{"url": "https://geoconstech.com/product/druc-izp-11-150/", "date": "2021-04-15T13:17:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038085599.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415125840-20210415155840-00229.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7643079161643982, "token_count": 348, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__51330813", "lang": "en", "text": "The 2-component injection pump IZP 11/150 is an electric diven gear pump, which can be used with most 2-component materials, requiring a mixing ratio of 1:1 The gear pump design of the IZP 11/150 allows for high pressures and flow rates at a steady-going volume flow, without the disturbing pulsing of the piston pumps.\nThe electric drive of the IZP 11/150 permits a stepless variable control of the flow rate. The pump can be applied in areas where no compressed air is available. Because of its compact and modular construction the pump can be easily transported even in heavy terrain.\nAlong with the IZP 11/150 media tanks with 2x50l capacity are supplied, which ensures a continuous workflow without the need of permanent refilling.\nApplication: The IZP 11/150 is mainly used where high pressures and flow rates are re- quired for the injection of 2- component materials.\n|electric drive||400V / 920 U/min||Connections|\n|max. operating pressure||150 bar / 2175 psi||suction connection||1x Rd.32 x 1/8“|\n1x Rd.38 x 1/8“\n|theor. flow rate||2x 15,7 ccm/U||pressure outlet||1x Steck-O DN10|\n1x Steck-O DN12\n|max. flow rate||2x 15 l/min bei 920 U/min||max. inlet pressure||2 bar|\n|max. operating pressure||60°C||weight||395 kg|\n|electric motor||11 kW|", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.buildingconstructiondesign.co.uk/news/pumping-station-selection/", "date": "2022-07-06T20:17:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00624.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9419308304786682, "token_count": 936, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__150300163", "lang": "en", "text": "Pump specialist T-T Pumps look at what specifiers need to know when it comes to sewage pumping stations.\nSelecting a pumping system can be a complex and time-consuming task which can involve several hundred calculations to ensure optimum efficiency, reliability and compliance. The key to streamlining this process is to understand the functions of a pumping station, the design challenges involved and the installation practices required.\nSome of the main areas which need to be borne in mind by specifiers undertaking such installations include the following:\n• compliance and technical specification;\n• ease of installation;\n• maintenance requirements;\n• longevity and resilience.\nA sewage pumping station is usually used to move sewage and surplus water to a sewer or sewage treatment works. In a nutshell, when gravity cannot be relied upon, a pumping station is installed to shift the water from one place to another. These systems are designed to act as a collection point for waste water and are stored in a large chamber from which they pump the liquid into the main sewer.\nThe chamber is a key part of the system, which also consists of pumps, pipework, guide rails, auto coupling assemblies and float switches. A separate valve chamber may be required as well as a control panel to run and monitor the pumping station.\nThere are two main options of pumping stations to choose from: adoptable or non-adoptable.\nNon-adoptable pumping stations\nThese systems usually serve domestic applications, office premises, commercial/ industrial properties, hotels or nursing homes. A non-adoptable pumping station, also known as private pumping station or package pumping station, is designed to be economical to install and does not require compliance with the water companies’ specifications.\nThese pumping stations are quick and easy to install and require less space to accommodate them within the sewage network. They typically contain a pre-formed chamber element that is assembled off-site along with its own internal pipe work and valve system, and is then delivered to site in short timescales. The package pumping station is taken from a range of standard designs available on very short lead times.\nDue to private pumping stations not being ‘adopted’ by the appropriate water company, the property owners are responsible for the running and maintenance costs.\nAdoptable pumping stations\nAdoptable pumping stations’ name is derived from the fact that they are ‘adopted’ by the relevant water authority, who then become responsible for them.\nAn adoptable pumping station is designed and installed to suit the required water authority specification. Each station is constructed individually and to site-specific drawings. The chamber well is built using concrete rings and engineers then place the pipework and valve assemblies in situ.\nAdoptable pumping stations can be utilised in multiple housing developments as well as commercial properties. In order to achieve adoption, a pumping station’s specification, build and installation must be compliant with the relevant local water company requirements. This means they have to comply with the current requirements of ‘Sewers for Adoption’ – the standard set for the design and construction of sewers in the UK – before being adopted by the local water company. This process can in turn result in longer lead times.\nSelecting a good pumping system is critical to its longevity and performance, and specifiers will be required to supply a range of data about the site, including a series of measurements, materials and capacity.\nWhen there is an inflow into the pumping station, the level rises. Once the liquid level increases, the start float switch level control tilts upwards, which sends a message to the control panel to switch the pump on. The pump sends the liquid through the discharge pipe and the level begins to drop. The float switch level control then tilts down, sending a message to the control panel to stop the pump. The level in the discharge pipe falls back, but is prevented from falling further by the non-return valve closing. The cycle continues as the inflow causes the level in the chamber to rise again.\nA package pumping station usually takes a week to install, while an adoptable pumping station may require three days to install and a further three days to commission in line with a project programme. The installation of a package pumping station involves site excavation and laying of base concrete before the pump chamber is installed into the ground and the pipework connections fitted. Subsequently, the pumping station is encased in concrete. The pumps are then installed into the pump chamber, the electrics are connected and the system commissioned.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.valleycitytourism.com/sheyenneriverwatertrail", "date": "2024-02-29T09:30:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00348.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.892604410648346, "token_count": 334, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__173038075", "lang": "en", "text": "199 Contiguous River Miles\nThe Sheyenne River Water Trail is in the process of becoming a Nationally delegated Water Trail. With 199 contiguous river miles from the north end of Lake Ashtabula to the east end of the Sheyenne National Grassland, the river trail caters to ever level kayaker and canoer!\nAt the completion of the water trail construction, there will be primitive, modern, and ADA landings along the river ranging from 1 - 8 hour paddle times.\nAmenities along the water trail include camping, dining, hiking, hotels, parks, restrooms, and more.\nUnderstanding River Conditions\nCurrent streamflow information can be accessed at: https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nd/nwis/current\nThe below Streamflow from the Baldhill Dam will indicate these conditions along most of the river:\n100 cubic feet per second or below-The river will be very low with many sand/gravel bars exposed. Paddling may be challenging at many locations\n100-300 cubic feet per second-The river will be navigable in most areas with a few obstacles exposed.\n300-1000 cubic feet per second-This is the optimal paddling flow along the Sheyenne.\n1000-2000 cubic feet per second-Use caution at flows this high. Current will be fast and many shoreline areas will be inundated with trees and logs becoming hazards along the edges.\nOver 2000 cubic feet per second-DANGER-current will be very fast with debris in the river. Paddlers should avoid paddling in flows this high along the Sheyenne.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://m.junxinfoamgrippers.com/info/pressure-reducing-valve-working-principle-37207940.html", "date": "2019-12-07T07:20:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540496492.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207055244-20191207083244-00303.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8838995695114136, "token_count": 343, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__78012715", "lang": "en", "text": "The pressure reducing valve is a valve that adjusts the inlet pressure to a certain required outlet pressure and relies on the energy of the medium itself to automatically maintain the outlet pressure. From the point of view of fluid mechanics, the pressure reducing valve is a throttling element whose local resistance can be changed, that is, by changing the throttling area, the flow velocity and the kinetic energy of the fluid are changed, resulting in different pressure losses, thereby achieving the purpose of decompression. Then, relying on the adjustment of the control and regulation system, the fluctuation of the post-valve pressure is balanced with the spring force, so that the post-valve pressure remains constant within a certain error range.\nBasic performance of pressure reducing valve:\n(1) Pressure regulation range: It refers to the adjustable range of the pressure reducing valve output pressure P2, within which the pressure reducing valve is required to reach the specified accuracy. The pressure regulation range is mainly related to the stiffness of the pressure regulating spring.\n(2) Pressure characteristics: It refers to the characteristic that the output pressure fluctuates due to input pressure fluctuation when the flow rate g is constant. The smaller the output pressure fluctuation, the better the characteristics of the pressure reducing valve. The output pressure must be lower than the input pressure setting to substantially not change with the input pressure.\n(3) Flow characteristics: It refers to the input pressure timing, and the output pressure changes with the change of the output flow g. When the flow rate g changes, the smaller the change in the output pressure, the better. Generally, the lower the output pressure, the smaller it fluctuates with the change in output flow.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.dwilsoneng.com/water-design", "date": "2019-10-13T20:46:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986647517.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013195541-20191013222541-00375.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.955847442150116, "token_count": 756, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__36020582", "lang": "en", "text": "South San Diego Pipeline No. 2\nThis project includes planning, design, and construction assistance for 11 miles of 54-inch through 30-inch diameter welded steel potable water piping. The project was under construction from 1997 to 2004. Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. was a key member of the project team which included a civil engineer/surveyor, geotechnical consultant, environmental consultant, and construction manager. Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. was primarily responsible for hydraulic capacity studies, preparation of contract documents and technical specifications, design of steel pipe and special pipe details and connections, review of shop drawings, and coordination of construction sequencing.\nCuyamaca Water Booster Station\nThis station is in the Padre Dam Municipal Water District and includes three 125 hp vertical turbine potable water booster pumps with a capacity of 1,250 gpm at 208 feet TDH. It was designed with a hydropneumatic tank and a trailer-mounted emergency power generator. Once a future reservoir is built, the tank could function as a surge vessel and the emergency power generator can be used by the District at any of several other facilities.\nGreen Valley Pipeline - Reaches 2, 3 and 4.\nThe Green Valley Pipeline is an 8 reach section of 30-inch water line which will eventually connect the major water pipeline in Mira Mesa Boulevard to Del Mar Heights Road. This pipeline involved crossing under both Interstate 5 and Interstate 805. The following three reaches are broken down into our involvement with the project.\nReach 2 - Design, bidding, and construction management.\nReach 3 - Design and assisted in construction management to the City of San Diego.\nReach 4 - Design of Reach 4 and Rancho Bernardo Pressure Reducing Station.\nThe Summit Project - Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc.\nprovided engineering services for two water storage reservoirs and a water booster station for The Summit project located in the City of Anaheim. The lower zone reservoir has a capacity of 1.0 million gallons. This reservoir was a concrete reservoir which was buried below a residential street cul-de-sac. Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. provided all engineering services to this reservoir. The upper zone reservoir is a 4.0 million gallon steel reservoir and preliminary design work on this reservoir was completed by Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. The water booster station has a capacity of 4,000 gallons per minute and has emergency standby generation capacity and an onsite liquid petroleum gas storage tank. The water booster station and 1.0 million gallon tank were constructed in 1992. The reservoirs and pump station are owned and operated by the City of Anaheim.\nLa Vina Reservoirs\nThe La Vina Reservoirs consist of two 500,000 gallon reservoirs that sit side by side. The La Vina Reservoirs were built for the Lincoln Avenue Water Company which serves an area north of the City of Pasadena. These tanks were fast-tracked and took less than 12 months for design and construction. The tanks were also in an area with rocky outcrops but blasting was not required. The tanks and yard piping were designed to withstand a Zone 4 seismic event.\nPressure Reducing Stations\nDexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. did the planning, design, and assistance during construction for Buena No. 10 pressure reducing and chlorination facility for the Vista Irrigation District. This work began in 1986 and construction was completed in 1987. Since then, Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. has designed numerous pressure reducing stations for several agencies including the City of San Diego, Otay Water District, and Carlsbad Municipal Water District. The largest facility included two 16-inch pressure reducing valves in parallel for the Bonita Pipeline Phase 1B project for the City of San Diego.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.mackenzie.govt.nz/pages/public-notices/2022/lake-tekapo-planned-lake-water-spill-into-tekapo-river-31-8-22", "date": "2024-02-27T17:21:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00709.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9378107786178589, "token_count": 175, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__124314571", "lang": "en", "text": "Genesis advise that Lake Tekapo is currently approaching its Maximum Control Level, due to recent rainfall and inflows.\nGenesis advise that Lake Takapō/Tekapo is currently approaching its Maximum Control Level, due to high inflows.\nOnce this is reached water will spill into the Takapō/Tekapo River.Spill will commence at approximately 2pm Wednesday 31 August 2022 and will continue until the lake level is below the Maximum Control Level and will stop as per resource consent requirements.\n- Please do not camp in or around the Takapō/Tekapo River bed.\n- Please take care when accessing or recreating in river areas downstream of dams and hydraulic structures in case of flow changes.\nIf you see others who may be at risk, please contact Genesis’s Control Centre on (07) 384 7210.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://sigmaearth.com/hydropower/", "date": "2023-09-23T15:36:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506481.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923130827-20230923160827-00695.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9357841610908508, "token_count": 1816, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__313031370", "lang": "en", "text": "Hydropower energy is the energy that is derived from the moving water from high altitude to lower altitude. It is the renewable source of energy contained in the water used to generate electricity. The energy is produced from water using the gravitational force when water falls from height. It is predictable, mature and cost-effective technology. The conversion efficiency of this energy resource is about 90%, which is the best among all energy resources. The investment is high, but the maintenance cost is low along with a long life span. This energy resource has played a significant role in social and economic development in the past through water and energy services. It also helps mitigate water scarcity by providing fresh water for drinking, irrigation purposes and flood control. After the generation of electricity without consuming the water, that water is available for other ethical use. Hydropower energy generation can occur on a large, medium, and small scale. A small scale is used for rural electrification. In India, the first hydropower plant of 130KW was installed in Sidrapong (Darjeeling) in 1897. Some other power plants were Shivasamundram in Mysore (2000 kW), Pullivasal (400 kW) in 1910 Chhaba (1750 kW) in Shimla in 1913. These are installed for lighting purposes.\nCapacity and Potential Of Hydropower\nThe energy conversion efficiency of hydropower plants is around 90% which means flowing water of a dam can produce 90% of electrical energy. The total efficiency of hydropower is defined by the sum of the loss of three components, which are following as hydraulic loss, friction loss and head loss.\nThe head loss in a hydropower plant is the energy loss that occurs in the water conductor system during the diverting of the water to the turbine. The friction loss in hydropower is dependent on the water velocity and the roughness of pipeline, penstock and tunnels through which water is moved. Hydraulic loss occurs when water moves through the channel from the reservoir to the turbine via valves and pipelines.\nSuch losses can be minimised as hydraulic losses decrease by increasing the reservoir capacity or the turbine capacity. Head loss is minimized by raising the tailrace and headrace area.\nDifferent type of turbine has a different profile for efficiency when the discharge of the turbine diverge from the optimal value.\nThe potential of hydropower energy production is defined by the given parameters that are dependent on topography, hydrology, and power plant design:\nThe available amount of water.\nWater loss by flood spill, leakage or bypass requirements.\nThe head difference between an upstream and a downstream\nWater transport causes hydraulic losses due to friction and velocity change.\nThe efficiency of electromechanical equipment for energy conversions.\nThe potential of Hydropower is estimated by using the equation:\nPower in kW (P) = Q . H . 9.81 η\nWhere Q Discharge in m3 /s\nH- Head in meters\nη- Overall efficiency of turbine, generator and gear-box (may be taken as 75% initially)\nIndia’s hydropower potential is estimated at about 148,701MW. 92.5% of hydroelectric power production is accounted for by the public sector. Public sector companies for hydropower are as follows:-\nNational Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)\nNortheast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO)\nSatluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVNL)\nClassification of Hydropower Plants\nClassification of hydropower plants majorly based on head and installed capacity. In India, hydropower plants are categorised into micro, mini, small, medium and large hydropower plants. Micro up to 100kW, mini up to 2MW, small up to 25MW, medium up to 100MW and large above the 100MW. Three main categories are often used to categorise the hydropower plant depending on its type of flow and operations. Reservoir (storage), RoR- run of river and pumped storage all vary from small to large hydropower plants that depend on topography and hydrology. Apart from this, instream hydropower is the fourth category that is still underdeveloped.\nRun of River (RoR):\nIn this type of hydropower plant, the electricity is generated by diverting the available water from the stream. The segment of water from the river deviates from the mainstream to a pipeline, and that leads to the turbine that is connected to the generator. Such power plants use short-term storage (hourly, daily and weekly) by adapting the demand profile. This type of power plant is cheap and shows little or minor environmental impact.\nRun of River Hydropower Plant (Shivasamudram, heritage, India)\nThis type of hydropower plant uses a water storage system to reduce its dependency on variable inflow. The big reservoir is used to store the water, control the water flow, and use it effectively to generate power by releasing the water on the turbine. This is the most common type of hydropower plant used around the world. Such plants are used as peak load or baseload as per need. This type of power plant install in the river valley and use the water for irrigation. Drinking and flood control.\nHydropower Plants with Reservoir (1,528 MW)Manic-5, Québec, Canada\nThis type of hydropower plant pumps the water up the storage basin using surplus electricity, which is generated by the baseload power plant and reserves the flow to produce power during the daily peak period. It is one of the most efficient methods available for energy storage. Surplus energy is generated from other resources like wind or solar energy.\nSmall Hydropower Systems: Overview of Micro, Mini and Small\nHydropower plants are categorized as small and large hydropower plants based on their size. Different countries have different criteria to classify the small hydropower plant that ranges from 10 to 50MW. Whereas in India, a power plant that has a capacity of 25MW or below is categorised as a small hydropower plant. Such small hydropower is further categorised into micro-100KW or below, mini 101-2MW and small 2-25MW hydropower segments. The capacity of the plant has up to or below 3MW are comes under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The 63MW aggregate installed capacity of the 3MW power plant came under the MNRE jurisdiction till 1989. After 1999, the plant capacity up to or below 25MW comes under MNRE. In 2016, IIT Roorkee estimated the potential capacity of small and mini-hydropower plants is 21135.37MW from 7135. Half of the estimated power capacity is contributed by the hilly states.\nStatus of Hydropower Worldwide\nOne of the most intensively used renewable energy resources is hydropower throughout the world. Its larger portion is acquired by China, which is 370.2GW and acted as a world leader, the USA is second, accounting for 102 GW and Canada is third with 82GW. India is placed in the fifth position(50.5), overtaking japan, whose installed capacity is 50GW. Countries that show the highest increase in hydropower in Brazil (4.92GW), China (4.17GW) and then Laos (1.89GW) in 2020.\nCumulative hydropower capacity worldwide in 2020, by major country(in gigawatts)\nEnvironmental and Social Impacts\nHydropower plants play a crucial role in energy and economic development and reduce the burden of fossil fuel-based power generation, helping to mitigate environmental change caused by fossil fuel use. The impact of hydropower depends on size, type and local conditions. It is a clean energy resource and conserves fossil fuels. It is based on the water cycle to generate power, and that water cycle is regulated by solar energy and is renewable. It provides water supply and control flood and also offers recreational activity like boating, fishing and swimming. Apart from positive impacts, some negative impacts also occur like hydrological balance, drainage problems, soil erosion, and hilly hydropower prone to seismic activity (Tehri dam). Eutrophication and change in surface water quality, alteration of natural flow, change the biodiversity and ecosystem imbalance. Population displacement during the Sardar Sarovar dam. Poor compensation to displaced population, rehabilitation and resettlement problems.\nDr. Emily Greenfield is a highly accomplished environmentalist with over 30 years of experience in writing, reviewing, and publishing content on various environmental topics. Hailing from the United States, she has dedicated her career to raising awareness about environmental issues and promoting sustainable practices.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://wisy.de/en/products/rainwater-units/maxima", "date": "2019-06-20T22:24:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999273.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620210153-20190620232153-00160.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7905822992324829, "token_count": 386, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__124491032", "lang": "en", "text": "Combines all components required to operate the rainwater supply system according to the two-pressure-pump principle. Rainwater is pumped by the submersible loading pump out of the storage tank to the buffer tank of the indoor hybrid unit. A submersible pressure pump inside the buffer tank supplies rainwater to appliances. The buffer tank of the unit is directly topped up with mains water, buffer storage volume 100 l for high consumption peaks.\nComplies with DIN 1989 and DIN EN 1717\nDimensions of the Maxima hybrid unit: ø 400 mm (1.2 ft) x heigth 1410 mm (4.5 ft).\nIndoor hybrid unit with:\nCapacity 100 l (26.39 gallons) with emergency overflow DN 100 (3.9 in)\nMultigo 205 or 407 multi-stage submersible pressure pump with rubber feet\nPump controller SA 06/V with pressure gauge\nElectronic control unit with sensor rod\nAutomatic mains water top-up\nOpen mains water outlet (1⁄2“ for Maxima 205, 3⁄4“ for Maxima 407), with solenoid valve, ball valve and dirt trap\nDrain valve 1⁄2“\nNon-return valve in rainwater inlet\nProvedo VX submersible loading pump with fixed vertical float switch, 20 m connecting cable, 11⁄4“ nozzle at discharge end with non-return valve (ST 1011), 3 m lifting strap and hook with screw thread\nStainless-steel baseplate 22 cm x 22 cm (8 in x 8 in) for submersible pressure pump\nStainless-steel floating fine suction filter, mesh size 0.3 mm (0.01 in), with 0.75 m (2.5 ft) flexible suction tube", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.sprintmachinery.com/blogs/tips/desktop-electric-hydraulic-press-working-principle-and-key-advantages", "date": "2023-10-02T04:50:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510967.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002033129-20231002063129-00882.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9088541865348816, "token_count": 543, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__86505849", "lang": "en", "text": "A desktop electric hydraulic press is a powerful machine that uses electric power and hydraulic pressure to carry out pressing tasks with high precision and accuracy. This type of press is commonly used in manufacturing, metalworking, and engineering applications, where high force and control are required for material forming, bending, shaping, or pressing. In this article, we will discuss the working principle of a desktop electric hydraulic press and its key advantages.\nThe working principle of a desktop electric hydraulic press is based on the conversion of electrical energy into hydraulic pressure, which is then used to generate force for pressing or forming materials. The press consists of an electric motor, a hydraulic pump, a hydraulic cylinder, a control unit, and a pressing plate. The electric motor provides the power to the hydraulic pump, which creates hydraulic pressure by pushing oil through the cylinder. The hydraulic cylinder converts the pressure into force, which is transmitted to the pressing plate through a piston rod.\nTo operate the press, the operator places the material to be pressed on the pressing plate and adjusts the pressure and stroke length using the control unit. The press then activates the hydraulic cylinder, which applies force to the material, causing it to bend or form into the desired shape. The pressing force and speed can be adjusted to achieve the required precision and accuracy.\n1.High Precision and Accuracy: The desktop electric hydraulic press offers high precision and accuracy in material forming and pressing. It provides excellent control over the force and speed of pressing, enabling the operator to achieve the desired shape and dimensions.\n2.Versatility: The press can be used for a wide range of material forming and pressing applications, including metalworking, engineering, and manufacturing. It is ideal for tasks such as bending, shaping, and pressing, making it a versatile machine for various industries.\n3.Efficiency: The press operates on electric power, making it more efficient and cost-effective than traditional hydraulic presses. It requires less energy to operate, resulting in lower operating costs and reduced environmental impact.\n4.Compact and Easy to Use: The desktop electric hydraulic press is compact in size and easy to use, making it ideal for small workshops or manufacturing facilities. It requires minimal maintenance and can be easily operated by a single person.\nThe desktop electric hydraulic press is a powerful and versatile machine that provides high precision and accuracy in material forming and pressing. Its working principle is based on the conversion of electrical energy into hydraulic pressure, which offers excellent control over the force and speed of pressing. The press offers several key advantages, including high precision, versatility, efficiency, and ease of use, making it an ideal choice for various industries.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://shop.beamex.com/pressure-t-hose-40-bar-1-5-m/", "date": "2023-09-25T22:36:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00868.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9069297313690186, "token_count": 232, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__300926852", "lang": "en", "text": "40 bar pressure T-hose set 1,5 m with NPT fittings and seals. The hoses are rated for 40 bar / 600 psi and have Bx G1/8” female threads in all ends.\nThe set includes:\n- T-hose consisting of 3x 0.75 m (30”) hoses combined with a junction block (T-block) to form a T-hose, total length 1.5 m (60”)\n- Pressure fitting Bx G1/8” male to 1/4” NPT male (7113300) for a device under test\n- Pressure fitting Bx G1/8” male to 1/8” NPT male (7113260) for a device under test\n- Spare O-rings and lock rings for the hoses’ female fittings (Bx G1/8”)\nSee detailed specifications for the hose in https://shop.beamex.com/pressure-accessories/pressure-hoses/40-bar/", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.msdgc.org/about_msd/stormwater/floodman.html", "date": "2017-04-23T11:49:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118552.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00289-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9396520853042603, "token_count": 330, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__298912678", "lang": "en", "text": "SMU is responsible for managing and operating the Mill Creek Barrier Dam, 14 floodgates and a 1.5 mile-long floodwall during high water conditions in the Ohio River.\nThe Barrier Dam and floodwall/floodgate system was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1948 to prevent rising water in the Ohio River and tributary flow in the Mill Creek from causing local flooding in the Mill Creek Valley. The barrier dam is located at the mouth of the Mill Creek just inland from the Ohio River. During normal conditions on the Ohio River, the Mill Creek flows into the Ohio River through an opening in the barrier dam. When the Ohio River approaches flood stage (52 feet), the opening is closed off using 14 metal bulkheads weighing 11,000 pounds apiece, put in place by a large crane. Large pumps inside the dam are then used to pump the flow of the Mill Creek through the dam to the Ohio River.\nThe floodwall extends east from the barrier dam for about 1.5 miles along Mehring Way to Linn Street. If needed, up to 14 floodgates can be installed at various street openings in the floodwall to prevent flooding of the valley.\nThe Barrier Dam is put into service when the Ohio River is predicted to reach flood stage of 52 ft. Normal Ohio River pool elevation is about 26 feet. The barrier dam was built to protect against the 1937 flood level of 80 feet.\nPumps Inside Barrier Dam\nFlood Gate Installation\nFlood Gate Installed\nMSD's Customer Call Center:\n1600 Gest St.\nCincinnati, Ohio 45204", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://en.xytck.net/news/html/?436.html", "date": "2022-12-07T12:44:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711162.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207121241-20221207151241-00000.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8738949298858643, "token_count": 312, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__88122452", "lang": "en", "text": "Principle of input static pressure liquid level transmitter\nThe input static pressure liquid level transmitter is based on the principle that the measured liquid static pressure is directly proportional to the liquid height, and uses the piezoresistive effect of diffused silicon or ceramic sensitive elements to convert the static pressure into an electrical signal. After temperature compensation and linear correction, it is converted into 4-20madc standard current signal output. The sensor part of the input static pressure liquid level transmitter can be directly put into the liquid, and the transmitter part can be fixed with flange or bracket, which is very convenient for installation and use.\nP= ρ gh\nPrinciple of static pressure measurement: when the liquid level transmitter is put into a certain depth of the measured liquid, the pressure on the liquid level of the sensor is as follows:\nP= ρ gH+Po\nP: Pressure on liquid level of transmitter\nρ: Measured liquid density\ng: Local gravitational acceleration\nPo: atmospheric pressure above the liquid level\nH: Depth of liquid into the transmitter\nAt the same time, the pressure of the liquid is introduced into the positive pressure chamber of the sensor through the air guide stainless steel, and then the atmospheric pressure Po on the liquid level is connected with the negative pressure chamber of the sensor to eliminate the Po on the back of the sensor, so that the pressure measured by the sensor is: ρ g.H 。 Obviously, the liquid level depth can be obtained by measuring the pressure P.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.devashishgroup.com/hydraulic-power-packs-4942413.html", "date": "2024-02-24T22:38:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00837.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.942717432975769, "token_count": 119, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__140024297", "lang": "en", "text": "The Hydraulic Power Packs are made up of a hydraulic pump, a motor, and various other parts that work together to produce, manage, and distribute hydraulic power. In a variety of situations where a dependable and effective source of hydraulic power is needed, these packs are used. They are frequently employed in industrial settings to drive hydraulic motors, cylinders, presses, and other machinery. Hydraulic Power Packs can also be used to power hydraulic systems for lifting and moving heavy loads in mobile applications like construction equipment and agricultural machinery. Depending on the applications, they can be powered by a variety of sources.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://usasolrsystem.com/2023/02/25/solar-for-water-pump/", "date": "2023-12-09T01:58:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100781.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209004202-20231209034202-00574.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9410120844841003, "token_count": 1633, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__30966607", "lang": "en", "text": "Solar for water pump solar power can be a great solution for powering water pumps, particularly in areas with abundant sunlight and where grid electricity is unreliable or unavailable. Here are some key points to consider when using solar for water pumps:\nYou will need solar panels to generate electricity to power the water pump. The number and size of the panels will depend on the power requirements of the pump and the amount of sunlight available in your location.\nYou may need to use battery storage to store excess solar power generated during the day so that it can be used to power the water pump during times when there is no sunlight.\nIt’s important to select a pump that is compatible with solar power, as not all pumps are designed to run on DC power from solar panels. There are many solar-powered water pumps on the market designed specifically for this purpose.\nInstallation and maintenance\nSolar-powered water pump systems require proper installation and maintenance to ensure they function correctly and last a long time. You may want to consult with a professional installer to ensure your system is installed correctly and safely.\nOverall, solar power can be a reliable and cost-effective way to power water pumps, particularly in remote or off-grid locations. However, it’s important to carefully consider your specific needs and do your research before investing in a solar-powered water pump system.\nThere are two main types of solar water pumps: submersible and surface.\nSubmersible solar water pumps are installed underwater, typically in a well, borehole, or water source. They are designed to be efficient in pumping water from deep wells or underground sources. These pumps are powered by a solar panel array located above ground that converts solar energy into DC power. The DC power is then sent to the submersible pump which runs on a DC motor.\nSurface solar water pumps are installed on the ground and draw water from a nearby source, such as a pond, lake, or river. They are typically used for shallow water sources and are less expensive than submersible pumps. Surface pumps are powered by a solar panel array located above ground that converts solar energy into DC power. The DC power is then sent to a surface pump which runs on a DC motor.\nWithin these two main types, there are several subtypes, including:\nCentrifugal solar water pumps\nThese pumps are used for high flow rate and low-pressure applications such as irrigation or livestock watering.\nDiaphragm solar water pumps\nThese pumps are used for low flow rate and high-pressure applications such as domestic water supply, pressure boosting, or drip irrigation.\nHelical rotor solar water pumps\nThese pumps are used for high flow rate and high head applications such as irrigation, livestock watering, or domestic water supply.\nOverall, the type of solar water pump you choose will depend on your specific needs, including the depth and location of the water source, the required flow rate and pressure, and your budget.\nSolar water pumps are used for a variety of purposes in both residential and commercial settings. Here are some of the most common uses of solar water pumps:\nSolar water pumps are widely used in agriculture for irrigation purposes. They can pump water from wells or other sources to irrigate crops, without the need for grid electricity.\nSolar water pumps can be used to provide water for livestock in remote areas where traditional sources of water are not available. This is especially useful for ranchers and farmers who raise livestock in remote locations.\nDomestic water supply\nSolar water pumps can be used to supply water to homes, cabins, and other off-grid locations where traditional sources of water are not available or are unreliable.\nFountain and pond circulation\nSolar water pumps can be used to circulate water in fountains and ponds, creating a beautiful and relaxing outdoor environment.\nSolar water pumps are also used in aquaculture to circulate water in fish ponds or tanks.\nSolar water pumps can be used to pump water through filtration systems, making it suitable for drinking or other uses.\nOverall, solar water pumps are versatile and can be used for a wide range of applications, particularly in areas where grid electricity is unreliable or unavailable. They are also environmentally friendly and can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.\nSolar water pumps offer several advantages over traditional grid-connected pumps, including:\nSolar water pumps can provide significant cost savings over traditional grid-connected pumps, particularly in remote or off-grid locations where the cost of extending power lines is high.\nSolar water pumps are highly energy efficient, as they use solar energy to power the pump. They do not require any fuel or electricity from the grid, which reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.\nSolar water pumps are highly reliable, particularly in areas where grid electricity is unreliable or unavailable. They can continue to operate even during power outages or disruptions.\nSolar water pumps are low maintenance and do not require much upkeep, as they have fewer moving parts than traditional pumps.\nSolar water pumps have a long lifespan and can last for many years with proper maintenance.\nSolar water pumps are environmentally friendly, as they do not produce any greenhouse gas emissions or other pollutants.\nOverall, solar water pumps offer a reliable and cost-effective solution for pumping water in remote or off-grid locations. They are also environmentally friendly and can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.\nWhile solar water pumps offer many advantages, there are also some disadvantages to consider:\nHigh initial cost\nThe initial cost of a solar water pump can be high compared to traditional grid-connected pumps. However, over time, the cost savings from reduced energy consumption and maintenance costs can make up for the initial investment.\nDependence on sunlight\nSolar water pumps require sunlight to function, so their output may be affected by weather conditions such as cloudy or rainy days. This can impact their reliability and may require additional storage or backup solutions to ensure consistent water supply.\nThe output of a solar water pump is limited by the size of the solar panel array and the intensity of the sunlight. This means that large-scale pumping operations may require multiple solar pumps or larger solar panel arrays.\nWhile solar water pumps require less maintenance than traditional pumps, they still require periodic cleaning and inspection of the solar panels, wiring, and pump components to ensure optimal performance.\nSolar water pumps may not be compatible with all water sources, particularly if the water source is too deep or the water quality is poor. In such cases, additional equipment such as water treatment systems may be required.\nOverall, while solar water pumps offer many benefits, it is important to carefully consider their limitations and suitability for your specific application before investing in one.\nA solar water pump works by converting sunlight into electrical energy to power a DC motor which drives the pump. More specifically, here’s how it functions:\nThe solar panels, also called solar modules, are installed above ground and convert sunlight into DC electricity. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic (PV) cells that generate a direct current (DC) when exposed to sunlight.\nThe DC electricity generated by the solar panels is sent to a controller, which regulates the voltage and current to ensure that the pump operates efficiently and safely. The controller also manages the system’s battery storage, if applicable.\nThe DC electricity from the controller is then sent to a DC motor, which drives the pump to move water from the source to the intended destination.\nThe pump, which can be either submersible or surface, is responsible for moving the water from the source to the destination. The type of pump used depends on the depth and location of the water source and the required flow rate and pressure.\nOnce the pump is activated, it delivers water to the desired location, such as a storage tank, irrigation system, or livestock watering trough.\nIn summary, a solar water pump works by using solar panels to generate electricity, which is then used to power a DC motor that drives a pump to move water from a source to a desired location.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.wehrle-werk.de/en/umwelt/applications/water-recycling-zld", "date": "2020-12-01T14:06:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201135627-20201201165627-00122.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9210830330848694, "token_count": 238, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__212157966", "lang": "en", "text": "Water recycling and the reduction of the water footprint are important aspects of modern business management. In order to reduce fresh water costs, the produced wastewater may be treated for reuse, saving also heat and possibly water softening chemicals. Adapting the desired water quality to internal factory processes avoids an unnecessarily high treatment performance: Water-consuming processes are often less demanding, e.g. the pre-treatment of received goods. High process water qualities and an entire water recirculation (Zero Liquid Discharge / ZLD) are certainly also possible.\nWEHRLE combines different technologies to achieve the desired process water quality – as stand-alone solution for a direct treatment of the wastewater or as upgrade of an existing wastewater treatment plant.\nExample of water recycling:\ncost-effective water reuse in different qualities at a laundry facility\nWEHRLE helps you choose the ideal solution in terms of water recycling:\n- Focus on the desired process water quality\n- Focus on minimizing the quantity of residues / concentrates (ZLD - Zero Liquid Discharge)\n- Focus on the cost efficiency of water supply (compared to the costs of fresh water supply)\n- Focus on independence in water supply", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.ferrierpumps.co.uk/product3", "date": "2020-01-29T21:17:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00238.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9091061949729919, "token_count": 110, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__65500925", "lang": "en", "text": "Pressurisation units are designed to replace water that has been lost from a system due to leakage. Our units will maintain the system design fill pressure in sealed heating and chilled water systems.\nMost modern heating systems and air conditioning systems are sealed systems, however leakage can occur resulting in a loss of water pressure. Pressurisation Units will automatically replace the lost water to restore the system pressure and give warnings when the fill pressure is low or when the water has over expanded causing high pressure.\nWe offer a wide range of systems to suit all applications.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://jayenviroinfra.com/vortex-grit-removal-system.html", "date": "2020-04-08T20:35:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371824409.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408202012-20200408232512-00299.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8833582997322083, "token_count": 193, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__114952812", "lang": "en", "text": "Grit removal from wastewater is very important to reduce operational problems of the wastewater treatment plants and to reduce maintenance of the mechanical equipment installed in it. Grit and other solids can increase wear of the mechanical equipment, cause pipe blockages, can settle and reduce the effective volume of the treatment basins.\n- Compact design leading to smaller footprint.\n- Robust design and simple in operation.\n- Various models to cover a wide range of flow and grit handling requirements\n- Consistent grit removal efficiency over a wide range of flow\n- Low energy requirement due to efficient design and typical flow pattern inside the chamber.\n- Design provides full access to grit collection hopper\n- High efficiency electric motor suitable for rigorous conditions\n- Material of construction of tank can be carbon steel or stainless steel, depending upon application or requirement. Alternate concrete tank design is available.\n- Minimal maintenance.\n- Control panel complete with PLC programming or SCADA.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.contel.com/industries-2/desalination-and-waste-water/", "date": "2023-02-08T23:43:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500983.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208222635-20230209012635-00729.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9032414555549622, "token_count": 214, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__160552908", "lang": "en", "text": "Advanced solutions for Desalination and Waste Water plants\nThe world’s water and environmental technologies market constitutes a major opportunity for the Israeli economy. The world is facing growing water shortages, global warming and environmental challenges. Israel has the tools and experience to successfully address these problems. Contel, together with its subsidiary Hydrocom Control Systems Ltd., offers solutions in the area of automation and control for optimal operation of water supply systems, water desalination plants and sewage treatment plants. Contel has engineering staff with a proven track record in the water industries.\nOur solutions in this area include:\n- Supply of automation and control systems for water desalination plants, and for public and industrial wastewater treatment plants.\n- High-power variable speed drives and soft starters for regulating pump speeds.\n- Supply of analytical instrumentation for monitoring and measuring water and wastewater contaminants.\n- Supply of switching, distribution and electrical drive systems for water treatment plants.\n- Supply of software solutions for the management and optimization of water supply systems, through the activities of Hydrocom.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/programmes-and-projects/groundwater/activities/groundwater-flooding/gwflood-project-2016-2019/Pages/default.aspx", "date": "2024-02-22T08:49:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473735.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222061937-20240222091937-00450.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9396700859069824, "token_count": 259, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__61510244", "lang": "en", "text": "The winter of 2015/2016 saw the most extensive groundwater flooding ever witnessed in Ireland. Homes were flooded or cut off, roads submerged, and agriculture disrupted by karst derived groundwater flooding, with some affected areas remaining inundated for months. In the aftermath of the floods, the lack of data on groundwater flooding and fit-for-purpose flood hazard maps were identified as serious impediments to managing groundwater flood risk in vulnerable communities. In response Geological Survey Ireland, as the leading national authority on groundwater science, initiated a new groundwater flood project, GWFlood, to address these deficits in collaboration with Trinity College Dublin and Institute of Technology Carlow.\nThe remit of GWFlood was to advance understanding of karst groundwater flooding in Ireland, address the deficit of data available, and enable local and national authorities to make scientifically informed decisions regarding groundwater flood risk management. The study addressed the gap in groundwater hydrometric data by establishing a permanent telemetric network, as well as developing the historic groundwater flood map, and the predictive flood map. These maps showed maximum extent of groundwater flooding in Ireland, and the probability of several regions in Ireland to get flooded by groundwater.\nThe Groundwater flood map viewer, level data viewer and GWFlood project report are available at the following links:", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.dfi.org/pubdetail.asp?id=2218", "date": "2020-06-03T19:32:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347435987.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603175139-20200603205139-00486.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.967138409614563, "token_count": 323, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__175660764", "lang": "en", "text": "Proceedings-DFI-India 2016: 6th Conference on Deep Foundation Technologies for Infrastructure Development in India, (DFI)\nDeep Excavation with Well Point Dewatering in Soft Soil\nMihir B. Roy, Consulting Geotechnical, Industrial Foundation Engineer, Kolkata, India\nCoal transported by rail for Thermal Power Plant in Haldia, West Bengal, India, was to be received and stored in Coal Complex comprising of Wagon Tippler, Track Hopper, Junction Houses and network of horizontal and inclined tunnels. The site was very soft with high ground water level. Deep excavation and dewatering posed great difficulty. Original plan was to drive about 1000 m of steel sheet pile and well sinking which had major impact on cost and time. High ground water was identified as the main problem. Controlling water level and maintaining it would allow open excavation over major areas. Scheme for lowering aquifer with one and two-stage well-point dewatering system was developed following basic principles of groundwater and seepage. Arrangements of wells, installation and pumping were worked out in detail. Water levels could be lowered below bottom levels of excavation. Design of sheet pile was modified under lowered ground water condition. Overall length and depth of sheet pile were reduced drastically. Open excavation was possible in segments over major areas. The scheme was highly successful in smooth and fast progress of underground works. The works were completed safely months ahead of schedule time and with significant saving in cost.\n|article #2218; publication #1020 (INDIA-2016)|", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.pumpcatalog.com/oberdorfer-pumps/750b-series/", "date": "2018-06-22T13:32:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864482.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622123642-20180622143642-00174.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9308187365531921, "token_count": 180, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__214862059", "lang": "en", "text": "This close coupled style bronze self-priming centrifugal pump is equipped with high quality ball bearings permanently filled with grease for maintenance free operation. The main shaft seal is a mechanical face type seal of proven reliability. Unlike positive displacement pumps centrifugal pumps have larger internal clearances as the pressure is generated by centrifugal force and high liquid velocity. These pumps can handle impurities in the liquid and the flow in the discharge line may be throttled or shut off without the need for a relief valve.\nThis pump must be operated with the shaft in a horizontal position as shown in the picture. Before initial start-up, the pump must be filled with liquid through the priming plug opening on top of the pump body. It will be self-priming thereafter, even without a foot valve in the suction line. However, a foot valve is always recommended to insure immediate liquid flow at startup.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://onlineeducationcoursesv.com/converting-mechanical-energy-into-hydrostatic-energy/", "date": "2019-01-24T00:42:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584431529.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123234228-20190124020228-00630.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9499934315681458, "token_count": 533, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__180887751", "lang": "en", "text": "Hydraulic pumps are simply put, a machine that uses the principles of pressure to pump fluids in any necessary direction. Put in a more detailed way, the hydraulic pump creates a vacuum its inlet when it operates; this vacuum then forces any fluid found on its other side into the inlet. Mechanical action then pumps this liquid to the designated outlet and the hydraulic system. Hydraulic pumps are largely of two main subcategories as hydrostatic pumps and hydrodynamic pumps\nThere are many types of hydraulic pumps – popular examples include gear, rotary vane, bent axis, flow, pressure, etc.:\n• Gear pumps – there are basic types of gears, with gear pumps being one of them (the other two are rotary vane and piston pumps). Even of these basic types, the gear pump is by far the most economical and simple option. Gear pumps consist of externally fit gear teeth, which upon meshing create pressure. Gear pumps used to be noisy, but newer models have become much quieter and reliable. Their reliability largely lies in how breakdowns in this type of pump is very rare, as the pump gradually wears down until it becomes unusable, instead of breaking down all of a sudden.\n• Rotary vane pumps – when compared with gear pumps, rotary vane pumps are much more efficient. They are not used for high pressure systems usually, but newer models have become capable of handling pressures of over 30,000 kPa. Since this type of pump has the ability of changing the centre its body, rotary vane pumps make for simple and adjustable pumps which are easy to use.\n• Hydraulic Split Flow pumps – the difference from normal hydraulic pumps is that these pumps specialize in having a number of outlets, hence the name. The “Split Flow” technology here refers to the ability of these pumps to synchronize movement and provide multiple functions without having the need to resort to multiple flow dividers. Basically, what this means is that you will not need to resort to using a number of hydraulic pumps, but instead rely on only pump for all your needs.\nThe uses of hydraulic pumps are not limited to any single field. They are used throughout the many industrial fields, such as those of construction, transport, mining and the like, for example. Under these fields, hydraulic pumps are applied to perform functions such as jacking alongside ToughLift jacking systems, clamping, drill rigs, presses, flushing rigs, lifting, etc.\nThus, it can be seen that hydraulic pumps have become an essential equipment in many different fields, and are widely used throughout the world nowadays.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.duckhams.com/mal/product/zircon-68/", "date": "2021-02-25T16:28:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351374.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225153633-20210225183633-00339.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8209239840507507, "token_count": 243, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__21656883", "lang": "en", "text": "Duckhams Zircon Hydraulic 68 is an ashless (zinc-free) hydraulic oils designed to be used in mobile or stationary gear-, piston- or vane pump hydraulic systems, particularly suitable where environmental concerns or legislation prohibit the use of zinc-containing hydraulic fluids.\nDeveloped using high-quality hydro-processed base oils these products meet or exceed industry standards for HM hydraulic fluids.\nFEATURES AND BENEFITS\n- Zinc Free formulation reduces environmental impact compared to Zinc containing products and ensures compatibility with yellow metal components found in hydraulic systems.\n- Excellent anti-wear performance protects components within hydraulic systems and reduces operating costs by extending pump life and minimising downtime.\n- Excellent Hydrolytic Stability improves the protection of yellow metal components, even in the presence of water, extending component life.\n- Good thermal and oxidative stability extends oil life reducing operating costs.\n- Good Sludge and particulate control maintain system cleanliness extending filter life and reducing filter change frequency.\n- Excellent filterability.\n- Good anti-rust and anti-corrosion properties protect the system.\n- Compatible with Elastomers commonly used as seals within hydraulic systems.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.midlandtexas.gov/175/Water-Wastewater-Maintenance-Division", "date": "2023-06-10T07:52:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657144.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610062920-20230610092920-00287.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8710461854934692, "token_count": 144, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__100659938", "lang": "en", "text": "The Water and Wastewater Maintenance Division maintains over 1,400 miles of water distribution and sewer collection lines. Some of this infrastructure dates from the 1920's.\nThe Water and Wastewater Maintenance Division oversees the following:\n- Maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement of fire hydrants\n- Rehabilitation and replacement of water and sewer lines and valves\n- Emergency repair of water leaks and wastewater stoppages\n- Operation and maintenance of wastewater lift stations\n- Televising wastewater lines\n- Flushing water lines to maintain water quality\n- Manhole rehabilitation and construction\n- GPS locating and mapping of existing and new infrastructure\nThis division installs water and sewer taps for new residential services and repairs/replaces existing service taps.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.mankenberg.com/en/pressure-reducer/know-how", "date": "2020-10-28T20:10:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00022.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9096858501434326, "token_count": 1944, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__177822546", "lang": "en", "text": "Know-How Pressure Reducing Valves\nPressure reducing valves reduce a high and frequently fluctuating pressure to an adjustable constant pressure downstream of the valve. A spring keeps the valve open and this closes as the outlet pressure rises.\nField of Application\nProtects all the devices, valves and installations situated downstream from excessive pressure build-up, simultaneously the consumption is reduced and the flow velocity and noise are minimised.\nA spring (optionally a gas spring or weight) keeps the valve open, the outlet pressure acts through the control element (diaphragm, piston or bellows) onto the cone and, in the event of rising outlet pressure, proportionally closes the valve. The pressure to be controlled can be adjusted by a pre-tensioned / relieved spring through an adjusting screw.\nSelecting valve type and nominal diameter\nUsing your maximum operating data and the smallest differential pressure Δp, you should calculate the characteristic performance figure Kv (see leaflet Calculation of Pressure Regulators). Select a valve whose Kvs value is 30 % greater than the calculated Kv figure. Additional allowances must be made for high-viscosity liquids or liquids which vaporise when depressurised.\nYou should also note the reduction ratio i.e. inlet pressure p1 divided by outlet pressure p2. The inlet pressure acting on the cone causes the valve to open whereas the outlet pressure acting on the diaphragm/spring system causes it to close. If the reduction ratio calculated from the operating data is greater than the quoted ratio, the valve will not close. Pressure reducing valves should not be overdimensioned. Their optimum working range is within 10 % to 70 % of their Kvs value.\nSelecting rated pressure and valve material\nThe rated pressure must exceed the maximum system pressure, irrespective of safety allowances. Please note also the effect of the temperature (see DIN 2401).\nSelecting the setting range\nFor good control accuracy you should select a setting range which places the required outlet pressure near its upper limit. If, for example, the controlled outlet pressure is to be 2.3 bar, you should select the 0.8 to 2.5 bar setting range, not 2 to 5 bar.\nIf the available setting range is not wide enough you may go below the bottom limit of the setting range provided that the valve loading is kept low and a high control accuracy not required\nSelecting elastomer materials\nYou should select elastomers according to the operating temperature and the requirements of the medium. High-pressure gases, for example, can diffuse into the elastomer and cause damage when being depressurised.\nDepending on pressure drop and permitted maximum noise level, we recommend the following flow velocities\nLiquids: 1 - 5 m/s\nSaturated steam: 10 - 40 m/s\nSuperheated steam: 15 - 60 m/s\nGases below 2 bar: 2 - 10 m/s\nGases above 2 bar: 5 - 40 m/s\nSense line (control line)\nYou should install a sense line if the selected pressure reducer is designed for sense line operation. The sense line should be connected at a distance of not less than 10 times nominal diameter downstream of the pressure reducing valve. No isolating valves should be installed in the sense line to avoid an excessive pressure differential between valve body and diaphragm.\nTo attenuate any oscillations occurring in the pipeline system, the sense line may be fitted with a restrictor which must never be fully closed during operation.\nIn the case of steam and liquids the sense line must be installed so as to fall towards the valve. Under special operating conditions, for example intermittent operation with dry steam, an compensation vessel must be installed. The sense line must be rigid as elastic hoses can induce oscillations.\nProtecting your system\nTo protect your system you should install a safety valve downstream of the pressure reducer to prevent the maximum permitted operating pressure (normally 1.5 x maximum set pressure) being exceeded. The safety valve operating pressure should be set approximately 40 % above the maximum set pressure of the pressure reducer to avoid blow-off during slight pressure fluctuations. For example: if the pressure reducer setting range is 2 - 5 bar the safety valve operating pressure must be 1.4 x 5 bar = 7 bar.\nProtecting the pressure reducing valve\nTo protect the pressure reducer against damage from solid particles carried in the pipeline, a strainer or filter should be fitted and serviced at regular intervals.\nWith medium steam, the pressure reducer should be preceded by a water trap, which is also called steam dryer, to protect it from cavitation (see below chapter \"Steam Operation\").\nValve seat leakage\nThese valves are no shut-off elements ensuring a tight closing of the valve. In accordance with DIN EN 60534-4 and/or ANSI FCI 70-2 they may feature a leakage rate in closed position in compliance with the leakage classes II – V:\nLeakage class II (metal sealing double seat cone) = 0.5% Kvs value\nLeakage class III (metal sealing cone) = 0.1 % Kvs value\nLeakage class IV (PTFE seal cone) = 0.01 % Kvs value\nLeakage class V (soft seal cone) = 1.8 x 10-5 x Δp x D* [l/h]\nAny low leakage requirement must be expressly specified when ordering. Valve leakage can be considerably reduced by special measures such as lapping the valve seat, using special cone seals and increasing the control (diaphragm) surfaces.\nFor the purpose of installation, servicing and isolation of the valve, shut-off valves should be installed upstream and downstream of the pressure reducer. When closing the shut-off valves the upstream valve must always be closed first. A bypass line may be necessary to maintain emergency operation.\nStellited seat and cone\nIn the case of abrasive media or liquids with pressure drops (inlet pressure minus outlet pressure) of more than 25 bar the valve cone must be stellited; for pressure drops above 150 bar the seat must be stellited as well.\nIf toxic or hazardous media are used the valve must feature a sealed spring cap (including setting spindle seal) fitted with a leakage line connection. When the pressure reducer is installed on site a leakage line must be fitted capable of safely and pressureless draining the escaping medium in case the control valve should become defective.\nFor gases a pressure reducing valve can normally be fitted in horizontal pipelines with the spring cap at the bottom or at the top. Installation in vertical pipe runs is possible but can result in increased wear and loss of control accuracy owing to increased friction.\nIn the case of liquids a pressure reducer should be installed with the spring cover at the bottom. Thus gas traps upstream of the valve are avoided which would cause the valve to oscillate.\nFor steam a pressure reducer should likewise be installed with its spring cover at the bottom to protect the diaphragm against overheating by means of a layer of condensate. In case the valve must be emptied completely during operation (angle valves), it must be installed with the spring cap pointing upwards.\n1 Bypass for maintenance\n2 Shutoff Valves\n3 Strainer / Filter\n4 Pressure Gauge\n5 Safety Valve\n6 Pressure Reducer\n7 Sense Line\n8 Leakage Line\nPressure reducers should be started up and operated without pressure surges, if possible. A sudden operation of upstream or downstream valves should be avoided.\nIf a pressure reducer is installed in a steam plant the diaphragm water reservoir must be filled before the plant is started up. There must be no danger of overheating at the installation site caused by excessive ambient temperatures or insufficient heat dissipation. Pressure regulators must not be insolated.\nIn some cases an insulating of the body is permitted, but only with cast bodies. Never insulate diaphragm housing, mid section and spring cap (or open springs). Overheating caused by insulating destroys the elastomere of the control unit.\nMany steam generators send a lot of water through the piping together with the steam. Even an initial overheating can get lost through piping heat losses, so that the steam gets \"wet\". A piping speed of up to 25 m/s is normal for \"dry steam\", whilst wet steam already has the effect of a sandblasting machine at this speed, and the condensate and/or the water droplets eat holes into pipings and valve seats. In addition, water obstructs heat transition especially in heat exchangers. To avoid it, the water should be removed by a water trap, also called steam dryer, as quickly as possible and without steam losses.\nSetting the pressure\nPressure reducing valves are normally supplied by us with a relaxed spring. This means that a valve is set at the factory to the minimum outlet pressure. The required pressure should be set under operating conditions.\nPressure reducers must be cleaned and serviced regularly.\nValves free of oil and grease or silicone\nPlease pay attention to order an fit only spares free of oil and grease resp. free of silicone.\nPlease consult our engineer if extreme operating conditions apply or whenever you are in doubt.\nNotes on Safety, Operating Instruction etc. MUST be followed.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.rambabukushwaha.com.np/2023/07/04/cross-drainage-works-aqueduct-syphon-aqueduct-super-passage-canal-siphon-level-crossing/", "date": "2024-02-25T04:13:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00275.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9045655131340027, "token_count": 1957, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__110595125", "lang": "en", "text": "In irrigation projects, the construction of main canals, branch canals, and distributaries often requires crossing natural drainages such as rivers, streams, and nallahs within the project area. These crossings are inevitable, necessitating the construction of appropriate structures known as cross-drainage works. These works enable the smooth flow of water in both the canal and the drainage, ensuring uninterrupted water supply and efficient drainage disposal.\nImportance of Cross-Drainage Works:\nCross-drainage works play a crucial role in maintaining uninterrupted canal supply by effectively managing drainage water. Typically, the canal is either elevated or placed below the drainage level, although in some cases, they can be at the same level. Canals are generally aligned on watersheds to avoid drainage crossings. However, in the initial stretch of a main canal, it is often necessary to intercept several natural drainages flowing from the watershed to the river. Once the canal crosses the watershed, the need for cross-drainage works diminishes as the drainage originates from the watershed and flows away. However, in certain situations, when the canal deviates from the watershed, cross-drainage works become necessary to intercept drainages and ensure proper water flow.\nTypes of Cross-Drainage Works:\nCross-drainage works can be classified into three categories based on the relative positions of the canal and the drainage:\n1. Canal over the drainage:\n(a) Aqueduct: An aqueduct is a structure where the canal flows over the drainage, while the drainage flows below in an open channel. Similar to a road or railway bridge, the canal is carried over the drainage using a canal trough supported by piers. Aqueducts are constructed when the canal bed level is higher than the High Flood Level (H.F.L.) of the drainage.\n(b) Syphon aqueduct: In a syphon aqueduct, the canal is taken over the drainage, but the drainage water flows under syphonic action through a pipe. Syphon aqueducts are built when the H.F.L. of the drainage exceeds the canal bed level. By depressing the drainage bed or constructing an impervious floor at the crossing, a barrel is formed between piers to allow the drainage water to pass under pressure. Syphon aqueducts are preferred over aqueducts, despite being costlier.\n2. Canal below the drainage:\n(a) Superpassage: A superpassage involves taking the canal below the drainage, with open channel flow in the canal. This is the reverse of an aqueduct. A superpassage is required when the Full Supply Level (F.S.L.) of the canal is lower than the drainage bed level. The drainage water is channeled through a trough supported by piers constructed on the canal bed, allowing gravity-driven flow with atmospheric pressure.\n(b) Canal syphon: In a canal syphon, the canal is taken below the drainage, and the canal water flows under symphonic action without atmospheric pressure. It is the opposite of a syphon aqueduct. Canal syphons are constructed when the F.S.L. of the canal is above the drainage bed level, although they should be avoided due to head loss and potential silting issues.\n3. Canal at the same level as drainage:\n(a) Level crossing: A level crossing is established when the canal and the drainage are practically at the same level. In this arrangement, the drainage water is allowed to enter the canal at one bank and is discharged at the opposite bank. A crest wall across the drainage, with its crest level matching the F.S.L. of the canal, facilitates the passage of drainage water into the canal. Drainage and canal outflows are regulated.\n(b) Inlet and outlet: An inlet-outlet structure is provided when the drainage and the canal are almost at the same level, and the discharge in the drainage is small. The drainage water is admitted into the canal at a suitable site where the drainage bed is at the F.S.L. of the Canal. The excess water is discharged out the canal through an outlet provided on the canal at some distance downstream of junction. There are many disadvantages in use of inlet and outlet structure, because the drainage may pollute canal water and also the bank erosion may take place causing the deterioration of the canal structure so that maintenance costs are high. Hence, this type of structure is rarely constructed.\nSelection of a suitable type of cross-drainage work:\nThe following points should be considered while selecting the most suitable type of cross – drainage work:\n1. Relative levels and discharges: The relative levels and discharges of the canal and of the drainage mainly affect the type of cross – drainage work required. The following are the broad outlines:\nIf the canal bed level is sufficiently above the H.F.L of the drainage, an aqueduct may be provided.\nIf the F.S.L. of the canal is sufficiently below the bed level of the drainage, a super-passage is provided.\nIf the canal bed level is only slightly below the H.F.L. of the drainage, and the drainage is small, a syphon aqueduct is provided.\nIf the F.S.L. of the canal is slightly above the bed level of the drainage and the canal is of small size, a canal syphon is provided.\nIf the canal bed and the drainage bed are almost at the same level, a level crossing is provided when the discharge in the drainage is large, and an inlet-outlet structure is provi1ded when the discharge in the drainage is small.\n2. Performance: As far as possible, the structure having an open channel flow should be preferred to the structure having pipe flow. Therefore, an aqueduct should be preferred to a syphon aqueduct. Similarly, a super-passage should be preferred to a canal syphon. The performance of inlet-outlet structures is not good and should be avoided.\n3. Provision of road: A aqueduct is better than a super-passage because in the former, a road bridge can easily be provided along with the canal trough at a small extra cost, whereas in the latter, a separate bridge is required.\n4. Size of drainage: When the drainage is of small size, a syphon aqueduct will be preferred to an aqueduct as the latter involves high banks and long approaches. However, if the drainage is of large size, an aqueduct is preferred.\n5. Cost of earthwork: The type of cross-drainage work which does not involve a large quantity of earthwork should be preferred.\n6. Foundation: The type of cross-drainage work should be selected depending upon the foundation available at the site.\n7. Material of construction: Suitable types of material of construction in sufficient quantity should be available near the site for the particular type of cross – drainage work selected.\n8. Cost of construction and overall cost: The cost of construction of cross-drainage work should not be\n9. Subsoil water table: If the subsoil water table is high, the types of cross – drainage works which require deep excavation should be avoided.\n10. Permissible loss of head: The cross-drainage works should be selected based on the permissible loss of head. Where the head loss cannot be permitted, a canal syphon should be avoided.\n11. Canal alignment: The canal alignment is sometimes changed to achieve a better type of cross-drainage work. By changing the alignment, the type of cross- drainage work can be altered. The canal alignment is generally finalized after fixing the sites of the major cross – drainage works.\nSelection of site of a cross-drainage work:\nThe following points should be considered while selecting the site of a cross-drainage work:\n1. At the site, the drainage should cross the canal alignment at right angles. Such a site provides good flow conditions and also the cost of the structure is usually a minimum.\n2. The stream at the site should be stable and should have stable banks.\n3. For economical design and construction of foundations, a firm and strong sub-stratum should exist below the bed of the drainage at a reasonable depth.\n4. The site should be such that long and high approaches of the canal are not required.\n5. The length and height of the marginal banks and guide banks for the drainage should be small.\n6. In the case of an aqueduct, sufficient headway should be available between the canal trough and the H.F.L of the drainage.\n7. The water table at the site should not be high, because it can create dewatering problems for laying foundations.\n8. As far as possible, the site should be selected downstream of the confluence of two streams, thereby avoiding the necessity of construction of two structures.\n9. The possibility of diverting one stream into another stream upstream of the canal crossing should be considered, if found feasible.\n10. A cross-drainage work should be combined with a bridge, if required. If necessary, the bridge site can be shifted to a cross-drainage structure or vice-versa.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.dredgehose.com/dredgehose/index.html", "date": "2023-09-23T10:36:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00021.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9445083141326904, "token_count": 153, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__148771840", "lang": "en", "text": "Dredge hose is mainly used for the suction and discharge of seawater, slurry, silt and sand. Besides, it is used for flood discharge.\nSeawater dredge hose is mainly used for the suction and discharge of seawater, because its cover is made from corrosive resistant neoprene.\nSilt dredge hose is widely used in the dredging projects, such as port and shipping lane construction, port maintenance and land reclamation.\nSand dredge hose is widely used for the suction and discharge of sand, which is for the cleaning of river, lake and sea.\nFlood discharge dredge hose has excellent rigidity for its special reinforcement, avoiding the problems of lining protrusion and vortex flow.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://longvalley.metridyne.com/graphs/long-valley-diversions/", "date": "2024-02-27T22:23:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00815.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9403529167175293, "token_count": 173, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__136089387", "lang": "en", "text": "The data displayed in the above graph is generated by averaging the stage height of the canal flume once per minute over a period of one hour. The hourly average flow (or discharge) is then calculated by looking up the flow, based on stage height, in the station’s weir rating table.\nDiurnal (daily) fluctuations may show up in these graphs. This is likely related to the water consumed by the plants/trees in the riparian zone. Each day when the sun begins to shine the streamside vegetation lowers the water table. Since there is less water in the system available for diversion when this occurs, a drop in the water flows in the canal diversions shows up in the graphs. The delay in the lowering of water flows is caused by the time it takes to deplete, and refill, the water table each day.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.aurecongroup.co.za/en/expertise/water-resources-management.aspx", "date": "2014-12-18T05:47:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765616.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00027-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9041376113891602, "token_count": 452, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-52__0__175393307", "lang": "en", "text": "The sustainable management of our water resources is an increasingly important challenge for subcontinents, countries and communities. With the future reliability of water resources at stake, it is essential to understand the complex issues underpinning the planning, development and implementation of water resources for the sustainable benefit of communities, industry, agriculture and the environment.\nAurecon’s experience in water resources management spans several decades. We appreciate the need for innovative, integrated, multi-disciplinary solutions to address water resources management and our services encompass all project phases, from conception through to implementation and operation.\nIncreased water demand from communities and industry, coupled with growing uncertainty in supply due to projected climate change impacts, presents a significant challenge to our clients’ business operations. Aurecon’s water professionals possess a deep understanding of the water cycle and offer a complete range of engineering and scientific services to help clients optimise the sustainable management of their water resources in an integrated manner and in the face of mounting uncertainty.\nOur highly experienced engineers and scientists provide support and skills to water authorities, government, local councils, and other organisations with water resource assets to plan, design, construct or manage, in widely varying geographies, economic development needs and scales. We strive to combine innovative thinking with constructive project delivery models to deliver cost-effective solutions to our clients.\nSome key areas of water resource planning for which Aurecon provides specialist services include:\n- Catchment, allocation and drought modelling\n- Environmental flow requirements for rivers and estuaries\n- Flood management and hazard assessment\n- Groundwater and aquifer management\n- Hydraulic analysis and design\n- International and trans-boundary river systems management\n- Irrigation systems planning, design and optimisation\n- Management of mining and industrial water\n- Monitoring and information management\n- Policy development assistance\n- Stormwater and urban drainage\n- Strategy, planning and management\n- Sustainability assessments and advice\n- Water resource infrastructure feasibility studies and development planning\n- Water demand and loss management measures\n- Water quality modelling and assessments\n- Water re-use, recycling and conservation management plans\n- Water use evaluation, allocation and optimisation\n- Water supply for developing communities\n- Waterways and catchment management.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.calcunation.com/calculators/machinery/fluid%20power/cylinder-force.php", "date": "2015-11-28T16:34:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453576.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00168-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7983333468437195, "token_count": 298, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__172948371", "lang": "en", "text": "On a double-acting cylinder the push force (extension) exerted is\ncalculated by multiplying the piston area at the base of the rod by\nthe pressure acting on the piston area.\nThe pull force (retraction) is calculated by mutiplying the\nannulus area on the rod end by the pressure acting on it.\nThe annulus is the difference between the total piston area and\nthe rod area.\nTo find the extension force of a cylinder, use the cylinder force formula:\nPSI = Pressure (Pounds per Square Inch)\nr = Radius\nPiston Area = (Pi X r2)\nTo find the retraction force of a cylinder, use the\ncylinder retraction force formula:\nRetraction Force (lbs) = (Piston Area - Rod Area) x PSI\nExample: For a double-acting cylinder with a piston radius\nof 2 inches,\na rod radius of 1 inch, 2000 psi supplied to the base on extension,\nand 2500 psi supplied to the rod end for retraction:\nExtension Force = (3.1416 x 22) x 2000 psi\nExtension Force = 25,132.8 lbs\nRetraction Force = Annulus x 2500 psi\nAnnulus = (3.1416 x 22) - (3.1416 x 12) =\nRetraction Force = 23,562 lbs\n(rounded to the nearest 10,000th)", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://english.martabafm.com/president-buhari-to-commission-multi-billion-naira-water-expansion-project-in-bauchi/", "date": "2023-06-09T14:00:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656737.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609132648-20230609162648-00493.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9246522784233093, "token_count": 202, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__25941314", "lang": "en", "text": "Nigeria’s President, Muhammadu Buhari (GCFR) will visit Bauchi State on Thursday, 19th May, 2022 to commission Bauchi Water Expansion Project.\nIt could be recalled that Governor Bala Mohammed had in 2019 flagged off the rehabilitation and expansion of water supply facilities in Bauchi metropolis.\nThe multi billion naira project was designed to ensure affordable and sustainable access to water services to all consumers within areas of coverage, in addition to activating water facilities to ensure effective water supply across the state.\nMajor components of the project include the rehabilitation of Gubi Dam, rehabilitation and expansion of Gubi Water treatment plant and replacement of Tx mains from Gubi Dam-Warinji and Buzaye Reservoir.\nOthers are extension of 100km main distribution network construction of 500mm mains Gubi Dam junction to the Reservoir at Buzaye Hills and construction of 7000m3 concrete reservoir at Warinji hills among others.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://quenchwater.com/local/houston-water-cooler-service/", "date": "2021-01-15T13:47:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703495901.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115134101-20210115164101-00081.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9461185336112976, "token_count": 373, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__251286343", "lang": "en", "text": "Houston Water Quality: Yesterday\nEarly settlers of Houston relied on a variety of water sources including “pure, cold, and wholesome water” from Beauchamp Springs, which was delivered to residents for 75 cents per 30 gallons; cisterns to catch rain water for household use; shallow wells; or bayou water stored in barrels. However, as the city grew these water sources could not keep up with demand. After the City Market Fire of 1878, Houston City Council sought new water sources and built a water works facility that pumped water from the Buffalo Bayou. But the population continued to burgeon, and the new water works couldn’t provide adequate water pressure to serve the city’s widening footprint. City planners found a source of seemingly unlimited pure water only 180 feet underneath Houston in 1887 when a resident drilled an artesian well and discovered the third largest underground reservoir in the U.S.\nEven so, Houston grew so rapidly in the first half of the twentieth century that in emergency situations, Buffalo Bayou water had to be pumped through the mains and mingled with the groundwater to provide enough water pressure to fight fires. Residents began to suspect that Buffalo Bayou water was secretly being used to supplement the drinking water supply, calling their tap water “tar water.” It wasn’t until 1906 when the City of Houston began to restore resident’s confidence in their water supplies, by drilling new wells instead of pumping Buffalo Bayou water.\nAfter WWII, Houston city officials began to develop longer-range water solutions from surface water sources. In 1953, City engineers constructed a dam across the San Jacinto River to create Lake Houston. The City of Houston also holds a percentage of the water rights to Lake Livingston (constructed in 1969) and Lake Conroe (constructed in 1973).", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://finnpartnership.fi/en/matchmaking/jinj-ltd/", "date": "2024-02-29T11:53:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474808.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229103115-20240229133115-00775.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9068335294723511, "token_count": 206, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__65082777", "lang": "en", "text": "Other company information\nCertifications/quality standardsISO 9001:2008, Armenian licenses\nNumber of employees10-49\nAnnual turnover0.5-2 million €\nAnnual balance sheet total0.5-2 million €\nAlready engaged in international businessYes\nPercentage of international business50 % or more\nThe company is specialized in engineering and consulting services in water sector projects. They are searching for Finnish partners for joint participation in water sector projects in Armenia and CIS countries.\nCurrently the company is especially interested in finding a Finnish partner that is involved in wastewater treatment technologies for the reduction of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in domestic wastewater of small communities.\nThe company’s Water and Sanitation sector projects related services include:\n- Feasibility Studies\n- Preliminary and Detailed Design Development\n- Environmental and Social Impact Assessment\n- Technical Supervision\n- Capacity Building\nMarkets and customers\nThe customers so far have been water supply and wastewater companies as well as international financing organizations.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://heavenlybloomsblog.com/gardening-techniques-glossary/infiltration-basins/", "date": "2024-04-20T15:43:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817670.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420153103-20240420183103-00800.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9182643294334412, "token_count": 772, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__93046464", "lang": "en", "text": "I. What is an infiltration basin?\nAn infiltration basin is a type of stormwater management system that is designed to capture and absorb rainwater runoff. It is typically a shallow depression in the ground that is filled with gravel, sand, or other porous materials that allow water to seep into the ground. Infiltration basins are commonly used in urban areas to help reduce flooding and erosion caused by stormwater runoff.\nII. How do infiltration basins work?\nInfiltration basins work by capturing rainwater runoff from impervious surfaces such as roofs, driveways, and sidewalks. The water is directed into the basin, where it is allowed to slowly infiltrate into the ground. This helps to recharge groundwater supplies and reduce the amount of water that flows into storm drains and waterways.\nIII. What are the benefits of using infiltration basins in gardening?\nUsing infiltration basins in gardening can provide a number of benefits. These include:\n– Reducing flooding: By capturing and absorbing rainwater runoff, infiltration basins can help prevent flooding in your garden.\n– Recharging groundwater: Infiltration basins allow water to seep into the ground, helping to recharge groundwater supplies.\n– Improving soil quality: The water that infiltrates into the ground can help to improve soil quality by providing moisture and nutrients to plants.\n– Reducing erosion: By capturing and absorbing rainwater runoff, infiltration basins can help reduce erosion in your garden.\nIV. How to design and install an infiltration basin in your garden?\nTo design and install an infiltration basin in your garden, follow these steps:\n1. Choose a location: Select a spot in your garden that is prone to flooding or erosion.\n2. Dig a basin: Dig a shallow depression in the ground that is at least 6 inches deep.\n3. Line the basin: Line the basin with a geotextile fabric to prevent soil from clogging the drainage system.\n4. Fill the basin: Fill the basin with gravel, sand, or other porous materials that allow water to seep into the ground.\n5. Direct runoff: Direct rainwater runoff from impervious surfaces into the basin using gutters or downspouts.\n6. Monitor drainage: Check the drainage system regularly to ensure that water is infiltrating into the ground properly.\nV. How to maintain an infiltration basin?\nTo maintain an infiltration basin in your garden, follow these tips:\n– Remove debris: Regularly remove leaves, twigs, and other debris from the basin to prevent clogging.\n– Check drainage: Monitor the drainage system to ensure that water is infiltrating into the ground properly.\n– Inspect lining: Check the geotextile lining for signs of wear or damage and repair as needed.\n– Add mulch: Add a layer of mulch to the basin to help retain moisture and prevent erosion.\n– Monitor plant growth: Keep an eye on plant growth in and around the basin to ensure that they are not obstructing the drainage system.\nVI. What are some tips for maximizing the effectiveness of infiltration basins in gardening?\nTo maximize the effectiveness of infiltration basins in gardening, consider the following tips:\n– Size appropriately: Make sure that the basin is large enough to capture and absorb the amount of rainwater runoff in your garden.\n– Use native plants: Plant native vegetation in and around the basin to help absorb excess water and prevent erosion.\n– Incorporate a rain garden: Combine an infiltration basin with a rain garden to further enhance stormwater management in your garden.\n– Consider overflow options: Install overflow outlets to prevent flooding in case the basin becomes overwhelmed during heavy rainfall.\n– Regular maintenance: Keep the basin clean and well-maintained to ensure optimal performance and longevity.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.svwd.org/news/post/424/", "date": "2023-06-07T19:56:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654012.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607175304-20230607205304-00110.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9274709820747375, "token_count": 137, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__256987755", "lang": "en", "text": "Newsletter: System flushing happens this month\nPublished on March 09, 2022\nWater mains are underground pipelines that distribute water to various users including residences, businesses and fire hydrants. Although the water entering the mains meets all state and federal standards, the pipelines must be regularly maintained to avoid deterioration of water quality.\nWater main flushing is the process of cleaning or “scouring” the inside of the pipes by sending a high-velocity flow of water through the system. This is conducted by opening hydrants and releasing water at the speed of up to 5 feet per second to remove deposits built up inside the mains.\nMore: District News", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/projects/zhejianggreenurbanpro-zhejiang-green-urban-project-shengzhou-urban-and/", "date": "2022-06-29T21:31:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00490.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8877891302108765, "token_count": 390, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__24888518", "lang": "en", "text": "According to the bank document, Project objectives are to upgrade the urban and rural water supply and sewage facilities and to enhance the economic efficiency of water resources and the effectiveness of water management system in Shengzhou through financing the construction of four water supply plants, three sewage treatment plants, associated pipelines and a smart water management center, thereby fostering socio-economic development of Shengzhou Municipality.\nThe Project has four components: (i) construction of water supply plants and pipelines;\n(ii) construction of sewage treatment plants and pipelines;\n(iii) smart water management center;\n(iv) capacity building and project management.\nThe NDB loan through the modality of Sovereign Project Loan will be used by the People's Republic of China for on-lending to the People's Government of Shengzhou Municipality through the People's Government of Zhejiang Province.\nThe total cost of the Project is estimated to be RMB 1,868 billion. NDB will finance RMB 825 million, accounting for 44% of the total cost. The remaining balance will be financed by counterpart funds from Shengzhou Municipal Government and Shengzhou Water Group Co, and loans from domestic banks.\nNew Development Bank RMB 825 million (US$ 116 million)\nShengzhou Municipal Government RMB 100 million (US$ 14 million)\nShengzhou Water Group Co RMB 273 million (US$ 38.2 million)\nDomestic Bank RMB 670 million (US$ 94 million)\nThe Project is estimated to be implemented over five years. People’s Government of Shengzhou Municipality will be the Project Implementation Agency. Contractors for the Project will be selected through a competitive and transparent bidding process.\n*There is no further information being disclosed at this stage of the project*\nFor further information, comments or suggestions please reach out to us at email@example.com.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://fabtekaero.com/boiler-feeds/aert-and-aercs-series/", "date": "2023-10-03T01:29:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511023.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002232712-20231003022712-00758.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9105952978134155, "token_count": 144, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__40942292", "lang": "en", "text": "Fabtek’s AERT and AERCS Series deliver high-efficiency operation by combining the latest concepts in the hydraulic turbine pump design with precision computer-controlled manufacturing. This series brings together high discharge pressure of displacement designs with the flexible operation of centrifugal pumps.\nThe AERT and AERCS Series pumps deliver high-efficiency operation with increased quality and overall value. Costs are controlled by highly optimized pump designs and efficient manufacturing processes, thereby giving you top-of-the-line pumps at a reasonable price.\nShould maintenance ever be required, costs are kept to a minimum by combining an easily serviceable design with the use of heavy-duty, high-quality components to provide a long service life.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.sumppumpguru.com/how-to-install-or-replace-a-check-valve-for-your-sump-pump/", "date": "2023-03-20T22:45:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00212.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9038776755332947, "token_count": 601, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__231012018", "lang": "en", "text": "A check valve on a sump pump is a one-way valve that allows water to flow in one direction, preventing it from flowing back into the sump pit. If the check valve is not functioning properly, it can cause the pump to run continuously or fail to pump water out of the pit effectively. Here are the steps for replacing a check valve on a sump pump:\n- Shut off the power to the sump pump. This is an important safety step, as working on the pump while it is powered can be dangerous.\n- Locate the check valve. The check valve is usually located near the outlet of the sump pump, between the pump and the discharge pipe.\n- Disconnect the check valve. Depending on the type of check valve you have, you may need to loosen a clamp or unscrew a fitting to disconnect it from the pump and the discharge pipe.\n- Remove the old check valve. Carefully pull the old check valve out of the discharge pipe and set it aside.\n- Install the new check valve. Slide the new check valve into the discharge pipe and secure it in place according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Make sure the arrow on the check valve is pointing in the direction of water flow.\n- Reconnect the check valve to the pump and discharge pipe. Tighten any fittings or clamps to secure the check valve in place.\n- Test the sump pump. Fill the sump pit with water and turn on the pump to make sure it is working properly.\nReplacing a check valve on a sump pump requires some basic plumbing skills and knowledge. If you are not comfortable with this type of work, it is recommended to hire a licensed plumber to handle the replacement.\nSump pumps usually last for years without any significant problems if given proper attention to it. When problems do occur, don’t panic. Sump pumps are relatively easy to repair. Most of the sump pump repairs can be done by yourself.\nLet’s take a look at how to install or replace a check valve for your sump pump.\nInstalling a new sump pump check valve\nTo install a new valve, slide one flexible coupling over the pipe that connects to the pump and another over the pipe that connects to the drain. Insert the valve with the direction-of-flow arrow facing away from the pump. To reinstall a valve after reversing its direction of flow, slide the coupling over the pipe stubs on the valve and tighten the straps.\nAdding a sump pump check valve\nTo add a check valve to a line that doesn’t have one, purchase a valve no smaller in diameter than the existing drain pipe and any required couplings or adapters. Use a hacksaw or pipe cutter to cut out a section of pipe to accommodate them. Deburr the cut edges with a metal file or utility knife.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.estatecentre.co.ke/list-of-the-biggest-dams-in-africa/", "date": "2024-03-03T09:40:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476211.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303075134-20240303105134-00383.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9480612277984619, "token_count": 1743, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__64207065", "lang": "en", "text": "Dams have been a part of man’s life for a very long time. Dams have been used to retain water in rivers for irrigation and to meet other domestic needs. More recently, dams have been used to drive industrial growth and to light homes due to additional energy needs. Due to rising numbers and increased industrialization, Africa has experienced a scarcity of resources. The African continent has seen an increase in the construction of massive dams to supply water more regularly and to generate hydroelectric power. Most dams are located along the Nile specifically in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is located in a mountainous region with plenty of rivers ideal for construction, earning the nickname Africa’s water tower. This article is a list of Africa’s biggest dams.\nBiggest dams in Africa\n- The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)\n- Gilgel Gibe III Dam\n- Kariba Dam\n- Merowe Dam\n- Katse Dam\n- Aswan High Dam\n- Cahora Basa Dam\n- Inga Dams\n- Tekeze Dam\n- Akosombo Dam\n- Kainji Dam\n1. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)\nThe dam is Ethiopia’s most massive project to date, costing about $6.4 billion, making the dam Africa’s largest dam generating a massive 6000MW of electricity. The dam is located on the Blue Nile and construction work began in 2011. The main dam makes use of roller-compacted concrete (RCC) which is a mixture of normal concrete and flies ash. The technology uses less water, making the mix drier and without any slump. It is delivered by truck and spread out by bulldozers before being compacted by vibratory rollers. The Dam will be the largest in Africa upon completion, about 1,800m long, 155m high and will have a total volume of 74,000 million cubic meters. The dam has a 15000 cubic meters per second spillway and a rockfill saddle dam that is 5km long and 50 meters high. The generating capacity of the dam will be from 16 Francis turbines located in 2 power stations situated on either bank of the river producing 15000GWh annually. The dam will also be capable of handling a flood of 19,370 cubic meters per second, reducing alluvium in Sudan by 100 million cubic meters, and also facilitating irrigation of around 500,000 ha of new agricultural lands. The dam will also reduce about 40km of flooding in Sudan.\n2. Gibe III Dam\nOur list of the biggest dams in Africa is not complete without mentioning this dam located across the Omo River in Ethiopia. The RCC dam is 243m high with an associated hydroelectric power plant. It will be the third-largest dam in Africa upon completion. It will have a power output of about 1870MW. The Gibe III dam is part of the Gibe Series of dams and there are plans for Gibe IV (1472MW) and Gibe V (560MW) dams.\n3. Tekeze Dam\nThis dam is Africa’s tallest arch dam. It is a double curvature arch dam located on the border of the Amhara and Tigray region of Ethiopia. The dam is situated on the Tekeze River, a tributary of the Nile that flows through one of the world’s deepest canyons globally. The 188m Tekeze Dam is Africa’s largest double-curvature dam. The powerhouse contains four 75MW turbines generating 300MW of electricity.\n4. Kariba Dam\nThe dam stands at 128 meters (420ft) and is 579m (1,900ft) long. The dam is the world’s biggest man-made reservoir. It forms Lake Kariba which extends for 280Km (170 mi) and holds 185 cubic kilometers of water. Plans to rehabilitate the dam began in 2014 after experts advised that it should be repaired after cracks appeared on its walls. The experts warned that Africa’s largest man-made lake would measure 226Km long and in some places is 40Km wide, would collapse if no action was taken to repair it. Rehabilitation works on the project include; reshaping of the plunge pool downstream of the dam wall, which started in 2017, and rehabilitation of the spillway. It consists of six gates in the upper part of the concrete dam wall through which the ZRA releases water into the plunge pool to manage the reservoir water levels. The Kariba dam rehabilitation project will ensure that the dam can operate at its full capacity to international standards and the installed power generation capacity of 1830 MW.\n5. Merowe Dam\nDownstream on the Nile less than a decade ago, Sudan completed the Merowe Dam which has a length of about 9Km and a crest of up to 67m. It consists of concrete-faced rockfill dams on each river bank. The planned generating capacity for the dam is 1250MW from 10 Francis turbines each with a capacity of 125MW.\n6. Katse Dam\nIt is located in South Africa and was created to alleviate South Africa’s water crisis. The dam is a concrete arch dam on the Malibamat’so River in Lesotho. The dam is Africa’s second-largest double-curvature arch dam, after Tekeze Dam, and is part of the Lesotho Highland Water Project, which will eventually include five large dams in remote areas. The dam is below the confluence of the Bokong River, which forms the western arm of the Katse reservoir. Water from the dam travels through a 45Km, 4m diameter tunnel, exiting at a hydroelectric station near Muela. The high elevation of the dam allows a gravity floe delivery system to South Africa, in addition to hydroelectric power for Lesotho, and was one of the main reasons the site was chosen.\n7. Aswan High Dam\nIt is located near its namesake city in Southern Egypt. The Aswan High Dam ranks as the continent’s second-largest dam. It is built across the Nile and is the largest embankment dam in the world. The dam produces 2,100MW of electricity and has a height of 11 meters and a length of 4Km. Powering twelve generators, each at a rate of 175MW, to produce 2,100MW.\n8. Cahora Basa Dam\nIt is one of Zambezi River’s two major dams. The Cahora Bassa Dam is the largest hydropower plant in Southern Africa. Power is generated through five 415MW turbines for a combined capacity of 2,070MW. Most of the power generated from this dam is exported to South Africa through the Cahora Bassa high voltage direct current (HVDC) line system, with two conversion stations in Songo, Mozambique, and Apollo, South Africa.\n9. Inga Dams\nIt is comprised of two single dams, Inga 1 (351MW) and Inga II (1424MW). Dams in the Democratic Republic of Congo currently operate at a combined capacity of 1,775MW. Built on Inga Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in the world, the hydroelectric dams currently work at merely half their potential capacity. Expansion of the dam has generated interest from nations and power companies in the pursuit of a Grand Inga project estimated to cost $80 billion which would make it the largest power station in the world with a capacity of up to 70 GW.\n10. Akosombo Dam\nIt is located at Lake Volta, in Southeastern Ghana. The dam draws its hydropower from the world’s largest man-made lake with a surface area of 8,502 square Km. Initially, it was constructed to provide security for the country’s aluminum industry. The power plant currently has an installed capacity of 1020MW and provides electricity to Ghana, Togo, and Benin.\n11. Kainji Dam\nIt is built on the Niger River in Nigeria, the Kainji Dam provides electricity to all of the west-African countries’ major cities. Despite the intention of designing a dam with an installed capacity of 960MW, only eight of the proposed twelve turbines have been installed, reducing the plant’s capacity to 760MW. The Kainji Dam has a length of 10Km and is one of the world’s longest dams.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.dawsoncreek.ca/2014/invitation-to-bid-2014-06-railway-bypass-trunk-sewer/", "date": "2020-07-14T09:18:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149819.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714083206-20200714113206-00100.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9011164307594299, "token_count": 487, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__205091379", "lang": "en", "text": "Tender No. 2014-06 Railway Bypass Trunk Sewer awarded to Timbro Contracting (A Partnership) for $5,725,549.20. This price does not include taxes.\nThe City of Dawson Creek invites tenders for construction of a new sanitary sewer and syphon. The sanitary sewer will divert sewage flows from existing sewer systems directly to the treatment plant. The scope of the work comprises construction of approximately:\n• 204 m of 250 mm dia.,\n• 400 m of 300 mm dia.,\n• 330 m of 375 mm dia.,\n• 900 m of 450 mm dia., and\n• 630 m of 600 mm dia.\nIn addition to:\n• Construction of DR 35 PVC sanitary sewers complete with 29 manholes of various diameters,\n• reconnection of existing sanitary services,\n• construction of diversion and flushing chambers, and\n• connection to the existing sewage lagoon.\nAdditionally there is approximately 2,470 meters of 600 mm dia. of HDPE syphon complete with nine cleanouts and one syphon drainage manhole. Within these works, approximately 2,930 meters of the gravity sanitary sewer and syphon is constructed on Canadian National (CN) lands complete with two railway crossings requiring jacking pits and carrier pipe crossings of approximately 40 and 60 meters in length respectively. The works include pipeline testing, asphalt, boulevard restoration and associated appurtenances.\nThe City’s scheduled date for substantial completion is October 1, 2014. All prices shall be good for the completion of the work.\nAn optional tenderer’s site meeting will be held on March 19, 2014 at 1:00 pm local time at Dawson Creek City Hall, 10105 – 12A Street, Dawson Creek, BC.\nSealed bids clearly marked “City of Dawson Creek – Railway Bypass Trunk Sewer”, will be received prior to April 2, 2014 at 2:00 p.m., local time, at the following address and location:\nCity of Dawson Creek\n10105 – 12A Street\nDawson Creek, BC V1G 3V7\nAttention: Shawn Dahlen, Deputy Director of Infrastructure & Sustainable Development\nTender forms, plans and specifications are available electronically on MERX at www.merx.com", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://worldnewswire.net/2023/11/18/what-you-should-know-about-self-loader-concrete-mixer-with-pump/", "date": "2023-12-07T06:39:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00355.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9162853956222534, "token_count": 588, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__262638301", "lang": "en", "text": "Self loader concrete mixer with pump refers a combination of self loader concrete mixer and stationary concrete pump. So it has function of mixing and pumping concrete.\nPreparation step: after the self loader concrete mixer truck arrives at the construction site, the operator inspects and prepares the equipment. It includes checking the quality of the concrete in the mixing tank, lubricating the transfer pump, checking the hydraulic system, etc.\nMixing step: the driver in cab of self loader concrete mixer operates the functions of self loading, mixing and unloading. At the same time, the self loader will automatically calculate and add the appropriate amount of cement, sand, gravel and other raw materials according to the preset ratio.\nPumping step: after mixing is complete, self loader concrete mixer will discharge the concrete into the stationary concrete pump. The pump will transport the concrete through high-pressure pipelines to the construction site.\nPouring step: during the pumping process, the operator can adjust the pressure and flow rate of the delivery pump as needed to ensure the concrete can be transported smoothly to the designated location. At the same time, operators also need to monitor the quality and mix ratio of concrete to ensure the stability of the concrete.\nCleaning step: after finishing the pour, the operator needs to clean the self loading concrete mixer with pump, including drum mixer, pump and high-pressure pipelines.\nHigh efficiency: the combination of self loader concrete mixer and stationary concrete pump can mix, transport and pump concrete, reducing the multiple transfers and pumping steps in traditional construction methods and greatly improving construction efficiency.\nHigh quality: due to the self loader concrete mixer with pump can prepare high-quality concrete immediately at the construction site, so it can avoid problems such as concrete segregation and bleeding caused by long-distance transportation, ensuring the quality of the concrete.\nSpace saving: compared with traditional concrete production and delivery equipment, the self loader concrete mixer with pump can greatly reduce the space occupied by the equipment and is suitable for construction sites with limited space.\nHigh reliability: self loader concrete mixer with pump has a high degree of automation, simple operation and convenient maintenance, so it can greatly improve the reliability and service life of the equipment.\nEnergy saving and environmental protection: the self loader concrete mixer with pump can greatly reduce the frequency of the use of transport vehicles, thereby reducing exhaust emissions, which is beneficial to energy saving and environmental protect.\nSelf loader concrete mixer with pump is mainly used in construction project, road and bridge, water conservancy, municipal projects and large-scale infrastructure construction projects. The advantage is that it can provide high-quality concrete and quickly and conveniently, save manpower and materials resources, and improve construction efficiency.\nIn summary, the self loader concrete mixer with pump from LT Group is an efficient, high-quality, space-saving, reliable, energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and has broad application prospects in engineering construction.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.bucyrustelegraphforum.com/story/news/2021/12/17/u-s-army-corps-engineers-help-fund-crestline-wastewater-plant/8927430002/", "date": "2023-03-26T06:15:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945433.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326044821-20230326074821-00627.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9619385600090027, "token_count": 402, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__40848087", "lang": "en", "text": "Crestline will receive $1M from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for new wastewater plant\nCRESTLINE — The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will provide more than $1 million toward construction of the village's new wastewater treatment plant, pump station and force main.\nThe Corps' Buffalo District entered into an agreement with the village in November to provide $1,075,000 in partial funding assistance toward the project's design and construction, the Corps announced in a news release Thursday.\nThe village plans to construct a new separate treatment train, and to replace the Park Road Pump Station and force main. The total project cost is estimated at $14.2 million.\nIn October, the village learned it would receive a $5 million Ohio BUILDS initiative grant for the project.\nIn part because of limited capacity at the treatment plant, Crestline experiences sanitary sewer overflows on a regular basis during wet weather, according to the Army Corps of Engineers' news release. The existing plant was completed in 1948 and its equipment and infrastructure have exceeded their useful service lives.\n\"The Park Road Pump Station is frequently clogged by large debris and requires costly maintenance each time this occurs,\" the news release states. \"The new pump station work will include approximately 3,500 linear feet of 12-inch force main to the treatment plant.\"\nThe goal is to break ground next year, probably in the fall, and have the plant up and running by December 2024, Crestline Mayor Linda Horning Pitt said previously. The new plant will be built at the same site, 1000 Westgate Drive, to the east of the existing structure.\n“We’re pleased to partner with the Village of Crestline in taking on the problems of aging infrastructure and protecting the environment,” Lt. Col. Eli Adams, commander of the Buffalo District, said in the news release.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://billsplumbingandsewer.com/different-types-of-domestic-water-pumps/", "date": "2024-02-22T22:18:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00060.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9306400418281555, "token_count": 765, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__57450859", "lang": "en", "text": "Domestic water pumps are used to draw water for domestic purposes and supply water to households at a lower force. However, despite how vital domestic water pumps are, most homeowners do not know much about them. Thus, to give homeowners a better idea of the different types of domestic water pumps, we have compiled some useful facts about them.\nShallow well pumps\n- Shallow well pumps are easy to install and maintain.\n- These pumps are used in rural areas to draw water from shallow wells.\n- They have a suction height of up to 8 meters, which enables high suction performance.\nSelf-priming regenerative pumps\n- Self-filling regenerative pumps have blades rotating inside the pump, so the water recirculates back to the impeller base instead of draining.\n- Re-priming helps the pump remove air from the pipes, which makes it ideal for use in pipelines.\n- They do not need an additional foot valve, thanks to their recirculation mechanism.\n- Submersible pumps have a hidden motor and are submerged underwater or pumped liquid.\n- These pumps are very efficient and are primarily used in wells.\n- After they are immersed in water, these pumps do not need priming.\n- Since they are quiet, these pumps do not require cavitation.\n- Water pressure prevents the engine from overheating and reduces energy consumption.\n- There are two types of submersible pumps – submersible pumps with tubes that are suitable for wells and submersible pumps with open wells.\n- Centrifugal pumps offer high efficiency.\n- They use centrifugal force to transport water and are operated by an electric motor.\n- These pumps use one or more rotors.\n- They have high discharge rates and can easily handle a substantial amount of liquid flow.\n- They can efficiently pump low viscosity liquids. The thicker the viscosity of the fluid being pumped, the lower the pump’s utility and higher the energy consumption.\n- They can be used to store clean water that is free of chemicals and solid contaminants.\n- They are ideal for supplying water to homes and lawn sprinklers, filling swimming pools, irrigating small areas, emptying wells and tanks, etc.\n- The pump needs to be supported by a foot valve and the correct impeller type.\nBorewell compressor pumps\n- Borewell pumps are durable and consume little energy.\n- These pumps are designed to pump water from wells that are as deep as 600 feet.\n- Air pressure is used to pump up the water, which is supplied periodically.\n- They do not need to be supported by a foot valve.\n- These pumps are divided into two categories: monoblock and belt-driven.\nPressure booster pumps\n- Hydrophore pumps are primarily used in homes to increase the pressure of the water supply.\n- Different pumps use different pressure levels, so choose the right one as too much pressure can damage the hydraulic system.\n- Although easy to install, they are comprehensive devices made up of a pump, motor, valves, and sensor for maximum comfort.\n- These pumps are installed in areas of very low water pressure.\n- They should be stored in places where they are not exposed to freezing temperatures.\n- A pressure tank equipped with this pump can maintain a constant water pressure through all the pipes.\nIf you still do not understand where, how, or why these pumps are installed, do not fret. Let the professionals identify if you require them or not. Get your free estimate for pump installation in Winnetka, IL, or contact us for more information about the services we offer at Bill’s Plumbing & Sewer Inc.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://plumbinghubcanada.ca/products/apollo-valves-3610301", "date": "2023-03-28T17:44:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948868.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328170730-20230328200730-00765.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7246301174163818, "token_count": 231, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__179518404", "lang": "en", "text": "Ships in 1-2 days\nApollo Valves 3610301 - 1/2\" NPT 36 Series Single Union Pressure Reducing Valve, 25-75 PSI, Bronze Body.\nApollo 36 Series Pressure Reducing Valves are designed to protect residential and commercial water distribution systems by controlling excessive pressures. The valves are built for long reliable service with proven ASTM grade materials including a bronze body and stainless steel strainer.\n- Corrosion Resistant Bronze Body and Bonnet.\n- 100% Factory Tested, Preset to 50 psi (-01).\n- Control Pressure Ranges is 25-75 psi (standard).\n- Integral SS Strainer.\n- Balanced Piston Design.\n- Internal thermal expansion bypass.\n- Multiple connection options.\n- Optional pressure gauge or tapping.\n- 100% manufactured in USA.\n- Maximum supply pressure up to 300 psig.\n- Temperature range 33°F – 180°F.\n- APPROVALS: ASSE 1003, CSA B356.\n- SKU: Apollo Valves 3610301", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://smartvalve.co.uk/transient-pressure/", "date": "2022-05-23T11:48:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558015.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523101705-20220523131705-00409.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9615733027458191, "token_count": 225, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__228666687", "lang": "en", "text": "A transient is used to refer to any pressure wave that is short lived (i.e. not static pressure or pressure differential due to friction/minor loss in flow). The most common occurrence of this is called water hammer in a pipe network, when a valve or pump is suddenly shut off, the water flowing in an adjacent pipe is suddenly forced to stop. A region of high pressure builds up immediately behind said valve or pump and a region of low pressure forms in front of it. The momentum of the water is suddenly transferred into the fitting and Newton’s Third Law kicks in growing the high-pressure region of water as it all “piles up” in the pipe. This high pressure region then travels back along the pipe in the form of a wave. The border of the high-pressure zone is referred to as a pressure wave, or transient.\nTransients are often misunderstood and not accounted for in the design of water distribution systems and are often the cause of (or a contributing factor to) hydraulic element failures (i.e. pipe breaks, pump/valve failures, etc.).", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://heil2owatersolutions.com/products/the-bubbler", "date": "2018-10-18T11:24:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511806.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018105742-20181018131242-00202.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9308005571365356, "token_count": 129, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__162798398", "lang": "en", "text": "An elevated water tank having an improved means of preventing ice formation. The water tank is provided with an air supply line communicating the interior or the water tank to an external air compressor. The air compressor forces air through the air supply line into the water held in the water tank causing mixing of the water and generally perturbing the water to prevent ice formation on the surface of the water. The ice prevention system ensures the availability of water supply from the elevated water tank during the winter months when many water tanks freeze over. Furthermore, the ice prevention system eliminates the need for agitators and recirculation systems prone to failure or costly heating systems.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.lastormwater.org/pages/lowflow/", "date": "2024-03-02T17:59:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475833.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302152131-20240302182131-00103.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9415966272354126, "token_count": 132, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__122470945", "lang": "en", "text": "|Low Flow Diversion\nA low flow diversion is a structure that captures dry-weather urban runoff and routes it into a sanitary sewer for treatment and discharge offshore. The purpose of a low-flow diversion is to protect beachgoers, swimmers, etc, from coming in contact with polluted urban runoff that has been related to illnesses.\nLow flow diversions are not intended to handle wet-weather stormwater runoff.\n|Currently, there is one low-flow diversion project, the Thornton Avenue Storm Drain, under operation within the City of Los Angeles near Venice Beach.\nThere are currently plans to build several more structures pending City Council approval.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/casfac/31/", "date": "2021-09-21T02:33:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057131.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921011047-20210921041047-00706.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8777461051940918, "token_count": 367, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__93944908", "lang": "en", "text": "In addition to surface erosion, stream bank erosion and failure contributes significant sediment and sediment-bound nutrients to receiving waters during high flow events. However, distributed and mechanistic simulation of stream bank sediment contribution to sediment loads in a watershed has not been achieved. Here we present a full coupling of existing distributed watershed and bank stability models and apply the resulting model to the Mad River in central Vermont. We fully coupled the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) with the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) to allow the simulation of stream bank erosion and potential failure in a spatially explicit environment. We demonstrate the model's ability to simulate the impacts of unstable streams on sediment mobilization and transport within a watershed and discuss the model's capability to simulate watershed sediment loading under climate change. The calibrated model simulates total suspended sediment loads and reproduces variability in suspended sediment concentrations at watershed and subbasin outlets. In addition, characteristics such as land use and road-to-stream ratio of subbasins are shown to impact the relative proportions of sediment mobilized by overland erosion, erosion of roads, and stream bank erosion and failure in the subbasins and watershed. This coupled model will advance mechanistic simulation of suspended sediment mobilization and transport from watersheds, which will be particularly valuable for investigating the potential impacts of climate and land use changes, as well as extreme events.\nCreative Commons License\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 International License.\n© 2017. The Authors.\nStryker J, Wemple B, Bomblies A. Modeling sediment mobilization using a distributed hydrological model coupled with a bank stability model. Water Resources Research. 2017 Mar;53(3):2051-73.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/items/e9432151-6d8a-45cd-b67b-bd111a150d8d", "date": "2024-02-27T09:17:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00293.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.926360547542572, "token_count": 588, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__124548371", "lang": "en", "text": "The response of riparian vegetation to PL-566 flood control structures.\nIn this study, the response of riparian trees to increased stream water availability due to hydrologic alteration by PL-566 dams was investigated through three successive studies. To determine site water balance within a specific riparian site downstream from a PL-566 dam, a three-year study was established along a second-order stream. The results showed stream water contribution to transpiration, via a highly dynamic hyporheic flow (further enhanced by riparian trees), exceeded both rainfall and groundwater flow. Leaf area development was closely coupled with stream and groundwater fluctuations, indicating sensitivity of site water balance for small dam systems. A second study used oxygen-18 stable isotopes to characterize source water contributions within this same riparian zone and an additional site. The results showed a linear trend between isotopic enrichment and tree distance-to-stream, with the stream contributing as much as 80% of source water to tree uptake. The study demonstrated that riparian trees provide a historical record of the close connectivity between stream water availability and riparian transpiration. A third study examined the large-scale and long-term effects of PL-566 dams on riparian systems. A land-use change detection analysis using remotely-sensed Landsat Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper images was performed on a headwater basin containing several PL-566 dams along its intermittent tributaries. Comparisons were made of vegetation shifts in the riparian zones of impounded and non-impounded reaches over a ~30 year period (1973-2001). The results showed a compositional shift toward increased riparian species along the impounded reaches, from 6% of land-cover in 1973 to 39% by 2001. Hydrologic modeling of the watershed showed the dams act individually to increase water residence in the downstream reach, some by almost 2000% above flow, if the same stream were non-dammed. Collectively these dams increase basin-wide groundwater recharge (3.2 mm/yr), deep aquifer recharge (0.22mm/yr), and revaporation to the soil layers (5.7 mm/yr). The overall outcome from these studies is that upstream impoundments have increased riparian vegetation productivity by influencing movement of stream water to storage in the groundwater system. Just as importantly, the trees have responded in a positive feedback mechanism to further increase hyporheic exchange of stream water.\nDuke, J.R., J.D. White, S. Prochnow, L. Zygo, P.M. Allen, R.S. Muttiah. 2007. The Use of Remote Sensing and Modeling to Detect Small Dam Influences on Land-cover Changes Along Downstream Riparian Zones. International Journal of Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 7:281-293.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/government/city/2016/04/22/city-crews-halt-sewer-leak-along-the-loosahatchie/90510230/", "date": "2023-02-09T09:50:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501555.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209081052-20230209111052-00248.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9598158001899719, "token_count": 166, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__145981093", "lang": "en", "text": "City crews halt sewer leak along the Loosahatchie\nMemphis public works crews Friday completed a temporary fix to halt a sewer leak that was dumping up to 1.5 million gallons of untreated wastewater a day into the Loosahatchie River.\nCrews installed three pumps and a network of pipes to bypass a ruptured 42-inch pipe north of Davy Crockett golf course in Frayser. The pipe ruptured after the river bank in which it was buried eroded away as a result of record rainfall last month.\nThe leak was the third in a three-week period for the city. Two other leaks along Cypress Creek in Southwest Memphis were fixed with temporary bypasses earlier this month, but not until more than 350 million gallons of raw sewage poured into the creek and McKellar Lake.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://oopstop.com/the-dnieper-cascade-of-hydroelectric-power-plants-was-transferred-to-reduced-capacity-due-to-the-destruction-of-the-kakhovskaya-hpp/", "date": "2023-09-25T13:33:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925115505-20230925145505-00028.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9524898529052734, "token_count": 419, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__146042385", "lang": "en", "text": "On June 10, the Ukrhydroenergo company announced in its Telegram channel that the hydroelectric power plants of the Dnieper cascade were transferred to reduced capacities in order to minimize the consequences of the destruction of the Kakhovskaya hydroelectric power station. More than a third of the water from the Kakhovka reservoir has been lost.\nKakhovskaya HPP is one of the six hydroelectric power plants of the Dnieper cascade. It also includes the Kiev, Kanev, Kremenchug, Dneprodzerzhinsk and Dnieper hydroelectric power stations. Kakhovskaya HPP had the smallest installed capacity among them – 335 MW.\nBy 06:00 on June 10, the level of the Kakhovka reservoir near Nikopol was 10.55 m. By 12:00, the company said, the water level had dropped to 10.2 m, almost 1.2 m lower than the previous day.\nDirector General of Ukrhydroenergo Igor Sirota said that water intake to settlements is impossible at a level of 12.7 m. The head of the Kherson Regional Military Administration Alexander Prokudin said today that since June 6, when the dam of the Kakhovskaya hydroelectric power station broke through, the water level in the reservoir has decreased by 6.25 m\nAs a result of the breakthrough of the dam of the Kakhovskaya hydroelectric power station, an uncontrolled discharge of water occurred, which flooded the settlements on both sides of the Dnieper. The Kakhovka reservoir, in particular, ensures the operation of the cooling pond of the Zaporizhzhya NPP. In addition, since March 2022, water from the Dnieper has been supplied to Crimea through the North Crimean Canal.\nFor more information about the situation at the Kakhovskaya hydroelectric power station, see Kommersant’s article “Dam with Two Ends”.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.townofvinalhaven.org/home/news/public-notice", "date": "2018-02-23T10:46:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223094934-20180223114934-00551.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.929717481136322, "token_count": 151, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__103808096", "lang": "en", "text": "On Monday December 11th and continuing throughout the week, the Vinalhaven Water District will begin a hydraulic flow test of the water system.\nThe test will involve flowing and pressure testing fire hydrants within the system. The data collected from this test will be used by the District to develop a hydraulic model that will capture pressure and flows throughout the entire water distribution system. That model will be included in a newly developed capital improvement plan that will guide the District towards future infrastructure improvements.\nDuring the test water pressure will fluctuate within the system. Some areas may experience low pressure. A test of this type can also stir up particulates in the pipes resulting in cloudy or dirty water.\nThe District appreciates your patience and understanding during this process.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://hycoalabama.com/introductiontocylinders.php", "date": "2013-12-11T17:55:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164040899/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133400-00001-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.924860417842865, "token_count": 3719, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__73732340", "lang": "en", "text": "Introduction to Hydraulic Cylinders\nHydraulic cylinders are often also referred to as hydraulic rams, hydraulic jacks, hydraulic pistons or hydraulic actuators. These different terms are generally synonymous, although a ram is usually a cylinder with a very large piston rod diameter and a jack normally refers to a short stroke single acting hydraulic cylinder.\nAbove: A cutaway of a typical hydraulic cylinder with major components labelled with the correct technical terms.\nTypes of Hydraulic Cylinders\nHydraulic cylinders may be classified into two groups, double acting and single acting cylinders.\nSingle Acting Hydraulic Cylinders\nA single acting hydraulic cylinder employs hydraulic force in only one direction, usually to extend the cylinder. The single acting cylinder is returned to its start position by an external force such as gravity or a spring. Of course, this can only be done after the hydraulic fluid within the cylinder has been depressurized and is allowed to return to the oil reservoir.\nDouble Acting Hydraulic Cylinders\nA double acting hydraulic cylinder employs hydraulic force in two directions, both extension and retraction. This requires valving between the pump and the cylinder to direct the flow of oil alternately between the two sides of the piston. A double acting cylinder is more complex in design than a single acting cylinder as it has two oil supply ports and additional seals to retain the pressurized fluid within the cylinder and to prevent it from leaking past the piston rod.\nAbove: A simple double acting hydraulic cylinder system.\nHydraulic cylinders may be further classified into two other basic design types, Rod Cylinders and Telescopic (or Telescoping) Cylinders.\nRod Style Cylinders\nRod cylinders have a single stage barrel with a piston moving within it. A rod cylinder can only produce a motion or stroke much less than its overall length. It can be said that it works within the length of the barrel. The output motion is limited to the length of the barrel minus the length of the internal piston and the cylinder end caps.\nAbove: A small bore rod style cylinder.\nRod cylinders are the most common type of hydraulic cylinder. Most are single rod end with the piston rod extending out through a rod gland on one end of the actuator only. Double rod end cylinders have a piston rod attached to both sides of the internal piston. When one rod is extended, the other rod is retracted. (for more information, see the section \"Double Rod End Cylinders\" below, under the Heading \"Cylinder Optional Features\".)\nTelescopic Hydraulic Cylinders\nTelescopic cylinders are also sometimes called multi-stage telescopic cylinders. They may have 2, 3, 4, 5 or even 6 stages. These consist of hydraulic tubes nested within each other. They enable the telescopic cylinder to extend to a length much longer than the cylinder's fully retracted length. This system gives engineers great flexibility when designing a machine. A telescoping cylinder is, however, much more complex and expensive than a rod cylinder.\nAbove: A cross sectional diagram of a telescopic cylinder.\nTelescopic cylinders are also available in both single and double acting configurations. Double acting telescopic cylinders are very complex and require special procedures in their use and application to prevent damage. See our separate Tutorial on Telescopic Cylinders.\nFinally, hydraulic cylinders are categorized by method of construction. The two most common methods of constructing hydraulic cylinders are the Tie Rod Style and the Welded Body Style.\nTie Rod Style Cylinders\nTie Rod Cylinders use high strength steel rods to hold the end caps onto the cylinder barrel. Miniature cylinders (1/2 or 3/4\" bore) may have 2 tie rods, small to intermediate bore size cylinders (1\" to 8\" bore) may have 4 tie rods, and larger bore size cylinders may have as many as 20 tie rods. The tie rod design is easy to assemble and disassemble but suffers from some design limitations. (See the Tutorial on Welded Body Cylinders - Advantages)\nAbove: A typical tie rod style cylinder.\nWelded Body Cylinders\nWith Welded Body Cylinders, the end caps are welded to the cylinder barrel. This requires more careful construction but also produces a more robust cylinder design. Thus welded cylinders are the design of choice for mobile hydraulic applications and heavy industry. (See the separate tutorial on Welded Body Cylinders.)\nAbove: A typical welded style cylinder with cutaway showing internal components.\nHow Hydraulic Cylinders Work\nHydraulic cylinders produce linear force and motion by employing the flow of pressurized fluid. This fluid is usually supplied by a mechanical pump. In the most simple and basic application, the pump may be hand or foot operated. In a mechanized application, the pump is usually powered by an electric motor or an internal combustion engine. The distance the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder is able to push a load is called the \"stroke\".\nOnce it reaches the hydraulic cylinder, the pressurized oil exerts pressure upon the area of the piston inside the cylinder barrel. This pressure produces a large force that moves the piston. In order to prevent the hydraulic pressure from being lost by passing over the piston to the opposite side, hydraulic seals are installed in the piston. These seals are often made from a rubber or urethane compound. They may be O-rings, U-cups, Stacked V-cups or another style of seal design. These seals usually fit into grooves machined into the outside diameter of the piston where it meets the inside diameter of the cylinder barrel. In addition to the piston seals, the piston may also have a bearing surface to enable it to endure side load forces without damaging the smooth inside diameter of the cylinder barrel. Often the piston bearing is a replaceable flexible band fitted into a groove on the outside diameter of the piston.\nThe internal piston is coupled to a shaft called the piston rod. This rod is in turn attached to the work piece or load that the cylinder is required to push or move. It may be coupled to the load using a machined thread on the end of the shaft or one of a number of typical mounting attachments including rod eyes and rod clevises. These mounting attachments may be welded or threaded onto the end of the piston rod. In some cases a pivot hole is simply machined into the end of the piston rod.\nAbove: A simple double acting cylinder ciircuit.\nThe piston rod exits the cylinder through a sealed gland called the rod gland. The rod gland is equipped with elastomeric seals that prevent the oil from leaking out of the cylinder when that end of the actuator is pressurized. It is also often outfitted with a rod wiper which prevents external contaminants from entering the cylinder when the rod motion is reversed and the piston rod is retracted back into the actuator. Finally, the rod gland has a bearing that supports and guides the rod as it moves back and forth. This bearing must be of sufficient size to support the weight of the piston rod and any external forces, especially side forces, exerted on the rod. This is particularly critical in long stroke applications. (See the Tutorial on Cylinder Design Considerations)\nThe opposite end of the cylinder to the rod end is called the cap end, rear end or blind end. The cap end is sealed off with a plate that is either welded or bolted to the cylinder barrel. The cap end often also serves as a mounting surface for the actuator as many hydraulic cylinders produce motion that requires they pivot through an arc. Thus the cap ends of many hydraulic cylinders are attached to clevis, trunnion or eye mounts.\nThe amount of force produced by the cylinder is directly proportional to both the oil pressure and the effective area of the piston. This force can be calculated using the equation F=PA , where F= Force, P = oil pressure, and A = the effective area of the piston.\nAbove: A diagram comparing force outputs for small and large pistons at the same pressure. Exert a force on the small piston on the left and the large piston on the right will exert a much larger force.\nThe effective area of a piston is different on both sides of a rod cylinder. (except in the case of a double rod end cylinder) The piston rod on the one side of the piston occupies a section of the piston face preventing the pressurized oil from acting on that area. Thus the net effective area of the rod end of a hydraulic cylinder is less than that of the cap end. This must be included in any design calculations when selecting a hydraulic actuator for an application particularly when it is required to produce force in the retraction stroke.\nThis retraction force of a rod cylinder can be calculated using the equation F=P(Ap-Ar), where F= Force, P = oil pressure, and Ap = the total area of the piston and Ar = the area of the piston rod.\nThe volume of the rod end of a rod cylinder is also much less than that of the cap end due to the volume taken up by the piston rod. This difference in volume causes the cylinder to retract much more quickly than it extends as the pump is able to fill the smaller rod end volume much faster. As well, the rate of oil flow returning to the oil reservoir will be much higher on the return stroke. In fact, this flow will be higher than the pump flow. The cylinder port size, fitting, hose and tube sizes, and the flow capacity of the return line oil filter must be selected based on the return flow on retraction. This is very important in systems with cylinders having very large piston rod diameters.\nCylinder Optional Features\nDouble Rod End Cylinders\nDouble rod end cylinders have a piston rod extending out both sides of the piston and have a rod gland at both ends of the cylinder barrel. In this case, if the rod diameters are the same on both sides, the extension and retraction speed would be exactly the same. The force output would also be exactly the same on extension and retraction.\nAbove: A small bore double rod end cylinder.\nDouble rod end cylinders are sometimes mounted by the two rod ends. The load is then attached to the body of the cylinder which moves back and forth while the piston rods are held stationary.\nDouble rod cylinders are sometimes employed as a means to adjust the output stroke of the actuator. The piston rod extending from the rear is equipped with a mechanism so that it strikes external stops. This arrangement can limit the extension, retraction or both.\nIn a similar fashion, the rear rod may also be outfitted with a mechanism to activate position sensors or some other form of feedback device indicating the cylinders stroke position.\nIn either of the latter two uses, the second piston rod may not have to be the same diameter as the primary rod coupled to the workload. Using a smaller secondary piston rod for stroke limiting or position sensing may thus save on unit weight and cost.\nHollow Piston Rods\nDouble rod end cylinders may also be built with a hollow piston rod so that a continuous passageway extends through the cylinder from one end to the other. This may be used to allow a cylinder to extend closing a die mold and then inject a material through its hollow rod into die mold.\nSingle rod end cylinders may also be equipped with a hollow piston rod. Often a hollow rod is used to reduce the weight of a large diameter piston rod. A hollow rod is much lighter and yet retains the column strength of a solid rod. Additionally, a hollow rod can accommodate a Linear Velocity Displacement Transducer (LVDT) which are used to provide very accurate electronic measurements of cylinder stroke.\nCylinders are often equipped with end of stroke cushions on one or both ends. Cushions are an internal feature that slows down the approach speed of the piston and rod assembly as it nears the end caps. This reduces the high impact forces that might otherwise cause damage to the internal components of the cylinder or to the machine that the cylinder is driving.\nCushions are in essence small secondary pistons that are mounted on either side of the main cylinder piston. As this small piston approaches the cylinder end cap it enters the passage way the leads to the cylinder port. This shuts off the flow of oil leaving the cylinder. The oil exiting the cylinder is now forced to leave the cylinder through a second passageway that is usually fitted with an adjustable needle which controls the volume of oil flow. This reduced oil flow slows the cylinder down during the last part of its stroke. To enable the cylinder to leave the end cap with full oil flow when it is reversed, a second passageway equipped with a check valve allows full pump oil flow to bypass the restricted cushion flow and reach the piston face.\nAbove: A cut away showing the details of a cushioned cylinder head.\nCushion pistons (sometimes also called cushion bosses) are often tapered so that they produce a progressive reduction in oil flow at the end of stroke. This results in a more gradual speed reduction and less of a jerk in the motion.\nCaution must be exercised when using cushions with very heavy loads as the momentum of a large load may produce a very large pressure spike in the cushion chamber. This spike may be severe enough to exceed the pressure rating of the cushion seals. With damaged cushion seals the impact forces would not be reduced at end of stroke and significant machine damage could occur.\nStop Tubes and Dual Pistons\nOn cylinder applications that may encounter large side load forces, a number of methods may be employed to increase the cylinders ability to withstand these forces. This is particularly true in cylinders with very long strokes. If a very long stroke cylinder is fully extended, side load forces may cause the actuator to buckle and collapse. A general rule of thumb is to consider additional internal bearing support if the stroke exceeds ten times that of the cylinder bore size.\nOne such method of providing additional internal bearing support is the dual piston. A dual piston may be simply a longer piston that has extra piston bearing area or it may be two pistons separated some distance on the piston rod. The effect of this design is also to reduce the moment forces acting on the rod gland when the cylinder is at full extension by keeping the rod bearing and the piston bearing separated by a certain distance. Dual pistons retain the ability of a cylinder to have rod end cushions.\nA second similar method of achieving this is the stop tube. The stop tube methods is simpler and less costly. It involves installing a large section of tube around the piston rod so as to prevent the cylinder from fully extending. Thus the piston bearing is kept a distance away from the rod bearing and side load capacity to resist buckling is maintained. The use of a stop tube does, however, preclude the installation of a rod end cushion.\nIt is obvious that the installation of either a dual pistons or a stop tube increases the overall length of a cylinder.\nHydraulic Cylinders in Mechanisms\nSome hydraulic cylinders are assembled to a rack and pinion mechanism attached to a shaft in order to produce a rotary motion. This type of unit is called a hydraulic rotary actuator. The units can produce extremely high torque outputs in the order of tens of thousands of foot pounds.\nOther mechanisms serve to guide or support the load that the cylinder is moving. It must be remembered that, while hydraulic cylinders are very powerful, the load that they are moving must be supported by rails or shafts in order to prevent damage to the cylinder. An improperly supported load may cause the piston rod to bend, or it may apply excessive side load forces to the piston and rod bearing which will score the inside diameter of the barrel and the rod bearing. The result is a reduced service life from the actuator and machine downtime while it is repaired.\nHydraulic Cylinder Mountings and Attachments\nCylinders are mounted in machines using a wide variety of methods. Mounting styles may be separated into two distinct classifications: rigid and flexible.\nRigid mounting styles hold the cylinder firmly in place and do not allow the body of the cylinder to move when it extends and retracts. These fixed mountings include foot mounts, flange mounts, side tapped holes, and threaded face mounts.\nFlexible mounts allow the body of the cylinder to move as it extends and retracts. A cylinder pushing on a lever requires a flexible mount to allow the cylinder to follow the lever as it moves through an arc. Sometimes a flexible mount is used to allow for a slight misalignment between a cylinder and a load that is firmly guided. Flexible mounting styles include rear pivot mounts, clevis mounts, trunnion mounts, and spherical eye mounts.\nAbove: A hydraulic cylinder with spherical mounts on both ends.\nMounting attachments are sometimes bolted to a cylinder with high strength fasteners. Often they are welded to the body or the piston rod for maximum strength and cycle life expectancy.\nHydraulic Cylinder Materials of Construction\nHydraulic cylinders must be manufactured from high strength materials such as steel. Yet many applications are in areas with high temperature, humidity, corrosive elements, and abrasive elements. To accommodate these difficult environments, steel components are often surface treated to resist corrosion and abrasion. These treatments can include nitriding, chrome plating, and epoxy painting. In some cases, piston rods or entire cylinders may be made from stainless steel for maximum corrosion resistance. Care must be taken in the selection of cylinder materials as some corrosion resistant materials may lack tensile strength or surface hardness and thus prove unsatisfactory.\nThe Future of Hydraulic Cylinders\nHydraulic cylinders will continue to be the primary source of industrial heavy muscle for some time to come. Although great strides have been made in the area of electric motor driven linear actuators (sometimes called electric cylinders), these still do not have the power density or ruggedness of high pressure hydraulic cylinders. This means that designers will continue to turn to hydraulic cylinders as the main solution for high force output actuators.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://ecadinc.com/classes/storm-sanitary-analysis/", "date": "2020-05-25T01:29:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387155.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525001747-20200525031747-00255.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8576477766036987, "token_count": 365, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__186548249", "lang": "en", "text": "Storm & Sanitary Analysis\nThe Autodesk Storm and Sanitary Analysis Extension for AutoCAD® Civil 3D® is an advanced, powerful, and comprehensive modeling package for analyzing and designing urban drainage systems, stormwater sewers, and sanitary sewers. These tutorials are designed to provide a comprehensive overview of Autodesk Storm and Sanitary Analysis Extension capabilities.\nAutodesk® Storm and Sanitary Analysis is an advanced, powerful, and comprehensive modeling package for analyzing and designing urban drainage systems, stormwater sewers, and sanitary sewers.\nThe software can simultaneously model complex hydrology, hydraulics, and water quality. Both US units and SI metric units are supported.\nThis software can be used for designing and analyzing:\n- Highway drainage systems (including curb and gutter inlets)\n- Stormwater sewer networks and interconnected detention ponds\n- Subdivision drainage systems\n- Sizing and designing of detention ponds and outlet structures\n- Bridge and culverts, including roadway overtopping\n- Water quality studies\n- Sanitary sewers, lift stations, CSO’s, and SSO’s\nThe software has been used in numerous of sewer and stormwater studies throughout the\nworld. Typical applications include:\n- Design and sizing of drainage system components for flood control\n- Design and sizing of detention facilities for flood control and water quality protection\n- Floodplain mapping of natural channel systems\n- Designing control strategies for minimizing combined sewer overflows (CSO)\n- Evaluating the impact of inflow and infiltration on sanitary sewer overflows (SSO)\n- Generating non-point source pollutant loadings for waste load allocation studies\n- Evaluating the effectiveness of BMPs for reducing wet weather pollutant loadings", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.hzweihao.com/product/hydraulic-clutch-gearbox/", "date": "2024-03-05T15:14:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948235171.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305124045-20240305154045-00481.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9023190140724182, "token_count": 989, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__94208231", "lang": "en", "text": "What is a hydraulic clutch gearbox?\nA hydraulic clutch gearbox is a type of transmission system that combines the use of a hydraulic clutch and a gearbox in a vehicle. This system allows for smoother gear shifting and improved control over the vehicle's power transfer.\nIn a conventional manual transmission, the clutch is engaged and disengaged using a mechanical linkage that connects the clutch pedal to the clutch plate. This requires the driver to manually apply the right amount of force to engage or disengage the clutch. However, in a hydraulic clutch gearbox, the mechanical linkage is replaced by a hydraulic system.\nThe hydraulic clutch gearbox operates on the principle of hydraulic pressure. When the clutch pedal is pressed, the hydraulic fluid is forced into a master cylinder, which in turn pushes the hydraulic fluid to the slave cylinder located near the clutch assembly. The slave cylinder compresses a diaphragm, which releases the pressure on the clutch plate, disengaging the clutch.\nThe advantage of a hydraulic clutch system over a mechanical clutch system is that it eliminates the need for the driver to adjust the clutch manually. The hydraulic system ensures that the force applied to the clutch plate is consistent and controlled, resulting in smoother gear shifting and reduced wear on the clutch components.\nAdditionally, a hydraulic clutch gearbox allows for the implementation of assisted systems, such as hill start assist and automatic clutch adjustment. These features enhance the driving experience by providing added convenience and safety.\nOne of the main benefits of a hydraulic clutch gearbox is its durability and reliability. The hydraulic system is not prone to the same mechanical wear and tear as the traditional mechanical linkage. However, like any mechanical system, it requires regular maintenance and fluid checks to ensure optimal performance.\nThere are a few potential problems associated with hydraulic clutch gearboxes. One common issue is a leak in the hydraulic system, which can lead to a loss of hydraulic pressure and result in the clutch not engaging or disengaging properly. This can be caused by a faulty seal or a damaged hydraulic line. Regular inspection and maintenance of the hydraulic system can help prevent such issues.\nFurthermore, as the hydraulic clutch gearbox uses hydraulic fluid, it requires periodic fluid replacement to maintain proper functioning. Contaminated or degraded hydraulic fluid can lead to poor clutch performance and potentially cause damage to the hydraulic components. Following the manufacturer's recommended fluid change intervals is essential to ensure a long-lasting and trouble-free operation.\nWhat are the potential problems or maintenance considerations associated with hydraulic clutch gearboxes?\n1. Fluid leaks: Hydraulic clutch gearboxes rely on hydraulic fluid to operate effectively. Over time, the hydraulic lines or seals may develop leaks, leading to a loss of fluid. This can result in a decreased performance of the clutch system and gear shifting difficulties. Regular inspection of the fluid levels and addressing any leaks promptly can help mitigate this issue.\n2. Contamination of hydraulic fluid: Contaminated hydraulic fluid can cause significant damage to the clutch gearbox components. Dust, debris, and moisture can find their way into the system, affecting the functionality of the clutch and gears. Flushing and replacing the hydraulic fluid at regular intervals is crucial to remove any contaminants and maintain optimal performance.\n3. Clutch plate wear: The clutch plate experiences significant wear and tear over time due to the friction involved in engaging and disengaging. Proper maintenance is necessary to monitor the condition of the clutch plate and replace it when required. Neglecting the wear of the clutch plate can result in gear slippage, difficulty in shifting, or even complete clutch failure.\n4. Hydraulic pump issues: The hydraulic pump is responsible for generating the pressure required to engage and disengage the clutch. A faulty or worn-out hydraulic pump can lead to a loss of pressure, causing clutch engagement problems. Regular inspection and timely replacement of the hydraulic pump can prevent such issues from arising.\n5. Air in the hydraulic system: Accumulation of air bubbles in the hydraulic system can hinder the smooth operation of the clutch gearbox. Air pockets can cause spongy clutch pedals or incomplete clutch disengagement. Proper bleeding of the hydraulic system is essential to remove any trapped air and ensure efficient clutch operation.\n6. Overheating: Continuous or strenuous use of the hydraulic clutch gearbox can cause the components to overheat. Excessive heat can lead to accelerated wear and potentially damage the clutch plates, hydraulic lines, or seals. Proper cooling mechanisms, regular maintenance, and avoiding excessive strain on the system can minimize the risk of overheating.\nTo address these problems and ensure the longevity of the hydraulic clutch gearbox, regular maintenance is crucial. It includes periodic fluid checks and replacements, inspection of clutch plate wear, monitoring of hydraulic pump functionality, and bleeding the system from air pockets. Following the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule and seeking professional assistance for complex issues can help keep the hydraulic clutch gearbox in optimal condition.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://cdr-nigeria.com/disciplines-2/hydraulic-modelling/", "date": "2023-09-28T04:05:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00368.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8366678953170776, "token_count": 183, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__249190807", "lang": "en", "text": "CDR offers extensive hydrodynamic modelling experience and uses state-of-the-art modelling software, including the MIKE21 suite and Deltares software in a strategic partnership with MetOcean Consult (www.metoceanconsult.com). Hydraulic modelling studies provide hydraulic design conditions and can be used to optimize coastal and riverine projects. CDR provides the following hydraulic and numerical modelling studies:\n• Metocean studies: high accuracy offshore wave- and wind data\n• Wave studies: nearshore wave statistics and wave penetration studies\n• Hydrodynamic modelling studies: water levels and flow conditions in coastal areas and river system\n• Morphological studies\nTogether with our partners we also provide site survey campaigns, viz. hydrographic, topographic and geotechnical survey campaigns to support the numerical modelling studies and provide for important local hydrodynamic and geotechnical data.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.socialnews.xyz/2022/09/21/tn-water-resources-body-commences-repair-work-of-parambikulam-dam-in-kerala/", "date": "2022-10-02T13:46:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337322.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002115028-20221002145028-00648.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9689996242523193, "token_count": 252, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__216890131", "lang": "en", "text": "Chennai, Sep 21 (SocialNews.XYZ) The Tamil Nadu Water Resources Organisation (WRO) has commenced the repair work of the shutter of the Parambikkulam dam in Kerala's Palakkad district.\nOne of the three shutters of the Parambikulam dam located in Kerala's Palakkad district was damaged in the wee hours of Wednesday, resulting in huge flow of water into the Athirapally river.\nWhile the dam is situated in Kerala, its maintenance is done by the Water Resources Organisation (WRO) of Tamil Nadu. The dam has a total height of 72 feet and the storage level on Tuesday night was 71.45 feet.\nA senior WRO official told IANS that the shutter has to be totally replaced, which may take about three to four weeks.\nThe official said that the North-East Monsoon will intensify by October 20 and the shutter has to be replaced before that.\nSuresh Kumar, Assistant Executive Engineer, Parambikkulam dam, told mediapersons, \"The water level is being maintained and there is no threat of any flood-like situation due to this. We are closely monitoring the situation.\"", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://plumis.co.uk/installation.html", "date": "2017-08-18T06:57:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104612.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818063421-20170818083421-00072.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8883259296417236, "token_count": 128, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-34__0__111212821", "lang": "en", "text": "Preparing the site\nSufficient space to install the pump. The pump is 365 mm (height) by 240 mm (depth) by 181 mm (width) and weighs 7.0 kg, and should not be housed in a volume of less than 0.124 m3.\nA reliable cold water supply (6 lpm flow and 1 to 10 bar pressure) with a standard BSP 3/4\" connection.\nAutomist should be powered by an unswitched fused connection unit connected to an independent circuit either via a dedicated RCD or no RCD (1.7kW, 230V and 50Hz).", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://shanxi.chinadaily.com.cn/2022-04/12/c_744315.htm", "date": "2024-04-21T15:06:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817780.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421132819-20240421162819-00452.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8843969702720642, "token_count": 285, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__160326042", "lang": "en", "text": "Shanxi furthers establishment of water conservation society\nShanxi province recently issued a plan to develop a water conservation society in the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-25).\nThe plan systematically summarizes the achievements of the development of a water conservation society in 2016-20 and formulates the main target indicators, main tasks, key areas and major measures for the years to come.\nAccording to the plan, by 2025, the total water consumption in the province should be under 9.6 billion cubic meters, water consumption per 10,000 yuan ($1,569.73) of GDP should drop by 12 percent from 2020, and water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial added value should decrease by 10 percent.\nIn addition, the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water should reach 0.58, the leakage rate of urban public water supply pipe networks should be less than 9 percent, the utilization rate of urban reclaimed water should amount to 25 percent, and the utilization rate of mine water should be 75 percent.\nTo achieve these targets, Shanxi will focus on the development of county-level water conservation societies, agricultural and rural water conservation, urban water conservation, industrial water conservation, and the utilization of unconventional water sources.\nFor example, the province will promote the conservation of industrial water and reduction of pollution and implement industrial wastewater recycling projects.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.aguarapida24.com/pumping-systems/", "date": "2021-09-20T04:16:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057018.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920040604-20210920070604-00554.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9057079553604126, "token_count": 388, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__42364396", "lang": "en", "text": "There are many different combinations of pumping systems which we use for the different applications we encounter.\nOne of the most favoured pumping systems for boreholes is to install a pump and balloon system.\nThis entails installing the correct size of pump to enable the water to be pumped out under pressure from whatever depth necessary.\nFirstly we have to calculate the size of pump required.\nTo do this we test pump the borehole, to ascertain the level of the water under normal pumping conditions then we add 35% to give a safety margin.\nWhen we know this level, we calculate the pump size by dividing the depth by ten which gives us the amount of kilos pressure to lift the water to the surface, then we add the kilos pressure we require for the final system.\nSo for example if the water level is at 150mt this represents 15 kilos plus say 5 kilos of house pressure plus 35% which is ( 15+5=20+35(7) Total required 27 kilos).\nWe then consult the pump manufacturer’s data sheets to find correct pump for the job.\nObviously this is very important for the client to get the best returns from the borehole using the minimum amount of electricity.\nOnce we have installed the pump we connect it to a pressure vessel system.\nThis is where you have a large steel or fibreglass tank with a rubber bag inside. Between the bag and the inside of the tank is compressed air. When the water is pumped from the borehole it fills the rubber bag until it reaches the preset pressure, whereby via a pressure switch connected to the borehole pump control panel, it shuts off the pump. When some of the water has been used, lowering the pressure, the pressure switch restarts the pump.\nThe main advantage of this system is that the water comes direct from below ground and does not come into contact with the oxygen in the air.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.winchmax.co.uk/products/wmhysolvalve3-24v-wmhyblock3", "date": "2022-01-26T14:32:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304954.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126131707-20220126161707-00455.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.6653462052345276, "token_count": 320, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__73780108", "lang": "en", "text": "Availability in stock\nCETOP3/NG6 Solenoid Operated Modular Directional Control Valve with Manifold Block.\nHigh flow directional control for hydraulic winches.\nSolenoid Operated Directional Hydraulic Control Valve, CETOP3/NG6 Three-Position 24V\nUsed to start, stop and direct the oil flow.\nManifold Subplate CETOP3/NG6 Hydraulic\nProvides a manifold to connect the P,T,A,B pipework into a directional control valve (and pressure regulator if required).\nIndustry-leading lifetime warranty on mechanical components & 3yrs warranty on electrical.\nVAT invoice provided with every sale.\n|4WE6 Solenoid Direction Control Valve|\n|Max. flow rate (l/min)||80|\n|Max. working pressure (MPa) A, B, P port||31.5|\n|Max. working pressure (MPa) T port||16|\n|Double solenoids type Weight (kg)||2.2|\n|Hydraulic Fluid||Mineral Oil|\n|Seal Material||NBR Seals|\n|Temperature range (°C)||-30 to +80|\n|Viscosity range (mm2/s)||2.8 to 500|\n|Oil cleanliness class according to ISO 4406||Class 20/18/15|", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.mfpseals.com/ss/12/iron-piston-rings.html", "date": "2024-03-01T01:41:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00206.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8411813974380493, "token_count": 105, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__104802826", "lang": "en", "text": "Iron Piston Rings\nIron piston rings are available for reciprocating or rotary applications. Our standard iron piston ring features a unique overlapping – interlocking joint design. It can be used in bi-directional sealing applications at pressures up to 5,000 PSI. The joint cut design compensates for ring and cylinder wear during operation. It has become the hydraulic cylinder standard, where high pressure, high temperature, radiation, thermal fatigue, and reliability requirements make normal seals undesirable.\n|IRON PISTON RING", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://aud.edu/aud-school/school-of-engineering/school-facilities/fluid-mechanics-laboratory/", "date": "2024-04-19T15:42:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817438.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419141145-20240419171145-00842.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8962342739105225, "token_count": 179, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__79394040", "lang": "en", "text": "Equipped to perform and demonstrate a number of experiments that provide undergraduate students with the practical applications of fluid mechanics, facilities include:\n- Hydrostatic pressure apparatus to measure hydrostatic forces on submerged bodies;\n- Orifice and jet apparatus to allow students to compare between actual and jet trajectories, calculate the coefficient of discharge for various orifices, and identify different methods of flow measurement;\n- Fluid friction, bends and fitting apparatus to allow students to determine major and minor losses in pipes;\n- Pipe network apparatus to measure flow and pressure drops in a wide range of network configuration, e.g. individual pipes, series pipes and parallel pipes;\n- Flow visualization channel for conducting several applications in open channels such as hydraulic jump, discharge under sluice gate and energy equation;\n- Osborne Reynold’s apparatus facilitating the demonstration of laminar and turbulent flow.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://lgfocus.com.au/editions/2016-06/harnessing-stormwater.php", "date": "2019-08-25T13:32:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330233.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825130849-20190825152849-00551.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9372886419296265, "token_count": 536, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__193192108", "lang": "en", "text": "In a bid to drought-proof the local area, the Rural City of Murray Bridge has undertaken a large-scale stormwater treatment scheme.\nThe rural city, located 75 kilometres from Adelaide, is an important hub for regional industries in the Lower Murraylands and Mallee Regions of South Australia.\nThe City has a current water allocation of 250 megalitres per year from the River Murray.\nThis allocation was significantly restricted during the drought years of 2006 through to 2010, dropping as low as 45 megalitres per year (18%) in 2008/09, which resulted in significant degradation of Council’s reserves and sporting fields.\nStormwater was identified as a valuable untapped resource. Council applied for a grant of $7.115 million from the Australian Government to deliver a scheme that would capture and treat stormwater in Murray Bridge.\nCouncil contributed $5.548 million and $1.567 million of in-kind works by the Gifford Hill Joint Venture brought the total budget to $14.23 million.\nThe objectives of the scheme are to harvest stormwater and reduce Council’s reliance on mains and river water and to improve flood protection in the city.\nThe system comprises of four main infrastructure packages:\nA number of harvesting pump stations that can capture stormwater from eight existing Council basins, with pipelines to transport raw stormwater to a new storage lagoon.\nA 110-megalitre lined lagoon at Gifford Hill for the long-term storage of raw stormwater.\nA treatment plant that will treat the raw stormwater so that it is fit for use in public open spaces.\nDistribution pumps and 14km of pipelines to transport the treated stormwater to Council’s irrigation system.\nThe scheme will yield more than 230 megalitres annually. This volume of water will no longer need to be drawn from the River Murray, and provides recycled water that is surplus to Council’s current needs.\nCouncil has established water use agreements with the Murray Bridge Racing Club and Murray Bridge Golf Club and treated stormwater can now be used to supplement their irrigation water supply.\nUsing the new control system Council staff will now be able to remotely monitor the water levels in the retention basins and adjust pump rates and sequencing to manage flood risk in real time.\nCouncil is incredibly proud of the efforts of all involved, especially the fact that the scheme was delivered on time, on budget, and with an impeccable safety record.\nThe scheme is now fully operational, and will benefit the Murray Bridge community and the health of the River Murray for generations to come.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.cmdredging.com/services/navigable-waterway-maintenance-dredging.html", "date": "2019-12-05T22:11:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482284.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205213531-20191206001531-00482.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9222159385681152, "token_count": 240, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__990391", "lang": "en", "text": "Navigable Waterway Maintenance Dredging\nMan-made canals will periodically fill in with sand and sediment, reducing or eliminating navigability. This problem is compounded during drought conditions.\nSome of the sediment flows in from the natural tides; some of it comes from runoff from stormwater. Beautiful backyard canals can turn into smelly seas of soil. Dredging drastically improves the navigation issues caused by sediment buildup, in turn improving the property and raising the property value over time.\nHydraulic Dredging basically vacuums the sediment from the canal bottom, moves it through a pipeline using water as a transport medium, and deposits it into an onshore disposal facility. Once the water and sediment mixture reaches the disposal facility, it is processed to allow the sediment to settle out of suspension. The water is then returned to the canal.\nDredging is vital to social and economic development. Specifically, dredging is vital to the construction and maintenance of the infrastructure upon which our economic prosperity and social well-being depend.\nC&M Dredging can safely, effectively and responsibly return your canal to its original design depth to allow watercrafts to safely navigate.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://intex.id/product/intex-1500-gph-cartridge-filter-pump-28636/", "date": "2020-09-25T09:08:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400223922.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925084428-20200925114428-00194.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8597116470336914, "token_count": 166, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__86563071", "lang": "en", "text": "Intex 28636 automatic filter pump is a practical and economical solution for those who own small to medium sized pools and want to keep the water clean and crystal clear.\nIntex 28636 filter pump is suitable for the following models of pools:\n- Easy Set: 549cm\n- Frame diameter: 488-549cm\n- Oval Frame: 610x366cm\n- Rectangular: side 549 cm\n- Fow capacity of the filter pump: 5.678 l/h\n- Flow capacity within the pool: 4.466 l/h\n- Vent valve\n- Double insulation\n- Power consumption: 165 W\n- Automatic timer\n- Cartridge suitable for model “A” code 59900\n- Two 38mm tubes to be connected to the pump to the pool.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://netef.blogspot.com/2012/11/publicacao-measurement-science-and.html", "date": "2018-05-27T17:41:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794869732.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527170428-20180527190428-00442.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9420191645622253, "token_count": 210, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__147032107", "lang": "en", "text": "In this paper, a novel wire-mesh sensor based on permittivity (capacitance) measurements is applied to generate images of the phase fraction distribution and investigate the flow of viscous oil and water in a horizontal pipe. Phase fraction values were calculated from the raw data delivered by the wire-mesh sensor using different mixture permittivity models. Furthermore, these data were validated against quick-closing valve measurements. Investigated flow patterns were dispersion of oil in water (Do/w) and dispersion of oil in water and water in oil (Do/w&w/o). The Maxwell–Garnett mixing model is better suited for Dw/o and the logarithmic model for Do/w&w/o flow pattern. Images of the time-averaged cross-sectional oil fraction distribution along with axial slice images were used to visualize and disclose some details of the flow.\nKeywords: wire-mesh sensor, liquid–liquid flow, viscous oil, phase fraction, flow visualization", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://mywebsnews.com/3534-2/", "date": "2023-09-22T19:08:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00333.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9012333750724792, "token_count": 253, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__48790048", "lang": "en", "text": "A flow control ball valve is a vital component in industrial processes that require accurate fluid flow management. This innovative valve design utilizes a spherical ball with a strategically positioned bore, allowing precise control over flow rates. When the valve is turned, the ball’s orientation determines the flow passage’s size, enabling modulation from fully open to fully closed and any point in between.\nUnlike traditional valves that rely on linear motion, the flow control ball valve leverages the rotational movement of the ball. This mechanism offers several advantages. Firstly, it ensures minimal pressure drop across the valve, promoting energy efficiency and reducing the risk of erosion. Secondly, the smooth, 360-degree rotation enables gradual adjustments, making it particularly suitable for applications demanding precise flow control.\nThe ball’s robust design also enhances durability and longevity, even in harsh operating conditions. Industries such as oil and gas, water treatment, chemical processing, and manufacturing benefit from this technology. Additionally, the flow control ball valve’s compact size and versatility contribute to its popularity.\nIn conclusion, the ingenious design of the flow control ball valve, utilizing a spherical element for precise modulation of flow, revolutionizes fluid management across a spectrum of industries, promoting efficiency, reliability, and accurate control.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://spmscience.blog.onlinetuition.com.my/2023/03/formative-practice-8-1-form-5-science-kssm-chapter-8.html", "date": "2024-04-16T04:56:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817043.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416031446-20240416061446-00442.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8687496185302734, "token_count": 154, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__172653756", "lang": "en", "text": "State Pascal’s principle.\nPascal’s principle states that the transmission of pressure exerted on a fluid (liquid or gas) in an enclosed system is uniform throughout the fluid and in all directions.\nState the basic principle of the hydraulic system.\nThe basic principle in a hydraulic system is the transmission of pressure in all directions based on Pascal’s principle.\nGive three examples of the application of Pascal’s principle in daily life.\nHydraulic jack system, hydraulic brake system, dental chair\nState Bernoulli’s principle.\nBernoulli’s principle states that a fluid moving at a higher velocity produces a lower pressure in that region.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://pbswisconsin.org/news-item/la-crosse-prairie-du-chien-brace-as-spring-flooding-spreads/", "date": "2024-02-21T01:23:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00683.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.959223210811615, "token_count": 231, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__168961031", "lang": "en", "text": "La Crosse, Prairie du Chien brace as spring flooding spreads\nMelting winter snowpack and springtime rains are causing major floods on the Mississippi River in western Wisconsin, with communities facing road closures and neighborhood evacuations as waters rise.\nBy Frederica Freyberg | Here & Now\nApril 26, 2023 • Southwest Region\nIn La Crosse, the river was forecast to crest on April 26 at 16 feet — four feet above flood stage – and above the high water mark set in 1969. The major flooding means at least one Interstate 90 exit could be closed to travel.\nDown river in Prairie du Chien, evacuations of homes along Main Street were proceeding. Many streets in the city and one bridge over the Mississippi upstream closed as the water continued to rise.\nThe river is expected to crest near 24 feet by April 28 – two-and-a-half feet above the 1969 record.\nTens of thousands of sand bags have been filled and placed in Prairie du Chien as residents try to keep flood waters at bay.\nThe major flooding is the result of record snowpack, followed by rainfall and saturated soil.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.kclu.org/local-news/2018-07-20/fema-funds-new-project-to-reduce-flooding-risk-for-central-coast-community", "date": "2022-08-11T05:40:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00476.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8840211033821106, "token_count": 117, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__200240740", "lang": "en", "text": "FEMA Funds New Project To Reduce Flooding Risk For Central Coast Community\nA Central Coast community is getting a major grant for work to help reduce future flooding from rainfall.\nFEMA has awarded the San Luis Obispo County Flood Control and Water Conservation District $3 million dollars to do work on the Arroyo Grande Creek flood plain.\nThe creek could potentially cause major flooding in parts of Oceano. The money will fund the reduction of dense vegetation in the creek bed area, removing accumulated sediment, and building some flood control barriers to protect potentially at-risk structures.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://for.kg/news-712932-en.html", "date": "2024-04-19T11:59:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817398.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419110125-20240419140125-00235.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9029145836830139, "token_count": 192, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__72127951", "lang": "en", "text": "July 30, 2021, 10:10\nAKIPRESS.COM - Construction of the hydropower plant at Kirov water reservoir in Talas region is planned.\nTalas region governor Bakytbek Narbekov, Minister of Energy and Industry Doskul Bekmurzaev visited the Kirov dam to see the site of the prospective construction.\nHydroproject representative Askar Kalenov said geodetic works are in progress at the site of the plant-to be.\nThe capacity of the hydropower plant will make 30 MW. Construction of the hydropower plant will not affect irrigation system, Energy Minister Doskul Bekmurzaev said.\nIt was announced earlier construction of the hydropower plant is estimated at $22 million.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.kayakpowell.com/glen-canyon", "date": "2024-03-02T20:59:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475897.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302184020-20240302214020-00266.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9367313385009766, "token_count": 523, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__50581448", "lang": "en", "text": "Glen Canyon Dam\nGlen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell\nThe Glen Canyon Dam was built to harness the power of the Colorado River and to provide water and electricity to millions of people in the western United States. This concrete-arch dam rises 710 feet above the bedrock and is the second-highest in the US, after Hoover Dam. Its creation led to the formation of Lake Powell, which has a storage capacity of 27 million acre-feet of water. This stored water is used to sustain the needs of cities, industries, and agriculture throughout the West during times of drought.\nThe Glen Canyon Powerplant produces approximately five billion kilowatt-hours of hydroelectric power annually, providing electricity to Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Nebraska. The revenues from the production of hydropower also fund important environmental programs associated with Glen and Grand Canyons.\nThe National Park Service manages the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, which was designated in 1972 to highlight the recreational benefits of Lake Powell and the Colorado River downstream of the dam. The Glen Canyon Dam is the key water storage unit of the Colorado River Storage Project, which is one of the most extensive river resource developments globally. It has allowed for the development of the Upper Colorado River Basin states’ portion of the Colorado River.\nThe dam's crest length is 1,560 feet, and it contains 4,901,000 cubic yards of concrete. Its thickness at the crest is 25 feet, and the maximum base thickness is 300 feet. Two separate spillways are constructed in each abutment, each consisting of an intake structure with two 40- by 52.5-foot radial gates and a lined spillway tunnel. The outlet works near the left abutment of the dam consist of four 96-inch-diameter pipes, each controlled by one 96-inch-ring follower gate and one 96-inch hollow-jet valve.\nLake Powell's total capacity is 27 million acre-feet, with an active capacity of 20,876,000 acre-feet. At normal water surface elevation, the reservoir has a length of 186 miles and a surface area of 161,390 acres. The power plant at the toe of the dam consists of four 118,750-kilowatt and four 136,562-kilowatt generators driven by eight turbines. The total nameplate generating capacity of the powerplant is 1,021,248 kilowatts, with eight penstocks through the dam conveying water to the turbines. Each penstock reduces in size from 15 to 14 feet in diameter.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2016/proceeding/paper/751g-thermoelectric-power-technology-choices-based-on-water-availability", "date": "2021-10-16T19:34:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584913.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016170013-20211016200013-00692.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8866249322891235, "token_count": 310, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__81346695", "lang": "en", "text": "(751g) Thermoelectric Power Technology Choices Based on Water Availability\nThermoelectric Power Technology Choices Based on Water Availability\nNational Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has developed a prototype water-energy model to investigate issues surrounding the energy-water nexus as it relates to the effect of power generation plant design choices on water availability and the overall costs of supplying water for thermoelectric power generation. The model utilizes the database developed by a team of researchers with the Water Security Program at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL). The database includes water availability, cost, and water use for electric power, agriculture, municipal and industrial for 38 conterminous states representing various Interconnects within the U.S.Data on current and future water use for thermoelectric power are derived from NETL databases on water use by technology and projections from the Energy Information Administrationâ??s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS).Current and forecasted water availability data from the World Resources Institute are used to develop three water availability scenarios.\nThe prototype water-energy model is used to project the amount of water available for power generation, to project water demand for future power generation based on a NEMS forecast, to identify regions that experience potential water shortfalls, and to estimate the cost of meeting water demand where water shortfalls exist for each water availability scenario. A case study of the Brazos River Basin in Texas is used to illustrate a specific application and to highlight the capabilities of the prototype water-energy model.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.apsoparts.com/en-INT/fluid-handling-technology/hoses/hydraulic-hose.html", "date": "2023-11-29T21:53:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00637.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9121184945106506, "token_count": 334, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__210965159", "lang": "en", "text": "Hydraulic hoses for different hydraulic fluids\nTypical functions of the hydraulic hoses are: transmission of hydraulic energy, reduction of pressure peaks and vibrations. In order to set mechanical components, machine elements or lifting devices in motion, the forces generated by the system pressures (hydraulic energy) are transmitted by means of the hydraulic fluid so that the desired work can be performed accordingly.\nThe hydraulic fluids frequently used are, for example, minerals, vegetable oils, synthetic hydraulic fluids or water. The material of the hose inner layer is responsible for the resistance of the hose.\nOptimize the service life and your costs\nThe hydraulic pressure ranges are roughly divided as follows:\n- Low pressure: up to 110 bar\n- Medium to high pressure: 110 - 250 bar\n- Maximum pressure: up to 420 bar and higher\nDue to the price pressure, the follow-up costs caused by the failure of the hose lines after a short period of use are often not taken into account. In order to be able to keep the system, machine or device in operation for as long as possible, hydraulic hose lines are designed according to the following criteria: pressure conditions (static, dynamic), flow medium (chemical resistance), temperature conditions (flow medium, external influences), installation situation (bending radius, movement absorption), connection fittings (size, connection type, material), pressure drops, external influences (mechanical, thermal, chemical), possibility of assembly on site and weight.\nA further cost reason is the interchangeability of the hydraulic hose lines. They should always be standardized if possible, such as dimensions, system pressures, bending radii, connections, etc.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://engineeringhulk.com/venturi-meter-working-principle-construction/", "date": "2023-06-09T16:03:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656737.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609132648-20230609162648-00394.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9179211258888245, "token_count": 1415, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__63331366", "lang": "en", "text": "Table of Contents\nA venturi meter is a device used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. It consists of a converging section, a throat section, and a diverging section. The fluid enters the converging section, where its velocity increases and its pressure decreases. The fluid then passes through the throat section, where the velocity reaches its maximum and the pressure reaches its minimum. Finally, the fluid passes through the diverging section, where its velocity decreases and its pressure increases.\nWorking Principle of Venturi meter\nA venturi meter works on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation, which states that the total energy of a fluid flowing through a pipe is constant. This means that the sum of the kinetic energy, potential energy, and pressure energy of the fluid remains constant. As the fluid flows through the converging section of the venturi meter, its velocity increases and its pressure decreases.\nThis is because the converging section reduces the cross-sectional area of the pipe, causing the fluid to accelerate to maintain the same mass flow rate. According to Bernoulli’s equation, the increase in velocity results in a decrease in pressure.\nIn the throat section, the cross-sectional area of the pipe is the smallest, which causes the velocity to reach its maximum and the pressure to reach its minimum. The kinetic energy of the fluid is at its maximum in the throat section, and the pressure energy is at its minimum.\nFinally, in the diverging section, the cross-sectional area of the pipe increases, causing the velocity to decrease and the pressure to increase. The pressure in the diverging section is higher than the pressure in the converging section but lower than the pressure in the throat section.\nBernoulli’s equation for a venturi meter\nBernoulli’s equation can be expressed mathematically as follows:\nP1 + (1/2)ρV1^2 + ρgh1 = P2 + (1/2)ρV2^2 + ρgh2\n– P1 and P2 are the pressures at the upstream and downstream sections of the venturi meter, respectively.\n– V1 and V2 are the velocities of the fluid at the upstream and downstream sections of the venturi meter, respectively.\n– ρ is the density of the fluid.\n– g is the acceleration due to gravity.\n– h1 and h2 are the elevations of the fluid at the upstream and downstream sections of the venturi meter, respectively.\nTo calculate the flow rate of the fluid, we need to solve for V2. Rearranging Bernoulli’s equation and assuming that the fluid is incompressible and has negligible viscosity, we get:\nV2 = √((2*(P1 – P2))/ρ(1 – A2^2/A1^2))\n– A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of the pipe at the upstream and downstream sections of the venturi meter, respectively.\nUsing this equation, we can calculate the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe. The flow rate is given by:\nQ = A2V2\nWhere Q is the flow rate and A2 is the cross-sectional area of the pipe at the throat section of the venturi meter.\nConstruction of Venturi meter\nA venturi meter consists of three main parts: the converging section, the throat section, and the diverging section.\n1. Converging Section:\nThe converging section is the inlet section of the venturi meter, where the fluid enters the device. It has a gradually decreasing diameter, which causes the fluid to increase its velocity while decreasing its pressure. The angle of the converging section is usually between 10 to 15 degrees.\n2. Throat Section:\nThe throat section is the narrowest section of the venturi meter. It is a cylindrical section with a constant diameter that connects the converging and diverging sections. The pressure of the fluid at this point is the lowest, and its velocity is the highest.\n3. Diverging Section:\nThe diverging section is the outlet section of the venturi meter, where the fluid exits the device. It has a gradually increasing diameter, which causes the fluid to decrease its velocity while increasing its pressure. The angle of the diverging section is usually between 5 to 7 degrees.\nMaterials Used in Venturimeter:\nThe construction of a venturi meter requires materials that are non-corrosive and can withstand high fluid pressure. The most commonly used materials are stainless steel, brass, and PVC.\nStainless steel is a durable and corrosion-resistant material. It is suitable for measuring fluids with high temperatures and pressures. It is commonly used in venturi meters for measuring steam flow in power plants.\nBrass is a non-corrosive and easy-to-machine material. It is commonly used in venturi meters for measuring water flow in irrigation systems.\nPVC is a lightweight and inexpensive material. It is commonly used in venturi meters for measuring fluid flow in laboratories.\nInstallation of Venturi meter:\nThe installation of the venturi meter should be done carefully to ensure accurate measurements. The venturi meter should be installed in a straight section of the pipe, where the fluid flow is fully developed. The length of the straight section should be at least 10 times the diameter of the pipe upstream of the venturi meter and 5 times the diameter downstream of the venturi meter.\nWhere is the venturi meter used?\n1. Water supply systems: Venturi meters are used to measure the flow rate of water in pipes.\n2. Oil and gas industry: Venturi meters are used to measure the flow rate of oil and gas in pipelines.\n3. Chemical industry: Venturi meters are used to measure the flow rate of chemicals in pipelines.\n4. Power generation: Venturi meters are used to measure the flow rate of steam and other fluids in power plants.\nAdvantages of Venturi meter\n1. Accurate measurement: Venturimeters provide accurate measurement of flow rate, as they are based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation.\n2. Low-pressure drop: Venturi meters have a lower pressure drop compared to other flow meters, which reduces energy consumption.\n3. Low maintenance: Venturimeters have no moving parts, which means they require little maintenance.\n4. Wide range of applications: Venturi meters can be used to measure the flow rate of different types of fluids, such as water, oil\nAlso, read types of welding\nComment on “Venturi meter – Working Principle, Construction,”\nComments are closed.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.myzimbabwe.co.zw/news/113776-flood-control-in-china-the-role-of-flood-storage-areas.html", "date": "2023-10-03T13:37:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00840.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9462888240814209, "token_count": 586, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__307279667", "lang": "en", "text": "Recently, areas in China, such as ZHUOZHOU in Hebei Province, have faced the onslaught of floods, and media reports have included numerous hydraulic terms like flood discharge and flood diversion. In this context, it is necessary to understand the meanings of these terms and the role of flood storage areas in flood control.\nWhen floods strike, the common approach is to utilize reservoirs to store excess water and utilize river channels to discharge floodwaters. Reservoir storage, often referred to as flood retention, involves storing water in reservoirs, while flood discharge involves releasing excess water. When the water level in a reservoir exceeds a certain limit, to prevent overflow, gates are opened to direct the excess water into downstream river channels. In the case of extremely large floods, maintaining clear passage through embankments along the river becomes a crucial measure. However, areas containing embankments and fields within river channels may be inundated. In cases where the flood magnitude is substantial, relying solely on retention and discharge is insufficient, and that’s when flood storage areas come into play.\nThe purpose here is to divert excess floodwaters, alleviate peak pressure, and minimize flood-related losses. Flood storage areas refer to low-lying areas and lakes designated for temporary floodwater storage, with the ability to intake and release water as needed. Where are these flood storage areas located? The Chinese government has established comprehensive plans, identifying 98 flood storage areas, including 28 in the Haihe River Basin, which encompasses recently activated areas like the Yongding River basin and the Xiaoqing River diversion area. The Xianxian Flood Storage Area in Xianxian County, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, is a well-known flood storage area, covering a total area of 331.5 square kilometers. In anticipation of approaching floods, flood control authorities promptly notify residents in flood storage areas to relocate to safer areas, reducing the risk of casualties. Flood storage areas make significant sacrifices in flood defense. For instance, in the recent floods in North China, once the rain stops, the water levels in river channels start to recede.\nHowever, it takes time for flood storage areas to drain, with higher terrain areas expected to recover within about a week, while lower-lying areas may take up to a month. After the floodwaters recede, the losses incurred due to the use of flood storage areas are compensated by local governments in accordance with the law, covering damages to crops, livestock farming, housing, production equipment, and durable consumer goods.\nAs a country frequently confronted by flood and inundation disasters, China regularly faces the challenge of balancing local and national interests. To minimize losses to the greatest extent possible, we must recognize and remember the contributions and sacrifices made by flood storage areas. Our heartfelt wishes go out to all those affected by floods, hoping for a swift recovery and a return to normalcy.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=MPX&product=RVS&issuedby=CRP", "date": "2016-12-04T21:28:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541396.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00495-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.815583348274231, "token_count": 162, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-50__0__239168565", "lang": "en", "text": "Issued by NWS Corpus Christi, TX\nFGUS84 KCRP 041752\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CORPUS CHRISTI TX\n1152 AM CST SUN DEC 4 2016\n...Notable but below river flood levels expected on\nthe Copano Creek...\nFor the Copano Creek Near Refugio.\n* Latest Stage: 5.5 feet at 10 AM Sunday.\n* Flood Stage: 12.0 feet.\n* Bankfull and Caution Stage: 5.0 feet.\n* Forecast: No flooding is expected, with the\nriver forecast to crest around 5.7 feet\nStay tuned to NOAA Weather Radio, local TV and radio\nstations, or cable TV outlets, for the latest weather\ninformation, as additional rainfall could affect crest", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.pilgrim-international.co.uk/products/pump/", "date": "2018-11-15T04:20:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742483.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115033911-20181115055911-00229.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8629230856895447, "token_count": 224, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__14152465", "lang": "en", "text": "Lightweight efficient, compact and easy to operate, the MK10 Morpress Air Driven Pump provides instant and totally reliable hydraulic power.\nThe pump utilises a low pressure air supply to generate a high pressure output. This is achieved by means of a simple differential area system in which a large area air piston at low pressure produces high pressure on a small hydraulic piston.\nSimple air controls enables the MK10 Morpress pump to provide any intermediate pressure required within the limits of the pump output range. (see table below for details of our standard range)\nBoth oil and air are filtered prior to entering the system. The MK10 Morpress pump requires only two connections, one to the air supply, the other to the hydraulic output. Simple and safe quick connect couplings and high pressure flexible hoses are used to connect the equipment being used.\nThe standard MK10 Morpress Air Driven Pump comprises of:\nThe Morpress pump can be built to your specification. Lower or higher pressure models, special outlet arrangements and customised gauges can all be accommodated. Just let us know your exact requirements.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://omim-bg.com/product/pressure-balanced-expansion-joints/", "date": "2023-12-03T08:27:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100489.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203062445-20231203092445-00259.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8782748579978943, "token_count": 190, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__21182878", "lang": "en", "text": "Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints\nPressure balanced rubber expansion joints are the only effective solution for directly absorbing large axial movements while continuously self-restraining the pressure thrust forces. They are designed to absorb all-directional movement, compensate for misalignments, and relieve pipe and anchor stresses. In-line pressure balanced expansion joints are designed to absorb axial and lateral movements from a pipe system, where anchoring is difficult or impractical, while elbow pressure balanced expansion joints are used where pressure thrust forces on equipment or piping is unacceptable and the direction of the pipe system changes.\n|Inline pressure balanced expansion joint with one arch||80 to 4,000 mm||custom||up to 40 bar||up to 200°C||axial and lateral|\n|Elbow pressure balanced expansion joint with one arch||80 to 4,000 mm||custom||up to 100 bar||up to 200°C||lateral and angular|", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Burst-water-pipe-disrupts-supply-to-thousands-of-homes-372115", "date": "2017-03-23T22:23:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187225.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00465-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9486426711082458, "token_count": 149, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__18609859", "lang": "en", "text": "Burst water pipe disrupts supply to thousands of homes\nAugust 24, 2014 17:10\nA major water main burst at the Pat Intersection in southern Jerusalem Sunday morning, leading to heavy traffic and disruptions in water supplies to residences throughout the capital.\nAccording to the Jerusalem Municipality, Hagihon, the capital’s water utility company, said normal water flow should be restored to most neighborhoods – with the possible exception of Gilo – as of Sunday evening. If water is not restored in Gilo, the municipality said water distribution stations would be placed throughout the neighborhood for residents. For more information regarding the state of the city’s water supply, residents have been asked to call Hagihon at *2070.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.journalexpress.net/news/upstream-work-on-hydropower-plant-suspended/article_f5b0405d-649d-5f19-87d0-b439d03772a1.html", "date": "2019-12-16T13:36:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540565544.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216121204-20191216145204-00330.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9576900601387024, "token_count": 222, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__30984824", "lang": "en", "text": "Work on the upstream side of the Red Rock Dam at the hydroelectric project will be temporarily suspended as water levels are expected to rise to an elevation of 764 feet by Christmas Day.\nThe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recently announced that it expects the rise in water levels following heavy rains that dumped three inches in much of the Red Rock Dam drainage basin over a two-day period Dec. 12 and 13.\nWork has been under way at the 750-foot elevation on the upstream side of the dam as crews prepare the site to build an intake structure for the hydroelectric plant that will be operated by Missouri River Energy Services (MRES) of Sioux Falls, S.D.\nCrews have demobilized, moving equipment and materials to higher ground, in preparation for the anticipated high water levels. All upstream work will be temporarily suspended until water levels return to normal. Work is continuing as usual on the downstream side of the dam.\nAdditionally, the Corps has reported that due high water levels, the section of Volksweg Trail adjacent the Marina is closed.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.caro.ie/projects-research/case-studies/nature-based-flood-relief-scheme", "date": "2024-04-12T20:15:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816070.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412194614-20240412224614-00639.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9429059624671936, "token_count": 838, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__119114308", "lang": "en", "text": "Background Dublin City Council initiated the Environmental Improvement Scheme for Crumlin Village in 2018. This included realignment of footpaths and road resurfacing works, while also taking into consideration road safety, flood risk and amenity issues. The design included the management of surface water runoff in a sustainable way, rather than using a conventional piped system. This approach was taken to meet the requirements of the current City Development Plan and provide resilience to climate change, through implementing a nature-based solution for managing surface water. A softer, greener, ‘engineered’ approach was considered from preliminary design stage, in order to manage surface water at source in accordance with best SuDS practice and to provide flood resilience. Solution The proposed solution included managing surface water runoff to eliminate discharge to an overloaded combined sewer system, and significantly reducing discharges to the surface water system. This included the construction of localised porous surfaces, filter drains with 'engineered’ filtration zones and tree pits to drain water from hardstanding areas (Figures 1 and 2). This resulted in the removal of surface water during normal rainfall events from the conventional piped system, through direct discharge to ground and for use by trees/vegetated areas. Excess flows in extreme events are drained to the conventional piped system through catch pits/silt traps and a filter drain system that provide improved water quality and attenuation. This sustainable surface water system increased the capacity to deal with extreme rainfall events in an urban setting, whilst achieving greater flood resilience by removing surface water discharges from the combined system that ultimately would discharge to Ringsend Treatment Plant. The use of SuDS has led to a significant decrease in surface water discharges, thereby creating capacity in the existing network, improving water quality, and enhancing the amenity value for the area through the use of localised permeable surfacing, vegetated areas, filter drains and tree pits, while implementing a design that aligns with the vision for the area. Figure 1: Green engineered flood defences – Crumlin Village. Benefits of Solution The approach to provide a nature-based, ’engineered’ solution to manage surface water runoff from the preliminary design stage, has produced a cost-effective and climate-resilient design for this scheme. This development at Crumlin village provides better flood management, climate resilience, biodiversity and enhanced landscaped areas, thereby enhancing the area for residents and visitors. Environmental The approach taken for management of surface water runoff for the scheme has removed the need to discharge surface water to the existing combined network through the implementation of this sustainable ‘engineered’ solution. The solution encompassed several sustainable and climate action policies currently being implemented by Dublin City Council. The benefits from implementing the nature-based solution to manage surface water runoff include: - removal of surface water discharges from the public combined system and significantly reducing therequirement to discharge to the surface water system; - Improved resilience to flooding during extreme rainfall events through use of an ‘engineered’ sustainable response to surface water management; - improvements to water quality through filtering out pollutants, prior to discharge to ground or to conventional piped systems during extreme rainfall events (and ultimately to rivers and the Ringsend Treatment Plant); and, - the introduction of tree pits to manage surface water runoff has also enhanced biodiversity and increased the tree canopy for the area, providing shade in times of increased temperatures. Economic The total catchment area of the scheme was 2,400m². The overall cost for the Environmental Improvement Scheme was €693,663 of which 9% of the costs can be attributed to the implementation of SuDS, thereby providing value for money for this flood resilient solution for managing surface water. Social Through public engagement with Dublin City Council Area Office, local councillors and public displays, the scheme had ‘buy in’ from design stage. Feedback from the local community has been positive and indicated that a greater sense of place has been created. The creation of green spaces and benches has enhanced the ‘sense of place’ for residents and visitors while delivering on the aims of the scheme. Figure 2: Tree pits for draining surface water.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.whitworths.com.au/shurflo-12v-aquaking-2-freshwater-pressure-pump-11l-min", "date": "2020-02-18T21:10:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143815.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218210853-20200219000853-00511.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7944484353065491, "token_count": 265, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__102346574", "lang": "en", "text": "Shurflo's 12V Aquaking 2 automatic freshwater pressure pumps are 4 chambers 3 gallons per minute (11.3 LPM) pumps with pressure up to 55 PSI for multi-fixture applications of up to 3 outlets, shower, galley etc.\nThe quad design gives very low noise and the built-in adjustable by-pass valve gives top performance and smooth flow without rapid pump cycling and without the need for an accumulator.\nThe pump has 1/2\" male thread NPT ports.\n- 12V 6.5 amp\n- Smooth flow 4 chambers co-moulded diaphragm.\n- 3 GPH (11.3LPM) flow with 55 PSI shut-off pressure.\n- Very quiet operation and no rapid cycling.\n- Corrosion resistant seamless electro-coated motor casing.\n- Self Priming to 1.8 metres (6ft) vertical lift.\n- Sealed pressure switch unit and motor casing.\n- Ignition protection and thermal overload protection.\n- Santoprene Diaphragm with EPDM valves and seals.\n- Can run dry for periods without damage.\n- 3-year warranty\nUse ONLY Shurflow genuine swivel hose fittings. Don't use thread tape.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://make-fluid.com/", "date": "2017-02-22T06:05:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170914.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00148-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8790951371192932, "token_count": 205, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__237330242", "lang": "en", "text": "Ningbo Yinzhou MAKE Fluid Conveyance Co., Ltd. is a China-based manufacturer of hydraulic hose fittings, hydraulic hose ferrules, as well as hydraulic adapters or hose joints. Our primary products include:\n- Swaged Hose Fittings for braided hoses and spiral hoses (ISO, EN, BSP, JIS, DIN, METRIC, JIC, ORFS, SAE,etc.)\n- Ferrules for R1AT, R2AT, 1SN, 1ST, 2SN, 2ST, 4SP, 4SH, R5, R9, R12, R13 and PTFE(A) hose etc.\n- Adapters for American, British, Japanese, and metric standard.\nand many other related hydraulic fittings which are ISO9001: 2000 certified.\nWe are confident that you will be very satisfied with MAKE hydraulic hose fittings, hydraulic hose ferrules, adapter or tube joint.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.aarontech.in/non-it/product.php?mcatid=55&scatid=157", "date": "2023-03-31T16:58:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949644.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331144941-20230331174941-00304.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7851623296737671, "token_count": 289, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__67352115", "lang": "en", "text": "AGRO PRODUCTS >> SPRINKLERS\nSprinkler irrigation system allows application of water under high pressure with the help of a pump. It releases water similar to rainfall through a small diameter nozzle placed in the pipes. Water is distributed through a system of pipes, sprayed into air and irrigates in most of the soil type due to wide range of discharge capacity.\n- Eliminates water conveyance channels, thereby reducing conveyance loss.\n- Suitable in all types of soil except heavy clay.\n- Water saving up to 30% - 50 %.\n- Suitable for irrigation where the plant population per unit area is very high.\n- Helps to increase yield.\n- Reduces soil compaction.\n- Mobility of system helps system operation easy.\n- Suitable for undulating land.\n- Saves land as no bunds required.\n- Soluble fertilizers and chemicals use are possible.\n- Provides frost protection & helps in alteration of micro climate.\n- Reduces labour cost.\nMINI SPRINKLERCategory: SPRINKLERS", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.cityofchicagoheights.org/207/Backflow-Prevention", "date": "2023-12-07T06:12:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00516.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9310827255249023, "token_count": 150, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__78449191", "lang": "en", "text": "Backflow Prevention & Cross Connection Control Program\nCross Connection & Backflow Prevention\nWater distributions systems are designed so that water flows in one direction from the water plant to the customer. Cross connections are any unprotected connections between a public or a consumer's potable water system. Backflow is the undesirable reversal of flow of water or mixtures of water and other liquids or substances into the distribution pipes of the potable supply of water from any source or sources.\nFederal and State laws require Water Purveyors to protect their system from cross connections and backflow. To do this, we work closely with consumers, architects, contractors, and engineers to insure that all those who are required to comply with cross connection control and/or backflow prevention requirements.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://rdcrotterdam.com/projects/storm-surge-barrier-ramspol/", "date": "2021-07-30T08:18:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730060435-20210730090435-00559.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9714047312736511, "token_count": 111, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__150142746", "lang": "en", "text": "The storm surge barrier near Ramspol was built to project the hinterland against flooding by high water form the IJsselmeer Lake. The barrier consists of three inflatable, nylon-reinforced rubber dams, each 80 meters long, 13 meters wide and with a design height of 8.35 meters. They are the largest dames of their kind ever built. The dam is inflated with air while a gravity-feed system allows water to flow in. The barrier is lowered again by pumping out the water and letting out the air.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://currentbusiness.net/business/boiler-feed-pumps-a-complete-guide.html", "date": "2023-02-09T12:08:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00236.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9411976337432861, "token_count": 603, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__172706225", "lang": "en", "text": "What are boiler feed pumps?\nPumps are mechanical machines devised for supplying water and slurries from one location to another. They can be driven by electricity, manual operation, wind energy, and convert these to the hydraulic form of energy.\nThey are usually classified into two types – Centrifugal Pumps and Positive Displacement Pumps.\nBoiler Feed Pumps are mostly centrifugal pumps used in boiler systems for pumping feed water into the boiler. The water supply may be freshwater or the condensate water from the boiler system returned into the boiler. They are used to increase the water pressure high enough to be fed into the boiler drum. The continuous feedwater supply is crucial to boilers as it helps in maintaining the temperature of the boilers to prevent damage due to overheating.\nBoiler feedwater pumps can be of any type from centrifugal pumps to positive displacement pumps depending upon the requirements based on boiler capacity and its usage and are driven either by steam or motor. Small size boilers are generally equipped with positive displacement pumps or stacked in-line centrifugal pumps. Large capacity boilers are generally operated with in-lined centrifugal pumps.\nWhat are the parts of Boiler Feed Pumps?\nThe boiler feed pumps have the following parts-\nThe casing is a cover that surrounds the pump impeller and supports the entire pump assembly. It also assists in pressure generation inside the pump and acts as a seal to prevent leakages. The casing type which is used in feedwater pumps is called the diffuser casing.\nThe impeller is a part of a pump that rotates inside the casing. It receives its energy from the shaft and adds to the fluid.\nThe shaft inside a pump works to transfer mechanical energy from a motor of the turbine to the impeller blades.\nThe shaft sleeve is a hollow cylindrical tube covering the shaft to prevent it from corrosion or other damages.\nMechanical seal is an additional sealing arrangement that allows the shaft to pass through the wet area without allowing the water to pass through it.\nHow do the Boiler Feed Pumps work?\nThe function of a boiler feedwater pump is to supply feed water from the hot-well to the boiler drum. The pump takes water from the hot-well utilizing strainers and injects into the boiler drum through an orifice plate or a feed check valve.\nThe water axially flowing through the pump exerts a radial pressure along with the pump casing while crossing the impeller blades arranged along its path. This increases its pressure, which is proportional to the number of impeller blades along its path. The multi-stage feed pumps have two or more impellers in series to create substantial pressure. The overall pressure also depends upon the size of impellers. The high-pressure water after reaching its pressure value higher than the boiler inside pressure is then fed into the boiler.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://iris.unical.it/handle/20.500.11770/140404", "date": "2021-10-28T11:44:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00123.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7699240446090698, "token_count": 265, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__207301125", "lang": "en", "text": "During medium and high intensity storm events, urban drainage networks can rapidly reach their maximum capacity, and subsequently floods can occur. Owing to the non-linearity of the processes involved, it is evident that the return period of a rainfall is different from the return period of the generated overflows. Therefore, the assessment of the maximum overflow volume related to a given return period is a key element in the management of urban drainage networks, since it may cause problems to infrastructure and economic losses. In this paper, a combined methodology for the hydraulic rehabilitation of such networks is proposed, by expressing their hydraulic critical conditions in terms of overflow volumes rather than rainfall volumes and considering both observed rainfall data and synthetic hyetographs derived from statistical analysis. The first application of the proposed methodology to the sewer network of the Mesola Municipality is presented and commented on.\nScheda prodotto non validato\nAttenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte dell'ateneo\n|Titolo:||A combined methodology for the hydraulic rehabilitation of urban drainage networks|\n|Data di pubblicazione:||2016|\n|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://midhudsonnews.com/2015/08/03/dep-resumes-normal-operations-at-cannonsville-reservoir/", "date": "2023-03-29T12:21:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948976.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329120545-20230329150545-00755.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9308624267578125, "token_count": 195, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__147394861", "lang": "en", "text": "WALTON – Drinking water diversions\nand downstream releases from the Cannonsville Reservoir are being reduced\nto normal levels due to repair work that has halted the turbid discharge\nbelow the Cannonsville Dam, New York City Department of Environmental\nProtection officials announced Sunday.\nThe decision to resume normal operations made in consultation with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission comes following testing and monitoring that proved the dam is safe, stable and uncompromised by the cloudy seepage that began three weeks ago.\nWith DEP’s shift to normal operations Sunday, the drinking water diversion from Cannonsville Reservoir will be reduced to zero, in favor of diverting more drinking water from Pepacton and Neversink reservoirs.\nDEP also plans to slowly reduce the amount of water released into the West Branch Delaware River from 1,500 cubic feet per second to 500 cubic feet per second, the normal rate outlined in the Flexible Flow Management Program.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://hydrogeo.com/water.htm", "date": "2017-12-17T15:28:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948596115.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217152217-20171217174217-00448.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8182016015052795, "token_count": 1020, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__219326746", "lang": "en", "text": "PROJECT EXPERIENCE - WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS\nThe following is a representative list of HydroGeo's experience working with water supply projects:\n- IRWIN MOUNTAIN LODGE, Crested Butte, Colorado. Water Supply Evaluation, permitting, locating, installation, and testing of new water supply well for the project. Testing included aquifer pumping tests and water quality sampling and data analysis.\n- THE RESERVE ON THE EAST RIVER, Crested Butte, Colorado. Permitting, locating, installation, and testing of domestic water wells for building lot. Testing included aquifer pumping tests and water quality sampling and data analysis.\n- TRAPPERS CROSSING AT WILDCAT, Crested Butte, Colorado. Water supply evaluation and water well installation and testing for a small community water supply.\n- TIERRA DEL SOL, Hotchkiss, Colorado. Community spring development and testing. Design, installation and testing of a community spring water supply system.\n- SMITH HILL ESTATES, Crested Butte, Colorado. Evaluation of water supply potential for the Smith Hill Estates Subdivision. Analysis included domestic, irrigation, and fire protection water supply potential and possible costs for utilizing wells, springs, and nearby municipal sources.\n- GLACIER LILY ESTATES, Crested Butte, Colorado. Evaluation an testing of the Glacier Lily Estates Subdivision water supply system. Analysis included domestic, irrigatin, and fire protection water supply potential, including a cost estimate to use wells, springs, and nearby municipal resources.\n- GETCHELL GOLD COMPANY, Turquoise Ridge Gold Mine, Nevada. Provided specifications for performance of step and constant rate pumping tests, performed aquifer test analysis, and recommended pumping rates, well design, and well spacing for mine water supply wells.\n- FLUOR DANIEL, INC., Batu Hijau Copper Mine, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Water supply study, including well field design, installation of shallow alluvial wells, testing, and computer modeling of the impacts of long term pumping.\n- FLUOR DANIEL, ARGENTINA S.A and MINERA ALUMBRERA LIMITED., Alumbrera Construction Project, Catamarca Province, Argentina. Construction water supply study, test well installation and testing, well field design, deep bedrock well installation, testing, and pump design and installation for the Alumbrera Mine construction water supply.\n- MINERA YANACOCHA S.A., Yanacocha Gold and Silver Mine, Cajamarca, Peru. Water supply and distribution study for mining operations covering 13 open pit mines and ancillary facilities over a 9,000 ha area.\n- MINE ENGINEERS, INC. AND PURON CORPORATION, Cordero Open Pit Coal Mine, Campbell County, Wyoming. Preliminary ground water supply study for a coal processing plant.\n- MIM HOLDINGS LIMITED AND MINERA ALUMBRERA LIMITED, Alumbrera Copper Mine, Catamarca Province, Argentina. Ground water supply study, including TDEM and seismic geophysical surveys, well field design, deep alluvial wells installation, testing and computer modeling of the impacts of long term pumping.\n- COEUR ROCHESTER, INC., Rochester Silver and Gold Mine, Pershing County, Nevada. Ground water supply study, including installation of deep bedrock wells, repair of existing wells, and evaluation of entire project supply system.\n- HECLA MINING COMPANY, Rosebud Gold Mine, Pershing County, Nevada. Grond water supply study, including TDEM geophysical survey, installation, and testing deep bedrock wells.\n- CYPRUS EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Cerro Verde Copper Mine, Arequipa Province, Peru. Preliminary water supply study for the mine water supply.\n- LAC MINERALS LIMITED, Tambo Copper Mine, Chile. Water supply study for the mine water supply.\n- CANYON RESOURCES CORPORTION, Briggs Project Gold Mine, Inyo County, California. Water supply study, computer modeling, and well field design for the mine water supply.\n- INTERNATIONAL MUSTO EXPLORATION, LIMITED AND FLUOR DANIEL WRIGHT, Bajo de la Alumbrera Project, Catamarca Province, Argentina. Preliminary water supply study, including well installation, testing, and computer modeling for well field design.\n- WINDSOR COAL COMPANY AND AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER SERVICE CORPORATION, Windsor Coal Mine, Brooke County, West Virginia. Installation and testing of a water supply well for the underground coal mine.\n- HYDRO-TRIAD LIMITED AND ROSARIO DOMINICANA S.A., Pueblo Viejo Project, Dominican Republic. Installation and testing of water supply wells", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.rooflock.com/products/fastflow-sealed-multiflow-outlets/", "date": "2019-08-20T08:37:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315258.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820070415-20190820092415-00483.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8184509873390198, "token_count": 314, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__182156034", "lang": "en", "text": "Fastflow Sealed Multiflow Rainwater Outlets\nThe Fastflow Multiflow outlet has a one-piece spun aluminium body and flange, which can also be easily formed or folded, should the outlet need placing very close to an abutment.\nIncorporating the patented seal to provide the mechanical watertight connection, the Multiflow features a large diameter flange which gives excellent coverage over old outlets.\nFastflow Sealed - The Watertight Connection\nFastflow Sealed Rainwater outlets feature a unique expanding seal that forms a watertight connection with the drainpipe. This patented compression seal provides protection against permanent damage to the building structure that is caused by blocked or leaking conventional drains.\nWith Square Stainless leafguard\n|FWS MF 75 SS||to suit pipe diameter 72 – 84mm|\n|FWS MF 100 SS||to suit pipe diameter 95 – 110mm|\n|FWS MF 150 SS||to suit pipe diameter 146 – 168mm|\nWith Aluminium leafguard\n|FWS MF 75 A||to suit pipe diameter 72 – 84mm|\n|FWS MF 100 A||to suit pipe diameter 95 – 110mm|\n|FWS MF 150 A||to suit pipe diameter 146 – 168mm|\nWith Plastic leafguard\n|FWS MF 75 P||to suit pipe diameter 72 – 84mm|\n|FWS MF 100 P||to suit pipe diameter 95 – 110mm|\n|FWS MF 150 P||to suit pipe diameter 146 – 168mm|", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://davisfinancialadvisors.net/global-hydraulic-pumps-market-trends-strategies-opportunities-for-2022-2031.html", "date": "2022-11-29T05:16:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129031912-20221129061912-00453.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8197296261787415, "token_count": 1265, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__236334743", "lang": "en", "text": "The Business Research Company’s Hydraulic Pumps Global Market Report 2022: Market Size, Trends And Forecast To 2026\nLONDON, GREATER LONDON, UK, September 19, 2022 /EINPresswire.com/ — According to ‘Hydraulic Pumps Global Market Report 2022’ published by The Business Research Company, the hydraulic pumps market size is expected to grow from $8.88 billion in 2021 to $9.39 billion in 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.67%. As per TBRC’s hydraulic pumps market research the market size is expected to reach $11.35 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 4.86%. The increase in construction activities is driving the hydraulic pumps industry growth.\nWant to learn more on the hydraulic pumps market growth? Request for a Sample now:\nThe hydraulic pumps market consists of sales of hydraulic pumps by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that refer to a mechanical device that transforms mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Initially, the pump’s mechanical action generates a vacuum at the intake, allowing air pressure to drive liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line of the pumps. Then, its mechanical action drives this liquid into the hydraulic system by delivering it to the pump output.\nGlobal Hydraulic Pumps Market Trends\nProduct innovation in hydraulic pumps is a key trend gaining popularity in the hydraulic pump market. The companies operating in the hydraulic pumps sector are increasingly focusing on developing IoT-based smart hydraulic pumps with advanced technology integrations such as big data, analytics, machine learning algorithms, and cognitive intelligence to analyze and visualize data. Smart hydraulic pumps developed utilizing advanced technologies monitor and deliver real-time data on various aspects, including the pump’s health, productivity, pressure, temperature, and the velocity of water flowing through the outlet.\nGlobal Hydraulic Pumps Market Segments\nBy Product Type: Gear Pump, Vane Pump, Piston Pump, Screw Pump\nBy Application: Mobile Application, Industrial Application\nBy End User Vertical: Construction, Mining, Agriculture, Machinery, Automotive\nBy Geography: The global hydraulic pumps market is segmented into North America, South America, Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Middle East and Africa. Among these regions, North America accounts for the largest share.\nRead more on the global hydraulic pumps market report at:\nHydraulic Pumps Global Market Report 2022 is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides hydraulic pumps market overview, analyzes and forecasts market size and growth for the global hydraulic pumps market, hydraulic pumps global market share, hydraulic pumps global market segments and geographies, hydraulic pumps global market players, hydraulic pumps global market leading competitor revenues, profiles and market shares. The hydraulic pumps market report identifies top countries and segments for opportunities and strategies based on market trends and key competitors’ approaches.\nTBRC’s Hydraulic Pumps Global Market Report 2022 includes information on the following:\nData Segmentations: Market Size, Global, By Region and Country, Historic and Forecast, and Growth Rates for 60 Geographies\nKey Market Players: Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd, Daikin Industries Ltd, CASAPPA S.p.A, Linde Hydraulics, Parker Hannifin Corporation, Oilgear, Eaton Corporation PLC, Dynamatic Technologies Ltd., Danfoss AS, Bucher Industries AG, Bosch Rexroth AG, HYDAC International GmbH, Caterpillar Inc., Roper Pump Company, Viking Pump Inc., Permco, Inc., and KYB Corporation.\nRegions: Asia-Pacific, China, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, USA, South America, Middle East and Africa.\nCountries: Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA.\nAnd so much more.\nLooking for something else? Here is a list of similar reports by The Business Research Company:\nHydraulic Fracturing Global Market Report 2022\nHydraulic Cylinder Global Market Report 2022\nHydraulic Workover Unit Global Market Report 2022\nAbout The Business Research Company?\nThe Business Research Company has published over 1000 industry reports, covering over 2500 market segments and 60 geographies. The reports draw on 150,000 datasets, extensive secondary research, and exclusive insights from interviews with industry leaders. The reports are updated with a detailed analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on various markets.\nThe Business Research Company\nEurope: +44 207 1930 708\nAsia: +91 8897263534\nAmericas: +1 315 623 0293\nEmail: [email protected]\nCheck out our:\nTBRC Blog: http://blog.tbrc.info/", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx", "date": "2016-10-23T07:49:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719192.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00014-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9550859928131104, "token_count": 412, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-44__0__192079808", "lang": "en", "text": "The R1,5-billion Berg River Dam, which adds almost 20% of capacity to Cape Town’s water supply, is officially open.\nThe new dam, which was opened on 5 March 2009 by President Kgalema Motlanthe, is the biggest of its type in South Africa. It has a storage capacity of 130 million cubic metres, which increases the city’s raw water storage capacity from 768 to 898 million cubic metres per year.\nThe dam is situated in the upper reaches of the Berg River catchment area. It consists of an embankment of rock mined from the river bed and surrounding area, with an impermeable 350mm layer of concrete on the upstream side. The dam’s wall is 67 metres high and 928 metres long.\nThe Berg River Dam is the first dam in South Africa to be designed, built and operated in accordance with the guidelines of the United Nations World Commission on Dams.\nThe project, which comprises the dam, a supplement scheme, two pump stations and 12 km of pipeline, is financed through a partnership between the City, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), and the Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA). DWAF approval for the project was dependent on the City reducing its water demand by 20%. The City is implementing a water conservation and demand management strategy and is well ahead of this target, with a 25% saving on anticipated usage.\nPublic and commercial participation in saving water is central to this strategy. Although the dam will alleviate immediate water shortages, it is imperative that residents, agriculture and businesses continue to use water sparingly and recycle where possible, given the Western Cape’s arid nature.\nCape Town has six supply dams, the largest being the Theewaterskloof dam between Franschoek and Villiersdrop which has a capacity of 480,000Ml while the smallest is Steenbras Upper, which has a capacity of 31,767Ml.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.tirtacorp.com/products_detail-sp-pump20171121074408", "date": "2023-09-22T05:39:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506329.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922034112-20230922064112-00694.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8763622045516968, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__264436857", "lang": "en", "text": "Grundfos’ range of submersible pumps (SP) is recognized worldwide for its reliable performance, high energy efficiency and long product life. Invented in 1967, the SP pump was the first ever stainless steel submersible pump – and to this day it remains the benchmark in the market.\nSP pumps cover a wide range of applications where efficient water pumping is required, including; Water supply, Irrigation, Mining, Fountains, Reverse osmosis, Dewatering, Ground water lowering and many more.\nApplications : Groundwater supply, Domestic water supply, Industrial applications\nPump designs : Submersible Groundwater\nHead max: 669.9 m\nLiquid Temperature: 90 °C\nMax flow: 284 m³/h", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.greatbeargolf.com/vtgctqjqgr/sardar-sarovar-release-of-water-from-ibpt-stopped-after-heavy-rains-in-madhya-pradesh-gujarat.html", "date": "2022-10-07T02:30:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337906.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007014029-20221007044029-00231.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9861118197441101, "token_count": 334, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__29458798", "lang": "en", "text": "The Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd (SSNNL) in Gujarat has stopped releasing water from the irrigation bypass tunnel (IBPT) following heavy rains in the dams catchment areas in the state and Madhya Pradesh, a top official has said. Due to drinking water crisis, the SSNL had started releasing Sardar Sarovar dam water from the IBPT in February this year and it was scheduled to continue till the end of this month, Dr J N Singh, Chief Secretary of the Gujarat government told PTI over the phone yesterday. However, owing to heavy rains in the dams catchment areas in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, the SSNNL yesterday stopped releasing water from the IBPT. As per the earlier schedule, the release of water was supposed to continue till July 31, he said. As a result of good rainfall, the water level of the dam went up to 110.95 metres yesterday afternoon, he said. He said more rainfall is expected in these two neighbouring states as per the India Meteorological Department (IMD). Gujarat had to release water from the IBPT in February as the dam level had plunged. The step was necessary to provide drinking water to people in several cities and villages in the state, Singh said. S S Rathore, Chairman and Managing director of the SSNL said that for the first time in the last 13 years,the water level of the dam had plunged very low. It was the worst water level recorded in the last 13 years. It led to drinking water crisis in parts of the state and therefore we were compelled to release water from the IBPT from February 22, he added.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "http://bugnoutapreppersparadise.com/?product=simple-pump", "date": "2017-11-24T18:19:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808742.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124180349-20171124200349-00730.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9149054288864136, "token_count": 358, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__96820484", "lang": "en", "text": "The Simple Pump is the most capable hand pump available, allowing you to use your home's existing plumbing system, pump from a water level depth of 325 feet, and more. It is the only hand-pump on the market made with computer-controlled machining from aerospace grade lead-free stainless steel and aluminum.\nThe Simple Pump is not just easy to install and use, it also offers the following benefits:\n• Standard 24-inch Handle - This handle length only takes 12 pounds of force to pump 5 gallons per minute from 100 feet.\n• Optional 36-inch Handle - This handle length only takes 6 pounds of force to pump 5 gallons per minute from 100 feet. The increased length combined with decreased pumping effort also results in the ability to pump from as deep as a 325-foot water level depth.\n• Freeze-Proof - The Simple Pump has a 1/16\" weep hole that allows water to bleed back down below the frost line when the pump is not in use.\n• Holds Prime - The Simple Pump can hold the column of water for months at a time.\n• 50-Year Life Span - The Simple Pump is made through a computer-machining process for maximum precision. Because all of the parts fit together so precisely, wear on the pump is greatly reduced.\n• Safe - All components are Safe Drinking Water Act compliant.\n• Secure - The pump lever can be removed, and the pump head can be lowered to leave your pump inconspicuous and protected.\n• Upgradeable - The Simple Pump is capable of being upgraded to a Motorized Simple Pump with the Motor Extension Kit. The motorized upgrade does not require you to buy a new pump, and allows you to revert to hand pumping in just 10 minutes.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://www.convertunits.com/info/trillion+cubic+foot/day", "date": "2023-12-05T05:23:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100545.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205041842-20231205071842-00638.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7984662055969238, "token_count": 104, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__92326459", "lang": "en", "text": "Full name: trillion cubic foot/day\nPlural form: trillion cubic feet/day\nCategory type: volume flow rate\nScale factor: 327741.28472222\nThe SI derived unit for volume flow rate is the cubic meter/second.\n1 cubic meter/second is equal to 3.0511871607739E-6 trillion cubic foot/day.\nValid units must be of the volume flow rate type.\nYou can use this form to select from known units:", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}
{"url": "https://mpfiltricanada.com/product/variable-piston-pumps/vpa10vso-series-31.html", "date": "2024-03-02T23:27:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476137.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302215752-20240303005752-00766.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.856866180896759, "token_count": 197, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__110180938", "lang": "en", "text": "VPA10VSO Series 31\nVariable Displacement Axial Piston Pumps\nAnfield VPA10V(S) series variable displacement axial piston pumps are designed for open loop circuits and can be used in both mobile and industrial applications. The output flow is proportional to the drive speed and the displacement.\nThe VPA10V(S) series piston pumps are available in six displacements, ranging from 1.10 in³/rev (18 cm³/rev) to 8.54 in³/rev (140 cm³/rev). They offer speeds up to 3,300 rpm, a rated working pressure of 4000 psi (280 bar), single pump or through drive pumps allowing for multi-circuit systems. Offered in SAE or Metric mounting with side or rear porting.\nAvailable in a variety of controls with short control response times. These variable piston pumps offer the benefit of providing power only when needed.", "domain": "hydraulic_engineering"}