impedance ratio of the two contacting materials on the wave patterns is discussed. The results indicate that upon interface rupture, Mach (head) waves, which carry a relatively large amount of energy in a concentrated form, can be generated and propagated from the interface contact region (asperity) into the acoustically softer material. Such Mach waves can cause severe damage onto a particular region inside an adjacent acoustically softer area. This type of damage concentration might be a possible reason for the generation of the “damage belt” in Kobe, Japan, on the occasion of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake.",1,1
36250,10.1016#j.enzmictec.2006.12.020.xml,Enzyme and Microbial Technology,"Novel amylolytic lactic acid bacterium from puto, fermented raw rice in Philippine, was isolated and characterized. The strain was identified as Enterococcus faecium No. 78 (BIOTECH 10375) by sugar fermentative test and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Optimum pH and temperature were 6.5 and 30°C, respectively. Direct l-lactic acid fermentation was carried out with various starches, lactic acid productivity with sago starch being similar to that with glucose. Yield of lactic acid from sago starch was higher than those from glucose and other starches. Strain No. 78 was superior to the other amylolytic lactic acid bacteria so far reported on the direct lactic acid fermentation with starches and produced lactic acid of high optical purity (98.6%). In direct lactic acid fermentation with starch, continuous culture has hardly been reported. Continuous culture system with high cell density of strain No. 78 showed higher lactic acid productivity (3.04gl−1 h−1) than those of batch culture (1.105gl−1 h−1) and conventional continuous culture (1.56gl−1 h−1). Even if the dilution rate was increased up to 0.26h−1, the residual starch concentration was controlled at moderately low level below 3.24gl−1.",0,0
7498,10.1016#j.optcom.2004.06.055.xml,Optics Communications,"This work reports, for the first time to our knowledge, the formation of planar waveguides in Nd:YVO4 by either carbon or proton implantation. The waveguides are characterised using the dark mode method and by spectroscopic studies, indicating that there is a reduction of the refractive index at the end of the ion track. Particularly, carbon implantation generates a considerable variation in the guiding region. It is shown that the waveguiding structure preserves the spectroscopic properties of the Nd3+ ions, thus maintaining the crystal quality.",1,1
29393,10.1016#j.aspen.2010.03.003.xml,Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology,"Permethrin resistance status of a laboratory strain, a permethrin-selected strain and three field strains of Aedes aegypti collected in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were evaluated using three standard laboratory bioassays: WHO larval bioassay, WHO adult mosquito bioassay, and mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzyme microassay. The LC50 values of field strains from the WHO larval bioassay did not differ significantly. The highest LC50 value was from the Taman Melati field strain (0.39mg/L). The resistance ratio for the permethrin-selected strain and the field strains ranged from 1.86 fold to 5.57 fold. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in the WHO adult bioassay and MFOs enzyme microassay reduced the LT50 values and reduced the mean optical density of elevated oxidase activity (0.28–0.42) at 630nm. The LC50 or LT50 values and the level of oxidases were significantly correlated (r =0.825; p<0.05). This study confirmed the presence of permethrin resistance in these mosquito populations.",0,0
23414,10.1016#j.vacuum.2009.05.003.xml,Vacuum,"In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.",0,0
34945,10.1016#j.foodhyd.2015.01.026.xml,Food Hydrocolloids,"The effect of the addition of starch nanocrystals – prepared from waxy and normal maize starch granules – to amaranth protein formulations on the physicochemical and structural properties of the resulting nanocomposite films was studied. All nanocomposites films were homogeneous, translucent and had similar thickness and optical properties than the neat protein film due to the good dispersion of the nanoreinforcements in the protein matrix and the good chemical affinity between both components. Nevertheless, the presence of nanocrystals affected differently the way in which protein matrix stabilized, according to the origin of the reinforcement: mainly by disulfide bonds for waxy maize nanocrystals and by hydrogen bonds for normal maize nanocrystals. This induced a different reinforcing effect for amaranth protein films, being more significant for normal maize nanocrystals that however presented a lower crystallinity. Moreover, nanocomposite films presented improved water vapor permeability (WVP), water uptake (WU), surface hydrophobicity and mechanical behavior than proteins films and also a delay in their weight loss in soil.",0,0
8099,10.1016#j.optcom.2006.07.049.xml,Optics Communications,"We present a white-light spectral interferometric technique employing a low-resolution spectrometer for a direct measurement of the dispersion of the ordinary and extraordinary group refractive indices of a quartz crystal over the wavelength range approximately from 480 to 860nm. The technique utilizes a dispersive Michelson interferometer with the quartz crystal of known thickness to record a series of spectral interferograms and to measure the equalization wavelength as a function of the displacement of the interferometer mirror from the reference position, which corresponds to a balanced non-dispersive Michelson interferometer. We confirm that the measured group dispersion agrees well with that described by the dispersion equation proposed by Ghosh. We also show that the measured mirror displacement depends, in accordance with the theory, linearly on the theoretical group refractive index and that the slope of the corresponding straight line gives precisely the thickness of the quartz crystal.",1,1
12568,10.1016#j.optcom.2018.07.047.xml,Optics Communications,"Resonant optical tunneling effect (ROTE) is a special phenomenon that light can fully go through the seemingly impenetrable optical structure. It is a prominent example to study the analogy of wave optics and quantum physics. Previous theoretical work mostly focused on the optical modeling of transmission spectrum using the transfer matrix method (TMM), but put little effort in the quantum model. This paper advances the optical modeling by using the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) to simulate the electric field distribution and by using the plane wave expansion (PWE) to predict the optical bandgap. Moreover, we present the first analytical quantum model of the ROTE and further derive a direct expression of the transmission peak positions. This expression cannot be derived by the optical models, but its predicted peak positions match the optical modeling results using the FDTD, the PWE and the TMM. This well demonstrates the merit of the quantum analogy for analyzing the optical systems. This work may inspire the transplantation of the established ideas and designs in the quantum field into the optical field to create new optical and photonic devices.",1,1
22259,10.1016#j.trsl.2011.10.007.xml,Translational Research,"Chronic immune activation and inflammation are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. In this review, we discuss the role of established and novel imaging modalities to define more accurately the structure and function of inflammation-mediated atherosclerosis in the context of HIV. Historically, carotid ultrasound studies were the first to show higher rates of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected subjects versus uninfected controls. However, computed tomography is the noninvasive gold standard for imaging the coronary arteries, and studies in HIV suggest a higher prevalence of noncalcified plaque. Endothelial dysfunction can be quantified by measuring flow-mediated brachial artery dilation by ultrasound and has been used extensively in antiretroviral switching trials and small pilot trials of therapeutics to assess cardiovascular risk in this population. In the future, novel imaging modalities such as intracoronary optical coherence tomography, positron emission tomography imaging of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, and molecular-targeted magnetic resonance imaging will characterize the burden of vulnerable plaque and other unique features of inflammatory atherosclerosis in HIV.",0,0
25892,10.1016#j.jre.2018.05.013.xml,Journal of Rare Earths,"Intense visible emissions from dysprosium (Dy3+) ions doped glasses became prospective for diverse technological applications. In this paper, physical, optical and structural properties of magnesium borate glasses doped with varied concentrations of Dy2O3 were examined. Such glasses were synthesised by melt quenching method and characterized at room temperature using several analytical techniques. Luminescence and absorption spectra (in the visible region) of as-quenched samples were used to evaluate the physical and optical properties. XRD pattern confims the amorphous state of as-quenched samples. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of glasses reveal various bonding vibrations assigned to different functional groups. UV-vis-NIR spectra disclose eight absorption bands accompanied by a band for hypersensitive transition positioned at 1260 nm (6H15/2 → 6F11/2). The values of direct and indirect optical energy band gap of the studied glasses are decreased with the increase of Dy3+ ion contents. The photoluminescence spectra of all glasses under the excitation of 380 nm display two prominent emission bands centred at 497 nm (4F9/2 → 6H15/2, blue) and 587 nm (4F9/2 → 6H13/2, green). The achieved intense luminescence from the proposed glass composition may be beneficial for solid-state laser applications.",0,1
1454,10.1016#j.ijleo.2010.07.005.xml,Optik,"A three-layer liquid crystal tapered optical fiber (LCTF) is investigated with the emphasis on the power confinements by the low order TE and TM modes sustained in the different sections of LCTF. The outermost clad section is considered to be made of liquid crystal with radial anisotropy whereas the core and the inner clad are dielectric regions. Rigorous field expressions in the different LCTF sections are deduced, and the plots of power confinement factors (or the relative distributions) are ultimately made considering different fiber dimensions. The results reveal that the TE modes confine maximum amount of power in the outermost liquid crystal region, which is attributed to the radial anisotropy of the section. Such features of LCTFs attract their usefulness in the area of field coupling devices and optical sensing where evanescent field technique is primarily implemented.",1,1
21084,10.1016#S0030-3992(00)00040-2.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"In this paper, the CIE color difference formula was applied to evaluate four types of material surfaces; anodized aluminium, stainless steel, poly-butylene tetra-phthalate (PBT), and phenol formaldehyde, marked using a Nd:YAG laser, and viewed under three common modes of illumination; tungsten, fluorescent and daylight. The color difference values were based on the spectral reflectance readings obtained from a spectrophotometer. Each material exhibited different color difference trends in relation to marking speed for the different modes of illumination. Nevertheless, general comparisons could be made in terms of operational marking speeds and the maximal color difference values for each material.",1,1
32461,10.1016#1359-6446(96)10019-2.xml,Drug Discovery Today,"On cancer cells, MUC-1 mucin displays distinct carbohydrate structures, such as ThomsenFriedenreich (TF) and sialyl-Tn, the presence of which is attributed to reduced glycosylation activity. The core peptide is increasingly exposed and is recognized by the immune system. Vaccines based on both the exposed core protein, which contains major histocompatibility complex unrestricted epitopes, and carbohydrate structures are targets for the immunotherapy of cancers of epithelial origin. A vaccine formulated using synthetic sialyl-Tn has proven to be highly target-specific in human trials, and the induction of high anti-STn antibody titers correlated with prolonged survival of breast cancer patients. Peptides and glycopeptides formulated as liposomebased vaccines have been effective in animal models.",0,0
14650,10.1016#j.optlastec.2011.05.016.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"The effect of ambient pressure on the dynamics of laser-induced bubbles was investigated by a fiber-optic diagnostic technique based on probe beam deflection (PBD). The experimental criterion for judging the maximum bubble radius is modified to the average value of the detecting distances at which the characteristic waveform signals appear. The ambient pressure affects the maximum radius and collapse of bubble strongly. The experimental results indicate that the maximum bubble radius and the collapse time both decrease nonlinearly while the ambient pressure increases linearly, and the decreasing velocities of them are smaller at a larger ambient pressure. The predicted value of collapse time has a good agreement with experiment at larger ambient pressure.",1,1
8063,10.1016#j.optcom.2006.06.033.xml,Optics Communications,"We report, for the first time, an efficient intra-cavity second-harmonic generation (SHG) at 1084nm in a nonlinear optical crystal, BiB3O6(BIBO) at the direction of (θ, ϕ)=(170.1°,90°), performed with a LD end-pumped cw Nd:YVO4 laser. With 590mW diode pump power, a continuous-wave (cw) SHG output power of 19mW at 542nm yellow–green color has been obtained using a 1.5mm-thick BIBO crystal. The optical conversion efficiency was 3.22%. It was found that the output wavelength could be 532nm, 537nm or 542nm according to regulating the angle of BIBO.",1,1
2646,10.1016#j.ijleo.2015.02.069.xml,Optik,"3D surface topography is simulated using Boundary Element Method (BEM) by computing far field scattered by a metallic or dielectric nanosphere which scans in the near field region of an arbitrary rough surface. Nanosphere is considered as NSOM probe's tip and two scanning modes, Constant Height Mode (CHM) and Constant Distance Mode (CDM) are simulated. Our results show that resolution and image quality are enhanced by decreasing scanning sphere's height or diameter in CHM. Also, image quality in Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarization is higher compared with Transverse Electric (TE) polarization. In TM polarization for both scanning mode CHM and CDM, Aluminum scanner makes a better image quality in comparison to dielectric sphere. However in TE polarization, electric field intensity scattered by a dielectric sphere is higher compared with Aluminum sphere. In spite of higher image quality in CHM, image quality is not satisfactory in CDM and image does not show a perfect match with the surface topography. High precision, speed, and low amount of data during the calculations are advantages of BEM in comparison to other numerical methods.",1,1
1123,10.1016#j.ijleo.2006.07.017.xml,Optik,"Threshold conditions of coherently combined fiber lasers, joint by fiber couplers (FCs), have been studied. After considering the phase change of a light wave crossing the fiber inside the FC, it has been shown that, at the two input ports of the coupler connecting with the amplifying fibers, the phase difference between the two incoming fields should be equal to −π/2 if the threshold gain of the compound system is to be minimized. Starting from these input ports, following the circulations of waves, threshold conditions can be established. Expressions for the output and leakage powers, and optimum coupler splitting ratio nullifying the leakage when constituent fiber lasers giving different free-running powers have been derived. And, the threshold gain reductions of individual lasers after being coherently combined have been predicted.",1,1
1275,10.1016#j.ijleo.2008.09.039.xml,Optik,"A new high negative dispersion photonic crystal fiber is proposed. It has double-core structure. The inner core has a circle germanium-doped region. The outer core is formed by removing the 3rd ring air-holes around the core. There are two ring air-holes between the two cores, Diameter of the 1st ring air holes is bigger than that of the 2nd ring air-holes, this can make mode coupling between inner mode and outer mode and showed that the high negative PCF is the result of this structure characteristics. There are honeycomb photonic lattice in the PCF's cladding. The influence of the structure parameters deviated from the design those on the chromatic dispersion are evaluated. When the structure parameters Λ=1.50μm, d core=2.10μm, d 1=0.90μm, d 2=0.44μm and d 3=1.04μm, the dispersion coefficient D is −1320ps/(nm·km) at 1550nm. This is a new kind of chromatic dispersion compensation PCF.",1,1
21158,10.1016#j.yofte.2021.102638.xml,Optical Fiber Technology,"To produce polymer optical fibers in research environments, a flexible cladding material-application process is required. Further, to functionalize the waveguide, the fiber core-production step needs to be separated from the cladding application, contrasting conventional polymer optical fiber production processes. In this study, we developed a solution using continuous dip-coating technique to apply cladding material onto previously extruded polymer optical fiber cores with diameters as low as 16 µm. The process was designed considering the fluid-dynamic behavior of the cladding material and fiber to achieve a radially symmetric coating thickness. We examined UV-curable resin as cladding and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA)-based extruded optical fibers with diameters of up to 16 µm. The proposed method helped continuously coat optical fiber cores with cladding material with diameters in the range of 1 mm and achieve the lowest optical attenuation (<3 dB/m).",1,1
3731,10.1016#j.ijleo.2017.09.027.xml,Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics,"Based on the splice loss analysis between two perfectly aligned single mode step and trapezoidal index fibers, we propose a simple empirical relation of power transmission coefficient in terms of normalised frequency and aspect ratio, using a recently reported Marcuse type formulation of spot size for trapezoidal index fiber. The relation is verified, after comparison with standard results from basic equations. Our empirical relation should find wide use by the system users to predict power transmission coefficient for known opto-geometrical parameters without the knowledge of spot size. Also, a simple graphical technique to predict an unknown aspect ratio of a trapezoidal index fiber is suggested and justified.",1,1
34836,10.1016#S0364-5916(98)00023-6.xml,Calphad,"The AlN-Al2O3 system has been reassessed due to new experimental data published in particular near the Al2O3 rich part and relative to the φ′ and δ phases. The Gibbs energy of formation of the solution and compound phases in the AlN-Al2O3 binary section were derived from an optimisation procedure using all the available experimental thermodynamic and phase diagram data. The thermodynamic description of the ordered compounds was made using the sub-lattice model, while a Redlich-Kister polynomial was used for the solution phases.",0,0
23626,10.1016#j.compositesa.2015.06.005.xml,Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing,"A quasi-isotropic CFRP laminate, containing a notch or circular hole, is subjected to combined tension and shear, or compression. The measured failure strengths of the specimens are used to construct failure envelopes in stress space. Three competing failure mechanisms are observed, and for each mechanism splitting within the critical ply reduces the stress concentration from the hole or notch: (i) a tension-dominated mode, with laminate failure dictated by tensile failure of the 0° plies, (ii) a shear-dominated mode entailing microbuckling of the −45° plies, and (iii) microbuckling of the 0° plies under remote compression. The net section strength (for all stress states investigated) is greater for specimens with a notch than a circular hole, and this is associated with greater split development in the load-bearing plies. The paper contributes to the literature by reporting sub-critical damage modes and failure envelopes under multi-axial loading for two types of stress raiser.",0,0
8033,10.1016#j.optcom.2006.05.014.xml,Optics Communications,"Transient optical Kerr effect of liquids C2H4Cl2 and C2H4Br2 is investigated, for the first time to our knowledge, with a femtosecond (fs) probe laser delayed with respect to a coherent fs pump laser. Coherent coupling and electronic Kerr signals are observed around zero delay when pump and probe overlap. Persisting after the pump-probe overlap are Kerr signals arising from the torsional and other intramolecular vibrations of the trans and gauche conformations; Kerr signals arising from the intermolecular motion are also observed. Vibrational quantum interference is only observed in liquid C2H4Br2 and the related beats data are fitted with the torsional vibrations, 91cm−1 (gauche) and 132cm−1 (trans), and the CCBr angle-bending vibrations, 231cm−1 (gauche) and 190cm−1 (trans), with dephasing times, 0.45ps, 0.45ps, 2ps, and 1.5ps, respectively. These vibrational frequencies agree with those obtained in the frequency-domain. That no vibrational mode is observed for C2H4Cl2 might be attributed to ineffective Raman-pumping. Kerr signals observed after the pump-probe overlap are Fourier transformed to give the spectra of the intermolecular motion and the vibrational spectrum, which agrees with the one observed in the infrared absorption and/or Raman scattering heretofore.",1,1
22403,10.1016#j.legalmed.2020.101748.xml,Legal Medicine,"The identification of muscle hemorrhage in a cadaver that is in an advanced stage of decomposition is an important but challenging task. Our study investigated whether Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy in conjunction with chemometrics could identify muscle hemorrhage using rat cadavers with advanced decomposition. In this study, an intramuscular blood injection method, instead of a mechanical injury method, was used to construct a muscle hemorrhage model, and the modeling idea of muscle hemorrhage identification was to discriminate and classify hemoglobin-leaking myofibrils from negative myofibrils. First, the optical images of hematoxylin/eosin (H&E) stained hemorrhagic muscle at different postmortem intervals (PMIs) were observed and showed that the morphological features of whole erythrocytes disappeared since the PMI of 4 d. Subsequently, principle component analysis (PCA) was performed and indicated that the biochemical differences in protein structures between fresh erythrocytes and myofibrils can be detected by the IR spectroscopic method. Ultimately, several classification models based on the partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) algorithm were successfully constructed for different PMIs and PMI ranges and achieved great prediction performances in external validations. This preliminary study demonstrates the feasibility of using FT-IR microspectroscopy combined with chemometrics as a potential approach for identifying muscle hemorrhage in cadavers with advanced decomposition for offering vital evidences in judicial process.",0,0
6553,10.1016#j.optmat.2018.06.002.xml,Optical Materials,"We present a study of the feasibility of transforming the multicore fiber in a supermode-interference based bending sensor into an active stage. By compensating the antisymmetric supermode losses for high curvatures, fringe visibility is improved and the sensor operating range can be extended. For a given multicore fibre length and Er3+-ion concentration sensor calibration curves allow assessing the bending radius by measuring the visibility as a function of the input pump power. The Er3+-ion concentration, available input pump power and multicore fiber length set the minimum bending radius that could be measured.",1,1
32148,10.1016#j.jasrep.2019.101928.xml,Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports,"During the excavations carried out at the complex of Subneolitic-Neolithic sites in Šventoji, coastal Lithuania (sites 1, 4, 6 and 23), 27 unique bone products have been discovered. Due to the character of the use-wear and technological traces which are macroscopically readable on their surface they have been defined as scrapers. Dated to ca. 3000 cal BC, these tools are made of harp seal tibia, about 75% of them from right side bones. This article describes the procedure that was conducted in order to interpret the technology of production, ways of use and possible functions of these tools, and includes the experimental program directed to the activities which could have been carried out with such products within the specialized camps of Šventoji, such as processing of animal hides (including seal) with admixture of ochre or ash and fish scraping. The basis for the interpretations is the results of traceological and chemical (SEM-EDX) analysis of the artefacts and experimental tools. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the analysed tools were most probably used for scraping the hides with the use of an ochre admixture. The presented research probably concludes a long period of speculations about the functions of these unique objects.",0,0
34786,10.1016#j.fsi.2011.08.011.xml,Fish & Shellfish Immunology,"In this study, we report on the isolation and characterization of an alpha2-macroglobulin (α2M) from the plasma of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis, its sub-cellular localization and transcriptional changes after infection by fungi. The molecular mass of the α2M was estimated at 389 kDa by gel filtration and 197 kDa by SDS-PAGE, under reducing conditions, suggesting that α2M from F. paulensis consists of two identical sub-units, covalently linked by disulphide bonds. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the α2M from F. paulensis was very similar to those of other penaeid shrimps, crayfish and lobster (70–90% identity) and to a less extent with that of freshwater prawn (40% identity). A monoclonal antibody raised against the Marsupenaeus japonicus α2M made it possible to demonstrate that α2M of F. paulensis is stored in the vesicles of the shrimp granular hemocytes (through immunogold assay). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that α2M mRNA transcripts significantly increased 24 h after an experimental infection with the shrimp pathogen Fusarium solani and it returned to the basal levels at 48 h post-injection. This is the first report on a α2M characterization in an Atlantic penaeid species and its expression profile upon a fungal infection.",0,0
562,10.1016#0030-3992(95)93756-H.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"Concentration changes of haemoglobin and cytochromes indicative of tissue perfusion and oxygenation can be quantitatively evaluated from near-infrared (NIR) measurements of absorption and optical pathlength through tissue. The accuracy of such measurements is limited as current bedside instrumentation cannot measure optical pathlength. Using a recently developed phase-resolved spectroscopic technique we can produce continuous and simultaneous measurements of changes in both attenuation and optical pathlength at four wavelengths in the NIR in a bedside instrument. The change in optical pathlength through arm muscle during a cuff occlusion is compared with the absolute pathlength estimated from time resolved spectroscopy measurements in the laboratory. These show that the pathlength varies by 4–10% during the occlusion, demonstrating the need for continuous measurements of optical pathlength.",1,1
22392,10.1016#j.envpol.2004.09.027.xml,Environmental Pollution,"Thermal conductivity is an important property that governs the behaviour of leaf compost biofilters used in treating gaseous pollutants. Measurements were carried out for the thermal conductivity (K) of 44 samples of leaf compost, covering wide ranges of the volume fractions of water (ξ w), solids (ξ s) and air (ξ a), at 20°C using an unsteady state thermal probe. The results indicated that the compost thermal conductivity increased with an increase in ξ w, with a decrease in ξ a, and with an increase in the degree of saturation (defined as the volumetric fraction of water in the total void space). The predictions from the Woodside–Messmer quadratic parallel (QP) model for the thermal conductivity of leaf compost were higher than the experimental values. A simple linear relationship was developed between the thermal conductivity and the degree of saturation, which provided a satisfactory correlation for the data measured in this study as well as those reported recently for sandy and clay loams.",0,0
13346,10.1016#j.optlaseng.2011.05.005.xml,Optics and Lasers in Engineering,"Conventional digital image correlation (DIC) technique using a fixed reference image provides high-accuracy measurements but normally fails when serious decorrelation effect occurs in the deformed images due to large deformation, serious illumination fluctuations or other reasons. In this paper, an incremental reliability-guided digital image correlation (RG-DIC) technique, by combining the recently developed RG-DIC technique and an automatic reference image updating scheme, is proposed for large deformation measurement. In the incremental RG-DIC technique, a seed point is defined in the original reference image and searched in the deformed images, if the estimated correlation coefficient is larger than a preset threshold, which means no serious decorrelation effect exists in the deformed image, the RG-DIC technique is used to continue correlation analysis to obtain full-field displacements. Otherwise, the image recorded just before the current deformed image is chosen as an updated reference image to proceed with correlation analysis. Afterwards, the incremental displacements extracted by comparing the current deformed image and the updated reference image can be cumulated to determine the overall deformation. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by retrieving the full-field deformation of a foam sample subjected to large compressive deformation.",1,1
16676,10.1016#j.optmat.2006.08.014.xml,Optical Materials,"Three kinds of ORMOSIL were obtained by one-step hydrolysis and co-condensation of tetraethyloxysilane (TEOS), together with methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), and γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), respectively. IR spectra demonstrate the successful modification of silica network by methyl, vinyl, and γ-glycidoxypropyl groups. The samples are mainly composed of amorphous silica phase without any detectable phase separation. The introduction of unhydrolysable organic groups retards the sol–gel process of the organoalkoxysilane and act as fillers in the silica network, leading to the condensation of the resulted ORMOSIL. Refractive index, hardness, and modulus are therefore increased.",1,1
26532,10.1016#j.tet.2017.04.022.xml,Tetrahedron,"In this work, two kinds of benzothiazole derivatives were synthesized. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of the benzothiazole derivatives in minimal curative dose (DCM) were analyzed using the Z-scan measurement at 532 nm with a 120 fs pulse laser. The largest third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ  (3) ) and second-order hyperpolarizability of the complexes (γ) were estimated at 1.4 × 10−13 esu and 0.86 × 10−30 esu, respectively. The results showed that the sequence of 2- and 6-position in benzothiazole has served as a “diode,” linking to the other groups that had great influence on the optical properties such as fluorescence and nonlinear optical absorption, and the increase of the polarity and the extension of the conjugate structure had benefits to the third-order nonlinearity. The experimental findings were confirmed with the use of DFT, TDDFT, and ZINDO calculations.",0,1
17873,10.1016#j.optmat.2013.12.043.xml,Optical Materials,"Positive hysteresis and radiation tolerance to high-dose radiation exposure were investigated for Ce 1% and 3% doped Gd3(Al, Ga)5O12 (Ce:GAGG) crystal scintillator on comparison with other garnet scintillators such Ce:YAG, Ce:LuAG, Pr:LuAG, and ceramic Ce:GAGG. When they were irradiated by several Gy 60Co γ-rays, Ce 1% doped GAGG crystal exhibited ∼20% light yield enhancement (positive hysteresis). This is the first time to observe positive hysteresis in Ce doped GAGG. On the other hand, other garnet materials did not show the positive hysteresis and their light yields were stable after 800Gy irradiation except Pr:LuAG. The light yield of Pr:LuAG decreased largely. When irradiated Ce:GAGG which showed positive hysteresis was evaluated in Synchrotron facility (UVSOR), new excitation band was created around 60nm.",1,1
25023,10.1016#j.cretres.2008.05.005.xml,Cretaceous Research,"During the Jurassic and Cretaceous, the Pieniny Klippen Belt units of the Outer Western Carpathians were situated on the edge of the Paleoeuropean shelf rimming the northermost margin of the Mediterranean Tethys. During the late early Aptian humid event, Lower Cretaceous pelagic carbonate (Maiolica) sedimentation was interrupted by terrigenous input as a consequence of the first major mid-Cretaceous climate perturbations. The fluctuation of radiolarian abundance indicated an expansion of the oxygen-minimum zone due to upwelling conditions and salinity changes. Foraminifera, radiolarians, non-calcareous dinocysts, and calcareous nannofossils encountered in the West Carpathian Rochovica section enable a comparison of the black shales of the upper lower Aptian Koňhora Formation with the well-known Selli Event. Subsequent anoxia patterns (depositional, productive, and stagnant) have taken part in the depositional regime. Early Aptian climate perturbations both in the Outer Western Carpathians, Swiss Prealps (situated in a similar position on the distal southern edge of the former Paleoeuropean shelf) and/or in other parts of the world are traceable with sedimentological, biological, and chemical proxies.",0,0
16625,10.1016#j.optmat.2006.05.014.xml,Optical Materials,"Nd:YAG nanoceramics composed of 25nm grains were obtained by a low temperature high pressure sintering process. Their absorption and luminescence spectra were measured. It was found that the transparency of Nd:YAG nanoceramics increases with the pressure of the fabrication process. This effect was explained in terms of reducing porosity of the ceramics with increasing the sintering pressure. It was found that the emission properties of Nd3+ ion in YAG nanoceramic were substantially different compared to its single crystalline counterpart. In particular the emission intensities and decay times strongly depends on the applied pressure. The intensity ratio of the 4F3/2 → 4I9/2 and 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 emission transitions was much higher than in a single crystal and decreased with increasing the pressure. An efficient hot emission from the 4F5/2,4H9/2 terms was observed at room temperature.",1,1
27248,10.1016#j.compstruct.2019.110933.xml,Composite Structures,"The scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) incorporated with the precise integration technique (PIT) is further extended to present the semi-analytical analysis of static bending and free vibration behaviors of laminated magneto-electro-elastic composite plates. It is applicable to thin and thick multilayered magneto-electro-elastic plates. The basic equations are formulated by only using the two dimensional model, which helps to make sure that the computation is efficient. The discretization is carried out in terms of spectral elements. Only three displacement components, electric and magnetic potentials are selected as the basic variables. Characterized by the important features of the SBFEM, the elastic displacements, electric and magnetic potentials along the thickness direction can be solved analytically. Differing from most plate models taking a priori assumptions on distributions of the mechanical, electric and magnetic variables, the derivation of governing SBFEM equations strictly follows the 3D theory of magneto-electro-elastic materials without introducing any assumptions on multiphysics fields. By virtue of the scaled boundary coordinates and the principle of virtual work, the key partial differential equations are simplified into the governing ordinary differential matrix equation. To increase the accuracy of the SBFEM governing equation, the PIT is utilized, which ensures that any desired accuracy of the results can be reached. Static and dynamic numerical examples show that variations of mechanical, electric, magnetic fields and natural frequencies predicted by the proposed approach are in excellent agreement with the elastic solutions of other methods. Therefore, the versatility and perfect accuracy of the present technique is fully validated. Furthermore, the influences of aspect ratios, boundary conditions and stacking sequences on the cross-thickness distributions of displacements, stresses, electric potential, electric displacements, magnetic potential, magnetic induction and vibration frequencies in the multilayered magneto-electro-elastic plate are discussed.",0,0
33290,10.1016#j.lwt.2016.09.005.xml,LWT,"Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) catalyzes the crosslinking of bulk and interfacial proteins, thereby influencing the physical properties of food dispersions. However, little is known about the impact of the spatial distribution of proteins in a gelled matrix on the enzymatic crosslinking. In this study, free and incorporated emulsions were subjected to mTG to induce crosslinking of emulsion interfaces. First, simple caseinate-stabilized emulsions were fabricated by high shear blending (20,000 rpm, 6 min). Second, emulsion samples were embedded into hydrogel beads using an injection technique. Different alginate (0.5–1.5%) and CaCl2 levels (50–500 mM) were used to modulate the hydrogel pore size and number of junction zones. Third, free and incorporated emulsions were mixed with mTG to investigate the diffusion behavior of the enzyme. Results showed that mTG diffused into the beads to an extent of more than 50%. A delay in ammonia release was observed when emulsions were incorporated into hydrogel beads, whereas protein in free emulsions was instantly crosslinked after mTG was added. These results illustrate that the spatial make-up of biopolymers in gelled matrices play a key role on the enzyme accessibility.",0,0
20216,10.1016#S0030-4018(02)02330-1.xml,Optics Communications,"A deep polyimide waveguide grating with transmission of −21 dB is demonstrated. A simple lithography process is used to fabricate the raised waveguide, including a deeply corrugated holographic grating. To accurately control the grating period, a rotatable optical setup is used to adjust the interference angle for the holographic process. The corrugation fabricated holographically is 80 nm much deeper than that written directly by an electron beam. The waveguide is thus a promising low-cost wavelength selective device that can be applied to metro networks. The design principles of the optimum mode-matching condition and the efficient transmission for such a deep waveguide grating are also discussed in this paper.",1,1
26798,10.1016#j.jmapro.2012.06.001.xml,Journal of Manufacturing Processes,"A mathematical model was developed to estimate the weight percent of diamond abrasive particles incorporated in nickel binder matrix during abrasive microtool fabrication by pulse-plating process. The proposed model is based on the hypothesis that, embedment of an inert micro abrasive diamond particle on the substrate will only occur when a few nickel ions from the adsorbed ionic cloud are chemically reduced at the cathode by hydrogen ions present in the diffusion layer. Experimental verification of the model developed was performed by pulse electroplating of diamond abrasive particles on tungsten micro tool shank using an in-house built experimental setup. The predictive model developed was found to estimate diamond abrasive content in nickel binder matrix within 1–7wt% of experimental results for different pulse-plating conditions.",0,0
34327,10.1016#j.jqsrt.2013.08.021.xml,Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,"A novel numerical method called the Thermal Discrete Dipole Approximation (T-DDA) is proposed for modeling near-field radiative heat transfer in three-dimensional arbitrary geometries. The T-DDA is conceptually similar to the Discrete Dipole Approximation, except that the incident field originates from thermal oscillations of dipoles. The T-DDA is described in details in the paper, and the method is tested against exact results of radiative conductance between two spheres separated by a sub-wavelength vacuum gap. For all cases considered, the results calculated from the T-DDA are in good agreement with those from the analytical solution. When considering frequency-independent dielectric functions, it is observed that the number of sub-volumes required for convergence increases as the sphere permittivity increases. Additionally, simulations performed for two silica spheres of 0.5μm-diameter show that the resonant modes are predicted accurately via the T-DDA. For separation gaps of 0.5μm and 0.2μm, the relative differences between the T-DDA and the exact results are 0.35% and 6.4%, respectively, when 552 sub-volumes are used to discretize a sphere. Finally, simulations are performed for two cubes of silica separated by a sub-wavelength gap. The results revealed that faster convergence is obtained when considering cubical objects rather than curved geometries. This work suggests that the T-DDA is a robust numerical approach that can be employed for solving a wide variety of near-field thermal radiation problems in three-dimensional geometries.",0,0
14063,10.1016#j.optlastec.2004.11.001.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"First-order type I quasi-phase-matched (QPM)     E    Y    ω   +   E    Y    ω   →   E    Z    2 ω     blue second-harmonic generation was demonstrated in periodically poled LiNbO3 with period of 14.5μm using d 31. 52μJ of harmonic blue light at 0.473μm was generated pumped by 114μJ 35ps pulse laser at 0.946μm at 150°C with a conversion efficiency of 45.6%. The average conversion efficiencies of 41.3% and 19% were also obtained at 150°C, respectively, in the conventional first- and third-order QPM     E    Z    ω   +   E    Z    ω   →   E    Z    2 ω     blue second-harmonic generation at 0.473μm. The temperature acceptance bandwidths of 20mm length periodically poled LiNbO3 with first-order grating periods of 14.5 and 4.5μm are 2.0 and 0.9°C, respectively. The larger acceptance bandwidths and grating period for     E    Y    ω   +   E    Y    ω   →   E    Z    2 ω     than those for     E    Z    ω   +   E    Z    ω   →   E    Z    2 ω     enhance the frequency conversion efficiency, which shows the polarization dependence of quasi-phase matching.",1,1
30165,10.1016#j.rcim.2020.102071.xml,Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,"This paper provides a review of research into using Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality(MR) for remote collaboration on physical tasks. AR/MR-based remote collaboration on physical tasks has recently become more prominent in academic research and engineering applications. It has great potential in many fields, such as real-time remote medical consultation, education, training, maintenance, remote assistance in engineering, and other remote collaborative tasks. However, to the best of our knowledge there has not been any comprehensive review of research in AR/MR remote collaboration on physical tasks. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of research between 2000 and 2018 in this domain. We collected 215 papers, more than 80% of which were published between 2010 and 2018, and all relevant works are discussed at length. Then we elaborate on the review from typical architectures, applications (e.g., industry, telemedicine, architecture, teleducation and others), and empathic computing. Next, we made an in-depth review of the papers from seven aspects: (1) collection and classification research, (2) using 3D scene reconstruction environments and live panorama, (3) periodicals and conducting research, (4) local and remote user interfaces, (5) features of user interfaces commonly used, (6) architecture and sharing non-verbal cues, (7) applications and toolkits. We find that most papers (160 articles, 74.4%) are published in conferences, using co-located collaboration to emulate remote collaboration is adopted by more than half (126, 58.6%) of the reviewed papers, the shared non-verbal cues can be mainly classified into five types (Virtual Replicas or Physical Proxy(VRP), AR Annotations or a Cursor Pointer(ARACP), avatar, gesture, and gaze), the local/remote interface is mainly divided into four categories (Head-Mounted Displays(HMD), Spatial Augmented Reality(SAR), Windows-Icon-Menu-Pointer(WIMP) and Hand-Held Displays(HHD)). From this, we can draw ten conclusions. Following this we report on issues for future works. The paper also provides an overall academic roadmap and useful insight into the state-of-the-art of AR/MR remote collaboration on physical tasks. This work will be useful for current and future researchers who are interested in collaborative AR/MR systems.",0,0
22075,10.1016#j.rio.2020.100001.xml,Results in Optics,"In recent years, due to the effective achievements of IPL therapies such as treatment of spots, freckles, birthmarks, sunburn damage, vascular lesions, skin photorejuvenation, and hair and tattoo removal, IPL technology is of great interest especially in dermatology and aesthetic research. In this study, the temperature and optical power effects of an IPL therapy device on an artificial tissue were searched. Artificial tissues made of agar material were prepared to represent skins of two different color tones. The temperature measurement was performed via a thermocouple placed at a certain distance in the artificial tissue phantom. Optical power measurements were also taken from two different distances within the phantom. As a result of this study, it can be said that the IPL therapy device is safe and harmless for human use.",1,1
7787,10.1016#j.optcom.2005.07.022.xml,Optics Communications,Optical absorption and fluorescence spectra of Dy3+ doped tellurite glass have been studied and Judd–Ofelt theory has been used to derive its optical properties. The effect of temperature on the fluorescence yield and fluorescence quenching for higher concentrations of Dy3+ has been studied and the mechanism involved discussed. It is found that the fluorescence intensity is larger at lower temperature. The lifetime of the 4F9/2 level has been measured and found to decrease with concentration as well as temperature. Intense upconversion has also been observed in the yellow-green region when pumped with NIR (∼862nm) radiation. An explanation of the same involving energy transfer is offered.,1,1
12876,10.1016#j.optlaseng.2004.03.003.xml,Optics and Lasers in Engineering,"The present study is concerned with the quantitative imaging of buoyancy-driven convection in a fluid medium that is confined in a horizontal differentially heated rectangular cavity. The horizontal surfaces of the cavity provide a temperature difference, for initiating convection in the fluid. The vertical side walls are thermally insulated. Three imaging techniques, namely laser interferometry, schlieren, and shadowgraph have been utilized. Experiments have been conducted in a cavity of length 447 mm  and 32 mm  vertical height. The cavity is square in cross-section, and the imaging direction is parallel to its longer side. Convection in air and water have been investigated. Temperature differences in the range of 5–50 K  for air and 3–10 K  for water have been employed in the experiments. Quantities of interest are the temperature profiles in unsteadiness in the thermal field. At lower temperature differences across the fluid region, temperatures as recorded by interferometry and schlieren are in good agreement with each other. Further, they match the numerical predictions, as well as correlations available in the literature. Imaging based on shadowgraph is not as satisfactory at lower temperature differences. At larger cavity temperature differences, the shadowgraph images become clear enough for quantitative analysis, but the flow becomes time-dependent. The three techniques reveal similar trends in terms of the spatial distribution of temperature gradients and the time scales of unsteadiness. The schlieren and shadowgraph are more suitable for high gradients and interferometry is suitable for low gradients and all these three techniques are not flow visualization tools alone but are appropriate for quantitative imaging of thermal field.",1,1
10868,10.1016#j.optcom.2014.06.020.xml,Optics Communications,"Wavelength switching between two optical signals has been studied numerically utilizing the concept of cross-absorption modulation and partial cross-phase modulation in a reflective vertical cavity semiconductor saturable absorber (R-VCSSA). The switching performance of an R-VCSSA designed with high power impedance-matched top mirror reflectivity is studied by fixing a control beam (CB) at low power cavity resonance wavelength (λ  res ) and a signal beam on the short wavelength side of λ  res , with a fixed low input power. On gradually increasing the CB input power, the carrier concentration within the cavity increases which modifies the absorption and the refractive index of the saturable absorber. This results in a change in the output power of both the beams. In the analysis we have considered a 40Gb/s input signal. The high intra-cavity power introduces thermal effects within the VCSSA cavity due to which the effective cavity length of the device changes. The change in cavity length leads to a red-shift of the cavity resonance wavelength. This effect has also been incorporated in the model. The advantage of a VCSSA, used for switching is owing to its comparatively small carrier recombination time (~5ps or less), which could be utilized for the high speed optical system.",1,1
28295,10.1016#j.porgcoat.2008.09.014.xml,Progress in Organic Coatings,"A highly efficient photoelectrocatalytic course was realized by combining TiO2 and CdS films. The TiO2 films were prepared using dc reactive magnetron sputtering method, and the CdS films were deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) were used to characterize the film structure and surface morphologies. The experiment results showed that the photoelectrocatalysis by using the TiO2 and CdS films under double-beam irradiation of UV and visible lights had higher photocatalytic activity than the sum of photoelectrocatalysis solely using TiO2 and CdS films.",0,1
9909,10.1016#j.optcom.2011.12.098.xml,Optics Communications,"We propose a fiber optic single-unit but dual-mode optical imaging system that can provide fast cross-sectional imaging capabilities of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and functional capabilities of fluorescence spectroscopy (FS). By adopting a fiber optic FS system into a fiber-based SS-OCT system, a compact and effective multimodal single-unit SSOCT-FS system is achieved. Here, the key element of the proposed multimodal imaging system is a specially designed fiber coupler based on double-clad fiber (DCF), which has only cladding-mode coupling capability. The DCF couplers are fabricated with home-drawn DCF by several fabrication methods; a twisting method, a side-polishing method and a fused biconical tapered (FBT) method. Experimentally, the FBT method provides rather flat cladding mode coupling efficiency over 40% in a wide wavelength range. With this specially designed DCF coupler, the OCT signal and the fluorescence signal is measured independently but with a single-unit system. The performance of the SSOCT-FS system is confirmed by measuring the cross-sectional image and the fluorescence signal of a photosensitizer chlorin e6 injected in-vivo rat tumor model.",1,1
31692,10.1016#j.ram.2017.04.002.xml,Revista Argentina de Microbiología,"The purpose of this study was to analyze the response of different initial contamination levels of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris ATCC 49025 spores in apple juice as affected by pulsed light treatment (PL, batch mode, xenon lamp, 3pulses/s, 0–71.6J/cm2). Biphasic and Weibull frequency distribution models were used to characterize the relationship between inoculum size and treatment time with the reductions achieved after PL exposure. Additionally, a second order polynomial model was computed to relate required PL processing time to inoculum size and requested log reductions. PL treatment caused up to 3.0–3.5 log reductions, depending on the initial inoculum size. Inactivation curves corresponding to PL-treated samples were adequately characterized by both Weibull and biphasic models (   R  adj  2    94–96%), and revealed that lower initial inoculum sizes were associated with higher inactivation rates. According to the polynomial model, the predicted time for PL treatment increased exponentially with inoculum size.",0,0
6650,10.1016#j.optmat.2018.07.033.xml,Optical Materials,"Microcrystals of the inorganic red emitting phosphors EuxCa1-1.5xMoyW1-yO4 (x = 0.00667, 0.03333, 0.06667; y = 0, 0.1, …, 0.9, 1) were synthesized by a traditional solid-state method. Studied materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and luminescence spectroscopy (luminescence spectra and lifetime measurements). The morphology of the phosphors was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The luminescence excitation spectra of EuxCa1-1.5xMoyW1-yO4 phosphors were mainly attributed to O2− → Mo6+ and O2- → W6+ charge-transfer (CT) bands in the UV region, at ∼ 260–340 nm, and some sharp lines of Eu3+ transitions with the two strongest at 394 nm and 465 nm (in near-UV and visible regions). The EuxCa1-1.5xMoyW1-yO4 phosphors showed intense red luminescence characteristic for the Eu3+ ions and the emission peaks were ascribed to the 5D0 → 7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions, respectively. The calculated chromaticity coordinates indicate these phosphors as potential candidates of red phosphors for high quality light source, e.g. LEDs.",1,1
2561,10.1016#j.ijleo.2014.08.002.xml,Optik,"Ga x Se100−x  (20≤ x ≤50) in polycrystalline form was prepared by direct fusion of stoichiometric proportions of pure elements. The spectral behavior of transmittance (T) and the reflectance (R) in the wavelength range 400–2500nm for all films of different thicknesses were measured to obtain different optical parameters (refractive index, n, and absorption index, k). The study of inter-band transitions indicates that the existence of direct forbidden transitions and indirect forbidden transitions with energy gaps decrease with increasing Ga percentage.",1,1
19034,10.1016#S0925-3467(01)00105-7.xml,Optical Materials,"The fluorescence (emission and excitation) spectrum of Mn2+ ion in NaCl has been investigated for freshly quenched samples (diluted Mn2+ ions) and as grown samples (Mn2+ ions forming aggregates and/or precipitates). Two main emission bands are generally observed in as grown samples, peaking at 505 nm and around 610 nm. Both emission bands are related to different manganese precipitates. Quenched samples show only the red emission but peaking at 605 nm and with a different excitation spectrum to that of the as grown crystals. Thus, this crystal is suitable to operate as a double color (red and green) emitting phosphor where the red and green relative intensities can be controlled by a thermal treatment.",1,1
9485,10.1016#j.optcom.2010.10.057.xml,Optics Communications,"We propose optical cross connect filters using photonic crystal ring resonators coupled waveguide crossings. We investigate the properties of this component numerically by using the finite-difference time-domain method. Our simulations reveal that the photonic crystal based cross connect filter has more than 92% normalized transmission. Extending our concept for cross connection applications, we demonstrate a 1×2 PC-based cross connect filter which utilizes a heterostructure. In this filter, at the resonance of each ring resonator, the normalized power transferred to the related waveguide of the two drop waveguides is found to be more than 91%.",1,1
38142,10.1016#j.cub.2019.12.017.xml,Current Biology,"Larvae of the tunicate Ciona intestinalis possess a central nervous system of 177 neurons. This simplicity has facilitated the generation of a complete synaptic connectome. As chordates and the closest relatives of vertebrates, tunicates promise insight into the organization and evolution of vertebrate nervous systems. Ciona larvae have several sensory systems, including the ocellus and otolith, which are sensitive to light and gravity, respectively. Here, we describe circuitry by which these two are integrated into a complex behavior: the rapid reorientation of the body followed by upward swimming in response to dimming. Significantly, the gravity response causes an orienting behavior consisting of curved swims in downward-facing larvae but only when triggered by dimming. In contrast, the majority of larvae facing upward do not respond to dimming with orientation swims—but instead swim directly upward. Under constant light conditions, the gravity circuit appears to be inoperable, and both upward and downward swims were observed. Using connectomic and neurotransmitter data, we propose a circuit model that can account for these behaviors. The otolith consists of a statocyst cell and projecting excitatory sensory neurons (antenna cells). Postsynaptic to the antenna cells are a group of inhibitory primary interneurons, the antenna relay neurons (antRNs), which then project asymmetrically to the right and left motor units, thereby mediating curved orientation swims. Also projecting to the antRNs are inhibitory photoreceptor relay interneurons. These interneurons appear to antagonize the otolith circuit until they themselves are inhibited by photoreceptors in response to dimming, thus providing a triggering circuit.",0,0
36884,10.1016#j.vacuum.2008.07.014.xml,Vacuum,"a-SiC x :H PIN diode has been fabricated within a single pump-down process under the same deposition conditions used for doped and undoped PECVD grown thin films, whose optical and electrical properties are determined and compared with a-Si:H. Current–voltage characteristics of PIN diode are evaluated and concluded to be limited by tunnelling of holes at p–i interface into valence band tail states. Electroluminescence measurements revealed radiative monomolecular recombinations. Deconvolution of the luminescence spectra is utilized to analyse recombination mechanism to be dominated by the transitions between band tails and deep states, which are created by the large density of both silicon and carbon dangling bonds, probable in the stoichiometric a-SiC x :H film. Finally, a small luminescence peak around 1.9eV would be an evidence of reduced probability of tail to tail transitions, than that of the transitions between tail and deep states.",0,1
26660,10.1016#j.lwt.2012.10.017.xml,LWT - Food Science and Technology,"The impact of orange juice pulp on the physical release of limonene to the headspace of freshly prepared orange juice was evaluated both in-vitro and in-vivo. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to analyse the impact of the matrix on the dynamic release of the volatile aroma compound, limonene, in orange juice. Pulp and aqueous serum was isolated (by centrifugation and filtration) from freshly prepared orange juice and subsequently reconstituted at varying pulp addition levels in serum (0g/100 g–20g/100 g, wwb). The addition of pulp significantly enhanced the static headspace concentration of limonene with a 210 fold increase with 10g/100 g pulp addition. In addition, pulp enhanced the ability of the orange juice serum to replenish limonene in the headspace after dynamic headspace dilution. The release of limonene was studied under realistic consumer consumption conditions (In-nose delivery) by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry; pulp significantly enhanced the amount of limonene exhaled in the nasal airflow (retronasal delivery). Surprisingly, given the variations in limonene concentration, naïve consumers did not perceive samples as significantly different on consumption. This is presumably due to the wide range of other aroma compounds not evaluated in this study that contribute to the perceived aroma.",0,0
32659,10.1016#j.lwt.2011.10.012.xml,LWT - Food Science and Technology,"Maize starch powder was exposed to a 60Co source (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, or 500 kGy) and the effects of γ-irradiation treatment on the structure and physicochemical properties of the starch granules were studied. The results showed that peak, trough, final, and setback viscosities were significantly reduced, whereas the solubility was increased following irradiation. Gelatinization temperature and enthalpy decreased significantly when the dose is higher than 50 kGy. On the surface, the starch granules did not display any visible physical change up to a 500 kGy dose was. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the relative crystallinity of starch decreased slightly, and the starch exhibited an A-pattern without any change. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral intensity at 1018 cm−1 increased with the irradiation dose up to 200 kGy. Irradiation dose was positively correlated with solubility and negatively correlated with relative crystallinity. There were high positive correlations between thermal properties and pasting properties.",0,0
38066,10.1016#j.hal.2013.03.002.xml,Harmful Algae,"A toxic bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was observed in the Alabama coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) in June 2009 that resulted in the accumulation of domoic acid (DA) in fish. The bloom initiated following a large storm event that likely caused increased groundwater discharge 16–20 days prior to peak densities. Eleven sites, located in littoral shoreline waters and inshore embayments spanning the entire Alabama NGOM coastline, were sampled during peak densities to assess Pseudo-nitzschia species composition and toxicity, and associated water-quality parameters. Small fish (0.27–11.9g body weight) were collected at six of these sites for analysis of DA content. High Pseudo-nitzschia spp. densities (8.27×104–5.05×106 celll−1) were detected at eight sites located in the littoral shoreline and particulate DA was detected at six of these littoral sites (48.0–540pgml−1). The bloom consisted primarily (>90%) of Pseudo-nitzschia subfraudulenta, a species previously characterized as forming only a minor component of Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages and not known to produce DA. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were at low densities or not detected at the inshore sites and DA was detected at these sites. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. density varied along an estuarine gradient, with greater densities occurring in the most saline, clear, and nutrient-poor waters. Cell density was strongly and negatively correlated with silicate (Si) concentrations and the ratios of silicate to dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate (Si:DIN and Si:PO4). Cell toxin quota was negatively correlated with phosphate, and strongly and positively correlated with the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (TN:TP). These relationships are consistent with previous observations that indicate Pseudo-nitzschia spp. density and toxicity are likely to be greater in high salinity, high irradiance, and nutrient-poor waters. DA was detected in 128 of 131 (98%) of the fish collected, which included seven primary and secondary consumer species. This is the first demonstration of trophic transfer of DA in this region of the NGOM, indicating that toxic blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in Alabama coastal waters have the potential to transfer DA to recreationally and commercially important fish species.",0,0
29036,10.1016#j.biochi.2005.03.017.xml,Biochimie,"Trigger factor (TF) is an important catalyst of nascent peptide folding and possesses both peptidyl–prolyl cis–trans isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities. TF has a modular structure, containing three domains with distinct structural and functional properties. The guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) induced unfolding of TF was investigated by monitoring Trp fluorescence, far-UV CD, second-derivative UV absorption, enzymatic and chaperone activities, chemical crosslinking and binding of the hydrophobic dye, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS); and was compared to the urea induced unfolding. The native state of TF was found to bind ANS in 1:1 stoichiometry with a K d of 84 μM. A native-like state, N′, is stable around 0.5 M GuHCl, and shows increased ANS binding, while retaining PPIase activity and most secondary and tertiary structure, but loses chaperone and dimerization activities, consistent with slight conformational rearrangement. A compact denatured state, I, is populated around 1.0 M GuHCl, is inactive and does not show significant binding to ANS. The data suggest that TF unfolds in a stepwise manner, consistent with its modular structure. The ability of TF to undergo structural rearrangement to maintain enzymatic activity while reducing chaperone and dimerization abilities may be related to the physiological function of TF.",0,0
27057,10.1016#j.jlumin.2015.06.012.xml,Journal of Luminescence,"Biophysical insight into interaction of biocompatible rosin-based surfactants with human serum albumin (HSA) was studied at physiological conditions using various spectroscopic, calorimetric and molecular docking approaches. The binding constant (K b), enthalpy (ΔH 0), entropy (ΔS 0) and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG 0) were calculated by spectroscopic and calorimetric method. We have also calculated the probability of energy transfer by FRET analysis. The circular dichroism study showed that the cationic surfactant QRMAE significantly altered the secondary structure of HSA as compared to the nonionic rosin surfactants. The thermodynamic study was performed by ITC to determine binding constant as well as change in enthalpy of HSA in presence of rosin surfactants. It clearly showed that hydrogen binding and hydrophobic interaction play an important role in the binding of HSA to rosin surfactants. We have also performed molecular docking studies to locate the binding site on HSA and to visualize the mode of interaction. The present study provides a significant insight into HSA–rosin surfactants interaction, which also improves our understanding of the possible effect of rosin surfactants on human health.",0,1
42456,10.1016#S0166-5162(97)87370-3.xml,International Journal of Coal Geology,"Orientations of R0max and R0min of vitrinite have been determined in coal samples that have been deformed in simple shear experiments at T = 650°–900°C, confining pressures of 0.8 and 1.0 GPa and constant displacement rates of 10−5–10−6 s−1. Samples chosen are a high-volatile bituminous coal and two anthracites. Shear strains up to 3.0 were attained in experiments that lasted up to 100 h. High temperature and large strains have facilitated an increase in R0max, an increase in anisotropy (bireflectance), and reorientation of R0max and R0min. Results of these experiments indicate that tectonic strain, at and above semi-anthracite rank, enhances the degree of molecular ordering leading to preferential growth of graphite and that vitrinite anisotropy may track with tectonic strain.",0,0
19691,10.1016#S0030-4018(98)00598-7.xml,Optics Communications,"Second generation of grazing-incidence-phase Fresnel zone plates is presented in this paper. The term grazing-incidence discrete Fresnel lens (GIDFL) for these zone plates is proposed. This lens performs a multilevel phase modulation of the incident X-ray radiation. With the increase of the number of levels, the GIDFL virtually becomes an ideal kinoform zone plate. X-ray optical properties of a four-level GIDFL are studied here. It is found that this lens is capable of focusing X-ray radiation with an efficiency of 75%. A model is proposed which describes the diffraction properties of these lenses and allows one to calculate the focal spot intensity.",1,1
42068,10.1016#S0898-6568(99)00074-1.xml,Cellular Signalling,"Caffeine increases the amplitude of the Cl− currents evoked by capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) on thapsigargin-treated Xenopus oocytes. The caffeine-induced potentiation of the CCE process appears to rest on two distinct and additive components. The first component involves the cAMP second messenger system since it can be mimicked by either IBMX perfusion or cAMP microinjection into the oocyte and inhibited by the PKA inhibitory peptide i-PKA. The second component, although activatory, is dynamically related to the caffeine-evoked inhibition of InsP3-mediated Ca2+ release and may arise from an interaction between caffeine and the InsP3 receptor in the context of a conformational coupling between the InsP3 receptor and the channels responsible for CCE.",0,0
34038,10.1016#S0022-4073(03)00180-8.xml,Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,"In this paper, we solve the steady-state form of the Boltzmann transport equation in homogeneous and heterogeneous tissue-like media with a finite element-spherical harmonics (FE-P  N ) radiation transport method. We compare FE-transport and diffusion solutions in terms of the ratio of absorption to reduced scattering coefficient, (μ a/μ s′) and the anisotropy factor g. Two different scattering phase function formulas are employed to model anisotropic scattering in the slab media with high g-value. Influence of void-like heterogeneities, and of their boundaries with the surrounding medium on the transport of photons are also examined.",0,0
21019,10.1016#S0030-3992(01)00060-3.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"There are very strong interests in developing low density advanced material systems for service at temperatures up to 1300°C. These materials should mainly have moderate fracture toughness at low and intermediate temperatures and should exhibit oxidation resistant behaviour. The intermetallic compound, MoSi2 has been considered to be an attractive candidate due to its melting point (2030°C) and excellent oxidation resistance at high temperatures. In this paper, we compare the results obtained with two different techniques for laser cladding, one using an online combination between Mo and Si powders, the second using direct injection of the MoSi2 powder.",1,1
6722,10.1016#j.optmat.2018.08.035.xml,Optical Materials,"Novel ZnWO4 thin films were achieved by annealing sandwich WO3/ZnO/WO3 (WZW) heterolayer that were deposited on clean fused silica substrates by RF magnetron sputtering technique. The crystal structures, surface morphologies and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the annealed WZW heterolayers were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and PL measurements. The XRD and Raman patterns show that the ZnWO4 thin films formed from WZW heterolayers possess the monoclinic wolframite structure with a preferential orientation along the a-axis. The annealing temperature of WZW heterolayer plays a vital role in determining the crystallization, surface morphologies and PL properties of the formed ZnWO4 films. The SEM graphs and PL spectra indicate that the annealing treatment at about 750 °C for 30min is very effective for deposited WZW heterolayer to form the flat ZnWO4 thin film with the regular nanometer grains (200–400 nm) and the strongest PL emission near about 495 nm, while further increasing annealing temperature to 850 °C leads to a rough surface and weakened PL intensity. The PL spectra from all the annealed WZW films display a broad and asymmetrical shape and are depend on the excitation wavelengths in the range of 240–290 nm as well as annealing temperature. The related PL mechanisms were analyzed and discussed according to the excitation spectra monitored at 410 nm and 495 nm, respectively. It is suggested that the coexistence of the ZnWO4 and ZnO excitation bands in the film should be responsible for the evolving of PL shapes with the excitation wavelengths. Finally, the average PL decay time of the formed ZnWO4 film was determined to be about 22μs by time-resolving the three intrinsic emissions of the ZnWO4 crystallites. This work illustrates that magnetron sputtering is an effective technique to prepare the fluorescing ZnWO4 film.",1,1
4559,10.1016#j.optmat.2014.10.012.xml,Optical Materials,"Antimony phosphate glasses (SbPO) doped with 3 and 6mol% of Cr3+ were studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), UV–VIS optical absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. The EPR spectra of Cr3+-doped glasses showed two principal resonance signals with effective g values at g =5.11 and g =1.97. UV–VIS optical absorption spectra of SbPO:Cr3+ presented four characteristics bands at 457, 641, 675, and 705nm related to the transitions from 4A2(F) to 4T1(F), 4T2(F), 2T1(G), and 2E(G), respectively, of Cr3+ ions in octahedral symmetry. Optical absorption spectra of SbPO:Cr3+ allowed evaluating the crystalline field Dq, Racah parameters (B and C) and Dq/B. The calculated value of Dq/B =2.48 indicates that Cr3+ ions in SbPO glasses are in strong ligand field sites. The optical band gap for SbPO and SbPO:Cr3+ were evaluated from the UV optical absorption edges. Luminescence measurements of pure and Cr3+-doped glasses excited with 350nm revealed weak emission bands from 400 to 600nm due to the 3P1 → 1S0 electronic transition from Sb3+ ions. Cr3+-doped glasses excited with 415nm presented Cr3+ characteristic luminescence spectra composed by two broad bands, one band centered at 645nm (2E→ 4A2) and another intense band from 700 to 850nm (4T2 → 4A2).",1,1
10175,10.1016#j.optcom.2012.08.102.xml,Optics Communications,"Round-trip phase-shifts with intensity of an input signal due to saturable index change and optically induced thermal effects in a vertical cavity semiconductor (quantum wells) saturable absorber (VCSSA) are investigated analytically to observe counter-clockwise bi-stability in transmission mode and clockwise bi-stability in reflection mode. Simultaneous effects of Kerr nonlinearity and cavity heating on resonance wavelength-shift of the VCSSA micro-cavity are investigated. It is found that these bi-stable characteristics are possible to the absorption edge of nonlinear material for long wavelength side operations of low intensity resonance wavelength of the micro-cavity, where dispersion of absorption and refraction are neglected over a small range of optical wavelength tuning (δλ∼10nm). Simulations are carried out to find out optimized parameters of the device for bi-stable characteristics. Operations are demonstrated for InGaAs/InP quantum wells based VCSSA with low intensity resonance wavelength of 1570nm. For counter-clockwise bi-stable switching at working wavelength of 1581nm, an input intensity variation of 0.79I  S  is required with top (R  t ) and back DBR reflectivity (R  b ) of 91% and 93%, respectively, where I  S  represents the absorption saturation intensity of nonlinear medium. Whereas, the clockwise bi-stability occurs at 0.22I  S  for working wavelength of 1578nm with R  t  of 90% and R  b  of 98%, respectively.",1,1
43451,10.1111#j.1469-0691.2009.03059.x.xml,Clinical Microbiology and Infection,"We studied retrospectively the medical records of all patients (n = 150) diagnosed, by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, with neuroborreliosis (NB) in Jönköping County, Sweden during 2000–2005. The number of NB cases increased from 5/100 000 to 10/100 000 inhabitants/year. In 17% of the patients, anti-Borrelia antibodies were found in CSF but not in serum at the time of diagnosis. Facial palsy, headache and fever were frequent manifestations in children, whereas unspecific muscle and joint pain were the most commonly reported symptoms in older patients. Post-treatment symptoms persisting for more than 6 months occurred in 13%, and the patients concerned were significantly older, had longer-lasting symptoms prior to treatment, had higher levels of Borrelia-specific IgG in CSF, and more often had radiculitis. The total cost of NB-related healthcare was estimated to be €500 000 for the entire study group (€3300 per patient), and the cost of social benefits was estimated to be €134 000 (€2000 per patient). CSF analysis is necessary for the diagnosis of NB, because some patients develop antibodies in serum later than in CSF. Early diagnosis of borreliosis would result in reduced human suffering and in economic gain.",0,0
31784,10.1016#j.compbiomed.2009.07.013.xml,Computers in Biology and Medicine,"Image compression plays a crucial role in medical imaging, allowing efficient manipulation, storage, and transmission of binary, grey-scale, or colour images. Nevertheless, in medical applications the need to conserve the diagnostic validity of the image requires the use of lossless compression methods, producing low compression factors. In this paper, a novel near-lossless compression algorithm from projections, which almost eliminates both redundant information and noise from a greyscale image while retaining all relevant structures and producing high compression factors, is proposed. The algorithm is tested on experimental medical greyscale images from different modalities and different body districts and results are reported.",0,0
21923,10.1016#j.yofte.2006.12.005.xml,Optical Fiber Technology,"We propose and investigate experimentally a sigma fiber laser scheme, which uses multiple fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors as the feedback elements, for a long-distance sensor system with 20-km long in S-band at first. By tuning a wavelength selective filter located in a laser cavity over the gain bandwidth, the laser selectively lases at each of the fiber Bragg wavelengths of the sensors, thus allowing strain-induced shifts in the Bragg wavelengths to be monitored. In our experiment, an S-band four-sensor system is proposed and investigated experimentally.",1,1
32662,10.1016#j.joule.2021.06.014.xml,Joule,"High-energy-density lithium-metal batteries face the challenge of developing functional electrolytes enabling both the stabilization of the lithium-metal negative electrode and high-voltage positive electrodes (> 4 V versus Li+/Li). Herein, a low-volatility and non-flammable ionic liquid electrolyte (ILE) incorporating two anions, bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide (FSI) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), is successfully applied to overcome this challenge, employing the high-energy, low-Co, and Ni-rich positive-electrode material, LiNi0.88Co0.09Mn0.03O2 (NCM88), in Li-metal batteries. With this specific electrolyte, the cathode exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance, achieving an initial specific capacity of 214 mAh g−1 and outstanding capacity retention of 88% over 1,000 cycles. More importantly, this electrolyte enables an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.94%. The excellent compatibility of the dual-anion ILE with both the lithium metal (50 μm) and the high-voltage positive-electrode material enables the realization of Li-metal cells achieving specific energies of more than 560 Wh kg−1 based on their combined active material masses.",0,0
22384,10.1016#S0042-6989(97)00013-8.xml,Vision Research,"The mechanism of edge detection in the honeybee was investigated by examining the effects of combining different kinds of visual cues that define an edge. Free-flying bees were trained to land at three different types of edges which were defined by texture and relative motion cues either in isolation or in combination with each other. Bees are able to detect and land at the three types of edges, but do so with different frequencies. In contrast to the naive expectation that edges jointly defined by two cues can be detected better than those defined by a single cue in isolation, the combination of the cues does not increase and may even decrease the detectability of an edge. When bees land at an edge the orientation of their body axis is strongly affected by the visual cues defining this edge. Model simulations were performed to test whether the experimental findings can be explained on the basis of a single edge detection mechanism sensitive to both types of visual cues. In the model, the information from both types of cues is sensed by two fields of movement detectors that receive their input signals from two adjacent patches in the visual field. The output of all detectors subserving either patch is pooled by integrating cells. The signals of the two integrating cells subserving the two adjacent patches are compared at a subtraction stage. The resulting signal is then rectified and forms the output signal of the model. The model simulations closely resemble the experimental results, thus providing evidence that edge detection by the bee could be mediated by a single mechanism.",0,0
29459,10.1016#0165-0270(96)00074-X.xml,Journal of Neuroscience Methods,"We describe a method for visualizing the relative spatial distribution of autophosphorylated    Ca2+  calmodulin -dependent  protein kinase II (CaMKII) in neuronal subcompartments within hippocampal slices. The method employs a monoclonal antibody recognizing only autophosphorylated CaMKII, and an affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit antisera recognizing only nonphosphorylated CaMK II (Patton et al. (1993) Mol. Biol. Cell, 4: 159–172). 50 μm sections cut from fixed 500 μm hippocampal slices are double-labeled with these antibodies bound by secondary antibodies coupled to fluorescein and Cy3, respectively. The distribution of the two antigens in identical optical sections is recorded by dual channel confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The digital images are analyzed with the program MacPhase to determine the relative levels of staining with antibodies to phosphokinase and antibodies to nonphosphokinase in subcellular domains of neurons. Comparison of data from paired control and experimental slices reveals the spatial distributions of changes in levels of autophosphorylated CaMKII produced by pharmacological treatments. We are able to detect and spatially resolve differences in levels of autophosphorylation of CaMK II between slices subjected to Ca2+ depletion (low autophosphorylation) and slices treated with a phosphatase inhibitor (high autophosphorylation).",0,0
43189,10.1016#j.crci.2015.12.013.xml,Comptes Rendus Chimie,"Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) are currently amongst the foremost green techniques for accelerating extraction processes. Several methods for the efficient recovery of the phenolic compounds from rosemary leaves have so far been proposed, but little data are available on the use of UAE and MAE. The aim of this work is to investigate the efficiency and selectivity of these techniques in recovering fractions of specific phenolic compounds from dried rosemary leaves using solvents that are suitable for food applications. UAE has been carried out by means of a probe system equipped with a titanium horn working at 19.5 kHz (140 W). MAE has been performed in a closed multimode reactor under N2 (20 bar) at 100 °C. All obtained extracts were dissolved in a defined solvent volume and the solutions were directly analyzed using a combination of the HPLC-DAD-MS and TOF techniques. MAE and UAE in ethanol and acetone dramatically increased phenol yield (more than three times) as compared to more traditional solid–liquid extraction processes. In terms of selectivity, remarkably high rosmarinic acid content (6.8% of the dried extract) was obtained in ethanol under ultrasound (US). Even more impressive is the selectivity of UAE in n-hexane which gave the highest carnosic acid content, up to 13% of the dried extract. In conclusion, non-conventional energy sources and, in particular, high-intensity US have proven themselves to be rapid, efficient, and selective techniques for rosemary leaf extraction and provide fractions with high rosmarinic and carnosic acid contents.",0,0
33883,10.1016#j.jiph.2015.06.006.xml,Journal of Infection and Public Health," Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a protozoan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in humans. However, there is no current data regarding Toxoplasma infection among individuals who were referred to medical laboratories in Mazandaran province (northern Iran). Therefore, we performed a population-based study of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in this region. A total of 1832 sera samples (from 654 men and 1178 women) were collected from people who were referred to medical laboratories in different cities throughout Mazandaran province between March and July 2012. The serum titers of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG was 55.5%; and 14.4% of the positive samples were seropositive for anti-Toxoplasma IgM. The highest seroprevalence was observed among people who were >50 years old (90.6%), and the lowest seroprevalence was observed among children who were 0–9 years old (9.4%; P <0.001). There was no significant difference in the seroprevalences for each sex in the study population. However, a regional sex-specific difference in seroprevalence was observed between men (54.1%) and women (70.6%; P =0.003) in the western cities of Mazandaran. As the seroprevalence of T. gondii in western and eastern Mazandaran was higher than that in the central cities, there is a need to evaluate the nature of the infection chain in these areas.",0,0
32584,10.1016#j.mre.2017.10.002.xml,Matter and Radiation at Extremes,"Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC) at Huazhong University of Science and Technology is one of the top-class research centers in the world, which can offer pulsed fields up to 90.6 T with different field waveforms for scientific research and has passed the final evaluation of the Chinese government in 2014. This paper will give a brief introduction of the facility and the development status of pulsed magnetic fields research at WHMFC. In addition, it will describe the application development of pulsed magnetic fields in both scientific and industrial research.",0,0
23550,10.1016#S0268-005X(97)80004-5.xml,Food Hydrocolloids,"The application of surface force measurements for modelling the behaviour of food colloid systems, in particular dispersions of hydrophilic particles in oil-continuous media, is discussed. Interactions between two mica surfaces across a triglyceride (triolein) in the anhydrous state, or containing different amounts of dissolved water, have been investigated. The water content influences the layering of triolein molecules at the surfaces and thereby their interactions. The relationship between surface force data (e.g. the magnitude of the force barrier and the adhesion force) and the properties of colloidal systems is discussed. Further, the importance of capillary condensation for particle interactions in triolein saturated with water is demonstrated.",0,0
25579,10.1016#j.memsci.2019.01.007.xml,Journal of Membrane Science,"Forward osmosis (FO) membranes have received attention as an energy-efficient and low-cost technique in stream concentrating processes. In this work, a novel double-skinned hollow fiber thin film composite (TFC) FO membrane has been successfully fabricated, which consists of a one-step prepared dual layer substrate and a thin inner selective layer formed via interfacial polymerization. The substrate consists of a relatively dense ultrafiltration (UF) outer layer and a porous UF inner layer, both of which were constructed from polyethersulfone (PES) as the substrate material by using dual-layer co-extrusion technique. Compared to the commercial and reported double-skinned FO membranes, the FO membrane developed in this work exhibited a higher permeate flux with humic acid solution as feed. Furthermore, the double-skinned FO membrane was applied in concentrating activated sludge using 0.5 M NaCl as draw solution, and a permeate flux at 5.4 L/m2h was achieved after 5 h operation, which was higher than or comparable to those of the reported FO membranes. Membrane autopsies and foulant analysis suggested that the dense UF skin layer helped to reject greater-sized organic foulants (> 300 Da). This study shed light on the important fabrication features and promising application of the double-skinned hollow fiber TFC FO membrane in sludge concentration.",0,0
43178,10.1007#s11434-015-0962-1.xml,Science Bulletin,"Establishing a deeper understanding of the anisotropy in manganites is useful for tailoring their magnetic properties for device applications. Here we showed that ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) thin films, epitaxially grown on SrTiO3 (STO) substrates, exhibited unexpected double-shifted magnetization curves originating from the competition between common biaxial and emergent uniaxial anisotropies. This emergent uniaxial anisotropy could be induced by exchange coupling between the ferromagnetic LSMO and an antiferromagnetic LSMO dead layer at the LSMO/STO interface, which could be manipulated by the degree of oxygen deficiency.",0,0
22945,10.1016#j.crci.2015.11.026.xml,Comptes Rendus Chimie,"Although justly considered as a cumbersome component in artificial photosystems, these simple molecules are a “necessary evil” to drive photo-induced reactions aiming at producing high added value molecules by photo-induced reduction of low energy value substrates. This review first presents the specifications of sacrificial electron donors. Then the various families of sacrificial donors used from the early 1970s to nowadays are reviewed, such as aliphatic and aromatic amines, benzyl-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), dimethylphenylbenzimidazoline (BIH), ascorbic acid, oxalate and finally thiols. Experimental conditions (pH, solvent) are immensely versatile but important trends are given for adequate operation of a three-component system. Although literature abounds with various, very different artificial photosystems, we will realize that virtually the same sacrificial donors are used over and over again.",0,0
19510,10.1016#S0079-6638(05)48001-4.xml,Progress in Optics,"This chapter discusses recent developments in the field of microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) and provides an account of some of their interesting properties, such as new types of nonlinearities and dispersion profiles. It also discusses how such fibers may be used to produce novel devices by post-fabrication engineering techniques. Two numerical methods are used to investigate the properties of the transverse photonic crystal fiber (PCF): the plane-wave expansion method and the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique. These simulations use a two-dimensional approximation of the experimental geometry. Both of these tools are used throughout to characterize transverse PCFs in various applications. The chapter discusses tapering as applied to MOFs and PCFs, both in the transversely probed and traditional longitudinal regimes and, specifically, the creation of silica nanowires. It classifies microfluidic tuning of MOFs into two regimes: static and dynamic. Static fluid tuning involves the infiltration of the microstructure with a stationary fluid to modify the device's optical response. Dynamic fluid tuning involves actuating the fluid inside the device, imbuing the device with a temporal response. The microfluidic interferometer, which uses the post-engineering methods to create a novel MOF-based device of enhanced functionality, is also presented.",1,1
6763,10.1016#j.optmat.2018.09.006.xml,Optical Materials,"In this work, we reported the highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes based on orange-emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter 1,4-dicyano- 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(3,6-diphenyl-carbazol-9-yl)benzene (4CzTPN-Ph). By utilizing the bipolar material 2,6-bis(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-pyridine (26DCzPPy) and hole type material 4,4′,4″-Tri(9-carbazoyl)triphenylamine (TcTa) as host and ladder materials, respectively, the optimized single light-emitting layer (EML) orange device obtained the maximum brightness, external quantum efficiency, current efficiency and power efficiency up to 41791 cd/m2, 13.1%, 42.97 cd/A and 44.98 lm/W, respectively. Except for the 570 nm characteristic emission, interestingly, there is another emission peak at about 475 nm, which increases rapidly with decreasing doping concentration. Therefore, device color shifts gradually from orange to warm white with decreasing doping concentration due to the increasing relative intensity of exciplex emission. Finally, warm white device (Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) Coordinates at (0.337, 0.476)) based on single TADF emitter with the maximum brightness, external quantum efficiency, current efficiency and power efficiency up to 23560 cd/m2, 10.2%, 32.33 cd/A and 32.75 lm/W, respectively, was also obtained.",1,1
25968,10.1016#j.jes.2019.09.004.xml,Journal of Environmental Sciences,"An adaptable, energy efficient chemical process is employed to synthesize Cu2+ engrafted MgAl2O4 nanoparticles (Mg1-x Cu x Al2O4, x =0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 abbreviated as MCA0, MCA1, MCA3, and MCA5 respectively), using chelating ligand and the calcination temperature was determined by the thermogravimetric analysis of the precursor mass. They acted as good fluoride adsorbent in the presence of co-ions, different pH (2–11) via chemisorption revealed from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photodegraded Methylene Blue (MB). The satisfactory results were for MCA1 (specific surface area 25.05m2/g) with 97% fluoride removal at pH7.0 for the 10mg/L initial fluoride concentration for 1.5g/L adsorbent dose with 45min contact time obeying the Langmuir isotherm model with negative thermodynamic parameters and 4mmol of MCA3 with 98.51% photodegradation for 10−5 mol/LMB solution obeying pseudo-second-order and pseudo-first-order kinetics respectively. The proposed photodegradation mechanism of MB was established by the FTIR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The nanoparticles are cubic, estimated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The band gap energies, grain size, and the effective working pH were estimated by diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and zero-point potential analysis respectively. A soil candle with MCA1 also fabricated for the household purpose and tested with some fluorinated field samples. The MCA3 was able to enhance the latent fingerprint on smooth surfaces.",0,0
11447,10.1016#j.optcom.2015.11.042.xml,Optics Communications,"We have studied the characteristics of optical bistability of different types of optical modes amplified by small-size quantum dot vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers operated in reflection. Our analysis reveals that TE01 mode exhibits stronger intensity-dependent non-linearity in small radius devices, which results in stronger optical phase modulation and therefore larger hysteresis width compared with the other modes. The effect of the wavelength detuning of the input signal on the shape of the hysteresis loop is studied. We find that butterfly hysteresis loop exhibits the largest hysteresis width compared with clockwise and counterclockwise loops. Our analysis reveals that doping the quantum dots with p-type doping slightly reduces the hysteresis width while doping the dots with n-type doping clearly increases the hysteresis width for any wavelength detuning. We estimate that the hysteresis width of quantum dot active layer will exhibit higher hysteresis width compared with quantum well active layer having the same threshold gain.",1,1
38775,10.1016#j.isci.2019.07.017.xml,iScience,"Conventional printing is worth revisiting because of its established procedures in meeting the surging demand of manufacturing printed electronics, 3D products, etc. However, one goal in penetrating printing into these is to control pattern transfer with no limitation of wettability. Here we introduce a miscible liquid-liquid transfer printing mechanism that can synchronize material preparation and material patterning with desirable properties including limitless selection of raw materials, corrosion resistance, no wetting constraint, and ability to prepare large-area defect-free materials for multi-function applications. Theoretical modeling and experiments demonstrate that donor liquid could be used to make patterns within the bulk of a receiver material, allowing the obtained intrinsically patterned functional materials to be resistant to harsh conditions. Different from current liquid printing technologies, this printing approach enables stable and defect-free material preparation and is expected to prove useful in flexible display, soft electronics, 4D printing, and beyond.",0,0
14902,10.1016#j.optlastec.2012.05.034.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"It has been shown that bimaterial microcantilevers can deform as their temperature changes owing to the absorption of infrared radiation. Considering the principle of the cantilever, there must be a temperature detection limit and the microcantilever will be invalid beyond a tolerable temperature. In the paper, we aim to prove the limit and provide an approach to obtain the tolerable target temperature for infrared imaging. A microcantilever array damage experiment using an infrared laser as target was conducted and a method based on optical reflection and CCD measurement principle was proposed to measure the cantilever's critical deflection angle. Furthermore, the tolerable target temperature based on the imaging system was calculated.",1,1
2348,10.1016#j.ijleo.2013.12.078.xml,Optik,"We design an ultra-fast terahertz wave switch based on T-shape photonic crystal waveguide. The polymer rod is added in the junction as a point defect, the refractive index of which can be varied by adjusting the external pump laser intensity. The transmission spectrum is calculated by finite-difference time-domain method, which shows that the output energy of the two output ports is closely related to the refractive index of the polymer rod. By continuous wave excitation of the guided mode, the simulation results show that the T-shaped photonic crystal waveguide can flexibly tune the power in two output ports. The tuning rate of the device is about 0.3ns. These results provide a useful guide and a theoretical basis for the developments of terahertz wave functional components.",1,1
13097,10.1016#j.optlaseng.2008.04.022.xml,Optics and Lasers in Engineering,"Structural damage occurs in materials subjected to repeated or fluctuating stresses that must be minimized by design to increase fatigue life, and strains distributed in a blade need to be experimentally determined for evaluating stress levels. In order to measure local strains in a rotating blade, efficient signal transmission between a sensor installed on a blade and a stationary interrogator is significantly important. In this paper a strain-independent fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and a rotary optic coupler were used as means of compensating light intensity loss change arising from blade rotation. Working principles of a FBG sensor and a rotary optic coupler were detailed, and procedures for measuring local strains were also described. Eventually, strain distributions were obtained in terms of mean strain and strain amplitude. Measured strains were then directly compared with analytical ones. Experimental procedures and results offer an improved insight into a strain measurement technique for a rotating mechanical system.",1,1
39380,10.1016#j.jep.2005.04.021.xml,Journal of Ethnopharmacology," Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. (Aizoaceae) is a Malian medicinal plant used against various types of illnesses related to the immune response, like joint pains, inflammations, fever, malaria and wounds. Two pectin type polysaccharides, GOA1 and GOA2, being isolated from a 50°C water extract from the aerial parts of Glinus oppositifolius were investigated for their activity towards the complement system and different leukocyte subsets because of the assumed effects on conditions related to the immune system. The polysaccharide polymer in GOA1 was shown to contain considerable amounts of the neutral sugars arabinose (26.4mol%) and galactose (42.9mol%), and methylation analysis indicated the presence of arabinogalactans type I (AG-I) and type II (AG-II). GOA2 was rich in galacturonic acid (68.3mol%), along with rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. Structural studies indicated that rhamnose and galacturonic acid might constitute a rhamnogalacturonan backbone, often found in pectic substances, with side chains consisting of arabinose and galactose. Both GOA1 and GOA2 were shown to exhibit potent dose-dependent complement fixating activities, and induced chemotaxis of macrophages, T cells and NK cells.",0,0
37926,10.1016#j.gecco.2014.11.004.xml,Global Ecology and Conservation,"Sensory capacities and perceptual challenges faced by gillnet bycatch taxa result from fundamental physiological limits on vision and constraints arising within underwater environments. To reduce bycatch in birds, sea turtles, pinnipeds and blue-water fishes, individuals must be alerted to the presence of nets using visual cues. Cetaceans will benefit but they also require warning with cues detected through echolocation. Characteristics of a visual warning stimulus must accommodate the restricted visual capacities of bycatch species and the need to maintain vision in a dark adapted state when foraging. These requirements can be provided by a single type of visual warning stimulus: panels containing a pattern of low spatial frequency and high internal contrast. These are likely to be detectable across a range of underwater light environments by all bycatch prone taxa, but are unlikely to reduce the catch of target fish species. Such panels should also be readily detectable by cetaceans using echolocation. Use of sound signals to warn about the presence of gillnets is not recommended because of the poor sound localisation abilities of bycatch taxa, cetaceans excepted. These warning panels should be effective as a mitigation measure for all bycatch species, relatively easy to deploy and of low cost.",0,0
6963,10.1016#j.optmat.2018.12.051.xml,Optical Materials,"This paper proposes, for the first time, a quantitative description of the cross section of energy transfer between Nd3+ ions and quantum dots through rate equations model. Nd3+ ions were embedded in a SNAB glass system with CdS quantum dots. This occurred because the Nd3+ ions absorbed photons emitted by CdS quantum dots with 457 nm excitation. Band overlap of the quantum dots luminescence band with the ion optical absorption bands caused photon absorption and produced valleys in the quantum dots luminescence spectrum. The energy transfer occurred via photon. The cross section of energy transfer was higher than that found in other semiconductor systems with rare earth.",1,1
4620,10.1016#j.optmat.2014.11.033.xml,Optical Materials,"We investigated one dimensional disordered photonic structures by grouping high refractive index layers in clusters, randomly distributed within layers of low refractive index. We control the maximum size of the high refractive layer clusters and the ratio of the high–low refractive index layers, which we call the dilution of the system. By studying the total transmission of the disordered structure within the photonic band gap of the ordered structure as a function of the maximum cluster size, we observe a dip of the total transmission for a specific maximum cluster size. This value increases with increasing dilution. Moreover, within one dilution we observe oscillations of the total transmission with increasing cluster size.",1,1
29402,10.1016#j.irbm.2012.12.006.xml,IRBM,"Current challenges and innovations in prostate cancer management concern the development of focal therapies that allow the treatment of the cancer areas only, sparing the rest of the gland to minimize the potential morbidity. Among these techniques, laser-based techniques (laser-induced thermotherapy [LITT] and interstitial photodynamic therapy [iPDT]), appear as potential candidates to reach the goal of focusing energy delivery on the identified targets. The aim of this paper is to give a brief introduction to these laser-based techniques and to discuss some issues to be addressed before their generalized clinical application.",0,0
10890,10.1016#j.optcom.2014.06.064.xml,Optics Communications,"This study investigates the fabrication process for microlens array using the solution of photoresist and solvent. A silicon substrate, where micro holes have been made in advance by deep reactive ion etch process, is coated with the solution of the photoresist and solvent. And the substrate is heated so that the solvent evaporates and the volume of the solution shrinks. Due to the surface tension of the liquid, the photoresist in the holes will have concave meniscus after the evaporation of the solvent, which can be used as a mold for the microlens arrays. The geometry of the microlens can be adjusted by changing the concentration of the solution, which is related to the volume shrinkage ratio during the evaporation. Experiments have shown that the microlenses with various heights can be fabricated out of the same substrate. This study is expected to provide a new fabrication method which enables great flexibility of designing microlens array for various optical applications.",1,1
2656,10.1016#j.ijleo.2015.03.014.xml,Optik,"The evolution of hot image formation through medium with gain in consideration of the effect of spatial filter is theoretically and numerically investigated. Based on the linear diffraction theory and small-scale self-focusing theory of Bespalov and Talanov, intensity distribution of hot image in conjugate plane is derived analytically. Then, the peak intensity of hot image for different medium gain and different pinhole sizes are discussed in detail, the results show theoretical analysis is mostly approximate to the numerical simulations, furthermore, it is found that suppressing effect on peak intensity ratio with small gain coefficient is larger than that with bigger ones for determined pinhole size.",1,1
18871,10.1016#S0925-3467(02)00136-2.xml,Optical Materials,"A series of copolymers, poly{9,9-bis(2′-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-co-2,5-bis(2-thienyl-1-cyanovinyl)-1-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-4-methoxybenzene-5″,5‴-diyl} has been synthesized from the monomers, 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis(2′-ethylhexyl)fluorene and 2,5-bis(2-(5′-bromothienyl)-1-cyanovinyl)-1-(2″-ethylhexyloxy)-4-methoxybenzene (BTCVB) using the Ni(0) mediated polymerization. The synthesized copolymers showed the absorption maxima at about 380 nm and the absorption between 425 and 600 nm increased as the fraction of the thiophene-containing monomer (BTCVB) increased. In photoluminescence (PL), the emission maxima of the copolymers were red-shifted as the fraction of BTCVB increased, despite the similar absorption characteristics were shown in the UV–vis spectra. The copolymer containing 15 mol% of BTCVB showed a maximum PL emission at 620 nm.",1,1
12990,10.1016#j.optlaseng.2006.09.001.xml,Optics and Lasers in Engineering,"A method employing an isosceles prism and a right-angle one is developed for loss measurement in planar waveguides. During the measuring process, the isosceles prism is fixed and the right-angle prism fixed on the waveguide slides by following the waveguide. Only by adjusting the gap thickness we can realize the loss measurement in planar waveguides. The method is demonstrated with an Ag/Na ion-exchanged waveguide fabricated on BK7 glass from    AgNO   3    melt diluted with    NaNO   3    (mass ratio 1:9), with the condition of 4h and  335      ∘   C . The experimental results show that the method has the advantages on convenient operation, accurate results and no required end polishing.",1,1
32046,10.1016#j.addma.2020.101499.xml,Additive Manufacturing,"Metal additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are promising to build complex components in automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries. However, as built AM parts generally present residual stresses which may degrade the fatigue resistance of the material. Although the AM techniques have been substantially studied, few data about the residual stress level and distribution are available in literature. This paper presents residual stress measurements and analysis on the metal powder bed AM parts using the crack compliance method. Both electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM) processes are investigated for two manufactured alloys, i.e., Ti6Al4V and AlSi10Mg. It is found that: (i) the EBM process results in negligible residual stresses; (ii) the SLM leads to compressive stresses in the middle, accompanied by tensile stresses at the bottom and the top of the built part; (iii) preheating the build platform in the SLM process significantly reduces the residual stresses and effectively mitigates the porosity. Moreover, we show that post-treatment by friction stir processing inverts the residual stress distribution compared to the SLM process while significantly reducing the porosity.",0,0
40448,10.1016#j.triboint.2011.05.025.xml,Tribology International,"The present paper describes an experimental technique to accurately measure the tangential contact stiffness between two rough contacting surfaces manufactured from the titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V. The digital image correlation method is employed to measure the local displacement field. The effect of normal contact pressure, nominal contact area and fretting wear on tangential contact stiffness is investigated. The experiments indicate that the tangential contact stiffness is approximately proportional to the nominal contact area and the normal pressure raised to the power of 0.64. Multiple experiments with the same parameters show good repeatability given the number of variables involved.",0,0
32150,10.1016#j.hal.2015.11.016.xml,Harmful Algae,"The frequency and distribution of high biomass blooms produced by two dinoflagellate species were analysed along the French continental shelf from 1998 to 2012. Two species were specifically studied: Karenia mikimotoi and Lepidodinium chlorophorum. Based on remote-sensing reflectances at six channels (410, 430, 480, 530, 550 and 670nm), satellite indices were created to discriminate the species forming the blooms. A comparison with observations showed that the identification was good for both species in spite of a lower specificity for L. chlorophorum. The overall analysis of the satellite indices, in association with some monitoring data and cruise observations, highlights the regularity of these events and their extent on the continental shelf. L. chlorophorum blooms may occur all along the South Coast of Brittany. All the coastal areas under the influence of river plumes and the stratified northern shelf area of the Western English Channel appear to be areas of bloom events for both species. These two species are likely to be in competitive exclusion as they share the same spatial distribution and the timing of their bloom is very close. Finally, due to the scarcity of off-shore observations, these satellite indices provide useful information regarding HABs management and the development of a warning system along the French coast.",0,0
27716,10.1016#S0016-2361(03)00185-6.xml,Fuel,"The aerodynamics within a reduced scale model of a vertical spindle coal mill static classifier are investigated to provide data for improving classifier particle separation predictions and the validation of computational simulations. Quantitative data for these purposes was obtained by measuring velocities using three-dimensional Laser Doppler Anemometry. Flow visualisation was also used to provide qualitative understanding. The results demonstrate that the flow in the main classifier volume closely resembles that reported in the literature for cyclones. However, the flow in the upper section of the classifier is highly three-dimensional. The effect of varying the inlet vane angle, within the range of industrially useful vane angles, is shown to principally only affect the tangential velocity magnitude.",0,0
23630,10.1016#j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.030.xml,Neuropsychologia,"The space immediately surrounding the body, i.e. peripersonal space (PPS), is represented by populations of multisensory neurons, from a network of premotor and parietal areas, which integrate tactile stimuli from the body’s surface with visual or auditory stimuli presented within a limited distance from the body. Here we show that PPS boundaries extend while walking. We used an audio–tactile interaction task to identify the location in space where looming sounds affect reaction time to tactile stimuli on the chest, taken as a proxy of the PPS boundary. The task was administered while participants either stood still or walked on a treadmill. In addition, in two separate experiments, subjects either received or not additional visual inputs, i.e. optic flow, implying a translation congruent with the direction of their walking. Results revealed that when participants were standing still, sounds boosted tactile processing when located within 65–100cm from the participants’ body, but not at farther distances. Instead, when participants were walking PPS expands as reflected in boosted tactile processing at ~1.66m. This was found despite the fact the spatial relationship between the participant’s body and the sound’s source did not vary between the Standing and the Walking condition. This expansion effect on PPS boundaries due to walking was the same with or without optic flow, suggesting that kinematics and proprioceptive cues, rather than visual cues, are critical in triggering the effect. These results are the first to demonstrate an adaptation of the chest’s PPS representation due to whole body motion and are compatible with the view that PPS constitutes a dynamic sensory–motor interface between the individual and the environment.",0,0
34328,10.1016#j.biortech.2007.06.046.xml,Bioresource Technology,"Hydrolysis of four timber species (aspen, balsam fir, basswood, and red maple) and switchgrass was studied using dilute sulfuric acid at 50g dry biomass/L under similar conditions previously described as acid pretreatment. The primary goal was to obtain detailed kinetic data of xylose formation and degradation from a match between a first order reaction model and the experimental data at various final reactor temperatures (160–190°C), sulfuric acid concentrations (0.25–1.0% w/v), and particle sizes (28–10/20mesh) in a glass-lined 1L well-mixed batch reactor. Reaction rates for the generation of xylose from hemicellulose and the generation of furfural from xylose were strongly dependent on both temperature and acid concentration. However, no effect was observed for the particle sizes studied. Oligomer sugars, representing incomplete products of hydrolysis, were observed early in the reaction period for all sugars (xylose, glucose, arabinose, mannose, and galactose), but were reduced to low concentrations at later times (higher hemicellulose conversions). Maximum yields for xylose ranged from 70% (balsam) to 94% (switchgrass), for glucose from 10.6% to 13.6%, and for other minor sugars from 8.6% to 58.9%. Xylose formation activation energies and the pre-exponential factors for the timber species and switchgrass were in a range of 49–180kJ/mol and from 7.5×104 to 2.6×1020 min−1, respectively. In addition, for xylose degradation, the activation energies and the pre-exponential factors ranged from 130 to 170kJ/mol and from 6.8×1013 to 3.7×1017 min−1, respectively. There was a near linear dependence on acid concentration observed for xylose degradation. Our results suggest that mixtures of biomass species may be processed together and still achieve high yields for all species.",0,0
10447,10.1016#j.optcom.2013.04.055.xml,Optics Communications,"The parameter “frequency lock-in factor (FLF)” is introduced into fiber-optical parametric oscillators (FOPOs) to measure the mode-locking capability of all-optical clock recovery. The pump power dependence of the FLF parameter is experimentally investigated for the 10GHz clock extraction. It is shown that the FLF parameter can be regarded as a quality factor of the FOPO system, similar to the finesse of FP filters. With the FLF of more than 1.3%, the corresponding timing jitter of the extracted clock is less than 0.025UI.",1,1
3502,10.1016#j.ijleo.2017.01.084.xml,Optik,"In this paper, we have analyzed the antireflection, diffraction order, distribution of light field energy density and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of thin film solar cell with the silicon square nanoconical hole (SiSNH) decorated on its surface under different polarization modes and different top diameters (D top). The results show that when the incident azimuthal angle (φ) of the transverse electric (TE) polarization takes the value of 30°, an ultimate efficiency of thin film solar cells with optimized SiSNH array is up to 42.83%, which is 3.09 times of the 2.33μm thick film solar cell. The results also show that the enhanced ultimate efficiency of the thin film solar cell with SiSNH array is insensitive to D top and incident light zenith (θ) angle.",1,1
19808,10.1016#S0030-4018(98)00024-8.xml,Optics Communications,"It is found experimentally that the dependence of the spectral profile of four-photon mixing on the fiber length changes with the pump wavelength around zero dispersion band. The rising edge of the Stokes spectrum shifts toward the pump frequency side and the spectrum broadens as the fiber becomes longer under shorter pump wavelength, while no changes except for the power level appear in the spectrum under longer pump wavelength. A physical interpretation of this phenomenon is given from a view point of the effect of the characteristic length and the fiber length on the gain spectrum.",1,1
31932,10.1016#j.arth.2004.09.035.xml,The Journal of Arthroplasty,"The hip simulator wear performance of an electron beam cross-linked and subsequently melted ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene against femoral heads of 28-, 38-, and 46-mm diameter in the presence of poly(methyl-methacrylate) particulate debris was contrasted with that of conventional polyethylene against a 46-mm diameter head. Over 5 million cycles of testing, the average wear rate of the conventional polyethylene liners was 29.3 ± 3.0 mg per million cycles. All highly cross-linked components exhibited marked reduction in wear, with the highest wear measuring 0.74 ± 0.85 mg per million cycles. This study, using a clinically relevant third-body material, showed the electron beam cross-linked material to be far more resistant to this third-body wear than conventional ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, even when very large diameter femoral heads were used.",0,0
16234,10.1016#j.optmat.2004.11.049.xml,Optical Materials,"The spectral migration of energy among Eu3+ ions in lead–niobium–germanate glass (60GeO2–25PbO–15Nb2O5) with different Eu3+ concentrations (0.5, 1, 3, and 5mol%) has been investigated at low temperature by using time-resolved fluorescence line narrowing (TRFLN) spectroscopy. The spectral features of the time-resolved fluorescence line-narrowed 5D0 → 7F0 emission spectra under resonant excitation at different wavelengths along the 7F0 → 5D0 transition as a function of time, excitation wavelength, and concentration reveal the existence of energy migration between discrete regions of the inhomogeneous broadened spectral profile. The analysis of the time evolution of the 5D0 → 7F0 emission shows that the electronic mechanism responsible for the ion–ion interaction can be identified as a dipole–dipole energy transfer process.",1,1
17538,10.1016#j.optmat.2010.06.011.xml,Optical Materials,"We performed an exhaustive determination and classification of all the possible angular quasi-phase matching (AQPM) directions of three-wave nonlinear optical parametric interactions in periodically poled uniaxial crystals. We report 74 classes of AQPM loci depending on the wavelength dispersion of the principal refractive indices, the period of inversion of the sign of the second-order electric susceptibility, and on the eight possible combinations of polarization of the three interacting waves. Their complete classification is summarized in a schematic table providing the topological understanding of AQPM. The cases of second harmonic and difference-frequency generations in 5%MgO:PPLN are detailed.",1,1
20283,10.1016#S0030-4018(02)01890-4.xml,Optics Communications,"Non-invasive measurement of thermophysical properties such as temperature, density or concentration in a fluid medium remains a very challenging problem. Laser interferometry is one of many optical techniques employed for non-invasive measurement of refractive index field and can be used to provide information on the thermophysical properties in a convective fluid system. In conjunction with tomography, laser interferometry allows for a convenient full-field measurement in three dimensions. In the present paper, a novel interferometric technique known as coherent gradient-sensing (CGS) interferometry is combined with tomography to develop a powerful new tool for time-dependent three-dimensional (3-D) refractive index-based measurements in fluid-thermal systems. The paper discusses the design and layout of the instrument, which is currently under development, some preliminary results, and the necessary data reduction techniques to be employed. An error estimation of the instrument is also presented.",1,1
3359,10.1016#j.ijleo.2016.09.051.xml,Optik,"Polycrystalline thin films Cu (In0.7, Ga0.3) Se2 (CIGSe) were grown on copper foils at various cathodic potentials by using electrodeposition technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displays that average diameter of CIGSe grain increases from 0.1μm to 1μm when cathodic potential decreases. The structure and surface morphology were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. This structure study shows that the thin films were well crystallized in chalcopyrite structure without unwanted secondary phase with preferred orientation along (112) plane. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) confirms the existence of CIGSe single phase on copper substrate. AFM analysis indicated that the root mean square (RMS) roughness decreases from 64.2 to 27.4 when the potential deposition increases from −0.95V to −0.77V. Using Raman scattering spectroscopy, the A1 optical phonon mode was observed in 173cm−1 and two other weak peaks detected at 214cm−1 and 225cm−1 associated to the B2 and E modes of the CIGSe phase. Through spectroscopy ellipsometry (SE) analysis, three layer optical model was exploited to derive the optical properties and layer thickness of the CIGSe film by least-squares fitting the measured variation in polarization light versus the obtained microstructure.",1,1
14680,10.1016#j.optlastec.2011.07.016.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"In this study, a steady-state heat transfer equation in a side-pumped Nd:YAG laser crystal is solved numerically using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The temperature distribution and its gradient are calculated at arbitrary points inside the rod. Subsequently, by solving the ray equation and calculating the optical path integral along the length of the rod, the phase shift of the passing rays is obtained. Furthermore, this thermal phase shift is detected in practice by an interferometric experiment. Excellent agreement is observed between the calculated and experimental results.",1,1
18120,10.1134#S0030400X19070245.html,Optics and Spectroscopy,"Experiments carried out in recent years using single-molecule spectroscopy to study the low-temperature dynamics of some molecular solid-state media with a disordered internal structure made it possible to obtain new information on the dynamics of such media at the local level. In some substances, the time-dependent behavior of the majority of individual spectra of single fluorescent molecules introduced into the studied medium as a local spectral probe corresponded to the predictions of the standard model of tunneling two-level systems. In others, the behavior of most of the spectra of single molecules was more complicated, which it is difficult to describe in the framework of the standard model. This paper is devoted to the analysis of the results of studies of low-temperature spectral dynamics of single fluorescent molecules in a number of disordered molecular systems (amorphous polyisobutylene, toluene, cumene, propylene carbonate). The observed deviations from the predictions of the theory are associated with the microstructure of the systems under study and the sample shape. Possible reasons for the deviations of the observed local spectral dynamics from the predictions of the standard model of tunneling two-level systems are discussed. Inadequately.",1,1
30033,10.1016#j.actaastro.2010.02.023.xml,Acta Astronautica,"An Euler–Euler two-fluid model incorporating with the influence of gravity to describe the hydrodynamic behavior of dense gas-particle flows in gas-fluidization reactor is presented and simulated numerically. It based on the dense gases of kinetic theory and the kinetic theory of granular media for considering the interactions between particle–particle and gas-particles. Gas turbulent flow is solved by large eddy simulation. Results showed that the mean value and the variance of vertical particle velocity are greater than those of horizontal velocity under both lunar-reduced and earth gravity conditions. Comparison of the earth gravity, reduced condition is easier to produce the bigger volume bubble and the more heterogeneous flow structure, as well as the greater the variance of vertical and horizontal particle velocity and the higher particle fluctuation intensity.",0,0
39735,10.1016#S0967-0645(99)00133-2.xml,Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,"The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and concentrations of the nutrients phosphate (P) and silicate (Si) in coastal surface waters within a 100km×300km area centered on Cape Blanco, Oregon, were mapped at high resolution during August 17–27, 1995. Alkalinity and the concentration of total CO2 were determined on a subset of stored samples. Over the 9–18°C range in sea-surface temperatures encountered during the cruise, PCO2, and P and Si concentrations varied between 150–690μatm, <0.1–1.8, and <1–33μmol/kg, respectively. Spatial variations in the intensity of coastal upwelling set the wide range in surface water properties. Acoustic Doppler current profiler data collected throughout the cruise indicate the advective nature of many chemical features. PCO2 data also indicate the presence of an intense phytoplankton bloom in continental shelf waters along the coast north of Cape Blanco, with little evidence of biological drawdown to the south. The available data do not provide an unambiguous explanation for this contrast. Surf-zone water was sampled from shore at 17 locations along the cruise area on August 25 and 26, 1995, concurrently with the shipboard measurements. PCO2, and P and Si concentrations, varied in the range 250–640μatm, 0.3–2.0, and 1.1–42μmol/kg, respectively. North of Cape Blanco, the chemical expression of upwelling was considerably stronger in the surf-zone than at all locations sampled on board ship because the phytoplankton bloom did not extend to the coast. South of Cape Blanco, concentrations of upwelling tracers measured on board ship within a distance of 5–10km from the coast and in the surf-zone were comparable. Vertical nutrient profiles across the continental shelf show that the composition of surf-zone water is consistent with conservative advection of nutrient-enriched bottom water from the edge of the continental shelf to the surf-zone.",0,0
17127,10.1016#j.optmat.2008.10.004.xml,Optical Materials,"This paper deals with the design of an erbium doped microstructured optical fiber (MOF) amplifier operating in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelength range, more precisely around 4.5μm wavelength. A home-made numerical code which solves the rate equations and the power propagation equations has been ad hoc developed to theoretically investigate the feasibility of mid-IR MOF amplifier. On the basis of the measured energy level transition parameters of a Er3+-doped Ga5Ge20Sb10S65 chalcogenide glass, the amplifier feasibility is demonstrated exhibiting high gain and low noise figure.",1,1
13979,10.1016#j.optlastec.2003.10.003.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"We report on simple interferometric technique for the measurement of piezoelectric coefficients of thin films using GaAs:Cr adaptive photodetectors in the geometry of modified Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The technique needs no special vibroinsulation and automatically adjusts and keeps the operation point of the interferometer. Strong hysteresis effects with a slightly asymmetric form of the hysteresis loop were observed at the dependence of d 33 coefficients of the Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin film versus DC electric field. The obtained values of d 33 coefficients are in agreement with known data.",1,1
26586,10.1007#s10156-005-0376-0.xml,Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy,"Prodigiosins (PGs) are known to be a family of natural red pigments, characterized by a common pyrrolydipyrrolylmethane skeleton structure with a C-4 methoxy group, and some of these pigments have been isolated from some microorganisms. Members of the PG family have been reported to show several biological activities, such as immunosuppressive and cytotoxic activities. Recently, we discovered a bacterial strain (MS-02-063), from our microbial library, that produces large amounts of a PG analogue (PG-L-1). In this study, we examined the anti-Trichophyton activity of PG-L-1 (produced by strain MS-02-063) against clinically isolated Trichophyton spp., by a method using stratum corneum epidermis (SCE) of the Yucatan micropig, which is suitable for estimating the antifungal activity of drugs in vitro. In the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method, PG-L-1 showed potent antifungal activity against nine clinically isolated strains of Trichophyton spp., although the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were slightly higher than those of bifonazole. In spite of the lower efficiency of PG-L-1 transfer into SCE from medium than that of bifonazole, PG-L-1 transferred into SCE showed more potent antifungal activity than bifonazole, at lower concentrations.",0,0
5468,10.1016#j.optmat.2016.10.005.xml,Optical Materials,"The β–NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ @ TiO2 nanocomposite has been prepared by a facile hydrothermal method followed by the hydrolysis of TBOT, and then NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ @ TiO2, HAuCl4 and sodium citrate were put into an oil bath for reaction to obtain the β–NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ @ TiO2 @ Au core–shell nanocomposite. XRD and HRTEM show that the samples exhibit the hexagonal phase NaYF4, anatase TiO2 and cubic Au, indicating that the core–shell phases of NaYF4−TiO2 or NaYF4−TiO2−Au coexist in these samples. EDS and XPS results show the presence of Na, Y, F, Ti, O and Au elements. When TiO2 was coated on the surface of upconversion nanomaterials of NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+, the photocatalytic activity was improved significantly, and the β–NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ @ TiO2 nanocomposite gives the highest photodegradation efficiency for MB and RhB, and decomposes about 73% of MB or 80% of RhB within 4.5 h under simulated solar light irradiation respectively. When the ultraviolet light from simulated sunlight irradiation was removed by the addition of a UV filter, the β–NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ @ TiO2 nanocomposite decomposes about 42% of MB or 48% of RhB within 4.5 h. It means that the upconversion–driven photocatalytic performance (decomposes 42% of MB or 48% of RhB) is more effective than UV light–driven photocatalytic performance (31% of MB or 32% of RhB) in the photodegradation process. In addition, the β–NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ @ TiO2 @ Au core–shell nanocomposite does not exhibit the better photocatalytic activity, and the optimal research will be carried out in the future.",1,1
25708,10.1016#j.micpro.2020.103721.xml,Microprocessors and Microsystems,"The diagnosis of coronary illness is the most troublesome errand in the clinical field. Computed Tomography (CT) is a significant imaging methodology used to analyze cardiovascular illness. Cardiovascular division from CT filters is essential for clinical understanding, significant data for quantitative examination of the heart and coronary corridor structure. This paper proposes a completely mechanized calculation for heart division dependent on an arbitrary walk model and programmed introductory seed recognition. Cardiovascular division from CT checks is essential for clinical understanding and basic data for quantitative examination of the heart and coronary conduit structure. The conventional system has some problems, like processing time is high and gives low accuracy, so the proposed Regressive Image Classification Technique (RICT) system is implemented. The proposed system RICT presents a fully automated algorithm for heart disease classification, based on the Regressive Image Classification Technique (RICT) and automated initial seed detection. It can outflank conventional systems dependent on a formalisation of on-chip memory design alternatives and a force model. Contrasted with business FPGA blend and High-Level Synthesis instruments, our outcomes show that the proposed calculations.",0,1
3604,10.1016#j.ijleo.2017.05.064.xml,Optik,"A novel two-step exposure method for the fabrication of apodized fiber Bragg gratings (AFBG’s) with arbitrary apodization functions has been proposed in this paper. The method can be fulfilled by two-step exposures with specially designed apodization and compensation masks for each step, respectively. The masks were driven by a motor which was program controlled according to the desired apodization function. For the sake of validation, three types of AFBG’s, with Linear, Gaussian, and Nuttall apodization functions, respectively, have been experimentally fabricated using the proposed method, and the effects of some unideal experimental setups on the reflection spectra of the FBG’s were analyzed and discussed.",1,1
43084,10.1016#j.joi.2019.03.009.xml,Journal of Informetrics,"Articles are cited for different purposes and differentiating between reasons when counting citations may therefore give finer-grained citation count information. Although identifying and aggregating the individual reasons for each citation may be impractical, recording the number of citations that originate from different article sections might illuminate the general reasons behind a citation count (e.g., 110 citations = 10 Introduction citations + 100 Methods citations). To help investigate whether this could be a practical and universal solution, this article compares 19 million citations with DOIs from six different standard sections in 799,055 PubMed Central open access articles across 21 out of 22 fields. There are apparently non-systematic differences between fields in the most citing sections and the extent to which citations from one section overlap with citations from another, with some degree of overlap in most cases. Thus, at a science-wide level, section headings are partly unreliable indicators of citation context, even if they are more standard within individual fields. They may still be used within fields to help identify individual highly cited articles that have had one type of impact, especially methodological (Methods) or context setting (Introduction), but expert judgement is needed to validate the results.",0,0
40818,10.1016#j.micron.2015.09.007.xml,Micron,"A sub-diffraction limit fluorescence localization microscope was constructed using a standard cooled 1.4 mega-pixel fluorescence charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to simultaneously resolve closely adjacent paired quantum dots on a flat surface with emissions of 540 and 630nm. The images of the overlapping Airy discs were analyzed to determine the center of the point spread function after noise reduction using Fourier transformation analysis. The Cartesian coordinates of the centers of the point spread functions were compared in serial images. Histograms constructed from serial images fit well to Gaussian functions for resolving two quantum dots separated by as little as 10nm in the x–y coordinates. Statistical analysis of multiple pairs validated discrimination of inter-fluorophore distances that vary by 10nm. The method is simple and developed for x–y resolution of dilute fluorophores on a flat surface, not serial z sectioning.",0,1
38454,10.1016#0378-4274(95)03462-5.xml,Toxicology Letters,"We have previously shown that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) inhibits Azospirillum brasilense growth, the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins. These toxic effects are prevented when polyamines are added to the culture medium. The purposes of our research were to determine the effects of the herbicide on the number of viable Azospirillum brasilense cells, characterize the 2,4-D transport system and to study the effects of polyamines upon the latter in this microorganism. We found that 2,4-D reduced the number of viable cells and that 2,4-D transport is energyindependent, since it was not affected by metabolic inhibitors. Polyamines did not alter 2,4-D uptake, further supporting the hypothesis that the herbicide most likely produces its toxic effects by interfering with the polyamine metabolism.",0,0
18655,10.1016#S0925-3467(03)00135-6.xml,Optical Materials,"A newly developed hybrid photo-multiplier (HPMT) was used to measure scintillation photoelectron yield Nphels(E) of well-known YAP:Ce and YAG:Ce scintillating crystals. Nphels(E) measured by the HPMT or evaluated LY(E) were compared with results obtained by the classical PMT. Generally, both crystals are characterized by roughly the same photoelectron and light yields which can reach up to 6400 phels/MeV or 24000 ph/MeV, respectively. These yields were measured with cylindrical plates of shape ∅ 10×1 or 2 mm3 under 662 keV γ-ray radiation. The energy resolutions of both crystals at 662 keV are good and the best values reach ≅4.6% or ≅5.1% for YAP:Ce or YAG:Ce, respectively.",1,1
8064,10.1016#j.optcom.2006.06.034.xml,Optics Communications,The optical properties of zirconia films doped with rhodamine 6G and oxazine 725 by the sol–gel process were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Accurate refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k were determined using a three-oscillator classical Lorentz model in the wavelength range of 300–800nm. The derived refractive index of dye-doped films exhibited anomalous dispersion in the absorption region. Wavelength tunable output lasing action yellow and near-infrared wavelength region was achieved by DFB configuration using zirconia films doped with R6G and oxazine 725.,1,1
11889,10.1016#j.optcom.2016.11.049.xml,Optics Communications,"A new ring Airy Gaussian (RAiG) vortex beam generation method by coherent combination of Gaussian beam array has been proposed. To validate the feasibility of this method, the propagation properties of the RAiG vortex beam and the coherent combining beam in vacuum have been studied and analyzed. From the comparisons of the intensity distributions and phase patterns along the propagation path, we can conclude that the coherent combining beam has the same properties as those of the ideal RAiG vortex beam. So this method can be used to obtain RAiG vortex beam in practice. Then the general analytical expression of the root-mean-square (RMS) beam width of the RAiG vortex beam, which is appropriately generated by coherent combining method, through anisotropic non-Kolmogorov turbulence has been derived. The influence of anisotropic turbulence on RMS beam width of the generated RAiG vortex beam has been numerically calculated. This generation method has good appropriation to the ideal RAiG vortex beam and is very useful for deriving the analytical expression of propagation properties through a random media. The conclusions are useful in practical applications, such as laser communication and remote sensing systems.",1,1
42624,10.1016#S0028-3908(02)00171-5.xml,Neuropharmacology,"Withdrawal from the neurosteroid 3α,5α-allopregnanolone after chronic administration of progesterone increases anxiety in female rats and up-regulates the α4 subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABAA-R) in the hippocampus. We investigated if these phenomena would also occur in male rats. Progesterone withdrawal (PWD) induced higher α4 subunit expression in the hippocampus of both male and female rats, in association with increased anxiety (assessed in the elevated plus maze) comparable to effects previously reported. Because α4-containing GABAA-R are insensitive to the benzodiazepine (BDZ) lorazepam (LZM), and are positively modulated by flumazenil (FLU, a BDZ antagonist), we therefore tested the effects of these compounds following PWD. Using whole-cell patch clamp techniques, LZM-potentiation of GABA (EC20)-gated current was markedly reduced in CA1 pyramidal cells of male rats undergoing PWD compared to controls, whereas FLU had no effect on GABA-gated current in control animals but increased it in PWD animals. Behaviorally, both male and female rats were significantly less sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of LZM. In contrast, FLU demonstrated significant anxiolytic effects following PWD. These data suggest that neurosteroid regulation of the α4 GABAA-R subunit may be a relevant mechanism underlying anxiety disorders, and that this phenomenon is not sex-specific.",0,0
28067,10.1016#S1046-5928(03)00065-2.xml,Protein Expression and Purification,"The nirM gene encoding cytochrome c-551 from Pseudomonas stutzeri Zobell (PZ) has been expressed in Escherichia coli at levels higher than those previously reported but only under strict anaerobic growth conditions. Expression yields for wild-type cytochrome in this study typically reached 0.6μmol per liter of saturated E. coli culture (5.5mg/L). Culture conditions investigated are compared to obtained c-551 expression levels; the results may lead to a greater understanding of the challenges encountered when expressing c-type hemoproteins in E. coli. The nirM gene was mutated to produce a histidine-47–alanine mutation of c-551 that been heterologously expressed in E. coli using optimum culture conditions and had its physiochemical properties compared to those of the wild-type protein. In PZ, the histidine-47 residue is part of a conserved hydrogen-bonding network located at the bottom of the heme crevice that also involves tryptophan-56 and a heme propionate. Ionization events within this network are experimentally demonstrated to modulate c-551 oxidation–reduction potential and its observed dependence on pH around neutrality. The redox potential of the mutant cytochrome still displays pH-dependence; however, the midpoint potential is approximately 25mV lower with respect to wild-type c-551 at neutral pH while the pK at which the heme propionate (HP-17) ionizes is lowered by 1.3 pH units. Temperature and chemical denaturant studies also show that loss of the hydrogen-bond-donating imidazole leads to a large decrease in c-551 tertiary stability.",0,0
33949,10.1016#S0169-7439(01)00155-1.xml,Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,"PLS-regression (PLSR) is the PLS approach in its simplest, and in chemistry and technology, most used form (two-block predictive PLS). PLSR is a method for relating two data matrices, X and Y, by a linear multivariate model, but goes beyond traditional regression in that it models also the structure of X and Y. PLSR derives its usefulness from its ability to analyze data with many, noisy, collinear, and even incomplete variables in both X and Y. PLSR has the desirable property that the precision of the model parameters improves with the increasing number of relevant variables and observations.",0,0
40234,10.1016#j.jag.2018.04.007.xml,International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,"Correct estimation of soil and vegetation thermal emissivities is of huge importance in remote sensing studies. It has been shown that the emissivity of leaves retrieved from field observations show subtle spectral features that are related to leaf water content. However, such field measurements provide additional challenges before leaf water content can be successfully obtained, specifically atmospheric correction. The aim of this research was to investigate how information within hyperspectral thermal observations can be used to auto-correct the atmospheric influence. Hyperspectral thermal measurements were taken over a large variety of soil and vegetation types (including vineyard and barley) during ESA’s REFLEX campaign in 2012 using a MIDAC FTIR radiometer. Using MODTRAN simulations, a simple quadratic model was constructed that emulates the atmosphere radiative transfer between the target and the sensor. Afterwards, this model was used to estimate the concentrations of H20 (g) and CO2 (g) while simultaneously correcting for these gas absorptions. Finally, a temperature-emissivity separation was applied to estimate the emissivities of the different land surface components.",0,0
11123,10.1016#j.optcom.2015.01.063.xml,Optics Communications,"To improve the performance of high-throughput surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging sensors, the imperfections of the conventional gold film polarization contrast method and the bare prism polarization contrast method are discussed, and a background extinction method is proposed. Thick gold film is coated as the background area, surrounding gold sensing spots, to form a “gold microwell array”. By blocking the light reflected from the background area with appropriate parameters, an opposite-oriented SPR curve is obtained, which can be exploited to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio in trace amount detection. The contrast between the sensing spots and the background is effectively improved, and the background is inert to the change of solution. Influences of parameter errors on the SPR curve are also investigated, and results show that extinction adjustment in this method is easy to be realized. The practicability of the background extinction method is proved by an experiment using a home-built SPR imaging sensor.",1,1
27945,10.1016#j.pnpbp.2010.03.024.xml,Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,"Previous studies have demonstrated the autonomic dysregulation in patients with schizophrenia using electrophysiological methods, such as electrodermal measures and heart rate analysis. Several theories have been proposed to explain the underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia and its autonomic function. Recently, the measurement of salivary alpha-amylase has been considered to be a useful tool for evaluating the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system. Psychosocial stress increases the release of salivary alpha-amylase. Although some studies have evaluated salivary alpha-amylase under psychosocial stress, no studies have demonstrated the change in the salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity level in schizophrenic patients. We examined the relationship between sAA level and psychiatric state in patients with schizophrenia (n =54) using a portable and rapid hand-held monitor to investigate sAA. The sAA activity in the patients was significantly higher than that in the control subjects (n =55) (p <0.01). The correlation between amylase level and psychiatric symptoms was highly significant (r =0.37, p <0.01). These findings indicate that higher increases in sAA may indicate severe psychiatric symptoms. These results indicate a predominant role of the sympathetic nervous system in the secretion of sAA, together with parasympathetic withdrawal, under psychosocial stress.",0,0
26353,10.1016#j.vacuum.2011.02.003.xml,Vacuum,"In this study, the strength of the junctions formed by thermal compression of solid silver and alumina is measured using an indirect tensile test. The essential role of the oxygen content in solid solution of metal on the adherence force is particularly highlighted. Our results are analyzed starting from the surfactant effect of oxygen, in solid solution of metal at the interface Ag/Al2O3. It’s clearly shown that an unfavourable couple (weak energy of adhesion) can have an interesting behaviour if the beneficial role of certain elements of additions is taken into account. It is also shown that strong junctions can be obtained while exploiting the initial preparation of metal.",0,0
30528,10.1016#j.rsma.2016.03.015.xml,Regional Studies in Marine Science,"In this paper a coupled physical–biogeochemical one-dimensional numerical model (BFM–POM 1D) was implemented in the Gulf of Trieste, (northern Adriatic Sea) and its structure was tested in order to evaluate its usability as a tool to support coastal management and planning. The evaluation concerned the ability of the model to reproduce the main trophic pathways, as well as their temporal variability, in terms of seasonal variations. The ecosystem structure comprised three phytoplankton groups, four zooplankton groups, one bacterial group, and a simple benthic return in order to parametrise benthic processes. The dynamics and interactions between groups were studied, as well as the model’s sensitivity to different trophic web configurations. Results showed that the model was capable of replicating the behaviour of seasonal vertical profiles of the major biogeochemical elements, and the prevalence of the microbial food web shaping the trophic chain in the Gulf of Trieste. The model also responded to strong forcings at the surface and different trophic arrangements, thus providing initial evidence of its potential as a scientific tool aimed at marine coastal management.",0,0
10498,10.1016#j.optcom.2013.06.046.xml,Optics Communications,"Zr:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals were grown in air by the Czochralski technique with various [Li]/[Nb] ratios of 0.85, 1.05, and 1.38 in melt. Based on the ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) analyzed results, the chemical formulas of Zr:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals were obtained. The sign of the dominate charge carriers as well as the two-wave coupling gain coefficient as a function of the [Li]/[Nb] ratios in crystal were investigated by using the typical two-wave coupling experimental setup. The results show that electrons are the dominate charge carriers and the gain coefficient is the largest when the recording angle 2θ=21° in the sample with [Li]/[Nb]=0.7111 in crystal. In addition, the dependence of the light-induced birefringence on the [Li]/[Nb] ratios was measured in Zr:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals, which shows that the optical damage resistance of Zr:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals increases with the increasing of [Li]/[Nb] ratios at 532nm wavelength. The dependences of the green photorefraction on the defect structure of Zr:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals are discussed in detail based on the obtained chemical formulas.",1,1
16902,10.1016#j.optmat.2007.07.001.xml,Optical Materials,"The light-induced orientation of azobenzene side groups of a polybutadiene based liquid crystalline polymer was studied. The polymer is based on HO-terminated telechelic polybutadiene Krasol LBH 3000 grafted with 5-(4-{[4-(octyloxy)phenyl]azo}phenoxy)pentane-1-thiol units. Linearly polarized light of wavelengths 325, 365 and 488nm influenced the photoorientation process. While irradiation with the 325 and 488nm light generated optical anisotropy, UV light of 365nm resulted in isotropic films. Pre-irradiation with the 365nm light and subsequent irradiation with 325nm led to dichroic ratio of about R D =11. Further irradiation with 365nm erased the anisotropy again.",1,1
31477,10.1016#j.bjm.2017.09.002.xml,Brazilian Journal of Microbiology,"High potential, thermotolerant, ethanol-producing yeasts were successfully isolated in this study. Based on molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated thermotolerant yeasts were clustered in the genera of Pichia kudriavzevii, Candida tropicalis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida glabrata and Kodamea ohmeri. A comparative study of ethanol production using 160g/L glucose as a substrate revealed several yeast strains that could produce high ethanol concentrations at high temperatures. When sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate containing 85g/L glucose was used as a substrate, the yeast strain designated P. kudriavzevii RZ8-1 exhibited the highest ethanol concentrations of 35.51g/L and 33.84g/L at 37°C and 40°C, respectively. It also exhibited multi-stress tolerance, such as heat, ethanol and acetic acid tolerance. During ethanol fermentation at high temperature (42°C), genes encoding heat shock proteins (ssq1 and hsp90), alcohol dehydrogenases (adh1, adh2, adh3 and adh4) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (tdh2) were up-regulated, suggesting that these genes might play a crucial role in the thermotolerance ability of P. kudriavzevii RZ8-1 under heat stress. These findings suggest that the growth and ethanol fermentation activities of this organism under heat stress were restricted to the expression of genes involved not only in heat shock response but also in the ethanol production pathway.",0,0
13520,10.1016#j.optlaseng.2013.01.003.xml,Optics and Lasers in Engineering,"We introduce and test an original approach for the optical assessment of road conditions due to various atmospheric perturbations such as the presence of ice, wet surfaces and rain. The technique is based on measuring diffused and reflected light under near infrared illumination, extracting the polarization contrast after reflection. Several tests, carried out on various types of asphalt and various thicknesses of water and ice layers, demonstrate that the system exhibits selectivity and robustness to allow the recognition of dry asphalt, water-layered, wet asphalt and asphalt with ice.",1,1
37412,10.1016#S0168-0102(02)00025-1.xml,Neuroscience Research,"Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA-positive cells were visualized by non-isotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the preoptic area (POA) in gonadectomized juvenile female and male rats. In the rostral POA (rPOA) at the level of the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, nNOS mRNA-positive cells were distributed in an inverted V-shaped area over the third ventricle and were in close proximity to cell bodies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive neurons. In the caudal POA (cPOA) at the level of the medial preoptic nucleus, no topological association existed between GnRH and nNOS. Throughout the rPOA, both the number and the area of nNOS mRNA positive cells were significantly larger in the gonadectomized females than in the gonadectomized males. Treatment with estradiol for 2 days, followed by progesterone in the next morning, which caused an increase in serum luteinizing hormone 6 h later, induced a significant reduction of the nNOS mRNA expression in the rPOA in the female but not in the male rat at the time of sacrifice. In the OVLT and the cPOA, ovarian steroids had no effect on nNOS mRNA expression of both sexes. The results indicate that nNOS mRNA expression in the rPOA is sexually dimorphic and regulated by ovarian steroids in a sex specific manner.",0,0
31222,10.1016#j.pep.2003.09.005.xml,Protein Expression and Purification,"The cDNA encoding fumarase, an enzyme catalyzing reversible hydration of fumarate to l-malate, from the parasitic roundworm Ascaris suum, has been cloned, sequenced, over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. The single open reading frame translates into a protein of 50,502Da containing 467 amino acids. It shows 82, 77, and 58% identity with Caenorhabditis elegans, human, and E. coli fumC fumarases, respectively. The A. suum fumarase shows the signature sequence motif (GSSIMPGKVNPTQCE), which defines not only the class II fumarase family but also a much broader superfamily of proteins containing GSSxMPxKxNPxxxE motif. The coding region was cloned into pET101D-directional TOPO expression vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 Star (DE3). The protein after induction was expressed at high levels, almost 10% of the soluble protein, purified to near homogeneity, and appears identical to the enzyme purified from Ascaris suum.",0,0
41269,10.1016#j.cropro.2005.08.003.xml,Crop Protection,"Powdery mildew caused by Oidium mangiferae, is the most important disease of mango. Field surveys of five cultivars in five Governorates, revealed that incidence of infection was higher on cvs. Alphonso and Seddek than on Zebda, Hendi Besenara and Ewise. The highest disease incidence was recorded in El-Behera Governorate. The various environmentally friendly natural compounds as the biological control agents (BCAs) (Verticillium lecanii, Bacillus subtilis and Tilletiopsis minor); mineral salt (phosphate solutions, KH2PO4); antitranspirant (kaolin) and antioxidant (ascorbic acid) applied independently or in mixtures as alternatives to chemical fungicides were evaluated for their efficacy in controlling mango powdery mildew in an integrated management system. Application of BCAs, kaolin alone and/or in combination with KH2PO4 in vitro to mango leaf disks before inoculation with O. mangiferae markedly decreased conidial germination and leaf infection. The largest decrease was obtained with combined treatments. In field trials during 2003 and 2004 in El-Noubaria using cvs. Alphonso and Seddek naturally infected by powdery mildew, each treatment, applied at 15d intervals effectively controlled O. mangiferae on blossom clusters and fruit set. BCAs and kaolin treatments were superior in reducing powdery mildew infection. Blossom clusters and fruit set infection were inhibited by using a mixture of BCAs with kaolin and/or KH2PO4. Other tested compounds, such as ascorbic acid as a single treatment or in combination with other compounds showed some effectiveness in reducing disease severity. Mixtures of all four natural compounds were more effective in significantly reducing powdery mildew severity and conidia counts on blossom clusters and fruit set and increasing fruit set and yields on trees of both cultivars than mixtures of two or three or single applications. BCAs, mineral salts, antitranspirant and antioxidant in combinations could be used in an integrated management system to control powdery mildew in mango trees.",0,0
27107,10.1016#S1385-299X(97)00027-5.xml,Brain Research Protocols,"This protocol describes the acquisition and evaluation of saccadic eye movement data for use in basic neuroscience research and clinical application. The experimental protocol requires the subject to make saccadic eye movements in response to visual stimuli presented, in random order, on consecutive trials. The gap and overlap paradigms are described together with the instruction to generate pro- or antisaccades. The protocol includes the description of saccade detection, the determination of the beginning, the end, the size, and the velocity of a saccade, the exact way of calculating the proportion of different kinds of trials, and the treatment of erratic or artifact trials. Relevant variables are defined. The results obtained from a large number (300) of subjects of different ages (8–65 years) are described and analysed with respect to their development with age. The protocol allows to test a subject's saccadic status in many different circumstances in particular with respect to diagnostic help in neurology, psychiatry and psychology.",0,0
41537,10.1016#j.jasrep.2017.06.008.xml,Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports,"Prehistoric paintings from the El Reno cave, Guadalajara (Spain) have been studied by μ-Raman spectroscopy. Goethite (α-FeOOH) and haematite (α-Fe2O3) have been used as pigments in this exceptional Palaeolithic site. Dolomite (CaMgCO3), anatase (TiO2), α-quartz (α-SiO2), hydromagnesite and the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polymorphs calcite and aragonite have also been detected in the studied paint specimens. Clay minerals of the marl supporting the paintings could be the origin the significant spectral background of fluorescence radiation observed in the Raman spectra. The use of a pictorial recipe mixing haematite and amorphous carbon (charcoal or soot) to prepare the paint of a pictograph is proposed.",0,1
39468,10.1016#j.dib.2020.105297.xml,Data in Brief,"In enteric bacteria, DNA supercoiling is highly responsive to environmental conditions. Host specific features of environment serve as cues for the expression of genes required for colonization of host niches via changing supercoiling [1]. It has been shown that substitution at position 87 of GyrA of Salmonella enterica str. SL1344 influences global supercoiling and results in an altered transcriptome with increased expression of stress response pathways [2]. Aminocoumarin antibiotics, such as novobiocin, can be used to relax supercoiling and alter the expression of supercoiling-sensitive genes. Meanwhile, Salmonella enterica demonstrates a significant resistance to this antibiotic and relatively small variability of supercoiling in response to the growth phase, osmotic pressure, and novobiocin treatment. Here we present for the first time transcriptome data of Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhimurium str. 14028S grown in the presence of novobiocin. These data will help identify genes involved in novobiocin resistance and adaptation processes associated with torsion perturbations in S. enterica. Cleaned FASTQ files for the RNA-seq libraries are deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA, Identifier: SRP239815) and have been assigned BioProject accession PRJNA599397.",0,0
14749,10.1016#j.optlastec.2011.11.016.xml,Optics & Laser Technology,"Two-step process: carburizing followed by boriding was applied to the formation of borocarburized layers. The boride layer formed on the substrate of changeable chemical and phase composition (e.g. borocarburized layer) was called “gradient boride layer”, in contrast to “typical boride layer”, formed on the substrate of constant chemical and phase composition. Until now, the typical heat treatment of borocarburized layer consisted of treatment through hardening: quenching in oil and low-temperature tempering. In this paper, instead of treatment through hardening, laser-heat treatment was employed. The properties of such layer were compared to the properties of typical carburized layer. Three zones characterized the microstructure of laser-modified borocarburized layer: iron borides (FeB+Fe2B) of modified morphology, hardened carburized zone (heat affected zone) and carburized layer without heat treatment. X-ray microanalysis indicated the increased boron concentration close to the surface due to the occurrence of a mixture of FeB and Fe2B borides. Near to the hardened carburized zone, Fe2B phase occurred in the laser-modified boride zone. Laser-heat treated borocarburized layer was characterized by higher microhardness at the surface than that obtained in case of carburized layer. It was caused by the iron borides (FeB+Fe2B) occurrence at the surface, as a consequence of boriding process. However, the carburized layer was characterized by considerably larger hardened zone. Higher abrasive wear resistance, but lower low-cycle fatigue strength in comparison with the carburized layer, characterized the gradient boride layer formed by borocarburizing and laser surface modification. The indentation craters obtained on the surface of laser-heat treated borocarburized layer revealed sufficient cohesion (HF3 standard). The use of laser-modified borocarburized layers may be advantageous under conditions of high abrasive wear of mating parts. In case of parts, which require high resistance to fatigue, the carburized layer is irreplaceable.",1,1
38339,10.1016#j.ijplas.2007.02.009.xml,International Journal of Plasticity,"Thermodynamically and mathematically consistent constitutive equations suitable for shock wave propagation in an anisotropic material are presented in this paper. Two fundamental tensors α  ij  and β  ij  which represent anisotropic material properties are defined and can be considered as generalisations of the Kronecker delta symbol, which plays the main role in the theory of isotropic materials. Using two fundamental tensors α  ij  and β  ij , the concept of total generalised “pressure” and pressure corresponding to the thermodynamic (equation of state) response are redefined. The equation of state represents mathematical and physical generalisation of the classical Mie–Grüneisen equation of state for isotropic material and reduces to the Mie–Grüneisen equation of state in the limit of isotropy. Based on the generalised decomposition of the stress tensor, the modified equation of state for anisotropic materials, and the modified Hill criteria, combined with the associated flow rule, a system of constitutive equations suitable for shock wave propagation is formulated. The behaviour of aluminium alloy 7010-T6 under shock loading conditions is considered. A comparison of numerical simulations with existing experimental data shows good agreement of the general pulse shape, Hugoniot Elastic Limits (HELs), and Hugoniot stress levels, and suggests that the constitutive equations are performing satisfactorily. The results are presented and discussed, and future studies are outlined.",0,0
5950,10.1016#j.optmat.2017.07.002.xml,Optical Materials,"We have performed high repetition rate femtosecond laser bulk modification of TiO2-SiO2 based glass (Schott N-SF8 glass), leading to a decrease in the refractive index near the focal volume. From μRaman and X-ray microanalysis we have associated the decrease in the refractive index to a volume expansion due to glass network modifications induced by the laser irradiation. By writing two lines close together we have been able to confine the optical mode and obtain propagation losses of 0.7 dB/cm in the near infrared.",1,1
2634,10.1016#j.ijleo.2015.02.030.xml,Optik,"The third-order nonlinear optical properties are used in high speed telecommunications, optical limiters and optical computers. The purpose of the study is to determine the third-order nonlinear characteristics of bromothymol blue dye in both polymer and liquid mixtures. The samples are prepared by dissolving dye of different concentrations in methanol and ethanol and thin film was prepared by bulk polymerization technique. The spectral characteristics of the dye are studied by recording the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dye doped in poly(methylmethacrylate) modified with additives ethanol and methanol and the dye in MMA with additives (liquid mixture). The spectral results of the dye doped polymer rod are compared with dye in liquid mixture. The nonlinear measurements of the dye in liquid and polymer medium were performed using CW Nd:YAG laser of wavelength 532nm by employing Z-scan technique. The closed Z-scan of the samples exhibited a negative nonlinear refractive index, which is larger in magnitude in solid film compared to that in solution. The open Z-scan in solution and solid samples displayed reversible saturable absorption.",1,1
39140,10.1016#j.jsg.2016.03.008.xml,Journal of Structural Geology,"We have examined microstructures, mineralogical composition, geochemical alteration, and texture of four selected fault rock samples from the Deep Geodynamical Laboratory (DGLab) Gulf of Corinth project using optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence microscopy (CL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. The fault core is composed of red and gray clayey gouge material and surrounded by a damage zone of brecciated limestones. Pressure solution features, calcite veins and calcite clasts in the breccia and gouge material attest the presence of paleo-fluids and fluid-driven mass transfer during deformation. Differences in CL-colors between the matrix and calcite vein cement and inside the vein cement suggest repeated infiltration of fluids with different composition from various sources (formation water and meteoric water). Twin lamellae densities estimated in calcite veins are used as paleo-piezometer. The deduced differential stress is ∼140 ± 70 MPa for the older vein generation and appears to be higher than stress for the youngest veins (45 ± 23 MPa). In spite of the relatively small clay content in both samples, newly formed clay minerals have been observed in gray as well as red clayey gouge material. Differences between gray and red clay gouge material are found in fault rock composition, porosity and clay fabric. The proportion of chlorite in the red gouge is significantly less than that in the gray gouge whereas the initial porosity is significantly higher than in the gray gouge material. The detection of a well-oriented clay fabric in red clay gouge samples is unique in comparison to other major fault zones.",0,1
23543,10.1016#j.prostr.2018.12.246.xml,Procedia Structural Integrity,"This work is devoted to the experimental study of strain distribution at crack tip using digital image correlation technique. The real strain fields were compared with an elastic solution for verification of a hypothesis about link of the elastic-plastic and elastic strain fields at crack tip using the coupling between Young’s modulus and the secant plasticity modulus. The precracked plane specimens of titanium alloy VT1-0 with a thick of 1 mm were used in experimental program. The method of digital image correlation based on system StrainMaster was used for measurement the plastic deformation with spatial resolution up to 1 mkm. The strain field was obtained for different crack length and different biaxial coefficient was obtained using biaxial testing machine Biss BI-00-502. Numerical simulation of deformation fields at the fatigue crack tip was done. A qualitative correspondence between the theoretical, calculation and experimental results has been shown.",0,0
33407,10.1016#j.procir.2016.03.136.xml,Procedia CIRP,"The average absolute roughness S  a  presented in ISO 25178, commonly used in the industry, is not a reliable discriminator of different surface texture types. This paper presents new quality indexes for a 3D characterization of surface texture of diamond cut die inserts used for injected plastic optics in lighting applications. The proposed surface quality indexes, namely floor and ceiling surface quality index (FSQI, CSQI) were tested on nineteen different die insert samples. The results of the analysis demonstrate that FSQI and CSQI provide a better understanding and improved discriminator of the texture of different high precision diamond cutting processes than S  a .",0,0
27226,10.1016#j.jlumin.2011.12.067.xml,Journal of Luminescence,"The interaction between ginkgolic acid (GA, C15:0) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) is investigated by several spectroscopic methodologies. At first, the binding characteristics of GA and BSA are determined by fluorescence emission spectra. It is showed that GA quenches the fluorescence of BSA and the static quenching constant K  LB  is 11.7891×104 Lmol−1 s−1 at 297K. GA and BSA form a 1:1 complex with a binding constant of 9.12×105 Lmol−1. GA binds to the Sudlow's drug binding site II in BSA, and the binding distance between them is calculated as 1.63nm based on the Förster theory. The thermodynamic parameters indicate that the interaction between BSA and GA is driven mainly by hydrophobic forces. On the other hand, structural analysis indicates that GA binding results in an increased hydrophobicity around the tryptophan residues of BSA as revealed by the synchronous fluorescence spectra, and a decrease in α-helix as revealed by the far-UV CD spectra. In addition, ANS, UV–vis and RLS experiments confirmed that GA binding causes a certain structural changes in BSA. These findings provide the binding information between BSA and GA, and may be helpful for pharmacokinetics and the design of dosage forms of GA.",0,1
10029,10.1016#j.optcom.2012.05.013.xml,Optics Communications,"The intrinsic spin and extrinsic orbital angular momenta ( S  and  L ) and their torque densities are derived and formulated using the plane waves for light propagating in coiled optically active fiber cores which have homogeneity and inhomogeneity of refractive index n. The effect of the geometrical phase shift χ on  S ,  L , their densities (per unit volume) and their torque densities of the right and left circularly polarized plane waves split in such a fiber is analyzed using the locally inertial coordinate frame for a fiber core with homogeneity of n and the non-inertial coordinate frame for a fiber core with inhomogeneity of n.",1,1